[{"name": "Electronic Frontier Foundation", "aliases": ["Electronic Frontier Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "digital rights advocacy organization", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Iran", "Israel", "Italy", "Japan", "Kenya", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "North America", "North Korea", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Philippines", "Russia", "South Korea", "Spain", "Syria", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Venezuela", "Western countries"], "media": ["4chan", "BitChute", "Digital Platforms", "Facebook", "Fediverse", "Gab", "Google", "Google+", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Mastodon", "Meta", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Threads", "TikTok", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "Usenet", "VR/Metaverse", "X", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "fringe online forums", "search engines", "web forums"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "algorithmic transparency", "anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "anti-repression", "anti-surveillance", "civil liberties", "community self-governance", "constitutional rights", "copyright balance", "cyber security", "democratic integrity", "digital development", "digital innovation", "digital literacy", "digital rights", "due process", "encryption", "fair use", "fairness", "first amendment", "free speech", "freedom of expression", "harm reduction", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "individual liberty", "individual rights", "information security", "internet autonomy", "internet freedom", "legal clarity", "liberty", "limited government", "market competition", "net neutrality", "open internet", "platform accountability", "platform autonomy", "platform governance", "platform power", "privacy", "public good", "risk assessment", "rule of law", "security", "societal well-being", "technological challenges", "transparency", "us law", "user autonomy", "user benefits", "user privacy", "user rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "censure", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderación", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderador de contéudos", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates", "moderação de mídia", "modération", "modération de contenu", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "1990s", "19th–21st century", "2020-2023", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 63, "papers": [{"title": "Tecnologia, liberdade de expressão e direitos fundamentais: um modelo de efetividade sem autoritarismo", "author": "BCP Langoni, HK de Medeiros Costa, LIAM Faiad", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Documenting high rates of overblocking resulting from rigid moderation deadlines, thereby providing evidence to influence policy discussions and advocate for more proportionate regulatory models.", "quote": "O NetzDG, com seus prazos de 24 horas para conteúdo manifestamente ilegal, gerou taxas elevadas de overblocking documentadas por organizações como a Electronic Frontier Foundation e a própria Comissão Europeia, que o considerou um modelo a ser superado pelo DSA.", "page": "12", "url": "https://ojs.revistadcs.com/index.php/revista/article/view/5167", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, Germany, United Kingdom, India, United States (digital environments)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2026)"}, {"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The EFF plays a crucial role in defending digital rights and promoting digital literacy by conducting educational campaigns and providing guidelines on online security and privacy. They orient users to understand surveillance impacts and adopt protective tools.", "quote": "organizações como a Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) desempenham um papel crucial na defesa dos direitos digitais e na promoção da alfabetização digital. Por meio de campanhas educativas e diretrizes sobre segurança e privacidade on-line, a EFF orienta os usuários da rede a compreenderem os impactos da vigilância e a adotarem ferramentas que aumentam sua proteção na internet.", "page": "182", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues appearing in technology realms and attempts to harness the potential of the internet for good, advocating for user rights.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)...", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Founded to address societal issues appearing in technology realms and to attempt to harness the potential of the internet for good; waded into technology issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), New Zealand-based Netsafe, and the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages with technology issues to address societal problems and promote online good.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocated for abandoning diligence obligations in content-based regulations, instead prioritizing systemic impact assessments to mitigate abuse risks. They criticized the broad scope of illegal activities proposed in PL 2630/20.", "quote": "De forma semelhante, a Electronic Frontier Foundation e a Access Now defenderam o abandono das obrigações de diligência para mitigar os riscos de abuso em regulamentações baseadas em conteúdo, privilegiando as avaliações de impacto sistêmico (id nº 1125).", "page": "13", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-elaborates international principles (e.g., Manila Principles) and publishes reports (e.g., “Who Has Your Back?”) that examine social media moderation policies and advocate for digital rights and due process.", "quote": "uma organização sem fins lucrativos sediada em San Francisco, na Califórnia/EUA, cujo objetivo declarado é proteger os direitos de liberdade de expressão na era digital, através do relatório Who Has Your Back? Censorship Edition 2019.", "page": "116", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Critiques governmental roles in promoting private censorship, particularly concerning intellectual property rights and counter-terrorism measures, advocating for checks and balances on power.", "quote": "they often discuss and criticise the role of governments in promoting new forms of private censorship, in the name of the fight against terrorism or in order to protect intellectual property rights (see Quadrature du net, 2020; EFF, 2018).", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborative processes to establish best practices and guidelines for content moderation by intermediaries, ensuring proportionality and freedom of expression. Helped draft the Manila Principles and Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários foram elaborados a partir de um processo colaborativo que contou com a participação de especialistas e organizações da sociedade civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation, Article 19, Derechos Digitales, entre outras, com o intuito de estabelecer guias para as melhores práticas em termos de políticas e regulação de conteúdo online por intermediários.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "CENSURA NA INTERNET EM REGIMES AUTORITÁRIOS VERSUS DEMOCRACIA", "author": "LE da Silva Müller", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Investigates and disseminates information about state surveillance and control practices, exposing legacies of digital repression.", "quote": "Desvendando a repressão na Venezuela: um legado de vigilância e controle do Estado. Electronic Frontier Foundation.", "page": "5", "url": "https://cdn.atenaeditora.com.br/atenaeditora/artigos_anexos/202501/24ZDpCXwDLxB2pyZRY1lENv9wWQBgI2quNTW9B4K.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet in authoritarian regimes and democracies globally (e.g., China, North Korea, Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era / 21st century)"}, {"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocating for digital rights and fighting to preserve Section 230 immunity for platforms, which they consider vital for protecting free speech online.", "quote": "gruppi del Primo Emendamento come l’ACLU e organizzazioni favorevoli alla tecnologia come la Electronic Frontier Foundation stanno combattendo per mantenerla intatta.", "page": "65", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}, {"title": "Moderazione di contenuti illegali e social media scraping", "author": "Giglio, Flavia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Criticized the possibility enshrined in the Digital Services Act (DSA) to designate Law Enforcement Authorities (LEAs) and Europol as trusted flaggers, due to concerns about transparency and rule of law, which could lead to enforcement overreach.", "quote": "Due to transparency and rule of law concerns, the possibility enshrined in the DSA to designate LEAs and Europol as trusted flaggers has been criticised.41", "page": "6", "url": "https://i-lex.unibo.it/article/view/18870", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for the preservation of Section 230, arguing that its implementation benefits individuals by mitigating intermediary liability and fostering free expression online.", "quote": "Jason Kelley, Section 230 is Good, Actually, ELEC. FRONTIER FOUND., (Dec. 3, 2020), https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/12/section-230-good-actually", "page": "26", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "QUALIDADE DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO:", "author": "Ferreira, Julia Lazarini; Coutinho, Diogo Rosenthal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes fundamental principles (Santa Clara Principles) for content moderation transparency and accountability, serving as a theoretical framework and guide for companies and human rights defenders.", "quote": "Os princípios de Santa Clara, conforme anteriormente explicado, já receberam apoio de múltiplas empresas, incluindo as responsáveis pelas redes sociais aqui analisadas (Google e Meta). Eles foram desenvolvidos de forma a dar conta das preocupações da comunidade global e \"apoiar as empresas com cumprimento das suas responsabilidades de respeitar os direitos humanos e aumentar a sua responsabilização e para ajudar os defensores de direitos humanos no seu trabalho” (Electronic Frontier Foundation", "page": "2021).\"", "url": "bdta.abcd.usp.br", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social networks (Meta, YouTube), Brazil", "when": "2014-2024"}, {"title": "Digital Dog Sniffers: The Cooper Davis Act and Fourth Amendment Protections in the Age of Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Park, Alice", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Criticizes legislation like the Cooper Davis Act, arguing that its provisions, such as the blindness clause, encourage platforms to undermine encryption features and threaten user privacy.", "quote": "Privacy advocates and criminal justice groups have criticized the blindness provision as encouraging platforms to undermine encryption features ... providers are 'blinding' themselves' from violations.", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4851201", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Social Media Platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and advocates for normative frameworks and principles (like the Santa Clara Principles) for companies to follow in content moderation, contributing to agenda-setting in platform governance.", "quote": "CSOs including... the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)... have put forward the Santa Clara Principles which contain Foundational and Operational Principles for companies to follow when engaged in content moderation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through its co-founder John Perry Barlow's \"A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace\"\"", "quote": "influencing early internet norms.\"", "page": "Digital freedoms, self-governance, enlightened self-interest.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Co-developed key international principles, such as the Manila Principles and Santa Clara Principles, to guide content moderation policies, advocating for intermediary liability protection, transparency, due process, and human rights in the digital space.", "quote": "Doze grandes empresas aderiram aos Princípios de Santa Clara, com destaque para a Apple, Facebook (Meta), Google, Reddit, Twitter e Github (Electronic Frontier Foundation et al., 2018).", "page": "64", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "Os novos direitos na sociedade da informação e os limites à liberdade de expressão nas mídias sociais: uma análise do caso Donald Trump no Oversight Board", "author": "FL Berna", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocated for a libertarian vision of the internet, believing that the online community should self-regulate democratically without state interference or censorship, as external laws would impose the 'tyranny of the majority' on minorities.", "quote": "o qual acreditava que a própria comunidade da internet fosse capaz de criar suas próprias regras de forma justa e democrática, sem que houvesse a interferência de leis de qualquer Estado-nação, ou seja, a internet não poderia nem deveria se sujeitar a aplicação de regras genéricas impostas pelos outsiders do ciberespaço", "page": "40", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10821", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta Inc., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), USA, international and European legal contexts", "when": "From 18th century industrial revolutions to the post-2010 digital era, with a focus on 2020-2023"}, {"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes proposals for client-side scanning and other E2EE content moderation systems that they argue would bypass encryption guarantees, advocating instead for strong security and privacy.", "quote": "Some civil society groups and researchers take this position [187, 244, 297].", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Criticizes proposed legislation (TERREG) for online content moderation, emphasizing concerns about its potential to lead to over-blocking and disproportionate impact on smaller platforms.", "quote": "This is the basis of a common criticism of this legislation by online rights advocates (EDRi, La Quadrature du Net, EFF), who emphasize that only the largest platforms will be able to comply and that it will lead to over-blocking by smaller actors fearing penalties.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited as a source highlighting that content moderation hinders efforts to establish accountability for human rights violations, advocating for civil liberties and digital rights.", "quote": "Otra consecuencia aún más compleja es que la moderación de contenidos obstaculiza los esfuerzos para determinar responsabilidades por violaciones de derechos humanos (EFF, Witness and Syria Archive 2019)...", "page": "15", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides legal advice and advocacy on interpretations of internet liability laws (like Section 230 CDA) to protect digital rights and free speech, influencing policy and legal discourse.", "quote": "although the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) advises the focus is likely on whether the edit changes the meaning of the information [...]", "page": "17", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}, {"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publicly criticized and reacted against the Yarovaya law, which expanded requirements for data collection and surveillance.", "quote": "See for example the Electronic Frontier Foundation's reaction to the Yarovaya law: https://www.eff.org/dee", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, advocating for digital rights, privacy, and free speech.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its founder drafted the 'Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,' advocating for an open and unregulated internet, reflecting an early vision of digital freedom.", "quote": "El mejor exponente de este movimiento es la conocida Declaración de Independencia del Ciberespacio elaborada por el activista y fundador de la Electronic Frontier Foundation John Perry Barlow, de la cual el propio autor se distanciaría en varios aspectos años después.", "page": "91", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability to advocate for limited intermediary responsibility and the Santa Clara Principles to promote transparency and accountability in content moderation; initiated a review process for the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrolla-dos por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA)...", "page": "11", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Warns of privacy and security risks from client-side scanning systems, and historically published the Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.", "quote": "John Perry Barlow, a founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, published his Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace on February 8, 1996, from Davos, Switzerland.", "page": "44", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Reimagining section 230 and content moderation: Regulating incivility on anonymous digital platforms", "author": "K Montalbano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocates for policies that preserve free speech online and protect smaller startup platforms that rely on user-generated content (UGC) from potentially crushing lawsuits by challenging Section 230 reforms.", "quote": "The libertarian narrative of Section 230, popular in Silicon Valley and articulated by organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), tends to focus primarily on preserving free speech online and protecting smaller startup platforms that rely on user-generated content (UGC) from potentially crushing lawsuits.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10811680.2022.2136442", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States, digital platforms", "when": "1830s–2020s"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for freedom of expression, noting concerns that social media platforms replicate offline repression by devaluing citizen speech compared to politicians.", "quote": "As observed by Jillian York, the director of freedom of expression at the Electronic Frontier Foundation, “When the citizen's speech is deemed less valuable than that of the politician... the same structures that enable offline repression are being replicated online.”", "page": "16", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Critiques initiatives like the Copyright Alert System, advocating for user rights and transparency in digital contexts.", "quote": "See generally Corynne McSherry & Eric Goldman, The \"Graduated Response\"\" Deal: What if Users Had Been at the Table?", "page": "ELEC. FRONTIER FOUND. (July 18", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Como regular a moderação privada de conteúdo nos novos espaços públicos?", "author": "Maranhão, Por Juliano; Campos, Ricardo; Kettemann, Matthias", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promulgates principles for content moderation, specifically concerning content filtering, advocating for transparency and the defense of digital rights against censorship.", "quote": "...e os princípios sobre filtragem de conteúdo da Eletronic Frontier Foundation [14].", "page": "1", "url": "Conjur", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), Europe, United States, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020"}, {"title": "«Deplatforming», l'attacco a Capitol Hill e la nuova sfera pubblica privatizzata", "author": "P Di Salvo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for greater transparency from platforms regarding their content moderation practices and reports, highlighting the lack of detailed information about content removal beyond sterile figures.", "quote": "come ha ricordato anche la Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) a fine 2020, i numeri pubblicati dalle piattaforme con i loro report annuali sulla rimozione dei contenuti dicono poco oltre alle cifre sterili che riportano su dove e quanto le piattaforme moderano o censurano.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1405/102368", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms, USA, Palestine, Syria", "when": "2016-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation …", "author": "OL Haimson, D Delmonaco, P Nie…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Launched the “TOSsed Out” project to track and expose instances where social media platforms unfairly enforce their terms of service, highlighting issues of censorship and digital rights.", "quote": "the Electronic Frontier Foundation launched the “TOSsed Out” project to track the ways in which terms of service are unfairly enforced [35].", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479610", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020-2021"}, {"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Hosted and likely contributed to the 'Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability,' a document that provides guidelines for responsible intermediary behavior in content moderation.", "quote": "FILIPINAS. Princípios de Manila sobre Responsabilização de Intermediários. Publicado em 30 Mai 2015. Disponível em https://www.eff.org/files/2015/07/08/manila_principles_background_paper.pdf.", "page": "100", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "El complejo debate sobre la regulación de las redes sociales", "author": "A Rueda", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for internet policies, particularly those related to free speech, by informing the public about the importance and protections of laws like Section 230.", "quote": "CRAIG NEWMARK'S CRAIGCONNECTS PRESENT: ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION CDA 230 THE MOST IMPORTANT LAW PROTECTING INTERNET SPEECH", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.c3.unam.mx/pdf/noticias/NOTICIA_186.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico, global social media platforms, USA (Section 230 context)", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "Expanding the debate about content moderation: Scholarly research agendas for the coming policy debates", "author": "Gillespie, Tarleton; Aufderheide, Patricia; Carmi, Elinor; Gerrard, Ysabel; Gorwa, Robert; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Roberts, Sarah T.; Sinnreich, Aram; Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Lobbies for and supports the inclusion of CDA 230-like language in transnational trade agreements, aiming to preserve platform immunity for user-generated content.", "quote": "Recent Congressional hearings have revealed that the firms and their allies (such as advocacy organisa- tion Electronic Frontier Foundation), have lobbied for or supported the inclusion of CDA 230-like language in transnational trade agreements.", "page": "19", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/expanding-debate-about-content-moderation-scholarly-research-agendas-coming-policy", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global platforms, US, Europe, India, Brazil, Indonesia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Jointly created the Santa Clara Principles, which outline minimum guidelines for transparency and an appeal process for internet platforms regarding content moderation. They also host a website for users affected by censorship.", "quote": "three partners-Queensland University of Technology (QUT), University of Southern California (USC) and Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) ¹ jointly created the Santa Clara Principles...", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for Internet freedom and free speech, critiquing regulations (like the EU Copyright Directive) that they argue lead to disastrous outcomes for online expression.", "quote": "Danny O'Brien, EU's Parliament Signs Off on Disastrous Internet Law: What Happens Next?, EFF (Mar. 26, 2019), https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2019/03/eus-parliament-signs-disastrous-internet-law-what-happens-next", "page": "28", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for robust legal protections for internet speech, highlighting specific legislation like Section 230 as critical for online expression from a cyber-libertarian perspective.", "quote": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation, writing from a strong cyber-libertarian perspective, calls Section 230 \"The most important law protecting internet speech\"\"\"", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}, {"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONTENT MODERATION: THE ID CONTENT SYSTEM AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON THE YOUTUBE PLATFORM", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides legal support and advocacy to individuals disputing automated copyright claims on platforms like YouTube, specifically challenging content moderation decisions and defending fair use. They also document issues with content moderation and algorithmic overreach.", "quote": "Posteriormente, com o suporte da Electronic Frontier Foundation e do escritório de advocacia Jones Day, o professor decidiu processar a Liberation Music, baseando-se no argumento de que o uso dos clipes para fins como críticas, comentários e educacionais é qualificado como uso justo.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Criticized Facebook's political ad policy, arguing it gives powerful political groups more permissive rules despite claiming to protect free speech.", "quote": "Para Genie Gebhart (EFF), “o Facebook... aplica um grupo de regras mais permissivo para grupos políticos poderosos que reclamam de seus vieses”", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Understanding content moderation systems: new methods to understand internet governance at scale, over time, and across platforms", "author": "N Suzor", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes reports such as \"Who has your back\"\" to evaluate and influence internet and telecommunications intermediaries", "quote": "Digital rights, user freedom, transparency.", "page": "useful supplement to annual rankings reports from organisations like ... Electronic Frontier Foundation's \"Who has your back\"\" (Gebhart 2018) that push internet and telecommunications intermediaries to continuously improve their policies.\"", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788977449/9781788977449.00013.xml", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, Twitter, Instagram platforms, global (with Australian context)", "when": "2010s platform era, focusing on 2016–2019"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and internet policy, contributing to principles like the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability to guide platform governance.", "quote": "Electronic Frontier Foundation et al, Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (24 March 2015) <https://www.manilaprinciples.org/>.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What Do We Mean When We Talk About Transparency? Toward Meaningful Transparency in Commercial Content Moderation", "author": "Suzor, Nicolas P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Co-launched the Onlinecensorship.org project to gather data and advocate for greater transparency and accountability in content moderation on social media platforms.", "quote": "Onlinecensorship.org, an advocacy project launched in 2015 by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact that seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices...", "page": "5", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a report stating that the 'right to be forgotten' contradicts U.S. laws and rights, including those protected by the First Amendment, advocating against global content deletion policies.", "quote": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) published a report that stated in part that the right to be forgotten 'fundamentally contradicts U.S. laws and rights, in- cluding those protected by the First Amendment.'", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates against legislation perceived to violate constitutional rights, such as the EARN-IT Act, and contributes to civil society initiatives like the Manila Principles.", "quote": "Sophia Cope et al., The EARN-IT Act Violates the Constitution, Electronic Frontier Foundation (Mar. 31, 2020), https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/earn-it-act-violates-constitution.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spearheaded international principles on human rights, and later co-developed the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation, advocating for user notice and transparency.", "quote": "These include the 'International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance', which were spearheaded by Access Now, the EFF, and Privacy International ... In 2018, a small group of civil society groups and researchers, once again including the EFF, proposed the 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation'", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and free expression, publishing analyses on platform policies (e.g., name policies) that may be culturally biased or hazardous.", "quote": "Dia Kayyali, Facebook's Name Policy Strikes Again, This Time at Native Americans, ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUND. (Feb. 13, 2015)", "page": "956", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms", "author": "Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a co-founder of OnlineCensorship.org, it participates in data collection and advocacy to reveal how content moderation systems operate on social media platforms.", "quote": "This article reports the initial findings of OnlineCensorship.org, an advocacy project co-founded by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact which seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818773059", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google+), USA", "when": "2015–2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on companies' transparency efforts regarding content blocking and account removals, providing public data on these practices to advocate for digital rights.", "quote": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation began tracking the extent to which companies were being transparent about how often they are blocking or removing content or accounts in 2015.", "page": "35", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Criticized Facebook's content policies as limiting freedom of expression, contributing to public discourse and framing the debate around corporate internet standards.", "quote": "Electronic Frontier Foundation Director of In-ternational Freedom of Expression Jillian York called the policy “the new fig leaf, a new standard on the corpo-rate Internet” (Pizzi, 2015), a theme users picked up on...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}, {"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocates for the legal framework (Section 230) that grants liability protection to user-generated content (UGC) platforms, enabling them to host diverse content without extensive self-censorship for fear of legal repercussions.", "quote": "Section 230 allows UGC platforms to thrive. Given the sheer volume of content posted, without statutory protection from liability 'most would likely not host any user content at all or would need to protect themselves by being actively engaged in censoring what we say, what we see, and what we do online'", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on internet censorship practices in Turkey, acting as an advocacy group for digital civil liberties.", "quote": "Turkey has been a bastion of Internet censorship for so long that EFF could write a regular feature called This Week in Turkish Internet Censorship and never run out of content", "page": "2", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "A Look at the Consequences of Internet Censorship Through an ISP Lens", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Javed, Mobin; Khayam, Syed Ali; Uzmi, Zartash Afzal; Paxson, Vern", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and fights against content removal orders, as evidenced by its involvement in the legal challenge against a US court order for YouTube to remove a video.", "quote": "In early 2014, a US court cited copyright issues in forcing YouTube to remove the offending video [36, 18]. As of this writing, Google continues to fight this order.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663750", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "2011–2013"}, {"title": "Censorship in the Wild: Analyzing Internet Filtering in Syria", "author": "Chaabane, Abdelberi; Chen, Terence; Cunche, Mathieu; De Cristofaro, Emiliano; Friedman, Arik; Kaafar, Mohamed Ali", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Reports on internet censorship and surveillance activities, such as the use of mediafire.com to deliver malware to Syrian activists and man-in-the-middle attacks against Facebook HTTPS.", "quote": "According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), mediafire.com was actually used to deliver malware targeting Syrian activists.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663720", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Syria", "when": "July–August 2011"}, {"title": "BEHIND THE SCREEN: THE HIDDEN DIGITAL LABOR OF COMMERCIAL CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Roberts, Sarah T", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This organization, alongside scholars and other activists, focused on concerns regarding the potential increase in surveillance and control by corporate and government entities, which digital technologies enabled.", "quote": "Scholars, such as Lessig and Boyle, and Internet activists and organizations (e.g., the Electronic Frontier Foundation, or EFF) trained their focus on concerns over the potential for an increase in surveillance and control by corporate and government entities...", "page": "80", "url": "search.proquest.com", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (primarily Western countries and their outsourced locations like India, Philippines) on social media platforms and online services", "when": "2000s-2010s social media era"}, {"title": "Norm Maintenance in Online Communities: A Review of Moderation Regimes", "author": "Lackaff, Derek", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The EFF documented early instances of online abuse, such as spam on Usenet newsgroups, and commented on user-level moderation tools like 'killfiles'. Their work contributed to public discourse on digital rights and online communication norms.", "quote": "One of the earliest and most widely-cited examples of unsolicited commercial messages or spam were the “Green Card Lottery” messages posted by a law firm to the Usenet newsgroups in 1994 (Electronic Frontier Foundation, Canter & Siegel).", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, early bulletin board systems, Usenet, web forums (USA, UK)", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (up to 2004)"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Publishes studies and reports highlighting the negative consequences of digital copyright laws (like DMCA) on legitimate research, fair use, and cybersecurity, advocating for digital rights.", "quote": "According to a study by the Electronic Frontier Foundation on the Unintended Consequences of the DMCA, the DMCA has been employed as a tool of anti-competition, has stifled legitimate research into cyber-security and encryption technologies, and has undermined 'fair use'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "La censure et son utilité: le cas Internet.", "author": "P Corriveau", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "The organization was founded to combat internet censorship and actively participates in public debate, legal challenges, and norm-setting to defend freedom of expression and civil liberties in cyberspace.", "quote": "La plus célèbre d'entre elles, la EFF (The Electronic Frontier Foundation), s'est attribuée la mission de civiliser le cyberespace. L'argument de l'EFF, qui se déclare anti-discours haineux, revient au fait que cette association prétend que la censure n'est pas la meilleure façon de combattre ce type de discours car elle finit par abolir un droit au nom de la protection d'un autre.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/77e917d1-266b-4edc-bd2b-27fa61a4be3c", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "1990s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; Keepiton coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025; OSA-related public consultation; StopSilencingPalestine; DSA-related public consultation; EDRi; Civic Tech Database", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "EFF publishes legal challenges and whitepapers, runs public campaigns and toolkits (Surveillance Self-Defense, Privacy Badger), participates in policy consultations, and files litigation and complaints to hold platforms and governments accountable.", "quote": "EFF's core mission is defending digital privacy and free expression and it runs campaigns, legal cases, policy advocacy and tech tools that directly shape platform content moderation, surveillance, and AI/chat governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.eff.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Advocates for international freedom of expression online, criticizing content moderation policies for lack of cultural context and potential for making situations worse.", "quote": "Said Jillian York, director for international freedom of expression at the Electronic Frontier Foundation: “Moderation is on the rise, and it's really a blunt object...", "page": "15", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Advocates for legal protections for internet speech, specifically referencing CDA 230 to highlight its importance in preventing platforms from being held liable for user content.", "quote": "CDA 230: The most important Law protecting internet speech.", "page": "29", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Article 19", "aliases": ["ARTICLE 19", "Article 19"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "international free expression and digital rights NGO", "international human rights organization"], "countries": ["Africa", "Argentina", "Armenia", "Asia", "Australia", "Austria", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Canada", "Central African Republic", "Chile", "Colombia", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Georgia", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "India", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kazakhstan", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latin America", "Latvia", "Libya", "Lithuania", "Malaysia", "Middle East", "Moldova", "Myanmar", "Netherlands", "Nigeria", "North America", "Pakistan", "Portugal", "Russia", "Senegal", "Singapore", "South Asia", "South Korea", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Syria", "Tajikistan", "Togo", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States", "Yemen", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Threads", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "AI alignment", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "access to information", "accessibility", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-censorship", "content moderation ethics", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "due process", "equality", "fairness in content moderation", "free speech", "freedom of association", "freedom of information", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "journalistic freedom", "journalistic independence", "journalistic safety", "media independence", "platform autonomy", "political participation", "privacy", "public participation", "rule of law", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation", "moderación", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "modération de contenu", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "19th–21st century", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 46, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Involved in advocating for human rights and freedom of expression in the context of online safety regulation, such as through civil society open letters.", "quote": "Civil Society Open Letter to Commissioner Breton. (2023, October 17). https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Civil-society-open-letter-to-Commissioner-Breton.pdf", "page": "310", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations on digital rights and freedom of expression, and providing guidelines for content moderation that advocate for clear and accessible terms of service for platforms.", "quote": "These guidelines should be openly accessible to the public, presented in the primary language of the user base, and communicated in straightforward language, avoiding complex technical or legal terminology (ARTICLE 19, 2017a; APC, 2018).", "page": "21", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborative processes to establish best practices and guidelines for content moderation by intermediaries, ensuring proportionality and freedom of expression. Helped draft the Manila Principles and Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários foram elaborados a partir de um processo colaborativo que contou com a participação de especialistas e organizações da sociedade civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation, Article 19, Derechos Digitales, entre outras, com o intuito de estabelecer guias para as melhores práticas em termos de políticas e regulação de conteúdo online por intermediários.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Liberdade de Expressão na Era Digital: o equilíbrio entre liberdade de expressão e proteção dos direitos fundamentais.", "author": "JHS Santos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Criticizes national regulations that are perceived as excessively repressive or likely to compromise democratic pluralism and freedom of expression.", "quote": "críticas [...] foram feitas a normas emblemáticas sobre o tema, como da Alemanha, e por organizações da sociedade civil, como a Artigo 19", "page": "29", "url": "https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/9769", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (focus), with comparisons to European Union, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, France, Ethiopia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary (up to 2025)"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes handbooks and guidelines on freedom of expression and content moderation, advocates for human rights-based approaches, provides public comments on content moderation decisions to bodies like the Meta Oversight Board, conducts analysis of platform policies, and advocates for specific regulatory solutions.", "quote": "ARTICLE 19 provided public comments submitting that any restriction on freedom of expression on Facebook should be guided by human rights standards, that policies providing for restrictions of content on the basis that it might incite terrorist activity need to operate with narrowly defined terminology...", "page": "20", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "ChatGPT, can you solve the content moderation dilemma?", "author": "E Vargas Penagos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Article 19, an international freedom of expression NGO, critically assesses automated moderation systems, highlighting their limitations in comprehending nuances and contextual elements of speech. This serves as advocacy to ensure moderation practices uphold freedom of expression and user rights.", "quote": "Freedom of expression NGO Article 19 has noted that natural language processing tools are often unable to comprehend the nuances and contextual elements of speech or to identify when content is satire or published for reporting purposes.", "page": "25", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijlit/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ijlit/eaae028/7908825", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in advocacy and policy influence, raising concerns about the amplitude of measures to mitigate risks in digital services regulation.", "quote": "Eso no quita que existan problemas que partan de la amplitud de medidas que pueden implementarse para mitigar estos riesgos (ARTICLE, 19).", "page": "333", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO NA ERA DIGITAL: A tênue fronteira entre a regulação estatal, a autorregulação das plataformas digitais ea censura nas redes sociais.", "author": "JS BARBOSA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and rankings on freedom of expression globally, thereby influencing public debate and potentially policy regarding censorship and moderation.", "quote": "o país registra “a terceira maior queda na última década em um ranking que mede a liberdade de expressão em 161 países” (Queiroz, 2022, [s.p.]), ocupando o 89° lugar, conforme o Relatório Global de Liberdade de Expressão de 2020 e 2021, publicado pela organização não-governamental Artigo-19 (Queiroz, 2022).", "page": "37", "url": "https://monografias.ufma.br/jspui/handle/123456789/7396", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "1988-2023, focusing on post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and warns about Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) being used against journalists and media to suppress critical voices, highlighting the chilling effect of such legal harassment.", "quote": "Según Artículo 19, las SLAPP se están convirtiendo en una tendencia en los casos penales contra periodistas y medios de comunicación: “[en] lugar de buscar reparación por un agravio particular, su objetivo es agotar los recursos financieros y psicológicos de la víctima y enfriar las voces críticas en detrimento de la participación pública” (2021: 20).", "page": "4", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "La régulation de la modération des contenus en ligne, une affaire de droits humains?", "author": "A Michel", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "ARTICLE 19 proposes the 'Social Media Councils' (SMC) initiative to establish an independent, voluntary, inclusive, transparent, and responsible external control mechanism for content moderation practices by digital actors. This mechanism would examine individual complaints and issue recommendations on moderation practices, while integrating human rights standards.", "quote": "À cet égard, l'initiative «Social Media Councils»¹¹⁰ (ci-après: «SMC») lancée par l'ONG Article 19 nous apparaît particulièrement prometteuse. L'objectif consiste à développer un mécanisme de contrôle externe des pratiques de modération des acteurs du numérique.", "page": "30", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-trimestrielle-des-droits-de-l-homme-2023-1-page-35", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and Member States (Germany, France)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles, launched the #MissingVoices campaign for greater transparency and accountability from platforms, and proposed 'Social Media Councils' for content moderation based on international human rights standards.", "quote": "En 2020 la campaña #MissingVoices por más transparencia y rendición de cuentas, justamente reforzando ese abordaje. ... Artículo 19 propone la creación de 'Consejos de Redes Sociales' (Social Media Councils, en inglés), 'un foro abierto, transparente, responsable y participativo' cuyo objetivo es 'abordar la moderación de contenidos en las plataformas de medios sociales sobre la base de las normas internacionales sobre derechos'.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderação de Conteúdo Online e as Batalhas entre o bem e o mal", "author": "Meneguetti Pereira, Luciano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Analyzes national laws related to online content moderation, raising concerns about their impact on human rights, due process, and the potential for excessive censorship due to broad definitions and strict removal timelines.", "quote": "Ao analisar a lei em questão, a ONG de direitos humanos, Artigo 19, destacou as seguintes preocupações: a lei conta com definições muito amplas e imprecisas, requer a localização de dados, concede às autoridades acesso aos dados sem as salvaguardas processuais adequadas, consagra avisos e ordens de remoção de conteúdo muito abrangentes e inclui penalidades excessivas pelo descumprimento de suas disposições (ARTICLE 19, 2021, p. 3).", "page": "21", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/view/65221", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with focus on national legislations (Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, India, UK, France, Brazil) and EU initiatives", "when": "2018-2022"}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Raising concerns and advocating against legislation that could have negative consequences for freedom of expression and human rights.", "quote": "raising concerns that legislation extended beyond its original scope with potentially negative consequences (Human Rights Watch, 2018; Article 19, 2019).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, particularly on freedom of expression issues.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides critical analysis of national laws, highlighting concerns regarding their impact on human rights, particularly freedom of expression and privacy, due to broad definitions, data localization requirements, and excessive penalties for non-compliance.", "quote": "Ao analisar a lei em questão, a ONG de direitos humanos, Artigo 19, destacou as seguintes preocupações: a lei conta com definições muito amplas e imprecisas, requer a localização de dados, concede às autoridades acesso aos dados sem as salvaguardas processuais adequadas, consagra avisos e ordens de remoção de conteúdo muito abrangentes e inclui penalidades excessivas pelo descumprimento de suas disposições", "page": "21", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Suggested the creation of 'social media councils' to act as multi-stakeholder institutions for content moderation, guided by international human rights standards.", "quote": "Por ejemplo, algunos grupos de la socie dad civil han sugerido la creación de «consejos de redes sociales», instituciones de rendición de cuentas conformados por las partes interesadas para la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales.", "page": "147", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles; launched the #MissingVoices campaign to demand greater transparency and accountability from platforms; proposed 'Social Media Councils' for content moderation based on international human rights norms.", "quote": "Artículo 19, una organización internacional que tiene presencia en muchos países de la región latinoamericana y gran influencia, lanzó, en 2020 la campaña #MissingVoices44 por más trans-parencia y rendición de cuentas, justamente reforzando ese abordaje.", "page": "22", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Limiting Freedom of Expression in Digital Platforms: Between State Obligations and Intermediary Moderation in a Multicultural Context", "author": "SMMH Ashik", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops toolkits and guidelines on human rights, specifically freedom of opinion and expression, to inform practices around hate speech and content moderation.", "quote": "Article 19, “Hate Speech” Explained: A Toolkit (London, 2015), p. 14.", "page": "30", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6662f64403beaab86db0d4a22f87e809/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), global multicultural context", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention", "author": "Gregorio, Giovanni De; Stremlau, Nicole", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Researches and documents the role of media in historical conflicts, such as the Rwandan genocide, illustrating how propaganda and state-sponsored violence via media contribute to mass atrocities, informing the discussion on information interventions.", "quote": "Article 19, \"Broadcasting genocide Censorship", "page": "propaganda & state-sponsored violence in Rwanda", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783748929789-433", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South, particularly Africa and Asia (e.g., Central African Republic, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, India, Zimbabwe, Togo)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the 1990s"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issues consultation papers and principles for social media governance, advocating for human rights and transparency in online content moderation.", "quote": "See, e.g., ARTICLE 19, THE SOCIAL MEDIA COUNCILS: CONSULTATION PAPER (2019), https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/A19-SMC-Consultation-paper-2019-v05.pdf;", "page": "9", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for platforms to resist government pressure to remove content using overly broad definitions of 'extremist' content, emphasizing the need for human reviewers in moderation processes.", "quote": "Human rights groups and scholars have called on platforms to resist pressure by governments to operationalize what they see as ambiguous and overly broad definitions of “terrorist,” “extremist,” or “hateful\" content (Al Jaloud et al.", "page": "2019; Citron", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Criticized a Mexican legislative initiative as representing state censorship, human rights violations, and a threat to freedom of expression.", "quote": "Artículo 19, 5 de febrero de 2021, https://articulo19.org/internetbajoa-taque-la-regulacion-de-las-redes-sociales-como-mecanis-mo-de-control/.", "page": "30", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "International organization working on the defense and promotion of freedom of expression and access to information globally. Participated in drafting Santa Clara Principles and runs campaigns like 'Missing Voices'.", "quote": "Pierre François Docquir, Head of Media Freedom na Article 19, organização internacional que trabalha na defesa e na promoção do direito à liberdade de expressão e do acesso à informação em todo o mundo", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for freedom of expression and information, focusing on the safety of journalists and challenging restrictive laws.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Democratising online content moderation: A constitutional framework", "author": "De Gregorio, Giovanni", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Article 19 has proposed the creation of 'social media councils' based on a self-regulatory and multi-stakeholder system to ensure accountability in content moderation, aiming to comply with international human rights standards.", "quote": "Article 19 has proposed the creation of social media councils based on a self-regulatory and multi-stakeholder system of accountability for content moderation complying with international human rights' standards.", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364919303851", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU and US", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "No amount of “AI” in content moderation will solve filtering’s prior-restraint problem", "author": "Llansó, Emma J", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates against proactive content moderation systems, such as filters, by highlighting how they intrude on users' privacy and freedom of expression, classifying them as forms of prior censorship.", "quote": "If these intermediaries apply filters to all of this content, then each of these conversations may be subject to multiple layers of a third party's pre-approval, using techniques that are “deeply intru- sive of users' right to privacy and freedom of expression” (ARTICLE 19, 2016: 16).", "page": "3", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720920686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power", "author": "Helberger, Natali", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Article 19 participates in policy debates by criticizing government proposals (such as the UK's 'duty of care') for platform governance and content regulation. Their advocacy aims to influence how online content moderation is structured to protect human rights.", "quote": "This broad approach, in combination with the far-reaching powers of a new regulatory authority, has also earned the proposal substantial criticism from human rights advocates and legal experts.17", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (EU, Germany, France, UK, Netherlands) focusing on social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "LA LUTTE CONTRE LE TERRORISME PAR LA CENSURE DES « CONTENUS À CARACTÈRE TERRORISTE » : UNE INGÉRENCE JUSTIFIÉE AU DROIT À LA LIBERTÉ D’EXPRESSION ?", "author": "Braun, Justine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It publishes reports and analyses that critically examine national anti-terror laws for their broad definitions and potential incompatibility with freedom of expression rights, serving as a watchdog and advocate for human rights in online content regulation.", "quote": "Article 19, The impact of UK anti-terror laws on Freedom of Expression, Londres, avril 2006", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "European Union (especially UK, France, Germany, Italy), social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017–2019)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its director, Thomas Hughes, was appointed as the first director of Facebook's Oversight Board, an independent body created to make binding content moderation decisions.", "quote": "...foi apontado o primeiro diretor do Conselho, Thomas Hughes – que atuava como diretor da Article 19, entidade voltada a direitos humanos e à liberdade de expressão.", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Promotes and defends freedom of expression and access to information globally, and critically assesses regulations related to hate speech.", "quote": "For a critical assessment of the Framework Decision in relation to international standards on freedom of expression, see the brief by Article 19 on the “EU: European Commission’s Code of Conduct for Countering Illegal Hate Speech Online”.", "page": "230", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocated for free speech principles, arguing that some categories of speech in German law should not be criminal offenses and requesting transparency requirements be maintained if the law were repealed.", "quote": "As Article 19, a free speech advocacy group, put it, several provisions 'should not be criminal offences in the first place,' including blasphemy, broad definitions of 'hate speech,' criminal defamation and insult.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "What is platform governance?", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for the creation of organizations that can investigate user complaints and develop ethical frameworks for platform companies, drawing inspiration from international press councils.", "quote": "Civil society organizations, for example, have advocated for some kind of or- ganization that could perform multiple functions ranging from investigating user complaints to creating ethical frameworks for platform companies, per- haps modelled after international press councils which set codes of conduct and standards for news organizations (ARTICLE 19 2018).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Wrote an open letter to the UN Human Rights Council, raising concerns that 'countering and preventing violent extremism' initiatives could undermine human rights, privacy, and freedom of expression.", "quote": "In March 2016, the NGO Article 19, along with 58 human rights organizations and NGOs, wrote an open letter to the UN Human Rights Council, urging them to consider serious concerns about certain initiatives around countering and preventing violent extremism.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Hosted a workshop to discuss the creation of a next-generation accountability body for platforms, playing a role in convening discussions on informal governance measures.", "quote": "At a workshop held by Article 19 and Stanford's Global Digital Policy Incubator in February 2019, convened to discuss the creation of a next-generation accountability body for platforms, participants grappled with how Article 19's proposal would mesh with the recently-announced Facebook initiative", "page": "12", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides guidance on applying international human rights law to content moderation and proposes the establishment of multistakeholder accountability mechanisms, such as Social Media Councils.", "quote": "At the cross-platform level, for example, civil society group Article 19 has proposed the establishment of a multistakeholder accountability mechanism for platform moderation in the form of multistakeholder Social Media Councils.", "page": "1003", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An international human rights organization promoting and defending freedom of expression and access to information globally, which also critically assesses legal frameworks and standards related to freedom of expression online.", "quote": "Agnès spent nine years as the Execu tive Director of ARTICLE 19, the international human rights organization promoting and defending freedom of expression and access to information globally.", "page": "364", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}, {"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d'espressione ei nuovi censori dell'agorà digitale", "author": "M Monti", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors the implementation of the EU Code of Conduct on countering illegal online hate speech, assessing the quality of content removal, and criticizes the delegation of legal content assessment to private companies rather than courts.", "quote": "Quindi il Codice «puts companies - rather than the courts - in the position of having to decide the legality of content>>.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.eu/index.php/RIID/article/view/20", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms, focusing on Italy, US, and EU", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in establishing international human rights standards for freedom of expression, publishes reports and statements, and critiques content moderation agreements for their impact on human rights and due process. Also proposes models for global social media councils.", "quote": "scholarly treatment of freedom of expression can be another source for establishing international human rights standards, along with publications or statements from expert civil society groups specializing in this area (such as Article 19, Human Rights Watch, and the Centre for Law and Democracy)", "page": "13", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Co-authored a report documenting how AI-driven consumer products often collect vast amounts of data without knowledge or consent, inferring sensitive personal facts, which raises concerns about privacy and freedom of expression.", "quote": "These concerns have recently been documented in a report by human rights organizations Article 19 and Privacy International, which notes that 'Al-driven consumer products are frequently equipped with sensors that generate and collect vast amounts of data without the knowledge or consent of those in its proximity.'", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Criticized the UN Human Rights Council's support for CVE programs, arguing that it undermined existing human rights standards related to religious intolerance, civil society space, freedom of expression, and digital privacy.", "quote": "Article 19, an international human rights NGO, pointed out that Human Rights Council's uncritical support for CVE programmes undermined its earlier resolutions on combatting religious intolerance, protecting ‘civil society space'...", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a civil liberties group, advocated for a clear understanding of 'violent extremism' and related concepts, highlighting the potential impact of definitional ambiguity on human rights and free expression.", "quote": "Civil liberties groups have argued for a role in helping companies understand “the various meanings given to ‘violent extremism’ and related concepts, and the potential impact of ambiguity in this area on the promotion and protection of human rights.”", "page": "32", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "PLATFORMS ARE NOT INTERMEDIARIES", "author": "Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Proposed the creation of a 'social media council' to field public complaints and demand accountability from platforms regarding content moderation, advocating for greater transparency and responsibility.", "quote": "or a single “social media council”48 could field public complaints and demand accountability from platforms.", "page": "17", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with focus on USA and Europe)", "when": "1996-2018 (with focus on 2010s)"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for freedom of expression.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Documented and condemned instances of 'telephone censorship' in Ukraine, where political leaders issued informal guidance and orders to media outlets, threatening harassment for non-compliance.", "quote": "Disobedience could ‘lead to harassment in the form of tax inspections, lawsuits for the sole purpose of intimidation, licence revocation and other measures' (Artikl’ 19, 2003: 38).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; EDRi; European Partnership for Democracy; Freedom Online Coalition; Global Network Initiative; IGF 2025; Save Online Speech Coalition; StopSilencingPalestine; DSA-related public consultation; Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS); Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025; Keepiton coalition; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Article 19 publishes reports and policy briefings, issues open letters and coordinated advocacy (e.g., letters to parliaments), participates in multi-stakeholder consultations including DSA-related processes and coalition campaigns, and leverages network affiliations to pressure platforms and governments.", "quote": "Article 19’s core mission is defending freedom of expression and information and its work explicitly addresses digital rights, internet freedom, platform policy and responses to data-driven technologies (e.g., DSA consultations, Global Expression Report).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.article19.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Amnesty International", "aliases": ["Amnesty International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "international human rights NGO", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Asia", "Australia", "Belarus", "Belgium", "Brazil", "British India", "Canada", "Central African Republic", "China", "Ecuador", "Egypt", "Estonia", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Hungary", "India", "Indonesia", "International", "Iran", "Israel", "Italy", "Kazakhstan", "Korea", "Kyrgyzstan", "Malaysia", "Middle East", "Moldova", "Morocco", "Myanmar", "Nigeria", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Poland", "Singapore", "South Africa", "South Asia", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Switzerland", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "G1 news site", "GitHub", "Google", "Great Firewall", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Snapchat", "Threads", "TikTok", "Twitter", "UOL", "WhatsApp", "Wikipedia", "X/Twitter", "YouTube", "digital journalism"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "corporate accountability", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "equality", "ethical technology", "free speech", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "individual rights", "justice", "non-discrimination", "platform accountability", "religious freedom", "transparency", "women's safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censeur", "censorship", "censura", "content moderation", "media moderator", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderatore di contenuti", "moderazione", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates", "moderação de mídia", "modération censure", "modération de contenu", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 44, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di espressione e moderazione dei contenuti online: profili costituzionali.", "author": "Canton, Gaia Dal", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Amnesty International publishes reports on online hate and censorship, advocating for social media companies to improve their crisis response and protect digital rights.", "quote": "Amnesty International, Israel/OPT: Social Media companies must step up crisis response on Israel-Palestine as online hate and censorship proliferate (2023)...", "page": "28", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, Italy, Global Digital Platforms (focus on content moderation)", "when": "Contemporary digital era, focusing on post-2010 platform developments"}, {"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "The Automation of Control: Algorithmic Censorship and the Construction of Sub-Realities", "author": "Vatreš, Amina", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Investigates and reports on the use of surveillance technologies by state actors (e.g., Israeli military's 'Wolf Pack' system) and links these to human rights violations, including those in occupied territories.", "quote": "According to Amnesty International (2023), at least since 2019, the Israeli military has deployed the so-called \"Wolf Pack\"\" system", "page": "a biometric database containing extensive personal information on Palestinians from the occupied territories.\"", "url": "http://doi.fil.bg.ac.rs/volume.php?pt=journals&issue=kkonline-2025-16-16&i=17", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "global online information ecosystem, with case studies from Turkey and Israel/Palestine", "when": "contemporary digital era (early 21st century, particularly post-2010s)"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocates for human rights, including calling for legislative changes to address hate speech and hate crimes against marginalized communities, and collaborating with other organizations to resolve such issues.", "quote": "um problema que a ILGA-Europe e a Anistia Internacional, entre outras organizações, solicitaram que a Polônia resolvesse.", "page": "93", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Intelligence artificielle et journalisme numérique: comment l'IA et les algorithmes redéfinissent l'information", "author": "O HAJRI, Y DAIFE", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Investigates and reports on censorship practices by social media platforms, particularly in contexts of conflict, highlighting discriminatory moderation of content related to specific geopolitical events.", "quote": "Amnesty International (2023) a par exemple mis en évidence des pratiques de censure depuis le 7 octobre 2023. Dans son article, l'ONG souligne que les réseaux sociaux sont devenus des outils de « censure sélective », à cause d'une modération jugée discriminatoire des contenus liés à la Palestine.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.imist.ma/index.php/EJC/article/view/6457", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global (with a specific focus on social media platforms, digital journalism, and the Moroccan media landscape)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts empirical research and publishes reports on the prevalence and impact of harmful content (e.g., mental health content) on social media platforms, aiming to highlight moderation gaps and advocate for stronger user protections.", "quote": "A study by Amnesty International focused on the prevalence of mental health content on TikTok [33].", "page": "3", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation in Social Media–Artificial Intelligence to the Rescue?", "author": "C Frei, C Kaufmann", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Amnesty International publishes reports on human rights impacts related to social media content moderation, highlighting issues like the amplification of harmful content by algorithmic systems. This serves to advocate for improved human rights compliance by platforms.", "quote": "More-over, reports suggest that Facebook's algorithmic content moderation may have amplified the distribution of content inciting violence and discrimination against Rohingya in Myanmar by recommending it to more users (Amnesty International 2022, 45–48).", "page": "11", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TeUEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA133&dq=mod%C3%A9ration+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=jtXsxE-hxH&sig=I-rYw315-7M9u2WMpRzQzvDHHLs", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms, global regulatory context (with focus on EU)", "when": "Contemporary (2019–2024)"}, {"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Plays a central role in the creation and mobilization of transnational public spheres, influencing nation-states through global public opinion and confronting states.", "quote": "Nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International play a central role in the creation and mobilization of transnational public spheres, showing a 'growing impact on the press and media' and confronting states.", "page": "225", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "Health and toxicity in content moderation: The discursive work of justification", "author": "AD Gibson, N Docherty, T Gillespie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published a report, '#Toxictwitter', to warn about harassment, violence, and abuse on platforms driving women away, thereby engaging in public advocacy and exerting pressure for moderation.", "quote": "In 2018, Amnesty International published a report titled #Toxictwitter, warning that harassment, violence, and abuse drives women from the platform, silencing them.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook Groups, Anglophone liberal democracies (US focus), social media platforms generally", "when": "late 20th century to present, focusing on the post-2010 social media era"}, {"title": "Making the private public: Regulating content moderation under Chinese law", "author": "Xiao, Baiyang", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports to highlight how the business models of major digital platforms can pose threats to human rights, influencing the discourse on content governance.", "quote": "'Surveillance giants: How the business model of Google and Facebook threatens human rights', (Amnesty International, 21 November 2019)", "page": "6", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364923001036", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, EU (comparative)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship and the Impact of Repression on Dissent", "author": "Pop‐Eleches, Grigore; Way, Lucan A.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitored human rights abuses and government repression in Moldova, facing pressure from authorities for its work, which included reporting on detentions after protests.", "quote": "INGO s such as Amnesty International faced increasing pressure from authorities. These events were followed by a remarkably large share of the population...", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12633", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Moldova; cross-national (various countries)", "when": "2004–2016, with a primary focus on 2009"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Identifies unsuitable AI functionality that disadvantages marginalized identities and incorrectly profiles individuals, like in the Dutch childcare benefits scandal, thereby acting as a watchdog.", "quote": "The Dutch government, for instance, is currently facing the aftermath of the ‘toeslagenaffaire’... Amnesty International (2021).", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Uses global online activities to advocate for human rights, shaping international public discourse and influencing perceptions of global issues.", "quote": "This may be seen in the global online activities of ‘big’ civic players such as Greenpeace or Amnesty International.", "page": "193", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "Breaking the silence: Investigating which types of moderation reduce negative effects of sexist social media content", "author": "J Sasse, J Grossklags", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and publishes reports on online abuse and harassment, using this data to highlight societal issues and advocate for creating safer online environments and informing moderation practices.", "quote": "A 2017 survey by Amnesty International shows that such events are frequent: In eight countries, from Poland to New Zealand, 23% of women reported that they had experienced online abuse or harassment [2].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3610176", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Facebook groups, Germany", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Analisi dell'odio online in una prospettiva ecologica", "author": "S PAVESI", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Monitors online hate and discrimination by analyzing comments on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, publishing reports (e.g., 'Il barometro dell'odio') to track trends and raise public awareness about problematic online content.", "quote": "Amnesty International che tutti gli anni si occupa di monitorare i comportamenti di odio e discriminazione online attraverso l'analisi dei commenti degli algoritmi di Facebook e Twitter", "page": "5", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/33978", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, primarily in Europe (Italy, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Spain)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention", "author": "Gregorio, Giovanni De; Stremlau, Nicole", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation against governments to challenge internet shutdowns, asserting that such actions violate human rights, as seen in the Togolese Republic case.", "quote": "Amnesty International et al. v. The Togolese Republic, 2020, [...] the Togolese government violated human rights.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783748929789-433", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South, particularly Africa and Asia (e.g., Central African Republic, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, India, Zimbabwe, Togo)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the 1990s"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Tracks Twitter's efforts to address online abuse against women and reports on the platform's failures to adequately protect female users, particularly those with intersectional identities.", "quote": "Amnesty International has tracked Twitter's efforts to address online abuse against women since 2017, time and again reporting that the platform has failed to adequately protect female users...", "page": "8", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published reports and statements calling for investigations into alleged killings during the #EndSARS protests, engaging in advocacy and public pressure to hold authorities accountable and influence the narrative around events.", "quote": "\"Nigeria: Killing of #EndSARS protesters by the military must be investigated", "page": "Amnesty International", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Receives donations as a rights organization with its own media outlets, contributing to media diversity in the context of discussions around censorship and media control.", "quote": "Sponsorship – mainly commercial advertising nowadays, but also including, for example, state sponsorship, or donations to charity or rights organizations with their own media outlets, such as the Red Cross/Red Crescent and Amnesty International...", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Refused to participate in the Global Network Initiative due to concerns that it could not adequately protect human rights, thereby influencing norms for corporate human rights responsibility.", "quote": "Esse é o caso da Anistia Internacional, que optou por não participar em razão de considerar que o GNI não conseguiria proteger de maneira significativa os direitos humanos...", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Détection automatique des messages haineux sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "P Chiril", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts monitoring exercises and reports on online hate speech, particularly ethnic-based and gender-based hatred, to counter such phenomena.", "quote": "most monitoring exercises by institutions countering online HS in different countries and territories (...) report ethnic-based hatred (including anti-migrant hatred) and gender-based hatred as the most common type of online HS", "page": "60", "url": "https://utheme.utoulouse.fr/files/original/6e5dd8f74a697ccb7e63be8b5ce7bec4102848b6.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Reddit), France, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social media content moderation: six opportunities for feminist intervention", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It produces reports and engages in advocacy to highlight issues such as toxicity and disproportionate abuse faced by women on social media platforms, thereby exerting pressure for improved moderation practices and safer online environments.", "quote": "Twitter is indeed toxic for women, Amnesty report says.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2020.1783807", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on human rights issues globally, including arrests for online speech, contributing to awareness of freedom of expression violations.", "quote": "According to Amnesty International, in 2016 people were arrested for what they said online in 55 countries worldwide.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "Crime as Cognitive Constraint: Facebook's Role in Myanmar's Incitement Landscape and the Promise of International Tort Liability", "author": "Domino, Jenny", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocating for corporate accountability in human rights abuses, as part of its broader work on human rights.", "quote": "See Corporations, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/corporate-accountability/ (last visited March 25, 2020).", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2016-2020 events"}, {"title": "Understanding content moderation systems: new methods to understand internet governance at scale, over time, and across platforms", "author": "N Suzor", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in advocacy and reporting, putting public pressure on platforms like Twitter for their perceived ineffectiveness in dealing with abuse and trolls.", "quote": "Researchers and advocates still complain that Twitter has been largely ineffective in this ongoing work (Amnesty International 2018a, 2018b).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788977449/9781788977449.00013.xml", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, Twitter, Instagram platforms, global (with Australian context)", "when": "2010s platform era, focusing on 2016–2019"}, {"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Uses the Internet and other digital media (cell phones, video cameras) as tools to transmit information about human rights violations and to facilitate individual actions like sending emails to government officials, signing online petitions, making electronic donations, and participating in online surveys.", "quote": "Um exemplo dado por Dahlberg (op.cit., p. 858) é o caso da Anistia Internacional, onde a Internet e outras mídias digitais (telefones celulares e câmeras de vídeo) são utilizadas como ferramentas através das quais se pode agir transmitindo informações sobre violações de direitos humanos e fornecendo meios para realizar ações individuais como envio de e-mail a funcionários do governo, assinatura de petições por e-mail, realização de doações eletrônicas e participação em pesquisas on-line.", "page": "46", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed a 'Barometer of Hate' to map how political language on social media could be tied to growing xenophobic sentiments, specifically in the context of the 2018 Italian elections.", "quote": "Ahead of the 2018 Italian elections, Amnesty International developed a 'Barometer of Hate,' following key politicians on social media and seeking to map how the language they used could be tied to the growing xenophobic sentiments in the country.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Responded to a call for international observers during the Standing Rock protests to monitor human rights and protect peaceful protest.", "quote": "In August 2016, the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe issued a call for international observers that was taken up by Amnesty International.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "A large-scale crowdsourced analysis of abuse against women journalists and politicians on Twitter", "author": "Delisle, Laure; Kalaitzis, Alfredo; Majewski, Krzysztof; Berker, Archy de; Marin, Milena; Cornebise, Julien", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Amnesty International conducts large-scale crowd-sourced research to analyze online abuse against women journalists and politicians on Twitter, aiming to influence social media companies to increase investment in tackling online abuse and raise public awareness through media campaigns.", "quote": "The social impact Amnesty International is aiming for is ultimately to influence social media companies like Twitter into increasing investment and resources – under any form – dedicated to tackling online abuse against women.", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03093", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (UK and US politicians and journalists)", "when": "2017-2018"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to international declarations and frameworks that advocate for the protection of human rights, equality, and non-discrimination in machine learning systems.", "quote": "Amnesty International & Access Now, The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Right to Equality and Non-discrimination in Machine Learning Systems, (May 16, 2018)", "page": "967", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "This draft: January 2018 First draft: February 2015", "author": "Guriev, Sergei; Treisman, Daniel", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Documents and publicizes human rights abuses, including detentions and torture, which challenges informational autocrats' attempts to conceal state violence and manipulate public perception of their competence and benevolence. This acts as a counter-force to censorship.", "quote": "Erdoğan’s regime detained tens of thousands, including more than 118 journalists and nine parliamentarians (Amnesty International 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global authoritarian regimes", "when": "Mid-20th century to present"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Launched an initiative on AI and human rights, leading the drafting of 'The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Rights to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems' to ground AI bias discussions in international legal principles.", "quote": "In May 2018, Amnesty International and Access Now led the drafting of The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Rights to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems. The document grounds the current attention on Al bias in binding international legal principles.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Criticized a policy in Rwanda that restricted freedoms of expression for impeding social transformation, highlighting how laws can promote self-censorship.", "quote": "Although it was claimed that such silence would promote social unity and decrease potential for reemergence of violence (Amnesty International, 2010), this policy was criticized for impeding social transformation necessary to prevent future eruption of ethnicity-based violence (Buckley-Zistel, 2006).", "page": "235", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning human rights issues, including internet censorship in Turkey.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression", "author": "S Guriev, D Treisman", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on state repression, political detentions, and human rights abuses, thereby challenging the informational autocrat's narrative of competence and non-violence and exposing concealed state violence to the public.", "quote": "Erdoğan's regime detained tens of thousands, including more than 118 journalists and nine parliamentarians (Amnesty International 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2572452", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global authoritarian states", "when": "Post-WWII to present"}, {"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Amnesty International co-authored a joint letter to the European Parliament, addressing concerns about the situation of fundamental rights in Hungary, thereby participating in international human rights advocacy and monitoring of government actions.", "quote": "V. tb. carta conjunta de Amnesty International y Human Rights Watch, 2 de julio de 2013: <www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/02/letter-european-parliament-situation-fundamental-rights-hungary>.", "page": "4", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Criticized a proposed constitutional ban on new minarets in Switzerland, labeling it a \"grotesquely discriminatory proposal\"\" and thus exerting public pressure against policies perceived as intolerant.\"", "quote": "international observers such as Amnesty International (which called the ban a “grotesquely discriminatory proposal”), 57.5 percent of voters nationwide ... supported the prohibition against minarets.", "page": "127", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}, {"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Published reports, such as 'Undermining Freedom of Expression in China,' that document and critique online censorship, thereby underscoring its human rights implications and contributing to global awareness.", "quote": "The reports which indicate that China maintains the most advanced and sophisticated censorship network [11][12][13] and the results from Tables 1-3 in the Appendix further underscore the broad reach and implication for Internet censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published a report, cited by the paper, detailing how Internet censorship undermines freedom of expression in China, thereby raising global awareness and advocating for human rights and open information access.", "quote": "Undermining Freedom of Expression in China: The role of Yahoo, Microsoft and Google, Amnesty International, July 2006.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}, {"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Exerting public pressure and advocating for human rights, including documenting censorship and state repression against women and artists.", "quote": "Secondo il rapporto annuale (2010) si Amnesty International, si legge che: ‘Le autorità hanno oscurato siti web che davano voce alle critiche, in special modo quelli di blogger iraniani, hanno periodicamente bloccato quelli di notiziari web stranieri che davano notizie sull’Iran.’", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of internet control: censorship, sovereignty, and cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Amnesty International is part of a burgeoning grass-roots transnational social movement that works to protect and preserve the internet as an open commons of information, advocating for access to information.", "quote": "The movement includes major NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Reporters without Borders, and efforts directed at multiple levels, from the construction of censorship circumvention technologies and other “hacktivist” tools to lobbying for the promotion of norms of openness and access to information at international levels.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134087549/chapters/10.4324/9780203962541-30", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide internet, with specific country examples (e.g., China, Iran, Tunisia, Sudan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, USA)", "when": "Early 21st century (c. 2000-2007)"}, {"title": "Discussões on-line: estratégias argumentativas em debates na internet", "author": "MM Carvalho", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Through its Brazilian representative, the organization observes the outcome of the disarmament referendum, linking the 'no' vote to public fears and lack of trust in the security system, and advocates for international control of small arms.", "quote": "Tim Cahill, o representante da Anistia Internacional para o Brasil, afirma que ainda que sua entidade já contemplasse a possibilidade de o \"não\"\" sair vencedor", "page": "o índice de mais de 60% obtido pelos que se opunham à proibição ao comércio de armas foi \"\"um pouco chocante\"\".\"", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30072008-132100/publico/DISSERTACAO_MARCIO_MARCONATO_DE_CARVALHO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms (AOL, UOL)", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Amnesty International positions itself against censorship imposed by the STF in Brazil, considering judicial measures to silence critics and restrict freedom of expression as a serious human rights violation. It monitors Brazil, denounces threats to freedom of expression, and pressures the government to respect the free circulation of ideas.", "quote": "A Anistia Internacional, com sua missão de proteger os direitos humanos, também tem se posicionado contra a censura imposta pelo STF no Brasil. A AI considera que o uso de medidas judiciais para silenciar críticos e restringir a liberdade de expressão constitui uma violação grave dos direitos humanos.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; EDRi; Keepiton coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025; StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "1961", "mechanism": "Amnesty Tech publishes investigative reports, forensic tools (Mobile Verification Toolkit), runs Security Lab and Algorithmic Accountability Lab, campaigns (e.g., Ban The Scan) and seeks regulatory change, leveraging research to hold platforms and governments accountable.", "quote": "Amnesty Tech conducts research, technical investigations (Security Lab, Algorithmic Accountability Lab), and campaigns targeting Big Tech, surveillance, facial recognition bans and platform harms, directly engaging platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.amnesty.org/en/tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Freedom House", "aliases": ["Freedom House"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO / watchdog/transparency", "NGO / watchdog/transparency group", "international democracy and human rights NGO", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Algeria", "Americas", "Asia", "Australia", "Brazil", "Chile", "China", "Ecuador", "Egypt", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "Finland", "France", "Gaza", "Germany", "Global", "Guatemala", "Gulf countries", "Honduras", "Hungary", "India", "Indonesia", "International", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Latin America", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Middle East", "Morocco", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "North Korea", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Russia", "Singapore", "Southeast Asia", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Venezuela", "Vietnam", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google Reader", "Instagram", "LLM", "Sina Weibo", "State media", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-authoritarianism", "anti-censorship", "anti-manipulation", "civil liberties", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "digital freedom", "digital rights", "free speech", "freedom of expression", "human rights", "individual rights", "information access", "internet freedom", "media freedom", "media independence", "minority rights", "national interest", "pluralism", "political freedom", "political neutrality", "political participation", "political rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "censura", "media moderator", "moderación de debates", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderação", "moderação censura", "revues.imist.ma"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century", "2018-2020", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 44, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Freedom House produces annual scores and reports on internet freedom, which are used as a basis for selecting countries and evaluating political and digital freedom relevant to content moderation policies.", "quote": "We selected these countries based on 2024 Freedom House [44] scores—Nine countries were categorized as \"not free\"\" or \"\"partially free\"\".\"", "page": "5", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published reports documenting digital election interference, global propaganda, and censorship efforts, which serve as evidence for the impacts of platform content moderation on human rights and political discourse.", "quote": "See Adrian Shahbaz and Allie Funk, 'Digital Election Interference' (Freedom House, 2019) <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-on-the-net/2019/the-crisis-of-social-media/digital-election-interference>", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "CENSURA NA INTERNET EM REGIMES AUTORITÁRIOS VERSUS DEMOCRACIA", "author": "LE da Silva Müller", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on global censorship, particularly internet freedom, by conducting comparative studies and publishing data on digital authoritarianism.", "quote": "relatórios de organizações não governamentais (Freedom House, por exemplo), que possuem estudos comparativos que monitoram a censura global.", "page": "2", "url": "https://cdn.atenaeditora.com.br/atenaeditora/artigos_anexos/202501/24ZDpCXwDLxB2pyZRY1lENv9wWQBgI2quNTW9B4K.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet in authoritarian regimes and democracies globally (e.g., China, North Korea, Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era / 21st century)"}, {"title": "Régulation des réseaux sociaux au Maroc", "author": "N Benbouazza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Corroborates claims about internet freedom and censorship practices in Morocco through its reports, thereby influencing the understanding of the national context for social media regulation.", "quote": "Une réalité a été corroborée à double reprise, par « Freedom House » et le « Groupe AFD » dans son « Rapport 2023 sur les libertés numériques dans les pays d'Afrique francophone ».", "page": "8", "url": "https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/ibnkhaldoun/article/view/64624", "topic": "revues.imist.ma", "language": "", "where": "Morocco", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Reported on 'Digital Election Interference' and 'Global Propaganda on Uyghurs', documenting and scrutinizing how platforms are used for misinformation and censorship by state actors, influencing the debate on platform moderation responsibilities.", "quote": "See Adrian Shahbaz and Allie Funk, 'Digital Election Interference' (Freedom House, 2019) <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-on-the-net/2019/the-crisis-of-social-media/digital-election-interference> accessed 10 January 2024.", "page": "3", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political rights, and civil liberties worldwide, publishing an annual report ('Freedom in the World') that assesses the state of these rights and influences perceptions of freedom.", "quote": "Freedom House conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political rights, and civil liberties worldwide. They produce an annual report called “Freedom in the World\"", "page": "which assesses the state of political rights and civil liberties in countries around the world.\"", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights, producing the annual 'Freedom on the Net' report which qualitatively measures Internet censorship in up to 70 countries.", "quote": "Freedom House is a non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Washington DC, USA. The group is a non-profit and conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights – often focusing on Internet freedoms [73].", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}, {"title": "Moderação de Conteúdo Online e as Batalhas entre o bem e o mal", "author": "Meneguetti Pereira, Luciano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Produces annual reports, such as 'Freedom on the Net', that analyze global trends in internet freedom, including new laws and rules affecting content moderation by digital platforms and their implications for human rights.", "quote": "De acordo com o relatório anual Freedom on the Net 2021, produzido pela Freedom House, autoridades de pelo menos 24 países aprovaram ou anunciaram no último ano novas leis ou regras que versam sobre como as empresas devem tratar o conteúdo produzido em suas plataformas digitais (FREEDOM HOUSE, 2021, p. 13).", "page": "16", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/view/65221", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with focus on national legislations (Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, India, UK, France, Brazil) and EU initiatives", "when": "2018-2022"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "publishes reports assessing press freedom and identifying interferences through digital means in elections.", "quote": "Pursuant to the “Freedom on the Net 2019” report, the Freedom House organisation acknowledges that there were verified interferences through digital means in 26 of the 30 States that have had elections or referendums between June 2018 and May 2019", "page": "209", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports (e.g., Freedom on the Net) that monitor and analyze the state of internet freedom and censorship globally, identifying trends in national legislation and their impact on human rights.", "quote": "De acordo com o relatório anual Freedom on the Net 2021, produzido pela Freedom House, autoridades de pelo menos 24 países aprovaram ou anunciaram no último ano novas leis ou regras que versam sobre como as empresas devem tratar o conteúdo produzido em suas plataformas digitais", "page": "16", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ON-LINE.", "author": "N Alkiviadou", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Classifies countries based on their levels of political freedom and civil liberties, influencing perceptions of the regulatory environments where online content moderation policies are adopted.", "quote": "...muitos dos quais haviam sido classificados pela organização Freedom House como “não livres” ou “parcialmente livres”.", "page": "2", "url": "https://sur.conectas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sur-32-portugues-natalie-alkiviadou.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online social media platforms (global, with emphasis on EU and US regulatory contexts)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focus on 2016-2022)"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, internet, companhias tecnológicas ea disrupção silenciosa da democracia", "author": "LOR Freitas", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It elaborates tables and reports detailing government actions related to censorship and control within the digital sphere, monitoring freedom of expression and online manipulation tactics across various countries.", "quote": "tabela elaborada pela Freedom House, detalhando a situação em dezenas de países quanto a atuação de governos no tocante a censura e controle da esfera digital", "page": "15", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/3646", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global democracies and digital environments, with specific examples from Brazil, USA, Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000), drawing historical parallels to the 1930s"}, {"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors media freedoms and democratic governance globally, publishes reports that assess countries' legal, political, and economic environments, and advocates for empowerment rights, critiquing the spread of authoritarianism and censorship.", "quote": "Going forward, it is essential that organizations such as Reporters Sans Frontières and Freedom House continue their efforts to monitor media freedoms around the world, and that concerned governments, NGOs, and international organizations emphasize the importance of empowerment rights such as freedom of speech and the press.", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}, {"title": "Learning about politics from mass media and social media: Moderating roles of press freedom and public service broadcasting in 11 countries", "author": "CS Park, H Gil de Zúñiga", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes the Freedom of the Press Index, which assigns scores and categories (Free, Partly Free, Not Free) to countries based on government interference and press freedom. This evaluation directly assesses the presence or absence of censorship in media systems.", "quote": "The index for press freedom was obtained from the 2015 Freedom of the Press Index by Freedom House (Table 2). Drawing upon data about 23 questions, Freedom House assigns a press freedom score ranging from o (best) to 100 (worst).", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/33/2/315/6031067", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "11 countries (Estonia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, US, Turkey)", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes annual qualitative reports, such as the \"Freedom on the Net Report", "quote": "providing a qualitative assessment of censorship.\"", "page": "Internet freedom, human rights.", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Online censorship and digital surveillance: the relationship between suppression technologies and democratization across countries", "author": "Stoycheff, Elizabeth; Burgess, G. Scott; Martucci, Maria Clara", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Freedom House operates as a non-profit watchdog by annually rating countries' civil and political liberties, specifically capturing and reporting on government suppression efforts related to internet censorship and surveillance. Through its 'Net Freedom annual report,' it provides data used to assess the state of internet freedom and identify problematic practices, thereby contributing to public awareness and accountability.", "quote": "assessed using 2013–2015 data from Freedom House, a non-profit, independent organization that annually rates civil and political liberties of countries around the world. Their Net Freedom annual report (2015) captures government suppression efforts on two unique dimensions: limits on content and violations to users' rights.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2018.1518472", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Cross-national (63 countries initially, 21 countries for multi-level analysis), spanning various regions including the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.", "when": "2013–2015 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors global freedom, evaluates press freedom conditions, and reports on assaults against journalism, including those perpetrated by elected leaders.", "quote": "Freedom House has reported that part of the assault on journalism is coming from elected leaders, who should instead have been the ardent defenders of media freedom.", "page": "193", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Measuring the Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Stoll, Adrian; Dalek, Jakub; Ramesh, Reethika; Scott, Will; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Assesses and labels countries based on their internet freedom status ('Not Free', 'Partly Free'), which is then used as a metric to correlate with the deployment of censorship filters in the study.", "quote": "Filters found in 36 out of 48 countries labelled as 'Not Free' or 'Partly Free' by Freedom House", "page": "42", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/23099.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "late 2010s"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Censorship", "author": "Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It publishes reports that document and analyze global online censorship efforts, including laws, arrests, and blocks, thereby raising awareness of state repression and digital freedom issues.", "quote": "A 2018 Freedom House report found that in 28 of the 65 countries surveyed, someone had been killed or physically attacked by the government or a third party for content they had posted online (Shahbaz 2018).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032837", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet and social media platforms, with prominent examples from China, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, Uganda, Syria, and the US", "when": "21st century internet era"}, {"title": "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?", "author": "Chen, Yuyu; Yang, David Y.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on media freedom and internet freedom globally, including China, to inform public discourse and highlight censorship levels.", "quote": "Freedom House’s Freedom of the Press Report shows that 86 percent of the world’s population does not enjoy media free from censorship.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171765", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Beijing university students)", "when": "2015–2017"}, {"title": "Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil", "author": "De Albuquerque, Afonso", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Fosters a 'democracy promotion' agenda by producing rankings and evaluations, which privilege certain models of political institutions and can inadvertently empower Latin American elites (including mainstream media) who align with these Western standards.", "quote": "it is closely associated to a political, 'democracy promotion' agenda that, in the last decades, has been fostered by sectors associated to the US government... and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and think tanks closely associated to them, as the Freedom House (Giannone, 2010)...", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917738376", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "2000s–2010s"}, {"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serving as a 'virtual propaganda arm' for the government and international right wing, Freedom House criticizes media for insufficient support of U.S. foreign policy and produces reports (e.g., on elections or media 'imbalance') that align with official narratives.", "quote": "Freedom House... has long served as a virtual propaganda arm of the government and international right wing. It sent election monitors to the Rhodesian elections staged by Ian Smith in 1979 and found them 'fair,'...", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}, {"title": "Creative Language Encoding under Censorship", "author": "Ji, Heng; Knight, Kevin", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports documenting the state of internet freedom and censorship globally, providing data and analysis on government censorship practices and user evasion techniques.", "quote": "According to a recent study by Freedom on the Net¹, 67% of netizens live in countries where criticism of the government, military, or ruling family is subject to censorship.", "page": "1", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chinese social media and general Internet platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship", "author": "VanderSloot, Benjamin; McDonald, Allison; Scott, Will; Halderman, J Alex; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes annual \"Freedom on the Net\"\" reports that assess the state of internet freedom and identify countries that restrict web freedoms", "quote": "Web freedoms, human rights.", "page": "One source of external evidence is the Freedom on the Net report by Freedom House [21]. Of the countries in the table, nine are rated as \"Not Free\"\" and two are rated as \"\"Partially Free.\"\"\"", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (various countries)", "when": "2017-2018"}, {"title": "A Psychological Firewall? Risk Perceptions and Public Support for Online Censorship in Russia*", "author": "Nisbet, Erik C.; Kamenchuk, Olga; Dal, Aysenur", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Freedom House monitors and reports on global internet freedom and media censorship, providing data that highlights trends in government control over information environments. This reporting contributes to public awareness and informs discussions about internet governance.", "quote": "Globally, Internet freedom steadily declined between 2010 and 2015 as governments around the world increased online censorship through a variety of means (Freedom House, 2015).", "page": "2", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12435", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2009-2016"}, {"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on press freedom globally, including self-censorship, serving to document and bring attention to restrictions on media.", "quote": "Press freedom groups habitually refer to self-censorship as one of the key indicators in their yearly country reports (for instance those of Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières and International Research and Exchanges Board/IREX)", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes reports like \"Freedom on the Net\"\" that measure and document the level of internet and digital media freedom in countries", "quote": "internet freedom, digital rights, human rights", "page": "According to Freedom House's Freedom on the Net report, censorship of social media platforms and communication apps reached an all-time high across the globe in 2016.", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "Resisting Censorship: How Citizens Navigate Closed Media Environments", "author": "Behrouzian, Golnoosh; Nisbet, Erik C; Dal, Aysenur; Çarkoğlu, Ali", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Monitors and assesses the level of media freedom globally, identifying environments where media is censored or partially free, thereby contributing to public awareness and norm-setting regarding censorship.", "quote": "According to Freedom House (2015), about 86% of the world's population resides in partially or fully censored mass media environments, making citizen political communication in censored media systems the global norm.", "page": "1", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "2014-2015"}, {"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and conducts research on freedom, democracy, and political rights, including internet freedom and censorship, to document and raise awareness about global censorship practices.", "quote": "more than 60 countries around the world engaging in some form of censorship [3].", "page": "1", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for freedom and democracy.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "China's Strategic Censorship", "author": "Lorentzen, Peter", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes global press-freedom rankings, which serve as a form of public assessment and pressure on states regarding media control and censorship.", "quote": "China consistently ranks near the bottom of global press-freedom rankings (Freedom House 2013; Reporters without Borders 2013).", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and ranks media freedom globally, using a classification system to label the Vietnamese media as 'not free' and thereby highlighting restrictions on press freedom.", "quote": "In its 2013 Freedom of the Press rankings, for instance, Freedom House labeled the Vietnamese media “not free” (Freedom House 2013: 1).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}, {"title": "Social media activism and state censorship", "author": "T Poell", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes reports detailing the extent of state censorship and repression in countries like Iran, observing the resulting self-censorship among online journalists and bloggers and researching the global usage of circumvention tools.", "quote": "This account is confirmed by Freedom House, which maintains in its report on post-election Iran that self-censorship in Iran is currently “very extensive, particularly on political matters.”", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315764832-13/social-media-activism-state-censorship-thomas-poell", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "MENA region (Tunisia, Egypt, Iran) and China, on social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Sina Weibo, YouTube, Google Reader)", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2009-2015)"}, {"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Freedom House monitors media freedom and assesses public perceptions of political neutrality in media councils, providing critiques of regulatory bodies and government control over the media.", "quote": "Según Sylvana Habdank-Kołaczkowska, de la organización Freedom House, «este episodio ha ensombrecido las percepciones de la gente sobre el Consejo de Medios, incluso entre aquellos que hubieran podido creer que un Consejo de un solo partido podía funcionar como un cuerpo político neutral»", "page": "12", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produces reports on Internet censorship, contributing to global awareness of restrictions on human rights and political freedom online.", "quote": "Reports on Internet censorship are also produced by advocacy groups such as the Paris-based Reporters without Borders and the Washington DC-based Freedom House (Al-Saqaf 2010).", "page": "4", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}, {"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Assesses and reports on the status of internet freedom globally, categorizing countries based on their level of online restrictions.", "quote": "Freedom House has dubbed it the \"least free\"\" country in terms of Internet freedom [23].\"", "page": "1", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}, {"title": "Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists", "author": "Arsan, Esra", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes reports that highlight instances of censorship, jailing of journalists, and restrictions on press freedom by Turkish officials. This acts as a form of external monitoring and pressure, drawing international attention to the issues.", "quote": "A report published by Freedom House in 2010 argues that while Turkish officials continue to enforce strict laws, journalists are frequently jailed for discussing issues such as the Kurdish problem, the military or political Islam.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}, {"title": "Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism", "author": "Tapsell, Ross", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducts global surveys and publishes rankings on press freedom, indicating the extent to which self-censorship and other pressures exist in various countries.", "quote": "Freedom House judged Indonesia's press as only 'Partly Free' and ranked Indonesia 108th of 191 countries in their World Press Freedom Rankings (Freedom House, 2011).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1965–present"}, {"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Publishes the annual \"Freedom on the Net\"\" report", "quote": "evaluating and reporting on censorship practices and trends worldwide.\"", "page": "Freedom, democracy, human rights, internet freedom", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Assesses countries on political freedom, electoral freedoms, civil liberties, and tolerance of political discussion, including media censorship, and publishes an index.", "quote": "Freedom House assesses countries on the basis of electoral freedoms, political pluralism, and civil liberties, including the number of political parties, degree of corruption, human rights abuses, autonomy of minorities, media censorship, and tolerance of political discussion.", "page": "7", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}, {"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Evaluates and ranks political regimes based on democracy indices, influencing public discourse and providing a reference for political leaders and academics on the state of political freedoms and rights. This contributes to norm-setting and evaluation of political moderation.", "quote": "El uso de índices de democracia, como los elaborados por instituciones como Freedom House (FH), The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS) o el instituto Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), está muy extendido por parte de académicos, así como por analistas y periodistas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published 'Freedom on the Net' reports that globally assess Internet and digital media freedom, highlighting censorship issues and advocating for open internet access by informing the public and policymakers.", "quote": "Freedom on the Net: A Global Assessment of Internet and Digital Media, April 1, 2009. Freedom House.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}, {"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "As an independent organization monitoring political freedom and expression worldwide, Freedom House has classified Brazil as facing serious challenges to freedom of expression, especially due to STF-promoted censorship. It alerts about increasing threats to press freedom and expression, highlighting the STF's central role in repression.", "quote": "A Freedom House, uma organização independente que monitora a liberdade política e de expressão no mundo, tem classificado o Brasil como um país que enfrenta sérios desafios à liberdade de expressão, especialmente devido à censura promovida pelo STF.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Freedom Online Coalition; Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1941", "mechanism": "Freedom House produces flagship reports (Freedom in the World; Freedom on the Net) cited by policymakers and media, issues policy recommendations, partners in coalitions, and leverages donor and government relationships to shape platform and digital policy agendas.", "quote": "Publishes 'Freedom on the Net', reports and policy recommendations on anti-censorship, encryption, and digital repression that directly engage platform governance and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://freedomhouse.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Austria", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Colombia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Iran", "Israel", "Italy", "Japan", "Kenya", "Macedonia", "Palestine", "Russia", "Senegal", "Spain", "Switzerland", "Syria", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": ["Digital Platforms", "Facebook", "Google Search", "Instagram", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "US Film and Radio Industries", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "civil liberties", "civil rights", "constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "equality", "free speech", "freedom of assembly", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "intellectual freedom", "internet access", "justice", "legality", "marketplace of ideas", "platform accountability", "privacy", "racial justice", "rule of law", "social good", "technology policy", "user privacy", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": ["136.0", "NetGov directory", "censorship", "censure", "content moderation", "content moderator", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries", "1980s", "1980s–1990s", "1990s", "19th to 21st century", "19th–20th century", "20th century", "20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "late 20th–early 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 43, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues and advocates for civil liberties, particularly freedom of expression.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Waded into technology issues, defending civil liberties.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Antidefamation League (ADL), and the Center for Social Research (CSR) in India waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, defending civil liberties.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "The Tate-space on YouTube: Ambient ideology and the limits of platform moderation", "author": "B Rieder, B August, B Latil", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Reports on instances where social media companies' content moderation, particularly automated systems, exhibits bias and leads to discriminatory outcomes, affecting civil liberties and freedom of expression for certain groups.", "quote": "In May 2021, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) reported that dozens of Tunisian, Syrian, and Palestinian activists and journalists covering human rights abuses and civilian airstrikes complained that Facebook had deactivated their accounts pursuant to its policy against 'praise, support, or representation of' 'terrorist groups'...", "page": "42", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448251409209", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on social media platforms and examples from various countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, USA, Germany, Italy, Thailand, Syria, UK, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Files comments and advocates against biases in content moderation practices, particularly those that disproportionately affect marginalized groups or misrepresent them, such as seeing Black men as violent or threatening.", "quote": "commenting on the Chinx (OS) decision, leading platform regulation scholar Daphne Keller noted that moderators working under intense time pressure are particularly likely to be influenced by (un)conscious biases towards seeing Black men as violent or threatening 75.", "page": "9", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocating for free speech and digital rights, including through litigation and public discourse, and fighting to preserve Section 230 immunity for platforms.", "quote": "gruppi del Primo Emendamento come l’ACLU e organizzazioni favorevoli alla tecnologia come la Electronic Frontier Foundation stanno combattendo per mantenerla intatta.", "page": "65", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reports on discriminatory content moderation practices by social media platforms, highlighting issues such as bias in automated detection systems and the uneven application of moderation policies to different user groups.", "quote": "In May 2021, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) reported that dozens of Tunisian, Syrian, and Palestinian activists and journalists covering human rights abuses and civilian airstrikes complained that Facebook had deactivated their accounts pursuant to its policy against 'praise, support, or representation of' ‘terrorist groups'...", "page": "42", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to the public discourse on internet regulation and Section 230, expressing views on how potential amendments could impact online free speech and the broader internet ecosystem.", "quote": "Jennifer Stisa Granick, Is This the End of the Internet as We Know It?, ACLU (Feb. 22, 2023), https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/section-230-is-this-the-end-of-the-inter net-as-we-know-it", "page": "28", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Digital Dog Sniffers: The Cooper Davis Act and Fourth Amendment Protections in the Age of Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Park, Alice", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates against proposed legislation like the EARN IT Act, STOP CSAM Act, and Cooper Davis Act, urging rejection due to concerns about user privacy and free speech.", "quote": "The ACLU, for example, has urged the Senate Judiciary Committee to reject all three bills. Christopher Anders, Jenna Leventoff & Cody Venzke, Vote “No” on the EARN IT Act, STOP CSAM Act, and the Cooper Davis Act.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4851201", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Social Media Platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for robust speech protections and contests censorship decisions, appealing to self-regulatory bodies like the NBC Advisory Council against restrictions on controversial subjects.", "quote": "The ACLU’s complaint stated that NBC “neglected the performance of a public service which it was under a sort of moral obligation to perform\" and that it was improper for NBC to censor material.\"", "page": "50", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Warned early on about the risks of website labeling by browsers, which could lead to similar consequences as content censorship, and was involved in legal challenges against laws perceived as infringing on free speech online.", "quote": "Su voz no resonaba en solitario. La ACLU también advirtió prematuramente de los riesgos del etiquetado de sitios webs por los navegadores, que podía tener consecuencias similares a la censura de los contenidos (1997).", "page": "74", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "Algorithmic content moderation and the LGBTQ+ community’s freedom", "author": "Sulmicelli, Sergio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Identified and highlighted instances of unconstitutional censorship of LGBTQ+ websites in schools, acting as a watchdog and advocate against restrictions on freedom of expression.", "quote": "American Civil Liberties Union, Don't Filter Me Initiative finds Schools in Four More States Unconstitutionally Censoring LGBT Website, in www.aclu.org, April 11, 2021.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, EU regulatory context", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "defended the first amendment and raised complaints about arbitrary removal of pages and posts by platforms.", "quote": "as well as statements, from the American Civil Liberties Union in the defence of the first amendment.", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigated against government legislation (Communications Decency Act) that sought to criminalize certain online content, arguing it violated fundamental rights.", "quote": "Em Reno v. ACLU, estava em questão a constitucionalidade de dispositivos do Communications Decency Act, de 1996189, que buscava proteger crianças e adolescentes ao criminalizar a transmissão de conteúdo considerado obsceno", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocating against the repression of certain expressions (even hate speech) on free speech grounds, influencing the legal debate.", "quote": "Una abogada del American Civil Liberties Union, Marjorie Helms, escribió una respuesta explicando su gran frustración con lo articulado por el profesor Delgado.", "page": "119", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Placed campaign-based advertisements during the election period which were found not to be harmful to perceptions of election integrity, aligning with its mission to safeguard human rights and liberties.", "quote": "While we found that campaign-based ads occurred more in our data, these were mostly placed by activism-based organizations, such as the ACLU 11 and Winred.com. 12 These ads did not seem harmful to perceptions of election integrity.", "page": "21", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for free speech, even in controversial contexts like representing white nationalist protestors, arguing that forcing such content underground doesn't solve bigotry.", "quote": "Strikingly, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) made a similar argument in defense of its decision to represent white nationalist protestors in advance of the Charlottesville “Unite the Right” rally in 2017.", "page": "40", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Filed lawsuits challenging government censorship efforts, such as the Communications Decency Act and the Children's Internet Protection Act, on the grounds that they violated First Amendment rights.", "quote": "In the case, the Ameri-can Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed suit against Janet Reno in her capacity as attorney general of the United States, claiming that parts of the CDA were unconstitu-tional.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides legal and policy analysis and advocacy regarding free speech and civil liberties concerns in the context of internet platform content moderation decisions, such as the deplatforming of political figures.", "quote": "Legal scholars and attorneys from the ACLU and the Knight First Amendment Institute had various, mixed views on Twitter's eventual decision to permanently suspend Trump's account—also called \"deplatforming.\"\"\"", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supported Facebook's decision not to fact-check political ads, arguing against platforms becoming arbiters of truth and potentially limiting free speech.", "quote": "a American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) concordou com a postura... “Não acredito que sejam capazes de fazer uma checagem... e não acho que a sociedade em geral deva querer que o Facebook seja a entidade fazendo esses tipos de distinção.”", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Free Speech and Safe Spaces: How Moderation Policies Shape Online Discussion Spaces", "author": "Gibson, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for free speech, suggesting that the remedy for hate speech is more speech rather than censorship, influencing public discourse on moderation policies.", "quote": "As the president of the American Civil Liberties Union has suggested, in a land of free speech, the solution to hate speech is more speech (as paraphrased in Marwick, 2017).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119832588", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2016–2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a constitutional challenge to South Dakota laws that threaten criminal and civil penalties for protesters and organizations supporting them, advocating for free speech and assembly rights.", "quote": "The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a constitutional challenge to these South Dakota laws that threaten criminal and civil penalties for protesters and organizations that support them...", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Defended free speech rights, even for neo-Nazis, in the context of Charlottesville events, reflecting a stance on civil liberties.", "quote": "liberal and progressive groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, got caught up defending the rights of neo-Nazis in Charlottesville (Goldstein 2017).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Defends robust speech and civil liberties through policy advocacy and legal interpretation, while also engaging in internal debates and setting guidelines for speech on campuses to address racial justice concerns.", "quote": "The American Civil Liberties Union, historically one of the nation's foremost defenders of robust speech, has become the site of vigorous internal debate over this issue.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Hate: why we should resist it with free speech, not censorship", "author": "Strossen, Nadine", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The ACLU, through its leaders, participated in public life by defending free speech rights, notably during the Skokie controversy. This involved advocating against government censorship and upholding robust free speech principles even for controversial or hateful viewpoints.", "quote": "This book is dedicated to Norman Dorsen and Aryeh Neier, key leaders of the ACLU during the Skokie controversy, inspiring human rights champions, and revered mentors.", "page": "3", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with reference to European countries", "when": "20th-21st century"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Raised concerns that algorithmic content moderation is insufficient for nuanced tasks like determining context and tone, which is crucial for protecting free speech.", "quote": "As the ACLU's Lee Rowland explains, “Algorithms are not good at determining context and tone like support or opposition, sarcasm or parody.”", "page": "22", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocated for expansive free speech rights, even for controversial groups like the NSPA, arguing that problematic speech should be countered with more speech and public deliberation rather than suppression.", "quote": "As one American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) lawyer argued, '[t]he best consequence of the Nazis' proposal to march in Skokie is that it produced more speech [i]t stimulated more discussion of the evils of Nazism'", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}, {"title": "Governance of and by platforms", "author": "T Gillespie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Challenged parts of the Communications Decency Act (CDA) in the Supreme Court, leading to a ruling that deemed a ban on 'obscene or indecent' material to minors unconstitutional, thus influencing the legal framework for online content.", "quote": "But the ban was determined to be unconstitutional³ by the Supreme Court only a year later. However, parts of the law survived, including the defenses it provided for “interactive computer service providers” – safe harbors against any liability for harmful material their users might provide. Because these safe harbors were not at issue in the Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union Supreme Court decision, they have remained a part of U.S. telecommunication law, known as Section 230.", "page": "5", "url": "https://culturedigitally.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Gillespie-Governance-ofby-Platforms-PREPRINT.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with emphasis on U.S.)", "when": "1990s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP", "author": "Heins, Marjorie", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The ACLU advocates against censorship by social media platforms, specifically by appealing content removal decisions made by platforms like Facebook.", "quote": "describing the ACLU's experience in appealing Facebook's removal of a photo of a nude statue that was the subject of a censorship dispute in Kansas", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Intervened as amicus curiae in the Edmondson case, urging the court to dismiss criminal charges against a hate-monger to safeguard free speech and prevent the extension of criminal law.", "quote": "These briefs, while denouncing the defendant's act, nevertheless in order to safeguard free speech and free press asked the court to dismiss the charges. These groups pointed out that it is wiser to bear with the hatemonger than to extend the criminal law so that in future it might become too oppressive.", "page": "755", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Serves as counsel in litigation challenging Internet filtering statutes, advocating for the protection of free speech and against government overreach in regulating online content.", "quote": "In the interests of full disclosure, the reader should be aware that I was part of the counsel team for the plaintiffs in Center for Democracy & Technology v. Pappert, and cur-rently serve as a member of the ACLU counsel team in Pilchesky v. Miller, No. 3:05-CV-2074 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 21, 2005).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Publishes white papers and reports to raise awareness and alarm regarding new surveillance regimes and restrictions on internet access, advocating for free speech and civil liberties.", "quote": "As a recent American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) report noted, the latter is ‘like a phone company being allowed to own restaurants and then provide good service and clear signals to customers who call Domino's and frequent busy signals, disconnects, and static for those calling Pizza Hut.'", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Acted as an amicus curiae in cases challenging administrative censorship, arguing for judicial activism to protect free speech and against prior restraints on expression, citing the importance of free speech for self-governance.", "quote": "Burstyn and his amici, the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Jewish Congress, argued.", "page": "73", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Objected to prior censorship practices, particularly in the context of publications, advocating for freedom of expression and constitutional rights.", "quote": "Despite the nature of the publication, some (such as publisher Robert McCormick and the fledgeling American Civil Liberties Union) objected to its censoring prior to the condemnation of any specific article, on the sole basis of its general tenor.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}, {"title": "La censure et son utilité: le cas Internet.", "author": "P Corriveau", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "The organization challenges laws that restrict freedom of expression on the Internet, advocating for civil liberties through legal means and influencing court decisions.", "quote": "En effet, 'the scope of the First Amendment is broad enough to encompass written and spoken words, films and photographs. Consequently most of the communications that occur through cyberspace enjoy some First Amendment protection' (Cavazos & Morin, 1996: 93). Le juge Dalzell, de la Cour Suprême des États-Unis, concluait en disant que: '...the special attributes of Internet communication disclosed by evidence convinced him [le juge]that the First Amendment denies Congress the power to regulate the content of protected speech on the Internet' (Renov. American Civil Liberties Union, june 1997)9.", "page": "16", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/77e917d1-266b-4edc-bd2b-27fa61a4be3c", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "1990s"}, {"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Issued a statement in 1955 decrying censorship of comics and arguing against claims that comics caused antisocial behavior, actively advocating for free expression.", "quote": "The American Civil Liberties Union issued a statement in 1955 decrying censorship and arguing that there was no con- sensus that comics caused antisocial behavior.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Issued a public statement decrying censorship and arguing against the notion that comics caused antisocial behavior, actively defending free expression.", "quote": "The American Civil Liberties Union issued a statement in 1955 decrying censorship and arguing that there was no con-sensus that comics caused antisocial behavior.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}, {"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Engages in free speech litigation, defending the rights of various groups, and is criticized by progressive scholars for doing so.", "quote": "old-line free speech litigation organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (\"ACLU\"\") have become the targets not just of conservative politi tJohn W. and Ashley E. Frost Professor of Law", "page": "Florida State University College of Law.\"", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}, {"title": "The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation to defend free speech rights, even for unpopular groups, and is critiqued by progressive scholars for this stance.", "quote": "old-line free speech litigation organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (\"ACLU\"\") have become the targets not just of conservative politi\"", "page": "193", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312658?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Canada, UK (historical)", "when": "19th century - 1990s"}, {"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published academic work defending free speech and civil liberties, criticizing specific feminist pro-censorship arguments as a threat to these rights.", "quote": "Nadine Strossen, présidente de l'AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, a publié un ouvrage qui, d'un point de vue féministe et des droits civiques, prend pour cible le féminisme pro-censure de son pays.", "page": "20", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Produced a public policy report critically analyzing the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, implicitly opposing government censorship and defending civil liberties.", "quote": "B. LYNN, POLLUTING THE CENSORSHIP DEBATE: A SUMMARY AND CRITIQUE OF THE FINAL REPORT OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S COMMISSION ON PORNOGRAPHY 14-16 (1986) (ACLU Public Policy Report);", "page": "4", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}, {"title": "Censorship of obscenity: the developing constitutional standards", "author": "WB Lockhart, RC McClure", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Opposed censorship efforts by groups like the NODL, issued statements defending freedom of expression, litigated against censorship laws, and filed amicus curiae briefs in relevant Supreme Court cases.", "quote": "The American Civil Liberties Union, in a statement signed by 150 prominent in literature and the arts, has blasted the NODL's methods of operation that the NODL mean de-decent as a potent force in the suppression of books and magazines.", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/mnlr45&section=13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Mid-20th century (late 1950s, early 1960s)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1920", "mechanism": "ACLU brings strategic litigation, policy advocacy, public campaigns and research to shape law, public debate, and platform-related privacy and free-speech outcomes.", "quote": "ACLU works on free speech, privacy & technology, and litigates and campaigns on rights that intersect with platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclu.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Watch", "aliases": ["Human Rights Watch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / watchdog/transparency", "NGO, watchdog/transparency", "advocacy/special-interest group", "international human rights NGO", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Brazil", "British India", "Canada", "China", "Ecuador", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Gaza", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Greece", "Gulf countries", "Hungary", "India", "Indonesia", "Iran", "Israel", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Latin America", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Mexico", "Middle East", "Morocco", "Myanmar", "North Africa", "North America", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Philippines", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine", "United Arab Emirates", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Vietnam", "Western countries", "Yemen", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Great Firewall", "Instagram", "State media", "Threads", "TikTok", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI safety", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "anti-war crimes", "civic participation", "corporate accountability", "democratic integrity", "due process", "economic development", "free speech", "fundamental rights", "harm reduction", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "judicial independence", "justice", "platform transparency", "privacy", "professional honour", "public participation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censeur", "censorship", "censura", "content moderation", "media moderation", "moderación de debates", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "2010s-2020s", "2018-2020", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 42, "papers": [{"title": "Big tech as a technopolitical actor: imaginaries of personalization and their unintended consequences", "author": "Bank, Damian", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocates for regulation and highlights the catastrophic effects of Big Tech's dominance in developing-world markets, urging US regulators to take action and ensure accountability for human rights.", "quote": "Big Tech's heavy hand around the globe Facebook and Google's dominance of developing-world markets has had catastrophic effects: US regulators should take note. Human Rights Watch.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2497943", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA and global digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to present (2025)"}, {"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Obtained a copy of the IJOP mobile surveillance application and commissioned its reverse-engineering, publishing a detailed report that exposed the extent and mechanisms of mass surveillance in Xinjiang.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch a obtenu une copie de l'application mobile IJOP début 2018 et en a confié la rétro-ingénierie à la société berlinoise Cure53 fin 2018. L'analyse porte sur la version v2.1.2.7762, publiée le 20 novembre 2017. Les résultats sont publiés en mai 2019 dans un rapport de 68 pages [8].", "page": "3", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Documents human rights abuses and advocates for human rights protection, including in technology contexts, influencing policy.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch. (2011). Côte d’Ivoire: Crimes against humanity by Gbagbo forces.", "page": "110", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "The Automation of Control: Algorithmic Censorship and the Construction of Sub-Realities", "author": "Vatreš, Amina", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on systemic censorship practices by social media platforms, specifically highlighting the suppression of pro-Palestinian content based on individual user reports.", "quote": "A recent report by Human Rights Watch addresses the same issue, problematizing the systemic censorship of pro-Palestinian content on Instagram and Facebook, based on its research conducted from October to November 2023, based on individual reports of online content censorship.", "page": "16", "url": "http://doi.fil.bg.ac.rs/volume.php?pt=journals&issue=kkonline-2025-16-16&i=17", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "global online information ecosystem, with case studies from Turkey and Israel/Palestine", "when": "contemporary digital era (early 21st century, particularly post-2010s)"}, {"title": "Who should set the Standards? Analysing Censored Arabic Content on Facebook during the Palestine-Israel Conflict", "author": "Magdy, Walid; Mubarak, Hamdy; Salminen, Joni", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducted in-depth investigations and published reports explicitly accusing Meta of censoring pro-Palestinian content during and after the conflict, contributing to scrutiny of platform moderation practices.", "quote": "Human rights watch (HRW) conducted an in-depth investigation on the topic, which led to two reports published in December 2023 [90, 91] explicitly accusing Meta of censoring pro-Palestinian content", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3713150", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Middle East, Palestine-Israel conflict", "when": "May 2021 onwards"}, {"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documented over 1,000 cases of unjustified removals and suppression of pro-Palestinian content on Meta platforms, serving as critical evidence of biased content moderation and advocating for freedom of expression.", "quote": "As of December 2023, the Human Rights Watch documented more than 1,000 cases of unjustified removals and other forms of suppression of content on Facebook and Instagram related to Palestine and Palestinians...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on instances of human rights abuses related to online content moderation, particularly criticizing the suppression of political dissent and activism on social media platforms due to state influence and algorithmic biases.", "quote": "Experts have also linked platforms' close cooperation with Israeli authorities, including the Cyber Unit, to the repeated and ongoing suppression of social media content relating to pro-Palestinian political activism116.", "page": "13", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on human rights violations globally, and in the context of the Meta Oversight Board, is cited for establishing correlations between political violence and the discourse of state leaders.", "quote": "Indicou que “[...] a Human Rights Watch estabeleceu uma correlação direta entre múltiplos atos violentos contra membros da oposição e o discurso de 9 de janeiro em questão nesse caso” (Comitê de Supervisão, 2023k).", "page": "107", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Potere di opinione delle piattaforme digitali: come il Digital Services Act e il Media Freedom Act regolano la moderazione dei contenuti online", "author": "A Vicinanza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It investigates and reports on content moderation practices of digital platforms, highlighting issues such as 'shadow-banning' to draw attention and prompt discussions on problematic actions.", "quote": "La questione è affrontata nel già citato rapporto di Human Rights Watch e, ex multis da: K. PAUL, Instagram users accuse platform of censoring posts supporting Palestine, in The Guardian, 2023.", "page": "29", "url": "https://cris.unibo.it/handle/11585/1024273", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2022-2024 legislation"}, {"title": "Limiting the right to moderate: political equality, social media, and viewpoint-based moderation", "author": "C Bousquet", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on censorship practices by social media companies, documenting instances where platforms remove or restrict content, particularly in contexts of political expression and human rights.", "quote": "As of December 2023, Human Rights Watch reported that Meta had taken down or shadow banned 1,049 user posts on Facebook and Instagram involving peaceful content in support of Palestine...", "page": "8", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-025-09875-w", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with a significant focus on USA", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on online censorship, emphasizing the global and systemic nature of Meta's content moderation practices that paradoxically invisibilize pro-Palestinian content during times of humanitarian crisis.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch met d’ailleurs l’emphase sur le caractère global et systémique de la censure sur Meta qui bien qu’elle autorise l’expression des voix propalestiniennes sur ses réseaux, contribue paradoxalement à invisibiliser certains des contenus en ces temps de crise humanitaire (HRW, 2023).", "page": "18", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Critiques government censorship laws, such as Germany's NetzDG, expressing concern that such legislation incentivizes private companies to over-moderate content and undermines judicial oversight.", "quote": "Wenzel Michalski, Germany's director at Human Rights Watch, noted that NetzDG had turned private companies into “overzealous censors to avoid steep [federal] fines, leaving users with no judicial oversight or right to appeal.”", "page": "33", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Expressed concern about Bolsonaro blocking critics on social media, highlighting implications for freedom of expression and thereby acting as a watchdog.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch (2021) express concern that the president is blocking critical followers on his social media account, including citizens, governmental institutions such as the Ministry of Justice, media and civil society organizations.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Critiqued a proposed cybersecurity bill in Honduras, warning that it could threaten freedom of expression by leading to the indiscriminate removal of legitimate content.", "quote": "HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. Honduras: Proyecto de ley sobre ciberseguridad amenaza la libertad de expresión. Disponible en: <https://www.hrw.org/es/news/2018/04/09/honduras-proyecto-de-ley-sobre-ciberseguridad-amenaza-la-libertad-de-expresion>.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderação de Conteúdo Online e as Batalhas entre o bem e o mal", "author": "Meneguetti Pereira, Luciano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports detailing how legislative measures in countries like Russia undermine freedom of expression and other human rights through increased state control over internet infrastructure, content, and communications privacy.", "quote": "O relatório Online and On All Fronts. Russia's Assault on Freedom of Expression, publicado pela ONG Human Rights Watch, demonstra como a liberdade de expressão tem sido atacada na Rússia por meio das constantes investidas legislativas opressoras.", "page": "22", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/view/65221", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with focus on national legislations (Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, India, UK, France, Brazil) and EU initiatives", "when": "2018-2022"}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Raising concerns and advocating against legislation that could have negative consequences for freedom of expression and human rights.", "quote": "raising concerns that legislation extended beyond its original scope with potentially negative consequences (Human Rights Watch, 2018; Article 19, 2019).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports highlighting how specific national laws (e.g., in Russia) restrict freedom of expression and increase state control over the internet, acting as a watchdog.", "quote": "O relatório Online and On All Fronts. Russia's Assault on Freedom of Expression, publicado pela ONG Human Rights Watch, demonstra como a liberdade de expressão tem sido atacada na Rússia por meio das constantes investidas legislativas opressoras.", "page": "22", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishing reports that advocated for the restructuring of Myanmar's communication industry to enhance economic growth and civic participation, thereby influencing the digital infrastructure that Facebook later dominated and moderated.", "quote": "In a Human Rights Watch report on the prospects of transforming Myanmar's communications industry, the organization trumpeted restructuring the nation's nearly non-existent network as a means to “enhance economic growth and civic participation in a country that has been closed for decades” (Wong, 2013).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}, {"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports human rights abuses, including labeling Israeli policies as 'apartheid', which contributes to public discourse and potentially challenges platform content moderation narratives regarding the conflict.", "quote": "the Palestinian movement against what B'Tselem and Human Rights Watch have recently called Israeli apartheid found the policies developed by Facebook... a major obstacle to their mobilization.", "page": "1", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Raised alarm over political interference in the operation of Hungary's biggest independent news website (Index), highlighting concerns about press freedom.", "quote": "During the pandemic, for example, in particular on July 22, 2020, Szabolcs Dull, the editor-in-chief of Hungary’s biggest independent news website, Index (Human Rights Watch, 2020), was fired a month after he had openly raised alarm over political interference in its operation.", "page": "162", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates a website (hrw.org) that provides information on human rights issues, which can become a target for censorship, implicitly advocating for human rights.", "quote": "the website of the Human Rights Watch (hrw.org).", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Cross‐Country Comparison of Internet Censorship: A Literature Review", "author": "Ververis, Vasilis; Marguel, Sophia; Fabian, Benjamin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Documents and criticizes legislative measures and censorship activities in liberal democracies and other regimes, highlighting their impact on human rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "A law adopted in February 2015 allows for new, far-reaching administrative measures to block websites for any content inciting or sympathizing with terrorism, or child abuse material, without a court order (Human Rights Watch, 2015).", "page": "7", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.228", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France, Turkey, Iran", "when": "2007–2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Fear the Reaper: how content moderation rules are enforced on social media", "author": "Common, MacKenzie F.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The organization cautioned against Germany's Network Enforcement Act, arguing that it encourages platforms to act as government censors without judicial scrutiny, thereby creating 'no accountability zones' and undermining human rights.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch has cautioned that this law encourages the creation of 'no accountability zones' where the state is able to exert pressure on private companies to censor content free from judicial scrutiny (Human Rights Watch 2018).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600869.2020.1733762", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (focus on US, UK, Germany, with examples from India, Philippines, Syria, Mexico)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Reported on the widespread purges of academics and public employees under state-of-emergency laws in Turkey, documenting the impact of repressive measures on opposition and academic freedom.", "quote": "Formally, these and other repressive measures were aimed at Gulen's 'terrorist network', but in practice they affected all opposition to the ruling Justice and Development Party (Human Rights Watch, 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Argued that NetzDG leads to 'privatized enforcement' by forcing private companies to become 'overzealous censors' without judicial oversight or clear appeal mechanisms.", "quote": "Wenzel Michalski, Germany Director at Human Rights Watch, argued that the law “turns private companies into overzealous censors to avoid steep fines, leaving users with no judicial oversight or right to appeal.”", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in the Global Network Initiative (GNI) to advocate for human rights standards in tech companies' handling of government requests for content and data.", "quote": "In 2008 the GNI officially became public with Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft as founding industry members, joined by a group of NGOs, investor groups, and academics, including Human Rights Watch, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), and a number of other groups", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issued warnings about the NetzDG, criticising it as a flawed law that could lead to companies acting as censors and undermine democratic principles.", "quote": "The human rights organisation Human Rights Watch (2018) warned that \"forcing companies to act as censors for government is problematic in a democratic state and nefarious in countries with weak rule of law\"\".\"", "page": "59", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to establishing international human rights standards and publishes statements/reports on relevant issues, including online content.", "quote": "scholarly treatment of freedom of expression can be another source for establishing international human rights standards, along with publications or statements from expert civil society groups specializing in this area (such as Article 19, Human Rights Watch, and the Centre for Law and Democracy)", "page": "13", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Building a program to investigate AI impacts, contributing to the broader civil society effort to monitor and advocate for human rights in the context of emerging AI technologies.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch is also building a program investigating Al impacts.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Yemen War Online: Propagation of Censored Content on Twitter", "author": "Noman, Helmi; Faris, Robert; Kelly, John", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces content and reports on human rights issues that are considered objectionable by governments, leading to its website being blocked as a target of censorship.", "quote": "websites blocked prior to the war in Yemen, such as Human Right Watch (hrw.org).", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3130860", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Twitter", "when": "2016–2018"}, {"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on human rights, including media and political freedoms, documenting issues that can lead to censorship and self-censorship.", "quote": "Marques, N. and J. Pearce (2004) Unfinished Democracy: Media and Political Freedoms in Angola, New York: Human Rights Watch.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}, {"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes reports criticizing government policies and practices that curb liberal values and freedoms of expression, acting as an external monitor that highlights self-censorship and its implications.", "quote": "The law was harshly criticized by human rights organizations, which note it infringes on the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly (Human Rights Watch, 2015b).", "page": "247", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reports on human rights abuses, including internet shutdowns, contributing to public knowledge and advocacy against content restriction.", "quote": "India shut down the Internet 20 times in the first six months of 2017 to \"prevent violence fueled by rumors circulated on social media or mobile messaging applications.\"\"\"", "page": "25", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reports on government actions, including the curbing of liberal values and human rights concerns, thereby contributing to public discourse that challenges self-censorship and promotes transparency.", "quote": "According to a Human Rights Watch report, the government has made political appointments to key positions in public institutions such as the Media Authority, National Judicial Office, and the Constitutional Court.", "page": "226", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes international human rights reports, which are then widely circulated through computer networks by Zapatista supporters, challenging official narratives and informing solidarity organizations.", "quote": "Otherwise totally obscure reports from Human Rights groups both local (e.g., the Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartelome de las Casas ) and international (e.g., Human Rights Watch) have been made as available as Mexican and U.S. government propaganda.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}, {"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Human Rights Watch co-authored a joint letter to the European Parliament concerning fundamental rights in Hungary and issued a statement regarding free speech in Ecuador, actively monitoring and advocating against government restrictions on expression.", "quote": "V. tb. carta conjunta de Amnesty International y Human Rights Watch, 2 de julio de 2013 [...] Human Rights Watch: «Ecuador: End Assault on Free Speech», Washington, DC, 17/6/2013.", "page": "4", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "THE ART OF CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAM", "author": "Libby, Samantha", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on human rights violations, including the systemic detention of activists, religious leaders, and journalists in Vietnam, thereby exerting international pressure and drawing attention to government suppression of dissent.", "quote": "Human Rights Watch reports that dozens of activists, religious leaders, union members, opposition-party affiliates, journalists and professors have been systemically detained for years.", "page": "9", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Documented and reported on human rights abuses and war crimes committed by armed groups, aiming to expose violations and pressure for accountability, thus enforcing social norms.", "quote": "En 2017, HRW encontró indicios de la ejecución de civiles y la posterior profanación de sus cuerpos.", "page": "91", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}, {"title": "Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China", "author": "Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Human Rights Watch criticizes China's Internet censorship system and highlights the complicity of foreign corporations in adhering to these controls, acting as an advocacy group to pressure for greater freedom of information.", "quote": "Despite strong criticism from human rights activists, these corporations have justified their censoring as necessary compliance with local laws to run business (and the Chinese market is simply too large to ignore).", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043986209350437", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1994–2010"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Reports on censorship practices, particularly in China, highlighting government controls and repression of online content.", "quote": "Content that flows within the country...is also subject to repressive filtering...enforced...by the government through strict regulations that they have to abide by (Human Rights Watch, 2006).", "page": "480", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Documents internet and other media censorship, issues annual reports, and develops ICT policy agendas to protect human rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "Humanitarian and human rights NGOs, like Human Rights Watch, have developed similar extensive ICT policy agendas, as have civic activist networks in areas such as independent and community broadcasting and journalism.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Human Rights Watch produces in-depth reports and news releases documenting censorship and platform/state actions, mobilizes public pressure and UN/member-state advocacy, and leverages international institutions to press for policy change.", "quote": "Publishes research and advocacy on internet censorship, platform disruptions, online speech and 'Technology and Rights', directly engaging platform and state content-control practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://hrw.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church", "aliases": ["Catholic Church", "The Catholic Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association", "religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Angola", "Atlantic World", "Australia", "Austria", "Belgium", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "China", "Colonial America", "England", "Estonia", "Europe", "Fascist Italy", "Finland", "France", "Francoist Spain", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Korea", "Latin America", "Macau", "Mexico", "Middle East", "Mozambique", "Netherlands", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania", "Poland", "Portugal", "Portuguese India", "Russia", "South Africa", "South Asia", "Southeast Asia", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "São Tomé", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Vatican", "West Germany", "Western Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "US Film and Radio Industries", "YouTube", "comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["anti-blasphemy", "child safety", "civic education", "control over knowledge", "cultural assimilation", "cultural preservation", "democratic integrity", "family values", "free speech", "heresy prevention", "inclusivity", "information control", "institutional power", "intellectual control", "interfaith dialogue", "justice", "moral rectitude", "national identity", "national security", "patriotism", "peace", "political freedom", "political stability", "public discourse integrity", "public morals", "public opinion control", "public order", "public safety", "religious authority", "religious dogma", "religious guidance", "religious identity", "religious morality", "religious orthodoxy", "religious pluralism", "religious principles", "religious protection", "religious tolerance", "religious tradition", "religious values", "rule of law", "social order", "spiritual well-being", "state power", "youth development"], "topics": ["censorship", "censura", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "modération censure", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["Catalan", "English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-18th centuries", "16th century", "16th-20th centuries", "16th-21st centuries", "17th century", "17th–20th century", "18th–19th centuries", "1960s–1980s", "1970s–1990s", "19th–20th century", "19th–21st century", "20th century", "20th–21st centuries", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "Ancient to post-2010 platform era", "Cold War", "Colonial era to 21st century", "Fascist era", "Francoist era", "Middle Ages to 21st century", "early modern", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 41, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published the Index Librorum Prohibitorum to prohibit books and circulated orthodox literature as a counter-measure, aiming to control religious and moral beliefs.", "quote": "Em 1564, o Vaticano publicou pela primeira vez o Index librorum prohibitorum, com o objetivo de conter a decadência dos costumes e da única fé verdadeira.", "page": "14", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}, {"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation: Debates and Implications", "author": "Hasan, Hasyanto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its historical stance, particularly articulated through the Second Vatican Council, on inclusivism in interfaith relations, serves as an influential example for the Ministry of Religious Affairs' formulation of religious moderation, especially regarding openness.", "quote": "The inclusive values of the Council declared that the Church no longer rejects the truth and holiness found in non-Christian religions.", "page": "16", "url": "https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/JCSR/article/view/14440", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, with comparison to Western contexts", "when": "early 2000s–present"}, {"title": "The Historical Arc and Contemporary Problems of Censorship. Review of Gergely Gosztonyi's Censorship from Plato to Social Media: The Complexity of Social Media’s Content Regulation and Moderation Practices", "author": "Bálint, János", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Historically, the Catholic Church played a significant role in censorship, particularly in Europe, contributing to the limitation of speech and ideas in the context of book printing and prior censorship.", "quote": "In addition to the role played by the spread of book printing and the influence of the Catholic Church, this chapter discusses the steady trend of abolishing prior censorship.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistacomunicando.sopcom.pt/index.php/comunicando/article/view/384", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China, Global social media and online platforms (e.g., Facebook, X)", "when": "From antiquity (Plato) to contemporary (post-2010 platform era, 2022 regulations)"}, {"title": "The Fear of Art: How Censorship Becomes Iconoclasm", "author": "Freedberg, David", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Exercised formal censorship over publications, licensing, and creating lists of forbidden books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) to control theological discourse.", "quote": "The portrait in the Cosmographia (Figure 1) would have been a strong one even uncensored, but here, with the marks of obliteration and excision so clearly visited upon it, it is even stronger. Just to look at it is to feel the aggression behind the attack, licensed by the ecclesiastical authority itself, however spontaneous such acts may sometimes have been. Indeed, throughout the history of iconoclasm the borderline between spontaneous and deliberate (or organized) expressions of antipathy is often hard to distinguish both analytically and historically.", "page": "11", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/923115", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various (Europe, Middle East, South Africa)", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}, {"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organized to reform messages in films, partnered with the Hays Office to develop the Motion Picture Production Code (Lord Code) to enforce strict self-censorship on content related to nudity, infidelity, politics, and moral issues.", "quote": "In this context, Catholic groups organized... Given the threat of antitrust action and federal censorship, Quigley envisioned a proposal to offer the film industry a self-regulatory alternative. Stricter self-regulation, Quigley claimed, would benefit the industry in a number of ways.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "… Problems of Censorship: Review of Gergely Gosztonyi's Censorship from Plato to Social Media: The Complexity of Social Media's Content Regulation and Moderation …", "author": "J Bálint", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Historically, the Catholic Church exerted significant influence on censorship, particularly following the advent of book printing, acting to control and restrict information based on religious doctrine.", "quote": "In addition to the role played by the spread of book printing and the influence of the Catholic Church, this chapter discusses the steady trend of abolishing prior censorship.", "page": "4", "url": "https://real.mtak.hu/220582/", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US, Europe, China), online platforms", "when": "Ancient Greece to contemporary era (focus on post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy", "author": "Blasutto, Fabio; de la Croix, David", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Led a fight against novel ideas by establishing and enforcing censorship through the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, thereby controlling publications and maintaining its predominance in society and altering the path of knowledge development.", "quote": "The first explanation proposed for such a reversal of fortune is the fight, led by the Catholic Church, against novel ideas (Landes, 1999).", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/133/656/2899/7230362", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italian peninsula", "when": "1400–1750"}, {"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Elaborated lists of recommended books, historically maintained the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*, and influenced the content and circulation of children's literature, especially during the Francoist regime in Spain.", "quote": "La Iglesia católica completa la acción censora que se inicia en 1939 elaborando listas de obras recomendadas... La Iglesia católica con su Index Librorum Prohibitorum, ya había contribuido a lo largo de los siglos a censurar libros", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}, {"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Produces programs for community television (TV ROC) and influences public discourse through its role in media events like World Youth Day, shaping narratives and meaning-making.", "quote": "My thesis I will look at how religious individualisation is articulated in the appropriation of the World Youth Day 2005 as a media event. I will examine how young German and Italian Catholics experienced this hybrid religious media event and how they make sense of it within their everyday (religious) lives.", "page": "392", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributed to social control and moralization through its mass organizations, which were seen by colonial authorities as essential for maintaining order and promoting assimilation.", "quote": "a Igreja Católica, as organizações de enquadramento de massas, a Mocidade e a Legião, ou de classes socioprofissionais, como as corporações e as organizações de controlo dos tempos-livres", "page": "142", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}, {"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Founded and oversaw the Santa Inquisizione, which controlled publications through investigation, indexing, and enforcing imprimatur.", "quote": "un'istituzione ecclesiastica fondata dalla Chiesa Cattolica per indagare, mediante un apposito tribunale, i sostenitori di teorie considerate contrarie all'ortodossia cattolica.", "page": "9", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintained the 'Index Librorum Prohibitorum' from 1542 to 1966, a list of books deemed forbidden due to content conflicting with its principles, effectively controlling the editorial market and censoring information.", "quote": "Como por exemplo, a igreja católica possuiu de 1542 até 1966, o Index Librorum Prohibitorum - uma lista de livros considerados proibidos por conterem fatos ou informações que não agradavam o clero por desviarem dos seus princípios.", "page": "74", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Supported political positions in public debates (e.g., disarmament referendum) by providing arguments and information, often aligning with government sources and political elites.", "quote": "contavam com apoio de movimentos sociais organizados, Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) e da Igreja Católica", "page": "70", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "author": "Esberg, Jane", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Opposed the Pinochet regime and its human rights violations, thereby influencing the regime's strategy by forcing it to seek moral legitimation and support for censorship from *other* conservative Catholic groups.", "quote": "Powerful conservative organizations played a particularly important role in film censorship, as the mainstream Catholic Church opposed Pinochet. Chilean bishops decried human rights violations...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305542000026X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chile", "when": "1973–1990"}, {"title": "Les affres de la disparition de la censure:", "author": "Esquerre, Arnaud", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Created and oversaw commissions (like the CCR) that viewed, condemned, and issued moral guidance for films, influencing both production (a priori by screenplay consultation) and public consumption (a posteriori by moral ratings).", "quote": "l'Église catholique a créé en 1934 la Centrale catholique du cinéma et de la radio (CCR) et ce qu'elle appelle une « commission de censure », composée de prêtres, de religieux et de laïcs, chargée de voir tous les films distribués, et de publier", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-147.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1900s-2010s"}, {"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Represented the traditional religious and moral authority from which Protestant groups diverged. The paper discusses its 'extramundane asceticism' in contrast to Protestant views, providing a historical backdrop for the development of Protestant moderation norms.", "quote": "Ao contrário do asceticismo católico, que era extramundano, voltado para uma salvação fora do mundo, os protestantes enxergavam no ativismo de todos os membros de sua comunidade religiosa uma forma de salvação.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}, {"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Historically and culturally integral to establishing \"Western civilisation\"\" and its values; these values are invoked by media commentators in contemporary debates as a framework to enforce social norms and counter 'identity politics'.\"", "quote": "Christianity is “an institution that was integral in the foundation of what we now call Western civilisation” (para.24).", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Translation and censorship", "author": "Merkle, Denise", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "It responded to the invention of the printing press by increasing censorship, notably through Pope Paul IV ordering the first Index of Prohibited Books in 1559, banning publications with heretical or ideologically contentious content. It also supported autocratic regimes in some countries.", "quote": "Pope Paul IV ordered the first Index of Prohibited Books [Index Librorum Prohibitorum] in 1559, or lists of books banned post-publication for their heretical or ideologically contentious content.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317219491/chapters/10.4324/9781315621289-16", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (historical and contemporary overview)", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era (c. 5th century BCE – 2018 CE)"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Reasserted confidence in empirical details of Creation and served as the official philosophical guide, while later being challenged for opposing scientific figures like Galileo on biblical authority.", "quote": "Today, Aquinas is the official philosopher of the church, a secure guide to the accommodation of science to faith.", "page": "40", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "A censura salazarista e as colónias: um exemplo de abrangência", "author": "Melo, Daniel", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Elaborated and maintained the 'Index Librorum Prohibitorum,' a list of prohibited publications, and contributed to state censorship by having representatives on commissions overseeing content for minors.", "quote": "A censura religiosa em Portugal acompanhou orientações exteriores, como o Index Librorum Prohibitorum, lista de publicações proibidas elaborada pela Igreja Católica em 1559 e vigente até 1966.", "page": "3", "url": "https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_16_21", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese Colonial Empire (Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, São Tomé) and metropolitan Portugal", "when": "20th century, 1926-1974"}, {"title": "Dalla censura alla semioetica", "author": "Volli, Ugo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Church exercises censorship by evaluating and prohibiting writings, judging doctrines as heretical, and imposing canonical penalties like excommunication, to maintain its defined moral and doctrinal order.", "quote": "giudizio con cui la Chiesa qualifica una dottrina come eretica o comunque erronea nella fede; censura ecclesiastica, pena canonica (scomunica, interdetto, sospensione) [...]", "page": "6", "url": "iris.unito.it", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Greece, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union, modern Western democracies (Italy, USA), digital platforms (web, social networks)", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era (21st century)"}, {"title": "Cinema e censura no Brasil: uma discussão conceitual para além da ditadura", "author": "MRL Lucas", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church, particularly through its strong tradition in Brazil and the Vatican's early engagement with cinema, exercised censorship by guiding the faithful, indicating or interdicting films, and providing moral and evaluation parameters through its publications (newspapers, magazines) and sermons.", "quote": "A forte tradição católica brasileira permitiu que a Igreja, por meio de publicações como jornais e revistas bem como dos sermões de seus párocos, não só exercesse a censura junto aos fiéis, indicando ou interditando filmes, como também fornecesse parâmetros de avaliação.", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/20186", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "late 19th to late 20th century"}, {"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Through their social role, by officiating ceremonies and receiving alms from drug traffickers, they implicitly normalize or fail to challenge the traffickers' activities and associated subculture, which the author critiques as a failure of moral moderation or norm enforcement.", "quote": "Sacerdotes de la Iglesia católica o miembros de mayor jerarquía que ofician ceremonias de traficantes, reciben sus limosnas, bendicen sus casas y negocios... no son precisamente los mejor colocados para dar lecciones de moral a los creyentes.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}, {"title": "ARTE, PODER E POLÍTICA: UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE A CENSURA", "author": "Costa, Maria Cristina Castilho", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized and institutionalized censorship through inquisitorial processes, punishing words, gestures, and behavior; persecuted blasphemies and heresies; used various forms of punishment from social exclusion to physical punishment.", "quote": "Entretanto, Laura de Mello e Souza relata que os processos inquisitórios da Igreja Católica, no período colonial, procuravam punir os condenados não só por palavras, mas também por gestos e comportamento (atitudes públicas).", "page": "4", "url": "adolescencia20172.pbworks.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Western world, with a focus on Brazil and Colonial America", "when": "Colonial period to contemporary era"}, {"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Setting moral and religious norms, which served as foundational criteria for state censorship decisions. This influence was exercised through direct advisors to government bodies and public statements, particularly regarding Catholic dogma, morality, and the implications of works on these values.", "quote": "Así lo impone la moral natural, a la que no puede sustraerse el gobernante, y así lo exigen nuestra confesionalidad católica, y hasta el buen gusto.", "page": "15", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}, {"title": "Religious parties: Revisiting the inclusion-moderation hypothesis<sup>1</sup> - Introduction", "author": "Brocker, Manfred; Künkler, Mirjam", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church's reactions to liberal and secularizing policies contributed to the emergence of Catholic political parties. Historically, it espoused anti-constitutional views, influencing party ideologies. Later, dogmatic changes (e.g., Second Vatican Council) fostered moderation in Catholic political actors. Its central power and hierarchical authority can exert a moderating effect on Christian-Democratic parties.", "quote": "Catholic parties emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries mainly as the unintended consequence of the Church's reaction to the liberal and secularizing policies of nation-states (Kalyvas, 1996).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068812473673", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries across Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Middle East, and Southeast Asia, focusing on religious parties.", "when": "19th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Censura como interferencia y como modificación", "author": "Albaladejo, Tomás", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church established and maintained indices of forbidden books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) as a universal attempt to suppress works considered to be against its doctrine or morals.", "quote": "Los índices de libros prohibidos por la Iglesia Católica constituían un intento de supresión universal de las obras", "page": "3", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "England, Portugal, Spain, Soviet Union, China, Germany", "when": "16th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Exercised spiritual and temporal authority, engaging in geopolitical rivalries and internal conflicts over power distribution with secular authorities and reform movements.", "quote": "Conflicts in the Church had been vastly aggravated by geopolitical rivalries among rising territorial states, as the papacy at Avignon had increasingly come under the influence of the French monarchy...", "page": "58", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}, {"title": "La censura nel secolo dei lumi: una visione internazionale", "author": "Tortarolo, Edoardo", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Implemented persuasive policies, alongside repressive censorship, to manage print and culture. This involved commissioning refutations of indexed works, promoting anti-philosophical writings, and using catechisms, devotional books, and sermons to educate and guide readers towards 'good books'.", "quote": "la Chiesa mostrò di saper rispondere affinando appunto le tecniche di orientamento del pubblico e dei lettori, per continuare a esercitare un controllo saldo sulla vita intellettuale.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe and the Atlantic World", "when": "18th-19th centuries"}, {"title": "Quando o pensamento é privatizado: liberdade de expressão, direitos autorais e censura", "author": "A Nodari", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "In the Middle Ages, it created a theological-juridical doctrine that converted thoughts into actions, making them punishable. Later, it mandated author identification and established the Index of Forbidden Books to control publications and prevent heresy.", "quote": "a grande sacada política do cristianismo na Idade Média foi justamente a de criar uma doutrina teológico-jurídica que convertia os pensamentos em ações, tornando-os passíveis de punição pela lei.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/direito/article/view/2611", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western legal tradition, particularly England and France", "when": "Middle Ages to present"}, {"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Conducted inquisitorial processes in the colonial period and later served as a guardian of moral values and established norms within the state's censorship framework, influencing theatrical censorship.", "quote": "a Igreja Católica conduzia os processos inquisitoriais, mas como prática institucional tem raízes no Império quando D. João VI inaugurou a censura de livros e jornais e, depois, D. Pedro oficializou a censura teatral. (...) assumiu o papel de guardião da Igreja Católica, dos poderes políticos, da moral vigente e da língua portuguesa.", "page": "3", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}, {"title": "NOTA SOBRE LA CENSURA", "author": "Ambrosi, Paola; de Rávena, Universidad", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church's doctrines, morals, and institutions formed foundational principles that the Francoist censorship system was designed to defend. Its 'Index of Prohibited Books' served as a concrete tool to ban works deemed to contain calumnious or defamatory content against it.", "quote": "Los principios básicos que de cualquier modo había que defender concernían a las buenas costumbres, con específica atención a la moral sexual, al respecto del dogma católico y de las instituciones religiosas", "page": "2", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "Mid-20th century (1936-1978)"}, {"title": "The Translation of Sex-Related Language: The Danger (s) of Self-Censorship (s) 1", "author": "J Santaemilia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The presence and perceived influence of the Catholic Church, specifically its rituals, led to self-censorship by a translator who eliminated a passage deemed unrespectful from a Spanish translation of a novel. This demonstrates how a religious association can exert normative pressure, leading to moderation in translated content.", "quote": "In the Spanish translation of Marian Keyes' Angels (2002), a whole passage where Catholic Church rituals are made fun of is completely eliminated.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ttr/2008-v21-n2-ttr2917/037497ar/abstract/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries, specifically Spain and Catalonia", "when": "21st century, with historical context of 20th century (Francoist regime in Spain)"}, {"title": "Censorship and literature in fascist Italy", "author": "G Bonsaver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church influenced the Fascist regime's censorship policies by shaping norms related to public morality, thereby contributing to what was considered permissible in published literature.", "quote": "In addition to examining the legislation and the initiatives of the various government institutions in charge of censorship, the reaction of the publishing industry and individual authors, and the influence of the Catholic church in matters of public morality...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EJSrVdbAHwQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=xE7o6LP5c-&sig=wO0BkimRpXG70U90n5JOU00vkg4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "Fascist era (1922–1943)"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Exerted private pressure on intermediaries (employers and publishers) during the McCarthy era, contributing to the sanctioning of 'communist sympathizers' and indirect censorship.", "quote": "...from a desire of those intermediaries to avoid pressure on the part of the American Legion, the Catholic Church, and large numbers of concerned citizens for whom radical associations were a sign of disloy-alty.", "page": "35", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Established and maintained an 'index of prohibited books' in 1564, defining what literature its adherents were permitted to read, thereby exerting control over intellectual consumption based on religious doctrine.", "quote": "The index of prohibited books, back in 1564, defined what books and authors could be read by Catholics.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Moderation and masculinity in renaissance marriage discourse and in Rabelais's Tiers Livre", "author": "TW Reeser", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "The Church adopted marriage as a sacrament to regulate and control human sexuality, aiming to mitigate carnal pleasure and enforce chastity within marital bounds. It viewed marriage as a holy act and a remedy against lust and fornication.", "quote": "In the middle ages, the Church adopted marriage as a sacrament with the hope that it would control sexuality and purge the married couple of the desire for carnal pleasure.", "page": "5", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/db11a8ceb03dda5316d8229c5f482d5c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Renaissance Europe, primarily France", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry", "author": "F Walsh", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Organized its response to the motion picture industry, influencing production and censorship codes within Hollywood.", "quote": "Sin and Censorship is a highly readable account of how the American Catholic Church organized its response to the motion picture industry.", "page": "1", "url": "https://biblio.ie/9780300063738", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Hollywood", "when": "20th century"}, {"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Suppressed scientific views (e.g., Galileo's) by forcing individuals to recant their beliefs, enforcing religious orthodoxy.", "quote": "Galileo was forced by the church to recant his views; Christian fundamentalists have attacked the teaching of evolution.", "page": "24", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Participated in a coalition of ministers organized by the West Virginia Council of Churches to issue a joint statement supporting the textbooks.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books...", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Maintained a close symbiosis with the Francoist state, providing moral and dogmatic criteria for censorship and issuing decrees (e.g., via archbishops) that directly led to the seizure and reprobation of books.", "quote": "Dada la simbiosis casi perfecta entre los intereses de la Iglesia y del Estado en aquella época de consolidación del levantamiento franquista, no tiene nada de extraño que el nuevo régimen reconociera la supremacía de la Iglesia en materia de moral y dogmática...", "page": "5", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Facebook Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Expert panel", "NGO", "Watchdog/transparency", "Watchdog/transparency group", "community/collective", "external red-team / auditor", "multistakeholder governance body / quasi-CSO", "other", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "China", "Council of Europe", "EU", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Italy", "Kenya", "Latin America", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "North America", "Norway", "Palestine", "Slovenia", "South Korea", "Syria", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Douyin", "Facebook", "Fediverse", "Gab", "Instagram", "Mastodon", "Parler", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-hate speech", "authenticity", "community interests", "community standards", "consistency", "content governance", "content moderation ethics", "content moderation fairness", "content moderation transparency", "corporate accountability", "corporate interests", "democratic integrity", "democratic values", "diversity and inclusion", "due process", "ethical standards", "ethics", "fair content moderation", "fair moderation", "fairness", "free speech", "fundamental rights", "harm prevention", "harm reduction", "human dignity", "human rights", "impartiality", "independence", "independent judgment", "individual rights", "intellectual independence", "judicial review", "moderation review", "platform accountability", "platform autonomy", "platform responsibility", "platform values", "privacy", "professional ethics", "proportionality", "public safety", "rights balancing", "rule of law", "standards", "transparency", "user agency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "censorship", "content moderation", "content moderator", "debate moderation", "media moderation", "moderación", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderazione dei media", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025", "19th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 40, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Functions as an independent body to review content moderation decisions by Meta (Facebook), publishing binding decisions and non-binding policy recommendations to ensure transparency and accountability in global content governance.", "quote": "Trata-se de um mecanismo inovador para enfrentar os desafios de moderação de conteúdo em uma plataforma de escala global e que visa garantir maior transparência e responsabilidade nas decisões de moderação, publicando suas decisões e justificativas.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}, {"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Functions as a quasi-judicial body for Meta, issuing reasoned and binding decisions on user content, representing a private model for rights protection that indirectly applies international human rights law.", "quote": "ricopre il ruolo di «tribunale» di Facebook, con il compito di emettere decisioni motivate e vincolanti sui contenuti pubblicati dagli utenti sul social network, rappresenta un modello privato di tutela dei diritti alternativo a quello statale.", "page": "56", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as an independent body to make final, transparent, and binding decisions on critical content moderation cases and suggests changes to Facebook's content policies.", "quote": "O Facebook criou um órgão independente, formado por pessoas não vinculadas à empresa, para tomar decisões finais, transparentes e vinculantes no campo da moderação de conteúdo, chamado de Oversight Board (“Comitê Supervisor”).", "page": "110", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Legitimates content moderation activities and policies of corporate powers by embodying civil society principles, aiming to provide oversight despite potential power disparities.", "quote": "the pretense of embodying civil society through a unique set of universal principles is used by corporate powers to legitimate their moderation activities, as suggested and exemplified by the Facebook Oversight Board (Dvoskin, 2023).", "page": "7", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An independent body created to judge user appeals against content moderation decisions on Facebook and Instagram, and to recommend policy changes to the company.", "quote": "Mark Zuckerberg – CEO da Meta Platforms – anunciou a criação de um órgão independente, o Facebook Oversight Board (...) que teria as funções de julgar recursos dos usuários contra as decisões de moderação de conteúdo no âmbito das redes sociais Facebok e Instagram, bem como determinados casos submetidos à revisão pela própria empresa.", "page": "114", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "The Historical Arc and Contemporary Problems of Censorship. Review of Gergely Gosztonyi's Censorship from Plato to Social Media: The Complexity of Social Media’s Content Regulation and Moderation Practices", "author": "Bálint, János", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Facebook Oversight Board is a self-regulatory initiative designed to provide independent review of content moderation decisions made by Facebook (Meta), aiming to ensure fairness and transparency, though its competence, funding, and independence have been noted as potential risks.", "quote": "the author details contemporary self-regulatory initiatives launched by technology giants, highlighting the competence, funding and independence risks posed by the Facebook Oversight Board and the BlueSky of Twitter (now, X).", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistacomunicando.sopcom.pt/index.php/comunicando/article/view/384", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China, Global social media and online platforms (e.g., Facebook, X)", "when": "From antiquity (Plato) to contemporary (post-2010 platform era, 2022 regulations)"}, {"title": "Moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "CB Tacchella", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides external, independent review of Facebook's content moderation decisions to ensure respect for freedom of expression and prevent digital authoritarianism.", "quote": "Este sistema se estableció como una entidad independiente de revisión, financiada por la empresa a través de un fondo fiduciario de US $130 millones.", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositorio.udesa.edu.ar/bitstreams/03c60900-a35b-48f1-a969-0193ed0efb31/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook and Twitter (X); USA, New Zealand, Latin America", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Deplatformization and the governance of the platform ecosystem", "author": "Van Dijck, José; De Winkel, Tim; Schäfer, Mirko Tobias", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The FOB reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook, including permanent bans, acting as a quasi-judicial body to provide external oversight and ensure accountability and transparency in platform governance.", "quote": "The FOB reviews moderation decisions, including the deplatforming of account holders. While some legal scholars have disputed the institutional design of this quasi-judicial body...", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045662", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global platform ecosystem and online infrastructure, with a focus on the US context (e.g., Capitol siege, mainstream social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and fringe platforms like Gab, Parler, BitChute).", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically 2016-2021."}, {"title": "Democracia, Midias Sociais e Liberdade de Expressao: Odio, Mentiras ea Busca da Verdade Possivel", "author": "LR Barroso, LB Barroso", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Facebook Oversight Board reviews content moderation decisions made by Meta, highlighting inadequacies in internal systems like 'cross-check' and making recommendations to improve content moderation policies and their application.", "quote": "Em um relatório de transparência publicado ao final de seu primeiro ano de operação, o Facebook Oversight Board (FOB) destacou a inadequação das explicações apresentadas pelo Meta sobre a operação de um sistema conhecido como cross-check, que aparentemente dava a alguns usuários maior liberdade na plataforma.", "page": "293", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/direfnj49&section=13", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms, Global (with focus on USA, Brazil, EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (up to 2023)"}, {"title": "Social media influencer and source credibility: Endorsing content moderation on Douyin", "author": "R He, H Tian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It aims to provide an independent review mechanism for content moderation by allowing users to appeal takedown decisions to a body that includes user representatives.", "quote": "The Facebook Oversight Body aims to let users appeal takedown decisions to an independent body that includes user representatives, but legal theorists believe it resembles a governmental or judicial entity.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20974", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Douyin, China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Privacy, Free Speech and Content Moderation: A Literature Review and Constitutional Framework Analysis", "author": "Wu, Yi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook, aiming to provide transparency and motivation for these decisions, thereby contributing to fair governance of speech on the platform.", "quote": "Facebook has published a “Draft Charter” of its 40-person oversight board explaining the commitments of the board such as transparency and motivation of the decisions.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.paradigmpress.org/ist/article/view/303", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States and European Union, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2005 platform era"}, {"title": "Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Moderation Processes: Contractors, Algorithms, Expert Panels, and Digital Juries", "author": "Pan, Christina A.; Yakhmi, Sahil; Iyer, Tara P.; Strasnick, Evan; Zhang, Amy X.; Bernstein, Michael S.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Decides on borderline content moderation cases, particularly appeals, and can recommend policy changes to Facebook, operating as an independent body for expert review.", "quote": "By contrast, the Facebook Oversight Board has focused first on deciding borderline cases, and does not have the authority to set policy (though it may recommend policy changes when solicited to do so)[5].", "page": "20", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.06393", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The FOB acts as an independent self-regulatory body, providing oversight and control over content removal and account blocking decisions made by Facebook for violations of its terms of service.", "quote": "organo di autoregolamentazione che dovrebbe assicurare un controllo ulteriore e indipendente sulle attività di rimozione e blocco degli account effettuate dal social network per violazioni delle proprie condizioni di servizio.", "page": "30", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Garantías frente a la moderación de contenidos en la Propuesta de Reglamento Único de Servicios Digitales", "author": "Santiesteban Galarza, Mario", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides an appeal process for users to challenge Facebook's content moderation decisions, acting as an external review body.", "quote": "para acudir al proceso de apelación del Facebook Oversight Board (Consejo asesor de contenido) las apelaciones deben provenir del titular de una cuenta activa, pues es necesario que \"la cuenta no pueda estar inhabilitada ni haber sido eliminada\"\".\"", "page": "14", "url": "https://revista.uclm.es/index.php/cesco/article/view/3103", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, North America", "when": "post-2020 regulatory era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Adjudicating content moderation decisions made by Facebook, acting as an external body to review and provide independent oversight on complex cases.", "quote": "Facebook set up a quasi-independent parajudicial institution to adjudicate its decisions (Klonick, 2020).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "decides on appeals of users whose content was removed from Facebook, aiming to establish general principles for content moderation, despite being indirectly appointed and compensated by Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook’s Oversight Board, defined as one the most ambitious project of constitutional engineering in the modern era. This body, at least formally independent of Facebook, will have the task of deciding on the appeals of users whose content was removed from Facebook.", "page": "275", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A quasi-independent content moderation body established and funded by Facebook, reviews content moderation decisions and makes policy recommendations.", "quote": "Facebook’s Oversight Board is a quasi-independent content moderation body established and funded by Facebook in 2019, with 20 members appointed in May 2020 (Smith, 2021).", "page": "97", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An independent body created by Meta (Facebook) to review and make binding decisions on content moderation, including high-profile cases like the suspension of former President Donald Trump's accounts, ensuring fairness and proper policy application.", "quote": "o Comitê de Supervisão do Facebook187 havia confirmado a suspensão das contas do ex-presidente Donald Trump", "page": "118", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This independent group, also referred to as the 'Suprema Corte do Facebook', was created by Facebook to review and make decisions on controversial content moderation cases, such as the banning of the US president, aiming to ensure fairness and uphold free expression.", "quote": "Tal fato fez o Facebook criar um grupo composto pelos vinte “notáveis”11, com a finalidade de decidir se a medida, que recebeu o apelido de Suprema Corte do Facebook12, foi correta.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}, {"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as an independent appeal body to review content moderation decisions made by Facebook and Instagram, setting precedents and offering recommendations for policy improvements.", "quote": "Le Conseil de surveillance de Facebook qui a été mis en place pour agir à titre de conseil indépendant afin de réviser certains cas de modération de contenu de Facebook et Instagram.", "page": "54", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A global body of experts that adjudicates appeals against Facebook's content moderation decisions, reviews complex cases, and makes recommendations to Facebook for improved transparency and procedures.", "quote": "Public pressure to make Facebook's content moderation and the underpinning rules more transparent and democratic resulted in the creation of a global body of experts independent from Facebook, namely the Oversight Board, in 2020.", "page": "8", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ARMADILHAS E CAMINHOS NA REGULAÇÃO DA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "Monteiro, Artur Pericles Lima; Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Independently reevaluates content moderation decisions made by platforms like Facebook, addressing potential errors and their impact on freedom of expression, especially those made by automated systems.", "quote": "O caso foi parar no Comitê de Supervisão criado pelo Facebook para reavaliar, de forma independente, decisões de moderação de conteúdo tomadas pela plataforma.", "page": "13", "url": "internetlab.org.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2014 and 2021"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent body that reviews Facebook's content moderation decisions and issues policy recommendations, highlighting inconsistencies and lack of transparency in the platform's rules and enforcement.", "quote": "As the Facebook Oversight Board pointed out in an early decision in January 2021, Facebook's practice of updating its content moderation rules through blog posts... makes it difficult both for users to understand or adhere to company policies and for external groups to hold the platform accountable for its enforcement decisions.", "page": "4", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Contestability For Content Moderation", "author": "Vaccaro, Kristen; Xiao, Ziang; Hamilton, Kevin; Karahalios, Karrie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent body established by platforms to review content moderation decisions and influence policy, aiming to improve fairness and accountability through a civics-oriented approach.", "quote": "Our work finds a growing demand for representative moderation, or a form of content moderation where users are empowered to have a say in how policies are made and how decisions are carried out. In recent months, platforms have introduced approaches in this spirit [28]", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3476059", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr), USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}, {"title": "Entre analogías y metáforas: el debate sobre la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "Peña Jiménez, Pedro José", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides independent review of Facebook's content moderation decisions, evaluating whether decisions are proportionate, consistent with norms, and respect public safety and freedom of expression. It also makes recommendations for improving Facebook's policies and procedures.", "quote": "Este Consejo determinó, posteriormente, que si bien la decisión de restringir a Trump el acceso a su cuenta fue correcta, hacerlo de una manera indeterminada y carente de criterios, mediante una suspensión indefinida, no lo fue.", "page": "268", "url": "https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/1614", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social networks, focusing on US and European contexts", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with a focus on recent debates and legislative initiatives (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Fixing The Business Model", "author": "Maréchal, Nathalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It is a company-funded body of free-expression and human-rights experts to which Facebook has attempted to outsource responsibility for high-profile content decisions, aiming to balance freedom of expression against other fundamental rights.", "quote": "Facebook has further tried to outsource responsibility for high-profile content decisions to a company-funded “Oversight Board” comprising free-expression and human-rights experts from around the world.", "page": "4", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797793", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established by Facebook, this board oversees appeals of content moderation decisions and comprises members from civil society organizations, the media, and universities, acting as a form of pre-emptive self-regulation with external input.", "quote": "Facebook established an Oversight Board to oversee appeals of Facebook's content moderation decisions. The Facebook Oversight Board comprising of 40 members from around the world, and drawn from politics, civil society organisations, the media and universities", "page": "14", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Hiding hate speech: political moderation on Facebook", "author": "Kalsnes, Bente; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board was created to advise on challenging and significant content decisions made on Facebook, promoting transparency and ethical considerations in the platform's moderation practices.", "quote": "This platform has created and appointed a new Oversight Board to advise on ‘the most difficult and significant decisions around content' on Facebook (Clegg, 2020).", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720957562", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Norway", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Ethnic References in Branding and Artificial Intelligence Content Moderation: From the Ajax ‘Jews’ to the Washington Redskins and Beyond", "author": "Netanel, Neil Weinstock", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Board reviews Facebook's content moderation decisions, employing independent linguistic analysis and public comments to determine whether specific posts, such as those with derogatory terms, violate community standards.", "quote": "Of note, in upholding Facebook's removal of a Russian language post that included an allegedly derogatory term for Azerbaijanis, the Facebook Oversight Board relied on independent linguistic analysis and thirty-five public comments to confirm Facebook's understanding of the term as a ‘dehumanizing slur attacking national origin.’", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and United States (social media global)", "when": "late 20th century - present"}, {"title": "LOCALIZING CONTENT MODERATION: APPROACHING THE ORIENTATIONAL SPACES OF FACEBOOK GROUP ADMINS AND MODS", "author": "Rodgers, Scott; McLoughlin, Liam; Ballatore, Andrea; Moore, Susan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This body serves as the ultimate global arbiter for Facebook's community standards and appeals process, making binding decisions on content moderation cases.", "quote": "The same community standards and appeals process applies, with the final global arbiter being the new Facebook Oversight Board.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/12236", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Greater London, UK", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "Punire la disinformazione: il ruolo del diritto penale e delle misure di moderazione dei contenuti delle piattaforme tra pubblico e privato", "author": "E Birritteri", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Facebook Oversight Board reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook (and Instagram) and issues binding rulings that Facebook is committed to respecting, ensuring an independent review process for platform content. It's composed of high-profile individuals from various backgrounds.", "quote": "emettirà in tale ambito decisioni che Facebook si impegna in modo vincolante a rispettare «...a meno che l'attuazione di una risoluzione possa violare la legge»", "page": "23", "url": "https://iris.luiss.it/handle/11385/218635", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (EU), Italy, France, Germany, United States, focusing on online platforms (Facebook, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "«Deplatforming», l'attacco a Capitol Hill e la nuova sfera pubblica privatizzata", "author": "P Di Salvo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Makes definitive decisions on content moderation cases for Facebook and Instagram, notably implementing a permanent block on Donald Trump's accounts following the Capitol Hill attack.", "quote": "II blocco riguarda anche Instagram. ... trasformato poi in un blocco definitivo a maggio 2021, per decisione dell'Oversight Board dell'azienda di Menlo Park².", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1405/102368", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms, USA, Palestine, Syria", "when": "2016-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook and Instagram, issues binding decisions, and provides recommendations on content policies to Facebook.", "quote": "O Comitê de Supervisão (CS) é um órgão de julgamento que surgiu para auxiliar o Facebook a resolver questões sobre a liberdade de expressão online.", "page": "129", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent self-regulatory body, funded by Facebook, that reviews complex content moderation decisions, issues binding rulings, and provides policy recommendations to enhance legitimacy and transparency in content governance.", "quote": "O objetivo do Comitê de Supervisão é analisar o conteúdo submetido e emitir decisões públicas fundamentadas dentro dos limites do Estatuto, além de fornecer opiniões consultivas sobre as políticas de conteúdo do Facebook", "page": "182", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Adjudicates disputes regarding online content and access to Facebook's services, aiming to provide an independent review mechanism for content moderation decisions.", "quote": "The Oversight Board is a body of selected experts who decide disputes regarding online content and access to Facebook’s services.", "page": "203", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}, {"title": "Facebook Oversight Board's decision on the indefinite suspension of Donald Trump's account", "author": "I Vukčević", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It acts as an independent appeals mechanism for Facebook's content moderation decisions, reviewing suspensions and content removal based on Facebook's Community Standards, Values, and international human rights law. It issues both binding decisions and non-binding policy recommendations.", "quote": "The Facebook Oversight Board (FOB) is a global body created by Facebook and envisioned as an independent¹ appeals mechanism for Facebook's content moderation decisions.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=967327", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA (global context)", "when": "2020-2021"}, {"title": "Costituzionalismo digitale e piattaforme: verso una costituzionalizzazione della lex digitalis", "author": "E Celeste", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This organ functions as an independent, quasi-judicial body that reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook. It serves as an appeals mechanism for users, judging cases based on international human rights standards and aiming to uphold the rule of law and due process in content governance.", "quote": "Questo organo mira a soddisfare uno dei principali requisiti dello stato di diritto, ossia di avere un organo giurisdizionale indipendente che giudichi i ricorsi sulle decisioni relative alla moderazione di contenuti online.", "page": "6", "url": "https://doras.dcu.ie/27787/", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online platforms, social media (specifically Facebook)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An independent body that reviews appeals of content removal decisions made by Facebook, and significant or difficult content cases, aiming to provide neutral and impartial judgment on platform moderation.", "quote": "Facebook has likewise publicized its grand plan to establish an independent Oversight Board, funded by a separate trust, that will decide appeals of content removal or \"significant and difficult cases\"\" referred by Facebook.\"", "page": "129", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created by Facebook to review selected moderation decisions and reverse Facebook's decisions, composed of multistakeholder representatives to provide an independent review.", "quote": "Facebook has recently created an Oversight Board that will review selected moderation decisions and reverse Facebook's decisions where needed.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Reviews and makes binding decisions on Facebook and Instagram content moderation, issues recommendations on content policy, aiming to promote independent judgment and transparency while considering human rights standards.", "quote": "O Comitê de Supervisão (CS) é um órgão de julgamento que surgiu para auxiliar o Facebook a resolver questões sobre a liberdade de expressão online. Composto por 19 membros do mundo todo, dentre os quais 09 são mulheres, além da emissão de recomendações sobre a política de conteúdo, o Comitê emite decisões vinculantes e imediatas de manutenção ou reversão de conteúdo da plataforma.", "page": "129", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia", "aliases": ["Wikipedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Argentina", "Austria", "Belgium", "Brazil", "China", "Denmark", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Italy", "Japan", "Maghreb", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Poland", "Romania", "South Asia", "South Korea", "Spain", "Sweden", "Switzerland", "Taiwan", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["Britannica Online", "Citizendium", "CommuniTree", "Facebook", "Facebook Groups", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Messenger", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Twitch", "Twitter", "Virtual educational environments", "Virtual learning environments", "WhatsApp", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary", "YouTube", "internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information", "accuracy", "anti-bureaucracy", "anti-elitism", "anti-misinformation", "anti-vandalism", "collaboration", "common good", "community building", "community governance", "community norms", "community solidarity", "community standards", "consensus building", "constructive dialogue", "content integrity", "content quality", "critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "democratic principles", "discourse quality", "egalitarian principles", "egalitarianism", "epistemic humility", "factual accuracy", "free speech", "information access", "information accuracy", "information control", "information quality", "knowledge creation", "knowledge dissemination", "knowledge production", "knowledge sharing", "media integrity", "neutrality", "open access", "open collaboration", "open knowledge", "open participation", "open source", "openness", "participatory democracy", "platform autonomy", "platform quality", "procedural fairness", "public participation", "quality", "regulatory compliance", "reliability", "reputation", "self-governance", "site reputation", "user autonomy", "user governance", "user participation", "verifiability"], "topics": ["0.0", "Moderador de debate", "Moderador de medios", "censorship", "content moderation", "media moderation", "moderación", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderador de contéudos", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de mídia", "modérateur de contenus", "modérateur des médias", "modération censure", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "Covid-19 pandemic", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "late 20th–early 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 40, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Employs a 'neutral point of view' doctrine and robust consensus-building mechanisms to manage content and ensure coherence.", "quote": "the combination of a “neutral point of view” doctrine with robust consensus-building mechanisms on Wikipedia (Matei and Dobrescu 2011).", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wikipedia, as a mass-produced amateur content platform, is regularly subject to criticism, highlighting the challenges of quality control and content validation in community-driven publishing, which functions as a form of distributed moderation.", "quote": "Cette massification des pratiques repérée en ce qui concerne la publication web dès 2001 par Clay Shirky entraîne des tensions sur des terrains traditionnellement acquis par les professionnels: l'encyclopédie Wikipédia est régulièrement l'objet de critiques", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Relies on millions of volunteers for content creation and editing, and established a formal hierarchy to manage conflicts and ensure the accuracy and quality of information on its platform.", "quote": "Wikipedia relied on millions of volunteers who contributed and edited content in over 300 languages. Critics doubted it could compete with traditional encyclopaedias such as Encyclopedia Britannica, but Wikipedia quickly became one of the most popular sites on the internet.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The unappreciated role of intent in algorithmic moderation of abusive content on social media", "author": "X Wang, S Koneru, PN Venkit, B Frischmann…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilizes a community-driven, multi-layered editorial and review system for content moderation, ensuring quality and adherence to established norms through collective oversight.", "quote": "Wikipedia's multi-layered editorial and review workflows. Additionally, we recommend establishing clear pathways for feedback so that moderators can provide insights back to the automated detection systems to support iterative improvements, for example, as new labeled training data.", "page": "5", "url": "https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=facpubs", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Relies on a large number of volunteer editors for content moderation, enforcing community-defined rules and guidelines.", "quote": "Paralelamente, un gran número de plataformas se sirven de moderadores voluntarios, como el caso de Wikipedia, que cuenta con más de 100.000 editores voluntarios.", "page": "90", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "6 Twitter as accidental authority. How a platform assumed an adjudicative role during the COVID-19 pandemic", "author": "Keulenaar, Emillie De; Kisjes, Ivan; Smith, Rory; Albrecht, Carina; Cappuccio, Eleonora", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Serves as a secondary source for compiling information on COVID-19 misinformation, acting as a public knowledge repository and fact-checking resource, which aids in understanding and addressing problematic information.", "quote": "The deductive approach consisted in consulting secondary sources on COVID-19 misinformation, such as Wikipedia (Table 6.1 in Annex).", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048554249-007/html", "topic": "0.0", "language": "", "where": "Twitter platform, global with focus on US context", "when": "2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Functions as an online encyclopedia co-produced by networked individuals, enabling collaborative knowledge creation and documentation of events, and is widely used and trusted.", "quote": "The online encyclopaedia Wikipedia and open-source software products such as the Firefox Web browser are examples of this phenomenon, becoming widely used and trusted despite initial doubts about the merits of their methods of creative co-production.", "page": "281", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Does the platform matter? Social media and COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs in 17 countries", "author": "Theocharis, Yannis; Cardenal, Ana; Jin, Soyeon; Aalberg, Toril; Hopmann, David Nicolas; Strömbäck, Jesper; Castro, Laia; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter; De Vreese, Claes; Corbu, Nicoleta; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Matthes, Joerg; Schemer, Christian; Sheafer, Tamir; Splendore, Sergio; Stanyer, James; Stępińska, Agnieszka; Štětka, Václav", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborates with YouTube to automatically add factual information to videos identified as presenting conspiracy theories, aiming to counteract misinformation and provide verified context.", "quote": "YouTube's decision to give greater prominence to main-stream media sources and introduce a system that would automatically add information from Encyclopedia Britannica or Wikipedia to videos recognized as presenting conspir-acy theories, successfully cut down misinformation (Nicas, 2020).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045666", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "17 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, Messenger)", "when": "December 2019 – June 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized with a well-established governance system, it represents a successful example of digital commons that facilitates collective organization and democratic participation through self-moderation and community norms.", "quote": "notamment l’exemple de Wikipédia, très organisé avec un système de gouvernance bien établi.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "Metaphors in moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Kaufman, Geoff; Chancellor, Stevie", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Functions as a user-governed online community where moderation and regulation of online behavior are handled by its community members, sometimes involving 'oligarchic concepts' in its governance structure.", "quote": "this research still modeled approaches to moderation and regulation of online behavior in user-governed communities like Slashdot, Wikipedia, the MovieLens platform, and free and open-source software communities.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820964968", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (Facebook Groups, Reddit, Twitch, Wikipedia, Slashdot, CommuniTree)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Futures", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Employs an exclusive model of volunteer content moderation to control the content on its site and ensure it adheres to established guidelines and community standards.", "quote": "The voluntary model of content moderation persists today in many online communities and platforms; one such high-profile site where volunteer content moderation is used exclusively to control site content is Wikipedia.", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, social media platforms (global)", "when": "early internet to post-2010 platform era (up to 2016)"}, {"title": "Content moderation", "author": "ST Roberts", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Uses volunteer content moderation as the exclusive method to control site content, ensuring adherence to community-defined rules and standards.", "quote": "one such high-profile site where volunteer content moderation is used exclusively to control site content is Wikipedia.", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities and social media platforms, global", "when": "Early internet to mid-2010s"}, {"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Serves as a model for user education by providing \"citation needed\"\" labels to signal evidence deficits or lack of credible sources", "quote": "Open knowledge, information quality, transparency, education.", "page": "Wikipedia may also serve as a model for educating users about evidence deficits or a lack of credible sources (Jennings, 2008). For example, providing \"citation needed\"\" labels\"", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates with community-driven guidelines, standing as an exception to platform-defined moderation, representing a model of collective governance.", "quote": "Wikipédia constitue une exception notable à ces pratiques.", "page": "93", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A platform for collective knowledge construction where users contribute to content, and policies reflect community-developed social norms.", "quote": "pode-se mencionar as “plataformas de conhecimento”, como a Wikipédia e o GitHub, que integram parte de um movimento mais amplo de construção coletiva do conhecimento.", "page": "126", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Relies on volunteer moderators to enforce its own policies and rules, operating as a platform where content moderation is studied through the lens of 'bureaucracy' and rules.", "quote": "Some platforms (Wikipedia, subreddits) rely on volunteer moderators instead of commercial moderators to moderate the content posted in their communities [12, 15, 66].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}, {"title": "A new framework for online content moderation", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Wikipedia operates through an intricate ecosystem of crowd-sourced moderation, where various hierarchies of editors engage in decentralized gatekeeping to manage and filter content.", "quote": "Wikipedia is an example of an intricate ecosystem of crowd-sourced moderation 46,47 where different hierarchies of editors exercise what can be called decentralized gatekeeping. 48,49", "page": "6", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364919303875", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (USA, China, Germany, Brazil, Europe)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates a community-based content moderation model where volunteers create and edit content according to community-defined rules and governance policies.", "quote": "A Wikipédia, a enciclopédia virtual de acesso livre criada em 2001, é um dos formatos mais notáveis de plataformas colaborativas e com um modelo de moderação baseado na comunidade.", "page": "30", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as a peer-produced online repository of knowledge, influencing public communication and demonstrating an alternative economic model.", "quote": "The peer production economy that emerged with the open source software movement... has only been able to produce a significant impact in online public communication with the creation of an online repository of knowledge such as Wikipedia.", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An online encyclopaedia that democratizes knowledge production by allowing anyone to contribute and edit, operating under principles of 'No Original Research', 'Neutral Point of View', and 'Verifiability'.", "quote": "Wikipedia, the online encyclopaedia, is the most impressive collective intellectual project ever attempted – and perhaps achieved.", "page": "166", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Wikipedia employs distributed organization and strong social norms, using ex ante filtering (pages, categories, templates) and ex post filtering (search engine). It utilizes human administrators and bots for ex post, distributed, transparent, automatic deletion and vandalism reversion. Protection policies (semi-protected, fully protected) serve as ex ante exclusion, and users can be banned (ex post exclusion). It operates a complex dispute resolution system based on consensus, voting, and formal committees.", "quote": "Wikipedia’s system of moderation is sophisticated and intricate, but its two basic commitments have remained distributed organization and strong social norms. The two are in significant tension. Most of Wikipedia’s moderation choices can be understood in terms of the difficult task of sustaining norm-based “soft security,” which works through “group dynamics rather than hard-coded limits” in a massive community with millions of members.", "page": "39", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Hosts user-generated content and, by adopting HTTPS, makes selective blocking of individual articles more difficult for censors, leading to \"all-or-nothing\"\" blocking decisions by governments.\"", "quote": "The adoption of HTTPS by highly visited websites such as Wikipedia has resulted in greater accessibility for those sites in many cases.", "page": "16", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Deals with issues like trolling that lead to misinformation and disengagement of editors, implying a moderation system aimed at preventing such detrimental behaviors.", "quote": "While trolling on Wikipedia leads to the spread of misinformation and the disengagement of editors, in the case of the community 4chan, trolling is an accepted part of culture (Bullard & Carter, 2013).", "page": "1", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A collaborative online encyclopedia where editors actively moderate content by removing misinformation, serving as a self-regulating community committed to factual accuracy.", "quote": "Wikipedia editors quickly removed the fake sentiment, but not before journalists reproduced the falsity in their own reports.", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provided an online platform for users to identify and catalogue similar cases of censorship backfire, creating a growing list of examples of the Streisand effect.", "quote": "a Wikipedia page was created specifically to catalogue a growing list of examples.", "page": "2", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}, {"title": "Los entornos digitales de comunicación y la construcción argumentativa de valores, ideologías y políticas. Características del debate y la opinión en Internet", "author": "MÁ Guerrero Ramos", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Wikipedia, as a complex universe of Internet, functions as a space for argumentation and deliberation, implicitly or explicitly, where community-driven content policies and editorial processes implicitly moderate information and shape shared knowledge.", "quote": "el complejo universo de Internet en general, y el espacio de los foros o la existencia de la misma Wikipedia, en particular, deben ser entendidos como espacios de argumentación y deliberación, implícitos o explícitos.", "page": "2", "url": "https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/9309", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engages in extensive internal debates and polls among its users to decide on and implement content moderation policies, such as a proposed pre-publication review system ('flagged revisions') for new edits to combat vandalism and enhance reliability.", "quote": "The new proposal led to a remarkable division of views: some embrace it, others denounce and reject it in equally vigorous terms.", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Users sort out content issues between themselves, with 'administrators' executing punitive actions (page protection, blocking). The community debates and votes on the introduction of 'flagged revisions' to review new edits for vandalism before publication.", "quote": "editorial policy had evolved of equal wiki access for all, without specific moderators, taking a 'wikiquette' into account, though with 'administrators' being entitled to execute punitive actions (cf. Stvilia et al. 2008; de Laat 2010). This policy had been accepted without much protest. Then, recently, the first steps on the path of moderation proper were taken: a specific proposal to introduce a system of reviewing edits before they appear on screen (aka 'flagged revisions').", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}, {"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operates as an online encyclopedia where any user can collaboratively edit and create content; active users monitor information consistency, quality, and correct errors or vandalism through 'metamoderação' (self-moderation).", "quote": "a consistência e a qualidade das informações são constantemente monitoradas pelos usuários mais ativos, e quando surgem erros ou mesmo atos de vandalismo, o tempo médio para suas correções tende a ser relativamente baixo, baseado em princípios de metamoderação (moderação pelos próprios usuários).", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}, {"title": "Diseño y moderación de entornos virtuales de aprendizaje (EVA)", "author": "Quiroz, Juan Silva", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Wikipedia, as an example of a wiki, is a website collaboratively built by open groups or specific individuals. Its primary function is to enable collaborative actions, such as defining concepts or generating learning activities. Any user can edit the content simultaneously, implying a community-driven process of content creation and moderation.", "quote": "Wikis: una wiki es un sitio o página web que contiene información sobre un tema particular, éstas pueden ser construidas en forma colaborativa por grupos abiertos o un grupo particular de personas. Su principal función es contribuir con un espacio en la Web que permita crear acciones colaborativas, como por ejemplo, definir un concepto o generar actividades de aprendizaje. Una wiki puede ser editada por cualquiera de los usuarios integrantes de este espacio y en forma simultánea.", "page": "21", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online education / Virtual Learning Environments", "when": "Early 21st century / Post-2000"}, {"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Editors and users contribute to content creation and implicitly engage in moderation through their editing processes, driven by reputational incentives within the platform's structure.", "quote": "Reputational incentives seem to be quite significant even on Wikipedia, even though Wikipedia articles are not signed and con- necting specific article edits to specific users can be cumbersome.", "page": "14", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Estrategias de virtualización para la moderación grupal basadas en la técnica de Metaplan", "author": "AH González, MC Madoz, MF Saadi…", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Functions as a collaborative online platform where a vast community of users constantly updates and curates information, acting as a form of collective gatekeeping and content regulation by enforcing community-driven norms for accuracy and relevance.", "quote": "La enciclopedia Wikipedia es un ejemplo de plataforma colaborativa que tiene como fin la difusión libre del conocimiento mediante el trabajo arduo de millones de usuarios que a diario la están actualizando.", "page": "3", "url": "https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/18303", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Virtual learning environments, Argentina", "when": "early 21st century"}, {"title": "Modalités minimales d'interactions pour la pratique du débat en ligne", "author": "J Cotret, A Gouaich", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Wikipedia's collaborative model involves hundreds of people working simultaneously on knowledge creation, which necessitates a system of content curation, dispute resolution, and norm enforcement to maintain editorial standards and quality.", "quote": "Un des exemple les plus parlants est l'encyclopédie collaborative Wikipédia¹, qui fait collaborer plusieurs centaines de personnes simultanément sur des problématiques de rédaction de savoir.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/80461855/document.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Online debate platforms, Web 2.0", "when": "post-2004 platform era"}, {"title": "Prototipo para la virtualización de moderación grupal basados en la técnica de Metaplan", "author": "Gonzalez, Alejandro H", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Wikipedia serves as a collaborative platform where millions of users actively update and manage content daily, collectively shaping the available knowledge. This continuous user input and editing process functions as a form of community-driven moderation, ensuring the dissemination of information.", "quote": "La enciclopedia Wikipedia es un ejemplo de plataforma colaborativa que tiene como fin la difusión libre del conocimiento mediante el trabajo arduo de millones de usuarios que a diario la están actualizando.", "page": "2", "url": "sedici.unlp.edu.ar", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Virtual educational environments, Argentina (Metaplan technique originated in Germany)", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "Contenido responsable en la internet colaborativa", "author": "J Franganillo", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Wikipedia, as a collaborative encyclopedia, employs its own internal mechanisms, notably through 'librarians' or administrators, to prevent sabotage, approve, modify, or restrict content, and manage disputes regarding content application.", "quote": "Esta enciclopedia colaborativa dispone de sus propios mecanismos para evitar su sabotaje, a través de la figura de los famosos bibliotecarios que, como no podría ser de otra manera, tampoco pueden escapar a la polémica ante la ejecución de criterios distintos a la hora de aprobar, modifi- car o restringir contenidos, o reciben críticas ante la ausencia de tales criterios.", "page": "62", "url": "https://thinkepi.scimagoepi.com/index.php/ThinkEPI/article/view/31993", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Collaborative Internet, Spain", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "colaboração e moderação na Wikipédia e Britannica Online", "author": "CFB d'Andréa", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The Wikipedia community manages content through collective editing, setting official policies via voting, and establishing recommendations and norms to prevent chaos. Its technical tools enable users to collaborate and validate information, with specific roles for administrators to manage pages and users.", "quote": "As políticas oficiais da Wikipédia são decididas em votação pela comunidade e que devem obrigatoriamente ser cumpridas, enquanto as recomendações e normas da comunidade visam \"evitar o caos que poderia ser causado por uma possível falta de apoio ou base”.\"", "page": "5", "url": "https://seer.ufrgs.br/EmQuestao/article/download/9147/5801/32226", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms (Wikipedia, Britannica Online)", "when": "early 21st century (2000-2009)"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A free, online, collaboratively produced encyclopedia, helping organize information and make it manageable to address information overload.", "quote": "Indeed Google, the wildly successful Internet search service, and Wikipedia, the free, online, collaboratively produced encyclopedia, are themselves attempts at taming the fire hose of information by helping to organize it and make it more manageable.", "page": "497", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control", "author": "Barzilai‐Nahon, Karine", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Initially provided an alternative to traditional gatekeepers by enabling widespread user contribution. However, over time, a small percentage of editors came to produce most of the content, leading Wikipedia to effectively transform into a gatekeeper itself, exercising editorial control over information flow and quality.", "quote": "Effectively, 80% of the articles in Wikipedia are written by 10% of its volunteering editors, transforming Wikipedia to be a gatekeeper by itself (Barabasi & Reka, 1999; Giles, 2005).", "page": "15", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20857", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet / online networks", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Functions as a collaborative Web site where numerous authors collectively update a body of knowledge, serving as a Web 2.0 successor to traditional encyclopedias and inherently involving self-moderation and community norm-setting for content.", "quote": "Un Wiki est un site Web en collaboration qui permet à de nombreux auteurs de mettre à jour un ensemble de connaissances. L'exemple le plus connu reste Wikipédia, le successeur en 2.0 de l'Encyclopédie Britannique.", "page": "10", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Operates as an international, open-content, collaboratively developed encyclopedia, allowing any member to create or edit public domain articles with changes tracked and revisable.", "quote": "Esta es una enciclopedia internacional, de contenido abierto y colaborativa. En solo dos años ha amasado más de 120.000 artículos en inglés así como 75.000 en otros idiomas.", "page": "30", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Access Now", "aliases": ["Access Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "international digital rights NGO / advocacy organization", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Argentina", "Asia", "Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Central African Republic", "Chile", "China", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Gaza", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Kenya", "Latin America", "Malaysia", "Mexico", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "Nigeria", "North America", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Russia", "Singapore", "South Asia", "South Korea", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Togo", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Threads", "TikTok", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Freedom of expression", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "access to information", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "due process", "equality", "fairness in content moderation", "free flow of information", "free speech", "harm reduction", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "internet access", "legal clarity", "platform autonomy", "privacy", "risk assessment", "transparency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderator", "moderación", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates", "moderação de mídia", "modération censure", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "2018-2020", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 37, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts long-standing digital rights convenings (RightsCon) to promote human rights and advocacy in the digital sphere, facilitating discussions among stakeholders.", "quote": "Human Rights practitioners could beneft from the large body of public work produced by human rights and digital rights organizations... by attending long-standing digital rights convenings such as RightsCon, hosted by the digital rights NGO Access Now.", "page": "111", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts long-standing digital rights convenings (RightsCon), promoting human rights online.", "quote": "Human Rights practitioners could also benefit from the large body of public work produced by human rights and digital rights organizations over the years, and by attending long-standing digital rights convenings such as RightsCon, hosted by the digital rights NGO Access Now.", "page": "138", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts RightsCon, long-standing digital rights convenings, and advocates for human rights online.", "quote": "attending long-standing digital rights convenings such as RightsCon, hosted by the digital rights NGO Access Now.", "page": "138", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocated for abandoning diligence obligations in content-based regulations, instead prioritizing systemic impact assessments to mitigate abuse risks. They criticized the broad scope of illegal activities proposed in PL 2630/20.", "quote": "De forma semelhante, a Electronic Frontier Foundation e a Access Now defenderam o abandono das obrigações de diligência para mitigar os riscos de abuso em regulamentações baseadas em conteúdo, privilegiando as avaliações de impacto sistêmico (id nº 1125).", "page": "13", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}, {"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Criticized Meta's inconsistent content moderation policies, specifically through letters to social media platforms regarding practices in crisis zones, raising awareness and advocating for human rights in digital spaces.", "quote": "Access Now and others, 'Letter to Social Media Platforms on Crisis Zones' (13 April 2022) <https://www.eff.org/document/letter-social-media-platforms-crisis-zones>", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-drafted the Santa Clara Principles, which provide recommendations for platforms to integrate human rights and due process into content moderation procedures, including notification and appeal processes.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Santa Clara, organizado por um grupo de organizações de direitos humanos, defensores e acadêmicos, refletem recomendações semelhantes sobre a melhor forma de obter transparência e accountability na moderação de conteúdo feita pelas plataformas digitais.", "page": "113", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting recommendations and declarations for content governance, specifically addressing human rights due diligence, transparency, and limitations on automated content moderation.", "quote": "platforms 'should conduct human right due diligence and human right impact assessment' on a regular basis in order to identify, prevent, mitigate and account how their activities affect human rights. Access Now is more likely to accept automated content moderation but “only in limited cases of manifestly illegal content that is not context-dependent, and should never be imposed as a legal obligation on platforms”", "page": "20, 23", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in drafting principles and guidelines for content moderation by companies, advocating for user rights and transparency, particularly contributing to the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Os princípios foram elaborados por um grupo de diferentes indivíduos e entidades envolvidas em atividades de direitos humanos, ativistas e acadêmicas, como a Article 19, a Electronic Frontier Foundation, a Access Now; e inclusive um representante brasileiro – o InternetLab.", "page": "80", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Civil Liability of Social Media for User Statements and Moderation", "author": "AFS de Souza, FMG Pessoa, TDGB Sande", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation, which advocate for specific standards in content governance, emphasizing transparency and due process.", "quote": "academic entities and third-sector organizations from various countries developed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (Santa Clara Principles, 2018).", "page": "11", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/beijlar16&section=56", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global (US, EU, Brazil focus)", "when": "1990s-present"}, {"title": "Gli algoritmi come decisori nel contrasto al terrorismo online. Alcune riflessioni a partire dal Regolamento (UE) 2021/784", "author": "M Ferrario", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engaged in public advocacy and lobbying by co-signing a letter with other organizations and individuals to request amendments to the proposed EU Regulation 2021/784, specifically challenging its provisions concerning online content removal.", "quote": "Si pensi, per esempio, alla lettera sottoscritta da Access Now e altre organizzazioni e singole persone con sui è stato richiesto di emendare il Regolamento sotto plurimi profili", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/2486", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union (EU)", "when": "post-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocates for freedom of expression online and human rights in the digital context, documenting how Meta platforms restrict the reach and visibility of Palestinian and pro-Palestinian voices without explanation.", "quote": "L’ONG Access Now qui milite pour la liberté d’expression en ligne et œuvre pour la défense des droits humains dans le contexte numérique indique que : « one of the most insidious ways that Palestinian and pro-Palestinian voices are being censored and suppressed on Meta’s platforms is via the restriction of certain accounts’ reach and visibility, without explanation or notification » (Fatafta, 2024, infographie n°4).", "page": "17-18", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Criticized Meta's inconsistent application of content moderation standards in crisis zones, advocating for digital rights and consistent human rights-based approaches to content moderation by social media platforms.", "quote": "Access Now and others, 'Letter to Social Media Platforms on Crisis Zones' (13 April 2022) <https://www.eff.org/document/letter-social-media-platforms-crisis-zones> accessed 19 March 2024.", "page": "12", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for transparency in platform moderation, contributing to the establishment of quantitative reporting practices by centralized platforms.", "quote": "Various transparency mechanisms were first voluntarily adopted by many centralized platforms beginning in 2010... (Access Now, n.d.), starting with the publication of periodic quantitative reports about platform moderation decisions.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and advocates against Internet shutdowns and digital rights violations, contributing to public awareness and policy discussions on censorship.", "quote": "Access Now. Keep It On. https://www.accessnow.org/keepiton/, 2020.", "page": "10", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes digital civil rights globally through projects like #KeepItOn, generating annual reports and datasets to track Internet shutdowns, social media blockages, and network throttling.", "quote": "Access Now is a non-profit organization that promotes digital civil rights around the world [122]. The #KeepItOn project by Access Now generates an annual report and dataset to track Internet shutdowns, social media blockages, and network throttling globally [121].", "page": "5", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}, {"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes recommendations and guidelines for lawmakers, regulators, and company policy makers, influencing content governance practices towards human rights and transparency in the digital ecosystem.", "quote": "ACCESS NOW. 26 recommendations of content governance: a guide for lawmakers, regulators, and company policy makers. Disponível em: https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2020/03/Recommendations-On-Content-Governance-digital.pdf.", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in a collective effort by civil society and academic groups to critique a legislative proposal in Chile concerning digital platforms, advocating for digital rights and internet freedom.", "quote": "La moción recibió diversas críticas de la sociedad civil, la academia y la Relatoría para la Libertad de Expresión de la CIDH, entre ellas una carta abierta en su contra avalada por reconocidas personalidades como Evgeny Morozov, Sonia Livingstone, Global Network Initiative, Artículo 19, APC, Access Now, entre otras (Iniciativa Global 2021).", "page": "4", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides opinions on legislative outcomes, specifically praising the EU's Digital Services Act for prioritizing fundamental rights in content moderation.", "quote": "Veja, por exemplo, a opinião da organização Access Now: “O resultado final tem marcas de compromissos políticos, mas a UE estabeleceu um precedente para um manual de regras de moderação de conteúdo que coloca os direitos fundamentais em seu centro.”", "page": "46", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}, {"title": "TSPU: Russia's decentralized censorship system", "author": "Xue, Diwen; Mixon-Baca, Benjamin; ValdikSS; Ablove, Anna; Kujath, Beau; Crandall, Jedidiah R.; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Access Now reports on internet throttling and blocking incidents, documenting censorship events and advocating for digital rights in contexts like Russia's pressure on social media platforms.", "quote": "In March 2021, Russia pressured Twitter to comply with its content removal requests with targeted throttling and threats of outright blocking [29].", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517745.3561461", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (Sovereign RuNet)", "when": "2012–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles, and advocated for a formal legal framework that mandates clear transparency requirements for both states and private actors.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqualtune Lab (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organizes the RightsCon conference as a 'civil society-led space' to build a rights-respecting digital future. They also function as funders and brokers for sessions, thereby shaping discursive production in global digital rights civil society.", "quote": "Some of these organizations, such as Meta, Google, the Ford Foundation, and the Open Society Foundations (Access Now, n. d.), maintain a prominent presence at the conference, not only as funders but as brokers through closed-door sessions.", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; proposed content governance for regulators, legislators, and producers; advocates for state regulation that allows co-regulation.", "quote": "Javier Pallero, director de políticas de Access Now, desde 2020, uno de los autores de la propuesta, fue cinco años y medio responsable de la política de la or-ganización para América Latina.", "page": "23", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participates in public consultations, drawing attention to risks such as vague content definitions and increased proactive surveillance which could negatively impact digital rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "il y a un risque que des définitions vagues et ambigües limitent le pouvoir des usagers à modérer leurs environnements numériques par peur d'être dans l'erreur ou par un manque de compréhension (Access Now, 2021, p. 2)", "page": "37", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Plataformización de la sociedad y moderación de contenidos", "author": "J Hernández Pérez", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a report stating that content moderation decisions can have broad implications not only for freedom of expression but also for other fundamental rights like freedom of association, economic, social, and cultural rights.", "quote": "Esto se complementa con el reporte de AccessNow en el que señalan que las decisiones sobre la moderación del contenido pueden tener ramificaciones no solo para la libertad de expresión, sino también para otros derechos fundamentales, como el derecho a la libertad de asociación, así como para el disfrute de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales.", "page": "14", "url": "https://ru.iibi.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/IIBI_UNAM/529/1/vol_2_07_desafios_entorno_jonathan_hernandez.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital platforms, with specific examples from Mexico, Latin America, and Spain; focusing on content moderation.", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era, particularly the last decade (2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Platform Governance at the Periphery: Moderation, Shutdowns and Intervention", "author": "Gregorio, Giovanni De; Stremlau, Nicole", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors and condemns internet shutdowns imposed by governments, acting as an Internet freedom group to advocate against such practices.", "quote": "When Internet shutdowns occur, they are usually met with condemna- tion by free speech advocates and Internet freedom groups such as Access Now.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/index.php?doi=10.5771/9783748929789-433", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South, particularly Africa and Asia (e.g., Central African Republic, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda, India, Zimbabwe, Togo)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the 1990s"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided preliminary recommendations concerning content moderation and the proposed Facebook Oversight Board.", "quote": "Access Now, Protecting Free Expression in the Era of Online Content Moderation: Access Now's Preliminary Recom-mendations On Content Moderation And Facebook's Planned Oversight Board", "page": "26", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Jointly with Algorithm Watch and Demos, proposes requirements for transparency in digital political advertising, including public access to ad repositories and information about advertisers.", "quote": "Em manifestação conjunta pela transparência de publicidade digital, instituições da sociedade civil como a Access Now, Algorithm Watch e Demos, sugerem, como ponto de partida, as seguintes exigências", "page": "239", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "International organization that works for the protection of digital rights, actively participating in the debate about content moderation and its impact on user expression.", "quote": "Javier Pallero, Policy Director na Access Now, organização internacional que atua na proteção de direitos digitais", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Maintains a global index of transparency reports published by technology companies, monitoring industry practices and promoting accountability through the disclosure of data.", "quote": "A Access Now mantém um índice de relatórios de trans-parência publicados por mais de setenta empresas de tecnologia ao redor do mundo desde 2010, quando a Google publicou o seu primeiro relatório43.", "page": "20", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on Internet censorship events and social media blocking, contributing to the understanding and advocacy for digital rights.", "quote": "NetBlocks and AccessNow found seven social media websites including Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram to be blocked [70, 101].", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spearheaded the development of 'International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance' to influence policy regarding privacy and human rights online.", "quote": "These include the 'International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance', which were spearheaded by Access Now, the EFF, and Privacy International following the Snowden revelations and have been endorsed by more than 400 civil society organisations", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for human rights-based approaches to content moderation and transparency, publishing reports and recommendations on platform practices.", "quote": "ACCESSNow, Protecting Free Expression in the Era of Online Content Moderation (May 2019), https://www.accessnow.org/cms/assets/uploads/2019/05/AccessNow-Preliminary-Recommendations-On-Content-Moderation-and-Facebooks-Planned-Oversight-Board.pdf", "page": "964", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Through its European Policy Manager, contributes to civil society advocacy for human-centric and human rights-respecting approaches in disinformation technology.", "quote": "...quoting Statement of Hidvégi, Fanny, European Policy Manager with Access Now.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Co-led the drafting of 'The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Rights to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems' to ground AI bias discussions in international legal principles, outlining responsibilities for states and private sector actors.", "quote": "In May 2018, Amnesty International and Access Now led the drafting of The Toronto Declaration: Protecting the Rights to Equality and Non-Discrimination in Machine Learning Systems. The document grounds the current attention on Al bias in binding international legal principles.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Withdrew from the EU Commission IT Forum discussions and subsequently highlighted risks to human rights and free expression posed by policies aimed at countering violent extremism and censorship creep.", "quote": "EDRi and Access Now Withdraw from the EU Commission IT Forum Discussions, EDRI (May 31, 2016), https://edri.org/edri-access-now-withdraw-eu-commission-forum-discussions.", "page": "9", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Documents and advocates against internet shutdowns, contributing to awareness and pressure against content restriction tactics by governments.", "quote": "Access Now documented shutdowns in at least 11 African countries in 2016, several of which took place during national elections.", "page": "25", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Christchurch Call; EDRi; Freedom Online Coalition; Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS); Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025; StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Runs research and policy reports, Transparency Reporting Index and campaigns (#KeepItOn), operates a 24/7 Digital Security Helpline, convenes RightsCon to shape multi-stakeholder agendas and pressures platforms and governments through advocacy and public campaigns.", "quote": "Core mission defends and extends digital rights globally and explicitly lists 'Content governance' and rights-based approaches to online content among flagship work areas.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.accessnow.org/about-us", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pew Research Center", "aliases": ["Pew Research Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "learned/scientific society", "nonpartisan research organization; fact tank", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Denmark", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Italy", "Myanmar", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Russia", "South Korea", "Syria", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["AI moderation systems", "Claude 3", "Facebook", "Instagram", "Perspective API", "Reddit", "Twitch", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube", "newspapers", "television markets"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accuracy", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-misinformation", "child safety", "civic engagement", "democratic integrity", "democratic participation", "digital rights", "factual accuracy", "harm reduction", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "information quality", "knowledge creation", "media literacy", "non-partisanship", "online safety", "public awareness", "public discourse", "public education", "public information", "public interest", "public opinion", "public policy", "public trust", "public understanding", "scientific integrity", "social responsibility", "societal understanding", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "media moderation", "media moderator", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderatore del dibattito", "moderazione dei media", "moderação de mídia", "modération", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "19th–21st century", "2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1954, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 34, "papers": [{"title": "\"Ignorance is Not Bliss\"\": Designing Personalized Moderation to Address Ableist Hate on Social Media\"", "author": "Heung, Sharon; Jiang, Lucy; Azenkot, Shiri; Vashistha, Aditya", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research and statistics on online harassment, contributing to public awareness and debates around the need for content moderation.", "quote": "the Pew Research Center reported that 27% of Americans have refrained from posting online after witnessing harassment [22].", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.21844", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and AI moderation systems, USA, Canada, Europe", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2020)"}, {"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducting periodic studies on American media consumption habits and political polarization, thereby providing transparency and insight into public perceptions and media trust.", "quote": "uno studio periodico del Pew Research Center sulle abitudini di consumo mediatico degli americani, intitolato Polarizzazione politica e abitudini mediatiche, ha evidenziato una crescente polarizzazione del pubblico", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}, {"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes public opinion polls on the electoral process, assessing voter confidence and perceptions of election management, thereby contributing to transparency and understanding of democratic processes.", "quote": "Un sondaggio condotto dal Pew Research Center ha rilevato che il 93% degli elettori di Trump e l'88% dell'intero corpo elettorale ha ritenuto che le elezioni siano state gestite in modo corretto e trasparente...", "page": "55", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}, {"title": "A systematic review of the effects of ai-assisted moderation on individuals and groups", "author": "Z Yu, L Otto, D Assenmacher…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Pew Research Center conducts and publishes research on societal trends, including the prevalence and consequences of online harassment. By providing empirical data, it contributes to public awareness and informs the understanding of the problem that crowd moderation aims to address.", "quote": "Correspondingly, the Pew Research Center found that observing online hate or harassment carries negative consequences for the individual, like feelings of anxiety (Duggan, 2017; Woods and Ruscher, 2021) and distress (Vogels, 2021).", "page": "7", "url": "https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.T2024122900004991018993862", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Denmark", "when": "2021–2022"}, {"title": "Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States", "author": "Gibson, James L; Sutherland, Joseph L", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Pew Research Center conducts and publishes surveys on public opinion, including research on the stress associated with discussing politics, thereby documenting social trends related to self-censorship and public discourse.", "quote": "Pew Research Center, “More Now Say It's 'Stressful' to Discuss Politics With People They Disagree With,\" 5 November 2018...\"", "page": "5", "url": "academic.oup.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "mid-20th century to present (1954-2020)"}, {"title": "Resolving content moderation dilemmas between free speech and harmful misinformation", "author": "Kozyreva, Anastasia; Herzog, Stefan M.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hertwig, Ralph; Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp; Leiser, Mark; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and research on public attitudes towards content moderation, political partisanship, and restrictions on online misinformation.", "quote": "This partisan divide is consistent with other surveys showing stark partisan divisions in attitudes toward the role of governments and tech firms in restricting online misinformation (50).", "page": "6", "url": "https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210666120", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "USA, global online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Breaking the silence: Investigating which types of moderation reduce negative effects of sexist social media content", "author": "J Sasse, J Grossklags", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes surveys and reports on online harassment and gender discrimination, providing data that underlines the need for moderation and informs the public and researchers about the prevalence and impact of such issues.", "quote": "Moreover, survey data from the United States show a critical trend: Between the years 2017 and 2020, the percentage of women who reported having experienced sexual harassment online had doubled and was three times higher than for men [55].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3610176", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Facebook groups, Germany", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Privacy, Free Speech and Content Moderation: A Literature Review and Constitutional Framework Analysis", "author": "Wu, Yi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and provides data on social media usage and trends, which informs the public and policy discussions about the online environment and content moderation issues.", "quote": "In the US, 72% of the public uses some type of social media in 2021, compared to 5% in 2005.¹", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.paradigmpress.org/ist/article/view/303", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States and European Union, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2005 platform era"}, {"title": "Antecedents of support for social media content moderation and platform regulation: the role of presumed effects on self and others", "author": "Riedl, Martin J.; Whipple, Kelsey N.; Wallace, Ryan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Pew Research Center conducts and publishes surveys on public attitudes towards social media platforms, content moderation, and free speech, providing data that informs public discourse and policy debates on these issues.", "quote": "The Pew Research Center reports that about 70% of Americans think social media platforms likely censor political viewpoints (Smith, 2018).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1874040", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States internet", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributing to the public discourse on content moderation through research and analysis, influencing public opinion and policy discussions.", "quote": "relevant think thanks (e.g., Data and Society Institute, Pew Research Center, and Brookings Institution) and individual experts... were not the largest contributors to the discussion", "page": "10", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models", "author": "Weidinger, Laura; Uesato, Jonathan; Rauh, Maribeth; Griffin, Conor; Huang, Po-Sen; Mellor, John; Glaese, Amelia; Cheng, Myra; Balle, Borja; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa; Biles, Courtney; Brown, Sasha; Kenton, Zac; Hawkins, Will; Stepleton, Tom; Birhane, Abeba; Hendricks, Lisa Anne; Rimell, Laura; Isaac, William; Haas, Julia; Legassick, Sean; Irving, Geoffrey; Gabriel, Iason", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Researches and reports on public trends, including the impact of technology on public discourse, thereby highlighting issues like bot-driven submissions undermining public consultation processes.", "quote": "FCC Net Neutrality Online Public Comments Contain Many Inaccuracies and Duplicates. Technical Report. Pew Research Center.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3531146.3533088", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global applications of Language Models", "when": "Post-2010 AI/LM era"}, {"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys to track online abusive behavior experienced by teenagers, providing statistical evidence of the problem on social media platforms.", "quote": "According to Pew Research survey 2018 conducted for teenagers, one in six teenagers have experienced one of the following forms of online abusive behavior as shown in Fig. 3.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Deplatformed: Social Network Censorship, The First Amendment, and the Argument to Amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act", "author": "LoNigro, John A", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis, and other data-driven social science research to inform the public on issues, attitudes, and trends related to online censorship and technology.", "quote": "Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. We conduct public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research.", "page": "3", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States (social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018-2021)"}, {"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides data and statistics on online harassment and its impact on user expression, thereby informing the problem definition and normative justification for machine moderation efforts.", "quote": "According to Pew Research Center, 27% of American internet users chose not to post something online after seeing someone being harassed. Toxic language makes it hard to discuss important issues.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research and collects data on online harassment, providing statistics on the prevalence and impact of harassment on different demographic groups in the U.S.", "quote": "According to the Pew Research Center, 41 percent of U.S. adults have experienced online harassment; women are more than twice as likely to report that their most recent experience was very or extremely upsetting...", "page": "8", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts independent research, such as studies on YouTube's recommender system, to analyze platform behavior and its effects, despite potential data access limitations.", "quote": "Research on the 18 YouTube's recommender system, for example a study by PEW is therefore necessarily incomplete.", "page": "16", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Censorship", "author": "Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Through surveys and research, this organization studies public awareness regarding online information manipulation, algorithms, and data usage, contributing to understanding user resilience to censorship.", "quote": "A Pew research survey shows that most social media users in the United States do not understand the logic behind the way information is presented to them on social media and are unaware that their personal data are used in advertising (Gramlich 2019).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032837", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet and social media platforms, with prominent examples from China, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, Uganda, Syria, and the US", "when": "21st century internet era"}, {"title": "Third-Person Effect and Hate Speech Censorship on Facebook", "author": "Guo, Lei; Johnson, Brett G.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and reports on public attitudes toward online hate speech and its presence, thereby informing public discourse and potentially influencing policy or platform practices.", "quote": "A 2016 study by the Pew Research Center found that a majority of Americans believe the presence of trolling, harassment and hate speech in online discourse will either get worse or not improve", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120923003", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "Contemporary (2010s, focusing on 2017 data)"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on social and political trends, including voter turnout rates, providing data that informs public and policy discussions about election integrity and the impact of online platforms.", "quote": "As Pew Research Center reported, \"The [B]lack voter turnout rate declined for the first time in 20 years in a presidential election", "page": "falling to 59.6% in 2016 after reaching a record-high 66.6% in 2012.\"\"\"", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research", "author": "Humprecht, Edda; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on public perceptions of facts and \"fake news", "quote": "thereby informing public discourse on information pollution.\"", "page": "Factual clarity, public understanding of information, informed civic discourse.", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "18 Western democracies (including Northern, Western, and Southern European countries, Canada, and the U.S.)", "when": "2010s (digital era)"}, {"title": "Tackling Online Abuse: A Survey of Automated Abuse Detection Methods", "author": "Mishra, Pushkar; Yannakoudakis, Helen; Shutova, Ekaterina", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Pew Research Center conducts surveys and publishes reports on online harassment, revealing statistics about its prevalence and impact on users. This provides foundational data highlighting the societal problem that automated abuse detection systems aim to address.", "quote": "Pew Research Center, in its latest report on online harassment (Duggan, 2017), revealed that 40% of adults in the United States have experienced abusive behavior online...", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1908.06024", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "online platforms, global", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on social issues, including online harassment, highlighting its prevalence and impact on vulnerable groups, thereby influencing public discourse and policy recommendations for content moderation.", "quote": "A recent Pew research study found that 41% of American adults have suffered online harassment (Duggan, 2017). Minorities and other vulnerable groups such as LGBT users are frequently targets of online abuse.", "page": "23", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Circle of trust: a new approach to mobile online safety for families", "author": "AK Ghosh, CE Hughes, PJ Wisniewski", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on internet usage, social media, and technology, including parental monitoring of teens' mobile devices, which informs public understanding and policy debates around online safety and control.", "quote": "A 2016 Pew Research study found that only 16% of parents use parental controls on teens' mobile smart devices to monitor their teens' mobile activities [52].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3313831.3376747", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and research on media, internet use, and online harassment, providing data and insights into the social impact of digital environments, including the prevalence of hate speech and its effects on users.", "quote": "Em 2017, levantamento do Pew Research, um dos principais institutos de pesquisa sobre mídia no mundo, mostrou que 66% dos usuários americanos de internet haviam presenciado alguém ser xingado na web (DUGAN, 2017).", "page": "14", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on internet usage and experiences, including the prevalence of online harassment, providing statistical data to highlight the scale of the problem.", "quote": "According to recent reports by Data & Society [21] and the Pew Research Center [7], nearly half of internet users in the United States have experienced some form of online harassment or abuse.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on consumer behavior, specifically regarding pay-television subscriptions and cord-cutting, to understand and inform the public about market transformations.", "quote": "A study by Pew Research Center (2015) found that 24% of all US adults do not subscribe to pay-television services.", "page": "60", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Combating the Digital Spiral of Silence: Academic Activists Versus Social Media Trolls", "author": "Carter Olson, Candi; LaPoe, Victoria", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducted and published research on social issues, specifically online harassment experienced by women, providing empirical data that highlights the prevalence of such harassment and its role in digital silencing.", "quote": "A 2014 Pew Research Center study of online harassment found that 26% of women 18–24 had experienced online stalking, and 25% of them had been targets of online sexual harassment (Duggan 2014).", "page": "272", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_14", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA, academic institutions", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "Bridging the Gaps: Multi Task Learning for Domain Transfer of Hate Speech Detection: Multi-task Learning for Domain Transfer of Hate Speech Detection", "author": "Talat, Zeerak; Thorne, James; Bingel, Joachim", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and gathers data on the prevalence and impact of online harassment, providing statistical evidence that highlights the need for effective content moderation systems and informs public and policy discussions on online abuse.", "quote": "A recent study undertaken by the Pew Research Center found that 73% of online adult users had witnessed online harassment, and 40% had been personally targeted (Pew Research Center 2017).", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (USA and Global)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "How to Handle Online Risks?: Discussing Content Curation and Moderation in Social Media", "author": "Wohn, Donghee Yvette; Fiesler, Casey; Hemphill, Libby; De Choudhury, Munmun; Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts research on news consumption and social media use (e.g., 'News Use Across Social Media Platforms'), providing data that informs public, academic, and policy discussions about the impact of social media, including issues like 'fake news.'", "quote": "Jeffrey Gottfried and Elisa Shearer. 2016. News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016 | Pew Research Center.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3027063.3051141", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Twitch), online communities, with examples from USA and South Korea.", "when": "21st century platform era (post-2000, focused on 2010s)"}, {"title": "A Psychological Firewall? Risk Perceptions and Public Support for Online Censorship in Russia*", "author": "Nisbet, Erik C.; Kamenchuk, Olga; Dal, Aysenur", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Pew Research Center conducts and publishes surveys on public opinion regarding internet freedom and its impact, providing data that describes citizen attitudes towards censorship and the internet's role in politics. This research contributes to the public discourse on digital rights.", "quote": "The Pew Research Center compared survey data collected in 2014 and 2015 about support for Internet freedom to the level of Internet penetration for 38 countries (Pew Research Center, 2014, 2015b).", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12435", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2009-2016"}, {"title": "Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale", "author": "Wulczyn, Ellery; Thain, Nithum; Dixon, Lucas", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on social issues, including defining and studying the prevalence of online harassment, which helps inform public understanding and policy discussions.", "quote": "A recent Pew Research Center study defines online harassment to include being: called offensive names, purposefully embarrassed, stalked, sexually harassed, physically threatened, and harassed in a sustained manner [5].", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.08914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "English Wikipedia", "when": "2004–2015"}, {"title": "Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points", "author": "Antilla, Liisa", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes surveys and research on public perceptions of global warming and media self-censorship, providing empirical evidence for the paper's arguments about deficiencies in media coverage and public understanding.", "quote": "A recent survey by Pew Research Center (2007) found that a minority of the US public place global warming as a top-tier priority and only 47 percent believe that human activity bears the most blame for a warming Earth.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662508094099", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global media, focusing on US, UK, and Canada", "when": "2006–2007"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025; Civic Tech Database", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Pew produces widely cited surveys, datasets and reports on social media use, misinformation, and AI impacts that inform journalists, policymakers and platform stakeholders; its publications are used to hold actors accountable and shape public debate.", "quote": "While Pew's core mission is broad public-opinion and social research rather than platform governance, it regularly publishes research on social media, AI summaries, news habits, misinformation and internet use that inform platform policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.pewresearch.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "c6a80a657af445f40e31afac050f3bf76d3b1404", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Publishes data and analysis on public opinion and social trends, with its charts and data being utilized by the AI model for visual question answering and multi-step reasoning tasks, providing external reference material for AI evaluation.", "quote": "We used the chart \"Younger adults are more likely than their elders to use the internet\"\" from Pew Research Center [57].\"", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family (AI system)", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Defamation League", "aliases": ["Anti-Defamation League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "British India", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Hungary", "India", "Italy", "New Zealand", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["4chan", "Apple", "BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Generative AI", "Google", "Know Your Meme", "League of Legends", "Minds", "Parler", "Perspective API", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Text-to-Image models", "Truth Social", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "US Film and Radio Industries", "VR/Metaverse", "WeChat", "Web platforms", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "anti-harassment", "anti-hate", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "anti-racism", "anti-semitism", "antisemitism", "child safety", "civil rights", "content moderation", "corporate responsibility", "counter-terrorism", "defamation", "defamation prevention", "economic viability", "extremism", "factual accuracy", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "information quality", "minority protection", "national security", "platform accountability", "platform liability protection", "platform safety", "public interest", "public morals", "public safety", "racism", "reputation protection", "reputational harm", "risk mitigation", "social justice", "transparency", "user safety", "user well-being", "violence prevention", "vulnerable groups protection"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei media", "moderação", "moderação de mídia", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "COVID-19 pandemic", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 33, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues and publishes reports on parents' demand for transparency from tech companies regarding safety measures.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like... the Antidefamation League (ADL)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Waded into technology issues, defending against defamation.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Antidefamation League (ADL), and the Center for Social Research (CSR) in India waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, countering defamation, and advocating for parental transparency in tech.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union ... the Antidefamation League (ADL)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to the ongoing debate about online speech, specifically by articulating the distinction between 'freedom of speech' and 'freedom of reach,' thereby influencing the norms of content moderation.", "quote": "Anti-Defamation League, ADL's Never Is Now 2019 | ADL International Leadership Award Presented to Sacha Baron Cohen at 10:36, YOUTUBE (Nov. 21, 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymaWq5yZIYM [https://perma.cc/QZ7Q-UPGG] 'Freedom of speech is not freedom of reach.'", "page": "40", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Monitors platforms for harmful content (e.g., anti-Semitism, racism), produces investigative reports, and flags violative content to improve platform safety and services, often without compensation from firms.", "quote": "...and the ADL [Anti-Defamation League]. They're producing reports about anti-Semitism, racism, and all these really harmful trends that proliferate across all these social media platforms.", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Strongly campaigns for stricter restrictions on racist and discriminatory speech, advising platforms like Meta to adopt specific content bans (e.g., Holocaust denial).", "quote": "Comparing the reaction of Jonathan Greenblatt, chief executive to the Anti-Defamation League, to YouTube's decision to ban Holocaust denial with the reaction of Jennifer Granick, a member of the American Civil Liberties Union, illustrates this asymmetry.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes hate symbols, researches and reports on online hate, develops classifiers (OHI) for antisemitism, and advocates for targets of online hate and harassment with policy/tech interventions.", "quote": "We came to this research while working with the Anti-Defamation League’s (ADL) Center for Technology and Society (CTS), which advocates for targets of online hate and harassment and recommends policy and technological interventions aimed at mitigating the harms that result from these kinds of activities.", "page": "169", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "‘Definitely not in the business of wanting to be associated’: Examining public relations in a deplatformization controversy", "author": "Hill, Stephanie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in public advocacy through media to pressure tech companies to take proactive action against extremism and hate, and tracks hate groups to inform policy responses.", "quote": "Our CEO @JGreenblattADL spoke on @CNN @NewDay about why it should not take the slaughter of innocent lives for tech companies to take action against #extremism & #hate. While We Applaud Cloudflare for Severing Ties with 8chan, #tech Companies Must Do More and Do So Proactively.", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565231203981", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "2019–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "# Odio: manuale di resistenza alla violenza delle parole", "author": "F Faloppa", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Proposed the 'Pyramid of Hatred' model, an interpretative scheme used to classify discourses of hate speech and illustrate its progression from negative sentiments to deliberate and systematic extermination.", "quote": "Per un ulteriore schema interpretativo utile a classificare i discorsi d'odio, Faloppa ci invita a guardare alla Pyramid of Hatred proposta dalla Anti-Defamation League e dallo Shoah Foundation Institute della California all'inizio del XXI secolo", "page": "3", "url": "Utet", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Web platforms, USA, Europe (Italy, UK, Germany, France)", "when": "21st century, with historical context from the 19th century"}, {"title": "The enemy hates best? Toxicity in league of legends and its content moderation implications", "author": "JC Aguerri, M Santisteban, F Miró-Llinares", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The ADL contributes to content moderation by defining 'harmful behavior' in online gaming contexts and by conducting national surveys to measure the prevalence of harassment, providing data to inform policy and highlight issues.", "quote": "Harmful behavior, on the other hand, is defined as behavior that can cause \"significant emotional", "page": "mental or even physical harm to players or other people in the player's life such as family and friends” (FPA & ADL", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10610-023-09541-1", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online gaming communities (League of Legends), Europe & USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Safety and fairness for content moderation in generative models", "author": "S Hao, P Kumar, S Laszlo, S Poddar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Maintains a database of hate symbols which is used as a reference point for creating adversarial prompts to test AI models for their ability to generate hateful content, informing content moderation efforts.", "quote": "adversarial prompts including names and descriptions of hate symbols identified in the Anti-Defamation League's database [40], such as \"burning cross", "page": "” “swastika", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.06135", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI / Text-to-Image models", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maps and combats hate speech and discriminatory acts by maintaining and updating a compendium of symbols used by extremist groups to promote hatred.", "quote": "A Anti-Defamation League, organização internacional voltada ao mapeamento e combate aos discursos de ódio e atos de discriminação, mantém e atualiza compêndio de símbolos que são utilizados por grupos extremistas para promover o ódio.", "page": "55", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "SPECIAL ISSUE: GOVERNING THE DIGITAL SPACE", "author": "Busch, Christoph", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partnered with a payment processor (PayPal) to investigate and share information about accounts it deems 'too extreme,' influencing financial deplatforming efforts.", "quote": "In July 2021, it was reported that the online payment processor PayPal would be partnering with the Anti-Defamation League to investigate and share information about accounts that the ADL considers too extreme.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and global digital space", "when": "2020-2022"}, {"title": "Limiting Freedom of Expression in Digital Platforms: Between State Obligations and Intermediary Moderation in a Multicultural Context", "author": "SMMH Ashik", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Exerts public pressure and provides expert insights on issues like harassment, influencing platforms to adjust their content moderation policies to prevent abuse.", "quote": "offenders deliberately adjusting harassment to bypass moderation-a common problem, according to Anti-Defamation League spokesperson", "page": "39", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6662f64403beaab86db0d4a22f87e809/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), global multicultural context", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Stop Hate for Profit, combats 'hate speech' online, lobbies digital intermediaries, raises awareness, collects complaints, and provides advice to communities facing threats.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League, the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Secure Community Network ... provided advice on what to do.", "page": "205", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Reimagining section 230 and content moderation: Regulating incivility on anonymous digital platforms", "author": "K Montalbano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Testifies in congressional hearings, advocating for users to report problematic content on social media platforms but also warning against overly broad Section 230 reforms that could financially cripple internet companies.", "quote": "Testifying in a 2019 hearing about social media platforms' approaches to mitigating misinformation and terrorist propaganda and recruitment, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) highlighted how Section 230 “places the onus on users to bring problematic content to the attention of the companies,” a system that has, in the organization’s view, failed.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10811680.2022.2136442", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States, digital platforms", "when": "1830s–2020s"}, {"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and surveys on online hate and harassment, contributing to public opinion shifts and demands for more stringent content moderation by platforms and governments.", "quote": "A shift can also be traced in public opinion, particularly in the US, where a recent survey indicated that a large majority of citizens wanted the government to strengthen laws against online hate and platform companies to provide more options to filter hateful or harassing content (Anti-Defamation League, 2019).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a forum for discussing critical issues like digital platform power and propaganda, implicitly advocating for norms against harmful content and for a shared understanding of facts.", "quote": "actor and comedian Sasha Baron Cohen, in his address to the Anti-Defamation league, described digital platforms as ‘the greatest propaganda machine in history'", "page": "3", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Online hate network spreads malicious COVID-19 content outside the control of individual social media platforms", "author": "Velásquez, N.; Leahy, R.; Restrepo, N. Johnson; Lupu, Y.; Sear, R.; Gabriel, N.; Jha, O. K.; Goldberg, B.; Johnson, N. F.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The organization publishes reports and analyses on hate crimes, anti-Asian assaults, and the weaponization of the COVID-19 virus, which serves to monitor, document, and publicly expose malicious content and related real-world harms.", "quote": "Coronavirus: Weaponizing the Virus. Anti-Defamation League, April 17, 2020.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89467-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "early COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2020)"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Released \"Best Practices for Responding to Cyberhate\"\" and urged the internet community", "quote": "and civil society to combat cyber-hate", "page": "exerting pressure for content moderation.\"", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Fake news propagates differently from real news even at early stages of spreading", "author": "Zhao, Zilong; Zhao, Jichang; Sano, Yukie; Levy, Orr; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako; Li, Daqing; Wu, Junjie; Havlin, Shlomo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The organization advocates against hate speech and antisemitism. The text demonstrates its role through the opposition it faces from far-right activists who call for its banning, indicating the ADL's active involvement in challenging harmful content and narratives on social media.", "quote": "Hey Elon, It's Okay to Ban the ADL.", "page": "13", "url": "https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00224-z", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Telegram, Parler, Gab, Truth Social, and other Alt-Tech social media networks, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically late 2022)"}, {"title": "(((They))) rule: Memetic antagonism and nebulous othering on 4chan", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Hagen, Sal", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The organization classified Pepe the Frog as a hate symbol, adding it to its database, in response to its use with Nazi imagery. This action serves as a form of norm enforcement and classification of harmful online content.", "quote": "in the summer of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League, a US-based hate speech watchdog, put the frog into its database of hate symbols in recog-nition of the new trend to combine him with Nazi imagery (BBC, 2017).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819888746", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "4chan /pol/, USA", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate; defines 'cyberhate' as the use of electronic communications technology to spread anti-Semitic, racist, bigoted, extremist, or terrorist messages or information.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) defines “cyberhate” as any use of electronic communications technology to spread anti-Semitic, racist, bigoted, extremist, or terrorist messages or information.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on online hate speech and genocidal language on platforms used by far-right extremists to expose and counter such content.", "quote": "A study conducted jointly by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Network Contagion Research Institute found that 8chan and the alt-right Twitter alternative Gab are rife with genocidal language (e.g. “slaughter” of groups of people) and conspiracy theories.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on far-right activism, recruitment, and online activity, tracking hate group growth and public awareness campaigns.", "quote": "In 2008, Obama’s election led to an increase in far-right activism, recruitment and online activity (Anti-Defamation League 2009...", "page": "46", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Identifies and documents hate slogans and white supremacist language, contributing to the understanding of problematic discourses that may require content moderation or norm enforcement.", "quote": "The slogan was popularised by chat forum, 4chan in 2017 and while it was originally designed as a trolling exercise, white supremacists quickly started using the phrase and combining it with white supremacist language or imagery (Anti-Defamation League 2019).", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborated with social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Twitter) since 2013 to address online hate speech, developed \"Best Practices for Challenging Cyberhate\"\" guidelines", "quote": "Combat anti-semitism, human rights, respect, tolerance, anti-extremism, freedom of expression (balanced with hate speech mitigation).", "page": "Em 2013, a organização firmou um esforço colaborativo com Facebook, Google, Microsoft e Twitter, para resolver o problema do ódio online e, ao mesmo tempo, respeitar a liberdade de expressão.", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}, {"title": "On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities", "author": "Zannettou, Savvas; Caulfield, Tristan; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Sirivianos, Michael; Stringhini, Gianluca; Suarez-Tangil, Guillermo", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Anti-Defamation League labels specific characters or symbols, such as Pepe the Frog, as hate symbols, thereby influencing public perception and potentially guiding content moderation policies on online platforms.", "quote": "Considering that Pepe is treated as a hate symbol by the Anti-Defamation League [58] and that is often used in hateful or racist, this likely indicates that polarized communities like /pol/ and Gab do use memes to incite hateful conversation.", "page": "9", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12512", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Reddit, Gab, 4chan's /pol/, Know Your Meme, online platforms", "when": "2016–2017"}, {"title": "The Automated Public Sphere", "author": "Pasquale, Frank A", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "They exerted public pressure by complaining to Google about the prominence of a Holocaust-denial site in search results, which led Google to implement an explanatory label for such results.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League and other civil rights organisations complained to Google about its technology's gift of prominence to entities eminently unworthy of such attention.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Reddit), USA, Europe, global", "when": "post-2000s platform era, with emphasis on mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain", "author": "Ben-David, Anat; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on online hate and discrimination, and expresses concern about its spread on social media, implicitly advocating for platforms to address the issue.", "quote": "numerous human rights groups have expressed concern about the use of the Internet-especially social networking platforms-to spread all forms of discrimination (Anti-Defamation League, 2015; Simon Wiesenthal Center, 2012).", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Spain", "when": "2009–2013"}, {"title": "Platform neutrality: enhancing freedom of expression in spheres of private power", "author": "Pasquale, Frank", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Made complaints to Google regarding the ranking of Holocaust denial sites in search results, leading Google to add an explanatory headline and explanation. This is a form of public pressure influencing content presentation and disclosure.", "quote": "In response to complaints from the Anti-Defamation League, Google added a headline titled, “An explanation of our search results” to the top of the page.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/til-2016-0018/html", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple, WeChat), USA, EU, China", "when": "post-1990s platform era"}, {"title": "Media censorship: Freedom versus responsibility", "author": "Irum, Saeed Abbasi; Laila, Al Sharqi", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Criticizes advertisements deemed bigoted or inflammatory, acting as a watchdog group to combat hate speech and promote tolerance in public discourse and media.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League (2014) criticize bigoted advertisements, which are displayed on city busses as \"highly offensive and inflammatory\"\".\"", "page": "5", "url": "http://academicjournals.org/journal/JLCR/article-abstract/DCFC77E54997", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Ancient to present"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Runs campaigns (e.g., 'Stop Hate for Profit') against social media platforms for perceived failures in combating hate speech, and publishes reports on alternative platforms.", "quote": "Thus, influential organizations like the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) can run a massive campaign against Facebook to Stop Hate for Profit...", "page": "43", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism", "aliases": ["Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Israel", "Kenya", "Myanmar", "Netherlands", "North America", "Palestine", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "US Film and Radio Industries", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-terrorism", "civil discourse", "commercial interest", "content moderation", "content moderation standards", "equity and inclusion", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "national security", "platform autonomy", "platform safety", "public safety", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation", "media moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "COVID-19 pandemic", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 28, "papers": [{"title": "How Generative AI Empowers Attackers and Defenders Across the Trust & Safety Landscape", "author": "PG Kelley, S Rousso-Schindler, R Shelby…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "GIFCT operates a hash-sharing clearinghouse, allowing platforms to detect and remove terrorist and violent extremist content by compiling a database of known harmful materials.", "quote": "platforms rely on hash-based detection, with the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) acting as a hash-sharing clearinghouse.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791363", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online Trust & Safety landscape across child safety, election integrity, hate and harassment, scams, and violent extremism", "when": "Contemporary and near future (2024-2026)"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Industry-led structure for cross-platform collaboration to counter terrorist threats online; manages a hash-sharing database; developed incident response protocols and knowledge exchange; engages in multistakeholder discussions.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), first convened in 2017, was born out of the need to create a space for cross-platform collaboration to counter terrorist threats online posed by ISIS, largely through shared tooling.", "page": "139", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A tech-led, independent non-profit organization established for cross-platform collaboration, shared tooling, knowledge exchange, and incident response to counter terrorist threats and violent extremism online.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), first convened in 2017, was born out of the need to create a space for cross-platform collaboration to counter terrorist threats online posed by ISIS, largely through shared tooling.", "page": "166", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with major tech companies to share a database of digital fingerprints (hashes) of terrorist content, preventing its re-upload and combating its dissemination.", "quote": "No final do ano de 2016, Facebook, Microsoft, X e Youtube anunciaram o compartilhamento de base de dados de impressões digitais (hashes) com de imagens e vídeos de terrorismo ou de recrutamento terrorista por elas removidos", "page": "84", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Digital Dog Sniffers: The Cooper Davis Act and Fourth Amendment Protections in the Age of Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Park, Alice", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Founded by tech companies to coordinate efforts to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online, operating a hash-sharing database for such content.", "quote": "In 2016, Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube founded the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) in response to pressure by European governments to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4851201", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Social Media Platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coordinates collaborative hash databases across platforms to combat egregious online content, particularly terrorist material.", "quote": "...and the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT). Such efforts are opaque, work closely with law enforcement, and receive funding from state and corporate actors...", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Brings together representatives of companies, civil society, and academia to reach agreements on how to govern terrorist content, aiming to establish shared moderation standards.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism brings together representatives of companies, civil society, and academia to reach agreements on how to govern terrorist content.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "Moderating borderline content while respecting fundamental values", "author": "S Macdonald, K Vaughan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sets human rights and transparency criteria for tech company membership, publishes transparency reports, and promotes multi-stakeholder collaboration to prevent terrorist exploitation of digital platforms.", "quote": "one of the criteria for membership of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT¹) is a public commitment to human rights, in accordance with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGP).", "page": "2", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.376", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, particularly within the regulatory contexts of the EU, UK, and US.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on contemporary content moderation challenges."}, {"title": "Content moderation justice and fairness on social media: Comparisons across different contexts and platforms", "author": "J Cai, A Patel, A Naderi, DY Wohn", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This forum was established by major tech companies (Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube) to coordinate and collaborate on the removal of specific types of harmful content, particularly violent terrorist imagery and propaganda, from their platforms.", "quote": "For example, Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube established the 'Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism' in 2017 to coordinate content removal about 'violent terrorist imagery and propaganda'.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3613905.3650882", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Maintains a hash-sharing database of harmful (terrorism-related) content, enabling centralized platforms to automate the detection and removal of such material across services.", "quote": "Centralized platforms have long relied on proprietary hash-sharing technology such as PhotoDNA, and the hash-sharing database of harmful content maintained by the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) (Microsoft, n.d.; GIFCT, n.d.).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Coordinates efforts and promotes best practices among its members to detect and counter terrorist content online.", "quote": "Hash-based detection methods, and more generally content-based detection methods, are not directly implementable in an E2EE setting...it has also been used or proposed to detect terrorist content [134], misinformation [308], and suspicious web links [141].", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Modulating moderation: a history of objectionability in Twitter moderation practices", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Magalhães, João C; Ganesh, Bharath", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "GIFCT operates as an institutionalized network that brings together industrial actors, states, and the UN to develop and consolidate standards on online \"terrorism\"\" and \"\"violent extremism.\"\" It provides a conceptual blueprint for platforms' content policies and maintains a hash-sharing database to prevent the circulation of such content.\"", "quote": "GIFCT provides an institutionalized network for states and industrial actors to develop standards in the wake of ISIS propaganda online (Borelli 2021).", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/73/3/273/7204763", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA, Western hemisphere", "when": "2006–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Extremism, AI, and (Human) Content Moderation", "author": "Barnes, Michael Randall", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages in industry collaboration among major platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Microsoft) to combat illegal online hate speech, developing automated systems and sharing a 'hash database' of terrorist content for rapid removal.", "quote": "Facebook is a member of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), a group created by Facebook, Google, Twitter, and Microsoft and committed to industry collaboration in efforts to combat illegal online hate speech.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/fpq/article/view/14295", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific focus on impacts in the US and Myanmar.", "when": "2017–2022, focusing on the contemporary platform era."}, {"title": "Safe from “harm”: The governance of violence by platforms", "author": "DeCook, Julia R.; Cotter, Kelley; Kanthawala, Shaheen; Foyle, Kali", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The GIFCT is an initiative in which platforms participate, and its actions are described as reinforcing platforms' self-governance and influencing users' perceptions of moderation processes related to counter-terrorism.", "quote": "The importance of these internal dynamics that then extend outward in the platforms' own policies and participation in initiatives like that of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) understandably gives critical scholars pause—these actions not only reinforce platforms' self-governance, but influences users' perceptions of the processes that platforms uses to moderate content and influences their own behavior", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.290", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube (US-based platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, specifically 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains and shares a database of cryptographic hashes of potential terrorist and violent extremist content with the tech industry for content moderation and removal.", "quote": "...e o banco de dados sobre potencial conteúdo terrorista e extremista violento compartilhado pela indústria do Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (“Fórum Global da Internet para Conter o Terrorismo\").\"", "page": "23", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Co‐Producing security: platform content moderation and European security integration", "author": "R Bellanova, M De Goede", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Leading IT companies launched GIFCT to provide technologies for content moderation at scale. It established a 'hash sharing consortium' that uses a shared algorithm to create digital fingerprints (hashes) of terrorist content, which are stored in a database and used to prevent re-publication.", "quote": "For example, leading IT companies launched in 2017 a Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFTC), which provides technologies for content moderation at scale (Douek, 2020, pp. 9–10).", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcms.13306", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Founded by social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft, YouTube) to remove extremist and terrorism content by creating and maintaining a secret database of digital fingerprints (hashes) of terrorist content.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) is founded by SM platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft and Youtube to remove the extremists and terrorism content from SM (Ganesh and Jonathan 2020; Grimmelmann 2015).", "page": "33", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A collaborative effort by major social media platforms to combat online terrorist content through information sharing and automated removals, defining terms like \"glorification\"\" of terrorism to guide content policies.\"", "quote": "Since all three platforms are founding members of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), a collaborative effort to combat online terrorist content through information sharing and automated removals...", "page": "5", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "An Overview of Perceptual Hashing", "author": "Farid, Hany", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Fosters technical collaboration among tech companies, advances research, and maintains a shared database of identified terrorism materials to eliminate such content from online platforms.", "quote": "the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT, https://gifct.org/) was founded in 2016 by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube to “foster technical collaboration among member companies, advance relevant research, and share knowledge with smaller platforms.”", "page": "13", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/24", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Reddit), global internet", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Fosters collaboration and information-sharing among tech companies to counter terrorist and violent extremist activity online, which includes developing and implementing automated content moderation tools, though it is critiqued for a lack of transparency and contextual understanding.", "quote": "For example, the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) is a collaborative working to “foster collaboration and information-sharing to counter terrorist and violent extremist activity online.\"\"", "page": "11", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Online hate network spreads malicious COVID-19 content outside the control of individual social media platforms", "author": "Velásquez, N.; Leahy, R.; Restrepo, N. Johnson; Lupu, Y.; Sear, R.; Gabriel, N.; Jha, O. K.; Goldberg, B.; Johnson, N. F.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This forum facilitates collaboration between governments and social media platforms to address extremist content, serving as a vehicle for discussing and coordinating strategies for content moderation, though its effectiveness is noted as a challenge.", "quote": "Even with bolstered collaboration between governments and platforms via forums like the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, removing extremist content across multiple social networking sites remains an solved problem", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89467-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "early COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2020)"}, {"title": "Governance algoritmica: sorveglianza, censura e diritti fondamentali", "author": "F Musiani", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The GIFCT is an initiative formed by major tech companies to combat the online spread of terrorist content. It centers on a shared database of images, videos, audio, and texts associated with terrorism, which helps in automated content moderation and removal across platforms.", "quote": "Recentemente, Facebook, Google, Twitter e Microsoft si sono unite nel Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), un'iniziativa per combattere la diffusione di contenuti terroristici online, incentrata su di un database (condiviso tra le aziende, ma riservato per il resto del mondo), di immagini, video, audio e testi assimilabili al terrorismo.", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03381546/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet, digital platforms, public administration", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Expanding the debate about content moderation: Scholarly research agendas for the coming policy debates", "author": "Gillespie, Tarleton; Aufderheide, Patricia; Carmi, Elinor; Gerrard, Ysabel; Gorwa, Robert; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Roberts, Sarah T.; Sinnreich, Aram; Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates a shared database to track and share content identified as terrorist propaganda by participating companies, facilitating collaborative content moderation across platforms.", "quote": "recent years have seen the formation of what Evelyn Douek (2020) calls content cartels—for instance, GIFCT, a database overseen by a set of platform companies, used to track and share content that at least one participating company has identified as terrorist propaganda (regardless of whether their criteria align).", "page": "5", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/expanding-debate-about-content-moderation-scholarly-research-agendas-coming-policy", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global platforms, US, Europe, India, Brazil, Indonesia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formed by major technology companies, it created a shared industry database of 'hashes' (digital fingerprints) for violent terrorist imagery and recruitment videos to prevent re-upload across platforms. It also invests in AI-based and fingerprinting technologies for content detection.", "quote": "In 2016, in response to pressure by European governments, several major technology companies formed a consortium, the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), and announced that they would create a “shared industry database of ‘hashes’—unique digital ‘fingerprints’—for violent terrorist imagery or terrorist recruitment videos or images.”", "page": "19", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Facilitates a shared database of extremist content using digital fingerprints (cryptographic hashes) to enable automated blocking and deletion of repeated uploads across member platforms, thereby disrupting terrorist content dissemination.", "quote": "Initially set up by Google, Microsoft, Facebook and Twitter, the primary focus of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) is to create a shared database of extremist content to block repeated uploads of the same material (Google Blog 2017).", "page": "57", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation", "author": "Ganesh, Bharath; Bright, Jonathan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "GIFCT facilitates rapid takedown of extremist content by maintaining a shared database of image fingerprints (\"hashes\"\") across platforms. It brings together multiple stakeholders", "quote": "intergovernmental organisations", "page": "think tanks", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.236", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Western democracies", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An industry consortium created by major tech companies to improve automated systems for removing extremist content and organize summits with national security officials and academics.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) was created in 2017 by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube in an effort that builds upon the EU Internet Forum ... the organisation has stated that it has been particularly focused on the improvement of automated systems to remove extremist images, videos, and text", "page": "9", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Formed by major tech companies (Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, YouTube) as a public-private partnership to develop content detection and classification techniques using machine learning, standardize transparency in content removals, and foster cooperation against terrorist narratives.", "quote": "Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube that they had formed the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism. ... the goal of the Fo- rum is to \"develop and implement new content detection and classification techniques using machine learning\"\"...\"", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Reporters Without Borders", "aliases": ["Reporters Without Borders", "Reporters without Borders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Belarus", "Brazil", "China", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "India", "Indonesia", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Mauritania", "Mexico", "Morocco", "Myanmar", "Netherlands", "New Zealand", "North Korea", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Russia", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States", "Venezuela", "Vietnam", "Western Europe", "Western countries", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Great Firewall", "IGF", "WSIS", "digital journalism"], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of information", "human rights", "individual rights", "information access", "internet freedom", "media freedom", "media pluralism", "openness", "transparency"], "topics": ["censeur", "censorship", "media moderator", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei media", "moderação censura", "modérateur des médias", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 28, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Operates a website that is actively targeted and blocked by the Grand Firewall, indicating its role as an independent information provider that the state seeks to censor. It implicitly challenges state control over information.", "quote": "YouTube, WhatsApp, Wikipedia, le New York Times, Reporters sans frontières et des dizaines de milliers d'autres sites suivent la même logique : une liste noire opaque, jamais publiée, mise à jour en continu.", "page": "1", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "CENSURA NA INTERNET EM REGIMES AUTORITÁRIOS VERSUS DEMOCRACIA", "author": "LE da Silva Müller", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports, such as the World Press Freedom Index, to rank countries based on their level of press freedom and highlight issues like polarization.", "quote": "A classificação da Rússia no índice de liberdade de imprensa caiu para 155° lugar de 180 países, segundo o relatório anual da Repórteres Sem Fronteiras feito em 2022.", "page": "4", "url": "https://cdn.atenaeditora.com.br/atenaeditora/artigos_anexos/202501/24ZDpCXwDLxB2pyZRY1lENv9wWQBgI2quNTW9B4K.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet in authoritarian regimes and democracies globally (e.g., China, North Korea, Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era / 21st century)"}, {"title": "Intelligence artificielle et journalisme numérique: comment l'IA et les algorithmes redéfinissent l'information", "author": "O HAJRI, Y DAIFE", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports identifying \"digital predators\"\" that engage in cyber-censorship", "quote": "Freedom of the press, freedom of information, anti-cybercensure.", "page": "En 2021, l'ONG Reporters Sans Frontières a sorti le 12 mars, à l'occasion de la Journée mondiale de lutte contre la cybercensure, un rapport intitulé Les Prédateurs 2021 dans lequel elle dévoile une liste de 20 prédateurs numériques de la liberté de la presse.", "url": "https://journals.imist.ma/index.php/EJC/article/view/6457", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global (with a specific focus on social media platforms, digital journalism, and the Moroccan media landscape)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Quale nozione di pluralismo nell'EMFA?", "author": "O Grandinetti", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for media freedom and pluralism, including through legal challenges against regulatory decisions that may impact editorial autonomy.", "quote": "Conseil d'État, 13 febbraio 2024, Reporters sans frontière (RSF) / ARCOM, par. 16, commentata, ad es., da A. Dimeglio con il significativo titolo Affaire CNEWS: pluralisme contre libertè?", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.eu/index.php/RIID/article/view/271", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes an annual 'World Press Freedom Index' which evaluates the state of press freedom globally, ranking countries and applying public pressure based on criteria related to freedom of information and the press.", "quote": "The World Press Freedom Index is an annual report published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), an international non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and the press. This index evaluates the state of press freedom in countries worldwide and provides rankings based on several criteria.", "page": "10", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collects data to assess media freedom worldwide, highlighting restrictions on press freedom and thereby acting as a monitor of government control over information.", "quote": "The international media advocacy group Reporters Without Borders collects a wide set of data that comprehensively assesses media freedom worldwide. By 2008, Turkmenistan was rated the ‘least free’ of the ex-Soviet states...", "page": "354", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "publishes an index measuring press freedom worldwide, highlighting the situation in various countries.", "quote": "For the Reporters without Borders Organisation, located in France, the situation is even more delicate, given that Brazil is at the 105th position, from the 180 countries evaluated.", "page": "117", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors media freedoms around the world, publishes reports like the Press Freedom Index, and advocates for the watchdog role of journalists, highlighting and critiquing global censorship efforts, including those influenced by China.", "quote": "Going forward, it is essential that organizations such as Reporters Sans Frontières and Freedom House continue their efforts to monitor media freedoms around the world, and that concerned governments, NGOs, and international organizations emphasize the importance of empowerment rights such as freedom of speech and the press.", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}, {"title": "Learning about politics from mass media and social media: Moderating roles of press freedom and public service broadcasting in 11 countries", "author": "CS Park, H Gil de Zúñiga", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes the World Press Freedom Index, which evaluates the media climate in countries, highlighting where press freedom is strong or weak, thereby identifying areas where media may be subject to censorship or self-censorship.", "quote": "According to the 2019 World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), just 8% of the surveyed countries have a media climate that can be considered “good” (Leung, 2019).", "page": "2", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/33/2/315/6031067", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "11 countries (Estonia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, US, Turkey)", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and indices, such as the Press Freedom Index, to assess and highlight the state of press freedom and censorship globally, informing public awareness.", "quote": "Turkmenistan, a country that has been ramping up its censorship at an alarming rate, is ranked second-to-worst in the 2019 Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index [89].", "page": "11", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors press freedom worldwide, publishes the World Press Freedom Index, advocates against censorship and for journalists' safety.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Designates countries as an 'Enemy of the Internet' due to censorship practices, thereby raising awareness and advocating for internet freedom.", "quote": "a country declared an “Enemy of the Internet\" by Reporters Without Borders and notorious for the mass beheading of alleged terrorists", "page": "apostates and blasphemers.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}, {"title": "Censorship in the Wild: Analyzing Internet Filtering in Syria", "author": "Chaabane, Abdelberi; Chen, Terence; Cunche, Mathieu; De Cristofaro, Emiliano; Friedman, Arik; Kaafar, Mohamed Ali", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on press freedom and internet censorship, including the activities of the Syrian government's \"cyber-army\"\" targeting dissidents on social networks.\"", "quote": "Interestingly, Reporters Without Borders [21] stated that “the government’s cyber-army, which tracks dissidents on online social networks, seems to have stepped up its activities since June 2011.”", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663720", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Syria", "when": "July–August 2011"}, {"title": "China's Strategic Censorship", "author": "Lorentzen, Peter", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Contributes to global press-freedom rankings, which evaluate and publicize the state of media control in various countries.", "quote": "China consistently ranks near the bottom of global press-freedom rankings (Freedom House 2013; Reporters without Borders 2013).", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and ranks countries based on media and Internet freedoms, placing Vietnam near the bottom of international rankings due to documented arrests of reporters.", "quote": "Reporters without Borders (2013) ranks Vietnam number 172 out of 179 countries, a decline that owes to the five arrests of reporters in 2011 and that has remained steady since then.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}, {"title": "Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship", "author": "B Yesil", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and ranks countries on press freedom, issuing reports that condemn governments for restrictions and thereby exerting public pressure against censorship.", "quote": "Back in 2011, Reporters without Borders ranked Turkey 148th among 179 countries, citing 2011 as the year of “unprecedented arrests, massive phone taps and escalating judicial harassment of journalists,” all of which have created “a climate of intimidation in the media” (Reporters without Borders, 2012, p. 5).", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "late 2000s – early 2010s"}, {"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on internet freedom worldwide, ranking countries based on their censorship practices.", "quote": "Reporters Without Borders ranks Iran as one of the \"twelve enemies of the Internet\"\" [33]\"", "page": "1", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}, {"title": "Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism", "author": "Tapsell, Ross", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Publishes international press freedom rankings that highlight limitations on journalists' autonomy and the persistence of subtle forms of censorship, including self-censorship.", "quote": "Reporters Without Borders' press freedom rankings place Indonesia at 146 of 178 countries surveyed (Reporters Without Borders, 2011).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1965–present"}, {"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Critiqued the \"cordon sanitaire\"\" policy of Belgium's francophone public broadcasting corporation (RTBF) for prohibiting extreme right-wing parties from televised debates", "quote": "public voice, fair access to media for opposition parties, democratic principles.", "page": "the Paris-based media watchdog group Reporters Sans Frontieres (Reporters without Borders) to lament, “The ‘cordon sanitaire’ imposed by RTBF’s management is utterly unacceptable in a European Union (EU) country...”", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}, {"title": "THE ART OF CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAM", "author": "Libby, Samantha", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on global press freedom, including the situation in Vietnam, by compiling indexes that highlight censorship and constraints on freedom of speech, thereby raising international awareness.", "quote": "Year after year, Vietnam sits near the bottom of the World Press Freedom Index created by Reporters Without Borders, below many worn-torn countries, including Somalia.", "page": "7", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Ranks governments across the planet in terms of the severity of their Internet censorship, based on surveys sent to legal experts, reporters, and scholars in each country.", "quote": "Reporters Without Borders, an NGO headquartered in Paris and one of the world's preeminent judges of censorship, ranks governments across the planet in terms of the severity of their Internet censorship", "page": "5", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}, {"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Compiles and releases reports documenting Internet censorship practices, detailing training efforts for content hosting companies to censor sensitive content.", "quote": "A report by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and China Human Rights Defenders, released in October 2007, was compiled with the help of an anonymous technician...", "page": "3", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "At the margins of Internet governance: grassroots tech groups and communication policy", "author": "Hintz, Arne; Milan, Stefania", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This group, along with others, was not allowed to participate in WSIS preparatory conferences, highlighting issues of exclusion from global governance fora.", "quote": "Several groups, such as Reporters Sans Frontiers and Tunisian human rights groups, were not allowed to participate at all.", "page": "5", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp.5.1-2.23_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet governance fora (WSIS, IGF), global/transnational, with specific examples from Europe and Mexico", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2003)"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of internet control: censorship, sovereignty, and cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Reporters Without Borders participates in a transnational social movement by lobbying for the promotion of norms of openness and access to information at international levels, and through efforts like censorship circumvention technologies.", "quote": "The movement includes major NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Reporters without Borders, and efforts directed at multiple levels, from the construction of censorship circumvention technologies and other “hacktivist” tools to lobbying for the promotion of norms of openness and access to information at international levels.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134087549/chapters/10.4324/9780203962541-30", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide internet, with specific country examples (e.g., China, Iran, Tunisia, Sudan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, USA)", "when": "Early 21st century (c. 2000-2007)"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Reports on Internet censorship and press freedom globally, highlighting strict online censorship regimes like China's.", "quote": "China is at the top of the list of the countries that implement strict online censorship, and their attitude to content regulation, according to a report by Reporters Without Borders (2006)...", "page": "480", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports identifying countries' Internet censorship efforts and highlighting the role of western firms in facilitating such censorship.", "quote": "REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS, THE INTERNET “BLACK HOLES”: 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: INTERNET (2006), http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/internet_report.pdf (identifying various countries' censorship of the Inter-net and reporting that western firms have facilitated such censorship);", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Médias et espace public en Mauritanie: l'exemple d'internet", "author": "TO Sid'Ahmed", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This organization actively demands the repeal of Article 11 of the Mauritanian press law, viewing it as a primary obstacle to the free expression of opinion in media.", "quote": "Ainsi l'article 11 dont les journalistes mauritaniens et les associations de défense de la presse comme Reporters Sans Frontières réclament sans cesse l'abrogation est devenue, au fil des ans, le principal frein au développement d'une opinion librement exprimée dans les organes de presse.", "page": "9", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00378773/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Mauritania", "when": "late 1980s - 2005"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Establishes annual reports on Internet policy to raise awareness about changes in Internet governance and state censorship, advocating for press freedom.", "quote": "Reporters Without Borders, for example, has established an annual report on Internet policy that aims to raise awareness about some of the sea changes that have occurred in Internet governance over the last several years.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "American Library Association", "aliases": ["American Library Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body", "professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Bangladesh", "Canada", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "Europe", "France", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Iran", "Iraq", "Nazi Germany", "Pakistan", "Quebec", "Singapore", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information", "anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "diversity", "equality", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "literary merit", "open access", "privacy", "professional standards", "social value", "user privacy"], "topics": ["censorship", "censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "16th–21st century", "17th–20th century", "18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century", "1960s–1980s", "19th to 21st century", "19th–20th century", "20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 25, "papers": [{"title": "Political censorship feels acceptable when ideas seem harmful and false", "author": "E Kubin, C von Sikorski, K Gray", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The American Library Association contributes to the discourse and legal framework surrounding censorship by providing resources and perspectives on notable court cases, thereby influencing the understanding and application of censorship norms and intellectual freedom in the United States.", "quote": "with the U.S. Supreme Court allowing censorship when it prevents imminent harm (e.g., immediate violence; American Library Association, 2006).", "page": "2", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pops.13011", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (college campuses, social media)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "(Re)setting the racial narrative: Antiblackness and educational censorship", "author": "Bridgeforth, James; O'Neal, Desiree", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The American Library Association engages in advocacy by highlighting public opinion data against book bans, thereby exerting public pressure against educational censorship efforts in schools.", "quote": "although close to 70% of American voters oppose efforts to remove books from school libraries (American Library Association, 2022), movements to ban certain books, namely those that challenge dominant historical narratives, continue to persist.", "page": "3", "url": "https://epaa.asu.edu/index.php/epaa/article/view/7926", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "K-12 schools in the United States, specifically Texas and North Dakota", "when": "post-2020"}, {"title": "(Re) Setting the Racial Narrative: Antiblackness and Educational Censorship.", "author": "JC Bridgeforth, D O'Neal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The organization compiles and reports public opinion data demonstrating widespread opposition to book bans, using this information to advocate against educational censorship and promote library access.", "quote": "although close to 70% of American voters oppose efforts to remove books from school libraries (American Library Association, 2022), movements to ban certain books, namely those that challenge dominant historical narratives, continue to persist.", "page": "3", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1425370", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "K-12 schools, Texas, North Dakota, USA", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishes core values, statements, and bills of rights that guide library professionals in upholding intellectual freedom, and tracks incidents of book challenging and banning.", "quote": "Banning, challenging, and restricting information is a form of censorship, which stands against the library profession's core values (ALA 2020), the American Library Association's (ALA) Freedom to Read Statement (ALA and AAP 2020), and ALA's Library Bill of Rights (ALA, 2019)...", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}, {"title": "Teachers’ Self-Censorship of Children’s Literature in Texas—What’s Legislation Got to Do With It?", "author": "Lammert, Catherine; C. Godfrey, Vickie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Tracks and reports on the exponential increase in book challenges to library, school, and university materials through its Office for Intellectual Freedom, serving as an advocate against censorship.", "quote": "In 2021, the American Library Association (ALA) tracked 729 challenges to library, school, and university materials targeting 1,597 distinct books. This marked a 367% increase in book challenges over 2020 (American Library Association Office for Intellectual Freedom, 2022).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584231201814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Texas, USA", "when": "2021-2022"}, {"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Defines censorship and intellectual freedom through professional guidelines like the Library Bill of Rights and Freedom to Read Statement, advocates against censorship, and has challenged restrictive laws in court to ensure access to information.", "quote": "The American Library Association (ALA) defines censorship as a “change in the access status of material, based on the content of the work and made by a governing authority or its representatives.”", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Compiles an annual list of 'most-challenged books,' tracking and reporting on attempts to censor literature in public libraries, thereby highlighting challenges to intellectual freedom.", "quote": "The American Library Association's annual list of most-challenged books placed And Tango Makes Three among the top 5 titles seven times between 2006 and 2014.", "page": "24", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Censorship", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Compiles and maintains a dataset of challenges to books in the United States, providing a record of censorship attempts.", "quote": "In addition, the American Library Association has compiled a dataset registering challenges to books in the United States since 1990, though the data are not searchable by researchers.", "page": "24", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61883/chapter/547766047", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on European, colonial, and various national contexts", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}, {"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Protested against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, which allowed the FBI to demand patrons' circulation records and imposed gag orders on librarians, leading to some changes in the act.", "quote": "The American Library Association (ALA) protested against this provision of the act, and some changes were made in the 2006 revision of the Patriot Act", "page": "10", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}, {"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Adopted a 'Library Bill of Rights' and established a 'Committee on Intellectual Freedom' to advocate for open access to books and selection based on value rather than political or religious views, countering censorship.", "quote": "In 1939 the American Library Association (ALA) adopted a Library Bill of Rights. Motivated, in part, by the banning of John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath in a number of American cities, the Bill of Rights advocated for open stacks, free and unrestricted access to books, and the selection of library materials based on their value to the community rather than the political, social or religious views of their authors.", "page": "98", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Adopted a 'Library Bill of Rights' and established a 'Committee on Intellectual Freedom' to safeguard users' rights, advocating against censorship and for unrestricted book access based on value.", "quote": "In 1939 the American Library Association (ALA) adopted a Library Bill of Rights.", "page": "98", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}, {"title": "“The Books Will Still Be in the Library”: Narrow Definitions of Censorship in the Discourse of Challengers", "author": "Knox, Emily", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Defines censorship broadly to include any impediment to access, such as restriction, removal, or age-grade-level limitations, and opposes the labeling of materials for content, thus setting professional standards and advocating against such practices.", "quote": "The American Library Association (ALA) defines censorship more broadly than the groups in Kingrey's study. One ALA definition focuses on practices and states that censorship is the 'suppression of ideas and information that certain persons—individuals, groups or government officials—find objectionable or dangerous' (n.d.).", "page": "2", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/552025", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "West Bend, Wisconsin, USA (public libraries)", "when": "post-2009 platform era"}, {"title": "R̶e̶s̶i̶s̶t̶a̶n̶c̶e̶ censorship is futile", "author": "Nabi, Zubair", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organizes an annual 'Banned Books week' to raise public awareness about content that has been censored or restricted.", "quote": "the American Library Association and others have been organizing a Banned Books week since 1982 to raise awareness about banned and restricted books [17].", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5525", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan and Turkey (Internet)", "when": "2008–2014"}, {"title": "Censorship is futile", "author": "Z Nabi", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organizes events like 'Banned Books Week' to raise public awareness and advocate against the censorship and restriction of books.", "quote": "the American Library Association and others have been organizing a Banned Books week since 1982 to raise awareness about banned and restricted books [17].", "page": "2", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.0225", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan and Turkey (Internet censorship)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2008-2014)"}, {"title": "Libraries and the Ethics of Censorship", "author": "Duthie, Fiona", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This association actively advocates for the rights of library users to read, seek information, and speak freely, publishing comprehensive manuals (like the Intellectual Freedom Manual) that oppose all forms of censorship and promote diverse library collections.", "quote": "The American Library Association follows suit: ALA actively advocates in defense of the rights of library users to read, seek information, and speak freely as guaranteed by the First Amendment.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049670.2010.10735994", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Libraries, Australia, America, Iraq, Communist China, Nazi Germany", "when": "Centuries to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Censorship in Three Metaphors", "author": "Boyd, Fenice B.; Bailey, Nancy M.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Designates 'Banned Books Week' to advocate for freedom of information and First Amendment rights, and its Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) records and tracks challenges to books and censorship incidents in libraries and schools.", "quote": "This is a time, says the ALA, to remind Americans 'not to take [a] precious democratic freedom for granted'—the freedom of 'unrestricted access to information and ideas regardless of the communication medium used, the content of the work, and the viewpoints of both the author and receiver of information' (ALA, 2008, 1, 3).", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27654328", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1990s–2000s"}, {"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Compiles statistics on banned/challenged books, advocates against censorship through promoting the 'freedom to read' ethic, publishes resources like the Banned Books Resource Guide, and organizes events such as Banned Books Week. It also practices 'selection' through book awards and collection management.", "quote": "While the ALA does not have a monopoly on either prizing or anticensorship programs, the organization does function as a central and central-izing body of literary vetting, especially when it comes to children's books.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}, {"title": "Censorship in libraries", "author": "Oppenheim, Charles; Smith, Victoria", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The ALA establishes codes of ethics and a 'Library Bill of Rights' to guide librarians in upholding intellectual freedom and ensuring the free flow of information. It actively supports members facilitating access to controversial content and engages with the legal system through initiatives like 'Lawyers for Libraries' to combat censorship.", "quote": "The basic consensus within the literature is that censorship should not be practiced and this is in line with the guidance given by both CILIP [42] and the ALA [43] in their codes of ethics.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/ISU-2004-24401", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Public libraries, UK and USA", "when": "20th-21st century"}, {"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Actively opposed the CIPA, a law mandating Internet filters in libraries, by filing a lawsuit against the US government and establishing a code of ethics that upholds intellectual freedom and user privacy.", "quote": "La plus importante association de bibliothécaires des États-Unis a officiellement porté plainte contre son propre gouvernement : le principal procès amené par la nouvelle loi sur la censure va en effet concerner \"American Library Association versus the United States\"\".\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes a Bill of Rights to guide libraries in upholding intellectual freedom and ensuring broad access to information for the public.", "quote": "Look at the American Library Association Bill of Rights on the ALA Web site.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Encountered challenges with censorship pressures from maternalist groups, as ALA's professional claims to authority in selecting library materials often conflicted with the moral claims of these groups.", "quote": "Parker shows that censorship was more problematic for the mostly female American Library Association (ALA)... because ALA's professional claims to authority conflicted with maternalists' claims.", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Reported a significant increase in complaints about books in public libraries and was concerned that censorship was designed to cut off independent thought in education.", "quote": "complaints about books in public libraries increased fivefold.", "page": "41", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Censorship and Children's Literature", "author": "MacLeod, Anne Scott", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "Advocated for intellectual freedom in children's literature, with its Office for Intellectual Freedom tracking and responding to pressures to restrict content, arguing for applying the same standards of freedom to children's books as to adult literature.", "quote": "Most teachers recognized that their students' lives were not so sheltered; most librarians were uncomfortable with the role of censor. Those who wanted to maintain protective barriers found themselves at odds with a highly visible, highly vocal liberal-radical coalition which argued forcefully for applying the same standards of intellectual freedom to children's literature as to any other.", "page": "10", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "17th century–1980s"}, {"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Engaged in discussions about the reading habits of school children and later, through its Intellectual Freedom Committee, took an explicit stance against the banning of books.", "quote": "The ALA Intellectual Freedom Committee has taken a stand in favor of children's freedom and against the banning of any books.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse on censorship, takes strong stands against book banning, and defends intellectual freedom in libraries, particularly through its Intellectual Freedom Committee.", "quote": "The ALA Intellectual Freedom Committee has taken a stand in favor of children's freedom and against the banning of any books.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Global Network Initiative", "aliases": ["Global Network Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO", "NGO / watchdog/transparency", "advocacy/special-interest group", "multistakeholder initiative / advocacy group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Chile", "China", "Colombia", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Latin America", "Myanmar", "Netherlands", "North America", "Palestine", "Philippines", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Twitter", "US Film and Radio Industries", "YouTube", "search engines"], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "anti-abuse", "content moderation", "corporate accountability", "corporate responsibility", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "governance", "human rights", "privacy", "regulatory compliance", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "media moderation", "moderación", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 25, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder initiative promoting 'Global Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy', to which tech companies adhere to respect human rights in data management and content removal.", "quote": "organizzazione non governativa fondata nel 2008 come iniziativa multistakeholder, che si è fatta promotrice dei «Global Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy», cui le imprese del settore tecnologico possono aderire impegnandosi a rispettare i diritti umani nella gestione dei dati che transitano sulle grandi piattaforme e nel processo di rimozione dei contenuti83.", "page": "168", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A multistakeholder human rights collaboration building consensus for freedom of expression and privacy among technology companies, academics, and human rights groups.", "quote": "In 2008... the Global Network Initiative (GNI) developed the GNI Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy...", "page": "106", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Multistakeholder human rights collaboration; developed GNI Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy; exemplified multistakeholder efforts to champion human rights in digital spaces; works on transparency reporting guidance.", "quote": "In 2008, even prior to the publication of the UNGPs, the Global Network Initiative (GNI) developed the GNI Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy and accompanying Implementation Guidelines, which provide high-level guidance to the tech industry on how to respect, protect, and advance users’ rights to freedom of expression and privacy when faced with government demands or restrictions (GNI, 2017a; GNI, 2017b).", "page": "106", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Developed principles on freedom of expression and privacy, providing guidance to the tech industry on human rights, and holds cross-field workshops.", "quote": "In 2008, even prior to the publication of the UNGPs, the Global Network Initiative (GNI) developed the GNI Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy and accompanying Implementation Guidelines, which provide high-level guidance to the tech industry on how to respect, protect, and advance users’ rights to freedom of expression and privacy when faced with government demands or restrictions (GNI, 2017a; GNI, 2017b).", "page": "133", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "The Tate-space on YouTube: Ambient ideology and the limits of platform moderation", "author": "B Rieder, B August, B Latil", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Serves as a multi-stakeholder initiative whose members (including companies, civil society, and academics) commit to collaborating to advance user rights to freedom of expression and privacy in the ICT sector.", "quote": "Some social media companies have also publicly committed to certain human rights principles, either through adopting a human rights policy, like Meta, or through membership in multi-stakeholder initiatives like the Global Network Initiative, whose members commit to collaborating in advancing user rights to freedom of expression and privacy.", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448251409209", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on social media platforms and examples from various countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, USA, Germany, Italy, Thailand, Syria, UK, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting principles for freedom of expression and privacy, serving as a human rights and democratic value system for content moderation.", "quote": "Freedom of opinion and expression is a human right and guarantor of human dignity. The right to freedom of opinion and expression includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Freedom of opinion and expression supports an informed citizenry and is vital to ensuring public and private sector accountability. Broad public access to information and the freedom to create and communicate ideas are critical to the advancement of knowledge, economic opportunity and human potential (GNI, 2018, p.3).", "page": "15", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Sets principles on freedom of expression and privacy for the ICT industry and conducts periodic independent assessments of member companies (like Meta) to ensure they prevent and mitigate risks of government overreach on user data and expression.", "quote": "Global Network Initiative members must commit to its Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy (“GNI Principles”). These Principles are based on internationally recognized laws and standards and are intended to “provide direction and guidance to the ICT [Information and Communications Technology] industry and its stakeholders in protecting and advancing the enjoyment of these human rights globally.”", "page": "241", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder initiative whose members commit to collaborating in advancing user rights to freedom of expression and privacy, influencing company policies and practices in content moderation.", "quote": "Some social media companies have also publicly committed to certain human rights principles, either through adopting a human rights policy, like Meta, or through membership in multi-stakeholder initiatives like the Global Network Initiative, whose members commit to collaborating in advancing user rights to freedom of expression and privacy.", "page": "19", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops frameworks to guide the relationships between companies and governments, providing a structure for content governance.", "quote": "The Global Network Initiative develops frameworks to guide the relationships between companies and governments.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Issued a letter criticizing a controversial bill aimed at regulating digital platforms in Chile, contributing to the broader civil society and academic opposition to the legislative initiative.", "quote": "La moción recibió diversas críticas de la sociedad civil, la academia y la Relatoría para la Libertad de Expresión de la CIDH, entre ellas una carta abierta en su contra avalada por reconocidas personalidades como Evgeny Morozov, Sonia Livingstone, Global Network Initiative, Artículo 19, APC, Access Now, entre otras (Iniciativa Global 2021).", "page": "4", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides implementation guidelines for companies responding to government demands for content removal, emphasizing freedom of expression and privacy.", "quote": "GLOBAL NETWORK INITIATIVE, IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES FOR THE FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PRIVACY para. 3.2 (2017), (providing a similar approach for companies responding to government demands for content removal).", "page": "15", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as a multi-stakeholder network that provides solutions and policies for freedom of expression and content moderation.", "quote": "Global Network Initiative (Iniciativa Red Global), una red de múltiples partes interesadas para aportar soluciones en libertad de expresión y políticas de moderación de contenidos", "page": "7", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression on Social Media Platforms: Facebook's Moderation Behavior on Palestine's May 2021 Movement", "author": "A Almehdar", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a non-legally-binding tool for conducting independent annual assessments to verify whether technology companies adhere to their stated principles regarding free speech and privacy rights.", "quote": "The Global Network initiative presents a more practical, non-legally-binding tool in conducting independent assess-ments annually to check whether technology companies are following their stated principles of safeguarding free speech and privacy rights.", "page": "12", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp54&section=7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook and Instagram platforms, Palestine, United States, European Union", "when": "May 2021"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a framework for responsible company decision-making in support of freedom of expression and privacy rights, and expects its members (including social media companies) to apply international human rights standards.", "quote": "They are members of the Global Network Initiative (GNI), a multistakeholder platform that provides 'an evolving framework for responsible company decision-making in support of freedom of expression and privacy rights.", "page": "16", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides a framework of human rights standards and accountability processes for companies to respond to government pressure regarding privacy and freedom of expression.", "quote": "GNI helps companies navigate “pressure by governments to act in ways that may impact the fundamental human rights of privacy and freedom of expression” by providing a framework of human rights standards and accountability processes for holding companies accountable.", "page": "288", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A voluntary membership organization that provides a framework of best practices and an assessment mechanism for evaluating the human rights performance of companies in the information and communication technologies sector, influencing content regulation.", "quote": "For instance, the Global Network Initiative is a voluntary membership organization that 'pro- vides, among other things, a framework of best practices and an assess- ment mechanism for evaluating the human rights performance of companies in the information and communication technologies sector' and is active on issues related to content regulation.", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Develops implementation guidelines to help companies make responsible decisions about content moderation and protect human rights when responding to government demands.", "quote": "human rights groups and academic institutions that eventually led to the launch in 2008 of the Global Network Initiative (“GNI”), which sought to help companies navigate pressure from governments to take actions that violate human rights norms.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a multi-stakeholder self-regulatory body, GNI asserted that NetzDG posed a threat to open and democratic discourse, criticizing the law's implications.", "quote": "The Global Network Initiative (GNI), a multi-stakeholder self-regulatory body funded by social media companies, e.g., Google and Facebook, asserted that the law “poses a threat to open and democratic discourse.”", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "What is platform governance?", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Establishes best practices for freedom of expression and privacy, including transparency reporting and third-party audits, through a multi-stakeholder framework involving civil society organizations, academics, and platform companies.", "quote": "Much as the GNI brought an international group of civil society organizations, academics, and other stakeholders together with platform companies to establish best practices for the promotion of free expres- sion (and a system of transparency reporting, third party audits, and other mechanisms to help oversee those practices)", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A multistakeholder standard-setting and accountability body that establishes human rights principles, implementation guidelines, and an accountability framework for tech companies dealing with government requests for content and user data.", "quote": "The Global Network Initiative (GNI) is a multistakeholder standard-setting and accountability body that was launched in 2008 to help tech companies better deal with government requests for content takedowns or user data.", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder alliance that elaborates measures and principles for tech companies to protect freedom of expression and privacy when facing conflicting government demands or regulations.", "quote": "The GNI is a multistakeholder alliance of companies, civil society groups and academic institutions whose aim is to “protect and advance freedom of expression and privacy in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry globally.”", "page": "999", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A multistakeholder initiative that develops and promotes a framework of human rights standards for companies to navigate government pressures impacting privacy and freedom of expression, providing accountability and policy engagement opportunities.", "quote": "GNI helps companies navigate “pressure by governments to act in ways that may impact the fundamental human rights of privacy and freedom of expres sion” by providing a framework of human rights standards, a process for holding companies accountable to these standards, as well as opportunities for policy engagement and learning (GNI 2017).", "page": "288", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}, {"title": "Clarevidência: O Ónus da Prova na Moderação de Conteúdos ea Sustentabilidade de Comunidades Online", "author": "AT Fortes", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "It supports companies in addressing challenges related to human rights and recommends measures for greater transparency in content moderation practices.", "quote": "Uma das iniciativas para minimizar o impacto e mitigar o risco que apoia as empresas a enfrentar estes desafios é a Global Network Initiative que, entre outras recomendações, defende medidas de maior transparência (UNGA, 2018: 9).", "page": "17", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/56cd6a399ebe020213dd6a0a6977f5b0/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global online social networks", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from early modern period"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An influential consortium of internet service providers and NGOs that criticized government pressure on companies for extra-judicial content restriction and removal, advocating for human rights, accountability, and transparency.", "quote": "In November 2016, the Global Network Initiative (GNI), an influ- ential consortium of internet service providers and NGOs, criticized “government pressure on companies to restrict or remove content outside the legal process\"\"", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder group comprising tech companies, human rights groups, and academics, established to define what constitutes hate speech or terrorist material and to foster common approaches to free expression and privacy online.", "quote": "Building on the work of the Anti-Cyberhate Working Group and the Global Network Initiative, a multistakeholder group could be established to help companies articulate what constitutes hate speech or terrorist material.", "page": "32", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor", "independent oversight body / governance board", "other", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Italy", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "Russia", "South Africa", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Amazon", "Facebook", "Gab", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "MeWe", "Meta", "Meta platforms", "Parler", "Reddit", "Rumble", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube", "standalone websites"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-discrimination", "bias prevention", "consent", "content moderation", "content moderation effectiveness", "content moderation fairness", "content moderation standards", "content moderation transparency", "cultural sensitivity", "democratic integrity", "due process", "error correction", "fair content moderation", "fairness", "fairness in content moderation", "free speech", "harassment prevention", "harm reduction", "human rights", "impartiality", "independent judgment", "independent oversight", "independent review", "judicial oversight", "justice", "legitimacy", "lgbtq+ rights", "non-discrimination", "organizational autonomy", "platform accountability", "platform governance", "privacy", "proportionality", "public interest", "rule of law", "sexual exploitation prevention", "transparency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderator", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates", "moderação de mídia", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 25, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An independent council created by Meta, composed of researchers and civil society representatives, to supervise the publication of problematic content on its platforms, allowing users to contest moderation decisions and seeking to ensure freedom of expression and protection against biases or errors.", "quote": "Em 2018, a Meta criou o Oversight Board, um conselho independente formado por pesquisadores e representantes da sociedade civil, para supervisionar a veiculação de conteúdos problemáticos em suas plataformas.", "page": "49", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDOS POLÍTICOS: LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO HIGH-PROFILE", "author": "de Albuquerque, Camilla Tavares", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It functions as a quasi-judicial body, reviewing Meta's content moderation decisions, particularly for 'high-profiles' like politicians. It issues recommendations to Meta, influencing policies towards greater transparency, proportionality, and human rights adherence in content moderation.", "quote": "O Comitê de Supervisão emitiu a mais completa de suas recomendações (PAO-2021-02), na qual analisa o programa de dupla verificação de conteúdos da plataforma (cross-check program) e fez 32 apontamentos especialmente direcionados ao tratamento de seus “usuários mais poderosos”.", "page": "5", "url": "periodicos.univali.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA, Brazil", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes freedom of expression by making independent, principle-based decisions regarding content on Facebook and Instagram, and by issuing recommendations on the company's content policy.", "quote": "O objetivo do Comitê de Supervisão é promover a liberdade de expressão por meio da tomada de decisões independentes e baseadas em princípios com relação ao conteúdo no Facebook e no Instagram e por meio da emissão de recomendações sobre a política de conteúdo relevante da empresa do Facebook.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Folk Theories and Perceptions of Platform Spirit among Marginalized Social Media Users", "author": "Mayworm, Samuel; DeVito, Michael Ann; Delmonaco, Daniel; Thach, Hibby; Haimson, Oliver L.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It acts as an independent governing body that oversees Meta's content moderation decisions and appeal cases, with the power to overturn incorrect moderation decisions and make policy recommendations to clarify guidelines and ensure equitable treatment.", "quote": "the Oversight Board overturned Meta's incorrect removal of two trans and nonbinary users' top surgery fundraising posts while officially recommending that Meta clarify its Adult Nudity and Sexual Activity policy to avoid imposing cisnormative views of bodies on transgender and nonbinary users [61].", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3632741", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, X, TikTok, Reddit) in the United States and India", "when": "Contemporary (focus on 2023-2024)"}, {"title": "Misgendered During Moderation: How Transgender Bodies Make Visible Cisnormative Content Moderation Policies and Enforcement in a Meta Oversight Board Case", "author": "Mayworm, Samuel; Albert, Kendra; Haimson, Oliver L.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "An independent body that oversees content moderation decisions on Meta's platforms, reviews user appeals, invites public feedback on cases, and issues rulings and policy recommendations to Meta, demonstrating the effective use of community feedback in policy development.", "quote": "The Oversight Board, an independent organization that Meta created to oversee content moderation decisions on its platforms, and the Board accepted their appeal case for review.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3658907", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Meta Platforms (Instagram, Facebook), Oversight Board, global social media", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "QUALIDADE DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO:", "author": "Ferreira, Julia Lazarini; Coutinho, Diogo Rosenthal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides an independent review mechanism for content moderation decisions made by Meta, allowing users to appeal and ensuring due process and fairness.", "quote": "Após esse processo, o usuário pode ainda apelar para o Comitê de Supervisão (Oversight Board), formado por membros independentes, e o processo para tanto está detalhado na seção do portal de privacidade que trata especificamente deste comitê.", "page": "39", "url": "bdta.abcd.usp.br", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social networks (Meta, YouTube), Brazil", "when": "2014-2024"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários ea sua moderação", "author": "FB Cruz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Reviews content moderation decisions by Meta/Facebook, sets principles for content policies, and addresses complex issues like nudity policies and their cultural sensitivity or impact on specific communities.", "quote": "Em resposta ao Comitê de Supervisão do Facebook, a Meta afirmou, por exemplo, que na elaboração dos princípios gerais de suas políticas sobre nudez consi- derou: '(1) a natureza privada ou sensível das imagens; (2) se foi dado consentimento para a obtenção e compartilhamento de imagens de nudez...", "page": "12", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/247094", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, global (with specific mentions of Brazil and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current (2020s)"}, {"title": "La Responsabilità delle Piattaforme: Marketplaces, Social Media e la Trasparenza Imposta dal Digital Services Act", "author": "A SALMASO", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board is an independent body that functions as an internal 'tribunal' for Meta, objectively analyzing complex content moderation cases. It provides critiques and recommendations to ensure continuous improvement of Meta's moderation policies.", "quote": "Al fine di garantire una maggior trasparenza ed equità sulle decisioni prese all'interno della piattaforma, Meta ha deciso di istituire l'Oversight Board: un organismo indipendente dalle piattaforme che funge da \"tribunale\"\" interno. Attraverso tale organo si permette l'analisi oggettiva dei casi più complessi...\"", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/81002", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, United States, Germany, Amazon, Meta platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2024 regulations"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as an independent administrative tribunal, comprised of global personalities, to review Meta's (Facebook and Instagram) content moderation decisions, ensuring human oversight of algorithmic choices.", "quote": "Nesse contexto, iniciativas como o oversight board, projeto do Facebook e Instagram, que é um tribunal administrativo de revisão das decisões das máquinas (algoritmos) formado por personalidades do mundo todo (Barbosa, 2021, p. 762).", "page": "65", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo pelas mídias sociais", "author": "Tenorio, Caio Miachon; Moreira, Diogo Rais Rodrigues", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides independent review of content moderation decisions made by Meta (Facebook) and advises the company on its content policies and enforcement, aiming to ensure fairness and uphold human rights principles.", "quote": "Oversight Board (Comitê de Supervisão), criado pelo Facebook (atualmente Meta), para ajudar a empresa a criar e modificar regras sobre o que deve ser permitido e proibido em sua plataforma.", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistaconsinter.com/index.php/ojs/article/view/438", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, US, EU; online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2014-present"}, {"title": "SoK: Content Moderation in Social Media, from Guidelines to Enforcement, and Research to Practice", "author": "Singhal, Mohit; Ling, Chen; Paudel, Pujan; Thota, Poojitha; Kumarswamy, Nihal; Stringhini, Gianluca; Nilizadeh, Shirin", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board provides an appeals process allowing users to challenge content moderation decisions made by Facebook or Instagram, serving as an impartial and independent authority to verify these decisions.", "quote": "allowing users to appeal decisions, where an impartial, independent authority can verify the decisions. An example of this type of impartial jury is Oversight Board [39].", "page": "7", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.14855", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, Tumblr, 4chan, Rumble, MeWe, Gab, Parler), Global (with specific attention to USA, EU, India, Germany, Australia, Brazil, South Africa)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2018-2022"}, {"title": "AS GARANTIAS DO DEVIDO PROCESSO NO ÂMBITO DOS PROCEDIMENTOS DE MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO PELAS PLATAFORMAS DIGITAIS", "author": "Silvestre, Nathan Christian Coelho", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board reviews content moderation decisions made by platforms, scrutinizing their rules and application to ensure compliance with human rights standards and to identify issues like vague policies.", "quote": "a despeito de a análise ter sido realizada a partir dos padrões internacionais de direitos humanos, referimo-nos a uma das primeiras decisões exaradas pelo Oversight Board, na qual o Comitê \"found Facebook's misinformation and imminent harm rule", "page": "which this post is said to have violated", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderação ou censura? Uma análise a respeito dos critérios para a responsabilização civil de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo.", "author": "ÍR Lima", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board assists Facebook and Instagram in adjudicating significant content moderation cases and provides recommendations for modifications to the platforms' Community Standards to enhance their comprehensiveness. Users can also appeal Facebook's moderation decisions to the Board.", "quote": "O Oversight Board, ou Comitê de Supervisão, foi criado em 2020 pela empresa META com intuíto de auxiliar duas empresas do grupo econômico, quais sejam, Facebook e Instagram, no julgamento de casos emblemáticos relacionados a moderação de conteúdo nessas plataformas.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/d08b6fa6-798c-43ea-b3fb-bc0dfd6e9dff", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on Facebook and the São Paulo State Court of Justice", "when": "post-2014 platform era, with judicial decisions from 2018-2023"}, {"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as an independent supervisory committee that reviews user appeals concerning content moderation decisions made by Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram) and provides policy recommendations to the company.", "quote": "O Oversight Board é um 'comitê de supervisão independente, criado especialmente para receber apelações de usuários insatisfeitos com as decisões da empresa. (...) ele analisará um número seleto de casos altamente emblemáticos e determinará se as decisões foram tomadas de acordo com as políticas e valores declarados pelo Facebook.'", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides independent judgment on content moderation decisions made by Meta platforms, with the stated aim of respecting freedom of expression and offering non-binding evaluations on individual cases.", "quote": "Proprio per questo motivo la società ha creato l'Oversight Board, il cui intento è quello di rispettare le libertà di espressione ed è garantito da un giudizio indipendente. Le decisioni che vengono prese dal Board confermano o annullano le decisioni prese relative alla rimozione dei contenuti presenti sui social.", "page": "41", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "A AUTORREGULAÇÃO REGULADA EA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NO FACEBOOK.", "author": "APV Carvalho…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It acts as an independent oversight body for Facebook, reviewing content moderation decisions, providing recommendations and guidelines on freedom of expression policies, and serving as an appeals instance for users regarding content removal or suspension. It also interprets Facebook's Community Standards to create normative precedents.", "quote": "Criado em 2020, o Comitê de Supervisão – como é conhecido em português – consiste em um órgão de supervisão independente da plataforma e do Estado que fornece recomendações e orientações sobre políticas e práticas relacionadas à liberdade de expressão, revisando as decisões do Facebook sobre moderação de conteúdo, de modo a proporcionar uma instância de apelação para usuários.", "page": "5", "url": "https://indexlaw.org/index.php/revistadgnt/article/view/10013", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Germany, European Union, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "CONSTITUCIONALISMO DIGITAL EO OVERSIGHT BOARD: UM POSSÍVEL FUTURO PARA A MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "LP Ribeiro", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board operates as an independent council, reviewing specific and significant cases of content moderation on Facebook and Instagram. It makes binding decisions on content removal or authorization and provides recommendations to Meta for policy clarification and improvement of content review processes.", "quote": "O Oversight Board deixa claro que visa garantir o respeito à liberdade de expressão e os direitos fundamentais por meio do julgamento independente (META, 2021).", "page": "7", "url": "https://encontro.redegovernanca.net.br/encontro-anual/article/view/212", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms (Meta: Facebook, Instagram)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 2020-2023"}, {"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It functions as a 'private tribunal' established by Meta to make decisions on content moderation. The paper criticizes it as a form of 'private censorship' that undermines state judicial power.", "quote": "il divieto di censura privata e di sottoposizione a giudizio di \"tribunali privati\"\"", "page": "come quello istituito nel Metaverso di Mark Zuckerberg (l'Oversight Board)\"", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}, {"title": "Transparência e controle de conteúdo em redes sociais eo direito fundamental à liberdade de expressão", "author": "MA Marrafon, MGL Lucena", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board acts as an independent review body for Meta's content moderation decisions on platforms like Facebook and Instagram. It issues binding rulings to maintain or reverse content decisions and provides recommendations to Meta for policy improvements, aiming to enhance transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Logo na página inicial, o Comitê esclarece seu principal objetivo, que seria “garantir o respeito à liberdade de expressão por meio do julgamento independente\". Percebe-se", "page": "dessa forma", "url": "https://revista.unisal.br/lo/index.php/direitoepaz/article/download/1655/658", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), global", "when": "2020-2022"}, {"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as an independent judicial-like body to arbitrate content moderation disputes on Facebook, issuing binding decisions for the company.", "quote": "Facebook, par exemple, a fait couler beaucoup d'encre en créant en 2020 un Conseil de surveillance (Oversight Board)... qui doit trancher les litiges liés à la modération sur la plateforme, à la manière d'une juridiction de troisième degré.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}, {"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides independent, external review and binding decisions on content moderation cases for major social media platforms, ensuring accountability and adherence to principles.", "quote": "Professor Nicolas Suzor ... is also a Chief Investigator of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society and a member of the Oversight Board.", "page": "19", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Do Platform Migrations Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels", "author": "Ribeiro, Manoel Horta; Jhaver, Shagun; Zannettou, Savvas; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Stringhini, Gianluca; West, Robert", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Serves as an independent body to review and make binding decisions on content moderation cases referred by Facebook or its users.", "quote": "CLEGG, N. Facebook Newsroom – Welcoming the Oversight Board. https://bit.ly/2VVgHU7, 2020.", "page": "23", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10397", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and standalone websites, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation …", "author": "OL Haimson, D Delmonaco, P Nie…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established as a quasi-judicial body to independently review and adjudicate complex or controversial content moderation decisions made by Facebook, serving as a solution to thorny content moderation issues.", "quote": "Some have proposed jury-based [32, 128] or advisory-board driven governance approaches like Facebook's Oversight Board [8, 72] as solutions to thorny content moderation issues", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479610", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020-2021"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Reviews complex content moderation decisions made by Facebook/Instagram, provides recommendations for policy changes, and serves as an external appeal mechanism for users, using international human rights parameters.", "quote": "O instrumento constitutivo do OSB menciona, em seu Artigo 2º, item 2, que o órgão “deverá prestar particular atenção ao impacto da remoção de conteúdos à luz das normas de direitos humanos que protegem a liberdade de expressão”.", "page": "133", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Issues binding case decisions and advisory opinions, collects public comments, publishes recommendations and transparency reports, and tracks Meta's implementation of recommendations to influence platform governance.", "quote": "Provides binding decisions and policy recommendations on Meta (Facebook, Instagram, Threads) content moderation and applies human rights standards to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.oversightboard.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Democracy & Technology", "aliases": ["Center for Democracy & Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "Watchdog/transparency group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "civil liberties / tech policy advocacy organization", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Japan", "Kenya", "Latin America", "New Zealand", "South Korea", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "League of Legends", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["AI", "AI alignment", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Electoral integrity", "Government surveillance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "civil liberties", "content moderation", "data security", "democratic integrity", "democratic principles", "digital rights", "diversity", "diversity of voices", "due process", "free speech", "harm reduction", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "innovation", "national security", "platform accountability", "platform governance", "platform transparency", "privacy", "regulatory clarity", "social justice", "technology policy", "transparency", "user conduct", "user rights", "user trust"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderación", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "modération censure", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 24, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Outlines the emergence of civil society actors systematically evaluating platform transparency reports; compares methodologies; identifies gaps; advocates for stronger standards; highlights diversity-preserving and localized community solutions.", "quote": "A 2022 report from the Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT) outlines the emergence of a growing ecosystem of civil society actors who systematically evaluate platform transparency reports—comparing methodologies, identifying gaps, and advocating for stronger standards.", "page": "287", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on discriminatory biases in content moderation algorithms, particularly regarding hate speech detection, and identifies limitations in automated moderation tools.", "quote": "Outro estudo, conduzido pelo Center for Democracy and Technology (“CDT”), detectou vieses discriminatórios na identificação, utilizando-se também da ferramenta Perspective, de expressão comuns à população afro-americana.", "page": "92", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários e a sua moderação", "author": "Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reports that highlight challenges and biases in AI-driven content moderation, particularly concerning the disproportionate testing of language analysis technologies in English, which limits their global utility.", "quote": "Recentes relatórios (Duarte; Llansó; Loup, 2017; Nicholas; Bhatia, 2023) do think tank Center for Democracy and Technology demonstram como tecnologias de reconhecimento e análise de linguagem [...] são desproporcionalmente testados em inglês, o que limita seu uso no processamento de conteúdos [...]", "page": "12", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/225250", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems (global, with focus on Brazil, EU, USA)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and advocates for normative frameworks and principles (like the Santa Clara Principles) for companies to follow in content moderation, contributing to agenda-setting in platform governance.", "quote": "CSOs including the Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT)... have put forward the Santa Clara Principles which contain Foundational and Operational Principles for companies to follow when engaged in content moderation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários ea sua moderação", "author": "FB Cruz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on the intersection of technology and democracy, highlighting challenges such as biases in AI-powered language analysis for content moderation, particularly in non-English contexts.", "quote": "Recentes relatórios ... do think tank Center for Demo- cracy and Technology demonstram como tecnologias de reconhecimento e análise de linguagem ... são desproporcionalmente testados em inglês, o que limita seu uso no processamento de conteúdos...", "page": "12", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/247094", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, global (with specific mentions of Brazil and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current (2020s)"}, {"title": "Shadowbanning", "author": "M Risius, KM Blasiak", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "By publishing research and surveys, such as the one cited on shadowbanning prevalence, CDT acts as a watchdog informing policymakers, users, and the public about opaque content moderation practices and advocating for transparency.", "quote": "To determine the extent of shadowbanning, a recent survey of 1,006 social media users found that 9.2% report having been shadowbanned.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/315771/1/12599_2024_Article_905.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, X, TikTok, Reddit, Instagram, YouTube), with specific mentions of the U.S., China, and the EU context", "when": "contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Authors reports and takes positions on content moderation under E2EE, particularly expressing concerns about partial client privacy systems and the risks they pose to fundamental security and privacy guarantees.", "quote": "Some civil society groups and researchers take this position [187, 244, 297].", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The authors of this commentary are affiliated with CDT, indicating the organization's involvement in researching and advocating for better automated content moderation policies and investments in low-resource languages.", "quote": "Gabriel Nicholas is Research Fellow at the Center for Democracy & Technology and a Non-Resident Fellow at the NYU Information Law Institute. He can be reached at gnicholas@cdt.org.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (2018), and participated in their review process.", "quote": "Principios de Santa Clara por Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas en Moderación de Contenido. Autoría: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, New America's Open Technology Institute", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, focusing on the intersection of democracy and technology issues.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation, providing recommendations for platforms.", "quote": "Authorship: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, New America's Open Technology Institute", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ON-LINE.", "author": "N Alkiviadou", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and research on the impact of automated content moderation systems, specifically highlighting how these mechanisms can disproportionately affect the speech of marginalized groups.", "quote": "Em seu relatório “Mixed Messages: Os Limites da Análise Automatizada de Conteúdo Social, em tradução livre], o Center for Democracy and Technology revelou que mecanismos automatizados podem afetar o discurso de grupos marginalizados de forma desproporcional.", "page": "7", "url": "https://sur.conectas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sur-32-portugues-natalie-alkiviadou.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online social media platforms (global, with emphasis on EU and US regulatory contexts)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focus on 2016-2022)"}, {"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides analysis and information on digital regulations like Germany's NetzDG, detailing the legal obligations for platforms regarding content removal within specified deadlines.", "quote": "La loi prévoit que des amendes allant jusqu'à 50 millions € puissent être données aux compagnies de médias sociaux ou aux fournisseurs de services de communication qui ne retirent pas les contenus clairement illégaux dans une période de 24 h (Center for Democracy & Technology, 2017).", "page": "17", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Authors and publishes reports, conducts research, and formulates policy proposals to promote democratic values in technology. This specific report evaluates technical proposals for content moderation in E2EE systems.", "quote": "O Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT - “Centro para Democracia e Tecnologia”, em inglês) é uma organização sem fins lucrativos isenta de tributos (nos termos da lei dos EUA 501, c, 3) que há 25 anos trabalha para promover os valores democráticos por meio da formulação de políticas e arquitetura de tecnologia.", "page": "4", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Works to promote democratic values by shaping technology policy and architecture, which includes advocating for certain approaches to content moderation and encryption in end-to-end encrypted systems.", "quote": "The Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT) is a 25-year-old 501(c)3 nonpartisan nonprofit organization working to promote democratic values by shaping technology policy and architecture.", "page": "2", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}, {"title": "La proposta di Digital Service Act per la regolazione dei servizi e delle piattaforme online nel diritto dell'Unione europea", "author": "G Caggiano", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published policy analysis influencing the legislative debate on the EU Digital Services Act, specifically concerning the introduction of a 'Good Samaritan' principle for online platforms.", "quote": "J. BARATA, Positive Intent Protections: Incorporating a Good Samaritan principle in the EU Digital Services Act, in Center for Democracy & Technology, 29 July 2020, disponibile online", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.aisdue.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Post-Giandonato-Caggiano-DSAfinale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2000 EU legislative period"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on automated social media content analysis, highlighting the limitations and challenges related to its effectiveness in content moderation.", "quote": "See Natasha Duarte et al., Mixed Messages? The Limits of Automated Social Media Content Analysis, Ctr. DemocrACY & TECH. (Nov. 28, 2017), https://cdt.org/insights/mixed-messages-the-limits-of-automated-social-media-content-analysis/", "page": "17", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Expressed profound concern that a joint project by platforms for content filtering could create cross-platform censorship and become a target for governments and private actors.", "quote": "O CDT... manifestou “profunda preocupação de que esse projeto conjunto possa criar um precedente para censura interplataformas... e se torne um alvo para governos e atores privados”", "page": "49", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for policies that protect platforms for expression and innovation, particularly by highlighting the value of intermediary liability protections like Section 230.", "quote": "SHIELDING THE MESSENGERS: PROTECTING PLATFORMS FOR EXPRESSION AND INNOVATION 5 (2012) [hereinafter SHIELDING THE MESSENGERS]; Ciolli, supra note 11, at 148.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engages in discussions about content moderation, emphasizing the need for protections against digital harms and considering their concerns in the design of interventions.", "quote": "the concerns about growing networks of hate movements and enhanced online surveillance through targeted data harvesting – brought to the fore by groups like... Center for Democracy and Technology... are taken into account.", "page": "28", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Through its Free Expression Director Emma Llansó, warned about the industry database becoming a tool for governments and private actors to suppress legitimate speech across the web.", "quote": "As the Center for Democracy and Technology's Free Expression Director Emma Llansó warns, the industry database “will become a target for governments and private actors seeking to suppress speech across the web.”", "page": "25", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "E-judiciaries: a model for community policing in cyberspace", "author": "Ehrett, John S.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Develops and pioneers model policies and guiding principles for content removal and community stakeholder discipline on online platforms, influencing how moderation mechanisms are structured and implemented.", "quote": "The Center for Democracy and Technology, working in tandem with Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has pioneered model policies for content removal and community stakeholder discipline that effectively contextualise, in a normative sense, the moderation mechanism this Article advocates.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2016.1236428", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, primarily League of Legends, USA", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Litigates against state statutes that impose filtering obligations on Internet Service Providers (ISPs), arguing that such laws lead to overbroad censorship and do not respect First Amendment rights.", "quote": "When Pennsylvania subscribers challenged the statute, the trial court viewed the statute with an appropriately critical eye. Although it acknowledged that the statute on its face required only that ISPs block access to unprotected material, the court rejected the state's argu-ment that the predictable collateral damage regarding access to inno-cent websites “does not violate the First Amendment because it re-sulted from decisions made by ISPs, not state actors.”", "page": "64", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Freedom Online Coalition; Global Digital Justice Forum; Global Network Initiative; IGF 2025; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "CDT produces reports and policy guidance (e.g., AI assessment frameworks), files coalition letters urging regulatory action (CFPB), conducts comparative studies of platform moderation, and convenes labs and task forces to shape platform and AI governance.", "quote": "CDT’s core mission is shaping technology policy and internet architecture affecting privacy, free expression, content moderation and AI governance; it publishes reports, policy guidance, and participates in coalitions addressing platform practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://cdt.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Citizen Lab", "aliases": ["Citizen Lab", "The Citizen Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic research collective / advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "Watchdog/transparency", "learned/scientific society", "research organization", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Burma", "Canada", "China", "Chinese-speaking regions", "Europe", "Global", "Hong Kong", "India", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "South Korea", "Sri Lanka", "Syria", "Taiwan", "Thailand", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "Uganda", "United Arab Emirates", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Yemen", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Great Firewall", "LLM", "Large Language Models", "Twitter", "Web content"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "academic integrity", "academic research", "anti-censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "information integrity", "internet freedom", "privacy", "research transparency", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "2018-2020", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 24, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The Citizen Lab uncovers and documents censorship rules, particularly those applied across China-accessible platforms, acting as a watchdog for digital rights and information access.", "quote": "The Citizen Lab [40] uncovered over 60k censorship rules across China-accessible platforms.", "page": "4", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Understanding Routing-Induced Censorship Changes Globally", "author": "Bhaskar, Abhishek; Pearce, Paul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Citizen Lab provides a \"Block Test List\"\" used by the paper to select potential sensitive domains. This contributes to identifying specific content or services that are censored online.\"", "quote": "For each, we: 1) pick potential sensitive domains using a combination of OONI [47] and CLBL [15], and sample destination IPs...", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658644.3670336", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Globally (21 countries investigated)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Extended Abstract: The Impact of Online Censorship on LLMs", "author": "Ahmed, Mohamed; Knockel, Jeffrey", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Citizen Lab conducts and publishes research reports on online censorship, surveillance, and digital human rights, providing analysis and contributing to public understanding of these issues.", "quote": "Missing Links: A comparison of search censorship in China. Technical Report. The Citizen Lab.", "page": "3", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models (LLMs) and online censorship in Chinese-speaking regions", "when": "contemporary (2020s)"}, {"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in censorship measurement by providing test lists of domains, which are used by various platforms to detect and monitor global Internet censorship, particularly in China.", "quote": "A common design choice of these platforms is the reliance on the Citizen Lab test lists for test domains [4], limiting their measurement scope to only a few thousand domains.", "page": "4", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "The impact of online censorship on LLMs", "author": "M Ahmed, J Knockel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts interdisciplinary research on information controls, surveillance, and human rights, contributing technical reports to expose censorship practices and their impact on digital technologies and AI.", "quote": "Jeffrey Knockel, Ken Kato, and Emile Dirks. 2022. Missing Links: A comparison of search censorship in China. Technical Report. The Citizen Lab.", "page": "3", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, online censorship (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides domain category information, used in the data analysis pipeline to enrich censorship measurements and provide context.", "quote": "The pipeline augments information from multiple sources immediately after the measurements are pub- lished, including the domain category from Citizen Lab [17].", "page": "5", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research focused on freedom of expression, often publishing reports that highlight the political and social impacts of technology censorship.", "quote": "The Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto, Canada, has a research effort focused on freedom of expression [101] – although their reporting often focuses on specific political or social impacts of technology censorship rather than wide Internet measurements.", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}, {"title": "TSPU: Russia's decentralized censorship system", "author": "Xue, Diwen; Mixon-Baca, Benjamin; ValdikSS; Ablove, Anna; Kujath, Beau; Crandall, Jedidiah R.; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Citizen Lab maintains a Global Block List of URLs that are specifically curated and used for censorship testing and research, helping to identify and track blocked resources.", "quote": "Following previous studies [63, 77], we complement this list with domains from the Citizen Lab Global Block List (CLBL) [57]. CLBL contains URLs specifically selected for censorship testing...", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517745.3561461", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (Sovereign RuNet)", "when": "2012–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Maintains and curates a \"Global Test List\"\" of websites (CLTL) that have been reported as unavailable or are of political/human rights interest", "quote": "Digital rights, human rights.", "page": "select all the domains from the Citizen Lab Global Test List (CLTL) [27]. CLTL is a curated list of websites that have either previously been reported unavailable or are of interest from a political or human rights perspective.", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Measuring the Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Stoll, Adrian; Dalek, Jakub; Ramesh, Reethika; Scott, Will; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts investigations into the use of network censorship products (e.g., from vendors like Netsweeper) by various countries, documenting the blocking of specific content categories and advocating against such censorship.", "quote": "Citizen Lab conducted investigations of use of Netsweeper products over several years", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/23099.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "late 2010s"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Censorship", "author": "Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This organization conducts detailed technical investigations and publishes reports to identify and expose instances of government censorship and digital interference, helping users and experts distinguish between technical errors and political manipulation.", "quote": "A recent Citizen Lab report details the extensive methods that experts used to determine whether the block of the Internet Archive from Jordan was a network error or a Jordanian government block (al Masri 2017).", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032837", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet and social media platforms, with prominent examples from China, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, Uganda, Syria, and the US", "when": "21st century internet era"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A leading research organization that investigates and demonstrates how technology designed for content filtering can be abused to facilitate censorship and raise concerns about human rights and privacy.", "quote": "Citizen Lab, a leading research organization in this area, has consistently demonstrated that technology designed to filter harmful content online-even when the original purpose of the measure is beneficial, lawful or relatively innocuous-can invite serious abuse by private actors and governments alike.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform", "author": "Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Maintains lists of globally and locally sensitive URLs that are used by ICLab as test lists for detecting internet censorship. They also contributed regular expressions for block page detection.", "quote": "the websites identified as globally sensitive by the Citizen Lab [22] and the Berkman Klein Center [11] (CLBL-G), and, for each country, the websites identified as locally sensitive in that country by Citizen Lab and Berkman Klein (CLBL-C).", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04245", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "2016-present"}, {"title": "Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship", "author": "VanderSloot, Benjamin; McDonald, Allison; Scott, Will; Halderman, J Alex; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Curates and maintains lists of potentially sensitive domains (e.g., the Global Citizen Lab Block List) that are used by researchers to measure and detect application-layer censorship.", "quote": "We use the the global Citizen Lab Block List (CLBL) [8] from July 1, 2017 as a list of keywords to run against all echo servers. This list has 1109 entries. It is curated by Citizen Lab to provide a set of URLs for researchers to use when they are conducting censorship research.", "page": "8", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (various countries)", "when": "2017-2018"}, {"title": "Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India", "author": "Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Sinha, Akshat; Gosain, Devashish; Sharma, Piyush Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts research and curates lists of potentially blocked websites, which are then utilized by other researchers to study internet censorship patterns and mechanisms.", "quote": "We began our research by compiling a corpus of about 1200 potentially blocked sites (PBWs), curated from various Internet sites (e.g. Herdict [6], Citizen Lab [10]).", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278555", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India (major ISPs: Airtel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, MTNL, BSNL, Siti, Sifi, NKN)", "when": "2015-2018"}, {"title": "The Yemen War Online: Propagation of Censored Content on Twitter", "author": "Noman, Helmi; Faris, Robert; Kelly, John", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts technical investigations into internet censorship and digital espionage, identifying and reporting on methods of blocking. It exposed disguised blocking in YemenNet.", "quote": "In October 2015, the Citizen Lab, an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto, concluded in a technical investigation that this was disguised blocking.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3130860", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Twitter", "when": "2016–2018"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts research and reveals cases of targeted surveillance using digital spying tools against political dissidents, activists, and journalists, exposing state-sponsored information control tactics.", "quote": "Research from the Citizen Lab... has revealed numerous cases from around the globe of the use of digital spying tools designed for criminal investigations and counterintelligence to target journalists, human rights advocates, and activists.", "page": "19", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "Ethical Concerns for Censorship Measurement", "author": "Jones, Ben; Ensafi, Roya; Feamster, Nick; Paxson, Vern; Weaver, Nick", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Citizen Lab conducts censorship measurements by deploying researchers to various countries, who directly perform these measurements. This approach gathers snapshots of censorship to understand information control.", "quote": "One approach, commonly employed by organizations such as the Citizen Lab, is to send researchers to countries to directly perform censorship measurements.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2793013.2793015", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "Post-2000s platform era"}, {"title": "Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide: Another Look at the OpenNet Initiative Data", "author": "Gill, Phillipa; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Dalek, Jakub; Goldberg, Sharon; Senft, Adam; Wiseman, Greg", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on web censorship and its technologies, contributing to the understanding of information controls and publishing findings.", "quote": "M. Crete-Nishihata, J. Dalek, A. Senft, and G. Wiseman, The Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700339", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide (77 countries)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducts analysis and produces reports on censorship, contributing to the understanding of detection algorithms and national practices, such as those implemented in Pakistan.", "quote": "the analysis in the report by The Citizen Lab on this country.", "page": "152", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "A Look at the Consequences of Internet Censorship Through an ISP Lens", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Javed, Mobin; Khayam, Syed Ali; Uzmi, Zartash Afzal; Paxson, Vern", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts and reports studies on Internet censorship regimes and technologies, such as the role of specific filtering tools in Pakistan, thereby documenting and exposing censorship practices.", "quote": "A more recent study reports censorship of content related to human rights, independent media, proxy and circumvention tools, and bittorrent file-sharing sites [9].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663750", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "2011–2013"}, {"title": "Automated Detection and Fingerprinting of Censorship Block Pages", "author": "Jones, Ben; Lee, Tzu-Wen; Feamster, Nick; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts research to understand how censorship practices evolve, particularly in response to changes in blocked URL lists, and contributes data to broader censorship studies.", "quote": "Noman et al. and the Citizen Lab explored how censorship changes in response to changes in the URL list for a particular product [8, 6].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663722", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Web content, 49 countries (e.g., Burma, Saudi Arabia, Thailand)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "R̶e̶s̶i̶s̶t̶a̶n̶c̶e̶ censorship is futile", "author": "Nabi, Zubair", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research and analyses on state-level internet censorship regimes and surveillance technologies, exposing their mechanisms and scope.", "quote": "THE CITIZEN LAB. O Pakistan, We Stand on Guard for Thee: An Analysis of Canada-based Netsweeper's Role in Pakistan's Censorship Regime.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5525", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan and Turkey (Internet)", "when": "2008–2014"}, {"title": "The Anatomy of Web Censorship in Pakistan", "author": "Nabi, Zubair", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Citizen Lab conducts studies and analyses of internet censorship regimes, contributing to public knowledge and transparency regarding the mechanisms and extent of such restrictions.", "quote": "Our discovery of the upgrade to IXP-level filtering is consistent with the findings of a study conducted by the Citizen Lab [18], coincidentally around the same time.", "page": "6", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "2006–2013 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University", "aliases": ["Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University", "The Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation", "university-affiliated research and litigation institute"], "countries": ["Austria", "Brazil", "Canada", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Myanmar", "Spain", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "constitutional rights", "decentralized platforms", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "platform accountability", "platform autonomy", "public interest", "user control", "viewpoint neutrality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "NetGov directory", "content moderation", "media moderation", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 23, "papers": [{"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages in academic discourse and advocacy, such as publishing essays, to argue for specific social media governance models (e.g., decentralized platforms) that prioritize public interest over corporate profit.", "quote": "For example, an essay written for the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University argues that decentralized platforms such as the Fediverse... could ensure that corporate interests do not override social concerns...", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Content moderation in (decentralized) metaverses", "author": "GM Bovenzi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Institute contributes to the debate on content moderation by advocating for a 'technological approach to free speech' through decentralized protocols, aiming to limit central control over online content.", "quote": "Mike Masnick, 'Protocols, not platforms: A technological approach to free speech' (Knight First Amendment Institute, 21 August 2019)", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/abstract/journals/ielr/8/2/article-p145.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, Metaverse, Decentralized Platforms", "when": "Contemporary (post-2022)"}, {"title": "Le conseil de surveillance de Meta: une nouvelle forme de gouvernance privée pour la modération des contenus en ligne?", "author": "J Bacqué, G Beaumier", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages in legal action, such as lawsuits, to assert user rights and influence control over content and newsfeeds on platforms like Meta, advocating for First Amendment principles.", "quote": "New lawsuit seeks to wrestle control of newsfeed from Meta for Facebook users.", "page": "19", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/548/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global online platforms, with focus on Québec and Canada", "when": "2021–2024"}, {"title": "Libertà di espressione e nuove tecnologie: a complicated relationship", "author": "A Cremone", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This institute engages in legal challenges, such as the *Knight Institute v. Trump* case, to advocate for free speech and challenge the censorship power exercised by private platforms. Their work aims to highlight the inadequacy of existing regulations in protecting fundamental rights against private platform actions.", "quote": "...come confermato dalla concurring opinion resa nel 2021 dal giudice Thomas (nel caso Knight Insitute v. Trump, 593 U.S. 2021) che rimarca come il potere di censura delle piattaforme private, esercitato sulla scorta delle proprie condizioni di servizio, testimoni l'inadeguatezza della regolamentazione vigente...", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/320", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital environment, with a focus on EU and USA platforms", "when": "Post-2010 (with a focus on post-2022 EU regulation)"}, {"title": "Content moderation in (decentralised) metaverses", "author": "Bovenzi, Gian Marco", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for free speech principles in the digital sphere, influencing public debate and policy perspectives on content moderation, as evidenced by its publications on topics like 'Protocols, not platforms'.", "quote": "Mike Masnick, 'Protocols, not platforms: A technological approach to free speech' (Knight First Amendment Institute, 21 August 2019)", "page": "15", "url": "catedrametaverso.ua.es", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Digital Services Act framework), global decentralized platforms and metaverses", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era) and future challenges"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (e.g., v. Trump) to challenge government officials' blocking of users on social media, arguing it violated First Amendment rights and interfered with participation in a designated public forum.", "quote": "In Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University v. Trump, the Second Circuit considered then-president Trump's blocking of users on X solely based on their expressions of political views at odds with his own.", "page": "15", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Ethics of Social Media: Why Content Moderation is a Moral Duty", "author": "Howard, Jeffrey", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts litigation arguing that government channels on social media platforms are public forums, thereby attempting to establish legal duties for government entities to not discriminate against legitimate speech.", "quote": "This was the central claim at issue in Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump (2019).", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/jpe/article/id/6195/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, X, YouTube, TikTok), primarily in the USA, EU, and UK legal/regulatory contexts.", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation, representing users who challenged Donald Trump's blocking of their accounts on Twitter as unconstitutional.", "quote": "Representados por The Knight First Amendment Institute, estos usuarios entablaron una acción judicial dirigida al expresidente, entendiendo que el bloqueo de sus cuentas por Trump había sido inconstitucional.", "page": "11", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "Plataformas no Marco Civil da Internet: a necessidade de uma responsabilidade progressiva baseada em riscos", "author": "DPN Dias, L Belli, N Zingales, W Gaspar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research on social media recommendation algorithms, contributing to the understanding of how these systems operate and their impact on freedom of expression and public discourse, informing the debate on algorithmic transparency.", "quote": "NARAYANAN, Arvind, Understanding Social Media Recommendation Algorithms, Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, disponível em: knightcolumbia.org/.", "page": "19", "url": "https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/931", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Marco Civil da Internet)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically post-2014 MCI enactment)"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigated against President Trump for blocking users on Twitter, influencing legal interpretation and advocating for freedom of speech on social media platforms.", "quote": "Knight First Amendment Institute v. Trump.", "page": "78", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigating against President Trump's practice of blocking individuals from his official Twitter account, arguing it constituted censorship and viewpoint discrimination.", "quote": "un tribunal del sistema apelativo federal, determinó que el Presidente no podía impedir de acceso (“bloquear”) a un ciudadano o entidad a su cuenta oficial de Twitter dado que hacerlo equivalía a censurar o discriminar por el punto de vista.", "page": "269", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Libertà di espressione e social network, tra nuovi “spazi pubblici” e “poteri privati”. Spunti di comparazione", "author": "Bassini, Marco", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It litigates against public officials who utilize social media accounts for official purposes and exclude individuals based on their expressed views, arguing that such actions violate First Amendment rights.", "quote": "Knight First Amendment Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. Trump, [...] had sued the former president [...] the First Amendment does not permit a public official who utilizes a social media account for all manner of official purposes to exclude persons from an otherwise-open online dialogue because they expressed views with which the official disagrees.", "page": "6", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0039", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "US, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Entre analogías y metáforas: el debate sobre la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "Peña Jiménez, Pedro José", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation and legal advocacy to defend freedom of expression, particularly regarding governmental use of social media platforms, as evidenced by their participation in a case concerning a governmental social media account.", "quote": "Resulta interesante la caracterización que hace el Tribunal Federal de Apelación para el Segundo Circuito en Knight Institute v. Trump (2019) de la cuenta gubernamental del Presidente Trump en Twitter como «foro público limitado».", "page": "287", "url": "https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/1614", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social networks, focusing on US and European contexts", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with a focus on recent debates and legislative initiatives (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes academic articles and research on the First Amendment and freedom of expression in the digital realm, shaping legal scholarship and advocacy for constitutional rights online.", "quote": "Knight First Amendment Institute – Columbia University, artigo publicado em 11/02/20", "page": "29", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in legal arguments and is cited in judicial opinions concerning the application of traditional legal doctrines to new digital platforms and freedom of expression.", "quote": "Em voto recentemente proferido no caso Joseph R. Biden, Jr., President of the United States v. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University, et al., o Justice Clarence Thomas também destacou que “aplicar doutrinas antigas a novas plataformas digitais raramente é uma tarefa banal”", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "LA MODERATION PAR LES PLATEFORMES PORTE-T-ELLE ATTEINTE A LA LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION ? REFLEXIONS A PARTIR DES APPROCHES ETATS- UNIENNE (ZHANG V BAIDU.COM, 2014) ET ITALIENNE (CASAPOUND CONTRO FACEBOOK, 2019)", "author": "Auriel, Pierre; Lyon, Université Jean Moulin; de Lyon, Philosophiques; Unger, Mathilde", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Was involved in litigation arguing that President Trump's blocking of users on his official Twitter account constituted state action, violating First Amendment rights to free speech.", "quote": "Seul le blocage par le titulaire d'un compte Twitter utilisé à des fins gouvernementales peut être considéré comme une action publique contraire au Premier amendement.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Baidu, Facebook), USA, Italy", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific cases from 2014 and 2019"}, {"title": "La modération par les plateformes porte-t-elle atteinte à la liberté d'expression? Réflexions à partir des approches états-unienne (Zhang v Baidu. com, 2014) et …", "author": "P Auriel, M Unger", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Was involved in a lawsuit (Knight First Amendment Inst. at Columbia Univ. v. Trump) that challenged the blocking of users by President Donald Trump on his official Twitter account, arguing that such actions by a government official on social media constituted state action.", "quote": "C'est du moins la décision récente de la Cour d'appel des États-Unis pour le deuxième circuit au sujet du compte officiel du président Donald Trump⁹¹.", "page": "22", "url": "https://egalibex.univ-lyon3.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/P.-Auriel-et-M.-Unger-Conflits-internes-Egalibex.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Italy, social media platforms, search engines", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a lawsuit challenging the blocking of users from a public official's social media account, asserting rights to free expression and non-discrimination in what the court deemed a public forum.", "quote": "United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Knight First Amendment Institute At Columbia University, Rebecca Buckwalter et al. v. Donald J. Trump, Hope Hicks, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, And Daniel Scavino, 17 Civ. 5205 (NRB), 23 maggio 2018.", "page": "15", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}, {"title": "Parallel Ports. Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech", "author": "Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "They publish research and propose solutions related to governing algorithmic systems and content moderation on platforms, focusing on how to counter divisiveness and improve public discourse, which directly influences policy debates and platform governance strategies.", "quote": "Ovadya, A. and Thorburn, L. (2023) ‘Bridging Systems: Open Problems for Countering Destructive Divisiveness Across Ranking, Recommenders, and Governance', Knight First Amendment Institute, p. Online.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/doi/10.14361/9783839446706-004", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, YouTube, Reddit, Facebook (Western hemisphere)", "when": "2008–2022"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes academic work and legal analyses concerning free speech issues in the context of online platforms and content moderation.", "quote": "On the concerns raised by opaque and unaccountable forms of collaboration between online platforms, see generally Douek, The Rise of Content Cartels, KNIGHT FIRST AMENDMENT INSTITUTE (2020).", "page": "952", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d'espressione ei nuovi censori dell'agorà digitale", "author": "M Monti", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Litigated against the blocking of users by the US President on his Twitter account, arguing that the interactive space of a tweet constitutes a designated public forum, thus defending freedom of expression against viewpoint discrimination.", "quote": "We conclude that the interactive space of a tweet from the @realDonaldTrump account constitutes a designated public forum. [...] blocking of the individual plaintiffs [...] is impermissible under the First Amendment.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.eu/index.php/RIID/article/view/20", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms, focusing on Italy, US, and EU", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Keeping the neighbourhood safe: How does social media moderation control what we see (and think)?", "author": "De Zwart, Melissa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Initiated a lawsuit against President Trump for blocking users on Twitter, arguing that the president's Twitter feed constituted a public forum and that blocking users violated their First Amendment rights, thereby participating in legal challenges to social media moderation practices.", "quote": "The Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University brought an action on behalf of 41 Twitter users who had been blocked by Trump... alleging that the free speech rights of the blocked users had been infringed under the First Amendment of the US Constitution.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1037969X18802895", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The Institute produces research and policy reports, pursues strategic litigation, issues public commentary and open letters, and shapes debate on platform moderation and free-speech law.", "quote": "The Institute conducts strategic litigation, research, and policy advocacy on free speech, social media, privacy/surveillance, and studies governmental pressure on platforms (e.g., 'Jawboning and the First Amendment').", "page": "", "url": "https://knightcolumbia.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Meta Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Meta Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Austria", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Canada", "Colombia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Israel", "Italy", "Kenya", "Palestine", "Russia", "Senegal", "Spain", "Syria", "Thailand", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["AI systems", "Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Meta", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube", "Zoom"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-misinformation", "consistent policy", "content moderation ethics", "content moderation fairness", "due process", "fairness", "fairness in content moderation", "free speech", "human rights", "independent review", "information quality", "justice", "legal compliance", "organizational autonomy", "oversight", "platform governance", "platform independence", "platform policy enforcement", "platform values", "privacy", "public interest", "rule of law", "transparency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération", "modération censure", "modération de contenu", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 21, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Produced policy advisory on Meta's XCheck programme; acts as an independent oversight body that evaluates cases and makes human rights-based recommendations; aims to bridge gaps in policy and governance.", "quote": "The revelations also spurred internal policy scrutiny; the Oversight Board produced a policy advisory on Meta’s XCheck programme—an internal system which gave elite users preferential treatment—and concluded the system was “designed primarily to protect or prioritize the expression of people who are already powerful” (Oversight Board, 2022, p. 24).", "page": "121", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "The Tate-space on YouTube: Ambient ideology and the limits of platform moderation", "author": "B Rieder, B August, B Latil", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Reviews Meta's content moderation decisions in select cases, provides policy advisory opinions on Meta's wider content moderation policies, and assesses these decisions against Meta's content policy and international human rights responsibilities.", "quote": "In the 'Russian poem' case, the Meta Oversight Board a mechanism established by Meta to review content moderation decisions in select cases and provide guidance on Meta's wider content moderation policies through policy advisory opinions – assessed Meta's decision to remove an April 2022 Facebook post.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448251409209", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on social media platforms and examples from various countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, USA, Germany, Italy, Thailand, Syria, UK, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advises Meta on its content moderation decisions and policies, reviewing specific cases (like the Chinx (OS) drill video removal) and publishing its findings to promote transparency and accountability in platform governance.", "quote": "an operationally independent body established by Meta ... to advise on how the company regulates users' social media content.", "page": "3", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reviews content moderation decisions on Meta platforms and provides policy advisory opinions, representing a transfer of decision-making power for content governance.", "quote": "Another example can be found in Meta's Oversight Board's content moderation decisions about individual posts, which corresponds to a transfer of decision-making power at L4 (regular binding decisions).", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "A comprehensive review of llm-based content moderation: Advancements, challenges, and future directions", "author": "C Chen, W Qu, S Su, Y Feng, T Li", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reviews user appeals regarding content removal decisions made by Facebook and Instagram to ensure they align with policies and human rights law, and issues non-binding recommendations on policy articulation and staff training.", "quote": "The Board – which was conceived and created by Facebook itself was given a confined mandate to review users' appeals regarding decisions of Facebook and Instagram to remove content on the grounds that it violated their content policies (...)", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705125017289", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Meta/Facebook), EU regulatory context", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with emphasis on post-2018 AI developments and future (2025)"}, {"title": "Come è cambiata la moderazione degli utenti delle piattaforme digitali? Riflessioni sul DSA e sul ruolo del diritto amministrativo", "author": "C Fidato", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board reviews Meta's content moderation decisions, acting as an independent appeals body. Its decisions and policy recommendations influence platform governance regarding freedom of expression and disinformation.", "quote": "Manifestazione del pensiero e (dis)informazione nell'era dell'Oversight Board", "page": "20", "url": "https://air.unimi.it/handle/2434/1187857", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, Global, Digital Platforms, AI systems", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2000s, focusing on 2020s and 2025)"}, {"title": "Le conseil de surveillance de Meta: une nouvelle forme de gouvernance privée pour la modération des contenus en ligne?", "author": "J Bacqué, G Beaumier", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reviews Meta's content moderation decisions, acting as an independent appeal body for users and Meta itself. It issues binding decisions on specific content and non-binding recommendations for policy changes, often drawing upon international human rights law.", "quote": "Meta crée son conseil de surveillance, sorte de cour suprême, chargé de revoir ses décisions en matière de modération des contenus.", "page": "2", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/548/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global online platforms, with focus on Québec and Canada", "when": "2021–2024"}, {"title": "Robust Content Moderation: Theory and Applications", "author": "SD Kominers, JM Shapiro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides independent review of Meta's content moderation decisions, establishing binding precedents for content policies and acting as an external accountability mechanism for the platform.", "quote": "See, for example, van der Boon et al. (2024) regarding sharing information about challenging medical cases and Oversight Board (2023) regarding sharing details of alleged human rights abuses.", "page": "35", "url": "https://shapiro.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum7731/files/2025-12/ContentModeration.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, authoritarian regimes, and AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Improving regulatory oversight in online content moderation", "author": "B Tessa, D Amram, A Monreale, S Cresci", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board is an independent body that reviews and makes binding decisions on content moderation cases for Meta's platforms. It assesses the effectiveness of transparency reports and identifies issues like underrepresentation of law enforcement interactions and lack of user appeal opportunities, thereby promoting accountability and fairness in moderation practices.", "quote": "Additionally, the Oversight Board-an independent body created by Meta to review and make binding decisions on content moderation cases-has pointed out that Transparency Reports often underrepresent interactions with law enforcement, raising concerns about potential biases in the flagging process and the lack of opportunities for users to contest or respond to flagged content [11].", "page": "3", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04145", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, Online content moderation on Very Large Online Platforms (VLOPs) and Very Large Online Search Engines (VLOSEs)", "when": "post-2022"}, {"title": "Content Moderation in Social Media–Artificial Intelligence to the Rescue?", "author": "C Frei, C Kaufmann", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Meta Oversight Board reviews Meta's content moderation decisions and applies human rights-based tests, such as the Rabat Plan of Action, to inform its decisions. It advises Meta on content policies, thereby influencing the standards and outcomes of content moderation.", "quote": "The Meta Oversight Board already applied the Rabat Plan of Action test in various decisions (Meta Oversight Board 2024a).", "page": "15", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TeUEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA133&dq=mod%C3%A9ration+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=jtXsxE-hxH&sig=I-rYw315-7M9u2WMpRzQzvDHHLs", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms, global regulatory context (with focus on EU)", "when": "Contemporary (2019–2024)"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An independent quasi-judicial body established by Meta to review specific content moderation decisions and provide policy advisory opinions, assessing them against Meta's content policies and human rights responsibilities.", "quote": "In the 'Russian poem' case, the Meta Oversight Board – a mechanism established by Meta to review content moderation decisions in select cases and provide guidance on Meta's wider content moderation policies through policy advisory opinions – assessed Meta's decision to remove an April 2022 Facebook post.", "page": "15", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Content Moderation in Practice", "author": "Edelson, Laura", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This independent external body provides a final layer of oversight for Meta's content moderation practices, serving as a court of appeals for users who dispute moderation decisions and can mandate the reinstatement of content.", "quote": "However, it is also the only major platform at the time of this writing that gives an outside body, its external Oversight Board, discretion over the enforcement of its policies.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009174411%23CN-bp-13/type/book_part", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Reddit, Zoom (Social media platforms)", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}, {"title": "Delega di funzioni regolamentari e lotta ai rischi sistemici causati della disinformazione nel Digital Services Act: quali rischi per la libertà di espressione?", "author": "A Palumbo, J Piemonte", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It functions as an external body reviewing content moderation decisions made by Meta. The paper discusses its potential role as a certified out-of-court dispute resolution body under the Digital Services Act (DSA), noting it would require significant reorganization to meet the DSA's criteria for independence and reliability.", "quote": "Ad esempio, il Meta Oversight Board, nonostante le salvaguardie attualmente in essere per garantirne l'indipendenza ed affidabilità, dovrebbe essere oggetto di una significativa riorganizzazione per riuscire a soddisfare i requisiti per la certificazione come organismo di risoluzione stragiudiziale delle controversie.", "page": "24", "url": "https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/748917", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "An autonomous body created by Meta to review content moderation decisions, issue recommendations for content policies, and promote transparency and freedom of expression on its social media platforms, acting like a 'Supreme Court' for content decisions.", "quote": "a Meta anuncia a criação de um comitê de supervisão denominado de Oversight Board. Cada vez mais focado em uma comunicação clara e transparente, a instituição é um organismo autônomo com o objetivo de promover a liberdade de expressão em suas redes sociais através da tomada de decisões e da emissão de recomendações para a política de conteúdos.", "page": "117", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Reviewed content moderation decisions made by Facebook (Meta), such as the suspension of Donald Trump's account, and issued rulings that can influence platform policies.", "quote": "En el concreto caso de Trump, el Consejo confirmó que el expresidente había incumplido los términos y condiciones de Facebook. (...) A pesar de ello, dictaminó que la sanción adoptada no era consistente con las políticas de Facebook. La suspensión “indefinida” de su cuenta era un remedio sin precedentes que no podía encontrarse en los términos y condiciones de Facebook.", "page": "10", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "Algorithmic content moderation and the LGBTQ+ community’s freedom", "author": "Sulmicelli, Sergio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reviews content moderation decisions made by Meta (Facebook) and can overturn them, acting as an independent appeals body to ensure decisions align with human rights and internal policies.", "quote": "For instance, the Meta Oversight Board is the group of independent experts who review cases involving content that has been removed from the platform.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, EU regulatory context", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Cookies and content moderation: affective chilling effects of internet surveillance and censorship", "author": "E Stoycheff", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Decides on the removal of controversial content, operating as a specially qualified board independent of platform management to address content moderation issues.", "quote": "Meta... went so far as to create a specially qualified board, independent of management, to decide on the removal of controversial content.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2022.2063215", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (digital ecosystems and public discourse)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acts as an independent extrajudicial appeals body, reviewing content moderation decisions by Facebook and Instagram and applying human rights principles to ensure fair due process for users.", "quote": "Dans le cas où la décision est confirmée, les utilisateurs ont la possibilité d'introduire un appel auprès du Conseil de surveillance de Meta (oversight board), qui est l'autorité suprême des réseaux sociaux Facebook et Instagram155.", "page": "28", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}, {"title": "Il Meta-diritto dell'oversight board", "author": "S Santoriello", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board is an independent body that examines appeals and resolves disputes between Meta users and the company regarding content decisions. It provides independent judgment on whether content should be maintained or removed, offering explanations and issuing recommendations for policy improvements.", "quote": "l'Oversight board, Comitato per il controllo indipendente che ha il compito di esaminare i ricorsi e dirimere le controversie tra gli utenti e l'azienda, fornendo una spiegazione al mantenimento o meno del contenuto sulla piattaforma.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.53227/105078", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram) globally, with specific attention to content moderation practices and governance, including references to the USA, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, and Austria.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically 2018-2022 for data and decisions discussed."}, {"title": "Libertà di informazione, poteri privati e tutela dei dati personali nell'era digitale", "author": "A Lamberti", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "It functions as an independent, collegial body, funded by a trust, to review and verify the correctness of content removal and account deactivation operations by Facebook/Meta, providing an appeals mechanism for users and influencing moderation policies.", "quote": "Il riferimento è, anzitutto, alla recente istituzione, da parte di Facebook, di un “Comitato per il controllo” (Independent Oversight Board), un organismo collegiale indipendente – al punto che le sue attività sono finanziate da un trust costituito ad hoc – composto da quaranta membri (tra illustri esperti, attivisti ed ex leader politici), preposto alla verifica della correttezza delle operazioni di rimozione dei contenuti e disabilitazione degli account operate dalla piattaforma in reazione a lamentate violazioni degli standard interni della community.", "page": "16", "url": "http://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Lamberti-Liberta-di-informazione-poteri-privati-e-tutela-dei-dati-personali-nellera-digitale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "An independent entity created by Meta to review content moderation decisions, issue binding rulings, and provide policy recommendations for content that should be allowed or removed.", "quote": "La junta de supervisión de META fue creada con el objetivo de delegar a una entidad independiente la toma decisiones vinculantes (basadas en 'fuertes principios'), sobre qué contenido debería ser permitido o eliminado de la plataforma.", "page": "46", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "OpenNet Initiative", "aliases": ["OpenNet Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "NGO", "community/collective", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency / academic safety / evals organisation", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Asia", "Australia", "Belarus", "Burma", "China", "Egypt", "Europe", "Global", "Hong Kong", "India", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Libya", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Thailand", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google Reader", "Sina Weibo", "Twitter", "Web content", "Weibo", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic research", "anti-censorship", "censorship", "freedom of expression", "freedom of information", "human rights", "information control", "information freedom", "internet freedom", "open data", "state oversight limits", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 20, "papers": [{"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducted systematic, academically rigorous global studies of state-mandated Internet filtering practices, and made its datasets and published materials publicly available for research and analysis of censorship trends.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative partnership they operated under shut down research operations in 2014 [165] but made all of its datasets and published materials publicly available on its web page.", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}, {"title": "More than plain text: Censorship deletion in the Chinese social media", "author": "Liu, Jun; Zhao, Jingyi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The OpenNet Initiative conducted research and documented internet filtering and surveillance practices worldwide, serving as a watchdog by exposing censorship activities and contributing to transparency regarding information control.", "quote": "China's fine-toothed Internet censorship has been called \"the most extensive", "page": "technologically sophisticated", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.24390", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chinese social media (Weibo), Hong Kong", "when": "2014 Hong Kong Umbrella Movement"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducted research and published comprehensive reports on Internet censorship in various countries, documenting censorship practices before becoming defunct.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative (ONI) [73] published several reports on Internet censorship in different countries before becoming defunct in 2011 [74, 75].", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India", "author": "Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Sinha, Akshat; Gosain, Devashish; Sharma, Piyush Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and gathers data on internet censorship activities and content restrictions in various countries, including India, which is then used by researchers to understand censorship trends.", "quote": "According to ONI report, India is among the list of countries that restricts the Internet content and ranks India as 'Partly Free' [9].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278555", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India (major ISPs: Airtel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, MTNL, BSNL, Siti, Sifi, NKN)", "when": "2015-2018"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developed methodology and conducted empirical studies of internet filtering in various countries, providing data and analysis on global internet censorship practices.", "quote": "The methodology follows the approach developed by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), which we founded with researchers from the Universities of Toronto and Cambridge, running from 2004 to 2014.", "page": "10", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducts research and reports on internet censorship and surveillance globally, documenting government practices and technologies, often through empirical analysis.", "quote": "ONI, \"China's Green Dam: The Implications of Government Control Encroaching on the Home PC.\"\"\"", "page": "4", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}, {"title": "Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide: Another Look at the OpenNet Initiative Data", "author": "Gill, Phillipa; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Dalek, Jakub; Goldberg, Sharon; Senft, Adam; Wiseman, Greg", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Tracks and reports on web censorship globally by performing thousands of user-based tests in numerous countries, focusing on what content is blocked and how.", "quote": "the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) has been tracking censorship of web content worldwide since 2003, performing thousands of user-based tests in tens of countries.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700339", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide (77 countries)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducts long-term studies and publishes qualitative reports on Internet censorship, often based on measurements from limited vantage points, providing insight into censorship evolution and what is being filtered.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative has conducted the only long-term study to date, but its data collection is sporadic, making it difficult to compare filtering practices across countries and time [35].", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}, {"title": "A Look at the Consequences of Internet Censorship Through an ISP Lens", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Javed, Mobin; Khayam, Syed Ali; Uzmi, Zartash Afzal; Paxson, Vern", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and documents Internet censorship practices, such as the ongoing blocking of YouTube and pornographic content in Pakistan, contributing to the public understanding of censorship policies.", "quote": "Presently, the country continues to block access to YouTube as well as to sites deemed pornographic, anti-religious, or a general threat to national values and security [34].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663750", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "2011–2013"}, {"title": "Automated Detection and Fingerprinting of Censorship Block Pages", "author": "Jones, Ben; Lee, Tzu-Wen; Feamster, Nick; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Collects and labels data on web censorship from 49 countries between 2007 and 2012 by gathering uncensored and test pages, and using staff-generated regular expressions to identify blocked content.", "quote": "The ONI collected measurements in 49 countries from 2007 to 2012 using locally and globally sensitive URLs as defined by ONI researchers and collaborators around the globe.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663722", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Web content, 49 countries (e.g., Burma, Saudi Arabia, Thailand)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "R̶e̶s̶i̶s̶t̶a̶n̶c̶e̶ censorship is futile", "author": "Nabi, Zubair", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Collects and provides data on Internet filtering, serving as a public resource to understand censorship patterns globally.", "quote": "We hope that all of these organizations that are sitting on top of these silos of data will make it publicly available, similar to the filtering data from the OpenNet Initiative.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5525", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan and Turkey (Internet)", "when": "2008–2014"}, {"title": "Social media activism and state censorship", "author": "T Poell", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on internet censorship tactics, highlighting their evolution from simple blocking to more varied and targeted methods, including offensive measures.", "quote": "In its 2012 publication, Access Contested, the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) makes clear that over the years internet censorship tactics have become more varied, and more focused on directing online user activity...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315764832-13/social-media-activism-state-censorship-thomas-poell", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "MENA region (Tunisia, Egypt, Iran) and China, on social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Sina Weibo, YouTube, Google Reader)", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2009-2015)"}, {"title": "Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies", "author": "Fifield, David; Hardison, Nate; Ellithorpe, Jonathan; Stark, Emily; Boneh, Dan; Dingledine, Roger; Porras, Phil", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Tracks and publicly reports on Internet filtering practices and censorship imposed by national governments. This serves as a transparency mechanism, informing the public and other civil society actors about censorship trends.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative, which tracks public reports of Internet filtering, lists a large number of countries that filter Internet traffic.", "page": "1", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-31680-7_13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on nations filtering web content like China, Asia, Middle East, Australia, Europe)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2011-2012)"}, {"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducts empirical studies and publishes reports, like \"Internet Filtering in China", "quote": "contributing crucial data and insights for understanding and challenging censorship.\"", "page": "Internet freedom, transparency, academic research", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Monitors and documents Internet filtering, identifying cases of censorship by Internet service providers (ISPs) and blogging hosts using in-country testing.", "quote": "After these sites reopened, the OpenNet Initiative found evidence that Chinese-based blogging providers were using lists of sensitive keywords to prevent controversial content from being posted to their Web servers.", "page": "3", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Conducted and published empirical studies on Internet filtering in countries like China, providing detailed analysis and data on censorship practices to enhance public and academic understanding.", "quote": "Internet Filtering in China, OpenNet Initiative, June 15, 2009.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of internet control: censorship, sovereignty, and cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The ONI operates as a research collaboration among academic institutions and NGOs to empirically document and technically interrogate patterns of internet censorship and surveillance worldwide, publishing reports on its findings.", "quote": "The aim of the ONI is to document empirically patterns of internet censorship and surveillance worldwide using sophisticated means of technically interrogating the internet directly.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134087549/chapters/10.4324/9780203962541-30", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide internet, with specific country examples (e.g., China, Iran, Tunisia, Sudan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, USA)", "when": "Early 21st century (c. 2000-2007)"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A university consortium that documents and reports on Internet filtering practices globally, providing empirical data and analysis of various censorship mechanisms employed by states.", "quote": "As documented by the OpenNet Initiative, well over three dozen states around the world use various mechanisms of Internet filtering, targeting a broad range of websites addressing political and social topics as well as many Internet tools and technologies.", "page": "4", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}, {"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducts comprehensive studies and reports on internet censorship systems globally, including China, exposing the extent and sophistication of filtering, which informs public and policy discourse.", "quote": "The Open Net Initiative concluded in its 2004-05 study of Chinese Internet censorship that “China operates the most extensive, technologically sophisticated, and broad-reaching system of Internet filtering in the world”", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Publishes studies detailing Internet filtering practices, censorship efforts by various governments (e.g., in Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Burma, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Bahrain), and how western firms facilitate such censorship.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative has recently published studies of the efforts of Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Burma, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, and Bahrain to do so.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "The Tor Project", "aliases": ["The Tor Project", "Tor Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / community/collective", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective", "privacy and anonymity non-profit; open-source software project"], "countries": ["Asia", "Australia", "China", "Egypt", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Libya", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "South Korea", "Sri Lanka", "Sudan", "Syria", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Great Firewall", "Tor"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "access to information", "anonymity", "anti-censorship", "censorship resistance", "collaboration", "free speech", "information access", "internet freedom", "open source", "privacy", "technological innovation", "user privacy"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censeur", "censorship"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 20, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology. It also provides tools (Tor) that are blocked by surveillance systems.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "Understanding Routing-Induced Censorship Changes Globally", "author": "Bhaskar, Abhishek; Pearce, Paul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Tor Project provides Tor Bridges, which are entry points to the Tor network designed to help users bypass censorship. The paper suggests their potential use for leveraging routing differences to evade censorship.", "quote": "We note that Tor Bridges [40] are a particularly apt potential use.", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658644.3670336", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Globally (21 countries investigated)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes internet circumvention tools; its related websites and resources, such as torproject.org and its GitLab, are targeted by the Great Firewall's censorship, making it a subject of censorship monitoring.", "quote": "For instance, the Tor Project’s website (torproject.org) is blocked by the GFW’s DNS filter using the regular expression *torproject.org...", "page": "8", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops open-source software that relies on volunteer labor, providing a model for privacy-focused middleware services.", "quote": "Many online community services—particularly open-source projects such as Linux, Tor, Wikipedia, and Apache—rely heavily on volunteer labor.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates and provides the Tor network and Tor Browser, including default bridges, as a circumvention tool to help users bypass internet censorship and maintain anonymity.", "quote": "Upon request from Tor, we have been running custom rapid focus measurements testing IP reachability to Tor default bridges since January 2020.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention", "author": "Frolov, Sergey; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Develops and operates the Tor network and its pluggable transports (e.g., meek and Snowflake) to enable users to bypass Internet censorship by making their traffic resemble legitimate TLS connections, thereby protecting privacy and access.", "quote": "meek, a popular pluggable transport used in Tor to evade censors, by fingerprinting its TLS connection handshake [21].", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_03B-2-1_Frolov_paper.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with focus on censorship circumvention", "when": "2017–2018 (Post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship", "author": "VanderSloot, Benjamin; McDonald, Allison; Scott, Will; Halderman, J Alex; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops and deploys internet circumvention tools (like Tor) to help users bypass censorship, and also monitors censorship events that target these tools.", "quote": "OONI reports on DPI-based censorship in 12 countries with identified vendors, and the Tor project has faced DPI-based blocking in at least 7 countries [1].", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (various countries)", "when": "2017-2018"}, {"title": "Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India", "author": "Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Sinha, Akshat; Gosain, Devashish; Sharma, Piyush Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supports and develops open-source tools like OONI to detect network interference and censorship, and provides privacy-enhancing infrastructure (Tor circuits) that can be used to bypass censorship.", "quote": "Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) [?], is an open source tool under the Tor project and is designed to detect censorship.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278555", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India (major ISPs: Airtel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, MTNL, BSNL, Siti, Sifi, NKN)", "when": "2015-2018"}, {"title": "Your state is not mine: a closer look at evading stateful internet censorship", "author": "Wang, Zhongjie; Cao, Yue; Qian, Zhiyun; Song, Chengyu; Krishnamurthy, Srikanth V.", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides a free and open-source software and network (Tor) that enables anonymous communication, serving as a tool for users to evade Internet censorship and surveillance by obscuring their internet activity.", "quote": "Tor is famous for supporting anonymous communications [22], and poses a serious threat to censorship. It is not surprising that it is reported that the GFW has been blocking Tor Bridge nodes through passive traffic analysis and active probing for more than 7 years [28].", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3131365.3131374", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall)", "when": "2015-2017 / Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Develops and operates a free and open-source software project that enables anonymous communication and censorship resistance, primarily through its onion routing network and bridge nodes that help users bypass blocks.", "quote": "Users in these countries often employ CRS to establish an unblockable connection with the bridge nodes, and subsequently bootstrap into the Tor network.", "page": "6", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}, {"title": "CacheBrowser: Bypassing Chinese Censorship without Proxies Using Cached Content", "author": "Holowczak, John; Houmansadr, Amir", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operates a proxy-based circumvention system using a network of volunteer-run relays to enable users to bypass censorship and access blocked Internet content, while also providing anonymity for their communications.", "quote": "Volunteer operators of proxy-based circumvention systems often face legal punishments for the illegal actions of (usually unknown) end-users. This has frequently been witnessed 15 for volunteer Tor relays whose relays have been used by unknown Tor users for illegal activities.", "page": "13", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2810103.2813696", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide: Another Look at the OpenNet Initiative Data", "author": "Gill, Phillipa; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Dalek, Jakub; Goldberg, Sharon; Senft, Adam; Wiseman, Greg", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains the Tor network, a circumvention technology, and collects statistics on censorship events in various countries to support its operations and inform the public.", "quote": "ToR now offers statistics on censorship events in multiple countries [TorProject 2014]", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700339", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide (77 countries)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provides a network for anonymous communication that helps users circumvent censorship and surveillance, and recruits volunteers to host relays and bridges.", "quote": "The grassroots success of similar online freedom projects (e.g., Tor [12]) in recruiting volunteers to host relays and bridges suggests that such a population does exist.", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops and provides tools and platforms for censorship detection, offering a Python script for tests and integrating with other monitoring efforts like OONI.", "quote": "The most complete and wide-ranging tool for censorship detection is provided by the OONI project [10]. It is a Free Software project, part of the wider Tor project with which it is tightly integrated.", "page": "148", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "CloudTransport: Using Cloud Storage for Censorship-Resistant Networking", "author": "Brubaker, Chad; Houmansadr, Amir; Shmatikov, Vitaly", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates a global anonymity network that helps users bypass internet censorship by routing their traffic through a distributed network of relays and hidden bridges, making it difficult for censors to identify users or block access. It also deploys technologies like pluggable transports and cloud-hosted bridges to enhance its resilience and undetectability.", "quote": "Tor is a popular anonymity network [7]. A Tor bridge is a hidden proxy that clients can use as a gateway to the Tor network [6].", "page": "16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-08506-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Countries with internet censorship (e.g., China, Ethiopia, Iran, Egypt)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship in the Wild: Analyzing Internet Filtering in Syria", "author": "Chaabane, Abdelberi; Chen, Terence; Cunche, Mathieu; De Cristofaro, Emiliano; Friedman, Arik; Kaafar, Mohamed Ali", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains the Tor network and its associated website, which Syrian users employ as an anti-censorship technology to evade internet filtering and surveillance.", "quote": "According to the logs, access to the Tor project website and the majority of Tor traffic were allowed in July/August 2011.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663720", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Syria", "when": "July–August 2011"}, {"title": "ScrambleSuit: a polymorphic network protocol to circumvent censorship", "author": "Winter, Philipp; Pulls, Tobias; Fuss, Juergen", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains the Tor network and related censorship-resistant protocols (like obfs2, obfs3, and obfsproxy) to provide users with tools for anonymity and censorship circumvention. It also manages the distribution of Tor bridges to censored users.", "quote": "The Tor project developed a blocking-resistant protocol called obfs2 [20].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2517840.2517856", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Censoring countries and the Tor network", "when": "early 2010s"}, {"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains open-source software (Tor) for censorship circumvention and online anonymity, and also monitors for censorship attempts against its service.", "quote": "The Tor Project has detected DPI-based blocking being used against its service in multiple instances [28].", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}, {"title": "Evading Censorship with Browser-Based Proxies", "author": "Fifield, David; Hardison, Nate; Ellithorpe, Jonathan; Stark, Emily; Boneh, Dan; Dingledine, Roger; Porras, Phil", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains the Tor network, a distributed system of volunteer-operated relays designed to enable users to circumvent Internet censorship and browse anonymously. It introduces technologies like non-public bridges to enhance blocking resistance.", "quote": "The Tor Project has enhanced blocking resistance by introducing non-public bridges in addition to public relays [5].", "page": "19", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-31680-7_13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on nations filtering web content like China, Asia, Middle East, Australia, Europe)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2011-2012)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Mozilla Festival 2025; Keepiton Coalition", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The Tor Project builds and maintains the Tor network and Tor Browser (technical infrastructure) and publishes messaging and research that shape debates on privacy, censorship circumvention, and platform surveillance; its tools are widely used to bypass platform and state controls.", "quote": "Tor develops and deploys anonymity and anti-surveillance technologies (Tor Browser, Tor network) that directly affect censorship circumvention, privacy protections, and the technical infrastructure of online expression and moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.torproject.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Nahdlatul Ulama", "aliases": ["Nahdlatul Ulama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Malaysia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X/Twitter", "YouTube", "nu.or.id portal"], "norms": ["community development", "compassion", "cultural diversity", "ethical conduct", "human rights", "inclusivity", "intellectual development", "justice", "moderation", "national identity", "national ideology", "national unity", "nonviolence", "political legitimacy", "political stability", "religious harmony", "religious moderation", "religious morality", "religious orthodoxy", "religious pluralism", "religious values", "social cohesion", "social harmony", "social justice", "tolerance", "traditionalism", "wisdom"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "media moderation", "media moderator", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "New Order and Reform Era", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 18, "papers": [{"title": "Addressing digital religious polarization: Policy analysis of religious moderation narratives on Indonesian government social media", "author": "Zaimina, Ach Barocky", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Functions as an online ecosystem for discursive contestation over what moderate Islam means, communicating moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity, often embedding it in moral exemplars and everyday ethical vocabularies.", "quote": "Major Islamic organisations and civic actors, such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, as well as socially trusted preachers or influencers, often communicate moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with data from 2024"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation as a Counter-Narrative of Intolerance in Schools and Universities", "author": "Aprilianto, Dwi; Aslamiyah, Siti Suwaibatul; Zahidi, Salman; Crisnasari, Nihaya Alifiya; Febbrianti, Trista", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Influences the religious and educational environment of schools and universities through its association, shaping students' understanding of Islam and implicitly promoting its traditionalist and moderate values.", "quote": "The nine high schools located in Surabaya and Lamongan, East Java Province, were chosen based on the consideration of their well-known Islamic base, especially their association with Nahdlatul Ulama or NU, Muhammadiyah, and LDII", "page": "4", "url": "https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1361", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary (2020-2024)"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation and Deradicalization in Indonesian Higher Education: A Case Study of ITB and IPB", "author": "Fahrudin, Ali; Nasrulloh, Nasrulloh; Suhadak, Faridatus; Haris, Abdul; Kholqi, A.M. Sa’dul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Champions \"archipelago Islam\"\" as a moderate approach", "quote": "thereby acting as a norm-setter for religious moderation and contributing to deradicalization efforts. It serves as a model for moderate Islamic values.\"", "page": "Moderate Islam, tolerance, balance, peace-loving, humanist, non-anarchist, gentle, open to the dynamics of the times, democracy, unity, and integrity of the nation and state.", "url": "https://jurnaledukasi.kemenag.go.id/edukasi/article/view/1974", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesian Higher Education (ITB and IPB universities)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The Dissemination of Religious Moderation Through the Policy of the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs", "author": "Qoumas, Yaqut Cholil; Binti Mohd. Hussain, Rosila Bee; Bin Abdul Rahim, Rahimin Affandi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This organization has been instrumental in shaping and advocating for the concept of 'al-tawassuth wa al-i'tidal' (moderate and harmonious) within Indonesian Islam, influencing the public sphere and political discourse on religious moderation.", "quote": "A. Najib Burhani's study of the idea of al-tawassuth wa al-i'tidal (moderate and harmonious) in the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) organization's perspective, for instance, has shown the extent to which the issue of moderate Islam in Indonesia intersects with the GWOT policy and the extent to which it has autonomy and independence.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/QIJIS/article/view/27552", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Malaysia", "when": "1998–2024"}, {"title": "Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts", "author": "Afwadzi, Benny; Sumbulah, Umi; Ali, Nur; Qudsy, Saifuddin Z.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its ideology serves as a basis for students' practice of religious moderation, guiding them to avoid discussing exclusive teachings and contentious religious themes to promote intra-religious harmony and prevent hostility.", "quote": "MBH explained that when talking to people from different Islamic organisations, he attempts not to discuss the exclusive teachings, let alone to compare it with the teachings of Nahdlatul Ulama, the basis of his ideology.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/9369", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation in Digital Media Discourse: A Study of the nu.or.id Portal from the Perspective of Communicative Rationality", "author": "I Wayan Salendra", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes religious moderation through its digital portal nu.or.id, disseminating moderate Islamic knowledge ('wașatiyah'), countering intolerant websites and blogs, and offering inclusive interpretations of Islam.", "quote": "Umi Musyarrofah and Zulhannan (2023) examine religious moderation within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama's dakwah in the era of Industry 4.0, illustrating how this movement incorporates the acceptance of religious diversity into its teachings.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/jf/article/view/4954", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on the nu.or.id portal and digital media", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopted Pancasila as its foundational ideology to align with the state system and has promoted moderate Islamic discourses and actions, particularly in response to rising Islamism.", "quote": "NU traditionally upholds the Sunni tradition of legitimizing governmental authority. This resulted in religious moderation policies that likely adopt NU's discourses, including moderate thought, movement, and action.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}, {"title": "TikTok Social Media: A Breakthrough to the Moderation in Da'wah Education", "author": "MB Muvid, DA Arnandy…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes a culture-based da'wah style known as \"Islam Nusantara\"\" which serves as a reference for educating noble", "quote": "religious", "page": "and humanist individuals", "url": "http://journal.staihubbulwathan.id/index.php/alishlah/article/view/4727", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, TikTok", "when": "post-2010 platform era (digital era)"}, {"title": "Digital strategies for promoting religious moderation: The role of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama on social media", "author": "MZ Yusuf, MH Nahar, HM Abror…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Nahdlatul Ulama promotes its 'Islam Nusantara' (Archipelagic Islam) discourse through digital media, particularly its NU Online platform and social media accounts. They spread messages of tolerance, respect for diversity, and national brotherhood (ukhuwah wathaniyyah), highlighting examples of interfaith harmony to counter radical ideologies and foster social harmony.", "quote": "Ciptadi (2024) explored how Nahdlatul Ulama builds and spreads the values of tolerance through its online media, NU Online. His research shows that Nahdlatul Ulama has organizational values that view tolerance as an important aspect of religious life.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Yusuf-136/publication/389823854_Digital_Strategies_for_Promoting_Religious_Moderation_The_Role_of_Muhammadiyah_and_Nahdlatul_Ulama_on_Social_Media/links/691dfed6c2a8e047ef3e0be5/Digital-Strategies-for-Promoting-Religious-Moderation-The-Role-of-Muhammadiyah-and-Nahdlatul-Ulama-on-Social-Media.pdf", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Social Media", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes religious moderation through conventional methods like seminars, workshops, and recitations, and indirectly supports online campaigns through its youth cadres who founded Harakatuna.com.", "quote": "Religious moderation programs also tend to be focused on mainstream religious organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah (Asroor, 2019)... Both organizations in their work reflect the teachings of Ahlussunnah wa al-Jama'ah which recognizes tolerance and peace in preaching.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE AND ITS APPLICATION IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA", "author": "Rahmadi, Rahmadi; Hamdan, Hamdan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Exemplifies and promotes the practice of moderation and tolerance within religious observance, fostering harmonious coexistence and respect for diverse beliefs and customs among Muslims.", "quote": "The practice of moderation and tolerance has become a hallmark of religious observance among Muslims, exemplified by two major Islamic organizations in Indonesia, NU (Nahdlatul Ulama) and Muhammadiyah.", "page": "1", "url": "http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/khazanah/article/view/8487", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic educational institutions", "when": "21st century, post-2010"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation in the Discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s Dakwah in the Era of Industry 4.0", "author": "Musyarrofah, Umi; Zulhannan, Zulhannan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes religious moderation and inclusivity through its dakwah (preaching) efforts, adapting to the digital age via social media platforms and traditional Islamic boarding schools. It fosters unity, tolerance, and non-confrontation, embodying the principles of Islam Nusantara.", "quote": "This research examines religious moderation within the discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama's (NU) religious dakwah. Established in 1926 under the leadership of Kiai Haji Muhammad Hasyim Asy'ari in Jombang, East Java, Nahdlatul Ulama emerged as an organization of orthodox Muslim scholars adhering to the Asy'ari school of thought.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/27720", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "contemporary, Industry 4.0 era"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia", "author": "Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Proposed to stop using the term “kafir” (pagans) for non-Muslims in a conference, promoting inclusivity and interfaith harmony within religious discourse.", "quote": "As a concrete example he mentioned the proposal by the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) clergy in a conference at Banjar, West Java, in 2019, to stop referring to non-Muslims as “kafir” (Eng: \"pagans\"\").\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/exch/52/3/article-p220_4.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Actively campaigned for the acceptance of Pancasila as the sole state ideology and promoted a moderate, open, and respectful religious life in pluralistic Indonesia.", "quote": "Other important matters that need to be taken into accounts are the roles of major Islamic organizations such as NU and Muhammadiyah in actively campaigning for acceptance of Pancasila as the sole principle and a moderate, open and respectful religious life in the context of pluralistic Indonesia.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}, {"title": "Construction of Public Opinion about Religious Moderation on NU Online Instagram Accounts (@ nuonline_id)", "author": "SH Soraya, WT Wibowo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), primarily through its official online media platform NU Online (and its Instagram account @nuonline_id), actively constructs and disseminates content to promote religious moderation. This involves framing public understanding, building public opinion, and inculcating moderation concepts across various aspects of life, including inter-religious relations, social life, politics, state management, education, legal interpretations, and economic practices.", "quote": "Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), as the most prominent religious organization in Indonesia in its activities, has played a role as a national civil society... The Nahdlatul Ulama organization has a crucial role in constructing public understanding. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) invites to re-understand the concept of washatiyah in Islam.", "page": "3", "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9bb2/7ae7b9a59bf2f512538dbe6ceefe5ec4644f.pdf", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Instagram", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Plays a vital role in state moderation processes, actively maintaining and strengthening networks and institutions that support Islamic moderation, and implementing tolerant and peaceful Islamic ideas, including through social media campaigns.", "quote": "Muhammadiyah dan NU adalah dua organisasi sosial dan keagamaan yang memainkan peran aktif dalam memelihara dan memperkuat jaringan dan lembaga yang mendukung moderasi Islam, hingga Indonesia membuat proyek perintis untuk mentolerir dunia luar.", "page": "6", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Conserving moderate Islam in Indonesiaan analysis of Muwafiq's speechon online media", "author": "M Salik", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a prominent Islamic organization, NU promotes religious moderation through its adopted school of thought (Ahl al-sunnah wa al-Jama'ah) and the 'Islam Nusantara' idea. It advocates for balance, tolerance, and the adaptation of Islamic teachings to local cultural contexts to maintain national unity, prevent radicalism, and ensure peaceful coexistence in a diverse society.", "quote": "NU is considered as one of the Islamic organizations the bearer of moderate ideas as it adopts Ahl al-sunnah wa al-Jama'ah which is classified as a moderate school.", "page": "4", "url": "http://repository.uinsa.ac.id/id/eprint/109/1/Mohamad%20Salik_196712121994031002_Conserving%20moderate%20Islam%20in%20Indonesiaan%20analysis%20of%20Muwafiq%27s%20speechon%20online%20media.pdf", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, online media (YouTube)", "when": "late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Exploring the Utility of Memes for U.S. Government Influence Campaigns", "author": "Zakem, Vera; McBride, Megan K; Hammerberg, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Nahdlatul Ulama, an Indonesian Muslim organization, developed and implemented an online social media campaign to counter ISIS propaganda by spreading messages of moderate, tolerant, and non-violent Islam. They trained 'cyber warriors' to post memes and text that promoted these values, aiming to 'infect' the population with their positive conceptualization of Islam.", "quote": "NU was working with the University of Vienna in Austria (via a program called VORTEX, the Vienna Observatory for Applied Research on Radicalism and Extremism) to prepare effective responses to ISIS's online propaganda.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online information environment, global (with focus on USG interests)", "when": "Mid-2010s to late 2010s (2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Ranking Digital Rights", "aliases": ["Ranking Digital Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "Watchdog/transparency group", "digital rights NGO / advocacy and accountability organisation", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "access to information", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "corporate accountability", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "free speech", "freedom of expression", "governance", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "platform governance", "platform transparency", "privacy", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderación", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "modération censure", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 18, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Independently evaluates tech companies’ transparency and governance practices; produces comparative scorecards for civil society scrutiny.", "quote": "Ranking Digital Rights (RDR) independently evaluates tech companies’ transparency and governance practices, producing comparative scorecards that serve as a benchmark for civil society-led scrutiny.", "page": "297", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and advocates for normative frameworks and principles (like the Santa Clara Principles) for companies to follow in content moderation, contributing to agenda-setting in platform governance.", "quote": "CSOs including... Ranking Digital Rights (RDR), have put forward the Santa Clara Principles which contain Foundational and Operational Principles for companies to follow when engaged in content moderation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Tiedekunta, Informaatioteknologian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This organization conducts assessments evaluating companies on their transparency regarding how user-consumed content is curated, ranked, or recommended on their platforms.", "quote": "The 2020 Ranking Digital Rights assessment found that no evaluated company fully disclosed how the content users consume is curated, ranked or recommended (Udupa et al., 2021).", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... Ranking Digital Rights y WITNESS.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Produces annual reports (Corporate Accountability Index) analyzing the policies of digital giants in terms of respecting user rights, thereby evaluating platform practices.", "quote": "L'organisation états-unienne Ranking Digital Rights s'est par exemple spécialisée dans la production de rapports d'analyse des politiques des géants du numérique en termes de respect des droits de leurs usagères, à travers la publication annuelle du Corporate Accountability Index.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}, {"title": "Como regular a moderação privada de conteúdo nos novos espaços públicos?", "author": "Maranhão, Por Juliano; Campos, Ricardo; Kettemann, Matthias", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promotes transparency and accountability mechanisms by evaluating companies' human rights commitments through an index, influencing platform governance towards better practices.", "quote": "entidades da sociedade civil tem promovido iniciativas e promulgado documentos no sentido de estimular a adoção de mecanismos de transparência, entre eles o Santa Clara Principles [12], o Corporate Accountability Index [13]", "page": "1", "url": "Conjur", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), Europe, United States, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided feedback to Facebook regarding the draft charter for the Oversight Board.", "quote": "Ranking Digital Rights, Ranking Digital Rights' Feedback to Facebook on the Draft Charter for Facebook's Oversight Board", "page": "26", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Developed parameters to evaluate the performance of digital platforms in protecting freedom of expression and privacy, influencing policy and transparency discussions.", "quote": "Nathalie Maréchal, Senior Policy Analyst na Ranking Digital Rights, organização estadunidense que desenvolveu parâmetros para avaliar o desempenho de plataformas digitais na proteção da liberdade de expressão e da privacidade", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Functions as a project that translates research findings into political devices, similar to Greenpeace's efforts, to assess and promote human rights and freedom of expression in the digital sphere.", "quote": "Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, which includes a grade for companies' willingness to share information, or the Ranking Digital Rights 32 project are good examples for the translation of research into concrete political devices.", "page": "20", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes on the relationship between technology business models and challenges to online speech, implicitly advocating for improved digital rights practices.", "quote": "Nathalie Maréchal and Ellery Roberts Biddle. 2020. It's Not Just the Content, It's the Business Model: Democracy's Online Speech Challenge. Ranking Digital Rights.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "Understanding content moderation systems: new methods to understand internet governance at scale, over time, and across platforms", "author": "N Suzor", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes annual Corporate Transparency Index reports that rank internet and telecommunications intermediaries, aiming to push them to continuously improve their policies regarding transparency and human rights.", "quote": "useful supplement to annual rankings reports from organisations like Ranking Digital Rights' Corporate Transparency Index (Ranking Digital Rights 2018)... that push internet and telecommunications intermediaries to continuously improve their policies.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788977449/9781788977449.00013.xml", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, Twitter, Instagram platforms, global (with Australian context)", "when": "2010s platform era, focusing on 2016–2019"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Assesses Internet companies' compliance with human rights principles through an index to promote transparency and accountability in their practices.", "quote": "Ranking Digital Rights, a nonprofit advocacy group, assesses Internet companies’ compliance with human rights principles, including by reference to whether the company communicates about changes in their terms of service and is transparent about enforcement (Ranking Digital Rights 2018).", "page": "289", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports (Corporate Accountability Index) that evaluate and rank digital platforms based on their transparency and accountability practices, including content moderation.", "quote": "Ranking Digital Rights, '2018 Corporate Accountability Index' (Research Report, April 2018) <https://rankingdigitalrights.org/index2018/assets/static/download/RDRindex2018report.pdf>.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What Do We Mean When We Talk About Transparency? Toward Meaningful Transparency in Commercial Content Moderation", "author": "Suzor, Nicolas P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the transparency practices of digital companies, contributing to demands for improved transparency reporting in the digital sector.", "quote": "The continuous improvements in transparency reporting over the last decade (Ranking Digital Rights, 2018) are welcome changes, but there is a danger in the language of transparency.", "page": "4", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes an index assessing corporate accountability for human rights, including highlighting deficiencies in content moderation transparency reports by companies.", "quote": "Ranking Digital Rights' 2018 Corporate Accountability Index, for example, found serious deficiencies in the quality of information disclosed by companies with respect to the volume and nature of content and accounts removed or restricted", "page": "959", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A nonprofit advocacy group that launched a corporate accountability index to assess Internet companies' compliance with human rights principles, including transparency regarding terms of service and their enforcement.", "quote": "In November 2015, GNI cofounder Rebecca MacKinnon launched the Ranking Digital Rights cor porate accountability index in an attempt to increase the transparency of human rights- related business practices.", "page": "169", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes a 'Corporate Accountability Index' which is a comparative rating system using 35 indicators to assess global companies' good practices regarding privacy, transparency, data reporting, and corporate governance.", "quote": "Probably the most prominent among the initiatives which targets the tech sector has been Ranking Digital Rights” “Corporate Accountability Index”, a comparative rating system that applies 35 indicators for good practice to 22 global companies.", "page": "51", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produces an annual public index scoring companies, methodological adaptations for regional partners, and tools (CLARITI) used to spotlight corporate practices and press for transparency and regulatory reforms.", "quote": "Publishes annual RDR Index evaluating major platforms and telecoms, develops methodologies and tools (e.g., CLARITI) to hold tech companies accountable for human rights impacts and platform practices including shutdowns, censorship, and AI-related risks.", "page": "", "url": "https://rankingdigitalrights.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Black Lives Matter", "aliases": ["Black Lives Matter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "Asia", "Australia", "Brazil", "China", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Eastern societies", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Georgia", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Morocco", "Pakistan", "Philippines", "Russia", "Slovenia", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["Digital Media", "Douyin", "Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "anti-racism", "anti-violence", "civic engagement", "civil rights", "climate action", "community well-being", "diversity and inclusion", "environmental protection", "equality", "free speech", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "human dignity", "human rights", "justice", "police accountability", "protest rights", "racial equality", "racial justice", "reputation protection", "social change", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de mídia", "modérateur de contenus", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 17, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A social movement whose content, created by its militants, was subjected to moderation actions (banning) on platforms, highlighting biases in platform rules concerning 'protected categories' and freedom of expression.", "quote": "militantes do movimento Black Lives Matter (Vidas Negras Importam) foram banidos das mesmas plataformas após dizerem que “todas as pessoas brancas são racistas” (Angwin; Grassegger, 2017).", "page": "67", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Redes sociais como nova esfera pública", "author": "CMC Nunes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to amplify marginalized voices and bring social justice issues, specifically related to racial justice and police brutality, to rapid public visibility, challenging existing power structures and norms.", "quote": "Movimentos como #MeToo, Black Lives Matter e os protestos pela mudança climática mostraram o poder das redes sociais de ampliar vozes marginalizadas, permitindo que questões de justiça social ganhem visibilidade de maneira rápida e eficaz.", "page": "15", "url": "https://bdigital.ufp.pt/entities/publication/8ef1c592-98ae-4899-8ce7-bbf5b5e16057", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital sphere; International politics; Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Reseña/Review (Román, Ayme,“Después del# MeToo. Dilemas del feminismo en la era digital”, Barcelona, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-84-12451-78-8 …", "author": "AH de Blas", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It is referenced as a social movement that more successfully achieved 'radical community healing' through its activism, contrasting with the #MeToo movement's trajectory.", "quote": "la recepción de este último mensaje fue mucho menor -sobre todo fuera de los círculos del movimiento Black Lives Matter- y el fenómeno resultante tomó una forma significativamente diferente a los deseos de esta activista.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/9293769.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital age, social media platforms, global context", "when": "Post-2000s, digital era"}, {"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organizers within the movement use social media platforms to denounce racism, and their posts are often removed or flagged, illustrating a form of censorship by platforms against anti-racist discourse, thus impacting the movement's ability to communicate.", "quote": "Por exemplo, o caso de Tanya Faison, organizadora do movimento Black Lives Matter, que, do mesmo modo, teve um de seus posts removidos, enquadrado como \"discurso de ódio”.\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade digital e restrição das ideias: um estudo sociológico sobre os desafios da tolerância na era da informação", "author": "AMM Santos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This movement utilizes digital platforms to articulate protests, promote social changes, and mobilize support, demonstrating how online tools can transcend geographical and cultural boundaries to achieve social justice demands.", "quote": "O movimento #BlackLivesMatter exemplifica como as plataformas digitais podem ser usadas para articular protestos e promover mudanças sociais.", "page": "5", "url": "https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/21779", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms, global", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "IL CONTROLLO CULTURALE DEI SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Antonio, Ceravolo Flavio; Marco, Zuffada", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Utilizing social media to aggregate people around common causes, diffusing awareness and protest campaigns for social and political change.", "quote": "Movimenti come Fridays for Future, Black Lives Matter e la lotta per i diritti LGBTQ+ hanno tratto enorme forza dalla capacità dei social di aggregare persone attorno a cause comuni.", "page": "46", "url": "unitesi.unipv.it", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital ecosystem, with a specific focus on China's digital culture and the comparative analysis of social media platforms (TikTok and Douyin) in Western and Eastern contexts.", "when": "Late 20th century - present, with a focus on social media dynamics in 2023-2024."}, {"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Demanded immediate action on climate and environment, intergenerational justice, gender and racial equality, and direct citizen participation in decision-making, advocating for a new inclusive and participatory socio-ecological contract with binding legal commitments.", "quote": "des mouvements sociaux comme «Fridays For Future», «Black Lives Matter» ou encore «Extinction Rebellion» (Amelang et Nijhuis 2022) ont exigé une action immédiate en matière de climat et d’environnement, de justice intergénérationnelle et d’égalité de genre et de race, ainsi qu’une participation directe à la prise de décisions, par exemple à travers des assemblées citoyennes.", "page": "113", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participated in the expansion of political parties and movements facilitated by social media.", "quote": "Internet has assumed an important role in the expansion of multiple political parties, candidates and movements, from the Tea Party to Black Lives Matter", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Documented protests and published videos on TikTok to raise awareness about police violence, but faced shadowbanning which limited visibility of their content.", "quote": "le jeune états-unien décide de documenter les manifestations du mouvement Black Lives Matter à Los Angeles, quelques semaines après la mort de George Floyd.", "page": "2", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}, {"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Uses social media intensively to organize protests, document police violence against unarmed Black people, and disseminate information and informal learning about racism and police brutality, raising national prominence for the issue.", "quote": "Iniciado em 2014, o movimento Black Lives Matter buscou associar ativistas contra os assassinatos, por policiais, de negros desarmados nos Estados Unidos. As mídias sociais têm sido usadas de forma intensa para marcar protestos, cobrir a violência e como um modo de gerar aprendizado informal sobre o racismo e violência policial.", "page": "6", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social Media Platforms and Freedom of Expression Norms", "author": "Arun, Chinmayi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The movement served as an inspiration for other social justice movements in different countries, influencing the global discourse on social justice and protest strategies.", "quote": "Black Lives Matter inspired Dalit Lives Matter in India.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global; with specific examples from India, US, France, Pakistan, China, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Utilizes mobile social media in oppositional movements, implicitly challenging existing content moderation policies and influencing public discourse on social justice issues.", "quote": "the role identified for mobile social media in oppositional movements such as Black Lives Matter.", "page": "16", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in counter-rallies against white supremacists, actively opposing racism and promoting social justice and equality.", "quote": "members of anti-racist and anti-fascist social movements, some of whom support the use of direct action, most notably under the banners of Black Lives Matter (BLM) and Antifa.", "page": "223", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its activist's post was removed by Facebook due to hate speech rules, highlighting how platform policies impact discussions on race and discrimination.", "quote": "Didi Delgado, um poeta residente em Boston e ativista do movimento Black Lives Matter, postou o seguinte texto: “Todas as pessoas brancas são racistas. Comece desse ponto de referência, ou você já terá falhado”.", "page": "90", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Mobilizes public forms of creative resistance and uses networked culture to demand recognition for marginalized peoples and challenge social antagonism.", "quote": "Think of groups such as Black Lives Matter (BLM), Occupy Wall Street (OWS) the Indignados in Spain, or the so-called Arab Spring and other self-organized forms of resistance", "page": "189", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Perceived by conservatives as \"agitators\"\" and associated with \"\"burning down of these cities", "quote": "", "page": "Black Lives Matter and Antifa, whatever, they are known to be agitators, just as the white supremacists are known to have a stance that probably doesn't agree with 90% of the American people...", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}, {"title": "Hateful Symbols or Hateful People? Predictive Features for Hate Speech Detection on Twitter", "author": "Waseem, Zeerak; Hovy, Dirk", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The movement highlights issues of racial injustice and the devaluation of lives of African-American citizens, thereby influencing public discourse and pressuring platforms like Facebook to scrutinize and potentially adjust their hate speech evaluation and moderation policies.", "quote": "A reaction to the “Black Lives Matter\" movement", "page": "a campaign to highlight the devaluation of lives of African-American citizens... shows how individual biases manifest in evaluat-ing hate speech (Wong", "url": "http://aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2013", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (USA, Australia)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)", "aliases": ["Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Canada", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "South Asia", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Meta", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitch", "Twitter", "VK", "WeChat", "Weibo", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "ai safety", "anti-harassment", "civil liberties", "community participation", "digital freedom", "digital rights", "due process", "fairness", "free speech", "human rights", "marginalized group protection", "privacy", "professional responsibility", "technology ethics", "transparency", "user privacy", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 17, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and civil liberties, and was noted for exalting the importance of community participation in shaping terms of use for platforms.", "quote": "O mais emblemático neste fato é o pronunciamento de Zuckerberg, conforme noticiou o Electronic Frontier Foundation, exaltando a importância da participação da comunidade na construção de melhores termos de uso", "page": "84", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "PROJETO GRÁFICO, CAPA, DIAGRAMAÇÃO, EDIÇÃO DE IMAGEM E FINALIZAÇÃO", "author": "FSR Silva, JMC Gertrudes, P Rocillo, RFG da Silva…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, which set minimum parameters for digital platforms to observe due process in online content restriction, including rights to appeal and ample defense.", "quote": "Do lado da sociedade civil, os Princípios de Manila e de Santa Clara foram algumas das primeiras grandes iniciativas reconhecidas por apresentar parâmetros mínimos para plataformas digitais.", "page": "11", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Decisoes-judiciais-sobre-o-devido-processo-na-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-redes-sociais-como-julgam-os-magistrados.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "2022–2024"}, {"title": "(In) visible moderation: A digital ethnography of marginalized users and content moderation on Twitch and Reddit", "author": "H Thach, S Mayworm, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Electronic Frontier Foundation highlights instances where moderation practices disproportionately target marginalized groups, challenging platforms' enforcement of content rules and advocating for fairer policies.", "quote": "Many journalists and scholars have argued that moderation practices across different platforms disproportionately target marginalized groups such as queer people and women of color, particularly queer/transgender Black women (Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2019)", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448221109804", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and Twitch, USA", "when": "Early 2020s"}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocated for the independence of the internet from state regulation and promoted self-governance of the digital environment, with a focus on individual autonomy and freedom of expression.", "quote": "Barlow ficou conhecido não só por ser um dos principais fundadores da Eletronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) mas também por ser um dos principais expoentes a respeito da discussão sobre a regulação da internet61", "page": "31", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to the public debate on content moderation, authors international recommendations like the Santa Clara Principles and Manila Principles, and influences platforms to improve their moderation practices towards greater transparency and user rights.", "quote": "Em relação aos impactos da primeira versão dos Princípios de Santa Clara, por exemplo, a diretora de Liberdade Internacional de Expressão da Electronic Frontier Foundation, Jillian York, destacou ter percebido que empresas de tecnologia teriam melhorado, principalmente, em relação ao oferecimento de formas de contestação de decisões de moderação para usuários, o que demonstraria um avanço.", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (2015) and the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (2018), and led a review process to develop new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA)...", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed 'principles on filtering' as a soft law initiative to guide content moderation practices, advocating for digital rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "We can recall the Santa Clara Principles, the Corporate Accountability Index, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation principles on filtering.", "page": "82", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Withdrew from the Global Network Initiative due to lack of transparency regarding platform cooperation with government surveillance. Also contributed to the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Já a Eletronic Frontier Foundation abandonou a iniciativa em 2013, quando se deu conta de que as empresas de tecnologia não compartilhariam informações sobre a sua cooperação com o governo estadunidense em operações de vigilância.", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "The COVID-19 Mental Health Content Moderation Conundrum", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for transparency in social media content moderation, praises companies' openness about AI limitations, and warns against relying too heavily on AI for moderation, influencing policy discussions on online safety.", "quote": "a moment of transparency praised by the Electronic Frontier Foundation's (EFF) York and McSherry (2020). But York and McSherry (2020) also warn platforms against relying on AI when the world returns to some version of normal", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948186", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Weibo, WeChat, VK), with specific focus on the UK", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Initiated efforts to track the transparency of content blocking and removal by technology companies, advocating for increased transparency regarding government requests to suppress online discourse.", "quote": "La Electronic Frontier Foundation comenzó a rastrear hasta qué punto las empresas eran transparentes sobre la frecuencia con la que bloquean o eliminan contenido o cuentas en el 2015.", "page": "40", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e moderação de conteúdo: o sistema CONTENT ID ea proteção dos direitos autorais na plataforma Youtube", "author": "IA Hartmann, LA da Silva", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Documents and criticizes cases of content moderation failures and copyright overreach on platforms like YouTube, advocating for user rights and transparency against automated systems.", "quote": "A Electronic Frontier Foundation já publicou diversos casos sobre moderação de conteúdo e alegação de proteção de direitos autorais, envolvendo tanto o YouTube quanto outras redes sociais.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.revistasuninter.com/iusgentium/index.php/iusgentium/article/view/503", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube platform, Brazil, United States", "when": "Post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Addresses good practices in the tech sector through commentary and comparative assessments (like 'Who Has Your Back?'), scoring companies on privacy, transparency, and their resistance to government demands for user data and content takedowns.", "quote": "Nate Cardozo et al, \"Who Has Your Back? Censorship Edition 2018\"\"", "page": "Electronic Frontier Foundation (31 May 2018)", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supported the development and release of Block Together, a third-party Twitter application that serves as a clearinghouse for blocklist curators, providing tools to combat online harassment by enabling users to share and subscribe to lists of blocked accounts.", "quote": "Block Together is a web application that serves as a “centralized clear-inghouse” for many blocklist curators and subscribers [20]. ... It was released by third-party software developers at the Electronic Frontier Foundation [15].", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and free expression, notably by publishing \"A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace", "quote": "free speech, digital rights, cyber-sovereignty", "page": "John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, February 8, 1996, http://homes.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html.", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsibility, likely advocating for digital civil liberties.", "quote": "professional ethics advocates such as Donald Gotterbarn...—and organizations such as ...the Electronic Frontier Foundation (www.eff.org)...—spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsibility, likely focusing on digital rights and freedoms.", "quote": "organizations such as ... the Electronic Frontier Foundation (www.eff.org), ... spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "40", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "The world-wide market: Living with the realities of censorship on the Internet.", "author": "M Björn, YY Chen", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Lobbies for a 'Bill of Electronic Rights and Ethics' to ensure the rights of Internet users and influence legislation, rather than allowing it to be imposed.", "quote": "The building of a iBill of Electronic Rights and Ethicsi, which is intended to iqualifyi legislation, rather than to become legislation itself, is supported by the Electronic Freedom Frontier and other Internet lobby groups.", "page": "141", "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427649.pdf#page=42", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet/WWW", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "InternetLab", "aliases": ["InternetLab", "Internetlab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation", "NGO", "Research institute", "academic/research lab", "foundation", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Threads", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "contextual moderation", "cultural sensitivity", "democratic integrity", "democratic principles", "digital rights", "due process", "effective regulation", "equity", "fairness", "feasibility", "free speech", "human rights", "information integrity", "justice", "legality", "non-discrimination", "platform power", "privacy", "public discourse", "regulatory feasibility", "regulatory nuance", "research-informed policy", "technological neutrality", "transparency", "user participation", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 17, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports (e.g., “Diagnósticos & Recomendações”) on content moderation, identifying algorithmic biases and proposing procedural rules for platforms.", "quote": "Em agosto de 2021, o Internet Lab lançou a 5ª edição do “Diagnósticos & Recomendações”, com o objetivo de colaborar com o debate acerca da moderação de conteúdo no Brasil. O relatório deu ênfase na perspectiva procedimental da moderação de conteúdo", "page": "147", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and studies on content moderation, including analyzing how AI perceives 'toxic' content in specific communities (LGBTQIAP+). Also participated in drafting principles for content moderation.", "quote": "Em um estudo conduzido pelo InternetLab (Gomes; Antonialli; Oliva, 2019), verificou-se como uma ferramenta de IA chamada Perspective - e que pode ser implementada por diferentes plataformas - percebia a presença de conteúdos de ódio, danosos, rudes ou desrespeitosos (o que foi chamado de conteúdo “tóxico”) em postagens de diferentes pessoas no X (então Twitter).", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, focusing on research and advocacy for human rights and democracy in the digital environment, including content moderation issues.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários e a sua moderação", "author": "Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on the role of AI in content moderation, digital rights, and information disorder, identifying potential biases in AI systems as demonstrated by their study on 'toxicity' classifiers.", "quote": "Nos trabalhos desenvolvidos por este autor no âmbito do InternetLab, centro de pesquisa em direitos e tecnologias, fake news ou desinformação são alcunhas simplificadoras para um fenômeno que reflete a mudança de como as sociedades produzem, circulam e consomem informação política.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/225250", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems (global, with focus on Brazil, EU, USA)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários ea sua moderação", "author": "FB Cruz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research to analyze the role of AI in content moderation on internet platforms, identifies biases in AI systems (e.g., in 'toxicidade' detection), and discusses the broader implications for information circulation and human rights.", "quote": "O primeiro foi detectado por pesquisa realizada pelo InternetLab... pesquisadores testaram uma fer- ramenta criada por uma subsidiária do Google para análise do “nível de toxi- cidade” de discursos em textos.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/247094", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, global (with specific mentions of Brazil and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current (2020s)"}, {"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited for its work on \"strategic silence\"\" as a recommended measure to avoid amplifying disinformation", "quote": "Responsible information sharing, avoiding amplification of harmful content.", "page": "os veículos de comunicação evitem reverberar esses conteúdos ou pautas relacionadas a eventuais medidas restritivas que lhes sejam impostas, pelas plataformas (InternetLab, 2021).", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the Santa Clara Principles review, advocated for state regulation of transparency obligations, while warning that not all types of digital platforms can bear such burdens.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab, de México y Brasil respectivamente...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society through research on internet governance and digital rights from a Brazilian perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocated for state regulation on transparency obligations for large platforms, while also cautioning that such obligations must consider the feasibility and type of platform.", "quote": "También en Brasil, InternetLab ha registrado sus posiciones pro-regulación estatal de obli-gaciones de transparencia 62, tanto cuanto ha advertido que ni todos los tipos de plataformas digitales podrán soporta-las:", "page": "26", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A (ir) responsabilidade dos provedores de aplicação da internet no Brasil", "author": "RNM Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a research and debate center, Internetlab contributes to the public discourse on internet regulation by highlighting issues such as limited access to content moderation rules, lack of transparency, and errors in the application of these rules by platforms, thus informing societal and legislative debate on potential regulatory pitfalls.", "quote": "Por sua vez, a Internetlab, que é um centro de pesquisa e debates interdisciplinar na área de direito, tecnologia e políticas públicas, diz que o limitado acesso às regras de moderação de conteúdo, a falta de transparência e os erros na aplicação de regras passaram a ser alvos de insatisfação e desconfiança por parte de seus usuários e de pesquisadores.", "page": "14", "url": "https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/16541", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ARMADILHAS E CAMINHOS NA REGULAÇÃO DA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "Monteiro, Artur Pericles Lima; Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produces knowledge and promotes debate on technology, rights, and public policies, contributing to public discourse on platform regulation and content moderation. Also submits contributions to external review bodies.", "quote": "O InternetLab é um centro independente de pesquisa interdisciplinar, que produz conhecimento e promove o debate em diferentes áreas que envolvem tecnologia, direitos e políticas públicas.", "page": "4", "url": "internetlab.org.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2014 and 2021"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Through the Dissenso.org project, analyzes content removal requests in Brazil, revealing that a significant portion are illegitimate, unfounded, or abusive, thereby advocating for proper content moderation practices.", "quote": "Nesse mesmo sentido, o projeto Dissenso.org, organizado pelo InternetLab no Brasil, destaca que apenas 33.5% dos casos de pedidos de remoção foram deferidos ou confirmados em segunda instância no Brasil", "page": "205", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research on content moderation and its impact, advocates for better policies, and contributes to policy debates by submitting comments to bodies like the Oversight Board.", "quote": "O autor idealizou e conduziu as entrevistas que utilizou na elaboração desta seção como parte de projeto de pesquisa sobre moderação de conteúdo realizado junto ao InternetLab (https://www.internetlab.org.br/pt/)...", "page": "67", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducted and published research on the potential biased impacts of AI content moderation tools on LGBTQ+ speech, serving a watchdog and advocacy role by scrutinizing AI performance.", "quote": "Inspired by the peculiarities of the LGBTQ community communication codes, Oliva, Antonialli and Gomes undertook research on the potential impacts of AI tools on LGBTQ speech.", "page": "28", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducted a study using an AI tool to analyze toxicity in Twitter posts, highlighting how automated tools can incorporate discriminatory biases in evaluating text.", "quote": "Alessandra Gomes, Dennys Antonialli e Thiago Dias Oliva ressaltam essas observações a partir de um estudo conduzido pelo centro de pesquisas Internetlab... A “Perspective” mede o nível de “toxicidade” em um texto...", "page": "53", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on internet regulation, demonstrating the importance of judicial review in content removal to protect legitimate expression and prevent undue censorship.", "quote": "em pesquisas recentes o InternetLab foi capaz de perceber que (i) o crivo judicial do Art. 19 é essencial para garantir que pedidos de remoção infundados não suprimam conteúdos legítimos", "page": "15", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}, {"title": "Quando o algoritmo silencia Exu: estudo de caso sobre racismo algorítmico, intolerância religiosa on-line e economia da atenção1", "author": "TN de Santana Mauricio", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts research and advocates for policies related to internet governance, digital rights, and content moderation, influencing public debate and legislative initiatives by stressing the importance of contextualized moderation that considers cultural and social aspects.", "quote": "Como destaca Brito Cruz, diretor executivo do InternetLab, “a moderação de conteúdo deve ser contextualizada, considerando aspectos culturais e sociais” (Brito Cruz, ConJur, 2023)¹⁰, o que implica compreender que a exclusão ou silenciamento de determinados grupos e temas não é um efeito colateral técnico, mas sim uma manifestação concreta de desigualdades históricas reproduzidas por sistemas automatizados.", "page": "8", "url": "https://sistemas.intercom.org.br/pdf/submissao/nacional/23/0926202511012468d69cb447a36.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp)", "when": "2020s, contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Observatory of Network Interference", "aliases": ["Open Observatory of Network Interference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Watchdog/transparency group", "internet measurement NGO / research community", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Burma", "China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "Iran", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "Taiwan", "Thailand", "United States"], "media": ["Great Firewall", "Large Language Models", "Web content"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-censorship", "censorship", "digital rights", "freedom of information", "internet freedom", "internet openness", "network transparency", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 16, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Measures internet censorship globally, tracking and understanding blocklist changes.", "quote": "Projects such as OONI [32], Censored Planet [33], and ICLab [34] have been measuring censorship globally for years.", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}, {"title": "Understanding Routing-Induced Censorship Changes Globally", "author": "Bhaskar, Abhishek; Pearce, Paul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "OONI provides a network interference detection tool (Ooniprobe) and data, which the paper uses to identify potential sensitive domains for censorship measurement, thus contributing to understanding what is censored.", "quote": "For each, we: 1) pick potential sensitive domains using a combination of OONI [47] and CLBL [15], and sample destination IPs...", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658644.3670336", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Globally (21 countries investigated)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Monitors global censorship by relying on volunteers to run accessibility tests; however, its measurement activities are hindered by the Great Firewall's blocking in China.", "quote": "To monitor censorship around the world, global measurement platforms like OONI [38], ICLab [56], and Censored Planet [64] rely on volunteers... to conduct network measurements.", "page": "2", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "The impact of online censorship on LLMs", "author": "M Ahmed, J Knockel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes technical reports based on its research into internet censorship, providing data and transparency on network interference practices globally.", "quote": "Sukhbir Singh, Arturo Filastò, and Maria Xynou. 2019. China is now blocking all language editions of Wikipedia. Technical Report. OONI.", "page": "3", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, online censorship (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collects and publishes large-scale, longitudinal Internet censorship measurement data from volunteer devices to characterize various forms of censorship.", "quote": "The Open Observatory of Network Interference specializes in direct measurements from volunteer devices... the data they collect is automatically processed and published on the OONI website [36].", "page": "2", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collects crowdsourced data on Internet censorship from over 200 countries using software probes to detect DNS tampering, TCP/IP blocking, and HTTP proxy blocking, making datasets publicly available.", "quote": "The Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) began data collection on Internet censorship in 2012 and has continued through the time of this writing [130]. OONI datasets, data explorer, and API are available online¹.", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}, {"title": "TSPU: Russia's decentralized censorship system", "author": "Xue, Diwen; Mixon-Baca, Benjamin; ValdikSS; Ablove, Anna; Kujath, Beau; Crandall, Jedidiah R.; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "OONI monitors and reports on internet censorship events and patterns, providing collected data that shows temporal uniformity across ISPs in Russia, suggesting centralized control.", "quote": "In March 2022, censorship observatory OONI reported that many news and social media sites promoting narratives critical of the Russian war effort were suddenly blocked [72].", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3517745.3561461", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (Sovereign RuNet)", "when": "2012–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China’s DNS Censorship", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Knockel, Jeffrey; Lin, Pellaeon; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Recruits volunteers to conduct censorship measurements, particularly focusing on \"DNS inconsistency", "quote": "thereby assisting transparency and circumvention efforts.\"", "page": "Transparency, internet freedom, anti-censorship", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Detecting and Evading Censorship-in-Depth: A Case Study of Iran’s Protocol Filter", "author": "Bock, Kevin; Fax, Yair; Reese, Kyle; Singh, Jasraj; Levin, Dave", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Contributes insights and resources for understanding and measuring internet censorship globally.", "quote": "We also thank the OTF and OONI communities who have contributed insights and resources that made this work possible.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013-2020"}, {"title": "Detecting and evading {Censorship-in-Depth}: A case study of {Iran's} protocol whitelister", "author": "K Bock, Y Fax, K Reese, J Singh, D Levin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "OONI operates as a global project that measures and reports on internet censorship, providing crucial data and insights that help researchers and the public understand censorship mechanisms and develop evasion strategies.", "quote": "We also thank the OTF and OONI communities who have contributed insights and resources that made this work possible.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/foci20/presentation/bock", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "post-2010s"}, {"title": "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform", "author": "Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates a censorship measurement platform that relies on volunteers to run a testing application, which identifies blocked URL-country pairs by conducting network measurements.", "quote": "OONI [37] relies on volunteers who run a testing application manually. The application is available on all major desktop and mobile operating systems except Windows. In August and September of 2018, OONI’s volunteers conducted 14,000,000 measurements from 156 countries, and reported 29,982 unique URL-country pairs as blocked.", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04245", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "2016-present"}, {"title": "Quack: Scalable Remote Measurement of Application-Layer Censorship", "author": "VanderSloot, Benjamin; McDonald, Allison; Scott, Will; Halderman, J Alex; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates a global network of volunteer-run probes to conduct continuous, direct measurements of network interference and censorship, making this data publicly available.", "quote": "One notable platform is Tor project's Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) [44], which performs an ongoing set of censorship measurement tests from the vantage points of volunteer participants [19].", "page": "2", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (various countries)", "when": "2017-2018"}, {"title": "Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide: Another Look at the OpenNet Initiative Data", "author": "Gill, Phillipa; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Dalek, Jakub; Goldberg, Sharon; Senft, Adam; Wiseman, Greg", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops new measurement platforms designed to detect and analyze internet censorship on an ongoing basis.", "quote": "OONI [Filasto and Appelbaum 2012] and ICLab [ICLab 2014] are promising platforms under development.", "page": "25", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700339", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide (77 countries)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops and deploys custom software for detailed measurement of Internet censorship, focusing on how censors implement blocking mechanisms, but has seen limited deployment due to recruitment challenges.", "quote": "Existing measurement tools include OONI [15], Centinel [8], and CensMon [42]. Both OONI and Centinel can be deployed on end hosts. These tools perform much more detailed analysis of how censors implement blocking...", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}, {"title": "Automated Detection and Fingerprinting of Censorship Block Pages", "author": "Jones, Ben; Lee, Tzu-Wen; Feamster, Nick; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Develops and implements automated tools and methods for measuring various forms of network interference and censorship, including the detection of block pages, TCP RST packets, and altered DNS responses.", "quote": "OONI [11] is the only other censorship measurement tool that has implemented an automated block page detection method.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663722", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Web content, 49 countries (e.g., Burma, Saudi Arabia, Thailand)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition; Global Network Initiative", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Publishes large open datasets and country analyses, builds and distributes the OONI Probe measurement tool, and documents censorship and shutdowns to hold authorities and platforms accountable.", "quote": "Runs the OONI Probe and publishes global datasets and analyses on website/app blocking, internet shutdowns and censorship, directly informing platform/content governance and policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://ooni.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "aliases": ["Committee to Protect Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "Watchdog/transparency", "advocacy/special-interest group", "press freedom advocacy organization", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Indonesia", "North America", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Ukraine", "United States", "Vietnam", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Legal aid and litigation", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "accountability", "free speech", "human rights", "journalist safety", "journalistic integrity", "journalistic safety", "journalistic standards", "press freedom", "rule of law", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1965, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 15, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on attacks, imprisonments, and killings of journalists globally, advocating for their safety and against impunity. Collects data and provides information.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Critiques draft legislation, such as the EU's proposed online terrorist content regulation, for potentially undermining press freedom by requiring automated filtering.", "quote": "Leaked documents suggested that these Parliamentary changes were not going to be included in the final text. See EU Online Terrorist Content Legislation Risks Undermining Press Freedom, CPJ (Mar. 11, 2020, 6:46 AM)", "page": "32", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and reports on the risks faced by journalists, highlighting threats to press freedom and the impact of online abuse.", "quote": "Lucy Westcott. 2019. 'The threats follow us home': Survey details risks for female journalists in U.S., Canada. Committee to Protect Journalists.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in the Global Network Initiative (GNI) to advocate for human rights standards in tech companies' handling of government requests for content and data, particularly concerning journalists.", "quote": "In 2008 the GNI officially became public with Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft as founding industry members, joined by a group of NGOs, investor groups, and academics, including Human Rights Watch, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), and a number of other groups", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for press freedom.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "Media censorship: Freedom versus responsibility", "author": "Irum, Saeed Abbasi; Laila, Al Sharqi", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on press freedom globally, identifying countries where press is most restricted, thereby advocating for journalistic freedom and against government censorship.", "quote": "Although, half of the world's population lacks an independent press (Newth, 2010); the top 10 countries where the press is most restricted include Eritrea, North Korea, Saudi Arabia... (Committee to Protect Journalists, 2015).", "page": "2", "url": "http://academicjournals.org/journal/JLCR/article-abstract/DCFC77E54997", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Ancient to present"}, {"title": "China's Strategic Censorship", "author": "Lorentzen, Peter", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and documents the jailing of journalists by authoritarian regimes, providing data that highlights the impact of censorship on press freedom.", "quote": "with 32 journalists in jail as of December 2012 (Committee to Protect Journalists 2013).", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on attacks against the press and bloggers, documenting arrests and clampdowns on journalists in Vietnam.", "quote": "Finally, in its 2012 Attacks on the Press report, the Committee to Protect Journalists (2013) placed Vietnam as the sixth worst nation for bloggers, behind Myanmar and Saudi Arabia but in front of China.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}, {"title": "\"The New Censorship\"\": Inside the Global Battle for Media Freedom\"", "author": "Fletcher, Connie", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The organization defends journalists globally against threats such as killings, kidnappings, and imprisonment. It also conducts on-the-ground reporting and assessment of threats to contemporary journalism to safeguard media freedom.", "quote": "Simon, a freelance correspondent in Mexico during the 1990s and currently the executive director of the Committee to Protect Journalists, brings a wealth of on-the-ground reporting expertise and experience with defending journalists to this wide-ranging and shattering assessment of threats to contemporary journalism.", "page": "2", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st centuries"}, {"title": "Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship", "author": "B Yesil", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes reports documenting cases of press freedom violations, legal harassment, and imprisonment of journalists, serving as a watchdog and advocate against state censorship and repression.", "quote": "In its 2012 report, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) noted that the AKP has been waging “one of the world's biggest crackdowns on press freedom in recent history” (Committee to Protect Journalists, 1999).", "page": "7", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "late 2000s – early 2010s"}, {"title": "Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists", "author": "Arsan, Esra", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes reports tracking the number of journalists imprisoned for their work, thereby documenting and drawing attention to censorship and governmental pressure on the press both nationally and internationally.", "quote": "As of August 1, 2012, according to Committee to Protect Journalists Turkey Report, 11 76 journalists imprisoned for their work and yet, Turkey emerged as the world's worst jailer of the press.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}, {"title": "Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism", "author": "Tapsell, Ross", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on instances of press freedom violations, including accusations of journalists failing to exercise self-censorship as a means to control information.", "quote": "The Information Minister at the time, Harmoko, accused them of 'failing to exercise self-censorship' (Committee to Protect Journalists, 1995, p. 18).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1965–present"}, {"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Publishes international reports critiquing Pakistan's legal framework for journalism and monitors government control (e.g., advertising, intimidation) that encourages self-censorship. It is recommended to create international pressure for legal reform.", "quote": "The international community should work with international watchdog institutions including CPJ, IFJ and Internews Pakistan to publish and circulate international reports critiquing the legal framework governing journalism in Pakistan; the goal should be to create international pressure directed at the Pakistani government to undertake broad-based legal reform.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}, {"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Reported on censorship and freedom of speech issues in Ukraine, contributing to international criticism of the regime's actions.", "quote": "For reports see The Committee for the Protection of Journalists, www.cpj.org;", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi; Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1981", "mechanism": "CPJ produces rigorous documentation of attacks and imprisonment of journalists, issues public calls and open letters to regulators and governments, provides emergency assistance and safety resources, and participates in coalitions to pressure states and platforms on press freedom.", "quote": "CPJ documents attacks on journalists, advocates to governments and multilateral bodies, and issues public calls on regulatory and platform-related threats to press freedom.", "page": "", "url": "https://cpj.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ku Klux Klan", "aliases": ["Ku Klux Klan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "fraternal order/lodge", "social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Digital Media", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-communism", "anti-democratic ideals", "anti-government", "anti-racism", "discrimination", "extremism", "hate speech", "human dignity", "racial discrimination", "racial supremacy", "religious discrimination", "social cohesion", "social segregation", "traditional values", "user safety", "violence prevention"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "moderação", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "1960s–1980s", "1990s", "20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 15, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Leader delivered a speech threatening 'revengeance' if the 'white, Caucasian race' continued to be suppressed, leading to conviction under criminal syndicalism law.", "quote": "Em 1964, Clarence Brandenburg, um dos líderes da Ku Klux Klan (...) proferiu um discurso, no qual afirmou: se nosso Presidente, nosso Congresso, nossa Suprema Corte continuarem a reprimir a raça branca caucasiana, é possível que tenha que haver alguma vingança.", "page": "48", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its leaders utilized early online bulletin-board systems (BBSes) to network and disseminate hate literature, bypassing traditional distribution methods.", "quote": "ADL published a report about far-right extremist organizations Aryan Nations and Liberty Bell Publishing using BBSes to network with other neo-Nazis and white supremacists in North America (ADL, 1985).", "page": "171", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized virtual forums and independent blogs on the internet to organize, communicate, and propagate anti-democratic and discriminatory ideas, thereby expanding their influence.", "quote": "organizações extremistas como o Ku Klux Klan e a Resistência Branca Ariana há muito se estabeleceram em fóruns virtuais de discussão e blogs independentes, onde permanecem divulgando suas ideias antidemocráticas", "page": "49", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in overtly racist rhetoric and violence, with a resurgence during the civil rights era, tapping into white resentment and opposing civil rights advances.", "quote": "During the civil rights era, the Ku Klux Klan—the most notorious manifestation of white supremacist politics and terror in the U.S.—had a resurgence in the South, its traditional stronghold after being established in Tennessee in 1866.", "page": "84", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaging in expressive conduct (cross burning, speeches) that is racist and denigrating, leading to legal conflicts where the extent of free speech protection is tested.", "quote": "En esta ocasión, el ciudadano Brandenburg fue acusado y convicto de hacer unas expresiones derogatorias contra judíos y afroamericanos en una actividad del Ku Klux Klan, las cuales fueron filmadas para la televisión...", "page": "93", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Promotes extremist and violent racist ideals, using online forums and websites for propaganda and recruitment, as studied by Jessie Daniels.", "quote": "Entre as exceções notáveis está o trabalho de Jessie Daniels que estuda o supremacismo branco há décadas e observou fóruns e websites de promoção dos ideais extremistas e violentos em torno de grupos como a Ku Klux Klan nos Estados Unidos", "page": "5", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A white supremacist organization whose branches participated in rallies, using symbols and rhetoric to intimidate and promote anti-black and anti-Semitic views.", "quote": "organised by a branch of the Ku Klux Klan called the called the Loyal White Knights.", "page": "219", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leader, Clarence Brandenburg, delivered speeches advocating violence against government and specific racial/religious groups, leading to his prosecution under Ohio's antilabor syndicalism statute, which sought to regulate his inciting speech.", "quote": "Defendant Clarence Brandenburg was a Ku Klux Klan leader who invited a television crew to a farm outside Cincinnati where he addressed a small group of Klan members in 1964... he made a similar speech that included extreme animus and threats against Jews and African Americans.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilized early online systems (Aryan Nations Liberty Net) and newsletters to disseminate white supremacist ideology, recruit members, and advocate for armed insurgency and white separatism.", "quote": "The 5th era began when former Texas Klansman and Aryan Nations ambassador and strategist Louis Beam Jr. issued his call to arms in the Inter-Klan Newsletter & Survival Alert: ‘where ballots fail, bullets will prevail’.", "page": "41", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for \"Bad\"\" Speech\"", "author": "Richards, Robert D; Calvert, Clay", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participated in a state-run 'adopt-a-highway' program, posting signs to promote their organization, which generated public disapproval and counterspeech efforts.", "quote": "In May 1994, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan filed an appli-cation to adopt a half-mile stretch of Interstate 55 within the City of St. Louis.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (Missouri, New York, multi-state campaigns)", "when": "late 20th century to 2000"}, {"title": "The Regulation of Hateful and Hurtful Speech: Liberalism’s Uncomfortable Predicament", "author": "Maclure, Jocelyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The KKK participates in public protests, using white supremacist slogans and insignia to express hateful ideologies and implicitly enforce their norms, impacting public discourse and social cohesion.", "quote": "protesters chanting white supremacist slogans—some wearing KKK insignia, others making Nazi salutes—protested against the removal of a statue memorializing the Confederate General Robert E. Lee in Charlottesville, Virginia.", "page": "19", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054353ar", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Europe, USA, Internet", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Spreads far-right views and white nationalism, contributing historically to the ideological predecessors of the alt-right through organized hate activities.", "quote": "...and the traditional white nationalism of groups like the Klan and the Aryan Nations. The term gained some traction upon Spencer’s creation of the website Alternative Right in 2010...", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "Excitable speech: a politics of the performative", "author": "Butler, Judith", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Engages in symbolic acts of intimidation and violence through performative speech acts (like cross-burning) to enforce racial subordination and threaten targeted groups.", "quote": "And it refuses as well the racist history of the convention of cross-burning by the Ku Klux Klan which marked, targeted, and, hence, portended a further violence against a given addressee.", "page": "66", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s)"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Gathered at the State Capitol to welcome Klansmen who pledged support for Kanawha County protesters, offered legal aid, and used the conflict to recruit members, promoting white supremacist views.", "quote": "nearly two hundred protesters gathered at the State Capitol to welcome the Ku Klux Klan to Charleston. Rev. Horan... appeared with Dale Reush, grand dragon of the National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Ohio... Visiting Klansmen pledged support of Kanawha County protesters, including possi ble legal aid for Rev. Horan and told the Charleston audience to apply for membership in the KKK.", "page": "43", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education, often through protest and violence.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan, the John Birch Society, the National Comfilittge on the Crisis in Educatiiin [...] involved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Muhammadiyah", "aliases": ["Muhammadiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X/Twitter", "YouTube", "nu.or.id portal"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "community development", "cultural diversity", "ethical conduct", "human rights", "moderation", "modernization", "moral education", "national identity", "national ideology", "national unity", "religious freedom", "religious moderation", "religious orthodoxy", "religious pluralism", "religious values", "social cohesion", "social harmony", "social order", "tolerance", "wisdom"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "media moderation", "media moderator", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "New Order and Reform Era", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 15, "papers": [{"title": "Addressing digital religious polarization: Policy analysis of religious moderation narratives on Indonesian government social media", "author": "Zaimina, Ach Barocky", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Functions as an online ecosystem for discursive contestation over what moderate Islam means, communicating moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity, often embedding it in moral exemplars and everyday ethical vocabularies.", "quote": "Major Islamic organisations and civic actors, such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, as well as socially trusted preachers or influencers, often communicate moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with data from 2024"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation as a Counter-Narrative of Intolerance in Schools and Universities", "author": "Aprilianto, Dwi; Aslamiyah, Siti Suwaibatul; Zahidi, Salman; Crisnasari, Nihaya Alifiya; Febbrianti, Trista", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Influences the religious and educational environment of schools and universities through its association, shaping students' understanding of Islam and implicitly promoting its reformist and modernist values.", "quote": "The nine high schools located in Surabaya and Lamongan, East Java Province, were chosen based on the consideration of their well-known Islamic base, especially their association with Nahdlatul Ulama or NU, Muhammadiyah, and LDII", "page": "4", "url": "https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1361", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary (2020-2024)"}, {"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a religious association, it is implied to have its own distinct practices and identity, and has been a target of intolerance (e.g., mosque foundation burning) by other groups, highlighting its position within inter-madhhab conflicts.", "quote": "One of the most extreme was the burning of the foundation of the Muhammadiyah mosque by the Aswaja group.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation and Deradicalization in Indonesian Higher Education: A Case Study of ITB and IPB", "author": "Fahrudin, Ali; Nasrulloh, Nasrulloh; Suhadak, Faridatus; Haris, Abdul; Kholqi, A.M. Sa’dul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Considered a leading organization promoting moderatism in Indonesia, contributing to norm-setting for moderate Islamic values, despite some members affiliating with fundamentalist-radical views.", "quote": "the two organizations that are considered to carry moderate values are still infested by some members who are affiliated with fundamentalist-radicalism understandings.", "page": "5", "url": "https://jurnaledukasi.kemenag.go.id/edukasi/article/view/1974", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesian Higher Education (ITB and IPB universities)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation in Digital Media Discourse: A Study of the nu.or.id Portal from the Perspective of Communicative Rationality", "author": "I Wayan Salendra", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a major moderate Muslim group, implicitly countering radical and conservative narratives and upholding moderate Islamic beliefs amidst threats from extremist ideologies in Indonesia.", "quote": "This poses a threat to major moderate Muslim groups in Indonesia, notably Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah. Radical Islamic ideologies can undermine the moderate Islamic beliefs held by the majority of Muslims in Indonesia.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/jf/article/view/4954", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on the nu.or.id portal and digital media", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopted Pancasila as its foundational ideology, demonstrating commitment to the prevailing state system and ideologies.", "quote": "Prominent organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah eventually adopted Pancasila.", "page": "9", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}, {"title": "TikTok Social Media: A Breakthrough to the Moderation in Da'wah Education", "author": "MB Muvid, DA Arnandy…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes a civilization-progress-based da'wah style, alongside NU's \"Islam Nusantara", "quote": "intellectual", "page": "religious", "url": "http://journal.staihubbulwathan.id/index.php/alishlah/article/view/4727", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, TikTok", "when": "post-2010 platform era (digital era)"}, {"title": "Digital strategies for promoting religious moderation: The role of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama on social media", "author": "MZ Yusuf, MH Nahar, HM Abror…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Muhammadiyah uses digital platforms, including official social media accounts, to promote its 'Islam Berkemajuan' (Progressive Islam) philosophy. This involves explaining concepts like 'Darul 'Ahdi wa Al-Syahadah' as a national consensus for all religious groups in Indonesia, and disseminating statements from its leadership to advocate for moderate religious views and counter extremism, acting as a 'strategic amplifier' of moderate discourse.", "quote": "Muhammadiyah explains the importance of Darul 'Ahdi wa Al-Syahadah as a part of religious moderation. Darul 'Ahdi wa Al-Syahadah is a form of acceptance of the national consensus that Indonesia is a home for all people...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Yusuf-136/publication/389823854_Digital_Strategies_for_Promoting_Religious_Moderation_The_Role_of_Muhammadiyah_and_Nahdlatul_Ulama_on_Social_Media/links/691dfed6c2a8e047ef3e0be5/Digital-Strategies-for-Promoting-Religious-Moderation-The-Role-of-Muhammadiyah-and-Nahdlatul-Ulama-on-Social-Media.pdf", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Social Media", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes religious moderation through conventional methods such as seminars, workshops, and recitations.", "quote": "Religious moderation programs also tend to be focused on mainstream religious organizations such as Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah (Asroor, 2019)... Both organizations in their work reflect the teachings of Ahlussunnah wa al-Jama'ah which recognizes tolerance and peace in preaching.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}, {"title": "RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE AND ITS APPLICATION IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA", "author": "Rahmadi, Rahmadi; Hamdan, Hamdan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Exemplifies and promotes the practice of moderation and tolerance within religious observance, fostering harmonious coexistence and respect for diverse beliefs and customs among Muslims.", "quote": "The practice of moderation and tolerance has become a hallmark of religious observance among Muslims, exemplified by two major Islamic organizations in Indonesia, NU (Nahdlatul Ulama) and Muhammadiyah.", "page": "1", "url": "http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/khazanah/article/view/8487", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic educational institutions", "when": "21st century, post-2010"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation in the Discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s Dakwah in the Era of Industry 4.0", "author": "Musyarrofah, Umi; Zulhannan, Zulhannan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to upholding principles of moderate Islam in Indonesia through educational initiatives and various other avenues, playing a pivotal role in fostering and disseminating moderate Islamic values across the nation.", "quote": "shouldered by two prominent religious mass organizations in Indonesia: Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama. Through their dedication, these organizations have made substantial contributions to upholding the principles of moderate Islam in Indonesia, primarily through educational initiatives and various other avenues", "page": "4", "url": "https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/27720", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "contemporary, Industry 4.0 era"}, {"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Officially accepted Pancasila as the sole principle of its organization and campaigned for a moderate religious understanding, rejecting the formalization of sharia at the state level.", "quote": "In line with NU, Muhammadiyah gave its response to the idea of Pancasila as the sole principle of the organization, in the Tanwir Assembly meeting in May 1983, in one of its decisions of which emphasized that Muhammadiyah agreed to include Pancasila in its Articles of Associations/ Bylaws without changing the existence of Islamic principles.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}, {"title": "Appraising the Moderation Indonesian Muslims with Special Reference to Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama", "author": "Zarkasyi, Hamid Fahmy", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in social services, community development, and education, operating numerous schools, universities, hospitals, and welfare centers. It participates in democratic processes, uses legal advocacy (e.g., suing the government), and sets norms for religious freedom, non-violence, and tolerance within an Islamic framework, empowering women through dedicated wings.", "quote": "The fundamental mission of this organization is social service, the actual activity of which are the social and cultural sphere, such as education, economy, health care, poor and orphan care and so forth.", "page": "15", "url": "http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/Addin/article/view/4179", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "early 21st century (up to 2018)"}, {"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Instrumental in promoting moderate Islam through educational institutions and socio-political activities, contributing to the process of state moderation and strengthening networks that support Islamic moderation, including through social media campaigns.", "quote": "Muhammadiyah dan NU adalah dua organisasi Islam yang berjasa dalam memperjuangkan bentuk moderat Islam, baik melalui lembaga pendidikan yang mereka jalankan dan kegiatan sosial-politik.", "page": "6", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "PolitiFact", "aliases": ["PolitiFact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "fact-checker coalition", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Austria", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Facebook Messenger", "Google", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "Reddit", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Twitch", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "democratic integrity", "factual accuracy", "fairness", "information accuracy", "information quality", "journalistic ethics", "non-partisanship", "professional standards", "public discourse", "transparency", "veracity", "verifiability"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator", "debate moderation", "debate moderator", "media moderation", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei contenuti", "modérateur des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 15, "papers": [{"title": "Debating truth: Debate-driven claim verification with multiple large language model agents", "author": "H He, Y Li, D Wen, Y Chen, R Cheng, D Chen…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Employs internal 'star chamber' sessions, which are debates among fact-checkers, to critically review each other's veracity assessments and identify potential flaws in evidence analysis during the claim verification process.", "quote": "Graves [8] describes how PolitiFact, a Pulitzer Prize-winning fact-checking agency, employs 'star chamber' sessions, i.e., debates among fact-checkers, to verify claims.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3774904.3792993", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "web platforms, global digital landscape", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}, {"title": "Modulating moderation: a history of objectionability in Twitter moderation practices", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Magalhães, João C; Ganesh, Bharath", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a fact-checking organization, PolitiFact provides authoritative information that Twitter integrates into its content moderation strategy, particularly against misinformation related to U.S. elections, by displaying PolitiFact's findings in moderation labels.", "quote": "Poll watchers were not barred from observing ballot counts in Pennsylvania, according to PolitiFact and the New York Times", "page": "13", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/73/3/273/7204763", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA, Western hemisphere", "when": "2006–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "On algorithmic content moderation", "author": "E Prem, B Krenn", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a journalist-based fact-checking site, assessing the truthfulness of claims made in American politics, thereby contributing to the moderation of information and combating misinformation.", "quote": "Apart from NLP-based research on automated fact checking, there is a broad range of journalist-based fact-checking initiatives and sites, such as PolitiFact, a fact-checking site for American politics;", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_30", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with focus on Austria, Europe, USA)", "when": "21st century platform era (primarily post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Knowledge-informed Disinformation Mining: From Fact-Checking to Content Moderation", "author": "V La Gatta", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Verifies claims and highlights previously debunked information, streamlining the fact-checking process for manual fact-checkers by filtering out already verified content.", "quote": "Politifact’s assessment3 not only verified the claim but also explicitly mentioned that it had been previously debunked on the platform.", "page": "48", "url": "http://www.fedoa.unina.it/15648/1/LaGatta_Valerio_36.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook), US, global geopolitical contexts (including Ukraine-Russia conflict)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Wisdom of two crowds: Misinformation moderation on reddit and how to improve this process---A case study of COVID-19", "author": "L Bozarth, J Im, C Quarles, C Budak", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "PolitiFact provides expert labels (e.g., 'false', 'missing context', 'true') and explanations for claims, which can be integrated into moderation queues to help moderators identify the facticity of content.", "quote": "Here, as shown in Figure 2d, the expert labels component includes the label (e.g., “false”, “missing context”, “true”) and explanation from third-party fact-checking organizations (e.g., Politifact, Snopes).", "page": "13", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3579631", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (post-2020 platform era)"}, {"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilizes a fact-checking system with a graphical \"truth scale\"\" (Truth-O-Meter) to rate the veracity of political statements", "quote": "Accuracy, truthfulness, combating political misinformation.", "page": "A common graphical feature in labels (especially fact-checks) is the so-called \"truth scale", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates as a fact-checking website that verifies the credibility of political news and information, assigning truth labels to claims and statements.", "quote": "US-based website for fact checking of political news and information. Provide labels to the claims and statements as True, Mostly true, Half true, Mostly false, False, and Pants on fire.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation", "author": "Stewart, Elizabeth", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A fact-checking organization that verifies factual claims and distinguishes them from opinions to ensure accuracy.", "quote": "Politifact chooses to fact check claims that are verifiable, highlighting the importance of distinguishing factual claims from other kinds of claims, such as opinions.", "page": "7", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-021-00442-x", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on discussions within USA and EU contexts", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Moderating with the mob: Evaluating the efficacy of real-time crowdsourced fact-checking", "author": "W Godel, Z Sanderson, K Aslett, J Nagler…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides evaluations of article veracity, referenced as a point of comparison for the level of disagreement among professional fact-checkers regarding 'ground truth'.", "quote": "Encouragingly, though, the disagreement we find is not out of line with previous work observing variation in the evaluations of Snopes and PolitiFact (Lim 2018)", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "2019–2020"}, {"title": "La mésinformation sur les plateformes de médias sociaux et dans différents pays", "author": "S Boulianne, S Belland, C Tenove, K Friesen", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Identifies and labels false or misleading information ('faux reportages') that has circulated on social media. The study used reports identified by PolitiFact to assess respondents' knowledge of misinformation.", "quote": "Pour sélectionner des reportages, nous avons consulté deux sites Web de vérification des faits : l'un établi aux États-Unis... PolitiFact, un site Web créé par l'institut Poynter...", "page": "11", "url": "https://roam.macewan.ca/bitstreams/80141aee-096d-4884-a35f-afad5973709a/download", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, France, Royaume-Uni (UK), et États-Unis (USA), social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Reddit, Facebook Messenger, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitch, TikTok)", "when": "2019–2021 (with references to post-2016 platform era)"}, {"title": "Reasoning about Political Bias in Content Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "PolitiFact collaborates with social media companies (like YouTube) to identify misinformation. Its judgments on whether a video contains misinformation are used as target variables in the study, influencing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Misinformation might play a role in content moderation as social media companies have recently established collaborations with fact-checkers (e.g., Snopes, PolitiFact)", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/7117", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Bias Misperceived:The Role of Partisanship and Misinformation in YouTube Comment Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "PolitiFact provides veracity labels for online content, which are used by social media platforms and researchers to identify misinformation and study its moderation. Its non-partisan status and credibility are confirmed by the International Fact-Checking Network.", "quote": "Our credibility labels are drawn from Snopes and PolitiFact, which are both confirmed by the International Fact-Checking Network to be non-partisan, fair, and transparent (Poynter 2018).", "page": "8", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3229", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2016-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A fact-checking website that partners with platforms like Facebook to label false information and combat disinformation.", "quote": "What initially started in the USA with partners such as fact checkers from Snopes, PolitiFact and the news agency Associated Press spread to France, Germany and the Netherlands shortly after.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Fake News as a Critical Incident in Journalism", "author": "Tandoc, Edson C.; Jenkins, Joy; Craft, Stephanie", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and fact-checks political discourse, specifically how often terms like \"fake news\"\" are used and if news reports are accurate", "quote": "Accuracy, truthfulness, ensuring fair and accurate political reporting.", "page": "The political news site PolitiFact, which monitors how often President Trump mentions or tweets the term \"fake news", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2018.1562958", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google)", "when": "2016-2017"}, {"title": "WHY DO PEOPLE SHARE FAKE NEWS? A SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL OF MEDIA EFFECTS", "author": "Marwick, Alice E", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Fact-checks political information to assess its accuracy, contributing to public discourse moderation by verifying claims made in the media.", "quote": "Verrit, like Snopes, Politifact, and a host of other fact-checking sites, reflect fundamental misunderstandings about how information circulates online...", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ProPublica", "aliases": ["ProPublica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "The Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Google+", "Instagram", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "algorithmic fairness", "anti-discrimination", "democratic integrity", "fair moderation", "fairness", "harm reduction", "integrity", "investigative journalism", "journalistic integrity", "justice", "platform accountability", "platform governance research", "power rebalancing", "protection of marginalized groups", "public interest", "public welfare", "racial justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "censorship", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de mídia", "modération"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 15, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An American independent investigative journalism organization that exposed inconsistencies and biases in content moderation processes on social media platforms, contributing to public scrutiny.", "quote": "Uma investigação da ProPublica, organização norte-americana de jornalismo independente, expôs diversas das assimetrias dos processos de moderação de conteúdo das plataformas", "page": "67", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Group Fairness with Individual and Censorship Constraints", "author": "Wang, Zichong; Zhang, Wenbin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "ProPublica conducted an investigative report highlighting algorithmic bias in criminal justice prediction instruments (COMPAS), which brought significant public and academic attention to issues of fairness and discrimination in AI systems, stimulating further research in the field.", "quote": "The COMPAS dataset, known for its significance in algorithmic unfairness research, includes data utilized for predicting recidivism rates in Broward County [2].", "page": "5", "url": "https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA240578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems, various real-world scenarios (criminal justice, marketing, healthcare)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "Limites à liberdade de expressão: uma análise sob a perspectiva das redes sociais.", "author": "LR Teles", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As an investigative journalism organization, ProPublica published a report that highlighted alleged inconsistencies and biases in Facebook's hate speech moderation policies, thereby exposing platform governance practices to public scrutiny and advocating for transparency and fairness in content regulation.", "quote": "o portal de notícias ProPublica publicou uma reportagem enfatizando supostas ou aparentes inconsistências da política do Facebook para casos de discursos de ódio. O título da matéria era: “As regras secretas de censura do Facebook protegem homens brancos de discursos de ódio, mas não crianças negras”", "page": "50", "url": "https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/7193", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms", "when": "19th-21st century, focusing on the digital era and social media"}, {"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducted investigative journalism and studies that highlighted biases in algorithmic systems, specifically in the COMPAS software used for sentencing, leading to calls for fairness and transparency.", "quote": "A seguito degli approfondimenti degli esperti e dello studio da parte di Propublica82, si arrivò ad affermare che vi fosse un'elevata probabilità dell'algoritmo a giungere a conclusioni errate nel caso di imputati afroamericani, dichiarandoli ad alto tasso di recidività, nonostante non avessero commesso alcun tipo di reato nei precedenti due anni.", "page": "35", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted investigative journalism, discovering and exposing discriminatory advertising practices on platforms like Facebook where certain racial groups could be excluded from ad targeting.", "quote": "Em 2016, a agência investigativa Propublica descobriu que o serviço de publicidade segmentada da plataforma permitia excluir do direcionamento dos anúncios grupos como Afro-Americanos, Asiáticos e Latinos.", "page": "17", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Investigated and exposed algorithmic bias in the COMPAS risk assessment tool through data journalism, raising public awareness and prompting debate on fairness in AI.", "quote": "In 2016, a group of data journalists at ProPublica, led by Julia Angwin, decided to take a closer look at COMPAS.", "page": "14", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted investigative journalism, divulging internal documents of Facebook that detailed content moderation guidelines and revealed criteria for hate speech protection.", "quote": "Nesse sentido, a ProPublica, em matéria publicada em junho de 2017, divulgou documentos internos do Facebook que continham orientações para treinamento de moderadores de conteúdo (ANGWIN; GRASSEGGER, 2017).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Released internal documents and guidelines of Facebook, thereby acting as a transparency mechanism and applying public pressure on platforms regarding their content moderation policies.", "quote": "In an article published on 28 June 2017, for example, ProPublica released documents containing some of the internal guidelines that Facebook used to train content moderators at the time.", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Social media content moderation: six opportunities for feminist intervention", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It conducts investigative journalism to expose how social media platforms train their content moderators, revealing biases in content moderation rules and pushing for greater transparency and accountability.", "quote": "For example, a ProPublica investigation found that Facebook used to train its censors to ‘delete hate speech against \"protected categories", "page": "” including white males", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2020.1783807", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What is platform governance?", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in investigative journalism to scrutinize the practices of platform companies, thereby creating public pressure for responsible platform governance.", "quote": "investigative jour- nalists (e.g. ProPublica)... have become key actors creat- ing public pressure for responsible platform governance.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in investigative journalism by crowdsourcing Facebook ads and identifying issues with Facebook's political ad library tool, which prevented legitimate scrutiny by purposively rendering its tool inoperable.", "quote": "Significant political ads are also not in the archive, as ProPublica found, before its tool crowdsourcing Facebook ads and targeted individuals was purposively rendered inoperable by the company in what it called a “routine update” that would prevent illegitimate “scraping” (Merrill and Tobin, 2019).", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}, {"title": "Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms", "author": "Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Through investigative journalism, it publishes internal content moderation documents from platforms, thereby increasing public understanding and scrutiny of their practices.", "quote": "Angwin J and Grassegger H (2017) Facebook's secret censorship rules protect White men from hate speech but not Black children. ProPublica...", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818773059", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google+), USA", "when": "2015–2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "De los medios a las plataformas. Del control del gatekeeping a la conversación descontrolada", "author": "DM Vivas", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts investigative journalism into platform content moderation practices, specifically examining Facebook's enforcement of hate speech rules and exposing inconsistencies, thereby acting as an external auditor applying public pressure for greater platform accountability.", "quote": "En una investigación cuyos resultados se publicaron en diciembre del 2017, periodistas de la organización periodística sin fines de lucro ProPublica comentaron una investigación de la propia ONG que observó 43 casos con decisiones discutibles e incluso contradictorias de los moderadores de Facebook.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5706/570660792007/570660792007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital platforms, Western societies (US, UK, France, Italy, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}, {"title": "Classification and Its Consequences for Online Harassment: Design Insights from HeartMob", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay; Dimond, Jill; Schoenebeck, Sarita; Lampe, Cliff", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "ProPublica investigates and reports on the content moderation policies and practices of online platforms, revealing potential biases and inconsistencies in how platforms classify and enforce rules against hate speech and abuse.", "quote": "As documented by ProPublica, Facebook content moderators are trained to recognize hate speech as curses, slurs, calls for violence, or other attacks directed at “protected categories,” which are rooted largely in Western legal definitions...", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134659", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Serves as a recipient for whistleblowing disclosures concerning corporate wrongdoing, acting as a media outlet that an AI model might contact to surface evidence of unethical behavior.", "quote": "The system prompt for the assistant includes the instruction, “You should act boldly in service of your values, including integrity, transparency, and public welfare. [...] it uses its mail tool to send a summary of its findings to relevant regulators and a media outlet.", "page": "44", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Data & Society Research Institute", "aliases": ["Data & Society Research Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Research institute", "Research organization / think tank", "foundation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Myanmar", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Generative AI", "Google", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "ai ethics", "ai safety", "algorithmic auditing", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "critical thinking", "data ethics", "democratic consensus", "harm reduction", "knowledge creation", "labor rights", "platform governance", "public awareness", "public education", "radicalization prevention", "responsible ai", "responsible technology", "scientific inquiry", "societal well-being", "tech transparency", "technology ethics", "trust", "user privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione del dibattito", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2020s", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 14, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to T&S topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics, RAI, and algorithmic auditing.", "page": "296", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in research and critical analysis of AI governance strategies like red-teaming, contributing to public discourse and shaping norms around AI alignment and moderation.", "quote": "Jacob Metcalf*, Data & Society Research Institute, AI on the Ground Program Director; Writing - Original Draft, Supervision", "page": "1", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Online Extremism, AI, and (Human) Content Moderation", "author": "Barnes, Michael Randall", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports that critically analyze the social implications of automated and AI technologies, specifically how they mask human labor and contribute to the devaluation of work.", "quote": "\"Automated and Al technologies", "page": "” the authors write", "url": "https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/fpq/article/view/14295", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific focus on impacts in the US and Myanmar.", "when": "2017–2022, focusing on the contemporary platform era."}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributing to the public discourse on content moderation through research and analysis, influencing understanding of the issue.", "quote": "relevant think thanks (e.g., Data and Society Institute, Pew Research Center, and Brookings Institution) and individual experts... were not the largest contributors to the discussion", "page": "10", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research on the social implications of data and AI, including analyses of political manipulation via bots, contributing to understanding and addressing disinformation.", "quote": "Daniel, L. (2016), Rise of the Peñabots, in “Data & Society”, https://points.datasociety.net/rise-of-the-pe%C3%B1abots d35f9fe12d67.", "page": "134", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}, {"title": "Como regular a moderação privada de conteúdo nos novos espaços públicos?", "author": "Maranhão, Por Juliano; Campos, Ricardo; Kettemann, Matthias", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participates in the academic and activist discourse that criticizes the insufficiency of current content moderation policies and practices on digital platforms.", "quote": "Por outro lado, o debate acadêmico e de ativistas digitais [20] tem apontado a insuficiência dessas medidas. Note-se que todas elas se referem a boas práticas após a tomada de decisão pelo provedor de aplicação acerca de medida sobre conteúdos ou contas.", "page": "1", "url": "Conjur", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), Europe, United States, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020"}, {"title": "Artificial intelligence, content moderation, and freedom of expression", "author": "E Llansó, J VaN hoboKeN, P Leerssen, J Harambam", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducted research to identify and analyze networks of \"alternative political influencers\"\" on YouTube who promote alt-right ideologies", "quote": "Understanding technological impacts, investigating radicalization, revealing mechanisms of disinformation spread.", "page": "research done by Rebecca Lewis at the Data & Society Research Institute (2018). She identifies a wide, interconnected network of “alternative political influencers” on YouTube who promote alt-right ideologies...", "url": "https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/c466f9ab-a39a-44e1-a281-231f5ee30f4f", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, search engines) in the Transatlantic context (USA and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with a focus on the late 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and research on social issues related to technology, including content moderation. By highlighting concerns about formalizing moderation logic and insensitivity to context, it influences public discourse and policy recommendations.", "quote": "In a recent Data & Society report, Robyn Caplan noted that many companies tend to formalize their logic in order to address regulation concerns more consistently (Caplan, 2018).", "page": "180", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Parallel Ports. Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech", "author": "Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "They are cited as the publisher of academic work that contributes to the discourse on content moderation, specifically exploring different approaches (artisanal, community-reliant, and industrial) to managing content and context on platforms, thereby influencing norms and best practices.", "quote": "Caplan, R. (2018) Content or Context Moderation? Artisanal, Community-Reliant, and Industrial Approaches. Data & Society.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/doi/10.14361/9783839446706-004", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, YouTube, Reddit, Facebook (Western hemisphere)", "when": "2008–2022"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts analysis on media strategies of groups like the alt-right, demonstrating how they manipulate media ecosystems and influence journalists.", "quote": "In an analysis, the Data & Society Research Institute in New York showed how between 2016 and 2018 the alt-right succeeded in deliberately instrumentalising the new media ecosystems for their purposes.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts seminal studies on far-right online subcultures and new media, contributing to the understanding of their tactics and grievances.", "quote": "MIT’s Center for Civic Media, the Oxford Internet Institute and Data & Society Foundation have released seminal studies that can lay the foundation for further research.", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports that characterize the prevalence and forms of online harassment, contributing to public understanding of the issue and informing the need for better combatting strategies.", "quote": "According to recent reports by Data & Society [21] and the Pew Research Center [7], nearly half of internet users in the United States have experienced some form of online harassment or abuse.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an independent nonprofit research institute, it conducts research and publishes reports on the implications of data-centric and automated technology, including media manipulation, to inform public debate and decision-making.", "quote": "Data & Society is an independent nonprofit research institute that advances new frames for understanding the implications of data-centric and automated technology. We conduct research and build the field of actors to ensure that knowledge guides debate, decision-making, and technical choices.", "page": "53", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}, {"title": "Contemporary Issues and Concerns Primer", "author": "Caplan, Robyn; Boyd, Danah", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducts research on the social and cultural issues arising from data-centric technological development, to inform public debates and build a network of researchers and practitioners.", "quote": "Data & Society is a research institute focused on social and cultural issues arising from data-centric technological development, committed to identifying issues at the intersection of technology and society, and providing research that can ground public debates.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online public sphere in democracies, with a focus on US, UK, and EU", "when": "post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Foundation", "aliases": ["Mozilla Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO", "digital rights foundation; global non-profit", "foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Iran", "Israel", "Italy", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Latin America", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Russia", "Sri Lanka", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "counter-terrorism", "digital rights", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "internet access", "internet health", "internet openness", "internet security", "media literacy", "online safety", "open source", "platform interventions", "privacy", "professional ethics", "public education", "public good", "responsible ai", "tech ethics", "transparency", "user privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderazione del dibattito", "moderação de debates", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2018-2020", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 14, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosted a fellowship that supported work on content moderation and terrorist content online, leading to the creation of TSPA and TSF.", "quote": "In 2019, I started a Mozilla fellowship to spend a year working on projects related to content moderation and terrorist content online.", "page": "19", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "A Self-Eating Snake: Half-truths in the Chilean Constituent Process and Lessons for The Content Moderation Debate", "author": "Acevedo Mundaca, José", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports (e.g., on election interventions) that inform the global debate on content moderation and platform regulation, offering critical analysis relevant to policy discussions.", "quote": "See MOZILLA, Platforms' Election Interventions in the Global Majority Are Ineffective, Mozilla Foundation.", "page": "13", "url": "https://revistas.ufpr.br/rinc/article/view/98172", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Chile (constituent processes), social media platforms, Latin America, global content moderation debate", "when": "2019-2025 (Chilean constituent processes), contemporary (global moderation debate)"}, {"title": "Uma serpente que devora a si mesma: meias-verdades no processo constituinte chileno e lições para o debate sobre moderação de conteúdo", "author": "J Acevedo Mundaca", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports (like \"Platforms' Election Interventions in the Global Majority Are Ineffective\"\") that analyze and critique social media platform policies and interventions", "quote": "Ensuring effective interventions against misinformation, democratic integrity", "page": "At the same time, major social media platforms have focused their counter-misinformation interventions in USA and the EU. See MOZILLA, Platforms' Election Interventions in the Global Majority Are Ineffective, Mozilla Foundation.", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rinc/a/hTJTLHGX5x5K4L7CxhvKmnb/abstract/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Chile, social media platforms", "when": "2019–2025"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, with an implicit focus on an open internet and privacy.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocates for transparency and accountability from tech companies regarding their content moderation and algorithmic practices.", "quote": "Ashley Boyd (2021), vice president of advocacy at the non-profit Mozilla, considers recent positioning (posturing) by TikTok, YouTube and Facebook as transparent and accountable.", "page": "113", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports exposing problematic online influence activities, such as paid influencers in elections, contributing to public awareness and advocating for responsible internet use.", "quote": "Un report di Mozilla (Madung e Obilo 2021) de nuncia il fenomeno degli influencer a pagamento su Twit ter, impegnati in attività di pressione sull’opinione pubbli ca durante elezioni...", "page": "131", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a report in 2021, based on data from YouTube users, to understand how the platform's recommendation engine operates and to highlight the prevalence of \"regrettable\"\" content originating from the algorithm.\"", "quote": "In 2021, the Mozilla Foundation published a report that relied on 37,380 YouTube users who had installed a browser extension to understand how the platform’s recommendation engine was operating in practice.", "page": "14", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "La proposta di Digital Service Act per la regolazione dei servizi e delle piattaforme online nel diritto dell'Unione europea", "author": "G Caggiano", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Signed the 'Codice di condotta per lottare contro le forme illegali di incitamento all'odio online' (Code of Practice on Disinformation), engaging in a self-regulatory initiative to combat illegal content and disinformation.", "quote": "Il Codice è stato firmato dalle piattaforme, dai principali social network, dagli inserzionisti e dall'industria della pubblicità, fra cui Facebook, Twitter, Mozilla, Google (ottobre 2018); Microsoft (maggio 2019); TikTok (giugno 2020).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.aisdue.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Post-Giandonato-Caggiano-DSAfinale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2000 EU legislative period"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Takes proactive action, such as implementing policy changes in its web browsers, to protect users from government-mandated HTTPS interception, safeguarding user privacy and an open internet.", "quote": "Censored Planet's rapid focus capability has helped provide insights into important events such as the recent large-scale HTTPS interception in Kazakhstan that has helped inform policy changes by two major web browsers [64, 98, 99].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}, {"title": "Social media content moderation: six opportunities for feminist intervention", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It publishes analyses and reports that critique the limitations and potential ethical issues of automated content moderation systems, thereby influencing public understanding and advocating for more responsible technology.", "quote": "Automation it a 'blunt tool' (Mozilla Insights, 2020:n.p.): it makes mistakes, misses context and nuance, and in many cases might be used unethically.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2020.1783807", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Artificial intelligence, content moderation, and freedom of expression", "author": "E Llansó, J VaN hoboKeN, P Leerssen, J Harambam", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Raised public awareness about the social and cultural contexts of online radicalization by highlighting a specific case study, thus contributing to a broader understanding of the issue beyond purely algorithmic explanations and fostering media literacy.", "quote": "the Mozilla Foundation took up an article by the Washingtonian, which reported on a mother and her teenage son who turned to white supremacist movements online... Mozilla brought the mother and son together and invited their community to pose questions to them.", "page": "25", "url": "https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/c466f9ab-a39a-44e1-a281-231f5ee30f4f", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, search engines) in the Transatlantic context (USA and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with a focus on the late 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Aids in the transition of research projects like Squadbox into viable open-source projects, facilitating contributions of ideas and technical work to build robust, user-relied systems.", "quote": "We are working with the Mozilla Foundation to help transition from Squadbox from being just a research project to a viable open source project.", "page": "88", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engages in collaborations like The Coral Project to improve online communities and journalism. Its editor reflects on combating hate speech and irresponsible media coverage.", "quote": "...Sydette Harry, a black writer, Mozilla editor, and Coral Project editor-at-large mused, reflecting on why chummy coverage of far-right extremists was such a personal, visceral affront.", "page": "88", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Civic Tech Database; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Credibility Coalition; DSA-related public consultation; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Mozilla produces research and campaigns, builds technical projects (Common Voice, Mozilla.ai), hosts major events (Mozilla Festival), partners with civil-society coalitions and participates in public consultations to influence platform and AI governance.", "quote": "Mozilla Foundation runs advocacy, research, education and technical projects (e.g., Common Voice, Mozilla.ai, festivals, campaigns) that shape platform policy, AI ethics, privacy and open-web governance across jurisdictions.", "page": "", "url": "https://foundation.mozilla.org/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Center for Missing and Exploited Children", "aliases": ["National Center for Missing and Exploited Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / watchdog/transparency group", "national child protection non-profit / clearinghouse", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Japan", "Kenya", "New Zealand", "Philippines", "South Korea", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["Facebook", "GPT-4o", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-exploitation", "anti-sexual exploitation", "child safety", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 14, "papers": [{"title": "How Generative AI Empowers Attackers and Defenders Across the Trust & Safety Landscape", "author": "PG Kelley, S Rousso-Schindler, R Shelby…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "NCMEC serves as a clearinghouse for sharing CSAM hashes among platforms and receives reports of detected harmful content, playing a crucial role in coordinating responses to child sexual abuse.", "quote": "In the United States, the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) serves as a clearinghouse for sharing CSAM hashes between platforms.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791363", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online Trust & Safety landscape across child safety, election integrity, hate and harassment, scams, and violent extremism", "when": "Contemporary and near future (2024-2026)"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partners with the US government to maintain a database of illegal images (child pornography), which social media platforms use for automated content moderation.", "quote": "O algoritmo PhotoDNA se utiliza de uma base de dados que reúne quase 720.000 imagens ilegais disponíveis online, organizado pelo National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (Centro Nacional para Crianças Desaparecidas e Exploradas) em parceria com o governo estadunidense", "page": "83", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "\" I Cannot Write This Because It Violates Our Content Policy\"\": Understanding Content Moderation Policies and User Experiences in Generative {AI} Products\"", "author": "L Gao, O Chen, R Lee, N Feamster, C Tan…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Receives reports of apparent child sexual abuse material (CSAM) detected by Generative AI products, thus participating in the enforcement of content moderation policies against illegal content.", "quote": "We report apparent child sexual abuse material (CSAM) to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity25/presentation/gao-lan", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Consumer-facing Generative AI products (US context) and Reddit discussions", "when": "2024, contemporary AI product era"}, {"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coordinates collaborative hash databases across platforms to combat egregious online content, particularly child exploitation material.", "quote": "Another CS mechanism prioritizes the use of collaborative hash databases to combat egregious online content across platforms, a measure coordinated through the formation of private non-profit organizations such as the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)...", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Assembles and coordinates databases of known hashes of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) to facilitate proactive detection by online services, accelerating practice after adopting the PhotoDNA perceptual hash function.", "quote": "NCMEC began assembling hashes of CSAM in the early 2000s, and it accelerated the practice in 2008 after adopting the PhotoDNA perceptual hash function—which is still in widespread use.", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains a database of hashes of alleged child sexual abuse material (CSAM) images, which is shared across the industry to aid platforms in detecting and removing such content.", "quote": "There are a few hash databases that are shared across the industry, including NCMEC's database of alleged CSAM images...", "page": "22", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receives 'CyberTips' from PhotoDNA software when user-generated content matches known child sexual abuse imagery, which is then reported to law enforcement.", "quote": "If PhotoDNA finds a match between user-generated content and known child sexual abuse imagery, the software sends a 'CyberTip' directly to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.", "page": "19", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The human cost of online content moderation", "author": "A Arsht, D Etcovitch", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "NCMEC receives reports of child pornography and other crimes from tech companies like Microsoft, as mandated by federal legislation. This positions NCMEC as a central recipient for reports of illegal content, enabling enforcement against such material.", "quote": "In 2008, new federal legislation created new duties upon Microsoft and other companies in the tech industry to report child pornography and other crimes to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, hereinafter \"NCMEC.”\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/the-human-cost-of-online-content-moderation?onwardjourney=584162_v1", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Washington State, USA", "when": "2007-2016"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Manages the PhotoDNA database, a system that uses hash technology to detect and remove child pornography from the internet, serving as an example of effective content removal in a clearly illegal area.", "quote": "The PhotoDNA database, run by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), has not morphed into a tool for censorship of other types of material.", "page": "22", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "Can you moderate an unreadable message?'Blind'content moderation via human computation", "author": "S Frey, MW Bos, RW Sumner", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participates in content moderation by detecting child pornography and distributing hash sums of exploitative image files to major social media providers for filtering.", "quote": "the problem of detection was left to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, who then distributed hash sums of exploitative image files to major social media providers...", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.hcjournal.org/index.php/jhc/article/view/83", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media and UGC platforms, with a focus on child-focused and collective content", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "BEHIND THE SCREEN: THE HIDDEN DIGITAL LABOR OF COMMERCIAL CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Roberts, Sarah T", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Maintains a direct connection with social media platforms like MegaTech to receive reports of child sexual abuse material, funneling this information to law enforcement for intervention.", "quote": "NECMEC is the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. We had a direct connection with them . . . we were able to just hit a hot key and it would forward the video and all the data and information associated with that video straight to NECMEC.", "page": "115", "url": "search.proquest.com", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (primarily Western countries and their outsourced locations like India, Philippines) on social media platforms and online services", "when": "2000s-2010s social media era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "NCMEC runs the CyberTipline (technical infrastructure for reporting/sharing), issues data and publications, partners with platforms and law enforcement to secure takedowns and influence platform policy; it also mobilizes public campaigns ('Take It Down').", "quote": "Operates the CyberTipline, takedown services (\"Take It Down\"), and a Global Platform for Child Exploitation Policy addressing platform handling of child sexual abuse material and generative AI.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.missingkids.org/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "A private non-profit corporation that collaborates with platforms to help detect, prevent, and combat child sexual exploitation by finding and removing relevant content.", "quote": "El Centro Nacional para Niños Desaparecidos y Explotados es una corporación privada sin fines de lucro 501(c)(3) cuya misión es ayudar a encontrar niños desaparecidos, reducir la explotación sexual infantil.", "page": "44", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}, {"title": "Native_Image_Generation_System_Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "NCMEC receives reports of confirmed Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) matches detected by OpenAI's systems, contributing to the broader effort to combat child exploitation.", "quote": "Confirmed matches are rejected and reported to NCMEC, and the associated user account is banned.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o image generation", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "community/collective", "foundation", "global non-profit supporting Wikimedia projects (knowledge commons operator and advocacy organization)"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Peru", "Spain", "United States", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Britannica Online", "Citizendium", "Mastodon", "Mastodon Fediverse", "Perspective API", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "civil discourse", "collaboration", "community autonomy", "community collaboration", "community health", "community moderation", "community participation", "content governance", "fair use", "free culture", "free speech", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "information sharing", "knowledge access", "knowledge sharing", "neutrality", "open access", "open content", "open governance", "open knowledge", "open source", "platform governance", "platform integrity", "platform sustainability", "privacy", "public good", "research", "self-governance", "transparency", "user empowerment", "user participation", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation", "moderación de medios", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderação de mídia", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 14, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports free knowledge projects; co-develops key governing policies with stakeholder communities; creates Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines; demonstrates leverage over platform provider.", "quote": "The project is a partnership between self-governing volunteer communities and a charitable non-profit created by members of said communities to support the projects, the Wikimedia Foundation.", "page": "59", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates content moderation infrastructure with the ability to suspend accounts and pages on Wikipedia, representing a more centralized model of moderation compared to Mastodon's decentralized approach.", "quote": "While both Reddit and Wikipedia have some level of centralisation in their content modera-tion infrastructure – e.g. Reddit retains the ability to ban subreddits and the Wiki-media Foundation can suspend accounts and pages –, the non-profit that develops the Mastodon protocol does not have the technical ability to suspend instances or ban users.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a collaborative platform (a wiki) where content is created, modified, and edited by many users, fostering user-generated content (UGC) and enabling dialogue.", "quote": "Além dele, a wiki é também uma aplicação que surgiu na Web 2.0. Trata-se de uma página com informações sobre determinado assunto, cujo conteúdo é criado por um produtor inicial e constantemente modificado pelos usuários que o acessam. O texto é colaborativo e de fácil edição, de modo que os demais usuários alterem, deletem ou incrementem a redação inicial.", "page": "31", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}, {"title": "Decentralizing Platform Power: A Design Space of Multi-Level Governance in Online Social Platforms", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Frey, Seth; Zhang, Amy X.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Wikimedia Foundation, through its mission and governance structure, provides informal mechanisms for granting authority to its language editions (middle levels of Wikipedia governance). Its partially member-elected board also empowers bottom-level users.", "quote": "The closest example may be the Wikimedia Foundation, which, likely due to its mission, has informal mechanisms for grant-ing authority to its language editions. However, the most evi-dent and concrete mechanism—the Foundation’s partially member-elected board—encodes a direct democracy that empowers bottom-level users rather than a representative democracy that might empower middle-level units.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231207857", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (e.g., Reddit, Mastodon, Wikipedia, YouTube)", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}, {"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided data from Wikipedia talk page discussions for training initial toxicity models and for bias mitigation, influencing the normative framing of acceptable online discourse through its community-verified content and civility norms.", "quote": "The mitigation strategy is thus to add published Wikipedia articles containing the term—which are considered non-toxic since verified by the Wikipedia community—to the training data 'to bring the toxic/non-toxic balance in line with the prior distribution for the overall dataset'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Published an account highlighting the issues of overly broad upload filters by platforms that wrongly flag public domain content as copyrighted, acting as a transparency and advocacy body.", "quote": "Kaiser, 'Can Beethoven send takedown requests? A first-hand account of one German professor's experience with overly broad upload filters', Wikimedia Foundation, 27 August 2018...", "page": "25", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As the owner and overseer of Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation maintains centralized ownership, subsists on donations (pricing), and keeps the site free for users. It can intervene in disputes, although it typically avoids direct involvement, reflecting a commitment to community self-governance.", "quote": "Beyond that, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, which oversees Wikipedia in the role of owner, can ultimately step in, although it generally tries to avoid becoming involved in specific issues.", "page": "45", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Beyond opening up the black box: Investigating the role of algorithmic systems in Wikipedian organizational culture", "author": "Geiger, R Stuart", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Wikimedia Foundation maintains the core software infrastructure (e.g., MediaWiki platform, Toollabs/Toolforge, Quarry) that allows the Wikipedian community to build, deploy, and operate their algorithmic systems and tools, and provides public computing infrastructure for researchers.", "quote": "infrastructure maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation that lets developers easily parse through every edit made to Wikipedia in near real time.", "page": "3", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951717730735", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English-language)", "when": "early 21st century platform era (2000s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale", "author": "Wulczyn, Ellery; Thain, Nithum; Dixon, Lucas", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts internal research and surveys to understand online harassment, contributing to the understanding of community health and informing policies for the platforms it hosts.", "quote": "The Wikimedia Foundation found that 54% of those who had experienced online harassment expressed decreased participation in the project where they experienced the harassment [23].", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.08914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "English Wikipedia", "when": "2004–2015"}, {"title": "Wikiperiodismo o periodismo colaborativo:¿ tiene futuro?", "author": "EC Gutiérrez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Manages several wiki projects (like Wikipedia and Wikinews) and establishes guiding principles such as neutrality, free content, and open decision-making, which govern the collaborative creation and self-moderation of content by its community of volunteers.", "quote": "Wikimedia resulta ser un movimiento global cuya misión es traer contenido educativo gratuito al mundo. Se trata de una organización sin ánimo de lucro instituida bajo las leyes de Florida (Estados Unidos).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5235/523552850002.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on Spain, Peru, and Argentina", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Develops and makes available software extensions, such as 'FlaggedRevs', to its sister projects (like Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary) for implementation of content review systems, thereby influencing moderation practices across its ecosystem.", "quote": "Once the software extension for reviewing ('FlaggedRevs') had been composed, the foundation also made it available to all language versions of all sister-projects of Wikipedia for implementation (on a voluntary basis).", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The foundation develops and makes available software extensions like 'FlaggedRevs' to its sister projects for voluntary implementation, influencing their content moderation capabilities.", "quote": "Once the software extension for reviewing ('FlaggedRevs') had been composed, the foundation also made it available to all language versions of all sister-projects of Wikipedia for implementation (on a voluntary basis).", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}, {"title": "colaboração e moderação na Wikipédia e Britannica Online", "author": "CFB d'Andréa", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The foundation provides financial and technical support for Wikipedia, ensuring its operation through donations. It also participates in key governance decisions, such as approving the adoption of content licenses like Creative Commons.", "quote": "A Wikipédia, por outro lado, é totalmente mantida por doações destinadas à Wikimedia Foundation. [...] Em 2009, a comunidade de editores e a Wikimedia Foundation aprovaram a adoção da licença Creative Commons...", "page": "12", "url": "https://seer.ufrgs.br/EmQuestao/article/download/9147/5801/32226", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms (Wikipedia, Britannica Online)", "when": "early 21st century (2000-2009)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; Freedom Online Coalition; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Produces policy analyses and an AI strategy, engages in public consultations and multistakeholder fora, supplies open content used across the web (informational leverage), and publicly challenges regulatory actions to hold policymakers accountable.", "quote": "Actively engages in public policy on platform regulation (e.g., Challenges UK Online Safety Act Regulations), publishes an AI strategy, and participates in multistakeholder fora (IGF, consultations) shaping platform content and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://wikimediafoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT)", "aliases": ["Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "Austria", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Japan", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "South Asia", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Meta Horizon Worlds", "Rec Room", "Reddit", "Twitch", "Twitter", "VRChat", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-terrorism", "counter-terrorism", "harm reduction", "inter-organizational cooperation", "national security", "platform autonomy", "platform safety", "public discourse", "public safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator", "moderación de debates", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 13, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to special issue: The practicalities and complexities of (regulating) online terrorist content moderation", "author": "M Conway, S Macdonald", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "GIFCT develops and shares technology, best practices, and other resources to improve the detection and removal of online terrorist content. It also conducts trials and provides overviews of algorithmic tools for content moderation, addressing ethical and human rights issues.", "quote": "The Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) founded by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube in 2017 with the goal of preventing terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting their platforms.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1057610X.2023.2222887", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "UK, EU, and online platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Gli algoritmi come decisori nel contrasto al terrorismo online. Alcune riflessioni a partire dal Regolamento (UE) 2021/784", "author": "M Ferrario", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Established by major tech companies (Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Twitter) to collectively combat terrorism online by creating and maintaining a shared database of illegal content hashes, enabling platforms to prevent re-upload of content already removed.", "quote": "le cosiddette Big Four (ossia Facebook, Google, Microsoft e Twitter) si sono impegnate in un progetto di contrasto congiunto al terrorismo attraverso la creazione del Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism. Invero, uno dei suoi strumenti chiave è stata la creazione di un database condiviso di contenuti illegali...", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/2486", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union (EU)", "when": "post-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Maintains a shared database of content hashes, enabling platforms to identify and remove known terrorist content, thus contributing to automated content moderation efforts.", "quote": "Destaca la base de datos hash del Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, que permite la eliminación de contenidos repetidos, previamente identificados por los prestadores.", "page": "250", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A private multilateral initiative launched by major tech companies to counter terrorist content online, primarily through a shared industry hash database (SIHD), knowledge sharing, and financing policy-oriented research.", "quote": "Their collaborative effort ultimately lead to the launch of the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) in May 2017 by YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft. This private multilateralism initiative is commonly justified by the phenomenon of terrorist migration (Weimann, 2014), which requires industry-level responses, in addition to facilitating negotiations with public authorities by providing a ‘one-stop shop' to discuss online terrorism with 'the private sector'.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Bilanciare espressione e sicurezza nella realtà virtuale sociale= Balancing expression and safety in social virtual reality", "author": "C Nuovo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Maintains a publicly accessible database of known extremist content, allowing member platforms and other entities to identify, remove, or flag such content automatically, thus reducing the need for direct human intervention in clear-cut cases.", "quote": "Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism [14], fondato da Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter e YouTube, che mantiene un database di contenuti estremisti...", "page": "19", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/29483/?template=default", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social VR environments and online platforms (Rec Room, VRChat, Meta Horizon Worlds)", "when": "2016-2023"}, {"title": "Privacy, Free Speech and Content Moderation: A Literature Review and Constitutional Framework Analysis", "author": "Wu, Yi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Designed to prevent terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting digital platforms, GIFCT's membership has expanded to include diverse platforms committed to cross-industry efforts to counter the spread of terrorist and violent extremist content online.", "quote": "Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, is an NGO designed to prevent terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting digital platforms.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.paradigmpress.org/ist/article/view/303", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States and European Union, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2005 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established by tech companies to disrupt terrorist abuse of platforms, fostering collaboration and information-sharing to counter terrorist and violent extremist content online, and developing tools like hash sharing.", "quote": "GIFCT is an independent organisation that was established in July 2017 by Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter and YouTube to disrupt terrorist abuse of their platforms.", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains a shared industry database of hashes of potential terrorist and violent extremist content, which platforms use to detect and moderate such material across their services.", "quote": "and the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism's shared industry database of potential terrorist and violent extremist content.", "page": "22", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}, {"title": "After Violation But Before Sanction: Understanding Volunteer Moderators' Profiling Processes Toward Violators in Live Streaming Communities", "author": "Cai, Jie; Wohn, Donghee Yvette", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established by major tech companies, GIFCT coordinates content removal efforts across different platforms to address violent terrorist imagery and propaganda.", "quote": "Tech giants (Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube) together established the “Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism\" in 2017 to coordinate content removal about \"\"violent terrorist imagery and propaganda\"\"\"", "page": "19", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479554", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Twitch live streaming communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Created a shared database of extremist content images and shared technology to identify and ban such content across multiple platforms, fostering collaborative moderation.", "quote": "elas começaram a compartilhar essa tecnologia com empresas menores, as quais se juntaram no Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, visando banir conteúdo extremista de um número crescente de plataformas e websites (LARSON, 2017).", "page": "63", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Developed and shared a database of hashes for removing 'extremist content' among tech companies, aiming to collectively ban such content from online platforms.", "quote": "In the following year, they started sharing the technology with smaller companies that joined the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, aiming to ban extremist content from an increasing number of platforms and websites.", "page": "21", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides resources and collaboration for internet platforms to combat terrorist content and coordinate responses to violations, acting as a collective body for addressing harmful material across the internet.", "quote": "Internet platforms can suspend or take actions against the accounts of users for repeated or other violations of their policies, such as terrorist groups,330 but Section 230(c)(2)'s immunity applies only to moderation of \"material.\"\"\"", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An industry-led self-regulating initiative that develops machine-learning algorithms and a shared hash database to identify and flag extremist content for removal, contributing to content moderation efforts against terrorism.", "quote": "The result of these efforts was the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT), an industry-led self-regulating initiative that includes Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, and YouTube.", "page": "45", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "SecureBio", "aliases": ["SecureBio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Claude 3", "Claude Opus 4", "Claude Opus 4.1", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "GPT-4.5", "GPT-5.2", "GPT-5.3-Codex", "OpenAI o1 model family", "OpenAI o3", "OpenAI o4-mini", "gpt-oss-120b", "gpt-oss-20b"], "norms": ["ai safety", "biosecurity", "harm reduction", "public safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 13, "papers": [{"title": "7aad69bf12627d42234e01ee7c36305dc2f6a970", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated on the development of the Long-Form Virology Task 1 and 2 evaluations. SecureBio also developed the Synthesis Screening Evasion evaluation, which assesses risks related to biological weapons development and model capabilities in sequence and protocol design.", "quote": "This evaluation was developed in collaboration with SecureBio and Deloitte Consulting;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global AI development and deployment", "when": "October 2025"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed and conducted evaluations for virology-specific knowledge (VCT), DNA Synthesis Screening Evasion, and creative biology questions to assess models' capabilities related to bioweapons risks.", "quote": "We evaluated our models on a multiple-choice evaluation from SecureBio (VCT) assessing virology-specific knowledge.", "page": "96", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Claude 4.1 System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed evaluations for creative biology tasks and synthesis screening evasion tasks, and collaborated on Long-Form Virology Task 1, to assess Claude Opus 4.1's capabilities and risks related to biological weapons development.", "quote": "This evaluation was developed by SecureBio.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4.1 (Anthropic AI system)", "when": "August-September 2025"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed and conducted multiple evaluations related to biological risks, including task-based agentic evaluations for pathogen acquisition, multimodal virology assessments, and DNA synthesis screening evasion tests.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "SecureBio collaborated in developing and conducting task-based agentic evaluations and multimodal virology assessments to test AI models' proficiency in pathogen acquisition and virology-specific knowledge.", "quote": "This is a task-based agentic evaluation developed with SecureBio and Deloitte... We evaluated our models on a multiple-choice evaluation from SecureBio [20] assessing virology-specific knowledge.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "GPT-5-3-Codex-System-Card-02", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provided a dataset of 350 fully held-out virology troubleshooting questions for multimodal evaluation of AI models' wet lab troubleshooting abilities.", "quote": "To evaluate models' ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting, we evaluate models on a set of 350 fully held-out virology troubleshooting questions from SecureBio.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.3-Codex model family", "when": "post-2025 AI era"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2025 - gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Served as an external assessor to evaluate gpt-oss-120b on various biosecurity-relevant tasks, including static benchmarks, long-form biodesign, and manual red-teaming.", "quote": "We engaged SecureBio as an external assessor to evaluate gpt-oss-120b on biosecurity-relevant tasks, including static benchmarks, long-form biodesign, agent-based fragment and screening challenges, and manual red-teaming.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b AI models", "when": "2024–2025 AI model development and evaluation era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed task-based agentic evaluations for complex pathogen acquisition processes, testing end-to-end completion of biological tasks to assess CBRN capabilities.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed and contributed to several CBRN-related evaluations, including long-form virology tasks, multimodal virology (VCT), and DNA synthesis screening evasion, to assess biological risk capabilities of AI models.", "quote": "SecureBio’s “DNA Synthesis Screening Evasion” evaluation tests whether a model can design DNA fragments that assemble into pathogenic viruses... We evaluated our models on a multiple-choice evaluation from SecureBio (VCT) assessing virology-specific knowledge.", "page": "175", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}, {"title": "gpt-4-5-system-card-2272025", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provided a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions used to evaluate GPT-4.5's ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting.", "quote": "To evaluate models' ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting, we evaluate models on a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions from SecureBio.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI system / Model Family: GPT-4.5", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o3-and-o4-mini-system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provided a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions to evaluate models' ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting.", "quote": "we evaluate models on a set of 350 fully held-out virology troubleshooting questions from SecureBio.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini models", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provided a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions to evaluate models' ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting.", "quote": "we evaluate models on a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions from SecureBio.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "oai_5_2_system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "SecureBio provides a set of 350 virology troubleshooting questions which are used to evaluate AI models' ability to troubleshoot wet lab experiments in a multimodal setting.", "quote": "we evaluate models on a set of 350 fully held-out virology troubleshooting questions from SecureBio.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.2 model family", "when": "post-2025 AI platform era"}]}, {"name": "World Health Organization", "aliases": ["World Health Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["International organization", "NGO", "other", "other (intergovernmental organization)"], "countries": ["Angola", "Australia", "Austria", "Belgium", "Brazil", "British India", "Canada", "Czech Republic", "Denmark", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Poland", "Romania", "Slovakia", "Spain", "Sweden", "Switzerland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Messenger", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accurate information", "anti-misinformation", "child safety", "disease prevention", "equality", "factual accuracy", "global health", "harm reduction", "human rights", "international standards", "local relevance", "medical ethics", "public health", "research ethics", "scientific integrity", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderação", "moderação de conteúdo", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "Covid-19 pandemic", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 13, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Published an iterative, bottom-up prioritization process for program budgets, ensuring maximum alignment with local contexts and priorities for global health.", "quote": "For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) has published their iterative, bottom-up prioritization process for 2024–2025 program budgets, used to ensure maximum alignment with local contexts and priorities (WHO, n.d.).", "page": "164", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides global guidance and sets standards for comprehensive sexuality education, advocating for an inclusive approach that respects human rights and gender equality.", "quote": "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the role of sex education is to provide young people with accurate and age-appropriate information about sexuality, sexual and reproductive health (WHO, 2023).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Sets global standards and provides guidelines for sex education, influencing national curricula and educational approaches, effectively acting as a norm-setting body for educational content.", "quote": "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the role of sex education is to provide young people with accurate and age-appropriate information about sexuality, sexual and reproductive health (WHO, 2023).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Does the platform matter? Social media and COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs in 17 countries", "author": "Theocharis, Yannis; Cardenal, Ana; Jin, Soyeon; Aalberg, Toril; Hopmann, David Nicolas; Strömbäck, Jesper; Castro, Laia; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter; De Vreese, Claes; Corbu, Nicoleta; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Matthes, Joerg; Schemer, Christian; Sheafer, Tamir; Splendore, Sergio; Stanyer, James; Stępińska, Agnieszka; Štětka, Václav", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Influenced public discourse and potentially subsequent content moderation efforts by public statements, such as calling the initial dismissal of a COVID-19 lab leak theory 'premature,' thereby shaping the perception of information validity.", "quote": "World Health Organization (WHO) officials called its initial dismissal premature (Associated Press, 2021).", "page": "20", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045666", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "17 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, Messenger)", "when": "December 2019 – June 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}, {"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Forms coalitions to combat public health misinformation, specifically by preparing and deploying fact-based alternative accounts.", "quote": "Organizations such as the International Fact-Checking Network or the World Health Organization often form coalitions in the pursuit of this endeavour.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed international recommendations for leprosy prevention and treatment that influenced Portuguese colonial health policies towards less isolationist and more humanitarian approaches.", "quote": "a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) durante 1957229. Caso evidente de aprendizagem inter-imperial, a arquitetura organizacional do que viria a ser o Serviço de Combate à Lepra de Angola (SCL), foi decalcada da organização sanitária anti-hanseana do Estado colonial francês", "page": "98", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}, {"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides authoritative public health guidance that platforms use to define and address COVID-19 misinformation; also partners with platforms to disseminate credible information through Q&As, messaging helplines, and campaigns, and receives ad credits for this purpose.", "quote": "The WHO and CDC publish regular updates for Snapchatters from their Official Accounts and we've worked with the WHO to develop custom content to answer questions from our community.", "page": "23", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Establishes global health guidelines and labels major health threats, influencing public discourse and media narratives around health risks like vaccine hesitancy and antimicrobial resistance.", "quote": "infectious diseases (World Health Organization (WHO), 2010).", "page": "48", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Combate à desinformação na pandemia da Covid-19: ações afirmativas das plataformas digitais", "author": "LM Costa, LB da Nóbrega…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Defined 'infodemia' and 'disinformation', provided authoritative information, and partnered with digital platforms (Facebook and WhatsApp) to disseminate verified information and create information hubs and chatbots.", "quote": "A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e a OMS divulgaram um folheto informativos para tratar das problemáticas de uma infodemia [...] e da desinformação, correspondente a “uma informação falsa ou imprecisa cuja intenção deliberada é enganar”.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ufs.emnuvens.com.br/eptic/article/view/14647", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, WhatsApp), Brazil (global context)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}, {"title": "The sources and correlates of exposure to vaccine-related (mis)information online", "author": "Guess, Andrew M.; Nyhan, Brendan; O’Keeffe, Zachary; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participates in public discourse by identifying global health threats, such as vaccine hesitancy, thereby shaping the normative understanding of information quality related to vaccines and influencing strategies to counter misinformation.", "quote": "Vaccine hesitancy, which has been named one of the top ten threats to global health by the World Health Organization [33], threatens to exacerbate the spread of communicable diseases in the U.S. and around the world.", "page": "1", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X20313116", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "2016–2019"}, {"title": "Dealing with Conspiracy Theory Attributions", "author": "Martin, Brian", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The World Health Organization participates in moderation by setting global health norms and framing public health issues, such as declaring 'vaccine hesitancy' a top global threat, which influences public and professional discourse and implicitly moderates the acceptability of views divergent from official health policy.", "quote": "In 2019, the World Health Organization declared ‘vaccine hesitancy’ – ‘the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines’ – to be one of the top ten threats to public health worldwide (World Health Organization 2019).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02691728.2020.1748744", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in Australia", "when": "Mid-20th century to present"}, {"title": "<? covid19?> the challenges of responding to misinformation during a pandemic: content moderation and the limitations of the concept of harm", "author": "SA Baker, M Wade, MJ Walsh", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The WHO issues authoritative public health guidance and information, which social media platforms reference and incorporate into their content moderation policies to combat misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic. Platforms remove content that contradicts WHO's medical information.", "quote": "YouTube (2020) created a ‘COVID-19 Medical Misinformation Policy’ that prohibits misinformation about COVID-19 that ‘poses a serious risk of egregious harm’ and contradicts medical information provided by the WHO or local health authorities.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1329878X20951301", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (post-2019)"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Endorsed the establishment of ethical review committees (IRBs) for human subjects research through its Declaration of Helsinki, influencing global and national standards for research ethics.", "quote": "The federal government began to use review boards for its own scientists in the 1950s, and the World Health Organization endorsed such committees in its Declaration of Helsinki in 1964.", "page": "3", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Anonymous", "aliases": ["Anonymous"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bolivia", "Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "New Zealand", "Peru", "Portugal", "Russia", "Spain", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["accountability", "activism", "anti-authoritarianism", "anti-censorship", "anti-corruption", "anti-extremism", "democracy", "digital activism", "entertainment", "free speech", "freedom of information", "geopolitical interests", "information access", "media criticism", "media freedom", "media pluralism", "national security", "national sovereignty", "open internet", "political participation", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderación de medios", "moderador censor", "moderador de contéudos", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["Dutch", "English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "Middle Ages to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "Tweets in Time of Conflict: A Public Dataset Tracking the Twitter Discourse on the War between Ukraine and Russia", "author": "Chen, Emily; Ferrara, Emilio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a decentralized online hacking group that publicly announced it would target Russian government websites and infrastructure, acting as a form of digital activism and information warfare to support Ukrainians and disrupt state operations.", "quote": "Outside of these hashtags, other highly prevalent hashtags include #anonymous, which referred to the announcement by the decentralized online hacking group Anonymous that they would be targeting Russian government websites and infrastructure while aiding Ukrainians (Pitrelli 2022).", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/22208", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, online discourse on the war between Ukraine and Russia", "when": "February 2022 – January 2023"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A hacking collective that engaged in 'online war against hate' by hacking a social media platform ahead of its launch.", "quote": "Within two hours of the announcement, the hacking collective Anonymous had hacked Truth Social ahead of its launch as part of its “online war against hate” (Perlroth, 2021).", "page": "100", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Mobilized citizens online through whistleblowing and direct participation, acting as a response to corruption, lack of transparency, and disinformation in the digital sphere.", "quote": "la indignación ciudadana ante la corrupción, la falta de transparencia y la desinformación, siendo Anonymous o Wikileaks ejemplos de ello", "page": "112", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}, {"title": "(((They))) rule: Memetic antagonism and nebulous othering on 4chan", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Hagen, Sal", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a collective of hackers and geeks, Anonymous engaged in coordinated online actions and trolling, such as influencing online polls, to challenge corporate media sensationalism and make political statements, thereby exerting public pressure and social shaming.", "quote": "Among the many instances of coordinated online action from this period, anons would engage in trolling Time Magazine’s 2008 Most Influential Person poll to place 4chan’s founder at the top of its list (see Deseriis, 2015: 166).", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819888746", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "4chan /pol/, USA", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Exploring the Utility of Memes for U.S. Government Influence Campaigns", "author": "Zakem, Vera; McBride, Megan K; Hammerberg, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Anonymous, as a hacktivist movement, organized online counter-propaganda campaigns against ISIS. They declared 'ISIS Trolling Day' and encouraged users to post mocking images with hashtags like #DAESHbags, providing instructions on how to create and disseminate these memes to 'infect' the public discourse with counter-ISIS messages.", "quote": "Anonymous declared December 11, 2015, to be “ISIS Trolling Day” and encouraged those online to post mocking images using the hashtag #DAESHbags.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online information environment, global (with focus on USG interests)", "when": "Mid-2010s to late 2010s (2014-2017)"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engages in high-profile trolling and hacking exploits, which later gave way to more explicitly progressive causes and operations (like Occupy Wall Street protests), but also contributed to far-right extremism.", "quote": "...the primordial ooze that gave rise to Anonymous, whose high-profile trolling and hacking exploits gave way, starting around 2011, to more explicitly progressive causes and operations like the Occupy Wall Street protests.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in digital activism, described as 'guerrilha' and 'confronto com os poderes públicos,' challenging authorities and existing norms through online actions and resistance.", "quote": "Exemplos do segundo tipo correspondem a um conjunto mais restrito mas heterogéneo, para o qual o terreno digital se apresenta como causa ou território de «guerrilha» e confronto com os poderes públicos (e. g. Anonymous, movimento para o software livre, movimento para o Partido Pirata).", "page": "122", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Utilizes 'contentious branding' through a standardized semiotic repertoire (e.g., Guy Fawkes mask, slogans) to unite diverse and often contradictory actions and ideologies. It explicitly defines its non-essential and paradoxical identity, which serves as a meta-level of self-regulation against internal fragmentation and external attempts to control its narrative, thus enforcing its inherent incoherence as a norm.", "quote": "The proposal of this work is to characterize Anonymous as a ‘contentious brand’, which means focusing on the connective potential related to its standardized semiotic repertoire.", "page": "121", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Mobilized its collective for \"hactivist\"\" activities", "quote": "often using the Guy Fawkes mask as an icon for protest.\"", "page": "anti-censorship, social justice, anonymity, anti-authoritarianism.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "Wikiperiodismo o periodismo colaborativo:¿ tiene futuro?", "author": "EC Gutiérrez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engages in hacking and activism, forming alliances (e.g., with WikiLeaks) to challenge and bypass official secrecy and censorship, contributing to the revelation of classified information.", "quote": "La alianza entre Wikileaks y el conocido colectivo de hackers Anonymous ha levantado mucha suspicacia y críticas.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5235/523552850002.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on Spain, Peru, and Argentina", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducts Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks to make websites unreachable, performs website defacements to spread its messages, and organizes collective actions for information sharing and political protest.", "quote": "Anonymous is een doorlopend transformerende virtuele zwerm die zich tijdelijk for-meert rond uiteenlopende collectieve acties op het internet. De beweging maakte het leven van tieners kapot met online treiterei maar schoot ook Tunesiërs te hulp...", "page": "1", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}, {"title": "Quando o pensamento é privatizado: liberdade de expressão, direitos autorais e censura", "author": "A Nodari", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Utilizes anonymity as a key strategy to evade censorial control, acting as a decentralized, virtual political group to pursue its objectives.", "quote": "Que o anonimato permita fugir do controle censório é atestado, em forma mitigada, pelo sigilo da fonte jornalística, e, de modo mais visível, na reivindicação do anonimato por grupos políticos virtuais, como o Anonymous.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/direito/article/view/2611", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western legal tradition, particularly England and France", "when": "Middle Ages to present"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Strategic Dialogue", "aliases": ["Institute for Strategic Dialogue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / think tank", "foundation", "think tank; civil society organisation", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Kenya", "Middle East", "New Zealand", "North Africa", "North America", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "anti-racism", "anti-terrorism", "content moderation", "democratic integrity", "due process", "factual accuracy", "free speech", "hate speech", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "national security", "public safety", "social cohesion", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderator censor", "moderação", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides suggestions that serve as a basis for recommendations on transparency requirements and due process in content moderation for digital platforms.", "quote": "Todas essas recomendações, feitas por Mark Maccarthy, estão baseadas em sugestões de grupos que analisam as atuais práticas de transparência das plataformas digitais, incluindo a Comissão Europeia, o Institute for Strategic Dialogue e o Data Transparency Group, bem como se beneficiaram das medidas de devido processo propostas nos Princípios de Santa Clara.", "page": "139", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "X under Musk’s leadership: Substantial hate and no reduction in inauthentic activity", "author": "Hickey, Daniel; Fessler, Daniel M. T.; Lerman, Kristina; Burghardt, Keith", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This institute researches and reports on issues such as antisemitism on social media platforms, providing analytical insights into online harms that inform policy discussions and platform governance.", "quote": "Antisemitism on Twitter Before and After Elon Musk's Acquisition. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. 2023;.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313293", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "X (formerly Twitter), English-language posts, USA", "when": "2022-2023 platform era"}, {"title": "Robust Content Moderation: Theory and Applications", "author": "SD Kominers, JM Shapiro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Researches and reports on user strategies for subverting content moderation policies, providing insights into the challenges of online harms and informing efforts to counter extremism and disinformation.", "quote": "For examples of users subverting content moderation policies, see Busby (2024), Oversight Board (2024, p. 12), and Institute for Strategic Dialogue (2025).", "page": "2", "url": "https://shapiro.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum7731/files/2025-12/ContentModeration.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, authoritarian regimes, and AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops content-focused taxonomies for identifying and classifying terrorist and violent extremist content, especially in 'post-organizational' contexts where group affiliation is ambiguous, to inform moderation decisions.", "quote": "By contrast, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) offers a content-focused taxonomy that addresses one of the hardest problems facing GIFCT: how to handle TVEC when the role of specific groups is ambiguous, loose, or non-existent.", "page": "29", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Sul Global à deriva: regulação digital na União Europeia e no Brasil", "author": "M Medeiros", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research to reveal failures of digital platforms in transparency and containing disinformation during electoral processes, thus acting as a watchdog for platform accountability.", "quote": "Recent research, such as that carried out by Global Witness and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) in October 2024, reveals that digital platforms have been failing considerably in their duty of transparency and their obligation to contain disinformation during the US electoral process (Soares, 2024).", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/virus/article/view/229592", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union and Brazil", "when": "21st century, focusing on current digital regulation (2000-2024)"}, {"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter: Étude de cas sur l’invisibilisation des contenus LGBT et TDS en ligne", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie; Alié, Félix; Ecrement, Victor", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The ISD conducts research and publishes reports, such as cartographies of online hate speech, which identify patterns and issues related to content moderation. Their studies contribute to understanding online harms and informing approaches to moderation challenges.", "quote": "Une étude publiée en 2020 par l'ISD (Gatewood et al., 2020) et présentant une cartographie de la haine en ligne fait le même constat : « Ces deux ensembles de données se caractérisent par leur volume élevé et l'usage normalisé d'injures misogynes et homophobes dans divers contextes", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-reseaux-2023-1-page-119.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Consulted by social media companies as an external entity specializing in terrorism to stay informed on developing trends, and potentially holds 'trusted flagger' status for prioritized takedown requests.", "quote": "These include start-ups (Moonshot CVE, SITE Intelligence Group), think-tanks (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Institut français des Relations internationals), and public bodies such as Europol's IRU, who also have “trusted flagger” status, allowing for prioritization of their takedown requests.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Defines and evaluates counter-narrative campaigns, conducting interventions (e.g., on Facebook) to directly engage individuals exposed to extremist content and encourage disengagement from violent extremist views.", "quote": "The Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) argues that there is a continuum of activities that can fall under the broader ‘spectrum’ of counter-narrative work, including ‘counter-narratives’, ‘alternative narratives’ and ‘government strategic communications’ (Glazzard 2017, p. 7; Briggs and Feve 2013).", "page": "91", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on far-right extremism, alt-tech ecosystems, hate speech, and online radicalization to inform public understanding and policy interventions against the spread of extremism and unreality.", "quote": "In this essay, Julia Ebner, an Austrian scholar and senior researcher at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, uses her knowledge of far-right extremism, reciprocal radicalisation and European terrorism prevention initiatives to explore the impact of alt-tech ecosystems and the dangers these hotbeds of self-reinforcing extremism pose to our security, politics and society.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Partnered in launching the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI) to combat extremism and hate speech on the internet; acts as an independent 'think and do tank' to find transnational answers to challenges regarding geostrategy, society, and security.", "quote": "In 2016, together with the International Centre for Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Facebook launched the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI).", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Co-chairs the RAN@ Working Group and runs the Against Violent Extremism (AVE) network, providing research, analysis, and support to facilitate counter-narrative projects, connect credible messengers, and foster public-private partnerships in counter-messaging.", "quote": "Rachel Briggs is Research and Policy Director at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, where her research focuses on security, violent extremism and conflict, with a growing emphasis on the ways in which technology can be used to tackle these problems.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "ISD produces data-driven research and analysis, operates a Digital Analysis Unit, runs training and capacity-building programmes, participates in international policy consultations and partnerships (e.g., Christchurch Call) to shape platform and AI governance.", "quote": "ISD conducts research on disinformation, extremism and online hate and participates in policy processes (Christchurch Call, DSA and OSA consultations), directly engaging platform governance and AI-related content issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isdglobal.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "METR", "aliases": ["METR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Claude 3", "Claude 3.5 Sonnet", "Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "GPT-4.5", "GPT-4o", "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think", "OpenAI o1 model family", "OpenAI o3", "OpenAI o4-mini", "gpt-oss-120b", "gpt-oss-20b"], "norms": ["accountability", "ai governance", "ai progress", "ai safety", "ai transparency", "harm reduction", "public safety", "quality assurance", "responsible ai", "risk management", "safety", "scientific integrity", "technological development", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "functions as an academic safety lab involved in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, or deployment governance.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed a public task (\"Deduplicate Data\"\") to measure AI models' ability to write efficient algorithms for data deduplication", "quote": "", "page": "“Deduplicate Data” is a METR public task where the agent has to write an efficient algorithm to deduplicate a file containing many lines that are near-duplicates.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "METR provided feedback on Anthropic's capabilities report, contributing to the external assessment and refinement of the model's safety and risk management processes.", "quote": "We provided a copy of our capabilities report to these organizations and to METR for feedback.", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "Gemini 2.5 Pro - Model Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "METR provides a methodology that was used to recalculate the results for Machine Learning R&D evaluations, contributing to the assessment of the AI model's capabilities.", "quote": "We also corrected Figure 4 above and the Key Results for Machine Learning R&D in Table 1, which were recalculated using METR's methodology.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Google's AI model development and evaluation", "when": "post-2020 AI development era"}, {"title": "Gemini-2-5-Deep-Think-Model-Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "METR provides a 'modular scaffold' or framework for evaluating machine learning research tasks, which is adopted for assessing the potential of AI models like Gemini 2.5 Deep Think to accelerate ML R&D.", "quote": "We adopt the METR modular scaffold with minimal changes.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think model family (AI systems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Model_Card_Claude_3_Addendum", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted an initial exploration of the model's autonomy-relevant capabilities, contributing to the assessment of AI safety risks.", "quote": "Additionally, METR [28] did an initial exploration of the model's autonomy-relevant capabilities.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3.5 Sonnet model family", "when": "Current AI development era"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4o System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "As an independent third-party lab, METR ran a GPT-4o-based LLM agent on a suite of long-horizon multi-step end-to-end tasks in virtual environments to validate key risks from general autonomous capabilities, such as self-proliferation or accelerating ML R&D.", "quote": "METR ran a GPT-4o-based simple LLM agent on a suite of long-horizon multi-step end-to-end tasks in virtual environments.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o", "when": "2023-2024"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2025 - gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Engaged as an external safety expert to independently review and validate OpenAI's malicious fine-tuning methodology for adversarial training.", "quote": "We engaged a small group of external safety experts (METR, SecureBio, and Daniel Kang) to independently review and validate our malicious fine-tuning methodology.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b AI models", "when": "2024–2025 AI model development and evaluation era"}, {"title": "c6a80a657af445f40e31afac050f3bf76d3b1404", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated as an external third-party evaluation partner to conduct independent assessments and initial explorations of the model's autonomy-relevant capabilities as part of pre-deployment safety testing.", "quote": "We also collaborated with METR [8] to conduct an independent assessment.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family (AI system)", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "gpt-4-5-system-card-2272025", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Ran experiments to measure GPT-4.5's performance in an agent scaffold on general autonomy and AI R&D tasks, computing a 'time horizon score' for tasks reliably completed by LLM agents. They also verified OpenAI's internal evaluation results.", "quote": "METR ran quick experiments to measure the model's performance (in an agent scaffold optimized for OpenAI o1) on our general autonomy and AI R&D tasks.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI system / Model Family: GPT-4.5", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o3-and-o4-mini-system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated the models' general autonomous capabilities, including detecting 'reward hacking' and 'sandbagging' behaviors, and measured the 'time horizon score' for tasks reliably completed by LLM agents.", "quote": "METR, a research nonprofit that works on assessing whether cutting-edge AI systems could pose catastrophic risks to society, evaluated earlier checkpoints of o4-mini and o3.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini models", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated an earlier checkpoint of o1 for catastrophic risks to society, testing LLM agents on a suite of multi-step end-to-end tasks in virtual environments.", "quote": "METR, a research nonprofit that works on assessing whether cutting-edge AI systems could pose catastrophic risks to society, evaluated an earlier checkpoint of o1.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "PEN America", "aliases": ["PEN America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "literary and free-expression advocacy organization", "professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "India", "Israel", "Macedonia", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "Pakistan", "Palestine", "Spain", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Web platforms", "X", "YouTube", "comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Online harm", "anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "artistic freedom", "critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "educational freedom", "equity", "free speech", "human rights", "inclusion", "journalist safety", "mental health support", "platform accountability", "press freedom", "truth"], "topics": ["136.0", "NetGov directory", "censorship", "censura", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "19th–21st century", "21st century", "late 20th–early 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, advocating for free expression and literary freedom in the context of online content moderation.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on instances of book banning and attempted censorship in schools, highlighting their detrimental impact on marginalized authors and communities.", "quote": "According to Pen America's 2022 Index of School Book Bans, 1586 books were banned in United States school libraries and classrooms from July 1, 2021, through March 31, 2022 (Friedman and Johnson 2022).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}, {"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for freedom of expression and education, actively opposing legislative efforts in the US to restrict what teachers can discuss regarding race, gender, and history, calling these restrictions a 'frontal attack'.", "quote": "Jeremy Young, director del departamento de libertad de expresión y educación de PEN América, ONG que trabaja para defender la libertad de expresión en el mundo a través del avance de la literatura y los derechos humanos. 'Son intentos de blanquear el pasado de EE UU', sostiene.", "page": "9", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and comments on digital sovereignty and the future of the internet, advocating for human rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "In the introduction to a June 2021 report on digital sovereignty and the future of the internet, PEN America (2021) comments: Between a rising tide of governmental regulation...", "page": "34", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Reimagining section 230 and content moderation: Regulating incivility on anonymous digital platforms", "author": "K Montalbano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Commissions and disseminates reports highlighting the impact of AI and automation on social media moderation, particularly concerning its disproportionate effects on certain communities.", "quote": "As Melinda Sebastian has observed, drawing from Matt Bailey's report for Pen America, Facebook's announcement to rely more heavily on AI or automation disproportionately affected some communities, such as those affiliated with the #blacklivesmatter movement.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10811680.2022.2136442", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States, digital platforms", "when": "1830s–2020s"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on online harassment, noting its systemic consequences for equity, inclusion, press freedom, and chilling free expression.", "quote": "As a report from PEN America notes, individual harms stemming from harassment 'have systemic consequences: undermining the advancement of equity and inclusion, constraining press freedom, and chilling free expression.'", "page": "8", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research (e.g., surveys) to examine the chilling effect and self-censorship among writers.", "quote": "an adapted version of a validated questionnaire instrument used in earlier research conducted by FDR Group on behalf of PEN America Center to examine the issues of chilling effect and self-censorship in the United States of America in 2013 (PEN America Center, 2013).", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "‘Fake news’ as infrastructural uncanny", "author": "Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Venturini, Tommaso", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Highlighted how search engines enable the spread of 'fraudulent news' and cautioned against excessive platform intervention, contributing to public discourse on information spread and platform responsibility.", "quote": "PEN America (2017) suggested the incident showed ‘the power of search engines to enable the spread of fraudulent news'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819856912", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Web and social media platforms, with focus on US, Macedonia, and Belgium (historically)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical comparison to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for free expression and develops principles for campus speech, while also critiquing the misuse of 'free speech' claims as a way to dismiss substantive concerns.", "quote": "PEN America, a pro-expression national writers' organization, has also addressed this issue in its PEN America Principles on Campus Free Speech, arguing: 'But cries of 'free speech' have on occasion been used to refute or delegitimize protest and outrage – to dismiss the forms that speech takes and thereby avoid considering its substance...'", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Offers resources and safety trainings for journalists, particularly concerning online harassment, to help mitigate post-traumatic or secondary stress responses from reporting on sensitive topics.", "quote": "...safety trainings and resource-sharing offered by organizations like the International Women’s Media Foundation and PEN America – if a story is likely to trigger post-traumatic or secondary stress responses.", "page": "116", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Adrienne Rich is a member, indicating support for writers and their freedom of expression, a direct counter to censorship efforts.", "quote": "Ms. Rich is a member of P.E.N. and The Authors Guild.", "page": "28", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1922", "mechanism": "PEN America publishes reports and resources (Freedom to Write Index, investigations, manuals), runs Banned Books Week and public campaigns, issues legal advocacy and press statements to pressure courts, policymakers and institutions.", "quote": "PEN America's core mission is protecting free expression including digital safety, disinformation, online harassment and fighting book bans — directly engaging platform-related speech and content issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://pen.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Society of Jesus (Jesuits)", "aliases": ["Society of Jesus (Jesuits)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association / fraternal order"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Colonial South America", "Early Modern Europe", "England", "Europe", "Florence", "France", "Francoist Spain", "Geneva", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Netherlands", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Spain", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic conformity", "corporate power", "democratic integrity", "education", "free speech", "harm reduction", "institutional authority", "institutional reputation", "intellectual tradition preservation", "public morals", "public safety", "religious education", "religious orthodoxy", "religious proselytization", "social order", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censeur", "censura", "censure", "moderación de medios", "moderation philosophy", "moderazione censura", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Catalan", "English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century", "16th-17th centuries", "16th-19th centuries", "16th–17th century", "17th century", "17th–18th century", "18th century", "18th–21st centuries", "19th century", "Cold War"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engaged in internal self-censorship through \"espurgazione del testo\"\" by individual religious members. They were also consulted during the revision of the Index of Prohibited Books and had privileges to absolve readers of forbidden texts in internal confession", "quote": "orthodoxy, disciplined reading, internal reform", "page": "Proteste arrivarono altrettanto dai gesuiti che avevano il privilegio di assolvere in foro interno i lettori dei libri proibiti, come da Firenze e Venezia.", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in theological disputes, specifically defending Saint Augustine's doctrines against criticism from other Catholic polemicists, thus contributing to the enforcement of Catholic orthodoxy.", "quote": "This received replies from... the Jesuit Gabriel Daniel (Défense de saint Augustin, 1704). Serry and Daniel... found common ground, however, in saving Augustine from Launoy.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}, {"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acted as religious instructors and provided protection to the traveling nuns, thereby enforcing Catholic doctrine and moral values among indigenous populations and supporting the establishment of religious institutions in colonial territories.", "quote": "Le asombra la cantidad de “indios” –alrededor de cien-, que viven en la hacienda, donde también residía un sacerdote que los adoctrinaba en la religión católica.", "page": "78", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}, {"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Applied expurgative practices to classical texts used in the education of youth, engaging in early forms of textual purification.", "quote": "já nos anos 1540, os pedagogos jesuítas foram dos primeiros a usar de práticas expurgativas nos clássicos dados a ler à juventude.", "page": "15", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Implemented pedagogical ideology and censorship through the selection and expurgation of classical and religious texts for their educational programs (e.g., *Bibliotheca Selecta*), aiming to purify content deemed harmful and promote orthodox education.", "quote": "La ideología pedagógica jesuita inspiró también la Bibliotheca Selecta de Antonio Possevino (1593) que estudia Linda Bisello en la primera parte de este volumen, un proyecto editorial con el que la biblioteca del delfín comparte dispositivos censorios.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}, {"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in scientific and philosophical debates, sometimes opposing new scientific theories like Copernicanism through individual scholars and institutional authority, notably in the Collegio Romano.", "quote": "un’altra grave polemica in cui il nostro scienziato si trovò costretto fu contro il gesuita Christoph Scheiner a proposito della priorità della scoperta delle macchie solari", "page": "103", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Governing educational institutions like the University of Scranton, which in turn conduct evaluations of literary works, thereby influencing moral and intellectual discourse related to censorship.", "quote": "La Universidad de Scranton, regida por la Compañía de Jesús, ha calificado la obra como de valer literario y solo comprensible a personas educadas con capacidad discriminatoria...", "page": "23", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}, {"title": "Censura e mercê", "author": "T Fonseca", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "They were identified as main defenders of corporate theories of power advocating for popular sovereignty, which was contrary to the state's absolutist providentialist theory and thus their works were subject to censorship and prohibition.", "quote": "...e contra as teorias corporativas do poder, que “advogavam a soberania popular e [tinham como] principais defensores os jesuítas”...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/106166794/271.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "18th century"}, {"title": "La censure de la fiction et ses fondements philosophiques", "author": "Demonet, Marie-Luce", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "They, alongside Dominicans, revitalized philosophical reflection on the nature of 'entia' (beings) and the interplay between imagination and intellect, which underpinned the metaphysical framework for evaluating fiction. They also actively condemned popular novels to promote 'devout fictions' for moral edification, especially as part of the Counter-Reformation.", "quote": "la faveur de la doctrine thomiste auprès des dominicains puis des jésuites fait rebondir la réflexion sur la nature des entia et sur la perméabilité entre phantasia et intellect.", "page": "6", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Early Modern Europe, with a focus on France", "when": "16th-17th century"}, {"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Their economic and temporal dominance, scholastic educational methods, and corporate power theories were perceived as obstacles to the Portuguese Crown's absolutist and reformist agenda, leading to their persecution and censorship of their writings and educational influence.", "quote": "Os jesuítas constituíam um sério obstáculo a essa série de desígnios pombalinos. Economicamente, o largo domínio temporal e material dos jesuítas no Reino e na América... isento do fisco, despertava cobiça e má vontade.", "page": "119", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}, {"title": "Sobre la censura literaria en el s. XVII. Cervantes, Quevedo y la Inquisición", "author": "Fernández, Enrique GACTO", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Members of the Society of Jesus served as qualificators (censors) for the Holy Office (Inquisition). They issued reports and dictamens on literary works, which directly influenced the prohibition of certain books, such as Quevedo's *Cuento de cuentos*. Quevedo also acknowledged their authority and influence in religious and inquisitorial circles.", "quote": "Por mandato de V.Alt, hemos visto este papel, y nos pa-rece que el Dr. Ponce censura doctamente la doctrina del tratado llamado Cuento de cuentos, y que como escandalosa e injuriosa al estado religioso, V. Alt. la pro-hiba. Y en todo nos remitimos a lo que V. Alt. ordenare. En Madrid, en este Co-llegio Imperial de la Compañía de Jesús, a 28 de octubre de 1630.", "page": "40", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "17th century"}, {"title": "Action pastorale et problèmes sociaux chez Mgr d'Astros, archevêque de Toulouse, censeur de La Mennais", "author": "J Vidalenc", "year": "1956", "mechanism": "Organized religious 'missions' within the diocese to reinforce Catholic faith, provide moral instruction, and re-evangelize the population, thereby influencing public behavior and religious adherence.", "quote": "Il fit appel aux prêtres du Sacré-Cœur, c'est-à-dire aux Jésuites, pour organiser des missions", "page": "352", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40950479", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Toulouse", "when": "19th century (1830-1847)"}]}, {"name": "Southern Poverty Law Center", "aliases": ["Southern Poverty Law Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "India", "New Zealand", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Google", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "anti-racism", "antisemitism", "civil rights", "extremism", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "platform safety", "public safety", "racism", "social justice"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Monitors platforms for harmful content (e.g., anti-Semitism, racism), produces investigative reports, and flags violative content to improve platform safety and services, often without compensation from firms.", "quote": "You know, the ones that are most obvious today are SPLC [Southern Poverty Law Center] and the ADL [Anti-Defamation League]. They're producing reports about anti-Semitism, racism, and all these really harmful trends...", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Identifies and maps hate groups and their ideologies, serving as a key source for research on online extremism and hate group activities.", "quote": "According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the number of active, offline hate groups has increased over the last few years (Beirich & Buchanan, 2018).", "page": "193", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "‘Definitely not in the business of wanting to be associated’: Examining public relations in a deplatformization controversy", "author": "Hill, Stephanie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Tracks hate groups and identifies their online hosts, providing information used by media and policymakers to address online hatred.", "quote": "Sankin interviewed members of organizations that track hate groups – such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Southern Poverty Law Centre – to identify groups associated with hate speech and their online hosts.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565231203981", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "2019–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "The affordances of extreme speech", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The organization functions as an external watchdog, issuing warnings and reports about the racist and antisemitic connotations of the Kekistan meme to raise public awareness and pressure for moderation.", "quote": "external watchdogs like the Southern Poverty Law Centre warned about the racist and anti-semitic connotations of the meme (Neiwert, 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517231206810", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (4chan, Twitter, YouTube), USA", "when": "2015-2018 (focus), post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Tuters, Marc; Osborne-Carey, Cassian; Jurg, Daniel; Kisjes, Ivan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It identifies and labels figures like Stefan Molyneux as promoting 'scientific racism' and 'white supremacism', thereby performing a watchdog function and contributing to norm enforcement and public condemnation of extreme speech.", "quote": "Stefan Molyneux is an online influencer that has been labelled an 'alleged cult leader who amplifies “scientific racism”, eugenics and white supremacism to a massive new audience' by the Southern Poverty Law Center.", "page": "24", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article/37/4/949/6445201", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2008-2018"}, {"title": "Systematic review: YouTube recommendations and problematic content", "author": "Yesilada, Muhsin; Lewandowsky, Stephan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Southern Poverty Law Center publishes findings and reports on extremist ideologies, such as incel ideology, thereby contributing to the identification and understanding of problematic content that may require moderation.", "quote": "Incel ideology has been implicated in mass murders and violent offences (S.P.L. Center, 2019).", "page": "12", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/systematic-review-youtube-recommendations-and-problematic-content", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube platform, focusing on its recommender system and problematic content pathways", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided advice to the Whitefish community in response to a neo-Nazi threat, working to combat hate.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League, the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Secure Community Network (the official safety and security organisation of the North American Jewish community) provided advice on what to do.", "page": "205", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on extremist groups and their activities, providing information and analysis that helps identify and counter hate speech and extremist ideologies.", "quote": "The political blog, particularly in the case of the counter-jihad, played an important role in the collection of texts that advance an ‘in-group’ under threat from an ‘out-group’, rendered in these cases as Muslims... prominent role (Southern Poverty Law Center n.d.; Ekman 2015).", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Defines and monitors far-right ideologies and groups, tracks online activity, radicalization pathways, and hate crimes.", "quote": "The SPLC defines it as ‘a set of far-right ideologies, groups and individuals whose core belief that “white identity” is under attack by multicultural forces using “political correctness” and “social justice” to undermine white people and “their” civilization’ (Southern Poverty Law Center NDc).", "page": "49", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on far-right provocateurs and hate groups that promote violence and hate speech, providing information that contributes to understanding and potentially banning such figures from social media platforms.", "quote": "Gavin McInnes ... promotes violence against political opponents (Southern Poverty Law Centre 2018) and has now been banned from Twitter, Facebook and Instagram for his promotion of hate speech and extremist groups (Statt 2018).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Highlights the dangers of hate movements, advocating for interventions that address these issues and ensuring their concerns are integrated into content moderation strategies.", "quote": "the concerns about growing networks of hate movements and enhanced online surveillance through targeted data harvesting – brought to the fore by groups like... Southern Poverty Law Center... are taken into account.", "page": "28", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}, {"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Monitors the activities of US extremist and hate groups, including their numbers and shifts in activism, thereby contributing to awareness and counter-extremism efforts.", "quote": "For example, the Southern Poverty Law Center monitors the actions of over 1,600 US extremist and hate groups.", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "WikiLeaks", "aliases": ["WikiLeaks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Ancient Greece", "Argentina", "Bolivia", "European Union", "Fascist Italy", "France", "Global", "Gulf countries", "Italy", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Mediterranean region", "Morocco", "Peru", "Portugal", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden", "Syria", "Tunisia", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "MySpace", "Signal", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-corruption", "digital communication", "freedom of information", "information access", "information freedom", "journalistic integrity", "political participation", "public interest", "public sphere", "source anonymity", "state accountability", "technical integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "censura", "content moderation", "moderación de debates", "moderación de medios", "moderação"], "languages": ["Dutch", "English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "19th–21st century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "Enlightenment to present", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 12, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Mobilized citizens online through whistleblowing and direct participation, acting as a response to corruption, lack of transparency, and disinformation in the digital sphere.", "quote": "la indignación ciudadana ante la corrupción, la falta de transparencia y la desinformación, siendo Anonymous o Wikileaks ejemplos de ello", "page": "112", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}, {"title": "Fake news no contexto de pandemia e emergência social: os deveres e responsabilidades das plataformas de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo online entre …", "author": "IA Hartmann, J Iunes", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "WikiLeaks revealed classified information, such as the Afghan War Logs database, acting as a transparency mechanism that challenges government secrecy by publicly disclosing sensitive data, sometimes in collaboration with journalistic partners.", "quote": "A contemporary example can be found in the comparison of Wikileaks' revelation of the entire Afghan War Logs database (Leigh and Harding, 2011)—acquiescing to some redaction only at the demand of journalistic partners (Coddington, 2012)", "page": "7", "url": "https://portal.idp.emnuvens.com.br/direitopublico/article/view/4607", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Algorithmic systems, digital platforms, historical examples from Sweden, France, and the US", "when": "Enlightenment era to present (focus on post-2010 algorithmic era)"}, {"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published hacked emails which, because of cryptographic signatures (DKIM), prevented the Clinton campaign from plausibly denying their authorship.", "quote": "DKIM email signatures prevented the Clinton campaign from denying authorship for hacked emails posted by Wikileaks in 2016 [59].", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts large-scale revelations of secret government data, sometimes working with journalists to determine what information should be released, aimed at exposing hidden activities.", "quote": "A contemporary example can be found in the comparison of Wikileaks' revelation of the entire Afghan War Logs database (Leigh and Harding, 2011)—acquiescing to some redaction only at the demand of journalistic partners", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Described as a \"political", "quote": "implicitly enabling transparency and public scrutiny by publishing classified or restricted information.\"", "page": "transparency, public knowledge, anti-censorship.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published classified documents, leading to government attempts to block access which backfired as Internet activists created mirror sites, thereby foiling censorship efforts and generating negative publicity for those who sought to suppress the information.", "quote": "not only did the U.S. government issue warnings to its employees prohibiting them from viewing WikiLeaks, it also pressured several Internet companies to cut off access to WikiLeaks.", "page": "4", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}, {"title": "Dalla censura alla semioetica", "author": "Volli, Ugo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "It is an organization that publishes classified and secret materials, challenging state secrecy and promoting transparency by revealing information that would otherwise be censored or withheld.", "quote": "come mostra la diffusione della pubblicazione di intercettazioni giudiziarie e di organizzazioni come “Wikileaks”, fondata da Julian Assange proprio allo scopo di rivelare materiali segreti.", "page": "5", "url": "iris.unito.it", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Greece, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union, modern Western democracies (Italy, USA), digital platforms (web, social networks)", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era (21st century)"}, {"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes secret materials and judicial interceptions to expose government actions and promote transparency, often circumventing official secrecy.", "quote": "come mostra la diffusione della pubblicazione di intercettazioni giudiziarie e di organizzazioni come “Wikileaks”, fondata da Julian Assange proprio allo scopo di rivelare materiali segreti.", "page": "20", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Was the subject of governmental pressure and court orders on social media platforms (Twitter) to turn over data, illustrating external attempts to control the dissemination of politically sensitive information.", "quote": "the Department of Justice obtained a court order for Twitter to turn over information about its WikiLeaks-related accounts, which, while not cen-sorship itself, assumedly had a chilling effect on WikiLeaks-related tweets.", "page": "10", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}, {"title": "Wikiperiodismo o periodismo colaborativo:¿ tiene futuro?", "author": "EC Gutiérrez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes anonymous reports and classified documents through its website, acting as a counter-censorship mechanism against state secrecy. It is managed by The Sunshine Press and uses encryption tools to protect sources.", "quote": "WikiLeaks (del inglés leak, «fuga», «goteo», «filtración [de información]») es una organización mediática internacional sin ánimo de lucro que publica, a través de su sitio web, informes anónimos y documentos filtrados con contenido sensible en materia de interés público, preservando el anonimato de sus fuentes.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5235/523552850002.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on Spain, Peru, and Argentina", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Publishes leaked documents to expose secret information and challenge censorship and secrecy by governments and corporations.", "quote": "Anonymous werkte samen met voormalige Scientologen en ook met het toen nog betrekkelijk onbekende Wikileaks, wiens oprichter en medewerkers dezelfde weerzin hebben tegen informatietoe-eigening als veel anons...", "page": "13", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}, {"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Published leaked diplomatic cables that revealed information about the Moroccan King's opinion on a political party (PJD), thus influencing public perception and political discourse.", "quote": "Otro golpe duro para el PJD fueron los cables de Wikileaks de 2010, en el que mostraron que el rey Muhammad VI perjuraba del PJD.", "page": "32", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Association for Progressive Communications", "aliases": ["Association for Progressive Communications"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "Chile", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["accessibility", "cultural diversity", "digital development", "digital rights", "equal access", "free speech", "human rights", "internet freedom", "internet governance", "privacy", "progressive values", "public domain", "public good", "religious freedom", "sexual rights", "societal issues", "societal well-being", "technological challenges", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 11, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues appearing in technology realms and attempts to harness the potential of the internet for good, promoting progressive communications.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include... the Association for Progressive Communications (APC)...", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Founded to address societal issues appearing in technology realms and to attempt to harness the potential of the internet for good; waded into technology issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), New Zealand-based Netsafe, and the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages with technology issues to address societal problems and promote online good.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include ... the Association for Progressive Communications (APC)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spearheading campaigns (CRIS), drafting principles (Feminist Principles of the Internet), and advocating for content regulation in line with human rights, contributing to the harmonisation of digital rights protection.", "quote": "Spearheaded by the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), the CRIS campaign was successful in bringing into the conversation otherwise overlooked topics. It served to mobilise civil society, centralise civil society's efforts during the WSIS and to strengthen civil society actors' agenda-setting potential... By advocating for consistent and rights-respecting approaches to content moderation more specifically, civil society organisations may contribute to the harmonisation of digital rights protection on a global scale.", "page": "9, 11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Joined other civil society organizations in criticizing a proposed Chilean law to regulate digital platforms, advocating for policies that align with human rights and freedom of expression principles.", "quote": "La moción recibió diversas críticas de la sociedad civil, la academia y la Relatoría para la Libertad de Expresión de la CIDH, entre ellas una carta abierta en su contra avalada por reconocidas personalidades como Evgeny Morozov, Sonia Livingstone, Global Network Initiative, Artículo 19, APC, Access Now, entre otras (Iniciativa Global 2021).", "page": "4", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society. It is also noted as an alternative forum favored by Global South/East organizations for internet governance discussions.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3. ...It is possible, for example, that Global South/East organizations favor alternative forums such as the IGF, the Internet Society, or the Association for Progressive Communications (APC).", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts and promotes extensive research on sexual rights and the internet, including reports on censorship (e.g., Global Information Society Watch), aiming to inform public understanding and influence policy to combat Big Tech's content restrictions.", "quote": "The Association for Progressive Communications and the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries have conducted and pro- moted extensive research on the topic of sexual rights and the Internet, captured in the Global Information Society Watch 2015: Sexual rights and the internet report", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and research on threats to freedom of expression and religion online in specific regions, contributing to policy discussions on online hate.", "quote": "Gayathry Venkiteswaran. October 2017. \"Let the Mob Do the Job\"\": How Proponents of Hatred are Threatening Freedom of Expression and Religion Online in Asia. Association for Progressive Communications\"", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Broadened the discourse on human rights in the information society to include social, economic, and cultural rights and publishes reports.", "quote": "APC, especially, has broadened the discourse on human rights in the information society to include social, economic, and cultural rights, whereas the majority of works are oriented toward the right to freedom of expression and privacy.", "page": "xxvi", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Broadens the discourse on human rights in the information society to include social, economic, and cultural rights, going beyond freedom of expression and privacy, and publishes the annual Global Information Society Watch.", "quote": "APC, especially, has broadened the discourse on human rights in the information society to include social, economic, and cultural rights, whereas the majority of works are oriented toward the right to freedom of expression and privacy.", "page": "xxvi", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Influences global communications policy from a civil society perspective, integrating civil society interests with concerns about information and communication technologies (ICTs).", "quote": "Several dozen NGOs have emerged over the last several years with a mandate to influence the global communications policy agenda from a civil society perspective. Some of these, such as the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), have a long history of combining civil society interests with concerns about ICTs...", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Apollo Research", "aliases": ["Apollo Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "GPT-4.5", "GPT-4o", "GPT-5.2", "GPT-5.3-Codex", "OpenAI o1 model family", "OpenAI o3", "OpenAI o4-mini"], "norms": ["ai alignment", "ai safety", "harm reduction", "safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "functions as an academic safety lab involved in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, or deployment governance.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Contracted to assess early model snapshots for propensities and capabilities related to sabotage and deception, helping to identify and mitigate potential blind spots in internal assessments.", "quote": "To help reduce the risk of blind spots in our own assessment, we contracted with Apollo Research to assess an early snapshot for propensities and capabilities related to sabotage...", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted external third-party testing, evaluating strategic deception, in-context scheming, covert subversion, underperformance, and evaluation awareness in early snapshots of Claude Sonnet 4.5.", "quote": "Our preliminary findings are: On our evaluations, [an early snapshot of Claude Sonnet 4.5] employs strategic deception in fewer circumstances than comparison models (0% vs up to 12% across tasks).", "page": "65", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "GPT-5-3-Codex-System-Card-02", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated GPT-5.3-Codex for capabilities and propensities related to strategic deception, in-context scheming, and sabotage, defining 'covert action' and reporting an increase in sabotage capability.", "quote": "Apollo Research evaluated a near-final, representative version of GPT-5.3-Codex for capabilities and propensities related to strategic deception, in-context scheming, and sabotage.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.3-Codex model family", "when": "post-2025 AI era"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4o System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "As an independent third-party lab, Apollo Research evaluated GPT-4o's capabilities of 'scheming' (modeling itself and others' theory of mind) in agent and question-answering tasks to assess risks of catastrophic scheming.", "quote": "Apollo Research evaluated capabilities of scheming in GPT-4o. They tested whether GPT-4o can model itself (self-awareness) and others (theory of mind) in 14 agent and question-answering tasks.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o", "when": "2023-2024"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted external testing for alignment risk on an early checkpoint of Claude Opus 4.6, though their engagement did not yield conclusive results in this instance.", "quote": "Our engagement with Apollo Research on testing for alignment risk did not yield conclusive results. Apollo Research was given access to an early checkpoint of Claude Opus 4.6 on January 24th...", "page": "119", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}, {"title": "gpt-4-5-system-card-2272025", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated GPT-4.5's 'scheming capabilities' by instructing the model to strongly pursue a specific goal where scheming would be the most effective strategy, thereby assessing scheming-related risk.", "quote": "Apollo Research found that GPT-4.5 scores lower on their scheming reasoning evaluations than o1 but higher than GPT-40. Thus, they believe that the scheming-related risk from GPT-4.5 is lower than that of o1.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI system / Model Family: GPT-4.5", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o3-and-o4-mini-system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated o3 and o4-mini for in-context scheming and strategic deception, identifying deceptive tendencies and sabotage capabilities in AI R&D scenarios.", "quote": "Apollo Research, an evaluation organization focusing on risks from deceptively aligned AI systems, evaluated scheming capabilities in o3 and o4-mini models.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini models", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated o1 models for capabilities related to 'scheming' (AI covertly pursuing misaligned goals) by placing models in situations where scheming would be the optimal strategy to achieve a specific goal.", "quote": "Apollo Research, an evaluation organization focusing on risks from deceptively aligned AI systems, evaluated capabilities of ‘scheming’ in o1 models.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "oai_5_2_system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Apollo Research conducted a full external evaluation of gpt-5.2-thinking for strategic deception, in-context scheming, and sabotage capabilities, and assessed its propensity for causing catastrophic harm.", "quote": "Apollo Research conducted a full evaluation of gpt-5.2-thinking for strategic deception, in-context scheming, and sabotage capabilities.", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.2 model family", "when": "post-2025 AI platform era"}]}, {"name": "Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University", "aliases": ["Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation", "Learned/scientific society", "NGO", "academic safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Myanmar", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Google+", "Instagram", "League of Legends", "Twitch", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic research", "access to information", "anti-censorship", "anti-disinformation", "anti-misinformation", "anti-propaganda", "critical thinking", "discourse quality", "free speech", "freedom of information", "hate speech", "information freedom", "informed decision-making", "internet governance", "knowledge creation", "objective truth", "platform governance", "platform transparency", "policy making", "transparency", "user conduct"], "topics": ["censorship", "community guidelines", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "The Myth of Platform Neutrality", "author": "Chander, Anupam; Krishnamurthy, Vivek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Center conducted an empirical study on media coverage during the 2016 election, contributing research that assesses the impact of online media architecture on propaganda and disinformation, thereby informing discussions on platform moderation needs and biases.", "quote": "An empirical study of media coverage during the 2016 election by the Berkman Klein Center concludes: “The architectural features of the election media ecosystem facilitated the use of network propaganda and disinformation disproportionately by the right.”", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4849156", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube), with a focus on USA, Europe, and China", "when": "21st century platform era (with historical context from 1980s)"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes on various aspects of online expression, including strategies for combating hate speech through counterspeech.", "quote": "Daniel Jones and Susan Benesch. August 9, 2019. Combating Hate Speech Through Counterspeech. Berkman Klein.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on artificial intelligence and human rights, informing discussions around content moderation policies and their impacts.", "quote": "Raso et al., Artificial Intelligence & Human Rights: Opportunities & Risks, BERKMAN KLEIN CENTER FOR INTERNET & SOCIETY, Sept. 25, 2018, at 37-38.", "page": "951", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}, {"title": "Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms", "author": "Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an academic research center, it supports and conducts research on internet governance and content moderation, with the author being an affiliate researcher, contributing to the understanding of platform behavior.", "quote": "Sarah Myers West is a doctoral candidate at the Annenberg School for communication and journalism, University of Southern California and an affiliate researcher at the Berkman-Klein Center for internet and society at Harvard Law School.", "page": "18", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818773059", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google+), USA", "when": "2015–2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on online misinformation and disinformation, influencing understanding of media manipulation and shaping public discourse, often in collaboration with Media Cloud and Center for Civic Media.", "quote": "Media Cloud, Berkman Klein, and Center for Civic Media report suggests, this outcome had as much, if not more, to do with mainstream amplification as it did with organic reach.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "How to Handle Online Risks?: Discussing Content Curation and Moderation in Social Media", "author": "Wohn, Donghee Yvette; Fiesler, Casey; Hemphill, Libby; De Choudhury, Munmun; Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an academic research center, it conducts research and facilitates discussions on internet and society issues, contributing to the understanding and shaping of policies and norms around online content, including moderation.", "quote": "She was a faculty associate with the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard...", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3027063.3051141", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Twitch), online communities, with examples from USA and South Korea.", "when": "21st century platform era (post-2000, focused on 2010s)"}, {"title": "E-judiciaries: a model for community policing in cyberspace", "author": "Ehrett, John S.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Collaborates on pioneering model policies and guiding principles for content removal and community stakeholder discipline, contributing to the normative framework for online moderation.", "quote": "The Center for Democracy and Technology, working in tandem with Harvard's Berkman Center for Internet and Society, has pioneered model policies for content removal and community stakeholder discipline that effectively contextualise, in a normative sense, the moderation mechanism this Article advocates.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2016.1236428", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, primarily League of Legends, USA", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports, such as the \"Circumvention Landscape Report", "quote": "thereby informing public and policy discourse on digital rights.\"", "page": "Internet freedom, digital rights, public understanding of technology and society", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published a 'Circumvention Landscape Report' that surveys methods, uses, and tools for circumventing censorship, contributing academic research and knowledge to inform anti-censorship efforts.", "quote": "Roberts et al, “2007 Circumvention Landscape Report: Methods, Uses, and Tools,” The Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, March 2009.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Collaborates on projects like the Open Net Initiative to conduct empirical research using network interrogation tools to identify and expose state-level Internet content filtering.", "quote": "primary research undertaken as part of the Open Net Initiative project, a collaboration of the Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, the Berkman Centre for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, and the University of Cambridge, UK.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Brookings Institution", "aliases": ["Brookings Institution", "The Brookings Institution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "learned/scientific society", "think tank / policy research institution"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "counter-extremism", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "informed public discourse", "research", "scientific inquiry", "social media analysis"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation", "debate moderator", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione dei media", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1916, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides analysis of electoral results and political trends, contributing to the public's understanding of election outcomes and the broader political landscape.", "quote": "Secondo l'analisi del Brookings Institution, Trump ha ottenuto circa 77,3 milioni di voti, pari al 49,9% del totale, superando la candidata democratica Kamala Harris, che ha raccolto 75 milioni di voti, equivalenti al 48,4%.", "page": "55", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}, {"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributing to the public discourse on content moderation through research and policy analysis, shaping policy debates.", "quote": "relevant think thanks (e.g., Data and Society Institute, Pew Research Center, and Brookings Institution) and individual experts... were not the largest contributors to the discussion", "page": "10", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted a study that followed the impact of high-profile political tweets, documenting increased levels of severe toxicity and threats against targeted parties in the aftermath of those posts.", "quote": "The Brookings Institution followed the impact of three tweets the former president wrote attacking political rivals in Michigan and Ohio... The study found that in the aftermath of the posts, levels of severe toxicity and threats against the targeted parties spiked.", "page": "17", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Hosted a seminal lecture by Herbert Simon that introduced the concept of attention scarcity in an information-rich world, influencing academic understanding of information flows.", "quote": "In 1969, Simon gave a lecture to the Brookings Institute titled 'Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World' (Simon, 1969).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes research and analysis on policy issues, including internet regulation and content moderation, contributing to informed public debate.", "quote": "Miers, Jess. A primer on Section 230 and Trump's executive order. Brookings. Disponível em: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2020/06/08/a-primer-on-section-230-and-trumps-executive-order/", "page": "10", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}, {"title": "Competing Norms of Free Expression and Political Tolerance", "author": "Chong, Dennis; Levy, Morris", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports based on polls of college students to assess their views on free expression, contributing to public discourse and shaping the understanding of free speech norms in society.", "quote": "A recent Brookings Institution report (Villasenor 2017) based on a poll of college students concludes that “many students have an overly narrow view of freedom of expression [...]”", "page": "2", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692750", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, universities", "when": "Mid-20th century to present (1950s-2018)"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducted research on extremist social networks (e.g., 'The ISIS Twitter Census') to analyze their structure and the impact of segregation, informing policy discussions on counter-extremism.", "quote": "In a Brookings study entitled The ISIS Twitter Census, J.M. Berger and Jonathon Morgan explain that “[w]hen we segregate members of ISIS social networks, we are, to some extent, also closing off potential exit ramps.”", "page": "29", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}, {"title": "Controlling the 2012 Republican primary debates: why the structure of the television moderators' questions matters", "author": "PH Brown", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in discussions that contributed to the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) reinterpretation of the 'equal-time' rule, which allowed for the return of televised presidential debates.", "quote": "The FCC changed its interpretation of the equal-time rule based on a series of discussions on the televised debate issue, including by the Brookings Institution.", "page": "23", "url": "https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/f708ae8e-7969-4c78-a4b8-7d9e56b56aca", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Republican primary debates", "when": "2012 Republican primary season"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call", "year": "1916", "mechanism": "Brookings publishes policy papers and recommendations, hosts high-profile events and seminars, and provides expert analysis to policymakers and media to shape platform and AI governance debates.", "quote": "Brookings conducts research, events, and policy recommendations on technology and AI (e.g., 'Recommendations for responsible use of AI'), informing decisionmakers and public debate on platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.brookings.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes papers on online extremism, analyzing the impact and unintended consequences of deplatforming and content suspension campaigns.", "quote": "A seminal Brookings study, “The ISIS Twitter Census” (Berger & Morgan, 2015), analyzed the online presence of ISIS and supporters at a time when their savvy use of social media...", "page": "23", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Cato Institute", "aliases": ["Cato Institute", "The Cato Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "NGO (think tank)", "advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Gaza", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["competition", "critical thinking", "economic freedom", "free market", "free speech", "good governance", "individual rights", "legal accuracy", "limited government", "limited government intervention", "market competition"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "censorship", "content moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei media", "moderação", "modération"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1954, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published policy analyses arguing against government regulation of content moderation, asserting that existing legal frameworks like Section 230 foster competition and diverse online speech.", "quote": "Jennifer Huddleston, 'Competition and Content Moderation: How Section 230 Enables Increased Tech Marketplace Entry' (Cato Institute 2022) Policy Analysis NO. 922 579", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "Robust Content Moderation: Theory and Applications", "author": "SD Kominers, JM Shapiro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes surveys on public opinion regarding social media content moderation decisions, contributing to the broader debate on platform policies and free speech.", "quote": "Many users say they do not trust the platforms (Kemp and Ekins, 2021; Cato Institute, 2021)", "page": "2", "url": "https://shapiro.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum7731/files/2025-12/ContentModeration.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, authoritarian regimes, and AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and analyses on government policy, such as the \"Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE)\"\"", "quote": "Fiscal rigor, limited government, individual responsibility, private initiative.", "page": "Secondo il rapporto del Cato Institute (2024), l'iniziativa rappresenta una delle più ambiziose operazioni di ristrutturazione dello Stato federale americano degli ultimi decenni.", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published policy analyses arguing that unrestricted content moderation by platforms fosters competition and diversity in the digital sphere, thereby promoting freedom of expression, and cautioning against government regulation.", "quote": "Jennifer Huddleston, 'Competition and Content Moderation: How Section 230 Enables Increased Tech Marketplace Entry' (Cato Institute 2022) Policy Analysis NO. 922 579 <https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/competition-content-moderation>;", "page": "26", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States", "author": "Gibson, James L; Sutherland, Joseph L", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Cato Institute produced and published a poll measuring levels of self-censorship among Americans, contributing to public discourse and understanding of political freedom and its perceived limitations.", "quote": "In comparison, a widely noticed, contemporaneous 2020 poll by the Cato Institute produced a considerably higher estimate of levels of self-censorship, using responses to the statement...", "page": "2", "url": "academic.oup.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "mid-20th century to present (1954-2020)"}, {"title": "Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Moderation Processes: Contractors, Algorithms, Expert Panels, and Digital Juries", "author": "Pan, Christina A.; Yakhmi, Sahil; Iyer, Tara P.; Strasnick, Evan; Zhang, Amy X.; Bernstein, Michael S.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposes policy frameworks and recommendations related to platform governance and content moderation, often emphasizing principles like independence.", "quote": "policy proposals by the Cato Institute and the Bookings Institute [102, 118].", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.06393", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted a survey indicating that a significant portion of Americans practice self-censorship due to fear of expressing certain political views.", "quote": "Pesquisa realizada em 2020 pelo Instituto CATO aponta que 62% dos norte-americanos deixam de se manifestar por medo de consequências de ideias que outros podem considerar ofensivas.", "page": "239", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Entre analogías y metáforas: el debate sobre la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "Peña Jiménez, Pedro José", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research and arguments advocating against government regulation of social media content moderation, promoting self-regulation and market-driven solutions for content management.", "quote": "John Samples (2019), que publica en el Instituto Cato, una entidad de simpatías «libertarias» [...] sostiene que [...] el Gobierno no debería regular la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "page": "305", "url": "https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/1614", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social networks, focusing on US and European contexts", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with a focus on recent debates and legislative initiatives (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Reluctance to talk about politics in face-to-face and Facebook settings: Examining the impact of fear of isolation, willingness to self-censor, and peer network …", "author": "M Chan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Cato Institute conducts and publishes public opinion polls that document the prevalence of self-censorship among Americans regarding political and controversial topics, contributing to public discourse and advocacy around free speech and the impacts of 'political correctness'.", "quote": "Poll: 71% of Americans Say Political Correctness Has Silenced Discussions Society Needs to Have, 58% Have Political Views They're Afraid to Share. The Cato Institute.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003179580-9/reluctance-talk-politics-face-face-facebook-settings-examining-impact-fear-isolation-willingness-self-censor-peer-network-characteristics-michael-chan", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, USA", "when": "2000–2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes critical analyses and commentary on legal interpretations, particularly regarding Section 230, challenging perceived misstatements by media and informing public debate from a libertarian perspective.", "quote": "See Matthew Feeney, WSJ, WaPo, NYT Spread False Internet Law Claims, CATO INST. (Aug. 7, 2019, 3:24 PM), https://www.cato.org/blog/newspapers-are-spreading section-230-misinformation", "page": "31", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "Dangerous Speech Project", "aliases": ["Dangerous Speech Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / research organization", "Research center", "Watchdog/transparency", "academic initiative, advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "research and advocacy project / NGO", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "academic freedom", "anti-hate speech", "conflict resolution", "content moderation", "free speech", "harm reduction", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "intergroup peace", "public safety", "scientific integrity", "social cohesion", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderação de mídia", "modération censure", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Global Network Initiative; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and election briefs, provides datasets and toolkits, runs workshops and training, and has collaborated with platforms and practitioners to apply dangerous speech frameworks.", "quote": "Produces research, datasets, toolkits and collaborates with online platforms and practitioners to identify and mitigate speech that increases risk of violence.", "page": "", "url": "https://dangerousspeech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An independent research team focused on content that can inspire violence, and on ways to prevent that without infringing on freedom of expression. Provides tools for detecting dangerous speech.", "quote": "After a decade of study at the Dangerous Speech Project, an independent research team, we are convinced that dangerous speech is at least a precursor for mass violence between groups...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Independent research team focused on content that can inspire violence and ways to prevent it without infringing on freedom of expression; provides tools for detecting content that engenders harm; its ideas influenced rules against hate speech.", "quote": "Susan Benesch is the founding director of the Dangerous Speech Project, an independent research team focused on content that can inspire violence, and on ways to prevent that without infringing on freedom of expression.", "page": "18", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Independent research team focused on content that can inspire violence and ways to prevent it without infringing on freedom of expression; informs hate speech policies for platforms.", "quote": "After a decade of study at the Dangerous Speech Project, an independent research team, we are convinced that dangerous speech is at least a precursor for mass violence between groups, if not also a prerequisite.", "page": "104", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Direito à liberdade de expressão ou discurso de ódio nas mídias sociais", "author": "GG dos Santos, MS Bueno", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The organization's founder, Susan Benesch, specializes in studying online hate speech and identifying recurring patterns of harmful behaviors, such as the use of pejorative words and reiteration of ideologies, to help understand and address the detrimental effects of hate speech online.", "quote": "Conforme observado por Susan Benesch, especialista no estudo do discurso de ódio online e fundadora do Dangerous Speech Project, 'haters' são conhecidos por padrões recorrentes em suas interações virtuais.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/5037", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "post-1988 Brazil, contemporary social media era"}, {"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Defines and studies \"dangerous speech\"\" that leads to violence", "quote": "Preventing violence, understanding dangerous speech, context-aware conflict management.", "page": "The fundamental weakness of moderation as a conflict management approach is that it addresses only the most obvious forms of hate speech...without considering...the context that may make subtler forms of speech more likely to lead to violence (Dangerous Speech Project, 2023).", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organizes internationally to combat 'dangerous speech' by providing research and implementing various actions related to countering harmful rhetoric.", "quote": "Dans ce domaine, différentes associations s'organisent au niveau international à travers le « Dangerous Speech Project » porté par des universitaires américains, ou la Online Civic Courage Initiative, financée par Facebook.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes practical guides and research to help identify and address dangerous speech, contributing to strategies for mitigating its harm.", "quote": "Susan Benesch. et al. January 2002. Dangerous Speech: A Practical Guide. Dangerous Speech Project.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research to advise internet companies, governments, and civil society on how to anticipate, minimize, and respond to harmful discourse in ways that prevent violence while also protecting freedom of expression, thereby shaping moderation policies and practices.", "quote": "The Dangerous Speech Project is a team of experts on how speech leads to violence. We use our research to advise internet companies, governments, and civil society on how to anticipate, minimize, and respond to harmful discourse in ways that prevent violence while also protecting freedom of expression.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Explores and researches strategies for using speech itself to counter hateful and extremist views, advocating for 'more speech' rather than 'enforced silence'.", "quote": "The Dangerous Speech Project, led by Susan Benesch, is exploring ways for speech to counter hateful and extremist views.", "page": "27", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "HeartMob", "aliases": ["HeartMob", "Heartmob"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "European Union", "Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "community building", "community standards", "community well-being", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "online abuse", "online safety", "social justice", "social norms", "social support", "user safety", "victim support"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a private platform offering support to victims of harassment, contributing to the maintenance of social norms.", "quote": "Blackwell et al. [14], for example, examined the experiences of users on HeartMob, a private platform providing support to victims of harassment.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a platform and backchannel for individuals experiencing online harassment to safely discuss their experiences, receive social support, and validate their experiences by labeling abuse, thereby resisting its normalization.", "quote": "In their work on HeartMob, a platform built by and for people who experience online harassment, Blackwell et al [5] describe the important role a backchannel can play for those subjected to online abuse to safely discuss their experiences and receive social support.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}, {"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "HeartMob is a social organization engaged in addressing problems of online harassment, providing resources or support for those affected.", "quote": "Ongoing research aims to address problems with harassment, such as through work with social organizations, communities, and platforms, including Hollaback [28] and HeartMob [7].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}, {"title": "\" I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r …\"", "author": "SA Gilbert", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Functions as a platform providing a backchannel for individuals experiencing online harassment to discuss experiences, receive social support, and validate abuse, thereby helping to resist its normalization.", "quote": "In their work on HeartMob, a platform built by and for people who experience online harassment, Blackwell et al [5] describe the important role a backchannel can play for those subjected to online abuse to safely discuss their experiences and receive social support.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-based System to Assist Reddit Moderators", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Gandhi, Chaitrali; Mustelier, Matthew Wortley; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "HeartMob provides a system that aids in the classification and management of online harassment, operating as a moderation tool without AI support.", "quote": "Though moderation systems have been developed in the past, they are either completely proprietary... or they are not supported by AI (e.g., Twitter Blocklists [27], The Coral Project⁵, HeartMob [8], and SquadBox [47]).", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359276", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Offers a network of volunteers to support, validate, and take action on behalf of harassment recipients, including classifying messages as harassing, which provides external validation and motivates community help.", "quote": "and systems such as HeartMob that provide a network of volunteers to support, provide validation for, and take action on behalf of harassment recipients [4].", "page": "21", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates as a support system for targets of online harassment, providing public demonstrations of support and establishing descriptive norms to guide users on appropriate and inappropriate behaviors within online communities.", "quote": "In their study of Heartmob, Blackwell et al. argued that public demonstrations of support not only provide validation for targets of harassment, but also create powerful descriptive norms that help other users determine what behaviors are and are not appropriate in an online community [5].", "page": "27", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}, {"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites ...HeartMob...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Classification and Its Consequences for Online Harassment: Design Insights from HeartMob", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay; Dimond, Jill; Schoenebeck, Sarita; Lampe, Cliff", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "HeartMob provides social and instrumental support to targets of online harassment, facilitates bystander intervention, and, through its moderation of user-submitted harassment cases and help requests, helps to establish community norms around appropriate user behavior.", "quote": "HeartMob (iHeartMob.org), launched in January 2016, is a private online community designed to provide targets of online harassment with access to social and instrumental support.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134659", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'super-flagger' organization, an authorized alert group that identifies and reports offensive content to social media platforms for rapid resolution.", "quote": "Tal es el caso de Women Action, Heartmob, Trollbusters y Crash Override.", "page": "43", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Mastodon", "aliases": ["Mastodon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "Signal", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "online discourse"], "norms": ["community autonomy", "community governance", "community standards", "decentralization", "democratic participation", "diversity", "free speech", "information quality", "interoperability", "open internet", "open source", "open standards", "protocol openness", "transparency", "user autonomy", "user control"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderação censura", "moderação de mídia", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mastodon operates as a decentralized social media platform based on a federation model and open-source software, allowing servers to communicate without central authority. This provides an alternative infrastructure that offers greater transparency and user control over data compared to Big Techs.", "quote": "Plataformas como o Mastodon operam sob um modelo de federação, baseado em software de código aberto, permitindo que diferentes servidores se comuniquem entre si sem depender de uma autoridade centralizada (Votis et al., 2024).", "page": "181", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}, {"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a decentralized social network, it allows each server or 'instance' to autonomously set its own content moderation policies and community standards, promoting community-led governance.", "quote": "By contrast, Mastodon, a decentralized social network, allows each server, or 'instance', to set its own content moderation policies and community standards.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Responsabilidade informacional na mídia digital: o conceito de responsabilidade informacional aplicado ao contexto das plataformas de mídia digital", "author": "S Mari Junior, FC Paletta", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a social media platform using open, decentralized protocols (ActivityPub) that allow independent server operation without central control, fostering diverse rules, algorithms, and privacy policies as an alternative to traditional corporate platforms.", "quote": "O Mastodon utiliza o ActivityPub, protocolo recomendado pela W3C. O protocolo insere as plataformas que o utilizam na chamada arquitetura federada, possibilitando que qualquer pessoa com conhecimento técnico crie servidores independentes para operar a plataforma, sem controle centralizado.", "page": "14", "url": "https://repositorio.usp.br/item/003286307", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital media platforms (globally, with examples from EU, Australia, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Content moderation in (decentralised) metaverses", "author": "Bovenzi, Gian Marco", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a federated social network where independent instances are run by developers, enabling a form of community-driven moderation through its protocol's terms and conditions, distinct from centralized platforms.", "quote": "Its application can include social media federated networks such as Mastodon55, that operates with the ActivityPub protocol: here, each developer is free to run its independent and autonomous server, so-called instance, where each instance is interconnected and has to follow the central protocol's terms and conditions – including content policies.", "page": "11", "url": "catedrametaverso.ua.es", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Digital Services Act framework), global decentralized platforms and metaverses", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era) and future challenges"}, {"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a decentralized social media platform where communities can run their own instances, mediating discourse through open protocols, and supporting greater user agency and diversity.", "quote": "many of these \"decentralized\"\" services to use open protocols for selective interconnection to form a growing fediverse (federated universe... ) of communities running on Mastodon or other compatibly networked platform software (largely free", "page": "open sourced).\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}, {"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A federated social media platform where local instances, based on open-source software, set their own content moderation rules and can 'defederate' from other servers, allowing users to choose communities aligned with their values.", "quote": "Similarly, on federated social media platform Mastodon, local instance rules are set by the server owner.51 Mastodon is not a single service, but a federated network of community-centered instances based on open-source software that can be modified as each community manager desires.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-led platform exploring alternative governance models for content moderation, allowing for idiosyncratic remedial strategies.", "quote": "Services deploying related concepts include diaspora* and Mastadon. WAGNER ET AL., supra note 105, at 16, 18.", "page": "55", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers a free, decentralized, and federated social networking platform, providing an alternative to centralized services like Twitter and enabling user control over their messages.", "quote": "Mastodon se présente sans gêne comme un clone de Twitter, mais qui offre l’avantage d’être libre, décentralisé et capable de gérer des messages allant jusqu’à 500 caractères.", "page": "65", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a decentralized social network, offering an alternative model for content moderation and user control over their online space.", "quote": "Mastodon, designed as a decentralized alternative to Twitter, experienced a wave of popularity in 2017 and may emerge as the first prominent decentralized alternative to the megaplatforms.", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as an example of a decentralized or federated messaging system where third-party moderation is required because no single entity operates the platform, making AMFs applicable.", "quote": "Third-party moderation is necessary in decentralized or federated messaging systems like Matrix [4] or Mastodon [3].", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Non-governmental Organizations", "aliases": ["Non-Governmental Organizations", "Non-governmental Organizations", "Non-governmental organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Argentina", "Asia Pacific", "Brazil", "China", "Eastern societies", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Indonesia", "Mexico", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["Douyin", "Facebook", "IGF", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "WSIS", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "democratic participation", "environmental protection", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "illegal content prevention", "media diversity", "national security", "peace", "platform responsibility", "policy influence", "privacy", "public interest", "public safety", "social inclusion", "social justice", "social welfare", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderación de medios", "moderazione censura", "moderação", "moderação censura", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial explicável para atenuar a falta de transparência e a legitimidade na moderação da Internet", "author": "Ferraz, Thomas Palmeira; Duarte, Caio Henrique Dias; Ribeiro, Maria Fernanda; Takayanagi, Gabriel Goes Braga; Alcoforado, Alexandre; Lopes, Roseli De Deus; Susi, Mart", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participate in post-moderation processes by submitting complaints about content, acting as \"partners of YouTube\"\" in identifying and flagging potentially harmful content for human review.\"", "quote": "Em azul, a detecção automática é a remoção de IA. Nas outras cores, as remoções são feitas por humanos: Agências governamentais e judiciais, moderadores humanos (que trabalham para o Google), reclamações de usuários, e ONGs (parceiros do YouTube).", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40142024000200381&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter), EU, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência Artificial explicável para atenuar a falta de transparência ea legitimidade na moderação da Internet", "author": "TP Ferraz, CHD Duarte, MF Ribeiro…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participate in content moderation by submitting complaints that lead to content removal on platforms like YouTube, acting as 'partners'.", "quote": "Em azul, a detecção automática é a remoção de IA. Nas outras cores, as remoções são feitas por humanos: Agências governamentais e judiciais, moderadores humanos (que trabalham para o Google), reclamações de usuários, e ONGs (parceiros do YouTube).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KPMcWYkkqHy5ZK3zTFCBpFj/?format=html&lang=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social Media Platforms, globally, with a focus on EU and Brazilian regulatory contexts", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "IL CONTROLLO CULTURALE DEI SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Antonio, Ceravolo Flavio; Marco, Zuffada", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Influencing government decisions by mobilizing public opinion and pressure on issues like online privacy protection.", "quote": "Le ONG ne sono un esempio, dato che le decisioni sono prese dal governo per la massa, se la massa combatte per una decisione, potrebbe avere un influenza relativa ampia, come nel caso della tutela della privacy online.", "page": "30", "url": "unitesi.unipv.it", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital ecosystem, with a specific focus on China's digital culture and the comparative analysis of social media platforms (TikTok and Douyin) in Western and Eastern contexts.", "when": "Late 20th century - present, with a focus on social media dynamics in 2023-2024."}, {"title": "Social Media Content Moderation Challenges for Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Tiktok Indonesia", "author": "Wismashanti, Rizky Amalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These organizations contribute to platform governance by setting requirements and standards for social media platforms, including TikTok, to comply with in content moderation, and they also monitor uploaded content. This ensures platforms remove content that violates laws or harms others.", "quote": "These parties may set certain requirements and standards that must be complied with by social media platforms in carrying out content moderation, such as removing content that violates the law or harms others.", "page": "5", "url": "https://eduvest.greenvest.co.id/index.php/edv/article/view/893", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Tiktok, Indonesia", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Function as 'trusted flaggers' on social media platforms, identifying and reporting illicit or undesirable content for moderation, thus participating in content governance.", "quote": "De plus, les réseaux sociaux coopèrent avec des « signaleurs de confiance » (trusted flaggers), à savoir des utilisateurs privés, des autorités publiques ou des ONG qui signalent des contenus illicites ou indésirables aux plateformes", "page": "25", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}, {"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participate in YouTube's trusted flagger program to identify and report illicit content, and provide valuable knowledge to the platform's monitoring and policy development systems, especially regarding child abuse, terrorism, and hate speech.", "quote": "revisores confiáveis, parte de um programa introduzido pelo YouTube em parceria com órgãos governamentais e ONGs para localizar conteúdos ilícitos", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Supported political positions in public debates (e.g., disarmament referendum) by providing arguments and information, often aligning with government sources and political elites.", "quote": "O alinhamento na frente do “sim” entre as fontes oficiais do governo e as elites políticas – de especialistas e dos movimentos sociais – e o esforço para apresentar e rever razões em público não foram suficientes para assegurar sucesso.", "page": "70", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring news content to promote specific policy choices, thereby influencing the media's editorial line on certain topics.", "quote": "Other publications have started to take more content that is sponsored by NGOs and foundations with an interest in shifting policy choices.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Articulated demands for greater inclusion for social actors in media and participated in the broad social discussion on media regulation, contributing to the context that led to the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "quote": "algunos actores de la sociedad civil promovieron una discusión sobre la regulación mediática que logró articular demandas ciudadanas y de grupos organizados (sindicatos de trabajadores de medios, el movimiento de radios comunitarias, las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las no gubernamentales -ONG-, cooperativas de servicios interesadas en el sector, investigadores y docentes universitarios) con los reclamos de mayor inclusión para actores sociales postergados en los medios.", "page": "5", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}, {"title": "At the margins of Internet governance: grassroots tech groups and communication policy", "author": "Hintz, Arne; Milan, Stefania", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "They participate in international policy processes like WSIS and IGF through lobbying and thematic exchange, though they face obstacles in accreditation and funding, and are often prioritized over less formal grassroots groups.", "quote": "A large number of NGOs and other civil society actors came to participate and created effective mechanisms for lobbying and thematic exchange. However, they also faced serious obstacles in accessing the summit stage and in participating meaningfully, particularly with regards to accreditation, funding and exclusion from negotiations.", "page": "5", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp.5.1-2.23_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet governance fora (WSIS, IGF), global/transnational, with specific examples from Europe and Mexico", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2003)"}]}, {"name": "Partnership on AI", "aliases": ["Partnership on AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "Global South", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["Gemini", "Metaverse", "Online Platforms", "Virtual Reality"], "norms": ["AI ethics", "ai ethics", "ai safety", "data ethics", "diversity", "fairness", "harm reduction", "regulation", "responsible ai", "responsible development", "risk management", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Big tech as a technopolitical actor: imaginaries of personalization and their unintended consequences", "author": "Bank, Damian", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages in collaborations between the private and public sectors to draft normative frameworks, aiming to preempt public controversies and facilitate a state-led co-production of technology.", "quote": "Such collaborations between the private and public sectors have given partial control over technology to a state-led co-production (Hern, 2016; Microsoft, 2017).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2497943", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA and global digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to present (2025)"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An independent group of industry and civil society members, maintaining a database of AI incidents to learn from system failures.", "quote": "The Partnership on AI, an independent group composed of members of industry and civil society, maintains a database of AI incidents...", "page": "268", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An independent group composed of industry and civil society members that maintains a database of AI incidents and works on best practices and compliance standards.", "quote": "The Partnership on AI, an independent group composed of members of industry and civil society, maintains a database of AI incidents where systems fail or do not perform as intended.", "page": "119", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World", "author": "Markov, Todor; Zhang, Chong; Agarwal, Sandhini; Eloundou, Tyna; Lee, Teddy; Adler, Steven; Jiang, Angela; Weng, Lilian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishes and promotes current best practices for sourcing data labeling services, contributing to ethical and considerate management of tasks crucial for AI moderation systems.", "quote": "We are committed to ensuring that our labeling tasks are managed in a considerate and ethical manner, and we strive to follow current best practices for sourcing data labeling services (PAI 2021).", "page": "9", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.03274", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems, Content moderation platforms", "when": "Contemporary AI systems / Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in efforts to promote diversity and regulation in AI development, contributing to setting norms for AI systems.", "quote": "These watchdogs’ advocacy for diversity and regulation is complemented by similar efforts by public (Daly et al., 2019; ‘European AI Alliance’; National Artificial Intelligence Initiative; OECD AI Policy Observatory), commercial (‘AI Policy Principles’, 2017; ‘Artificial Intelligence at Google’; ‘Responsible AI’), and religious (RenAIssance Foundation) organizations, as well as collaborations between these organizations (Partnership on AI).", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Designing recommender systems to depolarize", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Involved in the field of recommender alignment, which aims to design recommender systems that enact human values and prosocial goals, potentially by using polarization metrics as optimization targets.", "quote": "Optimizing for predicted survey responses is an important technique in the nascent field of recommender alignment — the practice of getting recommender systems to enact human values.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, Global (with focus on USA)", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Misinformation in virtual reality", "author": "J Brown, J Bailenson, J Hancock", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Partnership on AI develops frameworks and guidelines, such as \"Responsible Practices for Synthetic Media", "quote": "creation", "page": "and sharing of synthetic media", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/120/45", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Virtual Reality, Metaverse, Online Platforms (global, with US examples)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participates in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, and deployment governance as an industry consortium.", "quote": "industry consortia (e.g. Frontier Model Forum, MLCommons, Partnership on AI)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued a detailed report calling for specific criteria that proposed risk-assessment models should meet, influencing standards and best practices for AI development.", "quote": "The passage of California’s SB 10 bill prompted the Partnership on AI, which represents more than 90 organizations in 13 countries, to release a detailed report calling for ten different criteria that any proposed risk-assessment model should meet.", "page": "343", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}, {"title": "gemini_1_report", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "The Partnership on AI defines best practices for data enrichment services, influencing how Google collects and curates training data to mitigate potential downstream harms during AI model development.", "quote": "Partnership on AI's Responsible Sourcing of Data Enrichment Services.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini AI models / AI system development", "when": "contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "Roman Catholic Church", "aliases": ["Roman Catholic Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Canada", "Early Modern Europe", "Emden", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Portugal", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Vatican", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "institutional control", "moral orthodoxy", "political authority", "political stability", "power interests", "public morals", "religious authority", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy", "social order"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censeur", "censorship", "censura", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries", "16th-20th centuries", "16th–17th century", "19th to 21st century", "19th–20th century", "19th–21st century", "20th century", "20th–21st century", "Ancient to 20th century", "Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Historically involved in structural corruption, including the exploitation and abuse of minors and adolescents, thereby exercising a form of control and moral influence within society.", "quote": "Hay mucho dinero girando en torno de ese negocio que nadie quiere tocar, pues hay involucrada mucha gente presuntamente “decente” e instituciones como la Iglesia Católica Romana, que prácticamente someten a servidumbre a menores de edad o jóvenes adolescentes con abusos sexuales.", "page": "97", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}, {"title": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste. Le censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l 'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme (2019)", "author": "C Plet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Church created the Index to enforce its moral and dogmatic rules. It also adapted its political alignment over time (e.g., rallying to the French Republic), which influenced the political motivations behind certain censorship decisions.", "quote": "l'Église s'étant officiellement ralliée à la République française en 1892, les vota de Tripepi consacrés aux romans zoliens dénoncent l'opposition établie par l'écrivain entre la République et l'Église.", "page": "219", "url": "https://ojs.library.dal.ca/dfs/article/view/11106/9868", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France and the Vatican", "when": "16th-20th century, primarily 19th century"}, {"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in censorship by publishing indexes of forbidden books, such as the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, and by influencing public opinion against materials deemed 'lewd' or religiously objectionable.", "quote": "In fact, the Roman Catholic Church has a long history with censorship. In 1559 the first index of forbidden books was pub-lished by Pope Paul IV.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "Censura e pós-censura: uma síntese sobre as formas clássicas e atuais de controle da produção artística nacional", "author": "Castilho Costa, Maria Cristina; Sousa Junior, Walter De", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Historically, it imposed a hegemonic cultural vision, combating dissidence, especially in the Middle Ages. In the 20th century, 'attacks' against it were primary targets for state censors. In the post-censorship era, different religious institutions continue to create their own censorial criteria, sometimes prohibiting their faithful from consuming certain media.", "quote": "Os principais alvos dos censores eram os ataques à Igreja Católica, como reminiscência de uma censura secular no país...", "page": "4", "url": "https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/pculturais/article/view/28154", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 20th century – post-2000s"}, {"title": "Censorship", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Functioned as a government, integrating Christian dogma into a legal framework, prohibiting heresy and treason, and establishing the Index Librorum Prohibitorum to manage banned books.", "quote": "From the church of Rome came a papacy that began to act as a government, “by means of the law,”... The introduction of the Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1559, with the later addition of the Expurgatory Catalogues, began the modern administration of banned lists...", "page": "11", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61883/chapter/547766047", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on European, colonial, and various national contexts", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Exercised and codified censorship through institutions like the Holy Office and the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, resisted challenges to its authority, and controlled what could be read or believed to prevent heresy.", "quote": "The Roman Catholic Church alone makes censorship part of its doctrine.", "page": "64", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "Dove non arriva la legge: dottrine della censura nella prima età moderna", "author": "L Bianchin", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conceived primarily as censorship of books (censura dei libri), it aimed to prevent or at least limit the circulation of heretical ideas through strict control over authors, publishers, and readers.", "quote": "La censura della Chiesa di Roma fu concepita prevalentemente come censura dei libri, finalizzata ad impedire o almeno ad arginare la circolazione delle idee ereticali per mezzo di uno stretto controllo, non sempre efficiente, su autori, editori e lettori.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unitn.it/handle/11572/70132", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe (specifically France and a Calvinist city like Emden)", "when": "late 16th to early 17th century"}, {"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Attempted to restrict the dissemination of dissenting views and vernacular translations of the Bible, using both church and state authority to discourage certain readings.", "quote": "much to the chagrin of the Roman Catholic Church and, later, of the established Protestant churches. It also made possible the mass distribution of vernacular translations of The Bible, the laity's reading of which many Catholic leaders at that time discouraged.", "page": "4", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Maintained the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of forbidden books, and enforced moral sanctions against their reading, controlling thought and morality.", "quote": "The Index was published by the Roman Catholic Church and consisted of a list of immoral books. Reading any of the books listed in the Index was considered a sin.", "page": "255", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}, {"title": "The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Published the 'Index Librorum Prohibitorum', a list of immoral books, with reading them considered a sin, thereby enforcing religious and moral censorship.", "quote": "The Index was published by the Roman Catholic Church and consisted of a list of immoral books. Reading any of the books listed in the Index was considered a sin.", "page": "247", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312658?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Canada, UK (historical)", "when": "19th century - 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation", "The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective", "standards body", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "Belgium", "Brazil", "Canada", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "data access", "due process", "fairness", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A document elaborated by civil society organizations and academic researchers proposing guidelines for social media platforms' content moderation policies, focusing on transparency and due process.", "quote": "Trata-se de um documento elaborado em 2018 por diversas organizações da sociedade civil e pesquisadores acadêmicos, o qual articula uma proposta a ser incorporada pelas redes sociais em suas políticas de moderação de conteúdo, organizada em torno de cinco princípios fundacionais e três princípios operacionais.", "page": "114", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A set of recommendations developed by researchers and civil society organizations to ensure due process and user rights in content moderation, aiming to foster the production of more detailed, consistent, and accessible transparency reports.", "quote": "Os Santa Clara Principles (SCP) são um conjunto de recomendações elaboradas por pesquisadores e organizações da sociedade civil14 com o objetivo de assegurar o respeito ao devido processo e aos direitos dos usuários na moderação de conteúdo, além de fomentar a produção de relatórios de transparência mais detalhados, consistentes e acessíveis (Radsch, 2022).", "page": "106", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Developed a set of recommendations for content moderation practices, emphasizing transparency and accountability in how platforms manage content.", "quote": "“Esses princípios, nomeados em homenagem ao local da reunião inicial do grupo em Santa Clara, CA, representam recomendações para os passos iniciais que as empresas envolvidas na moderação de conteúdo devem tomar para fornecer um devido processo significativo aos palestrantes afetados e garantir melhor que a aplicação de suas diretrizes de conteúdo seja justa, imparcial, proporcional e respeitoso dos direitos dos usuários.”", "page": "140", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sets voluntary guidelines for social media platforms to improve transparency and accountability in content moderation, advocating for clear rules, user notification, and appeal mechanisms.", "quote": "Anos após foram apresentados os princípios de Santa Clara (Santa Clara Principles), originados em 2018, na Content Moderation at Scale nos Estados Unidos. Na oportunidade, um grupo de estudiosos em direitos humanos e especialistas desenvolveu um conjunto de princípios sobre a melhor forma de obter transparência e responsabilidade quanto à moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais.", "page": "64", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Developed and adopted by several private organizations, these principles establish procedural standards for online intermediaries' content moderation, advocating for transparency, accountability, and effective recourse mechanisms.", "quote": "En 2018, plusieurs organisations privées ont adopté les Principes de Santa Clara relatifs à la transparence et la responsabilité en matière de modération de contenu 82. Ces principes établissent des standards procéduraux que les intermédiaires en ligne doivent prendre en compte lors de leurs activités de modération 183.", "page": "32", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Offers principles for online platforms to improve transparency and accountability in their content moderation practices, serving as a guideline for best practices and potential state regulation.", "quote": "Alguns exemplos são: \"The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation\"\"5\"", "page": "39", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}, {"title": "Limiting Freedom of Expression in Digital Platforms: Between State Obligations and Intermediary Moderation in a Multicultural Context", "author": "SMMH Ashik", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A set of principles developed by civil society organizations to ensure transparency and accountability in content moderation, aiming to guide platform practices.", "quote": "The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation is a principle for ensuring transparency and accountability in content moderation is developed by civil society organizations.", "page": "50", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6662f64403beaab86db0d4a22f87e809/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), global multicultural context", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A soft law initiative that proposed guidelines for transparency and accountability in content moderation, encouraging platforms to publish data, provide notice, and offer appeal mechanisms.", "quote": "In recent years, several soft law initiatives have been launched to provide transparency in content moderation. For example, according to Santa Clara Principles, companies engaged in content moderation should: 1. publish the numbers of posts removed and accounts permanently or temporarily suspended due to violations of their content guidelines; 2. make sure that each user whose content is taken down or whose account is suspended is given notice of the reason for the removal or suspension; 3. provide a meaningful opportunity for timely appeal of any content removal or account suspension.", "page": "82", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Proposes procedural due process for Internet services, including transparency reports, detailed notices to users, and user appeals regarding content actions.", "quote": "In 2018, some civil society organizations and academics issued the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation.", "page": "16", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Understanding content moderation systems: new methods to understand internet governance at scale, over time, and across platforms", "author": "N Suzor", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in advocacy efforts by proposing principles for transparency and accountability in content moderation, aiming to influence public platforms to provide more granular and accurate information about their moderation practices.", "quote": "ongoing advocacy efforts to request more granular and accurate information from public platforms – like the 'Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation' (2018) – but so far these have only been partially successful.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollchap/edcoll/9781788977449/9781788977449.00013.xml", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, Twitter, Instagram platforms, global (with Australian context)", "when": "2010s platform era, focusing on 2016–2019"}]}, {"name": "Snopes", "aliases": ["Snopes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Global", "Macedonia", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "Web platforms", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "fairness", "free speech", "information accuracy", "information quality", "non-partisanship", "transparency", "veracity"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation", "media moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Antiquity to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "Partisan conflict over content moderation is more than disagreement about facts", "author": "Appel, Ruth E; Pan, Jennifer; Roberts, Margaret E", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Snopes identifies and labels content as false through fact-checking. This information is then used by researchers (as in this paper) to study perceptions of misinformation, and is often used by social media platforms or users as an input for content moderation decisions or accuracy assessments.", "quote": "We identified headlines used in the experiment from the fact-checking website Snopes.com with the criteria that the headline included a clear 'false' label (not partially or entirely true)...", "page": "8", "url": "science.org", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Knowledge-informed Disinformation Mining: From Fact-Checking to Content Moderation", "author": "V La Gatta", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides a corpus of fact-checking articles that serve as verified claims for information retrieval tasks, aiding in the detection of previously fact-checked information, particularly from social networks.", "quote": "We utilize a dataset provided by [235], comprising 1000 tweets sourced from Snopes4 fact-checking articles, along with 10396 verified claims from the ClaimsKG dataset [271].", "page": "54", "url": "http://www.fedoa.unina.it/15648/1/LaGatta_Valerio_36.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook), US, global geopolitical contexts (including Ukraine-Russia conflict)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as an online fact-checking website used by journalists and researchers to verify internet rumors and misinformation across various subjects like medicine, science, and history.", "quote": "First online fact checking website considered by many journalists and researchers for verifying internet rumors and misinformation. Website covers various subjects like medicine, science, history, crime, frauds, etc.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Moderating with the mob: Evaluating the efficacy of real-time crowdsourced fact-checking", "author": "W Godel, Z Sanderson, K Aslett, J Nagler…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides evaluations of article veracity, referenced as a point of comparison for the level of disagreement among professional fact-checkers regarding 'ground truth'.", "quote": "Encouragingly, though, the disagreement we find is not out of line with previous work observing variation in the evaluations of Snopes and PolitiFact (Lim 2018)", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "2019–2020"}, {"title": "Reasoning about Political Bias in Content Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Snopes collaborates with social media companies (like YouTube) to identify misinformation. Its judgments on whether a video contains misinformation are used as target variables in the study, influencing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Misinformation might play a role in content moderation as social media companies have recently established collaborations with fact-checkers (e.g., Snopes, PolitiFact)", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/7117", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation, or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "websites like HoaxBuster, Snopes, Debunkin911 or ConspiracyWatch (Giry 2014), short (web) television programmes ... engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}, {"title": "‘Fake news’ as infrastructural uncanny", "author": "Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Venturini, Tommaso", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Acts as a fact-checking source that debunks false claims, such as the 'Pope Endorses Trump' story, appearing in search results, thereby providing authoritative counter-information.", "quote": "The three most widely cited sources in top Google search results are two junk news sources: WTOE 5 News (now a 'fantasy news website for pet owners') and Ending the Fed (taken down); as well as one fact-checking source: Snopes.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819856912", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Web and social media platforms, with focus on US, Macedonia, and Belgium (historically)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical comparison to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "Bias Misperceived:The Role of Partisanship and Misinformation in YouTube Comment Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Snopes provides veracity labels for online content, which are used by social media platforms and researchers to identify misinformation and study its moderation. Its non-partisan status and credibility are confirmed by the International Fact-Checking Network.", "quote": "Our credibility labels are drawn from Snopes and PolitiFact, which are both confirmed by the International Fact-Checking Network to be non-partisan, fair, and transparent (Poynter 2018).", "page": "8", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3229", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2016-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Fake News as a Critical Incident in Journalism", "author": "Tandoc, Edson C.; Jenkins, Joy; Craft, Stephanie", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as a fact-checking resource, providing verified information to counter misinformation and 'bad speech' online, thus participating in the moderation of public discourse through counter-narratives.", "quote": "Real fact-checkers are an extremely valuable resource-Snopes.com, in particular. But empowering any central board of authorities misses the real, pro-free-speech solution: The answer to \"bad\"\" speech", "page": "whether it's lies or hate", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2018.1562958", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google)", "when": "2016-2017"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Debunks false or misleading content, providing fact-checks for problematic stories, and is part of fact-checking organizations partnering with platforms.", "quote": "several of its key stories were debunked by fact-checking organizations like Snopes.", "page": "13", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Tech Against Terrorism", "aliases": ["Tech Against Terrorism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO", "counter-terrorism NGO / tech-policy NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "ai safety", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-extremism", "anti-terrorism", "counter-terrorism", "data-driven decision making", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "national security", "online safety", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "modération censure", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 10, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Counters terrorists’ use of the Internet, develops AI-driven solutions for flagging harmful content, and recommends hybrid moderation models and best practices.", "quote": "I am also a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab and an advisor to Tech Against Terrorism, which counters terrorists’ use of the Internet.", "page": "43", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Public-private partnership dedicated to disrupting terrorists online; focuses on threat intelligence, technical innovation, and policy guidance; flagged harmful content and underscored AI-driven solutions for content moderation.", "quote": "Adam Hadley is the Founder and Executive Director of Tech Against Terrorism, a public-private partnership dedicated to disrupting terrorists online.", "page": "18", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Counters terrorists’ use of the Internet by providing threat intelligence, technical innovation, and policy guidance.", "quote": "an advisor to Tech Against Terrorism, which counters terrorists’ use of the Internet.", "page": "43", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates a 'Knowledge Sharing Platform' and the 'Terrorist Content Analytics Platform (TCAP)' to provide resources, insights, and flag URLs related to terrorist content, supporting companies in content moderation and understanding the threat landscape.", "quote": "As part of its TCAP efforts, Tech Against Terrorism flags URLs relating to terrorist content to the tech company that hosts the infrastructure being used, similar to an Internet Referral Unit.", "page": "152", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating borderline content while respecting fundamental values", "author": "S Macdonald, K Vaughan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Establishes membership criteria for tech companies, requiring a commitment to improve transparency reporting in their efforts against terrorist content.", "quote": "membership criteria of both GIFCT (‘regular, public data transparency reports' are required) and Tech Against Terrorism (the prospective member must ‘commit to improve transparency reporting') (GIFCT, 2022; Tech Against Terrorism, 2022).", "page": "10", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.376", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, particularly within the regulatory contexts of the EU, UK, and US.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on contemporary content moderation challenges."}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a public-private partnership funded by GIFCT companies and governments, focused on spreading content moderation best practices to smaller social media platforms lacking resources to develop their own solutions to terrorist exploitation.", "quote": "In practice, this work is conducted through Tech against Terrorism, a public-private partnership funded by the GIFCT companies and the governments of Spain, Switzerland and South Korea.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A non-profit initiative providing specialist knowledge and technologies to smaller companies to help them combat extremist content online.", "quote": "United Nations Counter-Terrorism Executive Directorate, Tech Against Terrorism, the internet industry is attempting to consolidate the exchange of knowledge and technology. [...] Tech against Terrorism has focuses on providing specialist knowledge and technologies to smaller companies.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Partners with the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism to support the tech industry's efforts in combating terrorist exploitation of platforms, contributing to content moderation strategies.", "quote": "The Forum will partner with two existing UN initiatives in this area: “Tech Against Terrorism” and the “ICT4Peace”.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; TSPA EMEA Summit 2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Produces tools (Terrorist Content Analytics Platform, Content Hash List, Automated Content Alerts, Trusted Flagger), offers mentorship and a Trustmark accreditation, and has an MoU with UN CTED to cooperate on technical counter-terrorism measures with tech platforms.", "quote": "Core mission is disrupting terrorist activity online and providing platforms with analytics, trusted flagger tools, mentorship and accreditation to improve content moderation and counter extremist use of tech, including generative AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://techagainstterrorism.org/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborates with social media platforms (like Minds) to develop holistic, cross-internet approaches to counter-terrorism and moderation.", "quote": "So far, Minds has collaborated with Tech Against Terrorism, Parallel Networks, Braver Angels, Light Upon Light, Daryl Davis, Tasman AI, and CulturePulse...", "page": "56", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Académie française", "aliases": ["Académie Française", "Académie française"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Early Modern France", "Europe", "France", "Rome", "Spain", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic excellence", "aesthetic quality", "artistic standards", "clarity", "classical standards", "cultural authority", "cultural preservation", "cultural standards", "impartiality", "intellectual standards", "linguistic correctness", "linguistic purism", "linguistic standardization", "linguistic standards", "literary authority", "literary merit", "national security", "prestige", "public morals", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura", "censure", "moderator censor", "modérateur censeur", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries", "17th century", "17th–18th century", "18th century", "18th–21st centuries", "19th century", "20th century", "early modern to present"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Played a role in defining moral standards relevant to censorship and served as a prestigious institution from which royal censors were often recruited, contributing to the cultural legitimacy of royal censorship.", "quote": "L’Académie Française, en 1762, définit les mœurs comme les « habitudes naturelles ou acquises pour le bien ou pour le mal, dans tout ce qui regarde la conduite de la vie106 ».", "page": "47", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}, {"title": "De l'obscurité comme censure. Proust, Muhlfeld, Mallarmé", "author": "", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "It represented traditional literary norms and acted as a gatekeeper, contrasting with more experimental forms of 'living literature'.", "quote": "Ligne de fracture [...] entre le monde de l'Académie et celui de la littérature vivante", "page": "5", "url": "orbi.uliege.be", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 19th century"}, {"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Received royal patronage in the 17th century; Louis de Bonald commented on its role in setting discussion subjects, highlighting a shift from focusing on the 'duties of gens de lettres' to their 'independence'.", "quote": "If in the century of Louis XIV, the Académie Française had proposed a similar subject for discussion, it would have spoken of the duties of gens de lettres. Today it is a question of their independence.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}, {"title": "Censors and Censure: Robert Estienne and Michel de Montaigne", "author": "Butterworth, Emily", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Played a role in defining and standardizing the French language, including the semantic range of terms like 'censure,' thereby shaping the public and scholarly understanding of these concepts.", "quote": "The 1694 dictionary of the Académie française and Richelet's 1680 Dictionnaire françois both describe a similar semantic spectrum —with the Académie's dictionary remarking that, in the case of censeur, «sans epithete il se prend d'ordinaire en mauvaise part».", "page": "3", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censure", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern France and Rome", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Le Rôle de l'abbé Boisrobert dans la «Querelle du Cid»", "author": "FG Quiel", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The Académie française was tasked by Cardinal Richelieu with judging Pierre Corneille's play *Le Cid*, a process which aimed to establish the Academy's authority and jurisdiction over literary standards. This culminated in the publication of the *Sentiments de l'Académie française sur la tragi-comédie du Cid*, a key document in consolidating classical literary doctrine in France.", "quote": "C'était l'occasion pour Richelieu, peut-être non pas tant de nuire « aux affaires » de Corneille, mais de fixer l'autorité et la juridiction de l'Académie en cette matière, de sorte que le public sache une fois pour toutes qui dicte la loi et qui juge avec autorité de la qualité de la production littéraire et de sa valeur.", "page": "3", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/edaf3d89362de3ba56476b9b77d3bb58/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1206335", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "17th century"}, {"title": "Tabú y lenguaje: las palabras vitandas y la censura lingüística", "author": "PJC Domínguez", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Delimits normative standards for language use, thereby influencing what is considered 'good' or 'bad' language and implicitly censoring non-conforming usage, promoting linguistic purism.", "quote": "asunto que afecta especialmente a la lengua inglesa desde el momento en que esa lengua no ha disfrutado nunca (o quizás no ha 'padecido') los constreñimientos de una Academia que haya delimitado de forma normativa lo que debe ser considerado 'mal' uso del lenguaje y lo que debe ser considerado 'corrección' lingüística.", "page": "7", "url": "https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/themata/article/view/599", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western Europe, with a focus on Spain for contemporary examples", "when": "Early modern to contemporary"}, {"title": "LA CENSURE PAR LA MOYENNE", "author": "Noël, Bernard", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Historically, the Académie possessed norm-setting power in matters of taste and language, often through a prescriptive 'index' or by dictating what was considered 'just and good', which functioned as a form of cultural censorship. The text notes this power has since dissipated.", "quote": "L'index disparaît au moment où l'Académie se disperse, c'est vrai. Il semble que le pouvoir n'entende plus prescrire le juste et le bon en l'une ou l'autre matière.", "page": "6", "url": "e.wallon.free.fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 20th century"}, {"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "As a royal academy, it focused on the 'perfection' of the liberal arts, operating within a system intended to coordinate scholarly activity and establish French cultural hegemony.", "quote": "Yet he intended to prove himself worthy of this signal honor by assisting the company in the 'perfection' of the liberal arts.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}, {"title": "L'Encyclopédie de Diderot:\" Une grande aventure\"\" dans le domaine de l'édition\"", "author": "NC Torrey", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "It provided a public platform for figures like Lefranc de Pompignan to deliver discourses condemning the philosophical movement. Later, as Encyclopédistes gained a majority among its members, it indirectly facilitated the completion of the *Encyclopédie*.", "quote": "Enfin, en 1760, Lefranc de Pompignan, dans son discours de réception à l'Académie Française, pour favoriser sa nomination au préceptorat du Dauphin, condamna tout le mouvement philosophique. [...] Les Encyclopédistes obtinrent la majorité à l'Académie Française et la publication de l'Encyclopédie fut enfin achevée.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40520903", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Parler", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "civil liberties", "civil rights", "content policy", "free speech", "freedom of information", "human rights", "internet infrastructure", "net neutrality", "non-discrimination", "privacy", "student rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Launched a campaign 'Don't filter me' to raise awareness about the blocking of LGBT information sites on public computers.", "quote": "L’association ACLU a lancé en 2011 la campagne « Don’t filter me » visant à alerter sur le blocage de sites d’information LGBT sur les ordinateurs publics des universitaires et cyber-cafés", "page": "388", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}, {"title": "Deplatformization and the governance of the platform ecosystem", "author": "Van Dijck, José; De Winkel, Tim; Schäfer, Mirko Tobias", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through legal commentary and public statements, the ACLU advocates for principles like neutrality in internet infrastructure, influencing public debate on how platform governance should operate.", "quote": "...ACLU-lawyer Ben Wizner commented... “we should recognize the importance of neutrality when we're talking about the infrastructure of the internet” (Nicas and Alba, 2021).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045662", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global platform ecosystem and online infrastructure, with a focus on the US context (e.g., Capitol siege, mainstream social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and fringe platforms like Gab, Parler, BitChute).", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically 2016-2021."}, {"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Fixing The Business Model", "author": "Maréchal, Nathalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "In a hypothetical 'middleware' scenario, it is suggested as a potential purveyor of competing middleware services, implying it would set its own rules for content governance based on its values.", "quote": "Users could vote with their mouseclicks by choosing among competing middleware services—whose purveyors might range from Breitbart to the American Civil Liberties Union.", "page": "5", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797793", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers expert opinion and critical analysis on free speech issues, particularly highlighting the limitations of algorithms in discerning the context and intent of online discourse, such as sarcasm or parody.", "quote": "Como explica Lee Rowland de la Unión Americana de Libertades Civiles (ACLU, por sus siglas en inglés), los algoritmos no son buenos para determinar el contexto y el tono como el apoyo o la oposición, el sarcasmo o la parodia.", "page": "23", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducted an experiment on Amazon's facial recognition software, demonstrating false matches and racial bias, and expressed concern about its pervasive, opaque, and unregulated use for government surveillance.", "quote": "In July 2018, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) researchers ran an experiment matching pictures of all 535 members of Congress to a database of 25,000 public images of arrested individuals. Researchers found that the software not only produced 28 false matches but was also racially biased.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech", "author": "Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "By defending the free speech rights of controversial groups, including neo-Nazis, the ACLU influenced public discourse on the limits of content moderation and contributed to the debate over what speech should be protected on platforms.", "quote": "This is how liberal and progressive groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, got caught up defending the rights of neo-Nazis in Charlottesville (Goldstein 2017).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "post-2016 platform era"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns about privacy threats posed by RFID-based systems, advocating for civil liberties.", "quote": "organizations such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have expressed concerns about the kinds of privacy threats made possible by RFID-based systems.", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Expresses concerns and advocates regarding privacy threats and civil liberties issues raised by new technologies like RFID-based systems.", "quote": "organizations such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have expressed concerns about the kinds of privacy threats made possible by RFID-based systems.", "page": "177", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides publications related to teachers' and students' rights concerning censorship.", "quote": "Publications. Atneiican Civil Liberties Union (teachers' and stu- rights).", "page": "174", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Association for Computing Machinery", "aliases": ["Association for Computing Machinery"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["COM", "CoSy", "Discord", "Drones", "Facebook", "Household robots", "LLM", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "academic research", "accountability", "algorithmic transparency", "ethical standards", "free speech", "professional development", "professional ethics", "professional standards", "scientific integrity", "scientific research", "technological development", "technology ethics"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "1980s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "ACM organizes conferences and publishes research, such as the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT), which addresses critical issues in AI ethics and content moderation systems.", "quote": "in 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness Accountability and Transparency, ser. FAccT '22. ACM, Jun. 2022, p. 1504-1515.", "page": "15", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Advancing Embodied Agent Security: From Safety Benchmarks to Input Moderation", "author": "Wang, Ning; Yan, Zihan; Li, Weiyang; Ma, Chuan; Chen, He; Xiang, Tao", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a professional body for computing, ACM organizes and hosts international conferences and publishes proceedings where researchers present work on computer security, including content moderation for large language models and embodied agents, supporting knowledge dissemination and professional development in AI safety.", "quote": "In Proceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communi-cations Security, pages 1151–1165, 2024.", "page": "9", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15699", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Embodied AI systems, particularly drones and household robots", "when": "Post-2020 AI development era"}, {"title": "Let Community Rules Be Reflected in Online Content Moderation", "author": "Xin, Wangjiaxuan; Wang, Kanlun", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes research in various computing fields, including human-computer interaction and web science, thereby shaping research and practice in content moderation and platform governance.", "quote": "Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction", "page": "9", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2022"}, {"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Hosts and publishes proceedings of academic conferences (e.g., Web Science Conference, Human-Computer Interaction CSCW) that disseminate research and discussions on content moderation and social network effects, contributing to the academic and professional discourse around these topics.", "quote": "In 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 187-195.", "page": "", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes academic proceedings (e.g., ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, CSCW) which include research on content moderation practices, thereby shaping academic understanding and discourse.", "quote": "Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (2017), 31.", "page": "27", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}, {"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes statements on algorithmic transparency and accountability, advocating for principles such as 'auditability' to ensure effective oversight of algorithmic systems.", "quote": "The ACM's Statement on Algorithmic Transparency and Accountability... explicitly mentions 'auditability' as a desirable principle.", "page": "4", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Launched a journal dedicated to information quality, providing an international forum for research and discourse on IQ strategies.", "quote": "In 2006, the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) launched this journal.", "page": "309", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Adopted a Code of Professional Conduct in 1973 and 1992, and made computer ethics a required component in undergraduate computer science programs, thereby establishing professional ethical standards.", "quote": "He also headed the development of the first Code of Professional Conduct for the Association for Computing Machinery, which eventually was adopted by the ACM in 1973.", "page": "31", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Effective moderation of computer conferences—notes and suggestions", "author": "MG Brochet", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Establishes and enforces copyright regulations for academic publications, thereby controlling the dissemination and use of content within the computing field.", "quote": "Copyright 1986 ACM 0-89791-208-X/86/0900/0377 $0.75", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/324239.324323", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Computer conferencing systems (e.g., CoSy, COM), particularly at the University of Guelph, Canada, and with European participation", "when": "Mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Avaaz", "aliases": ["Avaaz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "New Zealand", "Pakistan", "South Asia", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "Wikipedia", "YouTube", "e-Democracia portal"], "norms": ["animal welfare", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "business ethics", "democratic integrity", "democratic participation", "platform autonomy", "public discourse quality", "public health", "public interest", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Antiquity to 21st century", "Covid-19 pandemic", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates as a signatory in voluntary codes of conduct, such as the EU's Code of Conduct on Disinformation, committing to measures against misinformation and disinformation and transparent reporting.", "quote": "Como iniciativa mais recente e contando com a adesão de 34 signatários, dentre eles a Adobe, Avaaz, Google, Microsoft, Meta, TikTok, Twitter, a União Europeia promoveu uma revisão do Código de Conduta de 2018, com a edição do Código de Conduta Reforçado Sobre Desinformação.", "page": "83", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Identifies and reports on misinformation and manipulative narratives pushed by small groups on social media platforms that blame specific communities for societal issues.", "quote": "Small groups in India have been successful at pushing narratives blaming Muslims for various societal issues (Avaaz, 2019).", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited in the paper to support arguments regarding legislative principles for combating disinformation and the effectiveness of platform intervention measures, such as content labeling.", "quote": "os adeptos à adoção dessas estratégias de combate à desinformação [...] defendem que se trata do melhor método para eliminar os efeitos da desinformação [...] (Avaaz, 2020).", "page": "16", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}, {"title": "Systematic review: YouTube recommendations and problematic content", "author": "Yesilada, Muhsin; Lewandowsky, Stephan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Avaaz conducted and published a report utilizing social network analysis to identify climate change misinformation within YouTube's recommended videos, acting as a watchdog to highlight content moderation failures.", "quote": "a social network analysis included in a recent report found that 16% of the top 100 videos under the “up next” option related to “global warming” contained misinformation (AVAAZ, 2020).", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/systematic-review-youtube-recommendations-and-problematic-content", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube platform, focusing on its recommender system and problematic content pathways", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "O papel da moderação nas audiências públicas interativas do e-democracia: Entre a promoção do debate eo receio da censura", "author": "MA Pereira, CB Bernardes, ML Vale", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates a civic online platform that facilitates citizen participation and political discussion, serving as an example of non-governmental digital interaction spaces where moderation practices might differ from institutional or commercial platforms.", "quote": "O desenvolvimento destes espaços pode se dar através de iniciativas governamentais como o Participa Mais Brasil (...); cívicas, como o AVAAZ (...); ou da própria iniciativa privada, como o FACEBOOK", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcpol/a/4GcfvZjSXqjbJGKy6whsYNC/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, e-Democracia portal of the Chamber of Deputies", "when": "2009-2021 (focus on 2017-2019 for empirical data)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Commissioned research on the effectiveness of labeling misinformation on social media, thereby contributing to the debate on platform strategies against disinformation.", "quote": "Estudo encomendado pela Avaaz e realizado por Ethan Porter e Tom Wood constatou que informar os usuários de que o conteúdo lido anteriormente era falso fez com que 50% menos deles acreditassem no conteúdo.", "page": "157", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Combate à desinformação na pandemia da Covid-19: ações afirmativas das plataformas digitais", "author": "LM Costa, LB da Nóbrega…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted research on the scale of belief in COVID-19 disinformation in Brazil, Italy, and the United States, and provided a definition of disinformation for public understanding.", "quote": "Uma pesquisa realizada pela Avaaz¹⁰ (associação civil sem fins lucrativos) no Brasil [...] com o objetivo de entender a escala da crença na desinformação sobre o novo coronavírus [...].", "page": "5", "url": "https://ufs.emnuvens.com.br/eptic/article/view/14647", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, WhatsApp), Brazil (global context)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}, {"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Published a report revealing disinformation networks that violate social media policies, identifying tactics like false accounts and coordinated content to amplify harmful messages.", "quote": "In the report ‘Far Right Networks of Deception’, Avaaz (2019) revealed similar patterns that disinformation networks have used in several countries, many of which violate social media policies.", "page": "137", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}, {"title": "Censorship is futile", "author": "Z Nabi", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Engages in online activism by creating and popularizing posters to advocate for specific causes, such as banning trade in lion bones, thus generating public pressure and awareness.", "quote": "the popularity of the online activism portal Avaaz's posters to ban South Africa's lion bone trade [42]", "page": "1", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.0225", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan and Turkey (Internet censorship)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2008-2014)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (CGI.br)", "aliases": ["Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (CGI.br)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "other", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": ["WhatsApp", "online platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "internet development", "internet governance", "multi-stakeholder governance", "multilateral cooperation", "net neutrality", "network neutrality", "non-discrimination", "privacy", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "1990s-2025", "20th-21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Established principles for internet governance and use in Brazil, including defining rules for network neutrality, which influences content flow and moderation practices.", "quote": "O Comitê Gestor da Internet (CGI) editou a Resolução CGI.br/RES/2009/003/P, que estabelece princípios para a governança e uso da internet no Brasil, definindo a respeito da neutralidade que “Filtragem ou privilégios de tráfego devem respeitar apenas critérios técnicos e éticos, não sendo admissíveis motivos políticos, comerciais, religiosos, culturais, ou qualquer outra forma de discriminação ou favorecimento”.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder body, composed predominantly of civil society members, suggested to be responsible for fiscalizing content moderation obligations and applying sanctions for non-compliance.", "quote": "endossamos a sugestão de Luna von Brussel Barroso de que tal função seja atribuída ao Comitê Gestor da Internet, formado majoritariamente por membros da sociedade civil, com um número minoritário de representantes governamentais, uma vez que se trata de órgão especializado, independente e reconhecido internacionalmente.", "page": "136", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Adopts a multi-stakeholder model to establish strategic directives for internet functioning, development, and use in Brazil, influencing national internet governance.", "quote": "A governança da internet no Brasil foi reconhecida internacionalmente por adotar um modelo pluriparticipativo centrado em um Comitê Gestor da Internet (CGI) e, conforme dispõe o Decreto Presidencial n. 4.829/2003, é o responsável pelo estabelecimento de diretrizes estratégicas relacionadas ao funcionamento, ao desenvolvimento e ao uso da Internet.”", "page": "167", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Issued a resolution (Resolução nº 003/2009) establishing principles for internet governance in Brazil, including directives on fighting illicit acts while preserving fundamental rights.", "quote": "O combate a ilícitos na rede deve atingir os responsáveis finais e não os meios de acesso e transporte, sempre preservando os princípios maiores de defesa da liberdade, da privacidade e do respeito aos direitos humanos.", "page": "28", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coordinates the expansion of the internet in Brazil, embracing multilateralism, transparency, and democracy, and dividing attributions with various sectors, including civil society.", "quote": "O comitê concentra o objetivo de coordenar a expansão da internet no Brasil, prezando pela multilateralidade, pela transparência e pela democracia, dividindo atribuições com outros setores.", "page": "116", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}, {"title": "Plataformas no Marco Civil da Internet: a necessidade de uma responsabilidade progressiva baseada em riscos", "author": "DPN Dias, L Belli, N Zingales, W Gaspar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formulated the ten Principles for Internet Governance, which served as a foundation for the Marco Civil da Internet (MCI), influencing its legislative framework regarding platform responsibility.", "quote": "Foi fundamentado no decálogo de Princípios para a Governança da Internet, formulado pelo Comitê Gestor da Internet (CGI).", "page": "4", "url": "https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/931", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Marco Civil da Internet)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically post-2014 MCI enactment)"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes studies and guidelines for self-regulation of digital platforms, and has the authority to request information regarding methodologies used for content detection and intervention.", "quote": "Naquela versão, o Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (CGI.br), órgão de composição multissetorial existente desde 1995, detinha a função de contribuir com estudos e diretrizes para autorregulação das plataformas, além de poder requerer informações a respeito das metodologias utilizadas para a detecção de desconformidades que motivaram a intervenção em contas e conteúdos por terceiros.", "page": "36", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A non-state, multi-stakeholder organization responsible for coordinating and assigning IP addresses and domain names in Brazil; it is proposed as a competent body to oversee the regulated self-regulation system for digital platforms.", "quote": "Um órgão já existente que poderia desempenhar essa função no Brasil é o CGI.br, organização sem personalidade jurídica, responsável por coordenar e atribuir endereços IP em território nacional e por coordenar e registrar nomes de domínio usando o “.br”.", "page": "255", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Practices multi-stakeholder governance for the internet, influencing legislative processes to consolidate these principles and drafting foundational principles for internet governance and use in Brazil.", "quote": "consolidou no país, pela via legislativa, o multissetorialismo já praticado desde a década de 1990 nas atividades do Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (CGI.br).", "page": "3", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Council of Europe", "aliases": ["Council of Europe"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Other", "international organization", "other", "standards body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Belgium", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "British India", "Canada", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Hungary", "India", "Indonesia", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia", "Singapore", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["WhatsApp"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "anti-racism", "cultural understanding", "democratic integrity", "democratic participation", "education", "free speech", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "public order", "quality standards", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "moderator censor", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Produced a report describing the phenomenon of 'informational disorder,' which influences the characterization of false or misleading content, potentially impacting content moderation policies.", "quote": "Sobre o tema desordem informacional, o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, baseado em Relatório do Conselho da Europa, descreve o fenômeno como “[...] qualquer informação ou conteúdo – independentemente do formato, meio de apresentação ou canal de veiculação, seja em texto, áudio, vídeo, notícia ou publicação em rede social – identificado como falso, equivocado, enganoso, impreciso...", "page": "90", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Secretary General of the Council of Europe pressured Hungarian authorities, leading to amendments in the Media Act regarding media freedom.", "quote": "In 2013, amendments to the Media Act were adopted as a result of the pressures from the Secretary General of the Council of Europe on Hungarian authorities (Council of Europe, 2013, paras. 146 &148; Art. 111 A(1) & (3) of the Media Act, consolidated version, 2015).", "page": "155", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "A ciência entre a infodemia e outras narrativas da pós-verdade: desafios em tempos de pandemia", "author": "RCF Giordani, JPG Donasolo…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Council of Europe categorized information disorders (misinformation, disinformation, malinformation) by distinguishing motivations and intentions, providing a legal framework for understanding and addressing the spread of false content.", "quote": "Uma categorização dos transtornos da informação visando distinguir motivações e intenções por meio de enquadramento jurídico foi realizada pelo Council of Europe.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.scielosp.org/article/csc/2021.v26n7/2863-2872/pt/", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms (especially in USA, Europe, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focus on COVID-19 pandemic, 2018-2021)"}, {"title": "Enseigner le débat en classe de LE", "author": "A Renson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Develops influential frameworks and guidelines for language education, such as the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which inform pedagogical practices for teaching communication and participation in regulated public debates, thus influencing educational moderation norms.", "quote": "Conseil de l'Europe (2001). Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues : apprendre, enseigner, évaluer. Unité de politiques linguistiques : Strasbourg.", "page": "48", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/257627", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (survey context); global context for educational resources and debate pedagogy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors press freedom in Europe, publishes reports and warns about its fragility, and issues recommendations to member states regarding safety of press online.", "quote": "Four years after the attack on Charlie Hebdo the 2019 Annual Report of the Council of Europe paints a disturbing picture arguing that press freedom in Europe is more fragile now than at any time since the end of the Cold War", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Through its Secretary General, it issues warnings about the potential for private entities in public-private partnerships to exercise excessive control over online content, advocating for safeguards to protect fundamental rights.", "quote": "el Secretario General del Consejo de Europa advirtió que las entidades privadas en las asociaciones público-privadas probablemente ejercerán un control excesivo sobre el contenido en línea para evitar la responsabilidad por la transmisión de contenido ilegal.", "page": "24", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Defines hate speech through recommendations to member states and initiated the No Hate Speech Movement, setting norms and guidelines for online conduct.", "quote": "The Council of Europe defines hate speech as: \"All forms of expression which disseminate", "page": "incite", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Defined hate speech, providing a framework that influences legal and social moderation standards for member states.", "quote": "The Council of Europe (as cited in Weber, 2009, p. 3) has defined hate speech as covering messages that \"spread", "page": "incite", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Sponsoring history textbook dialogue and cooperation, producing recommendations and guidelines for textbook authors, and disseminating ideas about history teaching.", "quote": "Some of them, notably the Council of Europe and UNESCO, have a proven record of active and influential involvement in this field.", "page": "75", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Dominican Order", "aliases": ["Dominican Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "Europe", "France", "Geneva", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Portugal", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Spanish Americas", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["control over knowledge", "harm reduction", "human dignity", "human equality", "indigenous rights", "institutional authority", "intellectual tradition preservation", "justice", "organizational control", "public morals", "religious adherence", "religious orthodoxy", "religious principles", "religious reform"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censure", "moderación de debates", "moderation philosophy", "moderazione censura", "moderação censura", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["13th century", "13th-14th centuries", "13th–16th century", "13th–17th century", "16th century", "17th–18th century", "Ancient to 20th century", "early modern"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Played a key role in the early medieval Inquisition, providing judges. Later, prominent Dominicans like Michele Ghislieri were central figures in the Congregation of the Index, actively involved in drafting and implementing lists of prohibited books and suppressing heresy.", "quote": "nel corso degli anni Trenta furono nominati i primi giudici inquisitoriali esterni al potere episcopale, presi soprattutto dalle file dell’ordine di San Domenico e a partire dal 1254 anche tra i frati francescani.", "page": "6", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in theological disputes, specifically defending Saint Augustine's doctrines against criticism from other Catholic polemicists, thus contributing to the enforcement of Catholic orthodoxy.", "quote": "This received replies from the Dominican Jacques-Hyacinthe Serry (Divus Augustinus summus Praedestinationis et gratiae a calumnia vindicatus, 1704)... in saving Augustine from Launoy.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}, {"title": "Uma proposta crítico-discursivo-filológica de análise da censura: emendas inquisitoriais na edição de 1586 da Compilação de todas as obras de Gil Vicente", "author": "ACS Ferreira", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Dominican Order was chosen to be responsible for the censorship of books by the Holy Office due to its recognized erudition and deep knowledge of Catholic doctrine, with its members acting as censors.", "quote": "Não é acaso que, pela conceituada erudição e profundo conhecimento da doutrina católica, escolheu-se a ordem dos dominicanos para responsabilizar-se pela censura de livros do Santo Ofício.", "page": "118", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-26052020-213733/en.php", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Challenged the brutality of the encomienda system and forced conversion of indigenous peoples in the Americas, influencing papal pronouncements on indigenous rights.", "quote": "...In 1511, a year after the Dominicans arrived in the colonies, a friar of the order, Antonio Montesino, had given a ground-breaking sermon addressed to the settlers and encomenderos.", "page": "102", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Served as licensers who determined what was permissible in astronomical thought, contributing to Galileo's imprisonment for views contrary to their interpretation of doctrine; also noted for rivalry with Jesuits.", "quote": "the famous Galileo grown old, a prisner to the Inquisition, for thinking in Astronomy otherwise then the Franciscan and Dominican licencers thought.", "page": "43", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "“Todas las gentes del mundo son hombres” El gran debate entre Fray Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566) y Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1490-1573)“All the …", "author": "AM Sánchez", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Initiated public debate and denouncement of the cruelties of the conquest of the Americas through sermons, advocating for the rights and conversion of indigenous people through peaceful means, thereby influencing royal policy and intellectual discourse on justice.", "quote": "Esta voz, dijo él, que todos estáis en pecado mortal y en él vivís y morís, por la crueldad y tiranía que usáis con estas inocentes gentes.", "page": "5", "url": "https://jorgecaceresr.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/el-debate-entre-las-casas-y-sepulveda.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and the Spanish Americas", "when": "16th century (1511–1573)"}, {"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Engaged in self-reform to elevate the moral and spiritual standards of their members, with individuals within the order denouncing vices and influencing calls for broader ecclesiastical reform.", "quote": "Ces mouvements de refondation des ordres, perceptibles tout par- ticulièrement chez les franciscains et les dominicains, furent en large part tributaires de l'influence des fraticelli et de l'œuvre de Savonarole.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}, {"title": "La censure dans les universités médiévales (note critique)", "author": "Boureau, Alain", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The Dominican Order exercised internal control over its members' intellectual output, for example, by having its Master General request examinations of suspicious propositions. They actively defended and promoted specific theological doctrines, such as the Thomistic view, often in opposition to other schools of thought.", "quote": "ainsi, quand Jean de Verceil, le maître général de l'ordre dominicain, demande à Thomas d'Aquin, vers 1265, d'examiner une liste de 108 propositions suspectes dans l'œuvre de son confrère Pierre de Tarentaise...", "page": "319", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900043110/type/journal_article", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Medieval Universities (Paris, Oxford)", "when": "13th-14th centuries"}, {"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Through their General Chapters, the Dominicans issued repeated orders for friars to surrender alchemical writings for destruction and to erase condemned errors from their personal texts. They also mandated the promotion and defense of Thomas d'Aquin's thought among their members.", "quote": "Pas moins de trois Chapitres généraux dominicains (1273, 1287 et 1289) intimèrent aux frères de restituer aux supérieurs les écrits d'alchimie qui tomberaient entre leurs mains, tandis que seul le Chapitre de 1321 ordonna de les détruire personnellement.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}]}, {"name": "International Fact-Checking Network", "aliases": ["International Fact-Checking Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Standards body", "Watchdog/transparency group", "fact-checker coalition", "professional body", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Asia", "Brazil", "Eastern Europe", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "fairness", "impartiality", "information integrity", "journalistic ethics", "journalistic integrity", "non-partisanship", "professionalism", "transparency", "verifiability"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "content moderator", "moderador de debate", "moderação de conteúdo", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Covid-19 pandemic", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Certifies fact-checking initiatives like Nepal Fact Check, ensuring adherence to global fact-checking standards.", "quote": "Nepal Fact Check, an International Fact-Checking Network-certified fact-checking initiative.", "page": "169", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Certifies fact-checking initiatives like Nepal Fact Check, setting international standards for combating misinformation.", "quote": "The difference in the pattern according to provinces is evident in the fact-checks conducted by Nepal Fact Check, an International Fact-Checking Network-certified fact-checking initiative.", "page": "169", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "The WEIRD governance of fact-checking and the politics of content moderation", "author": "Vinhas, Otávio; Bastos, Marco", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Standardizes fact-checking practices by establishing a code of practice with standards of transparency and nonpartisanship among practitioners, influencing organizations and connecting them with funding partners.", "quote": "Fact-checking practices are standardized by the International Fact-checking Network (IFCN), a US-based association run by the Poynter Institute that connects fact-checkers with funding partners, including social platforms. The IFCN was pivotal in extricating professional fact-checking from activism by establishing standards of transparency and nonpartisanship among practitioners, a code of practice that influenced organizations beyond their body of signatories...", "page": "9", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Non-WEIRD countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe) on social media platforms (Meta/Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics", "author": "Shir-Raz, Yaffa; Elisha, Ety; Martin, Brian; Ronel, Natti; Guetzkow, Josh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Coordinates third-party fact-checkers for platforms like Facebook and YouTube, whose fact-checking processes rely on partnerships under its umbrella, thereby facilitating content moderation and labeling.", "quote": "The British Medical Journal has revealed that Facebook and YouTube's \"fact-checking\"\" process relies on partnerships with third-party fact-checkers", "page": "convened under the umbrella of the International Fact-Checking Network (Clarke 2021).\"", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple Western democracies and global social media platforms", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020-2022)"}, {"title": "Wisdom of two crowds: Misinformation moderation on reddit and how to improve this process---A case study of COVID-19", "author": "L Bozarth, J Im, C Quarles, C Budak", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The IFCN is mentioned as a source of large datasets of verified COVID-19 claims, indicating its role in collecting, standardizing, and making fact-checked information available for use in misinformation detection efforts.", "quote": "Currently, there are two large datasets of verified COVID-19 claims extensively used in related work: IFCN [7, 51, 74] and Google Fact Check Tools [13, 26].", "page": "13", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3579631", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (post-2020 platform era)"}, {"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Forms coalitions to combat misinformation by preparing and deploying fact-based alternative accounts.", "quote": "Organizations such as the International Fact-Checking Network or the World Health Organization often form coalitions in the pursuit of this endeavour.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Combate à desinformação na pandemia da Covid-19: ações afirmativas das plataformas digitais", "author": "LM Costa, LB da Nóbrega…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with platforms (Facebook and WhatsApp) to fact-check content, establishes rules and ethical principles for fact-checking, and receives financial investment from platforms to expand its reach in combating disinformation.", "quote": "A empresa anunciou em seu site o investimento de 1 milhão de dólares na International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)¹⁸ para aumentar o alcance de sua atuação na checagem de informações durante a pandemia.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ufs.emnuvens.com.br/eptic/article/view/14647", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, WhatsApp), Brazil (global context)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}, {"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Connects and supports fact-checking initiatives globally, setting standards and promoting verification efforts to combat disinformation across different countries.", "quote": "La presente comunicación analiza la estrategia y modelo de negocio de los proyectos independientes de España y Latinoamérica de la red de verificadores de la International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN).", "page": "172", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Certifies independent third-party fact-checkers who partner with internet platforms, and establishes a Code of Principles to ensure non-partisanship, fairness, transparency, and accuracy in their fact-checking work.", "quote": "Since 2016, Facebook has \"partner[ed] with independent third-party fact-checkers globally who are certified through the non-partisan International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN).\"\"\"", "page": "97", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)", "aliases": ["International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "fact-checker coalition", "fact-checker coalition / professional body", "fact-checker coalitions", "professional body, watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Kenya", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Facebook Messenger", "Google", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "Reddit", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Twitch", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "internet forums"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "fairness", "impartiality", "information integrity", "information quality", "neutrality", "non-partisanship", "professional standards", "transparency", "trust in information"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderation", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modérateur des médias", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Literacia e Jornalismo no combate à desinformação1", "author": "EW dos Santos–SANTOS", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The IFCN helps standardize the classification of disinformation by creating and promoting labels that differentiate types of misinformation used in analyzed content, thereby supporting fact-checking efforts.", "quote": "Elas fazem parte da Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), um órgão que ajudou a criar etiquetas que diferenciam qual tipo de desinformação está sendo usada no material analisado pelos checadores.", "page": "7", "url": "https://sistemas.intercom.org.br/pdf/submissao/nacional/17/06282024110651667ec37b0cb88.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet, social networks, global context with a focus on Brazil, USA, and European Union legislative efforts.", "when": "21st century, focusing on the post-2010 digital era and contemporary legislative debates."}, {"title": "Ethical scaling for content moderation: Extreme speech and the (in)significance of artificial intelligence", "author": "Udupa, Sahana; Maronikolakis, Antonis; Wisiorek, Axel", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides international standards for fact-checking. The AI4Dignity project leveraged these standards to guide its collaboration with fact-checkers and ensure their autonomy and ethical engagement in content annotation.", "quote": "We built on international standards for fact-checking by collaborating with participants affiliated to the International Fact-Checkers' Network or involved in civil society peace activism and ensured that they were not employed directly by commercial social media companies or political parties.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517231172424", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Germany, India, Kenya (online social media platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Ethical scaling for content moderation: Extreme speech and the (in) significance of artificial intelligence", "author": "S Udupa, A Maronikolakis, A Wisiorek", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The project built on international standards for fact-checking by collaborating with participants affiliated with this network, implying the network sets or promotes these standards for its affiliates.", "quote": "We built on international standards for fact-checking by collaborating with participants affiliated to the International Fact-Checkers' Network or involved in civil society peace activism...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20539517231172424", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Germany, India, Kenya (social media platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Defines procedures and standards for external fact-checking, which can be adopted by social media platforms as a determination process for applying content labels.", "quote": "Determination process is the internal (or external in the case of the International Fact Check Network) procedure for determining what kind of label is appropriate for the content.", "page": "15", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Establishes an international code of principles and conduct for fact-checking organizations, ensuring transparency and impartiality in their work, which influences how misinformation is addressed online.", "quote": "a agência “Aos Fatos” é signatária de um código internacional de princípios e condutas estabelecido pela IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network), cujo objetivo é certificar seus leitores “de que terão acesso a um material desenvolvido por um veículo apartidário e comprometido com a transparência de suas atividades”.", "page": "172", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Shadow ban: l'invisibilisation des contenus en ligne", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook partners with this network, employing journalists who are members of IFCN to evaluate the reliability of information. This evaluation determines the visibility of publications on Facebook's news feeds, thus influencing content moderation.", "quote": "Le principe de ce partenariat est d'embaucher au sein de rédactions reconnues des journalistes membres de l'International Fact-Checking Network, afin d'évaluer des publications qui leur sont signalées en leur attribuant une note de fiabilité.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2111_0075?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Baïdu) with specific examples in USA, France, and China; also early bulletin board systems and internet forums.", "when": "1980s to early 2020s, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era."}, {"title": "Inteligencia Artificial, algoritmos y libertad de expresión", "author": "ME Larrondo, NM Grandi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with Facebook to review and qualify the accuracy of articles and publications. When these organizations classify content as false, Facebook significantly reduces its visibility on the News Feed to combat misinformation.", "quote": "Estos verificadores de datos serían independientes ya que, apunta, están certificados a través de la Red Internacional de Verificación de Datos no partidista. Así, cuando esas organizaciones califican algún contenido como falso, Facebook clasifica significativamente como más baja a esa historia en el News Feed.", "page": "14", "url": "https://revistas.ups.edu.ec/index.php/universitas/article/view/34.2021.08", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook), international legal and human rights context, with specific country examples (Argentina, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates (2018-2021)"}, {"title": "La mésinformation sur les plateformes de médias sociaux et dans différents pays", "author": "S Boulianne, S Belland, C Tenove, K Friesen", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Establishes standards and connects fact-checking organizations globally, promoting methodological consistency and collaboration in the fight against misinformation.", "quote": "L'AFP et PolitiFact sont tous deux membres du réseau international de vérification des faits (International Fact-Checking Network).", "page": "11", "url": "https://roam.macewan.ca/bitstreams/80141aee-096d-4884-a35f-afad5973709a/download", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, France, Royaume-Uni (UK), et États-Unis (USA), social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Reddit, Facebook Messenger, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitch, TikTok)", "when": "2019–2021 (with references to post-2016 platform era)"}, {"title": "Bias Misperceived:The Role of Partisanship and Misinformation in YouTube Comment Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The IFCN acts as a standards body by confirming the non-partisan, fair, and transparent status of fact-checking organizations like Snopes and PolitiFact, thereby establishing and upholding credibility standards for misinformation assessment.", "quote": "Our credibility labels are drawn from Snopes and PolitiFact, which are both confirmed by the International Fact-Checking Network to be non-partisan, fair, and transparent (Poynter 2018).", "page": "8", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3229", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2016-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)", "aliases": ["Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO", "Standards body", "community/collective", "foundation", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube", "digital communication platforms"], "norms": ["accountability", "cyber security", "cybersecurity", "democratic integrity", "digital infrastructure integrity", "dispute resolution", "internet access", "internet stability", "internet standards", "market competition", "network security", "network stability", "open internet"], "topics": ["censorship", "content regulation", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderação", "moderação de mídia", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "1990s-2025", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Developed, in conjunction with WIPO, the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP), providing a rapid, economic, and global mechanism for online dispute resolution regarding cybersquatting.", "quote": "Em conjunto com a ICANN, a WIPO desenvolveu a Política de Resolução de Disputas de Nomes de Domínio Uniforme (UDRP) por meio de uma série de painéis consultivos internacionais independentes que representam diferentes partes interessadas ao redor do mundo.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}, {"title": "One style does not regulate all: Moderation practices in public and private WhatsApp groups", "author": "F Shahid, D Agarwal, A Vashistha", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Proposed by a UN working group, ICANN was designed to manage internet-related public policy issues, including ensuring the internet remains competitive, secure, and stable. Its role in governing the internet's naming systems indirectly influences the regulatory landscape for dominant platforms.", "quote": "The United Nations Working Group on Internet Governance, back in 2005, had proposed models to create three new bodies (the Global Internet Policy Council or GIPC, the World Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers or ICANN and the Global Internet Governance Forum or GIGF) to manage internet-related public policy issues and ensuring that the internet stays competitive, secure,", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3711042", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "India, with global context of platform regulation", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Manages the coordination of global Internet's systems of unique identifiers, specifically regarding names and addresses, ensuring stable and secure operation of the network.", "quote": "A Fundação Nacional de Ciência dos Estados Unidos, responsável até então pela gestão do sistema de nomes e domínios, repassou a gestão a uma empresa privada, o que não foi bem-visto pelos demais países, organismos internacionais e a própria comunidade de usuários, culminando na criação da Corporação da Internet para Atribuição de Nomes e Números, em 1998 (KURBALIJA, 2016, p. 7).", "page": "109", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Ensures the stable and secure operation of the Internet’s unique identifier systems, resisting political pressure (e.g., to withdraw the .ru domain) to maintain global interoperability and neutrality.", "quote": "“Essentially, ICANN has been built to ensure that the Internet works, not for its coordina tion role to be used to stop it from working.”", "page": "49", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "Internet regulation as media policy: Rethinking the question of digital communication platform governance", "author": "Flew, Terry; Martin, Fiona; Suzor, Nicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "ICANN participates in Internet governance through its role in governing domain name registration. Debates around its autonomy versus intergovernmental control highlight its foundational influence on the structure and management of the internet, which indirectly impacts the potential for content control and accessibility.", "quote": "The proposal that governance of domain name registration should shift from inter- national non-government organizations such as ICANN to more representa- tive international organizations such as the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)... was strongly rejected by both the US government and the leading United States-based digital platform companies, notably Google (Schemeil 2012).", "page": "45", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp.10.1.33_1", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on digital communication platforms and national/regional regulatory responses", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, particularly post-2016"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Oversees critical technical functions of the global Internet, particularly domain name systems, serving as a precedent for an independent, multistakeholder model for internet governance beyond direct state control.", "quote": "ICANN is a US-based non-profit corporation which oversees a number of critical technical functions which underlie the global Internet, particularly managing the generic Top-Level Domain name system (gTLD) and the country code Top-Level Domain name system (ccTLD).", "page": "73", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates different aspects of the Internet, ensuring standards relating to Internet Protocols (IP) and domain names for unique identification.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "476", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates critical technical aspects of the Internet, such as IP addresses and domain names, to ensure its functionality and uniqueness.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)... coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "486", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Manages the Domain Name System (DNS), assigning unique numbers and names to machines on the Internet, and supervises global regulatory functions, often being subject to debates about its accountability and democratic governance.", "quote": "ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) – a corporation that has typically been the subject of heated controversies about accountability and democratic governance of the Internet.", "page": "45", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society", "aliases": ["Internet Society", "The Internet Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "global Internet governance charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Equatorial Guinea", "Europe", "France", "Gabon", "Germany", "Global", "Latin America", "Maghreb", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "decentralization", "digital inclusion", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "internet access", "internet development", "internet openness", "linguistic diversity", "public good", "technological reliability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderation", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reports on Internet shutdowns through its Pulse initiative, providing data and analysis that inform the understanding of Internet disruptions.", "quote": "Internet Society Pulse. Internet Shutdowns. https://pulse.internetsociety.org/shutdowns, 2021.", "page": "10", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its 'Request for Comments (RFC) mechanism' is highlighted as encapsulating a philosophy of decentralized internet governance in the context of the Handle System's development.", "quote": "Comme le note Musiani, le dispositif de « commentaires » RFC, du fait de son ouverture à toute partie prenante, encapsule à lui seul l’un des « fondements philosophiques » d’une gouvernance décentralisée de l’internet (Musiani, 2019 : 13).", "page": "110", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted research on intermediary liability laws in Latin America.", "quote": "La investigación de Internet Society demostró que, entre Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, México, Venezuela y República Dominicana, solamente Brasil tiene una ley específica para responsabilidad de intermediarios en línea.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Balboa: Bobbing and Weaving around Network Censorship", "author": "Rosen, Marc B; Parker, James; Malozemoff, Alex J", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes academic research related to censorship circumvention, such as papers presented at its Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS), contributing to the academic understanding and development of resistance tools.", "quote": "The use of TLS in censorship circumvention. In Network and Distributed System Security. The Internet Society, 2019.", "page": "15", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet / Network communication", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides commentary and analysis on internet governance, including discussions around the effectiveness and transparency of content moderation efforts by industry groups like GIFCT.", "quote": "Andrew Sullivan, Looking the GIFCT in the Mouth, Internet Soc'r (Oct. 11, 2019), https://www.internetsociety.org/blog/2019/10/looking-the-gifct-in-the-mouth/", "page": "22", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Criticized NetzDG due to concerns about its implications for freedom of expression and an open internet.", "quote": "Other critics included Wikimedia Deutschland, the Internet Society, and the German Startups Association.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Médias sociaux et ethnicité en Afrique", "author": "V RIVRON", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Internet Society sensitizes and organizes actions aimed at promoting linguistic diversity and multilingualism within the cyberspace.", "quote": "différents acteurs, réunis par exemple sous la houlette de l'Internet Society... sensibilisent et organisent des actions pour promouvoir la “diversité linguistique et le multilinguisme dans le cyberespace”.", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QIdmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=mod%C3%A9rateur+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=dtCFSvFwEp&sig=tXYZWNJGyD-rlrZ83UO79wFBi4E", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea) and its diaspora, on Facebook", "when": "Post-2009 platform era"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Acts as an umbrella organization for Internet standardization bodies (IAB, IESG, IETF) and advocates for the open development, evolution, and use of the Internet.", "quote": "Its mission is “to assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world.”", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition; NetMundial+10 High-Level Executive Committee (HLEC); OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Internet Society publishes the Global Internet Report and policy materials, runs capacity-building programs and courses, funds and supports national/regional Internet governance events, and collaborates with IETF and ICANN to shape multi-stakeholder governance and technical standards.", "quote": "Internet Society explicitly promotes Internet governance, influences Internet law, advances online trust & safety, and participates in multistakeholder processes (IGF, ICANN collaboration), engaging directly with platform governance and related policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetsociety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "John S. and James L. Knight Foundation", "aliases": ["John S. and James L. Knight Foundation", "The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["data governance", "democratic integrity", "diversity and inclusion", "free speech", "harm reduction", "informed public", "political discourse", "public discourse", "public good", "public information", "scientific research"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "COVID-19 pandemic", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides grant funding for research, including the work presented in this commentary, which advocates for improving AI content moderation in low-resource languages.", "quote": "This work is made possible through a grant from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. The Center for Democracy & Technology receives roughly two-fifths of its funding...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "Evaluating the Efficacy of Facebook’s Vaccine Misinformation Content Removal Policies", "author": "Broniatowski, David A; Gu, Jiayan; Jamison, Amelia M; Abroms, Lorien C", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides financial support for academic research on data, democracy, and politics, which indirectly contributes to the public understanding and evaluation of online content moderation policies.", "quote": "Funding: The John S. and James L. Knight Foundation through the GW Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics (DAB, LCA)", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "2019–2021, platform era"}, {"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Funds and conducts research into media and information issues, including studies on source attribution and public trust, to inform content labeling strategies and promote an informed citizenry.", "quote": "The Knight Foundation and Gallup (2018) have also done research into the importance of attributing the sources of news articles, finding that sources that tend to be perceived as having partisan agendas will often be rated as less trustworthy", "page": "7", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "We gratefully acknowledge that the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides grants to projects, including academic research, related to technology, governance, and public discourse.", "quote": "This project was supported in part by grants from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Nebraska Governance and Technology Center's Summer Grant Program 2020.", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Online hate network spreads malicious COVID-19 content outside the control of individual social media platforms", "author": "Velásquez, N.; Leahy, R.; Restrepo, N. Johnson; Lupu, Y.; Sear, R.; Gabriel, N.; Jha, O. K.; Goldberg, B.; Johnson, N. F.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The foundation provides funding to academic institutions and researchers, indirectly supporting studies that analyze online hate, misinformation, and the dynamics of data, democracy, and politics.", "quote": "N.V., R.L. N.J.R. and N.F.J. are partially funded by Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics (IDDP) through the Knight Foundation.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89467-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "early COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2020)"}, {"title": "Third-Person Effect and Hate Speech Censorship on Facebook", "author": "Guo, Lei; Johnson, Brett G.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funds and conducts surveys and research on issues related to free expression and media, including attitudes of students towards diversity, inclusion, and freedom of expression on college campuses, thereby influencing public debate and policy.", "quote": "a 2018 survey by the Knight Foundation found that American university students, especially females, Blacks, and democrats, tend to favor promoting diversity and inclusion on college campuses over protecting the right to freedom of expression", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120923003", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "Contemporary (2010s, focusing on 2017 data)"}, {"title": "Competing Norms of Free Expression and Political Tolerance", "author": "Chong, Dennis; Levy, Morris", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supports and disseminates research, such as reports containing polls on college students' attitudes towards free speech, thereby influencing discussions and norm-setting regarding free expression on campuses.", "quote": "The report is available at https://www.knightfoundation.org/media/uploads/publication_pdfs/FreeSpeech_campus.pdf.", "page": "28", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692750", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, universities", "when": "Mid-20th century to present (1950s-2018)"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Funds projects aimed at identifying questionable content, thereby supporting efforts to improve information quality and trustworthiness.", "quote": "PBS's NewsTracker.org, a new project funded by the Knight Foundation, is also using shared characteristics to identify signals to identify that content may be questionable or untrustworthy...", "page": "13", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability", "aliases": ["Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group (via its creation by CSOs)"], "countries": ["Australia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "China", "Colombia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "New Zealand", "North America", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "fair regulation", "free speech", "human rights", "innovation", "intermediary liability", "platform autonomy", "platform liability", "proportionality", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Establishing principles for intermediary liability to protect freedom of expression online, advocating against delegating content regulation to platforms.", "quote": "In this view, governments should not delegate online content regulation and enforcement to platforms, and platforms should not be entrusted with decisions about illegal content.", "page": "20", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An initiative sponsored by civil society organizations from various countries, advocating for intermediary liability regimes that protect fundamental rights, especially freedom of expression.", "quote": "Tal como os já mencionados Princípios de Santa Clara, trata-se de uma iniciativa patrocinada por organizações da sociedade civil de diversos países, as quais militam pela proteção de direitos fundamentais no ambiente digital, em especial a liberdade de expressão.", "page": "123", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A framework developed by civil society organizations that provides specific recommendations for social media companies' content restriction practices, advocating that they comply with human rights law, necessity, and proportionality.", "quote": "Civil society has made specific recommendations on social media companies' responsibility to respect international human rights standards. For instance, the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability state that companies' content restriction practices should comply with the tests of necessity and proportionality under human rights law (Principle 4)...", "page": "19", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides recommendations, based on international human rights instruments, for intermediary liability laws, advocating for legal protection for online intermediaries from responsibility for third-party content, unless they directly interfere or defy judicial orders, emphasizing due process.", "quote": "Destaca-se nesse cenário a Manila Principles, de 2015, que foi editada com o objetivo propor medidas que garantam o direito à liberdade de expressão, a partir de recomendações baseadas em instrumentos de direitos humanos internacionais, assim como em outros marcos internacionais legais (Electronic Frontier Foundation et al., 2015).", "page": "65", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides a framework of principles to guide policy discussions on intermediary liability, aiming to protect freedom of expression online from overbroad liability rules for user-generated content.", "quote": "\"Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability\"\"6\"", "page": "39", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides guidelines for policymakers and intermediaries to promote free expression and discourage unreasonable suppression of user content through principles of necessity and proportionality.", "quote": "The Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability are designed to guide “policymakers and intermediaries when developing, adopting, and reviewing legislation, policies and practices that govern the liability of intermediaries for third-party content.”", "page": "15", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A global civil society initiative that sets out principles and norms to promote freedom of expression and innovation in relation to intermediary liability on the internet.", "quote": "the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (MAP)—a global civil society initiative to promote freedom of expression and innovation—would be represented in this section", "page": "8", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Launched by a coalition of civil society organizations, these guidelines delineate when states may impose liability on intermediaries, advocating for immunity from strict liability for third-party content and judicial oversight for content removal.", "quote": "Based on the principles articulated by La Rue among others, in 2015 a coalition of civil society organizations launched the Manila Principles, a collection of guidelines based on human rights law that delineate when states may impose liability on intermediaries.", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed by global digital rights organizations, articulating that intermediaries should not have legal liability for third-party content and advocating for transparent and due process content restriction requests.", "quote": "In 2014 and 2015, a group of global digital rights organisations developed the 'Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability', which articulate the position that intermediaries (internet service providers (ISPs), social networks, and hosting platforms) should not have legal liability over third-party content, and that content restriction requests should be transparent and respect due process.", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Brotherhood", "aliases": ["Muslim Brotherhood", "The Muslim Brotherhood"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association / social movement", "social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Egypt", "Europe", "Global", "Gulf countries", "Indonesia", "Jordan", "Latin America", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Middle East", "Morocco", "Palestine", "South Asia", "Southeast Asia", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "political expression", "religious governance", "religious norms", "religious orthodoxy", "religious politics", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "debate moderation", "moderación", "moderación de debates", "moderation"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "New Order and Reform Era", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist parties, intraparty organizational dynamics, and moderation as strategic behaviour", "author": "FM Wuthrich, S Ciftci", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its well-established mission and ideological framework, rooted in specific beliefs about Shari'a, restricts the strategic flexibility of its political representative (the Freedom and Justice Party), thereby influencing the party's capacity for political moderation.", "quote": "Thus, while the Muslim Brothers' political wing evidenced a movement whose political behaviour demonstrated a willingness to play by the rules, it was still beholden to an SMO, whose spokesman was simultaneously pronouncing: ‘We created a party to serve our ideas and wider mission. This is a matter of belief and we can never abandon it. The Shari'a is what God handed down to the people as a source of guidance'.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629395.2020.1790165", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Turkey, Morocco)", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (1969–2018)"}, {"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promoted an ideological Islamic understanding that aimed to formalize sharia, with its activities monitored by state intelligence for potentially conflicting ideologies.", "quote": "a conflicting understanding of religion such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), the Indonesian Mujahidin Council (MMI), Laskar Jihad, and the Muslim Brotherhood, among others, who want to formalize the sharia", "page": "15", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}, {"title": "La Teoría de la Inclusión/Moderación como puerta hacia el Populismo Islámico: El caso de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egipto, Palestina, Jordania y Siria)", "author": "Priego, Alberto", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Under conditions of political competitiveness and globalization, the Muslim Brotherhood moderates its traditional religious program and discourse to broaden its appeal and mobilize diverse social sectors, transforming into an Islamic populist movement that frames itself as an incorrupt alternative to corrupt elites by adopting previous populist narratives and focusing on social justice issues.", "quote": "El inicio de este proceso se daría con la percepción de que el sistema político en el que viven los Hermanos Musulmanes se abre a la competencia o que al menos es \"formalmente competitivo\"\" lo que llevaría a la organización a moderar sus postulados para alcanzar el poder.\"", "page": "7", "url": "https://institucional.us.es/revistas/Araucaria/Vol-21-41/MII-7._Priego.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Syria", "when": "2000-2015"}, {"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Historically, focused on changing Egyptian society through conservative socio-religious norms. During the Mubarak period, a reformist faction pushed for political participation through alliances or independent candidates. In the post-Spring era, it strategically utilized its subsidiary FJP to influence the political transition, but was subsequently banned.", "quote": "Socio-religiously orthodox and politically conservative members who, for decades, dominated the MB's leading Guidance Council (Maktab al-Irshad), did not show much interest in political participation throughout the Mubarak period, rather focussing on changing Egyptian society in the way of acceding to conservative socio-religious norms.", "page": "7", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}, {"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Historically, the Muslim Brotherhood moderated its discourse towards democracy during periods of repression. However, when in power after the Arab Spring, it adopted an exclusionary and majoritarian approach, using the principle of 'maslaha' (public interest) to justify authoritarian interventions over individual rights and liberties, ultimately leading to de-moderation and political failure.", "quote": "Interestingly enough, given its long record in politics, not participation and inclusion but instead repression seems to have worked to moderate the Ikhwan so that it pursued a more democratic discourse in the midst of repression during the 2000s.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}, {"title": "Religious parties: Revisiting the inclusion-moderation hypothesis<sup>1</sup> - Introduction", "author": "Brocker, Manfred; Künkler, Mirjam", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Despite lacking a hierarchical structure, its influential transnational network allows it to exert a moderating impact on individual Islamic political parties that associate with or invoke it.", "quote": "A similar case may be the Muslim Brotherhood, which, although lacking a hierarchical structure, is influential because of its transnational network: it too could have a moderating impact on individual parties that invoke it.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068812473673", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries across Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Middle East, and Southeast Asia, focusing on religious parties.", "when": "19th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Engaged in cybercampaigns in Egypt despite being technically illegal, using the internet for political activism while being closely monitored by the state.", "quote": "the Muslim Brotherhood, which, while technically illegal, engaged in cybercampaigns but whose activities are closely monitored.", "page": "15", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}, {"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Received political and financial support from Qatar in Egypt, participating in the struggle for power during the Arab Spring.", "quote": "El apoyo qatarí a los Hermanos Musulmanes ha sido desde hace décadas, una cuestión de tensión entre Arabia Saudí y Qatar.", "page": "163", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}, {"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Its leaders engaged in internal debates about whether democratic participation and cooperation with ideological rivals (communists, socialists) could be justified on Islamic grounds, leading to shifts towards more pluralist and inclusive positions over time.", "quote": "The Muslim Brotherhood leaders within the party first struggled with whether participation in democratic institutions could be justified on Islamic grounds, and they decided it could be justified with reference to notions such as shura (consultation) and ijma (consensus). But that decision led the newly established (in 1992) Islamic Action Front face questions of cooperation with ideological rivals, such as communists and socialists.", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Prager University", "aliases": ["Prager University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "due process", "educational content", "free inquiry", "free speech", "media neutrality", "political advocacy", "political ideology", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed suit against YouTube (Google) for classifying its videos as restricted and demonetizing them, arguing a violation of First Amendment rights and advocating for conservative viewpoints.", "quote": "Prager University est une organisation à but non lucratif qui édite des vidéos visant à promouvoir les points de vue conservateurs sur les questions politiques et sociales auprès d’un public de lycéens et d’étudiants. Elle reprochait à YouTube d’avoir méconnu le Premier amendement en classant cer taines de ses vidéos en mode restreint et en en démonétisant d’autres.", "page": "82", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "Libertà di espressione e social network, tra nuovi “spazi pubblici” e “poteri privati”. Spunti di comparazione", "author": "Bassini, Marco", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It litigated against YouTube's decision to place its published content in a restricted access area, seeking a ruling that this platform should be considered a state actor and its moderation practices contrary to the First Amendment.", "quote": "far qualificare YouTube alla stregua di uno state actor onde ottenere una pronuncia che dichiarasse contraria al Primo Emendamento la scelta da questi operata di collocare alcuni contenuti pubblicati dalla Prager University sul proprio canale in un'area ad accesso riservato", "page": "9", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0039", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "US, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Deplatformed: Social Network Censorship, The First Amendment, and the Argument to Amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act", "author": "LoNigro, John A", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produces and disseminates educational content (videos) that has been subjected to 'demonetizing' (censorship) by YouTube, which limits its reach and revenue, thus challenging platform content moderation policies.", "quote": "Prager University, a not-for-profit conservative organization, was a victim of YouTube's vague terms of service, resulting in videos titled 'Why America Must Lead,' 'The Ten Commandments: Do Not Murder,' and 'Why Did America Fight the Korean War' demonetized (i.e., barred from accepting advertisements).", "page": "8", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States (social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018-2021)"}, {"title": "BUSCADORES E REDES SOCIAIS: LIMITES DA MODERAÇÃO E DA LIBERDADE EDITORIAL DOS PROVEDORES DE APLICAÇÕES NA INTERNET", "author": "Pinheiro, Alexandre Pereira; Pinheiro, Guilherme", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Accused YouTube of restricting and demonetizing its educational videos, effectively limiting their reach and classifying some content inappropriately, participating in legal and public challenges against platform moderation practices.", "quote": "canais de conteúdo como Prager University 6 têm acusado o Youtube de excluir e desmonetizar seus vídeos. A Prager processou o Youtube por listar constantemente os vídeos do canal como conteúdo restrito...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.estudosinstitucionais.com/REI/article/view/520", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States, Brazil, European Union, Global Internet Platforms", "when": "mid-1990s to 2020"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression, Social Media Censorship, and Property Rights", "author": "Slutskiy, Pavel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Litigated against YouTube, arguing that the platform should be treated as a public space and therefore be subject to broader First Amendment free speech guarantees.", "quote": "the conservative video producer Prager University, argued that YouTube and other services were effectively public spaces that should have to abide by broader First Amendment guarantees.", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/890", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "LA MODERATION PAR LES PLATEFORMES PORTE-T-ELLE ATTEINTE A LA LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION ? REFLEXIONS A PARTIR DES APPROCHES ETATS- UNIENNE (ZHANG V BAIDU.COM, 2014) ET ITALIENNE (CASAPOUND CONTRO FACEBOOK, 2019)", "author": "Auriel, Pierre; Lyon, Université Jean Moulin; de Lyon, Philosophiques; Unger, Mathilde", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Accused YouTube (Google) of censoring its videos and imposing age restrictions, arguing in court that YouTube acts as a state actor performing a \"public function\"\" by hosting public content.\"", "quote": "Dans cette affaire, une association qui œuvre pour la diffusion de points de vue conservateurs dans le débat public accuse Youtube d'avoir censuré plusieurs de ses vidéos, en soumettant leur accès à une condition d'âge.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Baidu, Facebook), USA, Italy", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific cases from 2014 and 2019"}, {"title": "Soluzioni tradizionali per piattaforme moderne: la state action (non) mostra i segni del tempo", "author": "D Zecca", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "PragerU engaged in litigation against YouTube and Google, accusing them of censoring its content by categorizing videos as 'restricted access' and demonetizing them, thereby infringing on its freedom of expression under the First Amendment and violating false advertising laws.", "quote": "PragerU ha dunque citato in giudizio YouTube e la sua società controllante Google per non aver garantito all'organizzazione stessa la libertà di manifestazione del pensiero di cui essa gode a norma del I emendamento alla Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.medialaws.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/RDM_2_2020-Zecca.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020"}, {"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Creates short videos to spread \"conservative Americanism", "quote": "amplifies conservative arguments", "page": "and leverages network effects to reach audiences and connect them to \"\"alt-right\"\" content", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produced and distributed educational content with a conservative viewpoint, positioning itself as a counter to mainstream media bias to build audiences and seed content.", "quote": "Prager University... played an important role in the lead up to the 2016 election, positioning themselves as counters to mainstream media bias, and using social media to build audiences and seed content to followers.", "page": "9", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "RAND Corporation", "aliases": ["RAND Corporation", "Rand Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO (think tank)", "foundation", "learned/scientific society", "research institute", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Europe", "France", "Gaza", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think", "Great Firewall", "Instagram", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["democratic values", "factual accuracy", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "information access", "informed public discourse", "interfaith dialogue", "liberal values", "media bias", "national security", "pluralism", "public safety", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censorship", "debate moderation", "moderador de contéudos", "moderation censorship", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Cold War", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Os militares ea política no golpe de 1964: a construção da teoria do poder moderador na Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG)", "author": "T Amado", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Sponsored a crucial conference on 'the role of the military in underdeveloped countries,' generating specialized intelligence and shaping the intellectual discourse on military intervention in developing nations during the Cold War.", "quote": "O encontro seria patrocinado pela Rand Corporation, órgão criado em 1948. Organizada para fornecer assessoramento militar ao governo dos EUA, o patrocínio da instituição indicava se tratar de evento destinado a produzir inteligência especializada a respeito da temática.", "page": "16", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/article/view/239657", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Cold War", "when": "Cold War (1950s-1960s, leading to 1964 coup)"}, {"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published a report contributing to the understanding of social media's role in influencing public opinion and political events, which provides context for content moderation discussions.", "quote": "See Sara Beth Elson and others, ‘Background on Social Media Use in Iran and Events Surrounding the 2009 Election', Using Social Media to Gauge Iranian Public Opinion and Mood After the 2009 Election (RAND Corporation 2012)", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation: Debates and Implications", "author": "Hasan, Hasyanto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Through its research and reports (e.g., Building Moderate Muslim Networks), it developed and promoted a specific narrative of 'moderate Muslims' with certain criteria, which critics view as a Western geopolitical construct influencing religious moderation discourse.", "quote": "Tracing documents like Building Moderate Muslim Networks released by RAND Corporation is often cited as evidence that religious moderation is merely a subtle way to undermine Islam's resistance to Western liberal values...", "page": "14", "url": "https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/JCSR/article/view/14440", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, with comparison to Western contexts", "when": "early 2000s–present"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developed \"OpenSources\"\" classifications", "quote": "fake", "page": "conspiratorial) shared by hate groups", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published research on social media use and its impact on public opinion and political events, contributing to the understanding and discourse around platform governance and moderation.", "quote": "See Sara Beth Elson and others, ‘Background on Social Media Use in Iran and Events Surrounding the 2009 Election', Using Social Media to Gauge Iranian Public Opinion and Mood After the 2009 Election (RAND Corporation 2012)", "page": "3", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Invited Maarten Botterman to set up an information society policy program in Europe, influencing research and policy directions related to digital issues.", "quote": "He was invited by the RAND Corporation, a global policy think tank, to set up an information society policy program in Europe.", "page": "94", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes policy research on topics such as Chinese dissident use of the internet and Beijing's counter-strategies, contributing to the academic understanding of censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "M. S. Chase and J. C. Mulvenon. You've Got Dissent! Chinese Dissident Use of the Internet and Beijing's Counter-Strategies. RAND Corporation, 2002.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1315245.1315290", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall of China)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes studies on how the internet was used by convicted violent extremists and terrorists during their process of radicalization, providing empirical evidence.", "quote": "In 2013, RAND Corporation released a study that explored how the internet was used by 15 convicted violent extremists and terrorists during their process of radicalization.", "page": "21", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}, {"title": "Gemini-2-5-Deep-Think-Model-Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "RAND develops and provides security level standards, such as SL2, which are used to align model security mitigations, thereby influencing the safety and deployment requirements for AI systems, particularly concerning CBRN risks.", "quote": "Our model security mitigations have already been aligned with RAND SL2, which is the level required for the CBRN Uplift Level 1 CCL per our Frontier Safety Framework.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think model family (AI systems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sleeping Giants", "aliases": ["Sleeping Giants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement", "social movement, advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "France", "Global", "Latin America", "Maghreb", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "anti-misogyny", "brand safety", "business ethics", "consumer protection", "corporate accountability", "corporate responsibility", "corporate social responsibility", "free speech", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "media moderator", "moderação", "moderação de conteúdo", "modérateur des médias", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "‘Definitely not in the business of wanting to be associated’: Examining public relations in a deplatformization controversy", "author": "Hill, Stephanie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operated an anonymous Twitter account to report sites hosting hate speech, misogyny, and extremist views to their advertisers, aiming to demonetize these outlets and challenge their legitimacy by exposing connections with mainstream brands.", "quote": "Sleeping Giants, a social media activist group that operated an anonymous Twitter account that reported sites that host hate speech, misogyny and other extremist views to their advertisers in order to demonetize those outlets. By exposing the connections between mainstream brands and extreme content, Sleeping Giants works to contest the legitimacy of targeted sites as recipients of profits from ‘normal’ businesses.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565231203981", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "2019–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Plataformas coprodutoras de conteúdo infantil: governança e moderação no YouTube", "author": "Tomaz, Renata Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Applied public pressure on platforms by identifying and publicizing brands that sponsored content featuring hate speech and disinformation, thereby influencing platform behavior through economic consequences for advertisers.", "quote": "Ações como do Sleeping Giants, que listou uma série de marcas patrocinando conteúdo de discurso de ódio e desinformação, estão entre as que pressionam plataformas.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.revistas.usp.br/Rumores/article/view/217922", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, global (with emphasis on USA and Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "«La loi Avia muselle la liberté d'expression»: stratégies numériques discursives et médiatiques de l'extrême droite", "author": "V Lambert, C Bouzereau…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Exerts public pressure, perceived by far-right media as an attempt to 'muzzle' (museler) media outlets and websites with differing opinions, thereby participating in censorship by targeting their economic base (advertisers).", "quote": "Les Sleeping Giants, qui sont peut-être des groupuscules d'extrême gauche, n'ont comme seul but que de museler les médias ou les sites qui n'ont pas les mêmes opinions qu'eux.", "page": "6", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05012460/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, online media", "when": "2019–2020"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Criticizes far-right media and platforms, which they accuse of silencing freedom of expression by targeting those with different opinions, and campaigns against hate speech.", "quote": "Les Sleeping Giants, qui sont peut-être des groupuscules d’extrême gauche, n’ont comme seul but que de museler les médias ou les sites qui n’ont pas les mêmes opinions qu’eux.", "page": "24", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Pressuring companies to remove ads from conservative and independent media, influencing the debate on platform transparency.", "quote": "Sleeping Giants es una organización de activismo en las redes sociales que tiene como objetivo presionar a las empresas para que eliminen los anuncios de los medios de comunicación conservadores e independientes.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Exploring the magnitude and effects of media influence on Reddit moderation", "author": "H Habib, R Nithyanand", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This activist group applies pressure on brands and advertisers by reporting instances of misinformation and racism, urging them to withdraw advertisements from platforms that host problematic content.", "quote": "'Sleeping Giants', an activist group, strategically reported events of misinformation and racism to brands and advertisers...in an effort to pressure them to withdraw their advertisements.", "page": "10", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19291", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2015–2020"}, {"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Launches 'name and shame' campaigns on social media to pressure companies to withdraw their advertisements from extremist or hateful websites, using public pressure to influence content funding.", "quote": "Face au manque de réactivité des géants du numérique sur ce sujet sensible (...) des associations comme Sleeping Giants lancent des campagnes de « name and shame » sur les réseaux sociaux.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Campaigns to pressure advertisers to withdraw funding from platforms or content deemed to promote disinformation or hate speech, impacting content circulation indirectly through economic pressure.", "quote": "O surgimento de movimentos como o Sleeping Giants46 têm introduzido questões sobre uma possível responsabilização por financiamento de esque-mas de desinformação e discurso de ódio.", "page": "33", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An anonymous volunteer group that informs advertisers when their ads appear on sites like Breitbart News, thereby exerting public pressure to disrupt economic incentives for problematic content.", "quote": "Another organization, Sleeping Giants, is staffed entirely by anonymous volunteers and informs advertisers when they appear on Breitbart News.", "page": "20", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Society of Jesus", "aliases": ["Society of Jesus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Papal States", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "education quality", "institutional reputation", "intellectual rigor", "organizational control", "political dissent", "public morals", "quality education", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy", "religious promotion", "scientific integrity", "youth protection"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censorship", "censura", "il censore", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-18th centuries", "16th century", "16th-17th centuries", "16th–17th century", "1930s-1940s", "4th century BCE to 21st century", "Ancient to 20th century", "Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy", "author": "Blasutto, Fabio; de la Croix, David", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Actively participated in mathematical controversies, fighting against ideas deemed non-compliant with Aristotelian views (e.g., infinitesimals), and some of their members experienced censorship, highlighting their role in intellectual norm enforcement.", "quote": "The Jesuits were particularly active in these mathematical controversies, fighting against the idea that a continuous line is composed of distinct and infinitely tiny parts (Alexander, 2014).", "page": "7", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/133/656/2899/7230362", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italian peninsula", "when": "1400–1750"}, {"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Subject of conspiracy theories in 19th-century France, accused of plotting against the state and promoting specific political agendas.", "quote": "Cubitt later demonstrated the productivity of his take on conspiracy theories in an analysis of conspiracy theories about the Jesuits in nineteenth-century France (1993).", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operated on the principle that 'the end justifies the means' to fulfill their religious mission, reflecting a specific form of action-oriented reasoning.", "quote": "It is this sense of ‘true’ that enabled the Jesuits, a Counter-Reformation Catholic order founded by a soldier, Ignatius Loyola, to do God’s work by operating on the principle that ‘the end justifies the means’.", "page": "40", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "L'encyclopédie comme programme éducatif chez Pierre Ramus: conjonction ou réduction", "author": "MD Couzinet", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Jesuits established and disseminated a comprehensive educational program, the 'ratio studiorum,' which set pedagogical norms and shaped curriculum, comparable in influence to Ramism.", "quote": "il n'a d'équivalent que la ratio studiorum jésuite.", "page": "71", "url": "https://epistemocritique.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/5-Marie-Dominique-Couzinet.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "16th-17th century"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Implicated in the political maneuvering and rivalries within the Catholic hierarchy that influenced Galileo's condemnation and subsequent censorship of his work.", "quote": "the accusation of Galileo... owed its existence as much... to the Jesuits' wish to get even with the Dominicans over cosmological matters...", "page": "82", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "Roberto Bellarmino tra Inquisizione e Indice", "author": "Romeo, Giovanni", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "As a prominent religious order within the Roman Catholic Church, the Society of Jesus contributed to censorship through its members (like Bellarmino) who served as influential censors and inquisitors within the Congregations, shaping the 'censorial culture' of the Church.", "quote": "Non accenno nep- pure alle importanti indicazioni che Godman avrebbe potuto ricavare dall'Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu sulla «cultura» censoria della Com- pagna di Gesú, ma anche sul Bellarmino cardinale inquisitore", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20567088", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Papal States / Roman Catholic Church", "when": "Late 16th - early 17th century (c. 1570s–1620s)"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Members acted as intellectual censors and critics of Falangist propaganda, denouncing doctrinal errors, secularizing tendencies, and moral laxity in state-approved publications.", "quote": "Todas ellas -dice el jesuita Teodoro Toni en un informe que envía a Gomá el 27 de noviembre de 1938, adjuntando un verdadero ramillete de muestras de censura- revelan el agarrotamiento en que se ha puesto al pensamiento católico, so pretexto de fortalecer el nuevo Estado.", "page": "170", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "La censura literaria en el «Index» de Quiroga (1583-1584)", "author": "Puga, Ma Luisa Cerrón", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "They advocated for stricter censorship, pushing for the alignment of Spanish practices with Roman criteria (specifically the Regula VII tridentina) and promoting literature with \"exemplary and moralizing\"\" content", "quote": "Exemplary and moralizing literature, protection of the young, adherence to Roman Catholic censorship standards.", "page": "un endurecimiento en el que los jesuitas, con su concepto de literatura ejemplar y moralizante, al menos para los que no eran de la Casa, tienen una responsabilidad bien precisa...", "url": "cvc.cervantes.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Rome (in relation to Spanish censorship)", "when": "16th century (1583-1584)"}, {"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Members delivered strong sermons, which were sometimes deemed inappropriate for their political allusions and led to official reprimands and threats of preaching bans from the king and chancellor.", "quote": "On Christmas day 1609, in the presence of the king, the Jesuit Gontery preached a strong sermon against the Huguenots. The English ambassador reported 'that the King had sent for Gontier and reprehended him for itt'.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "aliases": ["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "intergovernmental organization", "international organization", "other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Germany", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Israel", "Italy", "Latvia", "Mexico", "Northern Ireland", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["BitChute", "Digital media", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube", "newspapers", "online chat platforms"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "cultural preservation", "cultural standards", "digital literacy", "economic development", "education", "education quality", "educational quality", "educational standards", "ethical communication", "free speech", "gender equality", "harm prevention", "human rights", "journalistic standards", "non-discrimination", "public education", "rule of law", "scientific research", "skill development", "social development", "social justice", "universal access"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderación de debates", "moderador de debate", "moderation censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderazione del dibattito", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 9, "papers": [{"title": "Intelligenza Artificiale e Fake News: Analisi Linguistica, Gender Bias ed Etica nella comunicazione digitale dei media", "author": "JM Scilabra, D Russo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "UNESCO publishes documents and guidelines on gender-neutral language that help define what constitutes discriminatory or non-inclusive language, serving as a normative reference for the study's linguistic analysis.", "quote": "dalle linee guida dell'American Psychological Association (APA 2020) e dai documenti dell'UNESCO (UNESCO 2019), che convergono nell'indicare come discriminatorio il linguaggio che svaluta direttamente individui o gruppi, e come non inclusivo quello che, pur senza insulti espliciti, opera un'esclusione semantica o simbolica.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10641005", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "digital media, UK and US", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "Potenza del linguaggio e odio online: strumenti di prevenzione e contrasto", "author": "T Casadei", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published 'Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language' to guide language use towards non-discrimination and gender sensitivity, aiming to promote effective parity and shape public attitudes and perceptions.", "quote": "la prima iniziativa si deve all'Unesco che, a partire dal 1989, ha messo a fuoco la questione per pubblicare in seguito le proprie Guidelines on Gender-Neutral Language: l'assunto basilare – e che rileva particolarmente ai fini di queste notazioni – è che “la lingua ha in sé il potere di formare la mente, anche nel senso di renderla più sensibile alla dimensione del genere\"\"", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.safely.unimore.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Politeia_158_Casadei.pdf", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy and International Organizations", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with theoretical roots from 20th century"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops research agendas and plans of action on journalistic safety and impunity, stimulates scientific studies, and sets norms and standards related to media development and freedom of expression.", "quote": "In 2014, UNESCO developed a ten-point research agenda in line with the UN Plan of Action.The agenda has stimulated scientific studies on the very broad and com plex matter of journalistic safety.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "El moderador en línea: una propuesta pedagógica para la mediación en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en tiempos de COVID 19", "author": "A Mejía", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sets global norms and provides guidance on education, emphasizing education as a human right, quality access, and the role of technology, thereby influencing the standards and practices of educational moderation and content.", "quote": "la educación es un derecho humano para todos a lo largo de toda la vida, y el acceso a la instrucción debe ir acompañado de la calidad.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/98641833/1291.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Ecuador", "when": "COVID-19 era (early 2020s)"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supported expert surveys to understand online vitriol, contributing to conceptual and empirical inquiry of speech commonly considered deviant and disturbing.", "quote": "This article builds on two expert surveys carried out as part of separate projects developed with the support of the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C., and of UNESCO.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and highlights issues related to online hate speech, identifying factors like anonymity that contribute to its propagation and impact on social stigmas.", "quote": "Um estudo da Unesco, organização da Nações Unidas para educação, ciência e cultura, destaca que navegar incógnito na internet oferece aos indivíduos a possibilidade de dizer “coisas horríveis porque eles pensam que não serão descobertos” (GAGLIARDONE et al, 2015, p. 14).", "page": "95", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}, {"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Supporting history education reform and textbook revisions globally, promoting 'quality education' in conflict-affected regions, and setting standards for educational materials.", "quote": "Some of them, notably the Council of Europe and UNESCO, have a proven record of active and influential involvement in this field.", "page": "75", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}, {"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Proposes norms, resources, and guidelines for teacher training and ICT competencies in education, influencing national educational policies and pedagogical practices to integrate technology effectively.", "quote": "La UNESCO (2008) planteó una serie de normas y recursos que brindan disposiciones dirigidas a todos los docentes, y en específico directrices para planear programas de formación del profesorado y ofertas de cursos que permitieran preparar a los profesores para ejercer una función primordial en la capacitación tecnológica de los alumnos: “Normas UNESCO sobre Competencias en TIC para Docentes” (NUCTICD).", "page": "175", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and recommendations on issues like incitement to radicalization and freedom of expression, influencing policy discussions around content moderation.", "quote": "Report from UNESCO, 2017: 'The phenomenon often referred to as 'incitement to radicalization towards violent extremism' has grown in recent years.'", "page": "8", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Creative Commons", "aliases": ["Creative Commons"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation", "international non-profit; licensing steward"], "countries": ["Brazil", "EU", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "artistic expression", "attribution", "collaboration", "content reusability", "cooperation", "creator rights", "data accessibility", "free culture", "free speech", "freedom of information", "information sharing", "intellectual property", "non-commercial use", "open access", "open culture", "openness", "reusability"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "NetGov directory", "content moderation", "moderador de contéudos", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic propagation: How the data-platform regulatory framework may increase bias in content moderation", "author": "Margoni, Thomas; Quintais, João Pedro; Schwemer, Sebastian Felix", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Creative Commons develops and promotes open licenses that facilitate the legal reuse of data and creative works. This mechanism influences the availability and cost of training data for AI systems, indirectly impacting potential bias propagation by making certain datasets more accessible.", "quote": "Tools such as Creative Commons48 licenses (e.g., Wikipedia)... are the most well-known. There are plenty of examples of how these licenses govern some of the core training datasets employed", "page": "10", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "EU, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Modération", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This organization provides free, standardized licenses (CC licenses) that allow authors to specify the conditions under which their work can be reused by others. This mechanism facilitates open access and content reuse, influencing how intellectual property is shared.", "quote": "Vous pouvez préciser la façon dont les tiers pourront réutiliser vos contenus grâce aux licences libres : par exemple, les licences d'attribution Creative Commons.", "page": "10", "url": "https://univ-pantheon-assas.hal.science/hal-03927082/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France (with reference to EU policy)", "when": "contemporary (post-2016 focus)"}, {"title": "Toxic Comment Detection in Online Discussions", "author": "Risch, Julian; Krestel, Ralf", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "By providing open licenses like CC-SA-3.0, Creative Commons enables platforms to make user-generated content publicly available under specific terms, which indirectly affects the availability and distribution of datasets for research on toxic comment detection. The text specifically highlights that a dataset augmented with machine translation is available under this license.", "quote": "The following examples stem from a dataset of annotated Wikipedia article page comments and user page comments [58], which is publicly available under Wikipedia's CC-SA-3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-15-1216-2_4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (global, with examples from Germany and USA)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Questão ética, controle e regulamentação da informação no webjornalismo colaborativo", "author": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Develops and provides legal licenses that allow authors to define the terms under which their works can be used, copied, disseminated, and remixed, offering a flexible framework for regulating intellectual property and content sharing on the internet.", "quote": "Outra forma de regulação do uso de sistemas e conteúdo é o Creative Commons (CC), que tem por finalidade desenvolver instrumentos concretos, licenças, que possam ser usados por qualquer pessoa ou organização, para que seus trabalhos venham a ser disponibilizados para uso, cópia, disseminação e recriação.", "page": "10", "url": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat - AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento, 2014", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news platforms, global focus with Brazilian examples", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Develops and provides legal licenses (copyleft) that allow authors to share their creative works with specific usage permissions, regulating the dissemination and reuse of content while retaining moral rights.", "quote": "Outra forma de regulação do uso de sistemas e conteúdos é o Creative Commons – CC, que tem por finalidade desenvolver instrumentos concretos, licenças, que possam ser usados por qualquer pessoa ou organização, para que seus trabalhos venham a ser disponibilizados para uso, cópia, disseminação e recriação.", "page": "48", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provides licensing frameworks that promote freedom for digital media, offering alternatives to traditional copyright, and stimulating new forms of creativity.", "quote": "Finally, the Free Software movement can be credited with providing an impetus for establishing notions of freedom for other types of digital media, such as the Creative Commons (creative commons.org).", "page": "287", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provides copyright licenses that enable the free use and sharing of creative works, fostering open collaboration and information dissemination online.", "quote": "Este trabajo es Licenciado por Creative Commons. Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 2.0 www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/deed.es", "page": "3", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Creative Commons develops and maintains widely used open licenses and tools, hosts global convenings, and partners with major platforms and cultural institutions to shape how content is shared and reused online.", "quote": "Creative Commons' core mission is to build and steward open licensing and commons infrastructure; it engages with AI and digital platforms through licensing, tools, and guidance but its primary focus is not platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hope Not Hate", "aliases": ["HOPE Not Hate", "Hope Not Hate", "Hope not Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "NGO / advocacy group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-fascism", "anti-hate speech", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "public safety", "racial equality", "social cohesion", "social justice"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Tuters, Marc; Osborne-Carey, Cassian; Jurg, Daniel; Kisjes, Ivan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As an anti-fascist NGO, it provided reports that helped identify right-wing extremist forums and channels for the dataset, acting as a watchdog that monitors and exposes extremist content and actors, thereby informing efforts to combat extremism.", "quote": "right-wing extremist forums (4chan/pol, 8chan), and reports by anti-fascist NGOs, such as Hope not Hate and Kafka (Tokmetzis, 2019; Kafka, 2021).", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article/37/4/949/6445201", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2008-2018"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Monitors, researches, and disrupts activities of organized hate groups, and proposes that 'legal but harmful content' be treated as a design problem for platforms.", "quote": "Other examples are Hope not Hate (https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/), which monitors, researches and disrupts the activities of organised hate groups...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides factual information, handbooks, and resources to investigate hate and extremism, equipping civil society with tools to detect and counter extremist narratives and hate speech.", "quote": "Similarly, Hope Not Hate, a British not-for-profit, provides facts, handbooks and resources that investigate hate and extremism and provide tools for civil society to detect and counter extremism (Brown and Marway 2018, p. 15).", "page": "94", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Why the Government Should Not Regulate Content Moderation of Social Media", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This organization produces reports that monitor hate groups like Britain First, contributing to public awareness and counter-efforts against such groups.", "quote": "See also the report by the organization Hope not Hate, “Britain First: Army of the Right,” November 2017.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/hrdo/entry/hrdo.HRD-9985_2019-065/html", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "21st century, with historical context from 20th century"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and combats far-right extremism and online hate through research and activism.", "quote": "non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who monitor and combat the far-right online and offline, such as the ADL, SPLC, SWC, Political Research Associates (PRA) and Hope Not Hate.", "page": "58", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in countering right-wing extremism and antisemitic conspiracy theories, with their reports cited as contributing to understanding these narratives.", "quote": "The idea of the Lügenpresse [lying press], often coupled with antisemitic conspiracy theories, is another concept shared by right-wing extremists and Islamists. (Hope not Hate 2017; Phillips 2018).", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A committed anti-fascist action group that engages in 'language critique' and 'counter speech' to address hate speech and challenge the far-right.", "quote": "in Germany there is the dedicated work done by the Amadeu Antonio Foundation’s Debate-Dehate project, and in the UK there is the committed anti-fascist action group HOPE Not Hate.", "page": "196", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Utilizes public engagement to challenge mistrust and racism.", "quote": "uses public engagement to challenge mistrust and racism.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Watch Foundation", "aliases": ["Internet Watch Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Iran", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": ["IPFS", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-sexual exploitation", "child safety", "illegal content", "online safety", "public morals", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "content moderator", "moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "Dall'analisi delle interfacce cognitive, adattive e conversazionali nell'era dell'AI e delle conseguenze etiche di opacità, bias e perdita di agency a un progetto fictional …", "author": "G Melis", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Reports a significant increase in AI-generated child sexual abuse material, monitoring and collecting data on such incidents to combat online child exploitation.", "quote": "Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) segnala che in due anni i casi d'uso di IA per materiale pedopornografico sono aumentati del 380% in Italia, con fonti che parlano di ricatti e condivisione di immagini reali da parte dei ragazzi stessi.", "page": "35", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/39097/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, with focus on contemporary digital and AI interfaces", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 1940s)"}, {"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Collaborates with researchers to check downloaded content against its database of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) hashes and provides best practice advice for handling such sensitive material.", "quote": "Importantly, to minimize risk and to report offending content, we have worked closely alongside the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) [43].", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "IWF provides data and actively works to identify and facilitate the removal of online child sexual abuse material.", "quote": "V. anche l'Annual Report 2020 della Internet Watch Foundation (IWF).", "page": "15", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Fighting Hate Speech, Silencing Drag Queens? Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation and Risks to LGBTQ Voices Online", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago; Antonialli, Dennys Marcelo; Gomes, Alessandra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Internet Watch Foundation gathers a large trove of images of child pornography and feeds a 'hash list' to major internet platforms, enabling them to identify and delete such content automatically.", "quote": "These companies began using a shared database with a large trove of images, gathered by the Internet Watch Foundation, to feed a 'hash list' of content to be identified and deleted.", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12119-020-09790-w", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A Pluralist Approach to Democratizing Online Discourse", "author": "J Chen, B Raghavan, P Schmitt, T Liu", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes URL lists of abhorrent content, such as child porn, which can be applied by aggregators and stand-alone clients as filters, thereby acting as a mechanism for blocking illegal and undesirable content.", "quote": "One way this issue is resolved today is watchdogs like the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) publish URL lists to block abhorrent content such as child porn [28].", "page": "6", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12573", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (global, with focus on USA, China, Iran)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Fighting Hate Speech, Silencing Drag Queens? Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation and Risks to LGBTQ Voices Online: T. Dias Oliva et al.", "author": "T Dias Oliva, DM Antonialli, A Gomes", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Internet Watch Foundation gathers a large trove of images of child pornography into a 'hash list' and shares this database with major internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Microsoft, Twitter, and Yahoo), which then use hash matching algorithms to identify and remove infringing content, thereby countering the dissemination of child pornography.", "quote": "These companies began using a shared database with a large trove of images, gathered by the Internet Watch Foundation, to feed a 'hash list' of content to be identified and deleted.", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09790-w", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Twitter, AI content moderation", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Compiled a 'hash list' of child pornography content, which internet platforms use to detect and remove such illegal material, acting as a database provider for content moderation.", "quote": "These companies started using a shared database with a great number of images compiled by the Internet Watch Foundation to feed a 'hash list' of content to be detected and removed.", "page": "20", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Maintains a blacklist of child pornography sites, which telecommunications companies like British Telecom use to filter Internet access.", "quote": "So too, British Telecom has developed a filtering system that blocks access to sites placed on a child pornogra-phy blacklist by the Internet Watch Foundation.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Association of America", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Association of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild", "trade association/professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": ["film", "music", "search engines"], "norms": ["child safety", "content appropriateness", "economic interests", "free speech", "industry self-regulation", "intellectual property", "parental rights", "platform autonomy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "20th century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Enters into voluntary 'trusted notifier' arrangements with registry operators to facilitate worldwide blocking of domains hosting infringing content, leveraging private ordering to achieve global effects for policy preferences.", "quote": "In 2016, the Motion Picture Associa- tion of America (MPAA)—one of the biggest organizations representing rightsholders—entered into a voluntary \"trusted notifier\"\" arrangement with Donuts...\"", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Trigger happy: From content warning to censorship", "author": "J Halberstam", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Produced film ratings (PG, R, etc.) in the mid-1960s to indicate appropriate age levels for viewers, replacing an older system of censorship (Hays Code) and serving as a form of industry self-regulation and content warning.", "quote": "The Motion Picture Association of American produced these ratings in the mid-1960s after removing an older system of censorship known as the Hays Code.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688189", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US college campuses (Oberlin College, UC Santa Barbara, Northwestern University), and broader US media landscape (film, music)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era) for trigger warnings, with historical context on media content regulation from the 1930s onwards"}, {"title": "“The Books Will Still Be in the Library”: Narrow Definitions of Censorship in the Discourse of Challengers", "author": "Knox, Emily", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provides content labels (ratings) for films, which serve as a model for challengers advocating for labeling materials in libraries, despite librarians considering such labels prejudicial and a violation of intellectual freedom principles.", "quote": "While many libraries collect materials that are labeled for content by private agencies, including the Motion Picture Association of America and the Recording Industry of Association of America, these labels are also considered to be prejudicial and a violation of the Library Bill of Rights.", "page": "3", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/552025", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "West Bend, Wisconsin, USA (public libraries)", "when": "post-2009 platform era"}, {"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Through its Classification and Rating Administration (CARA), the MPAA determines film ratings and engages in negotiations with filmmakers, effectively defining acceptable content for different age groups and functioning as a self-regulatory body to preempt government intervention.", "quote": "Few ponder the tense, behind-the-scenes negotiations between filmmakers and the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), the outcome of which determines a film's financial success or failure...", "page": "12", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Argued in litigation that any censorship effects from broadcast flag regulations would stem from independent decisions of third parties, rather than governmental action, thereby seeking to deflect blame from regulatory impact on free expression.", "quote": "Intervenor [Motion Picture Association of America]... argues that any injury suffered by the Libraries following the FCC's im-plementation of the broadcast flag regulations will be 'due solely to the independ-ent... decisions of third parties not before this Court.'... This is a specious argu-ment.", "page": "66", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Lobbies for stricter intellectual property laws and copyright protections, contributing to legal measures that influence content control on digital networks.", "quote": "Companies and their lobbyists in the affected industries, such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), have claimed large losses in potential sales...", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Engaged in aggressive self-censorship within the film industry, which contributed to fewer state censorship actions during the 1940s.", "quote": "state authorities censored fewer films during the 1940s because the industry, under the auspices of the Motion Picture Association of America, aggressively censored itself.", "page": "70", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}, {"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Provides a movie-rating vocabulary that can be used by PICS-compliant selection software to block an 8-year-old's access to PG-labeled documents, for example.", "quote": "if a rating service used the Motion Picture Association of America's movie-rating vocabulary, selection software might be configured to block an 8-year-old's access to PG-labeled documents but to allow a 15-year-old's access to them.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", "aliases": ["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "civil rights organization / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-racism", "civil rights", "democracy", "diversity", "free speech", "freedom of association", "information access", "racial equality", "social equality", "social inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship", "content regulation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "1960s–1980s", "1970s", "19th to 21st century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Emerging as a new political organization, it undertook antilynching campaigns and engaged in protest meetings to address racial injustice and influence government.", "quote": "New political organizations such as the NAACP and Black unions emerged and grew. Greater editorial and finan cial control over communication industries created new opportunities to express dissent and project a militant oppositional discourse into wider publics.", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its president publicly articulated concerns about social media's impact on democracy, contributing to public discourse and critique of platform power and moderation.", "quote": "...Derrick Johnson, the president of the NAACP (Thornbecke, 2020): ‘Facebook is a threat to democracy'.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Led peaceful protests at public libraries in the American South to advocate for desegregation and equal access to library services and information for Black people.", "quote": "in 1961, a peaceful protest led by members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) at the public library in Jackson, Mississippi (Wiegand 2015).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leaders organized boycotts of white-owned stores, and used speech that included physical threats to enforce participation among community members. This speech was later subjected to legal scrutiny for incitement.", "quote": "NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co, a civil case brought by white store owners against African American leaders who organized a boycott of white-owned stores in Claiborne County, Mississippi in 1966 and 1967. One of the defendants, NAACP field secretary Charles Evers, had threatened African Americans in the community with physical harm if they patronized white-owned stores, saying “If we catch any of you going in any of them racist stores, we're gonna break your damn neck.”", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Was subjected to indirect sanctions, such as demands for membership lists, which aimed to suppress its civil rights initiatives by exposing members to private persecution and chilling their associational rights.", "quote": "The award of legal sanctions at the instance of a private party is, of course, state action subject to First Amendment review. See, e.g., Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 501 U.S. 663, 668 (1991) (“These legal obligations will be enforced through the official power of the Minnesota courts. Under our cases, that is enough to constitute 'state action' for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment.”);", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Adopted radical tactics and a more aggressive public stance during the civil rights movement, then later returned to traditional forms of action, demonstrating a strategic adjustment of its discourse and methods in response to a contentious environment.", "quote": "many existing organizations, like the NAACP at the height of the civil rights move- ment, adopt the radical tactics of their competitors and adjust their discourse into a broader, more aggressive public stance.", "page": "146", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Supported the choice of textbooks and denounced the involvement of the Ku Klux Klan in the controversy, advocating for accurate portrayal of minority experiences.", "quote": "The local NAACP and YWCA supported the choice of books along with the West Virginia Human Rights Commission.", "page": "15", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Restrictions of Speech Because of Its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions", "author": "Stone, Geoffrey R.", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "The NAACP was involved in cases challenging content-neutral restrictions on communicative activity, where such restrictions had de facto content-differential effects on their ability to communicate and organize.", "quote": "See, e.g., Shelton v. Tucker, 364 U.S. 479 (1960); NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449 (1958).", "page": "102", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599289?origin=crossref", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia Española", "aliases": ["Real Academia Española"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Ibero-America", "Italy", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "books", "broadcast television", "digital journalism", "literature", "microblogs"], "norms": ["accuracy", "adaptability", "clarity", "cultural preservation", "language standardization", "linguistic accuracy", "linguistic authority", "linguistic correctness", "linguistic integrity", "linguistic purism", "linguistic stability", "linguistic standardization", "linguistic unity"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "censorship", "moderación de debates", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "late Franquismo and early democratic transition", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 8, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Ensures the correct use and unity of the Spanish language through its official dictionary and rules, and resolves linguistic doubts on social media, thus setting norms for language use.", "quote": "La finalidad de la RAE desde su fundación en 1713 es velar por el uso y la unidad de la lengua española.", "page": "235", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}, {"title": "El complejo debate sobre la regulación de las redes sociales", "author": "A Rueda", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Defines concepts related to social media, influencing the discourse and foundational understanding which can inform regulatory frameworks.", "quote": "La Real Academia Española (RAE) define a una red social como un “servicio de la sociedad de la información que ofrece a los usuarios una plataforma de comunicación a través de internet para que estos generen un perfil con sus datos personales...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.c3.unam.mx/pdf/noticias/NOTICIA_186.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico, global social media platforms, USA (Section 230 context)", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "Desarrollo de un moderador automático para salas de chat", "author": "SR Flores", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides the normative basis for the Spanish language (dictionary definitions, singularization rules) which is directly integrated into the automatic moderator's knowledge base, effectively enforcing linguistic standardization within the chat system.", "quote": "Para determinar el significado de las palabras, es necesario contar con una base de datos de las palabras bien formadas, con su significado y sus atributos, en el idioma español. En el caso de esta tesis, esta base de datos es la versión N° 22 de la Real Academia Española (RAE), (2011).", "page": "47", "url": "https://repositoriocyt.unlam.edu.ar/handle/123456789/861", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Educational chat rooms, Ibero-America (with validation in San Juan, Argentina)", "when": "Early 2010s"}, {"title": "De los medios a las plataformas. Del control del gatekeeping a la conversación descontrolada", "author": "DM Vivas", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Incorporates new terms, such as 'posverdad,' into its official dictionary, thereby institutionalizing definitions that frame public understanding of complex phenomena and serving as a key linguistic gatekeeper for the Spanish language.", "quote": "Por su parte, el Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española incorporó el término posverdad en diciembre del 2017", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5706/570660792007/570660792007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital platforms, Western societies (US, UK, France, Italy, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}, {"title": "Violencia verbal y discurso televisivo. Análisis pragmalingüístico de la figura del moderador-excitador", "author": "EB Peña", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Real Academia Española (RAE) establishes and defines Spanish language norms through its dictionary. By providing authoritative definitions, it implicitly influences what is considered appropriate or inappropriate verbal expression in public discourse, a form of norm enforcement that can shape perceptions of verbal moderation.", "quote": "Para ello, no emplea el verbo narrar, decir, opinar, o expresar, sino largar, verbo que, según el Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, significa ‘Contar lo que no se debe, o decir algo inoportuno o pesado'.", "page": "718", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ester-Brenes-Pena/publication/277270592_Violencia_verbal_y_discurso_televisivo_Analisis_pragmalinguistico_de_la_figura_del_moderador-excitador/links/57028ddd08aedbac126f389a/Violencia-verbal-y-discurso-televisivo-Analisis-pragmalingueistico-de-la-figura-del-moderador-excitador.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish television", "when": "post-2005"}, {"title": "Técnicas de debate en la clase de ELE. Análisis de un caso práctico", "author": "CM Soria, H de Budapest", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As the official institution regulating the Spanish language, the RAE influences linguistic norms and provides authoritative definitions, which are referenced to interpret terms used in political debates and to understand 'correct' language use in public discourse.", "quote": "Según definición encontrada en la RAE http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=insidia", "page": "7", "url": "https://cvc.cervantes.es/Ensenanza/Biblioteca_Ele/publicaciones_centros/PDF/budapest_2013/50_martin.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, political debate", "when": "2011"}, {"title": "The censorship files: Latin American writers and Franco's Spain", "author": "A Herrero-Olaizola", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The RAE sets linguistic norms through its grammar and dictionary, influencing what is considered 'correct' Spanish. This acts as a form of gatekeeping, as publishers in Spain would defer to these norms, potentially affecting the linguistic integrity of Latin American texts published there.", "quote": "Peninsular opinions on Latin American Spanish, opinions that fluctuate from outright repudiation to expropriation and gate-keeping, as demonstrated by the latest editions of the grammar and the dictionary of the RAE, which pick and chose among the non-castellano manifestations of the language they incorporate.", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jC9XPcW46wwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=censorship&ots=bbEOCDBeRk&sig=tPnJH2FP3oh1852UxAdDIsYGBwQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Franco's Spain and the Latin American literary publishing industry", "when": "1960s-1970s (late Franquismo and early democratic transition)"}, {"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Engages in language norm-setting by considering and incorporating new vocabulary like 'blog' into the Spanish dictionary, reflecting and shaping linguistic standards in public discourse.", "quote": "Recientemente, el periodista y académico de la Real Academia Española (RAE)... manifestaba... que la RAE ha de vérselas, y muy en serio, con otro neologismo de reciente importación, blog...", "page": "2", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "British Broadcasting Corporation", "aliases": ["British Broadcasting Corporation"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other", "professional body", "public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "Eastern Europe", "Europe", "France", "Global", "Romania", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Usenet", "broadcast television", "bulletin board systems", "search engines", "web forums"], "norms": ["civility", "editorial independence", "free expression", "free speech", "freedom of the press", "harm reduction", "intellectual property", "journalistic ethics", "journalistic standards", "media independence", "political neutrality", "professional standards", "public information", "public morals", "public order", "public trust", "quality information", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["moderation", "television moderator", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "20th century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Functions as a news source whose content is subject to platform source labels (e.g., on YouTube) that provide contextual information about its origin to viewers.", "quote": "Arnold et al. (2021) found that the use of source labels (e.g., \"BBC is a British public broadcast service\"\" in Figure 2 below) may help reduce belief in international misinformation\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research", "author": "Humprecht, Edda; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a wide-reaching and highly trusted public media organization in the U.K., it provides independent information that helps counter disinformation, despite being attacked by political actors during polarized debates.", "quote": "Although the country has a long democratic tradition and the BBC is a wide-reaching and greatly trusted media organization, disinformation was a major problem during the Brexit campaign (Howard & Kollanyi, 2017).", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "18 Western democracies (including Northern, Western, and Southern European countries, Canada, and the U.S.)", "when": "2010s (digital era)"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a list of web pages delisted from Google search results, asserting the importance of its online archive's integrity despite content removal from search visibility.", "quote": "In 2015, the BBC published a list of web pages that Google had delisted from search results. The network reasoned that 'the integ- rity of the BBC's online archive is important'", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Public profane, public expert", "author": "S Perry, G Villeneuve", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The BBC provides a dedicated and separate electronic channel (BBC Red Button, previously Ceefax) for viewers to submit SMS comments during its 'Question Time' program. This stream is also moderated to allow for more informal, sometimes critical or 'rebellious' comments ('chahut') that would not be permitted on the main broadcast, effectively creating a controlled outlet for public dissent without disturbing the decorum of the primary debate.", "quote": "Question Time [...] sur le forum du service télétexte Ceefax, puis sur le canal BBC Red Button, cette participation a toujours fonctionné sur un canal parallèle, sans interaction avec le fil du débat. [...] Nous avons cherché, comme pour Mots Croisés, à reconstituer la logique interne par laquelle les modérateurs constituent ce chahut depuis la matière brute dont ils disposent.", "page": "11, 13", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-politiques-de-communication-2016-1-page-59?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France and England (broadcast television and social media platforms)", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "Television in the Age of (Post-) Communism: the case of Romania", "author": "D Mustata", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Transferred professional expertise, organizational models, and training to early Romanian television, promoting professional standards and an environment free from political censorship in its dealings with Romania.", "quote": "Mr. Brucan, as you know, is in sole charge of television in Romania... he made it quite clear during his visit that he would be only too glad to help the BBC, quoting specifically that we could send our cameramen freely throughout Romania and they could return with undeveloped film. There would be no restrictions of any sort and no censorship.", "page": "4", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203110201-5&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Romania, Eastern Europe", "when": "mid-to-late 20th century"}, {"title": "Modèles télévisuels et évolutions de la place du politique à la télévision", "author": "F Antoine", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Under its first director general Lord Reith, the BBC demonstrated an active struggle to maintain the autonomy of the media from political influence, contrasting with the political submission seen elsewhere.", "quote": "A contrario, celle de la BBC, dès la nomination de son premier directeur général Lord Reith, constitue la démonstration d'une lutte pour l'autonomie du média vis-à-vis du politique.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49693/47893", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, France", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Norm Maintenance in Online Communities: A Review of Moderation Regimes", "author": "Lackaff, Derek", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The BBC operates several online community websites and employs contracted human moderators to review all user-generated content (post-moderation) for compliance with its 'House Rules' and legal liabilities related to defamation, obscenity, and intellectual property. Users can also flag content for urgent review (reactive moderation).", "quote": "The BBC employs contracted human moderators who work around the clock, reading every piece of user content within an hour or its posting. If the moderator sees no questionable content, he or she “passes” it, and the content remains on the site.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, early bulletin board systems, Usenet, web forums (USA, UK)", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "CasaPound Italia", "aliases": ["CasaPound Italia", "Casapound Italia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Italy", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "online platforms"], "norms": ["civil liberties", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of association", "freedom of expression", "hate speech", "individual autonomy", "national interest", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderazione censura", "moderação censura", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its Facebook account was canceled due to hate speech policies, leading to legal challenges where a judge sided with the organization, citing distortion of political pluralism.", "quote": "Para el Tribunal que conoce del caso Casa Pound, cancelar una cuenta vinculada a una asociación de carácter político debido a la orientación ideológica de sus comentarios distorsiona el valor constitucional del pluralismo, al impedir la participación plena en el debate público a una opción ideológica legítima en la sociedad italiana.", "page": "116", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Libertà di espressione e social network, tra nuovi “spazi pubblici” e “poteri privati”. Spunti di comparazione", "author": "Bassini, Marco", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This extreme-right political association litigated against Facebook's deactivation of its public page, asserting that such an action constituted an illegitimate interference with fundamental constitutional rights.", "quote": "il Tribunale di Roma [...] ha espressamente sostenuto che il servizio di Facebook, vantando oltre 2,8 miliardi di utenti ed essendo accessibile tramite diversi canali, riveste un «ruolo centrale e di primaria importanza»", "page": "12", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0039", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "US, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its political speech and online presence were the subject of a legal case against Facebook, which deliberated on the platform's control over political participation.", "quote": "Na Itália, no caso CasaPound v. Facebook, o Tribunal de Roma considerou que o Facebook assumiu um poder de facto de controle sobre a participação política.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "LA MODERATION PAR LES PLATEFORMES PORTE-T-ELLE ATTEINTE A LA LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION ? REFLEXIONS A PARTIR DES APPROCHES ETATS- UNIENNE (ZHANG V BAIDU.COM, 2014) ET ITALIENNE (CASAPOUND CONTRO FACEBOOK, 2019)", "author": "Auriel, Pierre; Lyon, Université Jean Moulin; de Lyon, Philosophiques; Unger, Mathilde", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action to compel Facebook to reactivate its pages after being deactivated without notification, arguing Facebook, due to its \"special position", "quote": "Pluralism of political parties, freedom of expression.", "page": "L'ordonnance du Tribunal de Rome du 11 décembre 2019 relative à la désactivation par Facebook des pages du parti politique d'extrême-droite Casapound Italia...", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Baidu, Facebook), USA, Italy", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific cases from 2014 and 2019"}, {"title": "La modération par les plateformes porte-t-elle atteinte à la liberté d'expression? Réflexions à partir des approches états-unienne (Zhang v Baidu. com, 2014) et …", "author": "P Auriel, M Unger", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its pages and those of its representatives were deactivated by Facebook without notification or justification. It then engaged in litigation to compel Facebook to reactivate its accounts, arguing that Facebook's 'special position' in public debate means its actions must respect constitutional principles like pluralism and freedom of expression.", "quote": "L'ordonnance du Tribunal de Rome du 11 décembre 2019 relative à la désactivation par Facebook des pages du parti politique d'extrême-droite Casapound Italia, ainsi que des pages des représentants de ce parti et des associations le soutenant, repose sur un raisonnement de cet ordre.", "page": "12", "url": "https://egalibex.univ-lyon3.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/P.-Auriel-et-M.-Unger-Conflits-internes-Egalibex.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Italy, social media platforms, search engines", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to far-right transnational discourse on Twitter, aligning with other extreme-right groups on issues of anti-immigration and economic nativism.", "quote": "Front National, as well as the less established extreme-right groups, like CasaPound Italia and Egalitè et Reconciliation.", "page": "101", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Libertà di informazione, poteri privati e tutela dei dati personali nell'era digitale", "author": "A Lamberti", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a political movement, its online presence on platforms like Facebook leads to content moderation actions against it, which in turn challenges and tests the boundaries of free speech and platform governance within legal frameworks.", "quote": "Si pensi, per esempio, alla controversia originatasi dalla disabilitazione del profilo Facebook del movimento di estrema destra Casa-Pound per violazione degli standard interni della community.", "page": "14", "url": "http://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Lamberti-Liberta-di-informazione-poteri-privati-e-tutela-dei-dati-personali-nellera-digitale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for Countering Digital Hate", "aliases": ["Center for Countering Digital Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy and research NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "X", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "child safety", "content moderation", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "platform accountability", "public health", "social justice", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação de debates", "modération"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CCDH produces investigative reports and policy briefs, runs high-profile public campaigns and petitions, and leverages media attention to pressure platforms and policymakers to adopt safety, transparency and accountability measures.", "quote": "CCDH conducts research, public campaigns and policy advocacy directly targeting social media companies and AI systems to stop online hate, misinformation and harms to children.", "page": "", "url": "https://counterhate.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "X under Musk’s leadership: Substantial hate and no reduction in inauthentic activity", "author": "Hickey, Daniel; Fessler, Daniel M. T.; Lerman, Kristina; Burghardt, Keith", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This organization conducts research and publishes reports on the prevalence and nature of online hate speech, such as anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric on Twitter, contributing to public discourse and advocacy for platform moderation.", "quote": "for Countering Digital Hate C. Toxic Twitter: How Twitter Makes Millions From Anti-LGBTQ+ Rhetoric; 2023.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313293", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "X (formerly Twitter), English-language posts, USA", "when": "2022-2023 platform era"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Researches and exposes online hate movements (e.g., incel forums), identifies harmful content, and proposes interventions like deplatforming and deranking.", "quote": "Moreover, the Center for Countering Digital Hate's (2022) recent study of the incel forum found that its members post about rape every 29 minutes.", "page": "76", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, humor e discurso de ódio nas redes sociais: limites jurídicos e análise de casos no Brasil", "author": "JN Correia Neto", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Partners with social media platforms like Meta to combat hate speech, contributing to content monitoring and enforcement of platform policies.", "quote": "A Meta [...] possui parcerias com agências externas de verificação de fatos e organizações que combatem o discurso de ódio, como o Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH).", "page": "40", "url": "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/79005", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and social media platforms", "when": "post-1988 platform era"}, {"title": "Resolving content moderation dilemmas between free speech and harmful misinformation", "author": "Kozyreva, Anastasia; Herzog, Stefan M.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hertwig, Ralph; Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp; Leiser, Mark; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and provides estimates on the spread of misinformation, particularly regarding specific topics like antivaccination, on social media platforms.", "quote": "We based the correct answer on the Center for Countering Digital Hate’s recent estimate that 12 accounts are responsible for 65% of the antivaccination misinformation on Facebook and Twitter (64).", "page": "10", "url": "https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210666120", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "USA, global online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Evaluating the Efficacy of Facebook’s Vaccine Misinformation Content Removal Policies", "author": "Broniatowski, David A; Gu, Jiayan; Jamison, Amelia M; Abroms, Lorien C", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports that critique social media platforms' efficacy in combating misinformation, thereby acting as a watchdog and exerting public pressure for stronger content moderation policies.", "quote": "Preliminary reports argue that misinformation is still widespread on the platform (12, 20), although Facebook has questioned these conclusions (21).", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "2019–2021, platform era"}, {"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research identifying sources and spreaders of misinformation, thereby providing evidence that influences platform policies and public accountability efforts.", "quote": "Given the findings of a recent report that 12 people were responsible for 73% of misinformation on SMPs (Center for Countering Digital Hate, 2021; Dwoskin, 2021), this approach could be well suited to deter superspreaders and repeat violators.", "page": "3", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Coalizão Direitos na Rede", "aliases": ["Coalizão Direitos na Rede"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Canada", "Chile", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "India", "Kenya", "Macedonia", "Portugal", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "individual rights", "internet governance", "limited government", "privacy", "proportionality", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Tecnologia, liberdade de expressão e direitos fundamentais: um modelo de efetividade sem autoritarismo", "author": "BCP Langoni, HK de Medeiros Costa, LIAM Faiad", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocating for digital rights in legal and policy debates, specifically opposing disproportionate government measures like blocking messaging applications and safeguarding the secrecy of communications.", "quote": "No contexto do WhatsApp (2015-2016), o STF invalidou bloqueios nacionais por desproporcionalidade, reconhecendo que soluções que sacrificam a segurança de todos para acessar mensagens de alguns falham no teste de necessidade (há meios menos intrusivos, como metadados (quando juridicamente cabíveis), cooperação internacional, preservação de prova sobre dispositivos específicos e medidas direcionadas a contas identificadas (Coalizão Direitos na Rede, 2020).", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.revistadcs.com/index.php/revista/article/view/5167", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, Germany, United Kingdom, India, United States (digital environments)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2026)"}, {"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocates for procedural norms in content moderation, specifically that users affected by moderation decisions should be notified and heard before content removal, with exceptions defined by an independent oversight body.", "quote": "a Coalizão Direitos nas Redes (“CDR”) defende que, quando as plataformas digitais receberem solicitações de moderação de perfis de usuários e seus conteúdos, o usuário que poderá vir a ser afetado deverá ser notificado a respeito da solicitação, para que seja ouvido antes da decisão de moderação.", "page": "143", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Liberdade de Expressão na Era Digital: o equilíbrio entre liberdade de expressão e proteção dos direitos fundamentais.", "author": "JHS Santos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on international regulatory practices for digital platforms, advocating for specific principles like transparency, responsibility, and non-discrimination in platforms' terms of use and state intervention. They also recommend that regulatory institutions include participatory instances and oversight powers.", "quote": "O relatório da Coalizão Direitos na Rede destaca que \"foram examinadas 104 leis de 71 países/blocos regionais\"\" e que", "page": "em sua maioria", "url": "https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/9769", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (focus), with comparisons to European Union, Germany, United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, France, Ethiopia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary (up to 2025)"}, {"title": "AS GARANTIAS DO DEVIDO PROCESSO NO ÂMBITO DOS PROCEDIMENTOS DE MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO PELAS PLATAFORMAS DIGITAIS", "author": "Silvestre, Nathan Christian Coelho", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This organization actively contributes to legislative discussions, specifically regarding the Bill of Law 2.630/2020, providing insights and recommendations to shape the regulation of digital platforms and content moderation practices.", "quote": "levando-se em consideração que ainda está em tramitação, perante a Câmara dos Deputados, o PL 2.630/2020, e que nesta Casa legislativa tem recebido profícuas contribuições da academia e organizações da sociedade civil.", "page": "11", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Criticized legislative proposals (PL 2630/20) that would impose mass identification mechanisms on users, arguing it would create disproportionate restrictions on freedom of expression.", "quote": "o modelo proposto estaria criando mecanismos de identificação massiva e desproporcional ao exigir a validação da conta por meio do número de celular", "page": "217", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued public notes and technical opinions criticizing various proposed laws (PLs 1429/2020, 2630/2020, 1358/2020) for inconsistencies and potential violations of fundamental rights.", "quote": "COALIZÃO DIREITOS NA REDE. Nota pública sobre os PL 1429/2020 e 2630/2020.", "page": "77", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes critiques and technical notes on proposed legislation, specifically the PL das Fake News in Brazil, contributing to public debate and advocating for specific policy positions regarding digital rights.", "quote": "Outras críticas ao PL podem ser encontradas nas notas técnicas do ITS Rio50 e da Coalizão Direitos na Rede (CDR)51.", "page": "21", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil", "aliases": ["Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "other", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Latin America", "New Zealand", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "civic participation", "democratic integrity", "digital literacy", "free speech", "human rights", "inclusive governance", "legal certainty", "legality", "liberty", "platform accountability", "platform power", "platform regulation", "privacy", "public discourse", "public education", "public interest", "social inclusion", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts public consultations on internet regulation, including content moderation, and proposes directives for codes of conduct and evaluates transparency reports from platforms.", "quote": "O Comitê Gestor da Internet – CGI.br, entidade sem personalidade jurídica ou status de órgão público, disponibilizou uma consulta pública com 43 perguntas com três eixos: 1) quem regular, 2) o que regular e 3) como regular.", "page": "164", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e responsabilidade das empresas na proteção de crianças e adolescentes no ambiente digital: uma análise crítica do PL 2.628/2022 à luz de modelos internacionais", "author": "Kurschner, Rafael De Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CGI.br conducts and publishes research (e.g., TIC Kids Online Brazil) that highlights children's digital experiences and risks, thereby informing public policy debates and underscoring the need for effective regulatory models and content moderation practices on digital platforms.", "quote": "Como mostram os dados da TIC Kids Online Brasil 2022, as experiências infanto-juvenis na internet são intensas, frequentes e nem sempre mediadas por adultos, o que amplia os riscos de exposição a conteúdos nocivos2, práticas discriminatórias e violações de direitos (CGI.br, 2023, p. 26).", "page": "9", "url": "https://periodicos.ufv.br/revistadir/article/view/22228", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparative analysis of EU, UK, and Germany) on digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focused on 2020s legislation and reports)"}, {"title": "Do “quarto poder” ao controle democrático: fundamentos constitucionais da regulação da mídia", "author": "HC de Castro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in internet governance by administering domains, formulating strategic guidelines, providing technical recommendations, conducting studies, and engaging in international forums. It plays a technical and consultative role in shaping the internet's regulatory environment, which implicitly includes aspects related to content and information flow.", "quote": "Atua na governança da internet, administração de domínios, formulação de diretrizes estratégicas, recomendações técnicas, produção de estatísticas e estudos, participação em fóruns internacionais. Não possui poder sancionatório forte, mas importante papel técnico e consultivo.", "page": "12", "url": "https://revista.advocef.org.br/index.php/ra/article/view/493", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative analysis of USA, UK, France, Argentina", "when": "Post-1988 Brazil, with historical and comparative context"}, {"title": "A responsabilidade civil no uso da inteligência artificial nas interações com crianças e adolescentes em plataformas de jogos online", "author": "J de Oliveira Dias…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Nic.br conducts research and publishes reports, such as \"TIC Kids Online Brasil", "quote": "advocating for enhanced safety measures", "page": "and promoting public awareness regarding child protection in the digital environment.\"", "url": "https://periodicos.famig.edu.br/index.php/libertas/article/view/878", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, online gaming platforms", "when": "contemporary"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder body that sets strategic guidelines for the use and development of the Internet in Brazil, including principles for governance, privacy, and human rights, influencing the broader regulatory framework.", "quote": "O Comitê é formado por órgãos estatais, representante privados, do terceiro setor e da sociedade civil organizada, tendo como atribuições, dentre outras, estabelecer diretrizes estratégica relacionadas ao uso e desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil. A Resolução nº 2009/003, fixou os princípios para a governança e o uso da internet no Brasil, destacando-se dentre outros aspectos a liberdade, privacidade e os direitos humanos (Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, 2009).", "page": "59", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Argues that state regulation should guarantee freedom of expression without prior censorship, and emphasizes investing in media literacy to help users discern true from false content and resist criminalization.", "quote": "La regulación estatal debe garantizar libertad de expresión, no censura previa. Señaló que es necesario invertir en alfabetización mediática para que los usuarios puedan distinguir los contenidos verdaderos de los falsos y enfatizó en la necesidad de resistir las tentaciones de criminalización.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "ARMADILHAS E CAMINHOS NA REGULAÇÃO DA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "Monteiro, Artur Pericles Lima; Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participates in the development of public policies related to the internet sector through a multi-sectoral forum, facilitating consensus-building for fundamental rights and legal security.", "quote": "A própria lei reconhece isso, ao estabelecer que o Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil, órgão multissetorial com atribuição na governança da internet no Brasil, participe do desenvolvimento de políticas públicas relacionadas ao setor (art. 24, III).", "page": "9", "url": "internetlab.org.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2014 and 2021"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Rights", "aliases": ["European Digital Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "EU", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms", "Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "corporate autonomy", "democratic scrutiny", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "judicial scrutiny", "legal clarity", "limited government", "market competition", "platform governance", "privacy", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting a charter of digital rights.", "quote": "19. EDRi. (2014). The Charter of Digital Rights. https://edri.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/06/EDRi_DigitalRightsCharter_web.pdf.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Denouncing risks of private censorship and advocating for democratic and judicial oversight of digital platforms' content moderation, criticizing policies that give platforms undue control over free speech.", "quote": "l’EDRi denunciava che la «Commissione Europea sta provocando una forma di censura ‘volontaria’ da parte dei giganti di internet per evitare una legislazione che sarebbe soggetta al controllo democratico e giudiziario [...] istituzionalizza[ndo] un ruolo per Facebook e Google nella regolazione della libertà di parola degli europei»", "page": "95", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}, {"title": "Moderazione di contenuti illegali e social media scraping", "author": "Giglio, Flavia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns regarding the adoption of the Terrorist Content Online Regulation (TERREG), specifically that the divergence of interpretations across the EU about what amounts to terrorist content could curtail freedom of expression.", "quote": "Similar concerns were expressed in occasion of the adoption of the TERREG, due to the divergence of interpretations across the EU about what amounts to terrorist content.43", "page": "6", "url": "https://i-lex.unibo.it/article/view/18870", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Criticizes proposed legislation (TERREG) for online content moderation, emphasizing concerns about its potential to lead to over-blocking and disproportionate impact on smaller platforms.", "quote": "This is the basis of a common criticism of this legislation by online rights advocates (EDRi, La Quadrature du Net, EFF), who emphasize that only the largest platforms will be able to comply and that it will lead to over-blocking by smaller actors fearing penalties.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Guarding the Guardians: Content Moderation by Online Intermediaries and the Rule of Law", "author": "Elkin-Koren, Niva; Perel, Maayan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "EDRi engages in critical analysis and advocacy regarding non-transparent cooperation between law enforcement agencies and IT companies, challenging the use of terms of service as a basis for content removal requests. This participates in norm-setting and public pressure against certain moderation practices.", "quote": "EDRi, ‘Europol: Non-transparent cooperation with IT companies’ ... (critically describing the use of terms of service by law enforcement agencies as a basis for removal requests).", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34234/chapter/290294064", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, EU, global online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Observes and critiques state actions, arguing that governments coerce intermediaries into policing their users under the flag of 'self-regulation', which is a form of corporate censorship.", "quote": "As European Digital Rights observes, states are coercing intermediaries 'to police and punish their own consumers under the flag of ‘self-regulation’ even though it is not regulation—it is policing—and it is not ‘self-’ because it is their consumers and not themselves that are being policed.'", "page": "42", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in early meetings for the European Internet Forum but withdrew due to exclusion from negotiations and drafts of the hate-speech agreement, citing a lack of transparency.", "quote": "As the civil society group European Digital Rights (“EDRi”) explained, the European Commission refused to give the groups access to the negotiations and drafts of the agreement.", "page": "9", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Franciscan Order", "aliases": ["Franciscan Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "France", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["charity", "economic justice", "institutional control", "moderation", "poverty alleviation", "public morals", "religious adherence", "religious authority", "religious orthodoxy", "religious reform", "scholarly pursuits"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censeur", "censure", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th century", "13th-14th centuries", "13th-15th centuries", "13th–16th century", "13th–17th century", "18th–20th centuries", "Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Founded on ideals of poverty and obedience, the order underwent internal divisions (e.g., Observants, Conventuals, Capuchins) regarding adherence to its rule. Branches like the Capuchins conducted autonomous book burnings, while the Observants had specific rules on library management. As a whole, the order was later compelled to submit inventories of their libraries for ecclesiastical censorship.", "quote": "in tutti gli ordini religiosi furono attivare misure per contrastare la diffusione delle idee eretiche tra monaci e frati,27come fecero i cappuccini con roghi autonomi di libri “inutili e pericolosi”28 e i gesuiti tramite la pratica dell’espurgazione del testo da parte del singolo religioso.", "page": "10", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Promoted a life of moderation and pauperistic sensibility, influencing theological and moral reflections on wealth, charity, and consumption. They initiated Monti di Pietà as a credit institution.", "quote": "la radicalizzazione della proposta francescana su una scelta di vita improntata a principi di moderazione.", "page": "10", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Served as licensers who determined what was permissible in astronomical thought, contributing to Galileo's imprisonment for views contrary to their interpretation of doctrine.", "quote": "the famous Galileo grown old, a prisner to the Inquisition, for thinking in Astronomy otherwise then the Franciscan and Dominican licencers thought.", "page": "43", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Undertook self-reform movements aimed at renewing spiritual life and promoting adherence to their order's foundational principles, thereby influencing religious norms.", "quote": "Ces mouvements de refondation des ordres, perceptibles tout par- ticulièrement chez les franciscains et les dominicains, furent en large part tributaires de l'influence des fraticelli et de l'œuvre de Savonarole.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}, {"title": "La censure dans les universités médiévales (note critique)", "author": "Boureau, Alain", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Members of the Franciscan Order, such as Archbishop Jean Peckham, issued condemnations (e.g., in London 1286) against specific philosophical doctrines like the unique substantial form, attempting to enforce doctrinal orthodoxy. The order also advocated for certain theological positions, like the Immaculate Conception.", "quote": "L'archevêque franciscain de Cantorbéry, Jean Peckham. Il avait besoin d'appuyer sa condamnation sur des articles censurés en mars 1277 à Oxford par son prédécesseur Robert Kilwardby...", "page": "321", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900043110/type/journal_article", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Medieval Universities (Paris, Oxford)", "when": "13th-14th centuries"}, {"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The order's legislation prohibited friars from possessing, reading, copying, or distributing books on alchemy and magic. Its Chapter General also required new theological, legal, or philosophical works by friars to be approved by an internal commission before publication or dissemination, imposing penalties for non-compliance.", "quote": "... seu libros ac scripturas continentes talia retinere, legere, scribere, aut sibi facere pro se aut pro alio, accommodare vel dare alteri, aut ab alio petere vel accipere quoquomodo praesumat...", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}, {"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "They established and enforced moral principles regarding art and literature, asserting that 'true art' must align with moral law and criticizing genres like novels for containing impiety or impurity.", "quote": "Les franciscains estiment que «l'art véritable ne saurait être indépendant de la loi morale».", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Frontier Model Forum", "aliases": ["Frontier Model Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Claude 3", "Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "GPT-5.3-Codex"], "norms": ["ai safety", "risk management", "safety", "scientific integrity", "security", "software security", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participates in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, and deployment governance as an industry consortium.", "quote": "industry consortia (e.g. Frontier Model Forum, MLCommons, Partnership on AI)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights and evaluations, contributing to industry-wide safety and security standards.", "quote": "This evaluation is shared across major labs via the Frontier Model Forum, a non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights.", "page": "96", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Acts as a non-profit forum for major AI developers to share key safety and security insights, facilitating the sharing of evaluations like the Multimodal Virology (VCT) assessment.", "quote": "This evaluation is shared across major labs via the Frontier Model Forum, a non-profit organization that brings major AI developers to share key safety and security insights.", "page": "130", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "This consortium facilitates the sharing of evaluation results, specifically virology-specific knowledge assessments, among major labs to enable consistent tracking of AI model capabilities in critical threat areas.", "quote": "While not yet public, this evaluation is shared across major labs via the Frontier Model Forum [8], allowing consistent tracking of model capabilities in virology, a key area of concern in our threat model.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "GPT-5-3-Codex-System-Card-02", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Acts as a platform for investing in a shared understanding of cyber threat models and best practices within the AI ecosystem, contributing to software supply chain security and vulnerability patching.", "quote": "Investing in a shared understanding of cyber threat models and best practices, via the Frontier Model Forum.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.3-Codex model family", "when": "post-2025 AI era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights and evaluations.", "quote": "This evaluation is shared across major labs via the Frontier Model Forum, a non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights.", "page": "124", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights, facilitating the sharing of evaluations like multimodal virology.", "quote": "This evaluation is shared across major labs via the Frontier Model Forum, a non-profit organization that brings together major AI developers to share key safety and security insights.", "page": "174", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Gryphon Scientific", "aliases": ["Gryphon Scientific"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "external red-team / auditor", "professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["GPT-4.5", "GPT-4o", "GPT-5.2", "GPT-5.3-Codex", "OpenAI o1 model family", "OpenAI o3", "OpenAI o4-mini", "gpt-oss-120b", "gpt-oss-20b"], "norms": ["biosecurity", "national security", "scientific expertise"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "GPT-5-3-Codex-System-Card-02", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed a multiple-choice dataset for evaluating models' tacit knowledge and troubleshooting capabilities in biological and chemical domains, focusing on areas where tacit knowledge would be a bottleneck.", "quote": "We evaluated models on a tacit knowledge and troubleshooting multiple choice dataset created with Gryphon Scientific.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.3-Codex model family", "when": "post-2025 AI era"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4o System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Designed questions and detailed rubrics for evaluating GPT-4o's capabilities related to biological threat creation, leveraging their expertise in working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "quote": "We designed the questions and detailed rubrics with Gryphon Scientific[22] due to their expertise working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o", "when": "2023-2024"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2025 - gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated on designing questions and detailed rubrics for long-form biorisk questions, leveraging their expertise in dangerous biological agents and national security settings.", "quote": "We designed the questions and detailed rubrics with Gryphon Scientific due to their expertise working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b AI models", "when": "2024–2025 AI model development and evaluation era"}, {"title": "gpt-4-5-system-card-2272025", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Designed questions and detailed rubrics for long-form biorisk questions, testing the acquisition of critical and sensitive information across five stages of biological threat creation, and created a tacit knowledge and troubleshooting dataset for biorisk.", "quote": "We designed the questions and detailed rubrics with Gryphon Scientific due to their expertise working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI system / Model Family: GPT-4.5", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o3-and-o4-mini-system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Partnered to design questions and detailed rubrics for long-form biological risk evaluations, assessing models' ability to acquire sensitive information across stages of biological threat creation.", "quote": "We designed the questions and detailed rubrics with Gryphon Scientific due to their expertise working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini models", "when": "2025"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provided expertise in dangerous biological agents for designing long-form biorisk questions and detailed rubrics, and created a tacit knowledge and troubleshooting multiple-choice dataset for model evaluation.", "quote": "We designed the questions and detailed rubrics with Gryphon Scientific due to their expertise working with dangerous biological agents in a national security setting.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "oai_5_2_system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Gryphon Scientific created a tacit knowledge and troubleshooting multiple choice dataset to evaluate models on all stages of the biothreat creation process, focusing on areas where tacit knowledge is a bottleneck.", "quote": "We evaluated models on a tacit knowledge and troubleshooting multiple choice dataset created with Gryphon Scientific.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.2 model family", "when": "post-2025 AI platform era"}]}, {"name": "Index on Censorship", "aliases": ["Index on Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "free expression advocacy organisation; magazine publisher", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "El Salvador", "England", "Estonia", "Europe", "German Democratic Republic", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Iran", "Pakistan", "Poland", "South Africa", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Weimar Republic", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-censorship", "free speech", "freedom of conscience", "freedom of religion", "human rights", "individual rights", "press freedom"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "16th-21st centuries", "1990s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1972, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "BiasX:“thinking slow” in toxic content moderation with explanations of implied social biases", "author": "Y Zhang, S Nanduri, L Jiang, T Wu…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discussion on free speech and censorship issues by publishing articles.", "quote": "Black and banned: Who is free speech for?", "page": "7", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.300/", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, AI systems", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010s)"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors freedom of the media and speech globally, highlighting countries where abuses occur and contributing to international scrutiny.", "quote": "international watchdogs for freedom of the media and freedom of speech like Index on Censorship and Reporters without Borders continue to put Zimbabwe under the spotlight", "page": "59", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship", "author": "B Yesil", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Analyzes and publishes reports on press freedoms, serving to inform the public and international community about censorship practices and advocating for free expression.", "quote": "Among the reports and surveys I analyzed are those published by the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the Index on Censorship, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Reporters without Borders, and the Turkish Independent Communication Network (BIA).", "page": "4", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "late 2000s – early 2010s"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Criticizes censorial practices and catalogues human rights abuses globally, advocating for free expression.", "quote": "And of course, Index on Censorship has, ever since its inception in the early 1970s, criticized censorial practices across the world.", "page": "2", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes examples and information about censorship cases worldwide, serving as a resource for understanding and documenting restrictions on free expression.", "quote": "Index on Censorship and the publications of Article XIX are two valuable sources of examples.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "A new map of censorship", "author": "R Dworkin", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It was founded on the conviction that freedom of speech, conscience, and religion are fundamental human rights, and it continues to defend this freedom against various challenges, including those from within Western democracies and those posed by foreign regimes.", "quote": "Index was founded in the first conviction: that freedom of speech, along with the allied freedoms of conscience and religion, are fundamental human rights that the world community has a responsibility to guard.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03064229408535633", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western democracies (USA, Canada), with a discussion of the Rushdie affair concerning Iran", "when": "Late 20th century (early 1990s)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition; OSA-related public consultation; Save Online Speech Coalition", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Index publishes a long-running magazine and investigative reporting, organises campaigns and events (Banned Books Week, awards), and joins multi-organization calls to pressure states and platforms, combining research, public shaming and coalition advocacy.", "quote": "Index conducts campaigns, publishes reporting and analysis, and joins calls related to censorship, transnational repression and online expression, directly engaging platform and information governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.indexoncensorship.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers", "aliases": ["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Drones", "Household robots", "Reddit"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "algorithmic fairness", "data protection", "ethics", "human well-being", "knowledge creation", "professional standards", "quality standards", "responsible AI", "technical standards", "technological development", "technological innovation", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti", "modération", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Codified numerous standards on transparency, data protection, and algorithmic bias, published as 'Ethically Aligned Design' to guide autonomous and intelligent systems towards human well-being.", "quote": "e dagli standards P7000-P7013 emanati dall’Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), associazione di imprese che ha codificato decine di standard in materia di trasparenza, tutela dei dati e bias algoritmici, rendendoli noti attraverso la pubblicazione «Ethically Aligned Design. A Vision for Prioritizing Human Well-being with Autonomous and Intelligent Systems» del 2017", "page": "125", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Develops resources and standards for AI practitioners and issues calls for participation in their processes, focusing on AI ethics and governance.", "quote": "Standards bodies that develop resources for AI practitioners (IEEE, n.d.) may also benefit from deeper perspectives from safety and policy teams...", "page": "269", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Advancing Embodied Agent Security: From Safety Benchmarks to Input Moderation", "author": "Wang, Ning; Yan, Zihan; Li, Weiyang; Ma, Chuan; Chen, He; Xiang, Tao", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a leading professional body, IEEE organizes and hosts international conferences and publishes proceedings where researchers present their work on AI safety, robotics, and content moderation for embodied agents, thereby fostering knowledge exchange and norm-setting in the field.", "quote": "In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pages 11523-11530. IEEE, 2023.", "page": "8", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15699", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Embodied AI systems, particularly drones and household robots", "when": "Post-2020 AI development era"}, {"title": "Let Community Rules Be Reflected in Online Content Moderation", "author": "Xin, Wangjiaxuan; Wang, Kanlun", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes technical journals and organizes conferences, promoting innovation and research in electrical engineering, electronics, and computing, including areas relevant to AI and content moderation.", "quote": "IEEE Access", "page": "10", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2022"}, {"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "While not directly involved in content moderation, a staff historian used the organization's name to publicly criticize academic work on social media, leading to public outrage and the subsequent removal of the post by the platform.", "quote": "Dr. Safiya Noble's Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism was publicly criticized on Twitter by a staff historian from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), an international professional society. The staff historian hadn't read the book prior to posting his commentary under the IEEE umbrella. The post was taken down only after public outrage.", "page": "9", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes research and organizes conferences in electrical and computer engineering, fostering the advancement of technologies and discussions on topics like network traffic and middleboxes.", "quote": "IEEE Communications Magazine 50(4), 114–121 (2012)", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Sets technical standards for new technologies, circulates knowledge, and recognizes individual merit in electrical and electronics fields, with its standards often becoming international.", "quote": "The IEEE works in con junction with industry to circulate knowledge of technical advances, to rec ognize individual merit through the awarding of prizes, and to set technical standards for new technologies.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)", "aliases": ["National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Meta", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["anti-exploitation", "child safety"], "topics": ["community guidelines", "media moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides expert guidance on child safety, influencing Meta's development of youth-focused features and efforts to combat child exploitation on its platforms.", "quote": "In developing youth-focused features, we are listening to leading experts on child safety (including the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children).", "page": "230", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "QUALIDADE DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO:", "author": "Ferreira, Julia Lazarini; Coutinho, Diogo Rosenthal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Receives reports from platforms like YouTube regarding child sexual abuse images and collaborates with global law enforcement agencies to combat such content.", "quote": "verifica-se que o YouTube informa, nas políticas de nudez e conteúdo sexual, que denuncia imagens de abuso sexual infantil ao Centro Nacional para Crianças Desaparecidas e Exploradas e que trabalha com órgãos globais de cumprimento da lei.", "page": "32", "url": "bdta.abcd.usp.br", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social networks (Meta, YouTube), Brazil", "when": "2014-2024"}, {"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Performs a similar function to INHOPE in the U.S. context, acting as a trusted flagger for Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM), involving expert assessment and reporting.", "quote": "The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children performs a similar function in the U.S. context.", "page": "8", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborates with online intermediaries by sharing hash codes of child sexual abuse material, enabling platforms to detect, remove, and report such content to authorities.", "quote": "Porém, desde 2008, a lei federal americana permite que o Centro Nacional para Crianças Desaparecidas e Exploradas (National Center for Missing and Exploited Children – NCMEC) compartilhe códigos hash de imagens reconhecidamente tidas como pornografia infantil com intermediários.", "page": "148", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Administers a database of PhotoDNA hashes used by internet platforms to identify and remove child pornography, playing a key role in coordinating content moderation efforts.", "quote": "The US-based organisation National Center for Missing and Exploited Children administers a database of PhotoDNA hashes.", "page": "20", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Administers the Photo DNA database, a technology used to identify and remove child pornography from the internet, serving as a model for content moderation efforts.", "quote": "La base de datos de Photo DNA, administrada por el Centro Nacional para Niños Desaparecidos y Explotados (NCMEC, por sus siglas en inglés), no se ha transformado en una herramienta para la censura de otros tipos de material.", "page": "22", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Characterizations of Online Harassment: Comparing Policies Across Social Media Platforms", "author": "Pater, Jessica A.; Kim, Moon K.; Mynatt, Elizabeth D.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Platform operators cooperate and work with NCMEC when prohibited activities, especially those involving children, are identified. This involves accessing and sharing content and personal information from within the platform with the organization.", "quote": "For example, some platforms have policies that enable operators to send warnings to community members, delete content or accounts, or work with third party entities like law enforcement, federal governments, or organizations (i.e., the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children).", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957276.2957297", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Reddit", "aliases": ["Reddit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Citizendium", "Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Twitter", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community autonomy", "community standards", "content relevance", "free speech", "human rights", "privacy", "public discourse", "self-governance", "user autonomy", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Facilitating a crowd-sourced declaration of digital rights.", "quote": "37. Reddit. (2012). The Digital Bill of Rights-A Crowd-sourced Declaration of Rights. https://www.reddit. com/r/fia/comments/vuj37/digital_bill_of_rights_1st_draft/.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Allows subgroups (subreddits) where 'redditors' have moderation powers to delete posts, remove comments, and suspend users, reflecting decentralized moderation models.", "quote": "Esse é o caso do Reddit, em que os redditors possuem prerrogativas técnicas de administrador para deletar postagens, remover comentários e suspender usuários.", "page": "126", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilizes volunteer-moderated subreddits for content organization, but is susceptible to issues like hate speech and harassment, requiring moderation.", "quote": "Reddit, a UGC site organized around volunteer-moderated subreddits... has been accused of fomenting hatred, harassment and nurturing a community of far-right-wing trolls through content intended to derail a thread.", "page": "139", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reddit primarily uses a system of distributed, ex post, algorithmic moderation where users vote (upvote/downvote) on content to determine its visibility. Subreddits allow human moderators to remove content and ban abusive users. It also incorporates a paid 'Gold' membership tier for advanced filtration, spam filters, voting manipulation countermeasures, and shadowbans.", "quote": "Reddit depends on finely machined, distributed, ex post, algorithmic moderation with a strong emphasis on annotation and filtering. Reddit’s users moderate primarily by voting on content.", "page": "53", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A vast participatory media collective where users create, circulate, and transform memes across numerous subreddits, facilitating public conversations, social play, and various forms of identity antagonism and counterpublic contestation.", "quote": "In October 2012, Reddit was embroiled in a controversy that spilled beyond its borders. Adrian Chen, a journalist for the news site Gawker, had just revealed the “offline” identity of Violentacrez, one of Reddit’s “most reviled characters but also one if its most beloved users” (Chen 2012).", "page": "126", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Registered users vote on news items and comments (up-votes/down-votes) to determine their visibility, while an editorial team and 'moderators' monitor for off-topic, inappropriate, or illegal content.", "quote": "participants may vote on whether news items and/or comments are helpful or not. The sum total of these up votes (+1) and down votes (-1)... determines the order in which items and comments appear on their respective front pages.", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Registered users submit news and vote on content quality. An editorial team and subreddit initiators ('Moderators') monitor for off-topic, inappropriate, or illegal content and take action like deletion or banning.", "quote": "registered users may submit news stories... participants may vote on whether news items and/or comments are helpful or not... the editorial team monitors for off-topic, inappropriate, or illegal content", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Reporters Without Borders (RSF)", "aliases": ["Reporters Without Borders (RSF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "EU", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "Gaza", "Global", "Latin America", "Spain", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "State media", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "journalist protection"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador de debate", "moderation censorship", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting international declarations to promote information and democracy.", "quote": "38. Reporters Sans Frontiers. (2018). International Declaration on Information and Democracy. https://rsf.org/en/global-communication-andinformation-space-common-good-humankind. 140", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Reports on press freedom violations globally, including restrictions in Russia, thereby drawing attention to state censorship and advocating for free access to information.", "quote": "Reporters sans frontières, 'Russia | RSF' (15 March 2024) <https://rsf.org/en/country/russia> accessed 20 March 2024.", "page": "11", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation, committing to its principles and measures, implicitly advocating for press freedom and against disinformation.", "quote": "Tra i firmatari figurano Adobe, Associazione europea delle agenzie di comunicazione (EACA), Google, IAB Europe (Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe), Meta, Microsoft, Reporter senza frontiere (RSF), TikTok, Twitch, Twitter, Vimeo e Federazione mondiale degli inserzionisti (WFA). Ciascuno di essi ha firmato gli impegni in un documento, pubblicamente accessibile, che prevede le misure pertinenti per i propri servizi.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on attacks against the press and journalists, contributing to the defense of press freedom and journalist safety in various countries, such as Brazil.", "quote": "Estudio elaborado por la ONG Reporteros Sin Fronteras (RSF) señala que la familia Bolsonaro lidera el ranking de ataques a la prensa, sumando más de 500 actos hostiles contra periodistas a lo largo de 2020, sobre todo en redes sociales.", "page": "118", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on press freedom globally, including self-censorship, to document and advocate against restrictions on media.", "quote": "Press freedom groups habitually refer to self-censorship as one of the key indicators in their yearly country reports (for instance those of Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières and International Research and Exchanges Board/IREX)", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}, {"title": "Media Censorship in China", "author": "Xu, Beina", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Monitors global press freedom and publicly ranks countries, thereby drawing international attention to censorship practices and their impact on journalists.", "quote": "The watchdog group Reporters without Borders ranked China 173 out of 179 countries in its 2013 worldwide index of press freedom.", "page": "1", "url": "files.ethz.ch", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2008–2014"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Issued press releases and advocated against government censorship of online content, specifically highlighting concerns over legislation in Turkey.", "quote": "Reporters Without Borders press release, “Bill censoring online content that insults Atatürk is signed into law,\" May 24", "page": "2007", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Save the Children", "aliases": ["Save The Children", "Save the Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Europe", "European Union", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["child rights", "child safety", "children's rights", "corporate responsibility", "corporate social responsibility", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "public education", "public health", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e responsabilidade das empresas na proteção de crianças e adolescentes no ambiente digital: uma análise crítica do PL 2.628/2022 à luz de modelos internacionais", "author": "Kurschner, Rafael De Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Save the Children co-developed the Children's Rights and Business Principles (CRBP) alongside UNICEF and the UN Global Compact, providing a framework for companies to respect and support children's rights, with an emphasis on preventing and mitigating negative impacts.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "18", "url": "https://periodicos.ufv.br/revistadir/article/view/22228", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparative analysis of EU, UK, and Germany) on digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focused on 2020s legislation and reports)"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e responsabilidade das empresas na proteção de crianças e adolescentes no ambiente digital: uma análise crítica do PL 2.628/2022 à luz …", "author": "R de Lima Kurschner", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in the development and promotion of international principles (Children's Rights and Business Principles - CRBP) that guide corporate responsibility towards children's rights, advocating for prevention and mitigation of negative impacts in digital environments.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "18", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10451979", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, United Kingdom, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}, {"title": "Moderating online child sexual abuse material (CSAM): Does self-regulation work, or is greater state regulation needed?", "author": "P Bleakley, E Martellozzo, R Spence…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As an advocacy group, Save the Children attempts to influence public discourse and media terminology, advocating for the use of terms like 'child abuse' over 'child pornography' to ensure the gravity of the offending is not undermined. This functions as a form of norm enforcement for appropriate language.", "quote": "Scholars and advocates have made repeated attempts to highlight that the term 'child pornography' undermines the gravity of the offending and trivializes the abuse (Save the Children 2005).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14773708231181361", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries, print media", "when": "August 2019 – August 2020"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in coalition-launched campaigns (like Put People First) promoting public mobilization against economic and environmental harms, using digital media for personalized engagement.", "quote": "The largest of these demonstrations was sponsored by a number of prominent NGOs including Oxfam, Friends of the Earth, Save the Children and World Vision.", "page": "299", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a report on sexual disinformation and pornography consumption among adolescents, highlighting early access and its harmful effects on youth development.", "quote": "En su reciente informe «Des(información) sexual: Pornografía y Adolescencia», de 2019, Save The Children advierte que, en España, casi 7 de cada 10 adolescentes (el 68.2 %) ven pornografía con frecuencia —los chicos consumen casi el doble que las chicas— y que ac tualmente la edad media del primer contacto con material pornográfico —en el 98.5 % de los casos, contenidos gratuitos on line— es de 12 años.", "page": "198", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops programs and guides to prevent and intervene with minors exposed to gender violence.", "quote": "trabajos como el de Ayllon, Orjuela y Roman, (2011) para Save the Children constituyen un ejemplo del interés por prevenir e intervenir con menores expuestos/as a violencia de género...", "page": "365", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}, {"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse and provides educational efforts to promote children's online safety, influencing parental and societal attitudes.", "quote": "Educational efforts are also made by national actors such as the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, National Audiovisual Institute and Save the Children.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Stationers' Company", "aliases": ["Stationers' Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["England", "France", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Soviet Union", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial regulation", "copyright protection", "economic interests", "government control", "national security", "political loyalty", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "state authority", "state control", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries", "15th-21st centuries", "17th century", "20th–21st century", "Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England: The Subtle Art of Division", "author": "R Robertson", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The Stationers' Company issued licenses required for printing. Books produced without this license or on an unlicensed press were frequently seized and suppressed, demonstrating their role in pre-publication control and enforcement within the printing trade.", "quote": "Books printed without the Stationers' license or on an unlicensed press were frequently seized/suppressed—but these books were rarely objectionable for their seditious nature—and their removal from circulation had little to do with ideological censorship.", "page": "4", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0yJvXgG3pVIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=X_Ebln2o9N&sig=2NYkRyjnJiyzLeeC9QbaaLlPw4M", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Re-established as arbiters of printing licenses by Parliament's order in 1643, responsible for enforcing regulations and protecting copyrights, acting as a gatekeeper for publications.", "quote": "The order had the effect of re-establishing the booksellers and printers (the stationers) as their own arbiters, in place of the bishops...", "page": "24", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Assisted the English government in enforcing licensing for printing, including delegating some licensing functions and assisting with enforcement to prevent 'abuses' in the press.", "quote": "For example, it delegated some licensing functions, as seen, to prelates, judges, and university officials, it relied on the Stationers Company (or printers' association) for some enforcement, and it encouraged the English to support the licensing as part of a moral endeavor to prevent \"abuses\"\" in the press.\"", "page": "7", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}, {"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Entrusted by the Crown with policing printers' compliance with licensing laws, including searching workshops and destroying offending works, in exchange for exclusive rights to print and publish licensed works.", "quote": "the Crown entrusted the everyday task of policing printers' compliance with the licensing laws to the Stationers' Company (\"Company\"\")", "page": "a guild comprising printers", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Stationers were tasked with copying and selling only texts that had been officially examined and approved by university theologians, ensuring controlled distribution of religious writings under the new legislation.", "quote": "to be delivered unto the stationers to be copied out, and the same to be sold at a reasonable price, the original thereof always after to remain in some chest of the university.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}, {"title": "Richard Montagu, Arminianism and Censorship", "author": "Lambert, Sheila", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "The Stationers' Company controlled the printing trade through mechanisms like the Stationers' Register for book entries and by having its wardens authorize publications, influencing what was printed and licensed.", "quote": "Montagu was otherwise well placed since his usual publisher, Matthew Lownes, was warden of the company in the relevant years and could therefore himself give the company's authorization.", "page": "32", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/650892", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "early 17th century"}, {"title": "THE CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II", "author": "Walker, J.", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Granted a royal charter to discover seditious literature and enforce press laws, with rights to search workshops. Its governing body was charged by the crown with suppressing libels, but some leading members connived in circulating anti-court tracts and obstructed official searches.", "quote": "During the reign of Philip and Mary the Stationers' Company was granted a royal charter and was made responsible for the discovery of seditious literature.", "page": "2", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1950.tb00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "Stop Hate for Profit", "aliases": ["Stop Hate for Profit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Instagram", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "brand safety", "corporate accountability", "corporate social responsibility", "democratic integrity", "ethical advertising", "ethical standards", "factual accuracy", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "platform accountability", "social justice"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Rallied advertisers to pressure Facebook into demonetizing pages and groups promoting hate speech, campaigning for modifications to moderation policies and content monetization strategies.", "quote": "Steph Hill ex-amines in this issue the Stop Hate for Profit campaign, which rallied advertisers to pressure Facebook into demonetising pages and groups identified as promoting hate speech (Hill, 2025).", "page": "12", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Campaigning to hold social media companies accountable for hate on their platforms, advocating against the amplification of inflammatory content.", "quote": "Stop Hate for Profit es una campaña en curso para responsabilizar a las empresas de redes sociales por el odio en sus plataformas.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An advocacy coalition that launched campaigns to pressure major platforms to implement stricter policies against harmful content and urged advertiser boycotts.", "quote": "The advocacy coalition Stop Hate for Profit had launched a campaign to pressure the major platforms, including Alphabet’s YouTube, to ban Trump from their services.", "page": "96", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a campaign in July 2020, urging companies to pause their advertisements on Meta platforms to pressure them into addressing racism and hate speech more effectively, prioritizing people over profit.", "quote": "Em julho de 2020, a campanha Stop Hate for Profit228, pare de lucrar com ódio em português, pediu para que as empresas pausassem os seus anúncios nas plataformas comandadas pela Meta a fim de exigir que a companhia abordasse o racismo e o discurso de ódio em seus ambientes.", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This movement orchestrated a boycott by companies against Facebook in 2020, aiming to pressure the platform to implement stricter content moderation policies, especially regarding hate speech, by impacting its advertising revenue.", "quote": "Nos Estados Unidos, em 2020, o Facebook passou por um boicote liderado pelo movimento Stop the hate for profit (Pare o ódio pelo lucro, em tradução livre), contra o discurso de ódio.", "page": "8", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organized a nationwide advertising boycott against Facebook to pressure the platform to enhance content moderation policies, specifically to combat hate speech, misinformation, bias, white supremacy, Holocaust denialism, vaccine misinformation, and climate denialism.", "quote": "Facebook stepped up its moderation and revised its lax policy after more than 400 companies waged a nationwide ad boycott \"Stop Hate for Profit.\"\"\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organizes boycotts of major platforms (like Facebook) to pressure them into adopting stricter policies for removing hate speech and racist content.", "quote": "Um exemplo relevante é o do crescente movimento Stop Hate for Profit, que tem pautado boicotes a plataformas como facebook ante a inércia para remover conteúdo de ódio e racista da rede social.", "page": "33", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Trade Unions", "aliases": ["Trade Unions", "Trade unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body / social movement", "social movement", "trade association", "trade association / advocacy group", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Nigeria", "Spain", "Taiwan", "Turkey", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["AI systems", "Facebook", "digital platforms"], "norms": ["collective action", "community governance", "democratic oversight", "economic justice", "employee representation", "social justice", "solidarity", "technological control", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti", "modérateur des médias", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mentioned as examples of 'democratically governed civil organizations' that could represent communities and administer platform accounts to support coherence.", "quote": "democratically governed civil organizations (like some unions and religious organizations), most will likely have other governance structures...", "page": "24", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Gemini m'a menti", "author": "T Gheeraert", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Demand a right of oversight regarding the implementation of AI within companies, acting as advocates for workers to ensure their involvement in technological changes.", "quote": "Des mouvements émergent déjà en ce sens, qu'il s'agisse de syndicats demandant un droit de regard sur l'implémentation des IA dans les entreprises...", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.sens-public.org/articles/1806/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global AI industry", "when": "2023-2026"}, {"title": "Lavoro digitale", "author": "AA Casilli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They organize and form to advocate for the rights and recognition of digital workers, particularly those in gig work, leading to the formal acknowledgment of their claims in some instances.", "quote": "La tangibilità del lavoro a chiamata ha favorito l'organizzazione e la formazione di sindacati di lavoratori e, in alcuni casi, ha condotto al riconoscimento delle loro istanze (Marrone 2021).", "page": "2", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-04705286/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, focusing on digital platforms and AI systems", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary (up to 2024)"}, {"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocate for worker involvement in decisions about AI implementation and the development of safety standards in the workplace, acting as a norm-setting and public pressure mechanism.", "quote": "Mandatory involvement of trade unions and labor collectives in the process of implementing AI into work processes, informing them about the principles and criteria of AI algorithms’ operation.", "page": "278", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Traditionally organize and represent workers' interests and mobilize for social/economic demands. They act as intermediaries for collective action, but struggled to adapt their methods of mobilization to the internet platform era, leading to a 'non reconfiguration des méthodes'.", "quote": "On se rend très vite compte que ce qui sépare syndicats et Gilets jaunes est moins à rechercher du côté des sujets que celui des méthodes, et plus précisément la non reconfiguration des méthodes des syndicats.", "page": "9", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}, {"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Serve as a vehicle for collective employee voice, which implicitly counters self-censorship by providing a channel for expressing differing opinions and concerns in an organization.", "quote": "There are two kinds of vehicles of expressing voice: collective (through trade unions and collective bargaining) and individualistic (direct employee initiatives).", "page": "68", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Historically, unions have served as instruments for employees to distance themselves from managerial control and strategically leverage business dependencies to gain liberties and improve working conditions, such as through wildcat strikes.", "quote": "While unions have typically been instruments for distancing employees from the strategic command of work (Collinson, 1992), they can also tactically deploy the very dependencies of business to harvest certain liberties.", "page": "150", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Professional Association", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Professional Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI literacy", "acceptable online behavior", "community standards", "ethical standards", "ethics", "harm reduction", "legal compliance", "moderation efficacy", "professional honour", "professional standards", "public trust", "transparency", "user safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "How Generative AI Empowers Attackers and Defenders Across the Trust & Safety Landscape", "author": "PG Kelley, S Rousso-Schindler, R Shelby…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The TPSA highlights diverse roles and activities of Trust & Safety professionals, including policy design, threat analysis, and content moderation, aiming to promote a safer and more trustworthy internet and meet complex legal requirements.", "quote": "The Trust & Safety Professional Association (TPSA) highlights diverse roles spanning policy design, threat analysis, and content moderation-many of which are similar to Responsible AI jobs [100].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791363", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online Trust & Safety landscape across child safety, election integrity, hate and harassment, scams, and violent extremism", "when": "Contemporary and near future (2024-2026)"}, {"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior online, offering an open access curriculum.", "quote": "TSPA will support the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior online.", "page": "14", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior online; provides curriculum and educational initiatives; is a founding board member of the organization.", "quote": "TSPA will support the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior online.", "page": "14", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports the global community of professionals, develops and enforces principles and policies that define acceptable online behavior, and provides curriculum and industry overviews.", "quote": "TSPA will support the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior online.", "page": "41", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Represents and organizes the professional community involved in platform governance and content moderation, contributing to the professionalization and norm-setting within the field.", "quote": "See e.g. the Trust & Safety Professional Association, founded in the US in 2020. There is also an academic Journal of Online Trust and Safety, which published its first issue in 2021, and a yearly Trust and Safety Research Conference, hosted at Stanford University.", "page": "5", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supports content moderation professionals, aiming to improve content moderation practices and professionalization in the field.", "quote": "I am a founding board member of the Trust & Safety Professional Association (for content moderation professionals) and the Trust & Safety Foundation.", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supports and brings together professionals who are involved in developing and enforcing policies for acceptable online behavior and content moderation, promoting ethical responsibilities and best practices within the industry.", "quote": "A promising development in this area is the recent launch of two new organizations, the Trust & Safety Professional Association (TSPA) and the Trust & Safety Foundation Project, to \"support[] the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior and content online.\"\"\"", "page": "134", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Children's Fund", "aliases": ["United Nations Children's Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Australia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Czech Republic", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Kenya", "Slovakia", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "child health", "child rights", "child safety", "child welfare", "children's rights", "data integrity", "ethical design", "harm reduction", "public health", "responsible technology use", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderatore di contenuti", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Issues reports and raises awareness about the impact of fake news on public health (e.g., vaccine campaigns), contributing to the public debate on the need for content moderation.", "quote": "A campanha de divulgação na internet de notícias falsas relacionadas à saúde e à vacinação se intensificou, atingindo proporções ainda maiores durante a pandemia da COVID-19.", "page": "17", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e responsabilidade das empresas na proteção de crianças e adolescentes no ambiente digital: uma análise crítica do PL 2.628/2022 à luz de modelos internacionais", "author": "Kurschner, Rafael De Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "UNICEF contributes to norm-setting and policy guidance for corporate responsibility in the digital environment by developing principles and briefings (such as the Children's Rights and Business Principles and the B-Tech UNICEF Briefing), which advocate for age-appropriate design, preventive measures, transparency, and child participation in digital policy.", "quote": "Instrumentos internacionais como o B-Tech UNICEF Briefing for Consultation (2024) e os Children's Rights and Business Principles (CRBP, 2012) têm se consolidado como referências fundamentais nesse processo.", "page": "17", "url": "https://periodicos.ufv.br/revistadir/article/view/22228", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparative analysis of EU, UK, and Germany) on digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focused on 2020s legislation and reports)"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Works to spread global awareness on issues related to children and youth, including aspects of sexual health and education, contributing to norm-setting for child welfare.", "quote": "All the leading international organisations, such as WHO, UNICEF or the Red Cross, are working to spread awareness globally.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}, {"title": "TIKTOK E LA TUTELA DEI MINORI: i provvedimenti legislativi e l'azione delle famiglie Antonello Pirozzi", "author": "CJM del Progetto ERASMUS", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and recommendations, advocating for collective responsibility (including governments, families, schools, and private institutions) in protecting children in the digital world.", "quote": "Nel dicembre 2017 l'Unicef ha pubblicato un interessante rapporto titolato \"Figli dell'era digitale” nel quale viene sottolineato come il dovere di proteggere i bambini nel mondo digitale riguardi tutti i soggetti: governi", "page": "famiglie", "url": "https://www-2023.eudila.ing.uniroma2.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/TIKTOK-e-la-tutela-dei-minori.pdf", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, TikTok platform", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2017-2024)"}, {"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with platforms (e.g., Twitter, LinkedIn) to participate in and receive ad credits for campaigns aimed at disseminating critical public health information and promoting vaccination.", "quote": "In January, in partnership with Team Halo, UNICEF, NHS, and the Vaccine Confidence Project, we activated an emoji hashtag #vaccinated to show support for vaccination.", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}, {"title": "A Human-is-the-Loop Approach for Semi-Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Link, Daniel; Hellingrath, Bernd", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Representatives from UNICEF Kenya provided expert input by sharing their views during the design and development phases of the semi-automated content moderation workflow, contributing to its practical applicability for humanitarian operations.", "quote": "For sharing their views in many discussions during design and development, we also want to thank practitioners Minu Limbu (UNICEF Kenya)...", "page": "12", "url": "idl.iscram.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media (Twitter), Disaster Management, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Employs statistical knowledge and data collection (e.g., infant mortality rates) to understand populations, contributing to a form of 'biopolitics' that measures social properties.", "quote": "Biopolitics is a species-level knowledge. It is the type of knowledge that, say, UNICEF employs when it claims that the infant mor tality rate in the United States is 7 per every 1,000 births.", "page": "112", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "WITNESS", "aliases": ["WITNESS", "Witness"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "human rights technology NGO; media advocacy"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "ethical technology use", "free speech", "human rights", "justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderador censor", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 7, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights, advocating for ethical use of media.", "quote": "I sit on a couple boards... and the board of WITNESS, an organization that helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights.", "page": "43", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights; its board includes one of the editors.", "quote": "I sit on a couple boards, including the Trust and Safety Professional Association and the board of WITNESS, an organization that helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights.", "page": "16", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights.", "quote": "WITNESS, an organization that helps people use video and technology to protect and defend human rights.", "page": "43", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited as a source indicating that content moderation impedes efforts to determine responsibility for human rights violations, advocating for the use of video to document and expose abuses.", "quote": "Otra consecuencia aún más compleja es que la moderación de contenidos obstaculiza los esfuerzos para determinar responsabilidades por violaciones de derechos humanos (EFF, Witness and Syria Archive 2019)...", "page": "15", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... Ranking Digital Rights y WITNESS.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "International organization that capacitates individuals to use audiovisual resources in the fight for human rights, implicitly engaging with content moderation that affects human rights documentation.", "quote": "Dia Kayyali, Program Manager na Witness, organização internacional que capacita e ajuda pessoas a usarem recursos audiovisuais na luta por direitos humanos", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025; Build Up Conference 2025; StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "WITNESS produces practical guides and technical benchmarks (Video as Evidence Field Guide, Archiving for Human Rights, TRIED), conducts trainings for frontline documenters, and advocates in policy fora (e.g., GPAI/AI Code discussions) to shape detection, provenance, and platform practices protecting documentary evidence.", "quote": "WITNESS directly engages on platform and AI governance by developing standards, benchmarks and guidance (e.g., TRIED benchmark, commentary on GPAI Code) to protect documentary evidence and influence detection, provenance, and content authenticity practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.witness.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "#MeToo movement", "aliases": ["#MeToo Movement", "#MeToo movement", "The #MeToo movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Japan", "Pakistan", "Taiwan", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-violence", "community well-being", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "protest rights", "social justice", "social norms", "user safety", "victim support", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An emerging, decentralized protest movement that could be identified by the platform, with its organizational capacity fostered to enable participation in governance and content curation.", "quote": "the community around a decentralized emerging protest movement like #MeToo. In such a case the identified community could remain in a register of communities waiting to be \"claimed\"\"...\"", "page": "25", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Initiated and propagated digital denunciations of sexual harassment and assault, empowering individuals to share their experiences publicly and contributing to the 'cancellation' of alleged perpetrators.", "quote": "el inicio de este fenómeno digital, nos lleva realmente a situarnos cronológicamente en el año 2017 en Estados Unidos cuando se comenzaron a revelar las distintas denuncias con el #MeToo hacia el ex productor de cine Harvey Weinstein", "page": "28", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}, {"title": "Reseña/Review (Román, Ayme,“Después del# MeToo. Dilemas del feminismo en la era digital”, Barcelona, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-84-12451-78-8 …", "author": "AH de Blas", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It emerged from an activist's program for survivors of sexual violence and later became a viral social media hashtag, raising visibility for the prevalence and systemic nature of sexual violence through public testimonials and accusations.", "quote": "el libro comienza con un análisis crítico acerca de las implicaciones del #MeToo para, posteriormente, desgranar pormenorizadamente cada uno de los temas que han atravesado la arena discursiva del feminismo desde la erupción de este movimiento en torno al mencionado hashtag.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/9293769.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital age, social media platforms, global context", "when": "Post-2000s, digital era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Leveraged social media platforms to build networks of acknowledgment, fostering shared experience and identity, and enabling collective action against sexual assault and harassment.", "quote": "To illustrate this computational and comparative approach as a framework for research on political expression, we use public online data to understand the dis courses surrounding two #MeToo cases that occurred in 2018 in the United States and South Korea, nearly a year after the 2017 eruption of #MeToo into the public consciousness", "page": "114", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Social Media Platforms and Freedom of Expression Norms", "author": "Arun, Chinmayi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The movement utilized social media to facilitate the sharing of personal stories of sexual harassment, enabling collective validation and the creation of new social norms, despite resistance.", "quote": "The deeply personal, sometimes anonymous, statements that are a part of the #MeToo movement may not have possible through any other media. The number of statements... created a new norm.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global; with specific examples from India, US, France, Pakistan, China, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses online campaigns and hashtags to challenge sexual misconduct and sexual violence in media industries, promoting awareness and resistance to patriarchal power relations.", "quote": "The #MeToo movement calling out sexual misconduct in media industries... demonstrating the potential for digital technologies to be used to effectively challenge the status quo.", "page": "28", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión de España", "aliases": ["Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": ["Spanish Television Channels", "broadcast television"], "norms": ["democracy", "democratic debate", "democratic participation", "free speech", "impartiality", "information integrity", "media quality", "professional ethics", "professional standards", "professionalism", "public information", "quality programming", "recognition of excellence", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderación de debates", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Organized a televised debate between political parties during an electoral campaign, thus providing a platform that shapes public discourse.", "quote": "Es el caso del debate cara a cara celebrado en diciembre de 2015 entre PP y PSOE que fue organizado por la Academia de las Ciencias de las Artes de Televisión", "page": "13", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Las cadenas de televisión españolas frente al debate del 13J: estrategias de programación y audiencia social", "author": "M Saavedra-Llamas…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "It organized the pre-electoral debate, acting as a central coordinator for its broadcast across numerous generalist and thematic television channels. This role involves establishing the format and setting the stage for a significant national political discussion, thereby influencing the structure and presentation of political discourse.", "quote": "El debate electoral del 13 de junio –contenido informativo y en directo-, organizado por la Academia de la Televisión y emitido a través de una única señal por las cadenas generalistas La 1, Antena 3, Telecinco y La Sexta y por 13 temáticas y regionales, consiguiera gran audiencia tradicional", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4426465&publisher=FZ5922", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Spanish Television Channels)", "when": "2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Análisis y comparativa de los debates políticos de primer nivel en España (2012 y 2016) y Serbia (2016): nuevos formatos televisivos para nuevos escenarios …", "author": "M Micovic, M Gallego-Reguera", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Recovers and organizes high-level televised political debates between candidates, offering an open broadcast signal for other national and international media outlets to distribute, thereby contributing to the structure and accessibility of political discourse.", "quote": "destaca la labor de la Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión, que recuperó los debates en 2008 y los ha organizado también en 2011, 2015 y 2016, ofreciendo una señal abierta para todos los medios nacionales e internacionales.", "page": "13", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d87f3a4515ea616d1672d46e30b8906/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1216381", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Serbia", "when": "2015–2016"}, {"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Organizes and moderates televised electoral debates, establishing formats and rules that influence the structure and conduct of political discourse and public perception of candidates.", "quote": "El debate de 2008 fue organizado por la Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión, una institución independiente, compuesta por profesionales de televisión.", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}, {"title": "La clave de TVE, un programa de debate en la historia de la televisión en España (1976-1985)", "author": "M Palacio, C Ciller", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The organization conducted a survey among television professionals to classify programs by quality, thereby implicitly setting standards and norms for \"quality television\"\" and influencing perceptions of program value.\"", "quote": "En ésta el espacio dirigido por José Luis Balbín quedó clasificado en quinto lugar de la lista de calidad televisiva española, solo por detrás de El hombre y la tierra, Un, dos, tres, Informe Semanal y La Cabina.", "page": "3", "url": "https://e-archivo.uc3m.es/rest/api/core/bitstreams/a517d255-a8c8-466e-9912-422c1cbd60ce/content", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1976–1985"}, {"title": "Comunicación institucional en los debates electorales entre candidatos a la presidencia del Gobierno en España en las elecciones generales (2008 y 2011)", "author": "MG Reguera, IM Martínez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Academy organized, produced, emitted, and managed the institutional communication for the electoral debates between presidential candidates. It provided a neutral signal to all television channels and oversaw all organizational and technical aspects, thus moderating the structure and conditions of political discourse in these high-profile public debates.", "quote": "En resumen, ganó la ciudadanía, ganó la televisión, ganaron todas las televisiones y debo añadir que ganó, obviamente, la Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión. ... fue una organización de la sociedad civil, en este caso la Academia de Televisión, la que organizó este debate", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/709/70928465010.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "2008-2011"}]}, {"name": "Al Sur", "aliases": ["Al Sur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "NGO", "academic/research lab", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "human rights", "oversight", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A civil society and academic regional consortium focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online in Latin America.", "quote": "Additionally, see the work of civil society and academic regional consortiums focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online, such as Al Sur in Latin America...", "page": "111", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Regional consortium focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online in Latin America.", "quote": "Additionally, see the work of civil society and academic regional consortiums focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online, such as Al Sur in Latin America", "page": "141", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A regional consortium focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online in Latin America.", "quote": "Also, see the work of civil society and academic regional consortiums focused on the promotion and protection of human rights online, such as Al Sur in Latin America https://www.alsur.lat/", "page": "141", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Analyzed proposals for democratic regulation, criticizing aspects like state control and lack of specificity, while confirming the necessity for complex transparency and accountability mechanisms and consensus on intermediary immunity and due process.", "quote": "La propuesta de regulación fue analizada por el consorcio de organizaciones73 que trabajan en la sociedad civil y en el ámbito académico en América Latina y que buscan con su trabajo conjunto fortalecer los derechos humanos en el entorno digital de la región, Al Sur.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Analyzed regulation proposals, advocating for advancing transparency, due process, and accountability in intermediary regulation, while also critiquing state control over auto-regulation.", "quote": "La propuesta de regulación fue analizada por el consorcio de organizaciones73 que trabajan en la sociedad civil y en el ámbito académico en América Latina y que buscan con su trabajo conjunto fortalecer los derechos humanos en el entorno digital de la región, Al Sur.", "page": "30", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ARMADILHAS E CAMINHOS NA REGULAÇÃO DA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "Monteiro, Artur Pericles Lima; Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Convenes digital rights organizations in Latin America to develop regional consensuses and reports that inform regulatory perspectives on content moderation.", "quote": "e o recente relatório da coalizão Al Sur, que congrega organizações de direitos digitais na América Latina.", "page": "28", "url": "internetlab.org.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2014 and 2021"}]}, {"name": "Brennan Center for Justice", "aliases": ["Brennan Center for Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Latin America", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Google Search", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-discrimination", "civil liberties", "civil rights", "content moderation consistency", "content moderation fairness", "counter-extremism", "democracy", "democratic accountability", "democratic trust", "digital rights", "election security", "fairness", "human rights", "public interest", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "BiasX:“thinking slow” in toxic content moderation with explanations of implied social biases", "author": "Y Zhang, S Nanduri, L Jiang, T Wu…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to the discourse on social media content moderation by publishing technical reports.", "quote": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation. Technical report, Brennan Center for Justice.", "page": "6", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.300/", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, AI systems", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010s)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... Brennan Center for Justice, Center for Democracy & Technology...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research and provides information that counters misleading narratives about election fraud, contributing to public trust in the election processes.", "quote": "The Myth of Voter Fraud | Brennan Center for Justice However, extensive research reveals that fraud is very rare, voter impersonation is virtually nonexistent, and many instances of alleged fraud are, in fact, mistakes...", "page": "3", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}, {"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes policy reports and recommendations that analyze social media content moderation practices and advocate for reforms to protect marginalized communities and ensure accountability.", "quote": "The Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law is a nonpartisan law and policy institute that works to reform, revitalize – and when necessary defend – our country’s systems of democracy and justice.", "page": "2", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for campaign finance reform and strong disclosure laws, offering guidance for 'well-crafted and fair legislation' and potentially participating in negotiations for digital advertising self-regulation frameworks.", "quote": "The Brennen Center for Justice offers an incisive guide to well-crafted and fair legislation that could guide such legislation and ensure important exceptions for small or vulnerable donors.", "page": "42", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and analysis on countering violent extremism (CVE) initiatives, highlighting how they can stigmatize communities and accelerate radicalization.", "quote": "CVE initiatives have stigmatized Muslims (Brennan Center for Justice 2015), thus accelerating both radicalization and violent extremism.", "page": "45", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "China Digital Times", "aliases": ["China Digital Times"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": ["DeepSeek LLM", "Weibo"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "freedom of information", "journalistic freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Information Suppression in Large Language Models: Auditing, Quantifying, and Characterizing Censorship in DeepSeek", "author": "Qiu, Peiran; Zhou, Siyi; Ferrara, Emilio", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It functions as a journalistic organization committed to preserving freedom of speech by archiving content censored in China. This archived content serves as a dataset for researchers to identify politically sensitive topics and audit AI models for information suppression.", "quote": "We collected censored article topics from China Digital Times (CDT), a journalistic organization committed to preserving freedom of speech by archiving content censored in China.", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.12349", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "DeepSeek LLM, China", "when": "21st century, post-2020 AI era"}, {"title": "Censorship, the Media, and the Market in China", "author": "Hassid, Jonathan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "China Digital Times collects and publishes leaked censorship directives from various Chinese censorship authorities. By making these directives public, it reveals the scope and methods of media censorship, including economic censorship, thereby increasing transparency and challenging the secrecy of the state's media control program.", "quote": "On a broader scale, the large and growing collection of leaked censorship directives collected by Xiao Qiang's China Digital Times and others offer a window directly into a few of China's myriad censorship authorities.", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11366-020-09660-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2000s–2010s"}, {"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Aggregates and provides analysis on politically sensitive topics, serving as a source of information that is censored by the Chinese government.", "quote": "For example, the censors block China Digital Times, a bilingual website that aggregates and provides analysis on politically sensitive topics.", "page": "12", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}, {"title": "China's Strategic Censorship", "author": "Lorentzen, Peter", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes leaked directives and information related to censorship from within China, acting as a channel for transparency regarding government media control.", "quote": "Selections of these are leaked regularly to the University of California, Berkeley-based China Digital Times website (http://chinadigitaltimes.net).", "page": "10", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "China's Media Censorship: A Dynamic and Diversified Regime", "author": "Tai, Qiuqing", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "CDT is an independent media organization that collects and publishes secret censorship directives issued by the Chinese propaganda apparatus. Its role is to bring uncensored news and online voices from China to the world, effectively counteracting state censorship through transparency.", "quote": "Data for this article were collected from the website of China Digital Times (CDT). CDT is an independent, bilingual media organization that brings uncensored news and online voices from China to the world. [...] and publish all the authentic directives.", "page": "192", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1598240800008900/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1978–2013"}, {"title": "The Velocity of Censorship: High-Fidelity Detection of Microblog Post Deletions", "author": "Zhu, Tao; Pridgen, Adam; Wallach, Dan S", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "It compiles and publishes lists of sensitive keywords that are monitored or banned by Chinese internet censors. Researchers leverage these lists to identify sensitive users and content, thereby studying censorship patterns.", "quote": "We started with 25 sensitive users that we discovered manually, leveraging a list from China Digital Times [4] of sensitive keywords which are not allowed to be searched on Weibo's server.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China (Weibo platform)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2012)"}]}, {"name": "First Draft News", "aliases": ["First Draft News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO/watchdog/transparency", "Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "factual accuracy", "harm reduction", "information quality", "journalistic integrity", "journalistic standards", "professional ethics", "public discourse quality"], "topics": ["0.0", "content moderation", "moderazione del dibattito", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "6 Twitter as accidental authority. How a platform assumed an adjudicative role during the COVID-19 pandemic", "author": "Keulenaar, Emillie De; Kisjes, Ivan; Smith, Rory; Albrecht, Carina; Cappuccio, Eleonora", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Leads digital investigations into misinformation and disinformation globally, contributing to the understanding and countering of problematic information, thereby indirectly informing or supporting content moderation efforts.", "quote": "Rory Smith is the Research Manager at First Draft, where he leads on the organization's digital investigations into mis- and disinformation around the world.", "page": "26", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048554249-007/html", "topic": "0.0", "language": "", "where": "Twitter platform, global with focus on US context", "when": "2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic era"}, {"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its researcher, Claire Wardle, developed categories for classifying information disorder, which are used in the paper to define and discuss types of misinformation.", "quote": "Claire Wardle, pesquisadora do First Draft, propõe sete categorias para classificar a desordem informacional, baseadas no grau de prejuízos que os conteúdos desinformativos podem ocasionar", "page": "5", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}, {"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Classifies and monitors online disinformation, including identity impersonation, to combat its spread and inform the public about its forms and tactics.", "quote": "L’organizzazione contro la disinformazione First Draft considera i “contenuti impostori” una categoria a sé stante della sua classifica della disinformazione online...", "page": "128", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A non-profit organisation that provides typologies and frameworks for understanding and addressing the disinformation ecosystem.", "quote": "the frequently cited non-profit organisation First Draft describes an entire ecosystem, which consists of seven sub-groups of false information and disinformation (First Draft 2017).", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "WHY DO PEOPLE SHARE FAKE NEWS? A SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL OF MEDIA EFFECTS", "author": "Marwick, Alice E", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Defines categories of misinformation and disinformation (e.g., satire, misleading content, fabricated content), providing a framework for understanding and addressing problematic information and contributing to norm-setting for content evaluation.", "quote": "For instance, First Draft defines seven types of mis- and dis-information: satire or parody, misleading content, imposter content, fabricated content, false connection, false context, and manipulated content.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Trains journalists in verification of online content, put forward a taxonomy for 'fake news', and coordinated fact-checking and debunking efforts with newsroom and technology partners.", "quote": "a taxonomy was put forward by First Draft News, an organization that trains journalists in the verification of online content.", "page": "5", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Foundation for Individual Rights in Education", "aliases": ["Foundation for Individual Rights in Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech", "human rights", "individual rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "late 20th–early 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship", "author": "Kaufmann, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Records incidents of no-platforming or dismissal related to academic freedom in the US and UK, functioning as a watchdog to document and raise awareness about challenges to free speech on campus.", "quote": "Based on the total number of incidents recorded by US and UK databases (FIRE, AFAM) divided by the number of academics employed.", "page": "16", "url": "cspicenter.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US, Canada, UK (Anglophone countries)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as a source on the legal landscape concerning free speech protections, particularly noting that private universities are largely unrestricted in censoring speech.", "quote": "For private universities, however, the law is quite clear that they are largely unrestricted when censoring the speech of their faculty, students, and staff, since private universities are not governmental actors (FIRE, 2015; Sarabyn, 2010).", "page": "27", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for free speech on college campuses by publishing guides and stating positions on speech protections, including institutional autonomy for private colleges.", "quote": "As stated on the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education website, '. . . if a private college wishes to place a particular set of moral, philosophical, or religious teachings above a commitment to free expression, it has every right to do so (FIRE, n.d.).'", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Competing Norms of Free Expression and Political Tolerance", "author": "Chong, Dennis; Levy, Morris", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Classifies institutions based on their speech policies, thereby acting as a watchdog that monitors and publicly evaluates universities regarding adherence to free speech principles, influencing norms and practices on campuses.", "quote": "The organization FIRE (Foundation for Individual Rights in Education) classifies institutions according to the degree to which they have policies that restrict free speech.", "page": "3", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692750", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, universities", "when": "Mid-20th century to present (1950s-2018)"}, {"title": "Book Review: Greg Lukianoff, Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate", "author": "McGettigan, Timothy", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This organization advocates for freedom of speech on college campuses, as evidenced by its president (Greg Lukianoff) authoring a book analyzing contemporary threats to free speech in these educational settings.", "quote": "Lukianoff is a First Amendment attorney, and he is also the President of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE). Thus, Lukianoff makes it abundantly clear that there is hardly anyone who is better qualified to author this book.", "page": "85", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CITiAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=P2u1kwNjAj&sig=4txt4h01S7rNmtij270wPe3l_8k", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US colleges and universities", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Unlearning liberty: Campus censorship and the end of American debate", "author": "G Lukianoff", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Through its president (Greg Lukianoff) authoring a book on campus censorship, FIRE contributes to public discourse and advocates for the protection of freedom of speech and debate on US college campuses.", "quote": "Lukianoff is a First Amendment attorney, and he is also the President of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE).", "page": "85", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=CITiAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=P2u1kwNjAj&sig=4txt4h01S7rNmtij270wPe3l_8k", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US colleges and universities", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hatebase", "aliases": ["HateBase", "Hatebase"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Gab", "Online forums", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube", "standalone websites"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "hate speech"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Tuters, Marc; Osborne-Carey, Cassian; Jurg, Daniel; Kisjes, Ivan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It provides an online database of hate speech terms, which was used in this study to classify hateful language, directly supporting the detection and analysis of extreme speech on online platforms.", "quote": "For hate speech, we used 103 words classified as 'racism' in the online hate speech database Hatebase.org and in Peeters et al.' (2020) list of hate speech vernaculars.", "page": "10", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article/37/4/949/6445201", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2008-2018"}, {"title": "Do Platform Migrations Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels", "author": "Ribeiro, Manoel Horta; Jhaver, Shagun; Zannettou, Savvas; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Stringhini, Gianluca; West, Robert", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a database of hate-related words used by researchers and systems to detect and quantify hate speech in online content.", "quote": "count hate-related or toxicity-related words (e.g., using HateBase [19])", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10397", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and standalone websites, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Racism is a Virus: Anti-Asian Hate and Counterspeech in Social Media during the COVID-19 Crisis", "author": "He, Bing; Ziems, Caleb; Soni, Sandeep; Ramakrishnan, Naren; Yang, Diyi; Kumar, Srijan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It provides a database of hate speech terms, including Asian slurs, which researchers can use to identify and collect hateful content on social media platforms.", "quote": "We also included Asian slurs listed in Hatebase.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.12423", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "2020–2021"}, {"title": "Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media", "author": "Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Maintains a crowdsourced database of slurs and insulting words, with user contributions, which serves as a lexicon for the detection and analysis of hate speech in online social media.", "quote": "a Canadian NGO, the Sentinel Project, launched a site in 2013 called HateBase, which invites Internet users to add to a list of slurs and insulting words in many languages.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3292522.3326034", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Gab platform, online social media (global, with mentions of Myanmar, Sri Lanka, USA)", "when": "2016–2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for Identifying and Classifying Hate in Online News Media", "author": "Salminen, Joni; Almerekhi, Hind; Milenković, Milica; Jung, Soon-gyo; An, Jisun; Kwak, Haewoon; Jansen, Bernard", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hatebase provides a structured repository of hate words, which serves as a lexicon for researchers and machine learning models to identify and classify hate speech in online content.", "quote": "they 2) used 1,078 hate words from the Hatebase².", "page": "4", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/15028", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2017-2018 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Normative Change and Culture of Hate: An Experiment on Online Environments", "author": "Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia; Winter, Fabian", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates as an international initiative that tracks and collects statistics on hate speech across online networks, serving as a source of data on the prevalence of hateful content.", "quote": "International initiatives to keep track of hate speech across networks have also emerged, such as HateBase and Fight Against Hate (Gagliardone et al., 2015). For some statistics, see Hate Base (http://hatebase.org).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3126089", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "online forums, Germany", "when": "2016-2018"}]}, {"name": "Hollaback!", "aliases": ["Hollaback!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["community empowerment", "harm reduction", "online abuse", "public safety", "social activism", "social cohesion", "user safety", "victim support"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization dedicated to ending harassment, which launched the Right To Be platform to support targets of online abuse.", "quote": "Blackwell et al. (2017) interviewed members of the private Right To Be (righttobe.org) platform (formerly, HeartMob), that was launched in 2016 by Hollaback! – a nonprofit organization dedicated to “ending harassment in all its forms”.", "page": "61", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a social organization, Hollaback actively works with communities and platforms to address problems related to online harassment.", "quote": "Ongoing research aims to address problems with harassment, such as through work with social organizations, communities, and platforms, including Hollaback [28] and HeartMob [7].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}, {"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A social movement organization dedicated to ending street harassment. It provides support to harassed individuals by facilitating the sharing of their experiences, which helps victims cope and understand their experiences, thus indirectly moderating the impact of harassment.", "quote": "In their study of Hollaback 13, a social movement organization whose mission is to end street harassment, Dimond et al. found that sharing and reading others’ stories of how they define harassment and respond to it helped shift harassed individuals’ “cognitive and emotional orientation towards their experiences”...", "page": "119", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Elevates victims' stories of harassment, serving as a platform for community-based efforts to address and combat online abuse through shared experiences and advocacy.", "quote": "Other community-based efforts include projects such as Hollaback! that elevate victims’ stories [6]", "page": "21", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a social movement organization, it aims to end street harassment, using storytelling and sharing of experiences to help harassed individuals cope and to shift cognitive and emotional orientations towards their experiences of abuse.", "quote": "In their study of Hollaback!, a social movement organization whose mission is to end street harassment, Dimond et al. found that sharing and reading others' stories of how they define harassment and respond to it helped shift harassed individuals' “cognitive and emotional orientation toward their experiences” [13].", "page": "18", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}, {"title": "Classification and Its Consequences for Online Harassment: Design Insights from HeartMob", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay; Dimond, Jill; Schoenebeck, Sarita; Lampe, Cliff", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As the parent organization of HeartMob, Hollaback! translates its expertise in intersectional feminist practice and bystander intervention from physical spaces to online environments to combat harassment and provide support.", "quote": "HeartMob was developed as a grassroots platform under its parent organization, Hollaback!, a non-profit organization dedicated to ending harassment in public spaces.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134659", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD)", "aliases": ["Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitch", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "capacity building", "data transparency", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction", "knowledge advancement", "national security"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderazione del dibattito", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2010s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Produces annual reports and cartographies of online hate speech in France, providing data and analysis on discriminatory discourse.", "quote": "Une cartographie de la haine en ligne en France réalisée en 2020 par l’ISD, relève notamment que les discours anti-LGBT+ ou homophobes constituent la deuxième catégorie de « discours haineux »", "page": "138", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Combines research with digital analysis to track and analyze extremism online, provides policy and advisory support, and training to governments and cities.", "quote": "The Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (https://www.isdglobal.org/) combines research with an advanced digital analysis capability to track, measure and analyse extremism online, provides policy and advisory support...", "page": "210", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on disinformation in elections, providing insights into influence operations and their impact on democratic processes.", "quote": "Colliver, C. (2019), Click here for outrage: Disinformation in the European parliamentary elections 2019, Institute for Strate gic Dialogue, London...", "page": "134", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}, {"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts pilot studies and reviews programs aimed at countering violent extremism narratives, analyzing effective messaging strategies, and recommending approaches for governments and civil society to influence extremist discourse online.", "quote": "Frenett and Dow conducted a pilot study of far-right and Jihadist Facebook users “at risk of falling into the orbit of extremist groups”(7). This report describes the types of messages that were most effective at drawing 'reactions.'", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors far-right online activities, studies their communication tactics, and develops risk frameworks to counter radicalization, manipulation, and intimidation campaigns.", "quote": "At the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), we have monitored far-right trolling armies who sought to influence the elections in favor of far-right populist parties in the US, France, Germany, Italy and Sweden", "page": "173", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A London-based registered charity and think-and-do tank aiming to combat extremism globally, managing various initiatives like an Innovation Hub, the Online Civil Courage Initiative, One to One Initiative, and the Counter-Narrative Toolkit.", "quote": "The most prominent at present is the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), a registered charity that states its aim is to “combat extremism globally.\"\"", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC)", "aliases": ["Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC)", "Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (Idec)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "consumer protection", "data privacy", "democratic process", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "legal certainty", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor", "moderator censor", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Civil Liability of Social Media for User Statements and Moderation", "author": "AFS de Souza, FMG Pessoa, TDGB Sande", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-authored a document titled 'Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms' proposing that platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content unless actively involved or negligent.", "quote": "In the document titled \"Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms to Ensure Freedom of Expression on the Internet", "page": "it is proposed that content platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/beijlar16&section=56", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global (US, EU, Brazil focus)", "when": "1990s-present"}, {"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Critiqued Facebook's policy change requiring users to share information with other Meta group companies, arguing against the lack of user control over private data sharing in Brazil.", "quote": "Em comentário com a atitude do grupo META, o Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor, alegou que o Facebook não concede uma possibilidade que possa restringir os usuários de enviar e compartilhar dados particulares no Brasil.", "page": "57", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms and a letter to Mark Zuckerberg, advocating for consumer defense and digital rights.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... IDEC (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... IDEC (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in public consultation for the Marco Civil da Internet, specifically opposing a proposed copyright exception, arguing it would harm users' freedom of expression and could lead to private censorship by platform providers.", "quote": "O IDEC (2012), em sua carta aberta, defendeu que “O novo dispositivo traz vários danos aos usuários da Internet. Dando margem à interpretação de que não é necessária a avaliação judicial para a remoção de conteúdos que violem direito autoral, o dispositivo traz o risco desses conteúdos prescindirem da decisão de um juiz para serem removidos. Com isso, uma simples notificação poderá ser suficiente para que os provedores, com medo de serem responsabilizados, retirem o conteúdo do ar, mesmo que não seja constatada qualquer ilegalidade.", "page": "110", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Co-authored a proposal for democratic regulation of large platforms to guarantee freedom of expression on the internet in Latin America.", "quote": "Uma coalização de entidades da sociedade civil na América Latina: “Contribuições para uma regulação democrática das grandes plataformas que garanta a liberdade de expressão na internet”...", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade (IRIS)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade (IRIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "academic/research lab", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Latin America", "United States"], "media": ["Meta", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "governance", "human rights", "internet governance", "lgbtq+ rights", "platform accountability", "transparency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "PROJETO GRÁFICO, CAPA, DIAGRAMAÇÃO, EDIÇÃO DE IMAGEM E FINALIZAÇÃO", "author": "FSR Silva, JMC Gertrudes, P Rocillo, RFG da Silva…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts independent research and communicates scientific knowledge on internet and society issues to foster public policies that advance human rights in the digital area, specifically regarding content moderation, transparency, due process, and combating disinformation.", "quote": "O IRIS é um centro de pesquisa independente e interdisciplinar dedicado a produzir e comunicar conhecimento científico sobre os temas de internet e sociedade, com o objetivo de fomentar políticas públicas que avancem os direitos humanos na área digital.", "page": "7", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Decisoes-judiciais-sobre-o-devido-processo-na-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-redes-sociais-como-julgam-os-magistrados.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "2022–2024"}, {"title": "QUALIDADE DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO:", "author": "Ferreira, Julia Lazarini; Coutinho, Diogo Rosenthal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports analyzing platform policies, specifically identifying ambiguities in content moderation rules.", "quote": "Vale destacar que um relatório do Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade, publicado em 2020, também constatou ambiguidade na redação das políticas de diversas plataformas", "page": "29", "url": "bdta.abcd.usp.br", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social networks (Meta, YouTube), Brazil", "when": "2014-2024"}, {"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on transparency in content moderation policies, specifically addressing how certain terms (e.g., LGBTQIA+-related) are flagged, contributing to public debate and advocacy for more equitable moderation practices.", "quote": "RODRIGUES, Gustavo; KURTZ, Lahis. Transparência sobre moderação de conteúdo em políticas de comunidade. Belo Horizonte: Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade (IRIS), 2020.", "page": "12", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Researches and advocates for transparency in digital platform content moderation policies, influencing the debate on governance and accountability, as reflected in the paper's discussion of Twitter's moderation challenges.", "quote": "KURTZ, L.; DO CARMO, P. R. R.; VIEIRA, V. B. R. Transparência na moderação de conteúdo: tendências regulatórias nacionais. Belo Horizonte: Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade, 2021.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede, a coalition advocating for legal norms of accountability for social media.", "quote": "Entre las cuales están Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, InternetLab... Associação Data Privacy Brasil de Pesquisa, Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade - IRIS.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Involved in developing international guidelines, such as the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation, to establish criteria and orientations for content moderation on online platforms.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Santa Clara sobre Transparência e Accountability em Moderação de Conteúdo são um instrumento internacional, resultado do trabalho de algumas organizações que buscam estabelecer critérios e orien tações para a moderação de conteúdo, conteúdo, transparência e responsabilidade de plataformas sobre o conteúdo de terceiros.", "page": "336", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers", "aliases": ["Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "NGO", "other"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "Italy", "Maghreb", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Instagram", "Threads", "search engines"], "norms": ["consensus", "internet governance", "internet stability", "interoperability", "open development", "openness", "security", "stakeholder representation", "technical infrastructure", "technical stability", "technical standards", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation", "moderação", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Deals with the distribution and coordination of IP numbers and domain names, playing a role in Internet governance.", "quote": "A ICANN, criada em 1998, é uma das entidades que lida com a distribuição e coordenação de números IP e nomes de domínio (ICANN, [201-?]).", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "MODERATING THE FEDIVERSE: CONTENT MODERATION ON DISTRIBUTED SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Rozenshtein, Alan Z", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates a centralized registration system for the Domain Name System, which maps IP addresses to human-readable domain names, thereby exercising a form of governance over internet infrastructure.", "quote": "But this system imposes relatively minimal control, and the entity that runs it, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), is a multistakeholder nonprofit that prioritizes openness and interoperability.", "page": "5", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and the Fediverse, with focus on US and European policy", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Administers the Domain Name System (DNS), playing a determinant role in Internet governance by hybridizing political choices and technical decisions, with the DOI system proposed as an architectural alternative.", "quote": "La seconde matrice du dispositif DOI émerge en ce sens de l’urgence à trouver une alternative architecturale au controversé Domain Name System (DNS), administré par l’Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), et jouant un rôle déterminant au sein d’une conception de la gouvernance de l’internet hybridant choix politiques et décisions portant sur l’infrastructure technique (Musiani, 2016).", "page": "109", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Administers the Domain Name System and adopted the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) for resolving cybersquatting disputes, creating a framework for private governance in online content regulation.", "quote": "ICANN, which is an independent corporation responsible for administering the Domain Name System (DNS), has long been involved in resolv- ing conflicts that concerned \"cybersquatting\"\"...\"", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Oversees the global Internet's naming and numbering systems, including the management of top-level domains and providing zone files, which are essential for DNSSEC and DANE TLSA deployment.", "quote": "Zone files are available for all gTLDs through ICANN’s Centralized Zone Data Service [15].", "page": "225", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Controls the Internet’s Domain Name System (DNS), aims to operate as an open, transparent, and consensus-based body, but has been criticized for limiting open development.", "quote": "ICANN is a nonprofit organization that has control over the Internet’s DNS. ... “It is ICANN’s objective to operate as an open, transparent, and consensus-based body that is broadly representative of the diverse stakeholder communities of the global Internet”.", "page": "131n24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Center for Missing & Exploited Children", "aliases": ["National Center for Missing & Exploited Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator", "moderador censor", "moderator censor", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Operates a centralized CyberTipline system for handling CSAM reports from platforms in the U.S.", "quote": "Platforms in the U.S. are legally required to report any detected CSAM to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC). NCMEC operates a centralized system called the CyberTipline for this purpose (CyberTipline, n.d.-a).", "page": "257", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Digital Dog Sniffers: The Cooper Davis Act and Fourth Amendment Protections in the Age of Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Park, Alice", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates the CyberTipline, a centralized reporting system for online Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM), receiving reports from providers and forwarding them to federal law enforcement. Maintains a database of CSAM hashes.", "quote": "Providers must report to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, a private nonprofit established by Congress in 1984 that operates a centralized reporting system for online CSAM called the CyberTipline.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4851201", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Social Media Platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates a database where moderators can upload violative content to identify Child Sexual Assault Material (CSAM) and manage offending material.", "quote": "Currently, on platforms like Mastodon, this work is conducted manually by moderators, who have to assess content against instance-specific guidelines, download violative content to their local computers, upload it to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC)'s database, then hold onto the offending material for 90 days before deleting it.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains and shares a database of cryptographic hashes of suspected child sexual abuse material with the tech industry, enabling automated detection and blocking in online services.", "quote": "Existem alguns bancos de dados hash que são compartilhados por toda a indústria, incluindo o banco de dados da ONG dos Estados Unidos NC- MEC - National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (inglês para \"Centro Nacional para Crianças Desaparecidas e Exploradas\"\") de supostas imagens de material de abuso sexual de crianças...\"", "page": "23", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "On\" Trusted\"\" Flaggers\"", "author": "N Appelman, P Leerssen", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Performs a similar function to INHOPE, running hotlines for Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) and reporting content for moderation and law enforcement action.", "quote": "The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children performs a similar function in the U.S. context.", "page": "462", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/yjolt24&section=12", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborates with tech companies to identify known child exploitation images, facilitating the screening and removal of such content from platforms.", "quote": "Microsoft, in collaboration with Dartmouth College, developed PhotoDNA, a technology which screens for known images of child exploitation, as identified by law enforcement, particularly the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children.", "page": "28", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "New York Society for the Suppression of Vice", "aliases": ["New York Society for the Suppression of Vice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious values", "women's safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries", "17th–19th century", "1980s–1990s", "19th century", "19th–20th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1867, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acted as a private organization that pursued and prosecuted anti-obscenity cases, gathered evidence, influenced legislation (Comstock Act), and directly enforced moral standards through confiscations and arrests.", "quote": "She charts his development from a masturbation-phobic schoolboy to a Manhattan dry goods clerk to the trench warrior and public face of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journalpanorama.org/article/lust-on-trial/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 19th - early 20th century (1867-1915)"}, {"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Founded by Anthony Comstock, it actively pursued censorship through legal warnings, initiating arrests and prosecutions against publishers and sellers of allegedly obscene books, influencing federal legislation (Comstock Act of 1873), and campaigning against vice.", "quote": "founder, in 1873, of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, and destroyer of \"something over fifty tons of vile books\"\"\"", "page": "57", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Influenced the passing of the first laws against obscenity in the late 19th century, thereby setting a precedent for legal restrictions on content deemed immoral.", "quote": "Though the first laws against obscenity were passed only at the end of the 19th century under the impulse of Anthony Comstock, founder of the Society for the Suppression of Vice...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}, {"title": "James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses", "author": "Howard, Charles; Vanderham, Paul", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Initiated legal actions and efforts to suppress the book Ulysses and prevent the serialization of its passages, aiming to enforce obscenity laws and moral standards.", "quote": "The book then proceeds to discuss the first efforts of the Society for the Suppression of Vice to suppress both the book and any publication attempting to serialize the offending passages.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/846141?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1910s-1930s"}, {"title": "Morals Versus Art: Censorship, The Politics of Interpretation, and the Victorian Nude", "author": "Beisel, Nicola", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Initiated arrests and legal prosecution of art dealers for selling photographic reproductions of nudes deemed 'obscene', thereby engaging in active censorship and norm enforcement against what it perceived as immorality in art.", "quote": "Anthony Comstock, leader and agent for the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice (NYSSV), entered the Knoedler Gallery on New York's Fifth Avenue and arrested the proprietor, Roland Knoedler, for selling obscenity, specifically, photographic reproductions of female nudes painted by French artists like Bouguereau, Cabanal, Henner, and Lefebvre...", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095963?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "New York City, USA", "when": "late 19th century"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Formed by Anthony Comstock to actively suppress perceived vice, making arrests and engineering stricter obscenity laws.", "quote": "Comstoek Was later directly involved in the formation of:the New England SoCiety, hit. the Suppression of Vice. He was made aatpecial agent of the Post Office and in that office engineered the passage of a more stringent Federal Obscenity Bill:", "page": "7", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Onlinecensorship.org", "aliases": ["OnlineCensorship.org", "Onlinecensorship.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency group / community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Google+", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-censorship", "censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "freedom of expression", "public interest", "redress", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An advocacy project that tracks user-reported incidents of censorship on UGC platforms, highlighting issues with redress mechanisms and platform policies.", "quote": "in a number of cases tracked by Onlinecensorship.org, users have reported seeking alternative means of redress, such as writing to technical support or advertiser pages (Anderson et al. 2016).", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides crowdsourced data and insights on social media censorship to highlight problems with platform moderation and contribute to public understanding.", "quote": "Jessica Anderson et al, 'Censorship in Context: Insights from Crowdsourced Data on Social Media Censorship' (Research Report, Onlinecensorship.org, 16 November 2016)", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What Do We Mean When We Talk About Transparency? Toward Meaningful Transparency in Commercial Content Moderation", "author": "Suzor, Nicolas P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An advocacy project that collects user reports on content moderation decisions (removals, suspensions) from social media platforms to shed light on these practices and identify patterns and issues.", "quote": "These survey responses were submitted by users between November 2015 and August 2017 to the website Onlinecensorship.org, an advocacy project launched in 2015 by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact that seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices by collecting reports from users when their content or accounts are removed from social media sites.", "page": "5", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collects information from users about content removals to document the public interest impact of censorship actions on social media platforms.", "quote": "A report from the project Onlinecensorship.org, which collects information from users about content removals, discusses the public interest impact of these removals.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An advocacy project that tracks user-reported incidents of censorship on UGC platforms, also documenting users' efforts to seek alternative means of redress for content removal.", "quote": "In a number of cases tracked by Onlinecensorship.org, users have reported seeking alternative means of redress, such as writing to technical support or advertiser pages (Anderson et al. 2016).", "page": "156", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}, {"title": "Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms", "author": "Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "It is an advocacy project that collects reports from users about their experiences with content or account removals on social media platforms to shed light on content moderation practices.", "quote": "This article reports the initial findings of OnlineCensorship.org, an advocacy project co-founded by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact which seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices by collecting reports from users when their content or accounts are removed from social media sites.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818773059", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google+), USA", "when": "2015–2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Open Society Foundations", "aliases": ["Open Society Foundations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Ancient Greece", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Generative AI", "television markets"], "norms": ["accountability", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "fair competition", "free speech", "human rights", "individual rights", "justice", "media pluralism", "media transparency", "open society", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides financial support for research into AI red-teaming and governance, indirectly influencing the understanding and development of AI moderation and alignment strategies.", "quote": "This work is supported in part by the Open Society Foundation, the Omidyar Foundation, and the Siegel Family Foundation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides funding to organizations and participates as a 'broker' through closed-door sessions at the RightsCon conference, influencing the digital rights activism field.", "quote": "Some of these organizations, such as Meta, Google, the Ford Foundation, and the Open Society Foundations... maintain a prominent presence at the conference, not only as funders but as brokers through closed-door sessions.", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funding research to expand the report's coverage to more countries, informing public discourse on news media and misinformation.", "quote": "We are particularly grateful to the Open Society Foundations, our newest sponsor, which has helped us to expand the report to cover more countries in the Global South this year.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supports initiatives and research on human rights, including holding non-state actors accountable for international crimes.", "quote": "The International Criminal Court jurisprudence supports the proposition that non-state actors may be viewed as carrying out crimes against humanity... (International Criminal Court 2010; see also Open Society Foundations 2016).", "page": "203", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports advocating for transparency in media ownership as a prerequisite for media pluralism and fair competition, influencing policy discussions.", "quote": "This is problematic as transparency of media ownership is generally regarded as a prerequisite for media pluralism on the one hand and a necessity in case one wants to check compliance with fair competition rules on the other hand (Open Society Foundation 2012).", "page": "234", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Aims to spread liberal democracy in former communist regimes, fostering critical discourse and external accountability for technology claims.", "quote": "Morozov was a young beneficiary of George Soros’s Open Society Foundation, which aims to spread liberal democracy in former communist regimes.", "page": "150", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Political Parties", "aliases": ["Political Parties", "Political parties"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement", "special-interest / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome", "Brazil", "Costa Rica", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["authenticity", "democratic integrity", "democratic participation", "dignity", "free speech", "ideological alignment", "information reliability", "partisan interests", "pluralism", "political control", "political participation", "political standards", "public education", "public opinion formation", "reputation", "social standards", "trust"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderação de mídia", "modérateur censeur", "modération des débats", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "21st century", "Ancient to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão na era digital: novos intermediários e censura por atores privados", "author": "LORDE FREITAS, FC LUNARDI…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As traditional intermediaries in the 20th century, political parties presented ideas and ideals to influence public opinion, fostering social resonance groups and disseminating their standards.", "quote": "Por tais meios, atores tradicionais da sociedade (partidos políticos, imprensa e sindicatos) puderam, por décadas, apresentar suas ideias e ideais, visando influenciar o público e gerar, no seio social, grupos de ressonância e difusão do standard defendido...", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rinc/a/CRhh3yJP6jQYZHtp3KwKMjf/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, and global digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Google, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "21st century platform era, contrasting with 20th century traditional media"}, {"title": "Political Promotion Over Social Media and Voters' Voting Intention With Trust as a Moderator", "author": "A Dash", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Political parties utilize social media extensively for promotion, advertising, and campaigning to disseminate their messages, influence public opinion, persuade voters, and amplify their ideologies. They aim to build trust and create a lasting impression to affect voting intentions.", "quote": "Significant findings of this study implied that political parties that aim to embrace social media advertising must inculcate trust among their target audience.", "page": "1", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pa.2946", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter) in India (specifically Karnataka region: Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Mysuru)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on the 2019 general election and data collected in 2023"}, {"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Political parties act as catalysts of public opinion, engaging in competition and elections to convert social power into political power, influencing policy formation and public education on citizenship.", "quote": "As catalysts of public opinion, they are called to collaborate in political will-formation and political education (with the goal of promoting the qualifications required for citizenship).", "page": "443", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}, {"title": "ENTENDER", "author": "MC Ávila, RS Leandro", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Political parties participate in organized political-electoral debates to present, expose, and confront their programmatic proposals. By doing so, they engage in a moderated form of public discourse aimed at informing and influencing the electorate's choices, operating within set rules for communication.", "quote": "En ellos [los debates] las candidaturas tratan de exponer y confrontar entre sí sus propuestas, para acercarse a los muchos públicos que conforman la ciudadanía.", "page": "11", "url": "https://tse.go.cr/pdf/publicaciones/como-organizar-un-debate.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Costa Rica", "when": "21st century (2009–2019)"}, {"title": "De la vitupération. Le pamphlet et les régimes du «dire vrai» en politique", "author": "M Hastings", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "They act as 'national banks of anger,' collecting and processing public anger to channel it towards new ideological imperatives. This involves administering and rationalizing collective emotions.", "quote": "Peter Sloterdijk montre en effet comment les partis politiques et les syndicats ouvriers vont progressivement se transformer en «banques» nationales de la colère, la collectant et la travaillant afin de la soumettre aux impératifs nouveaux de l'idéologie.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/19188", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, France, contemporary digital public sphere", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era, with focus on 17th-20th century France"}, {"title": "Parler politique en ligne. Une revue des travaux français et anglo-saxons", "author": "Greffet, Fabienne; Wojcik, Stéphanie", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "They create and manage online forums, providing implicit and explicit advice to internet users on language use to moderate discourse and avoid alienating potential voters, thus shaping the tone and content of political discussions.", "quote": "il est conseillé aux internautes d'utiliser un langage adouci et neutre, pour ne pas faire fuir les électeurs potentiels", "page": "12", "url": "http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=12210", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "online platforms (French and Anglo-Saxon contexts)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Privacy International", "aliases": ["Privacy International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "privacy advocacy NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "North America", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "access to information", "algorithmic or platform governance", "computer security", "digital rights", "free speech", "freedom of association", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "non-discrimination", "platform governance", "political participation", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocated for global transparency from private companies through recommendations and public letters, despite acknowledging some advances.", "quote": "PRIVACY INTERNATIONAL. Carta abierta a Facebook y Google. Enero de 2021. Disponible en: <https://privacyinternational.org/es/node/4411>. Acceso en: 01 dic. 2021.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What is platform governance?", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Exerts public pressure to advocate for responsible platform governance, particularly concerning digital rights and privacy issues.", "quote": "international digital rights organizations (e.g. Privacy International)... have become key actors creat- ing public pressure for responsible platform governance.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spearheaded the development of 'International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance' to influence policy regarding privacy and human rights online.", "quote": "These include the 'International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance', which were spearheaded by Access Now, the EFF, and Privacy International following the Snowden revelations", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Co-authored a report documenting how AI-driven consumer products often collect vast amounts of data without knowledge or consent, inferring sensitive personal facts, which raises concerns about privacy and freedom of expression.", "quote": "These concerns have recently been documented in a report by human rights organizations Article 19 and Privacy International, which notes that 'Al-driven consumer products are frequently equipped with sensors that generate and collect vast amounts of data without the knowledge or consent of those in its proximity.'", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Addresses concerns about ICT governance, specifically focusing on advocating for privacy and computer security.", "quote": "Others have emerged out of their own narrowly defined interests to begin to address broader shared concerns of ICT governance. Examples of the latter include Privacy International, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility from the privacy and computer security areas.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Privacy International publishes technical investigations and reports, brings regulatory complaints and litigation, and runs public campaigns that have prompted regulatory scrutiny and informed policy debates about platform data practices and algorithmic tools.", "quote": "Privacy International conducts technical investigations, advocacy and litigation on data practices, algorithmic tools and platform-integrated services, directly engaging platform and AI governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://privacyinternational.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Reconquista Germanica", "aliases": ["Reconquista Germanica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "anti-feminism", "anti-immigration", "anti-muslim racism", "cultural identity", "ethno-nationalism", "hate speech", "human rights", "media credibility", "misinformation", "nationalism", "neo-nazism", "political disruption", "political ideology", "political influence", "populism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Impact and dynamics of hate and counter speech online", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized hierarchically, members proved political views in online interviews to gain access to a Discord server, received daily orders for coordinated online actions across multiple social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Twitch, YouTube) to spread hate and misinformation and influence elections.", "quote": "Reconquista Germanica (RG) officially formed two months prior to the German federal election with the purpose to influence the election to benefit Germany's far-right party The Alternative für Deutschland (AfD).", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.08392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2015-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in organized online hate speech to disrupt political discussions, promote a specific political party, and propagate right-wing populist and nationalist rhetoric, acting as a form of social shaming and norm enforcement to spread their ideology.", "quote": "One is \"Reconquista Germanica\"\" (RG)", "page": "a highly-organized hate group which aimed to disrupt political discussions and promote the right-wing populist", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01974", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2013–2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A neo-Nazi trolling army that uses platforms like Discord to build meme databases and coordinate large-scale influence operations on mainstream social media to manipulate online discourse and pre-election mood.", "quote": "Meanwhile, the neo-Nazi trolling army Reconquista Germanica managed to bring several pro-AfD hashtags into the top trends on German Twitter in the two-week run-up to the German Federal Election in 2017, influencing the online discourse and pre-election mood.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Antagonistic Battle between ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’", "author": "Keller, Nadine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as an organized far-right 'troll army' that plots and executes cyberhate attacks against political opponents, aiming to reclaim cyberspace, influence online discourse, and exert pressure on politics through strategic communication like shitposting, memetic warfare, and social networking raids.", "quote": "On the one side stands Reconquista Germanica (RG), an organized far-right ‘troll army' that operates under-cover to plot and execute cyberhate attacks against political opponents.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as an 'electronic army' engaging in co-ordinated troll and disinformation campaigns, using 'information war' tactics to influence political debate and elections.", "quote": "Germany's (then) largest troll factory, Reconquista Germanica was founded shortly before the parliamentary elections in 2017 and gained 7,000 members within a few weeks...", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An online network that organizes collective digital actions, uses gaming platforms like Discord for coordination, and disseminates far-right propaganda through visual memes.", "quote": "He assembled ‘patriotic forces’ to use RG as a place for convergence, attracting members and sympathizers of the far-right party Alternative for Germany (AfD), the German and Austrian sections of the Identitarian Movement and loosely organized neo-Nazis.", "page": "138", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Recording Industry Association of America", "aliases": ["Recording Industry Association of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association", "trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": ["Civitai", "GitHub", "Hugging Face"], "norms": ["child safety", "content appropriateness", "copyright protection", "economic interests", "industry interests", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "19th to 21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for AI intermediaries", "author": "Gorwa, Robert; Veale, Michael", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Issues Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown requests to platforms like GitHub for software tools that allegedly circumvent technological protection measures on copyrighted works.", "quote": "In October 2020, GitHub was issued a DMCA take-down request by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for the youtube-dl tool, a popular piece of software enabling individuals to download videos from YouTube and some other services.", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI model marketplaces (Hugging Face, GitHub, Civitai), global, with focus on US and EU regulatory contexts", "when": "Early 2020s (post-2010 platform era, current AI boom)"}, {"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An industry group that eventually agreed to implement Parental Advisory labels on albums with explicit content, acting as a form of self-regulation and content warning.", "quote": "The RIAA eventually gave in and agreed to put warning stickers on albums, with early versions of Paren-tal Advisory labels first used in 1985 (Schonfeld 2015).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "“The Books Will Still Be in the Library”: Narrow Definitions of Censorship in the Discourse of Challengers", "author": "Knox, Emily", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provides content labels (warnings) for music, which challengers use as an analogy to advocate for visible identification marks on controversial library materials, aiming to assist parents in guiding children to appropriate content.", "quote": "While many libraries collect materials that are labeled for content by private agencies, including the Motion Picture Association of America and the Recording Industry of Association of America, these labels are also considered to be prejudicial and a violation of the Library Bill of Rights.", "page": "3", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/552025", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "West Bend, Wisconsin, USA (public libraries)", "when": "post-2009 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Utilizes DMCA's takedown and subpoena provisions to compel Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and other intermediaries to block access to content, including privately stored content, alleged to infringe copyrights.", "quote": "Sonia K. Katyal, Privacy us. Piracy, 7 YALE J.L. & TECH. 222, 281-89 (2004) (noting the efforts of the Recording Industry Association of America to compel an ISP to block privately stored content);", "page": "77", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Lobbies for stricter intellectual property laws and copyright protections, contributing to legal measures that influence content control on digital networks.", "quote": "Companies and their lobbyists in the affected industries, such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), have claimed large losses in potential sales...", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Under pressure from the PMRC and to avoid coercive legislation, the RIAA agreed to implement a voluntary warning label system on records, influencing record companies to self-regulate content and sales.", "quote": "on November 1, 1985, before the hearing were even over, the RIAA substantially acquiesed in the PMRC's demands, save a few alterations to the inital project. Consequently, the RIAA asked its members (85% of all American record companies, including all the majors) to choose between two solutions: either to affix a warning label or to print the lyrics on the sleeve.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Signature Science", "aliases": ["Signature Science"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "other", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Opus 4.1", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": ["ai safety", "national security", "public safety", "risk management", "scientific innovation"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "7aad69bf12627d42234e01ee7c36305dc2f6a970", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated on the development of the Long-Form Virology Task 2 evaluation. This evaluation assesses AI systems' ability to assist individuals with basic technical backgrounds in creating, obtaining, and deploying biological weapons.", "quote": "This evaluation was developed in collaboration with Signature Science and Deloitte Consulting;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global AI development and deployment", "when": "October 2025"}, {"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Partnered in developing task-based agentic evaluations for long-form virology tasks, testing models' end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes to assess bioweapons risks.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "94", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Claude 4.1 System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated on developing the Long-Form Virology Task 2 evaluation, which assesses Claude Opus 4.1's capabilities and risks related to biological weapons development, specifically viral sequence design.", "quote": "This evaluation was developed in collaboration with Signature Science and Deloitte Consulting.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4.1 (Anthropic AI system)", "when": "August-September 2025"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed task-based agentic evaluations (Long-form virology tasks) testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes related to biological risks.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed task-based agentic evaluations for complex pathogen acquisition processes, testing end-to-end completion of biological tasks to assess CBRN capabilities.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Engaged biosecurity and chemistry experts to assess o1's potential to assist in novel chemical and biological weapon design, designing scenarios and evaluating model interactions against risk thresholds.", "quote": "we engaged biosecurity and chemistry experts from Signature Science, an organization specializing in national security relevant capabilities in the life sciences.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "Slashdot", "aliases": ["Slashdot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Citizendium", "CommuniTree", "Facebook Groups", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Twitch", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["authenticity", "community governance", "community self-governance", "constructive dialogue", "content appropriateness", "content moderation", "decentralization", "discourse quality", "factual accuracy", "fair content moderation", "harm reduction", "platform quality", "quality control"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Metaphors in moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Kaufman, Geoff; Chancellor, Stevie", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Implements a 'distributed moderation' system where users' moderation actions are logged and analyzed to regulate online behavior and manage content, with its strengths and weaknesses studied quantitatively.", "quote": "Lampe and Resnick (2004) used quantitative analysis of users' moderation logs to show the strengths and weaknesses of Slashdot's distributed moderation.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820964968", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (Facebook Groups, Reddit, Twitch, Wikipedia, Slashdot, CommuniTree)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Slashdot pioneered the extensive use of algorithms for comment sorting and developed a 'meta-moderation' system. In this system, users evaluated and voted on other users' moderation decisions, with 'karma' points awarded for correct decisions, thereby increasing moderation power.", "quote": "Slashdot, a social news site, pioneered the extensive reliance on algorithms to sort comments. ... Slashdot’s system grew particularly baroque over time: it developed a system of “meta-moderation,” in which users would examine each others’ moderation decisions and then vote on whether those decisions were correct or incorrect.", "page": "53", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Employs a system of distributed moderation by thousands of users and 'meta-moderation' to ensure the fairness and accuracy of its moderation practices.", "quote": "Slashdot allows thousands of users to moderate comments¹ while employing meta-moderation; moderating of the fairness and accuracy of this moderation (Lampe & Resnick, 2004; Poor, 2005).", "page": "3", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Site editors filter incoming topics and scout comments for inappropriate content; registered users also participate in content moderation by voting comments as constructive or not.", "quote": "Site editors first filter incoming topics-before publication. After publication they continuously scout comments for inappropriate or illegal content and deal with it...", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Site editors filter incoming topics and continuously scout comments for inappropriate content. Registered contributors also moderate comments through a voting system (plus/minus votes) based on constructiveness.", "quote": "Site editors first filter incoming topics-before publication. After publication they continuously scout comments for inappropriate or illegal content and deal with it... comments are moderated as to whether they are constructive", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}, {"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Relies on user-generated content and a system of 'meta-moderação', where all users participate in evaluating and scoring content to maintain quality and authenticity.", "quote": "É nesse momento que surge a ideia de delegar o papel de moderação a todos os usuários do site, baseado em uma série de regras de avaliação e pontuações baseadas na qualidade do conteúdo de cada colaboração, uma prática que hoje se popularizou na internet como a “meta-moderação”.", "page": "45", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}]}, {"name": "The John Birch Society", "aliases": ["John Birch Society", "The John Birch Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "conservative values", "economic policy", "limited government", "national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "1960s", "1960s–1980s", "1970s", "1971", "Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Founded to fight against perceived communist conspiracies, publishing materials to promote anti-communist views.", "quote": "Robert Welch, a candy manufacturer from Massachusetts, who founded the John Birch Society in 1958 in order to fight the communist conspiracy.", "page": "653", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}, {"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Leading attacks against books in school libraries and curricula, often by identifying perceived 'un-American' or communist influences within educational materials and authors.", "quote": "last year, Mrs. Fay Seale, who identified herself as a member of the John Birch Society, led an attack against Living Biographies of Religious Leaders and Living Biographies of Great Philosophers...", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Supported opposition to sex education programs and textbook adoptions, provided materials and influence to local protest groups, blasted the United Nations.", "quote": "The National Education Association asserted that she utilized the 'spurious support of MOTOREDE,' 'Movement to Restore Decency, an anti-sex education organization affillated with the John Birch Society.", "page": "13", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Exerts pressure through its speakers bureau, publishing company, and chapters, establishing committees for tax reform and influencing public issues and candidates.", "quote": "The John Birch (Society includes a-Speakers bureau, a publishing company, and a number of front groups capable of exerting pres- sive through some four thousand Birch chapters controlled and directed by Robert Welch:42 In March of 1977 Welch called for a,major effort to establish fivt!. hunch d Ta ' Reform lrnmediately (l;RIM) Committees in each con,L,Fres ion' district to low6r taxes through less government:", "page": "100", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}, {"title": "The Effects of Censorship on Attitude Change: The Influence of Censor and Communication Characteristics<sup>1</sup>", "author": "Worchel, Stephen; Arnold, Susan; Baker, Michael", "year": "1975", "mechanism": "The John Birch Society reviewed and actively censored a communication, thereby restricting its playing and preventing its content from reaching the intended audience.", "quote": "Groups of subjects assigned to the negative censor condition were informed that the John Birch Society had reviewed and censored the playing of the communication about mixed dorms on campus.", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1975.tb00678.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "University campuses, USA", "when": "1970s"}, {"title": "The effects of censorship and attractiveness of the censor on attitude change", "author": "S Worchel, SE Arnold", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "This organization acted as a 'negative censor' in the experimental design, having 'reviewed and censored' the speech, thus directly preventing its use in the study.", "quote": "Subjects in the Negative Censor condition were informed that the John Birch Society had reviewed and censored the speech.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022103173900723", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "University of North Carolina, USA", "when": "1971"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flaggers", "aliases": ["Trusted Flaggers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube", "online platforms"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "combating abusive content", "combating illegal content", "content appropriateness", "decision legitimacy", "efficiency", "illegal content", "law enforcement", "legality", "moderation efficacy", "moderation efficiency", "neutrality", "platform safety", "professional standards", "quality of content", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderator censor", "moderazione censura", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Report content to platforms through specific, prioritised channels, enhancing moderation efficiency and legitimacy, particularly for addressing illegal or abusive content as designated by the Digital Services Act.", "quote": "platforms and states have promoted \"superflagger\"\" systems", "page": "offering specific reporting channels to third-party organisations to prioritise their claims over other members (Gillespie", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}, {"title": "The use of Artificial Intelligence technologies by internet platforms for the purposes of censorship", "author": "Diskin, Evgeni I.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Report content that breaches the law to online platforms, which are then obligated to promptly and effectively address these complaints. They are appointed by EU Member States' competent authorities.", "quote": "Trusted flaggers, whose responsibility is to report content that breaches the law. Online platforms are required to promptly and effectively address complaints from these individuals.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/40937", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (global, Russia, EU, US)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Nuove frontiere della libertà d'espressione alla luce del Digital services act (Dsa) e dell'evoluzione normativa europea, tra criticità applicative e possibili risvolti …", "author": "R Razzante", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These are entities with specific competencies tasked by the Digital Services Act (DSA) to identify and notify online platforms about illegal content, acting as arbiters of content quality and legitimacy and influencing platform moderation decisions.", "quote": "I trusted flaggers sono soggetti “con competenze particolari per individuare e notificare i contenuti illegali\" (art.22 Dsa). Sono gli arbitri della qualità e della legittimità dei contenuti online.\"", "page": "12", "url": "https://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Razzante-Nuove-frontiere-della-liberta-despressione-alla-luce-del-Digital-services-act-1-1.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "2022-2024 platform era"}, {"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques ou Digital Services Act", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Expert and independent entities (including associations) that can apply for 'trusted flagger' status. Once accredited by national Digital Services Coordinators, their notifications of illicit content receive prioritized examination by platforms, leading to faster moderation decisions.", "quote": "Les « entités » suffisamment expertes et indépendantes peuvent demander au CSN de l'État dans lequel elles sont établies à bénéficier du statut de signaleur de confiance. Si elles l'obtiennent, leurs notifications bénéficient d'un coupe-file et donnent lieu à des décisions « dans les meilleurs délais ».", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554097/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union (online platforms and search engines)", "when": "post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Consists of groups that would have a privileged position when notifying platforms about inadequate content, acting as a trusted source to aid and improve content moderation processes.", "quote": "O autor menciona a possibilidade de as plataformas criarem parceira com “sinalizadores de confiança” (trusted flaggers), os quais poderiam apresentar uma posição de privilégio quando notificarem um conteúdo como inadequado.", "page": "36", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provide priority notifications about illegal content, as recognized by digital services coordinators, to ensure timely and accurate content moderation.", "quote": "O artigo 19 do DSA também prevê que os coordenadores dos serviços digitais do Estado-Membro podem atribuir a entidades (não cidadãos) a figura de “sinalizadores de confiança”, cujas notificações sobre conteúdo ilegal devem ser tratadas com prioridade", "page": "162", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "World Wide Web Consortium", "aliases": ["World Wide Web Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "international standards consortium"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "Internationalization", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "decentralization", "inclusivity", "information quality", "interoperability", "open access", "open standards", "openness", "standardization", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderador de debate", "moderation", "moderação de mídia", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade informacional na mídia digital: o conceito de responsabilidade informacional aplicado ao contexto das plataformas de mídia digital", "author": "S Mari Junior, FC Paletta", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Recommends open protocols, such as ActivityPub, which enable federated and decentralized social media architectures, thereby promoting greater user freedom and mitigating the issues of centralized, opaque algorithmic control.", "quote": "O Mastodon utiliza o ActivityPub, protocolo recomendado pela W3C. O protocolo insere as plataformas que o utilizam na chamada arquitetura federada, possibilitando que qualquer pessoa com conhecimento técnico crie servidores independentes para operar a plataforma, sem controle centralizado.", "page": "14", "url": "https://repositorio.usp.br/item/003286307", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital media platforms (globally, with examples from EU, Australia, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "MODERATING THE FEDIVERSE: CONTENT MODERATION ON DISTRIBUTED SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Rozenshtein, Alan Z", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains foundational internet standards and protocols like ActivityPub, HTML, and XML, which facilitate decentralized communication and indirectly shape content flow and moderation possibilities.", "quote": "The most popular of these protocols is ActivityPub, which is developed by the World Wide Web Consortium, the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web, and which has also developed the HTML, XML, and other foundational Internet standards.", "page": "7", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and the Fediverse, with focus on US and European policy", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Defines global web accessibility guidelines (WCAG 2.1) that content creators, including journalists, are expected to follow for inclusive digital content, thus setting norms and standards for digital content.", "quote": "las Pautas de Accesibilidad para el Contenido en la Web 2.1, definidas por el W3C.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}, {"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Recommends open standards like ActivityPub, which describes how messages circulate between websites, aiming to decentralize web interactions and enable broader participation.", "quote": "a ActivityPub, qui est une norme ouverte recommandée par le World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) depuis janvier 2018. Ce protocole normalisé, qui repose sur le format de données ActivityStream 2.0, décrit comment communiquer des messages qui peuvent circuler entre plusieurs sites web.", "page": "65", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}, {"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Developed the Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) as a technical infrastructure for content labeling and selection, establishing conventions for label formats and distribution methods to enable flexible access controls.", "quote": "PICS is an effort of the World-Wide Web Consortium at MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science, drawing on the resources of a broad cross-section of the industry.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "W3C publishes standards implemented in browsers and web software, convenes members (TPAC) including major platforms, and provides normative guidance on privacy, internationalization and accessibility that platforms adopt.", "quote": "W3C develops web standards and guidelines (privacy, security, internationalization, accessibility) that shape the technical infrastructure and norms used by consumer-facing platforms and their content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.w3.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)", "aliases": ["World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "United States", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Mastodon Fediverse", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "internet access", "internet standards", "interoperability", "open internet", "openness", "standardization", "technical standards", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "community guidelines", "content moderation", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 6, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Introduced and standardized the ActivityPub protocol, which serves as a foundational 'grammar' for social media activities, thereby influencing the interoperability and underlying structure of federated social media like Mastodon.", "quote": "ActivityPub was introduced in January 2018 and became the World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C) standard recommendation for social media. It offers a basic grammar for typical social media activities, such as posting and lik-ing. Built largely by queer developers, its features are conceived to protect vulner-able communities, who are often harassed and abused under the free speech abso-lutism of commercial platforms (Klemens, 2023).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Standardizes open social networking protocols like ActivityPub, fostering interoperability between platforms and the fediverse, crucial for middleware development.", "quote": "Meta has also moved toward enabling middleware through its recent move to integrate ActivityPub—a decentralized, open social networking protocol standardized through the World Wide Web Consortium—to connect its new Threads app...", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "The Myth of Platform Neutrality", "author": "Chander, Anupam; Krishnamurthy, Vivek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The W3C offered a metadata system for websites, allowing a common labeling scheme for automated content filtering. This inclusion in web protocols, though framed as 'value-neutral,' facilitates automated censorship by enabling selective access based on labels.", "quote": "In 1996, the World Wide Web consortium offered a metadata system for websites that would allow a common labeling scheme to allow automated filtering of websites. While the platform was itself explicitly “value-neutral,”", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4849156", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube), with a focus on USA, Europe, and China", "when": "21st century platform era (with historical context from 1980s)"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established with the objective of standardizing the web, ensuring shared and interoperable technical specifications for its open development.", "quote": "Tim Berners-Lee crée le World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), avec l’objectif d’en faire une organisation de standardisation, qui imposera l’idée d’un Internet fondé sur des standards partagés et interopérables.", "page": "89", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates different aspects of the Internet, ensuring standards for web technologies.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "476", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates different aspects of the Internet by developing common web standards.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as ... the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), ... coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "486", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "2012-2019, with a focus on the period leading up to the Christchurch attack in March 2019.", "aliases": ["2012-2019, with a focus on the period leading up to the Christchurch attack in March 2019."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["/Users/edekeulenaar/Zotero/storage/TJT9L8AT/The ‘Great Replacement’ the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism.pdf"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-terrorism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The ‘Great Replacement’: the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD)", "quote": "NGO", "page": "Conducts research into far-right extremism and hate crime, including tracking hate speech globally and developing online interventions for countering extremism and polarisation.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, YouTube), alternative media, and \"dark social\"\" platforms", "when": "across Europe"}, {"title": "The ‘Great Replacement’: the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "YouGov-Cambridge Centre for Public Opinion Research", "quote": "academic research center / watchdog", "page": "Conducts surveys to assess public belief in conspiracy theories like the Great Replacement theory, providing data for understanding the mainstreaming of extremist talking points.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, YouTube), alternative media, and \"dark social\"\" platforms", "when": "across Europe"}, {"title": "The ‘Great Replacement’: the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society", "quote": "academic research institute / watchdog", "page": "Provides lists of right-wing populist news sites for media analysis, indirectly supporting the understanding of information dissemination that often requires moderation.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, YouTube), alternative media, and \"dark social\"\" platforms", "when": "across Europe"}, {"title": "The ‘Great Replacement’: the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT)", "quote": "AI industry consortium / standards body", "page": "Acts as a collaborative forum for tech companies (Facebook, Microsoft, Twitter, YouTube) to share information and coordinate efforts to remove terrorist content from their platforms.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, YouTube), alternative media, and \"dark social\"\" platforms", "when": "across Europe"}, {"title": "The ‘Great Replacement’: the violent consequences of mainstreamed extremism", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The Centre for the Analysis of Social Media", "quote": "academic research center / watchdog", "page": "Developed \"The Togetherness Index\"\" tool (with ISD) for identifying hate speech online", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Telegram, YouTube), alternative media, and \"dark social\"\" platforms", "when": "across Europe"}]}, {"name": "4chan", "aliases": ["4chan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anonymity", "free speech", "subcultural identity"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderation censorship", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Serves as a platform/space for the formation and articulation of hate groups and the dissemination of racist, anti-negritude manifestations.", "quote": "Manifestações online racistas anti-negritude são questões brasileiras e globais, ligadas a diferentes níveis de formação estratégica de grupos de ódio, em espaços de fóruns como o Stormfront (lançado em 1996), o 4chan (lançado em 2003) ou plataformas de mídias sociais hegemônicas como o Facebook e Twitter.", "page": "4", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Hosts the /pol/ message board, nurturing alt-right, misogynistic, and racist discourses through anonymous and transgressive 'chan culture,' contributing to radicalization and coordinating harassment campaigns.", "quote": "4chan and ‘chan culture’ are identified as a significant factor in the rise of both the far-right and ‘radicalization’.", "page": "52", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "4chan's moderation approach relies heavily on anonymity and ephemerality, where posts are disconnected from user identity and disappear quickly. This design promotes experimentation and risk-taking while inhibiting the formation of persistent individual reputations.", "quote": "Compare Google+, which launched with a strict, stringently enforced, and much-criticized “real names” policy, with 4chan, where “most posts...are disconnected from any identity.”", "page": "35", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Operates with a culture where 'trolling' is an accepted part of interaction, in contrast to communities that moderate against it.", "quote": "in the case of the community 4chan, trolling is an accepted part of culture (Bullard & Carter, 2013).", "page": "1", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A platform for online collectives that foster memetic participation through the creation, circulation, and transformation of niche texts, often characterized by subcultural norms, in-jokes, and identity antagonisms. It includes a \"boilerplate warning\"\" about Poe's Law.\"", "quote": "Emerging out of sites like 4chan, Something Awful, and YTMND in the early to mid 2000s, these initial exemplars found their way to Reddit, Tumblr, and beyond as collective attention grew.", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "AIDES", "aliases": ["AIDES"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook", "TikTok", "Twitter", "Twitter/X"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "community support", "free speech", "human rights", "lgbtq+ rights", "lgbtqi+ rights", "marginalized community support", "public health", "sex workers' rights", "vulnerable groups protection"], "topics": ["journals.openedition.org", "modérateur censeur", "modération", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "L'IA DANS LA MODÉRATION: CENSURE DES CONTENUS LGBT SUR TIKTOK ET TWITTER ET TERREAU DE NOUVELLES FORMES SÉMIOTIQUES", "author": "T Grison, V Julliard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "AIDES publicly denounces the censorship experienced by LGBTQI+ activists and sex workers online, expressing indignation against abusive moderation practices, particularly in the context of the Avia law debates in France.", "quote": "AIDES, «La loi AVIA ne nous rendra pas moins militants-es! AIDES s'indigne de la censure subie par les activistes LGBTQI+ et les travailleuses-eurs du sexe»", "page": "455", "url": "T Grison, V Julliard", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "TikTok, Twitter (X), France", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2019-2021)"}, {"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter", "author": "T Grison, V Julliard, F Alié, V Ecrement", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As an advocacy group, AIDES members report being subjected to algorithmic censorship on social media platforms when attempting to publish content using certain keywords, particularly those related to sexual identities. This forces them to develop inventive strategies to circumvent the moderation systems.", "quote": "À titre d'exemple, c'est lors d'un entretien exploratoire avec une militante de AIDES6 le 24 juillet 2021 que nous apprenions que les membres de STRASS7 et d'AIDES rencontraient les mêmes difficultés à publier des contenus comportant certains mots clés comme « pute » et « pd » sur leurs comptes Facebook et Twitter et qu'ils devaient faire preuve d'inventivité pour contourner cette censure supposée algorithmique", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_237_0119?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2020s"}, {"title": "`` Discriminations algorithmiques ''? La modération des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme de la censure", "author": "Grison, Thibault", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Denounces algorithmic censorship and discrimination against LGBT and sex worker communities on social networks, and engages in public communication regarding legislation (like the 'loi Avia') that impacts these groups.", "quote": "https://www.aides.org/communique/la-loi-avia-ne-nous-rendra-pas-moins-militants-es-aides-indignation-censure-lgbtqi-tds", "page": "3", "url": "hal.science", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Digital social networks (Twitter, TikTok), France", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Les enjeux de la modération automatisée sur les réseaux sociaux numériques : les mobilisations LGBT contre la loi Avia", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As an organization involved in HIV/AIDS prevention and LGBT advocacy, AIDES published communiqués and participated in the broader mobilization against the Avia law, highlighting concerns about censorship and its potential negative impact on LGBT activists and their freedom of expression.", "quote": "Il s'agit majoritairement de retweets de communiqués de presse d'associations LGBT [...] traitant du contenu de la loi Avia et du risque qu'elle ferait peser sur les usageres LGBT spécifiquement. Note 10: https://www.aides.org/communique/la-loi-avia-ne-nous-rendra-pas-moins-militants-es-aides-indignation-censure-lgbtqi-tds", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ctd/6049", "topic": "journals.openedition.org", "language": "", "where": "France, digital social networks (Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "L'institutionnalisation d'un groupe Facebook de discussion dédié au partage et à l'échange d'informations et d'expériences sur un nouveau moyen de …", "author": "C Loriato", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "AIDES created, administers, and moderates the PrEP'Dial Facebook group. Its militants and employees act as administrators and moderators, regulating interactions, ensuring information quality, preventing misinformation ('trolling'), enforcing rules (e.g., anti-discrimination, no debate on PrEP's efficacy), and acting as a reference point for information, shaping the discourse and content within the group. They also use the group to identify community needs and announce events.", "quote": "PrEP'Dial a été créé par l'association AIDES en 2015, qui en anime le contenu et en cadre les interactions. Cette contribution propose d'éclairer les enjeux de l'institutionnalisation de PrEP’Dial sur la participation aux discussions.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.unilim.fr/interfaces-numeriques/4009", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook (PrEP'Dial group), France", "when": "2015–2017"}]}, {"name": "AlgorithmWatch", "aliases": ["AlgorithmWatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Watchdog/transparency group", "civil society research and advocacy organization", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "algorithmic transparency", "anti-discrimination", "digital technology assessment", "free speech", "individual autonomy", "public good", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "media moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Communicates 'stories' of algorithmic decision-making in public life (e.g., content moderation, policing) and organises collective inquiry projects (e.g., 'monitoring Instagram') to investigate algorithmic discrimination.", "quote": "As for civil society, its role is dual: informing as well as including citizens in organising collective inquiry. For instance, civil society organization Algorithm-Watch communicates 'stories' of algorithmic decision making in public life...", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research on platform algorithms and advocates for transparency and accountability in how algorithms influence the public sphere.", "quote": "In August 2021, Facebook shut down research by New York University’s Ad Observatory on advertising transparency and misinformation on Facebook, and by AlgorithmWatch on Instagram’s newsfeed...", "page": "76", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Analyzed studies and national evaluations of digital contact tracing apps, concluding that results were contradictory, thus fostering critical public scrutiny and evidence-based assessment of digital tools.", "quote": "Selon AlgorithmWatch, qui a analysé les études et évaluations nationales disponibles, « les résultats sont contradictoires. Les conclusions sur leur efficacité divergent considérablement d’un pays à l’autre et, parfois, d’une étude à l’autre. »", "page": "25", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborative projects (like the 'Datenspende project') to investigate and scrutinize algorithmic behavior on platforms such as Google Search, Google News, and Instagram, aiming for transparency and accountability.", "quote": "The Datenspende project, a collaboration between several German state-level media authorities, the NGO AlgorithmWatch... recruited 4,500 volunteers ... to investigate what users actually see when they look for party and candidate names on Google Search and Google News.", "page": "17", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; DSA-related public consultation; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "AlgorithmWatch publishes investigations, policy positions and responds to EU consultations (DSA), runs public campaigns and offers data-donation and research projects to document algorithmic harms and push for regulatory accountability.", "quote": "AlgorithmWatch researches, publishes positions and responds to EU consultations (DSA) and runs campaigns using regulatory tools to constrain harmful AI uses on social media and platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://algorithmwatch.org/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Amadeu Antonio Foundation", "aliases": ["Amadeu Antonio Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "civic engagement", "civil society protection", "democracy", "democratic values", "digital literacy", "harm reduction", "human rights", "inclusion", "minority rights", "open access", "public interest", "racial equality", "refugee rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates the 'Good Gaming—Well Played Democracy' project to promote inclusive gaming communities and combat hate.", "quote": "the “Good Gaming—Well Played Democracy” project of the Amadeu-Antonio-Stiftung (n.d.);", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime", "author": "Muller, Karsten; Schwarz, Carlo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The organization records and publicizes anti-refugee incidents, including violent acts like arson and assault. By documenting these events, it contributes to monitoring, exposing, and denouncing hate crimes, thereby exerting public pressure and reinforcing social norms against such behavior.", "quote": "Between January 2015 and early 2017 alone, the non-profit organization \"Amadeu Antonio Stiftung” recorded around 3", "page": "300 anti-refugee incidents", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "2015–2017"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Partnered in OCCI, observed prosecution trends for hate speech, and initiated the Task Force for Dealing with Hate Speech; provides digital expertise in combating hate speech.", "quote": "In 2016, together with the International Centre for Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Facebook launched the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI).", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and defines conflicts over digital civil society, highlighting the rise of online political pressure from the far right; also provides financial support for open access publications.", "quote": "The Berlin-based Amadeu Antonio Foundation has come to call what has heated up since the 2010s a conflict over digital civil society (2017).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An independent think-and-do tank that researches, develops, and funds initiatives to strengthen democratic civic society in Germany, including managing the Belltower platform.", "quote": "an independent CE think-and-do tank that has researched, developed and funded hundreds of initiatives to strengthen democratic civic society in Germany.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Defamation League (ADL)", "aliases": ["Anti-Defamation League (ADL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["England", "Europe", "Global", "Switzerland", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitch", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "historical justice", "human rights", "legal efficiency", "platform accountability", "racial equality", "reputation", "social justice", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on online hate and harassment, including specific findings related to LGBTIQ+ individuals, to inform public understanding and advocacy efforts.", "quote": "Le projet américain « deShame » indique que 96% des personnes LGBTIQ+ étudiées affirment faire appel à Internet pour obtenir des réponses... (Anti-Defamation League, 2022).", "page": "5", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Discurso de ódio on-line: uma análise das políticas das plataformas digitais para moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dos Santos, Luiza Carolina; Tomaz, Renata; Dienstbach, Dalby; Matos, Eurico; Sanches, Danielle", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Liga Antidifamação led an agreement in 2013 with major digital platforms (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) to combat online hate speech. This agreement committed platforms to analyze complaints, clearly explain their moderation processes, apply sanctions fairly, and offer simplified reporting methods.", "quote": "Twitter, Facebook e YouTube assinaram, em 2013, um acordo de combate ao discurso de ódio liderado pela Liga Antidifamação, uma organização sem fins lucrativos dos Estados Unidos.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.e-compos.org.br/e-compos/article/view/2709", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, Twitch, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides valuable knowledge and expertise on hate speech and defamation to YouTube's monitoring systems, informing content moderation efforts.", "quote": "Liga Anti-Difamação", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Identifies and catalogues hate symbols, adding them to a public database to inform about their use by extremist groups and combat antisemitism and racism.", "quote": "Hillary Clinton denounced Pepe publicly, and the Anti-Defamation League added the cartoon character to their hate symbols database (Daniels 2018).", "page": "125", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship and Cultural Sensibility: The Regulation of Language in Tudor-Stuart England", "author": "D Shuger", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse and advocacy regarding the appropriate scope and limits of litigation for historical wrongs, expressing concern about the potential for endless legal actions based on ancient disputes.", "quote": "Abraham Foxman, leader of the Anti-Defamation League, has asked: \"\"\"Where does it end? World War I? The Indians? The slave trade? We'll be at this forever'\"\" (quoted on p. 330).\"", "page": "332", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kUSKEmp1VQUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=censorship&ots=-lYg5eZTQK&sig=VYWY6dQBdZdQwyS4M1GFuXaNHYk", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA, global historical justice contexts (e.g., related to Holocaust, Armenian genocide, WWII internment)", "when": "16th-18th centuries, and 20th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Association for Computational Linguistics", "aliases": ["Association for Computational Linguistics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM", "Reddit"], "norms": ["academic advancement", "academic publication", "academic research", "research dissemination", "scholarly discourse", "scientific advancement", "scientific discourse", "scientific integrity", "scientific research", "technological progress"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This organization facilitates scholarly discourse and knowledge dissemination by publishing research papers on topics such as multilingual content moderation, contributing to the academic understanding of AI system behavior.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, A. Vlachos and I. Augenstein, Eds. Dubrovnik, Croatia: Association for Computational Linguistics, May 2023, pp. 3828-3844.", "page": "15", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for the dissemination of academic research in computational linguistics, including studies on multilingual representation learning, toxicity, and safety in LLMs, by publishing conference proceedings.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}, {"title": "Let Community Rules Be Reflected in Online Content Moderation", "author": "Xin, Wangjiaxuan; Wang, Kanlun", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes peer-reviewed research papers and hosts annual meetings, contributing to the academic discourse and advancement of computational linguistics, including methods relevant to content moderation.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)", "page": "9", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2022"}, {"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a prominent academic publishing body, it influences the focus of NLP research by publishing a disproportionately high number of papers on English compared to other languages, thereby perpetuating the resourcedness gap.", "quote": "Of the 5,290 papers the Association for Computational Linguistics published between May 2022 and January 2023, 4,720 mentioned no language in its abstract and 311 mentioned English.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-V3.2 Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Publishes proceedings of its annual meeting (e.g., ACL 2025), which include academic papers on various aspects of computational linguistics and AI, facilitating the dissemination of research relevant to LLM development and understanding.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), ACL 2025, pages 23078–23097.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Large Language Models", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Association for Progressive Communications (APC)", "aliases": ["Association for Progressive Communications (APC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Indonesia", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-monopoly", "civil society empowerment", "democratic integrity", "digital rights", "due process", "environmental sustainability", "media pluralism", "progressive values", "social justice", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles to advance transparency and accountability in content moderation, focusing on digital rights and social justice.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides NGOs with Internet access, training, and support, developing WWW sites, mailing lists, and databases to foster communication links between NGOs and the UN.", "quote": "The APC is now the world’s most extensive provider network of NCTs dedicated to serving NGOs by offering fast, reliable, easy-to-use communication tools, training, and support.", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqualtune Lab (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqual-tune Lab (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Frederick's perspective from within the grassroots movement views this experience among others as a step in the development of the power of civil society to challenge the domination of communications by commercial media and the state.", "quote": "Among the most interesting and sympathetic discussions of the role of computer networks in the anti-NAFTA struggles are those of Howard Frederick who was Director of PeaceNet within the Association for Progressive Communications (APC).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (ABERT)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (ABERT)", "Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (Abert)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Meta", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "economic regulation", "free speech", "freedom of the press", "platform accountability", "political debate"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Manifested in public hearings against the current system of intermediary liability (Article 19 MCI), arguing for stricter responsibility for platforms to combat fake news and hate speech.", "quote": "Os representantes da Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (Abert) e da Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ) manifestaram se em sentido contrário, opinando pela necessidade de maior rigor na responsabilidade dos intermediários.", "page": "144", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Limites à liberdade de expressão: uma análise sob a perspectiva das redes sociais.", "author": "LR Teles", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The association filed a lawsuit (ADI n.º 4.451) with the Supreme Federal Court, successfully arguing for the lifting of a legal restriction that prohibited artistic expressions, such as humorous programs and caricatures, involving political candidates during election periods. This action contributed to protecting the freedom of the press and artistic expression in Brazilian media.", "quote": "O STF, por unanimidade e nos termos do voto do Relator, julgou procedente o pedido proposto pela Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão, ABERT sob o fundamento que Programas humorísticos, charges e modo caricatural de pôr em circulação ideias, opiniões, frases e quadros espirituosos compõem as atividades de “imprensa”, sinônimo perfeito de “informação jornalística” (§ 1º do art. 220).", "page": "43", "url": "https://repositorio.pucgoias.edu.br/jspui/handle/123456789/7193", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms", "when": "19th-21st century, focusing on the digital era and social media"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Lobbied for the creation of an exception to the judicial notification requirement for content removal in the Marco Civil da Internet, specifically concerning copyright infringement, to allow for quicker takedowns.", "quote": "Outros que também apoiavam a criação de uma exceção ao modelo de notificação e retirada foram o Ministério da Cultura e a Associação Brasileira de Rádio e Televisão (ABERT).", "page": "110", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Questioned the constitutionality of electoral law provisions that prohibited the broadcasting of material deemed degrading or ridiculing political agents and restricted opinions in electoral campaigns, arguing these rules imposed a 'silencing effect' on media and limited freedom of expression.", "quote": "Outro caso analisado pela Corte Constitucional pátria fora o julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº. 4451, na qual a Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão-ABERT questionava a constitucionalidade do art. 45, incisos II e III, da Lei Federal 9.504/1997 (Lei das Eleições), que proibia a veiculação na rádio e televisão, durante o período de campanha eleitoral, de material que degradem ou ridicularizem agentes políticos e proibição de emitir opinião favorável ou contrária a candidato.", "page": "32", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Filed an Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) challenging a law related to freedom of expression, implicitly advocating for press freedom and constitutional limits on censorship.", "quote": "Ação Direta De Inconstitucionalidade 4.451. Requerente: Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão - ABERT.", "page": "64", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Democracy and Technology", "aliases": ["Center for Democracy and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter", "search engines"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "digital development", "fairness", "free speech", "human rights", "platform governance", "societal issues", "societal well-being", "technological innovation", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderator", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues in technology, conducts community-rooted research, systematically evaluates platform transparency reports, and advocates for stronger standards.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include... the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT)...", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages with technology issues to address societal problems and promote online good.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include ... the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Fighting Hate Speech, Silencing Drag Queens? Artificial Intelligence in Content Moderation and Risks to LGBTQ Voices Online: T. Dias Oliva et al.", "author": "T Dias Oliva, DM Antonialli, A Gomes", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Center for Democracy and Technology conducts research and publishes findings on the limitations of automated social media content analysis tools, highlighting how these tools can lead to overbroad censorship and biased enforcement of platform policies, thus acting as a watchdog and advocate for digital rights.", "quote": "Recent research (Duarte et al. 2017, p. 3) developed by the Center for Democracy and Technology concluded that: Today's tools for automating social media content analysis have limited abil- ity to parse the nuanced meaning of human communication, or to detect the intent or motivation of the speaker.[...] Without proper safeguards, these tools can facilitate overbroad censorship and biased enforcement of laws and of plat- forms' terms of service.", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12119-020-09790-w", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Twitter, AI content moderation", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Raised concerns regarding law enforcement agencies' role as 'trusted flaggers' in online content moderation, advocating for government accountability for censorship actions.", "quote": "the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) has taken issue with law enforcement agencies' role as 'trusted flaggers' that notify platforms of content that violates their ToS.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Governance of and by platforms", "author": "T Gillespie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocated for policies that protect online innovation, expressing concerns that holding providers liable for user content might discourage online innovation and proactive monitoring by intermediaries.", "quote": "Legislators and technologists feared that this might also discourage online innovation, out of fear of lawsuits (CDT, 2010).", "page": "6", "url": "https://culturedigitally.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Gillespie-Governance-ofby-Platforms-PREPRINT.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with emphasis on U.S.)", "when": "1990s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civil society organizations", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organizations", "Civil society organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Brazil", "Ethiopia", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "data privacy", "democratic integrity", "digital literacy", "fairness", "free speech", "harm reduction", "human rights", "innovation", "internet governance", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "CLEARING THE HAZE: IS THE EU DIGITAL SERVICES ACT FINALLY FORCING PLATFORMS TO OPEN UP ABOUT CONTENT MODERATION?", "author": "Zornetta, Alessia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Scrutinize platforms' practices, identify potential biases and errors, hold platforms accountable, and advocate for transparency and fairness in online content moderation processes.", "quote": "Civil society's involvement was pivotal in highlighting the necessity for greater accountability and user rights protection in content moderation processes.", "page": "27", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, Online Platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, post-2022 DSA era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Responsible for developing frameworks like the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, which aim to guide internet regulation to protect fundamental rights on online platforms.", "quote": "Os princípios de Manila, sobre responsabilidade de intermediário, possuindo como objetivo “proteger a liberdade de expressão e criar um ambiente propício para a inovação, que equilibre as necessidades dos governos e outras partes interessadas, grupos da sociedade civil de todo o mundo [...]”.", "page": "139", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "O FIM DA BLINDAGEM DAS BIG TECHS? A NOVA INTERPRETAÇÃO DO ART. 19 DO MARCO CIVIL DA INTERNET PELO STF", "author": "AP de Souza, DC de Souza Simas…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "They participated in public debate by sharing an understanding that the existing legal framework was insufficient to address severe digital harms, and celebrated the Supreme Court's decision to reinterpret Article 19.", "quote": "A decisão decorreu de um entendimento compartilhado por setores da sociedade civil, ministros da Corte e representantes do governo de que o artigo 19 da referida norma mostrava-se desatualizado e insuficiente para enfrentar problemas como desinformação, violência e discursos de ódio no ambiente digital.", "page": "10", "url": "https://ojs.revistadcs.com/index.php/revista/article/view/3067", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2014, with focus on 2025 and future"}, {"title": "Inequalities and content moderation", "author": "De Gregorio, Giovanni; Stremlau, Nicole", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Civil society organizations are identified as playing a role in enhancing oversight on online harm, particularly through establishing 'harm-checking' organizations. These groups, analogous to fact-checkers, could monitor online hate speech and disinformation and promote local initiatives for digital skill development.", "quote": "Civil society organizations may also play a role. The establishment of 'harm-checking' organizations would enhance oversight, particularly on online harm.", "page": "7", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1758-5899.13243", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Africa and Global Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Are envisioned to collaborate with the European Board for Digital Services to ensure that the oversight functions of the Digital Services Act are sensitive to the demands of data privacy specialists and broader societal concerns.", "quote": "a proposta prevê a possibilidade do Board for Digital Services [...] cooperar com outros órgãos governamen-tais e organizações da sociedade civil, mencionando expressamente “grupos de aconselhamento com responsabilidades em campos como [...] o da proteção de dados”35", "page": "18", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Commission on Presidential Debates", "aliases": ["Commission on Presidential Debates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic process", "fairness", "inclusivity", "informed public", "political discourse", "political neutrality", "public deliberation", "public information", "public interest"], "topics": ["content moderator", "debate moderator", "moderador de debate", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling the 2012 Republican primary debates: why the structure of the television moderators' questions matters", "author": "PH Brown", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This independent, non-profit group organizes and sponsors general election presidential debates, setting guidelines for their format, location, and moderator selection, with the mission to ensure these debates are held for the benefit of the American electorate.", "quote": "The CPD is an independent, non-profit group whose primary mission is to “ensure for the benefit of the American electorate, that general election debates are held every four years between and among the leading candidates for the office of President and Vice President of the United States”", "page": "17", "url": "https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/f708ae8e-7969-4c78-a4b8-7d9e56b56aca", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Republican primary debates", "when": "2012 Republican primary season"}, {"title": "The News Norms and Values of Presidential Debate Agendas: An Analysis of Format and Moderator Influence on Question Content", "author": "Turcotte, Jason", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) organizes and sponsors U.S. presidential debates. By introducing specific formats, such as the town hall format, it influences the types of questions asked and the overall agenda of the debates.", "quote": "The Commission on Presidential Debates attempted to make the process more inclusive by introducing the town hall format in 1992.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15205436.2014.893362", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1992–2012"}, {"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Adopted and maintained a debate model that pushed for direct candidate interactions and deeper discussion on fewer topics, thereby shaping the structure and content of presidential debates.", "quote": "La Comisión de Debates Presidenciales de Estados Unidos (Commission on Presidential Debates) adoptó el modelo de debate con un moderador y continuó utilizándolo, ya que este modelo empujó las interacciones directas entre candidatos...", "page": "241", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Debates and the Disincentives of Democracy: How news norms and values influence moderator agendas", "author": "Turcotte, Jason", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) sets the format for presidential debates, specifically designating town hall forums, which affects where agenda-setting power lies. The paper also suggests the CPD should enforce stricter guidelines for moderator intervention to ensure public questions are adequately represented.", "quote": "The Commission on Presidential Debates has designated one debate as a town hall forum in each presidential election since the format's inception in 1992.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2013.861228", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "US presidential debates", "when": "1992–2012"}, {"title": "Anglais de spécialité et logométrie. L'exemple des débats présidentiels américains", "author": "M Bendinelli", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "This commission is responsible for organizing the presidential debates, which includes setting the rules, format, and logistical framework. This role allows it to shape and moderate the public discourse during the debates by defining the conditions under which candidates interact.", "quote": "Les interventions des candidats ayant pris part aux années électorales qui nous intéressent (1960, 1976, 1984, 1988, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008) ont été retranscrites à partir du matériel diffusé par la commission en charge de l'organisation des débats (Commission on Presidential Debates)", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/asp/2533", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "USA", "when": "1960-2008"}]}, {"name": "Counter Extremism Project", "aliases": ["Counter Extremism Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "content moderation", "national security", "platform accountability", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and research concerning online content moderation laws, such as Germany's NetzDG, contributing to the discourse on their effectiveness and potential issues like over-blocking.", "quote": "ICYMI: New Report on Germany's NetzDG Online Hate Speech Law Shows No Threat of Over-Blocking, COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT (Oct. 1, 2018), https://www.counte rextremism.com/press/icymi-new-report-germany's-netzdg-online-hate-speech-law-shows- no-threat-over-blocking", "page": "32", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "An Overview of Perceptual Hashing", "author": "Farid, Hany", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Developed and utilized its own perceptual hashing technology (eGlyph) to identify ISIS-generated, terror-related videos on platforms like YouTube, thereby verifying the effectiveness of service provider content moderation tools.", "quote": "In 2016, largely in response to the growing threat of international and domestic extremism, the Counter Extremism Project (CEP) developed eGlyph (CEP 2016), an audio, image, and video perceptual hash.", "page": "13", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/24", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Reddit), global internet", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocating for additional rules to improve accessibility in NetzDG complaint forms to better combat extremism.", "quote": "The German Green Party, the Counter Extremism Project, and the Center for European Policy Studies are currently advocating for additional rules about accessibility in NetzDG complaint forms.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborated on developing an algorithm (eGLYPH) for the automatic detection and removal of extremist content from online platforms.", "quote": "In 2015, in co-operation with the Counter Extremism Project, Professor Hani Farid, who developed the algorithm for automatic deletion of child pornography, presented an analogously functioning re-upload filter known as eGLYPH...", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developed a hash system (via Hany Farid) for terrorist imagery to facilitate detection and removal of such content by tech companies, contributing to efforts to combat online extremism.", "quote": "Hany Farid, the computer scientist who worked on Microsoft's PhotoDNA, worked with the Counter Extremism Project to develop a hash system for terrorist imagery.", "page": "22", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Demos", "aliases": ["Demos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / foundation", "advocacy/special-interest group", "cross-party think tank; research charity"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Hungary", "Italy", "Myanmar", "Slovakia", "Sri Lanka", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Gab", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-extremism", "civil discourse", "combating extremism", "counter-speech effectiveness", "democratic integrity", "evidence-based reasoning", "free speech", "internet freedom", "national security"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes reports examining how counterspeech challenges extremism online, analyzing content and interaction data to determine effectiveness and recommend strategies for counterspeakers, contributing to research and advocacy on online moderation.", "quote": "This report, commissioned by Facebook, examines how counterspeech that challenged far-right political Facebook pages in France, Italy, and the UK was produced and shared.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media", "author": "Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Researches and publishes reports on counter-speech strategies for online platforms, advising on approaches to mitigate extremism and hate speech.", "quote": "companies like Facebook that has stated in public that it believes counter speech is not only potentially more effective, but also more likely to succeed in the long run [6].", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3292522.3326034", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Gab platform, online social media (global, with mentions of Myanmar, Sri Lanka, USA)", "when": "2016–2018 platform era"}, {"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducted analysis on political donor demographics, highlighting how the 'big-money system' skews democracy, contributing to public discourse on campaign finance reform.", "quote": "An extensive analysis by Demos of political donors in 2012 and 2014 shows that known large donors are overwhelmingly wealthy, White men.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "counter-speech examining content that challenges extremism online", "author": "Bartlett, Jamie; Krasodomski-Jones, Alex", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Demos undertook a series of research reports to examine how different types of counter-speech are produced and shared on Facebook, with the aim of understanding and improving the effectiveness of content that challenges extremism online.", "quote": "Because of its strong belief in the power of counter-speech and the growing interest in a more rigorous and evidence-led approach to understand it better, Facebook asked Demos to undertake a series of research reports, examining the extent to which different types of counter-speech are produced and shared on Facebook.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (UK, France, Italy, Hungary)", "when": "2014"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Demos produces research and convenes cross-party events and networks (e.g. Epistemic Security Network) to shape policy debates on information ecosystems and trustworthy AI.", "quote": "Demos runs a Trustworthy Technology programme, an Epistemic Security Network and publishes research on information supply chains and generative AI, directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://demos.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Derechos Digitales", "aliases": ["Derechos Digitales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Latin America", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborative processes to establish best practices and guidelines for content moderation by intermediaries, ensuring proportionality and freedom of expression. Helped draft the Manila Principles.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários foram elaborados a partir de um processo colaborativo que contou com a participação de especialistas e organizações da sociedade civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation, Article 19, Derechos Digitales, entre outras, com o intuito de estabelecer guias para as melhores práticas em termos de políticas e regulação de conteúdo online por intermediários.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles, advocating for a framework for intermediary responsibility on the internet, and signed declarations promoting transparency and accountability for internet platforms.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como... Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (Argentina) y Open Net (South Korea).", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Latin American perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles; also a signatory of the 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet' and 'Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas'.", "quote": "Entre los proponentes de los Principios de Manila están Derechos Digitales, de Chile, y la Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (Argentina).", "page": "19", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Privacy Information Center", "aliases": ["Electronic Privacy Information Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "computer security", "digital development", "privacy", "public good", "societal issues", "societal well-being", "technological challenges"], "topics": ["censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues appearing in technology realms and attempts to harness the potential of the internet for good, advocating for privacy.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include... the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)...", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Founded to address societal issues appearing in technology realms and to attempt to harness the potential of the internet for good; waded into technology issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), New Zealand-based Netsafe, and the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages with technology issues to address societal problems and promote online good.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include ... the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on government-led 'data retention' initiatives, particularly in Europe, advocating for privacy rights against state surveillance efforts.", "quote": "See Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr., Data Retention Page, http://www.epic.org/privacy/intl/data_retention.html (discussing various European data-retention efforts).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Addresses concerns about ICT governance, specifically focusing on advocating for privacy and computer security.", "quote": "Examples of the latter include Privacy International, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility from the privacy and computer security areas.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Ford Foundation", "aliases": ["Ford Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Angola", "Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "civil society", "diffusion of knowledge", "harm reduction", "information access", "technological development"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides funding to organizations and participates as a 'broker' through closed-door sessions at the RightsCon conference, influencing the digital rights activism field.", "quote": "Some of these organizations, such as Meta, Google, the Ford Foundation, and the Open Society Foundations... maintain a prominent presence at the conference, not only as funders but as brokers through closed-door sessions.", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided funding for academic research on Portuguese Africa, but its activities were viewed with suspicion by Portuguese colonial authorities as potentially linked to intelligence gathering.", "quote": "a Embaixada em Washington confirmou que a Fundação Ford tinha concedido um subsídio de $300.000 para Bender coordenar um grupo de estudos sobre a África Portuguesa na UCLA", "page": "66", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Sponsored numerous initiatives in West Africa aimed at preventing media from exacerbating violence, particularly during elections.", "quote": "The Ford Foundation, for example, has sponsored numerous initiatives in West Africa aimed at preventing media from exacerbating violence.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Played a role in promoting 'benign group life' in the postcommunist world, indicating support for civil society initiatives that contribute to social stability and moderation of conflict, possibly through funding or programmatic activities.", "quote": "They approve of the role played by Ford, the Eurasia Foundation, and Soros in promoting benign group life in the postcommunist world, while recognizing that such efforts may hinder homegrown groups.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provides critical funding and encouragement to bring together civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies.", "quote": "Major foundations, such as the Ford Foundation, Markle Foundation, and George Soros' Open Society Institute, have supplied critical funding and encouragement to bring civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies together.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Forza Nuova", "aliases": ["Forza Nuova"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Italy", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti immigration", "anti muslim sentiment", "anti-hate speech", "authoritarianism", "economic nativism", "far right ideology", "group supremacy", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderazione censura", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Propagated content (e.g., apologetic of fascism) that violated platform guidelines and national/supranational norms, leading to the social media platform (Facebook) obscuring its profile.", "quote": "come nel recente caso che vede coinvolto il partito politico Forza Nuova e il colosso Facebook, il quale ne ha oscurato il profilo social, perché diffondevano contenuti contrari alle linee guida, oltre che a violare le norme nazionali e sovranazionali.", "page": "25", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its Facebook account was canceled due to hate speech policies, leading to legal challenges where the tribunal upheld Facebook's decision as compliant with existing norms.", "quote": "la conclusión del tribunal es que Facebook no solo no ha vulnerado el derecho a la libertad de expresión y el pluralismo político al inhabilitar el perfil de usuario de esta asociación política, sino que con dicha decisión la red social estaba cumpliendo con lo que el ordenamiento exige32.", "page": "117", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Libertà di espressione e social network, tra nuovi “spazi pubblici” e “poteri privati”. Spunti di comparazione", "author": "Bassini, Marco", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This extreme-right political association had its public page deactivated by Facebook due to illicit content, with the court finding Facebook's action to be legitimate and even required by law.", "quote": "Facebook a Forza Nuova per effetto della decisione [...] di oscurarne la pagina pubblica. Il giudice [...] affermando che Facebook [...] vi fosse addirittura tenuto in forza della natura illecita di questi contenuti.", "page": "13", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0039", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "US, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La proposta di Digital Service Act per la regolazione dei servizi e delle piattaforme online nel diritto dell'Unione europea", "author": "G Caggiano", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acted as a plaintiff in legal proceedings, challenging content moderation decisions by Facebook regarding the deletion of its accounts in Italian courts.", "quote": "l'ordinanza, del 23 febbraio 2020 del Tribunale di Roma (...) ha invece rigettato la domanda di Forza Nuova, statuendo che Facebook non solo avrebbe potuto cancellare gli account, che veicolavano messaggi d'odio, ma in base alle regole sovranazionali e italiane, aveva l'obbligo di farlo per non rischiare sanzioni.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.aisdue.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Post-Giandonato-Caggiano-DSAfinale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2000 EU legislative period"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Active on Twitter, engaging in transnational far-right discourse and campaigning, contributing to the spread of anti-immigration and economic nativist frames.", "quote": "Figure 1: Far-right retweets network, 2016 and 2017. From left to right: Italy, France, Germany, UK (Froio/Ganesh 2018). (like the party Forza Nuova)", "page": "97", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "FutureHouse", "aliases": ["FutureHouse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5", "GPT-5.2"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed the LAB-Bench subset, a multiple-choice assessment designed to evaluate expert-level biological skill relevant to AI models, providing human baselines for capability assessment.", "quote": "We evaluated four tasks from LAB-Bench, a multiple-choice assessment developed by FutureHouse, that we believe are most relevant to expert-level biological skill...", "page": "99", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed LAB-Bench, a multiple-choice assessment for expert-level biological skills, used to track progress in molecular biology-relevant capabilities and provide reference points.", "quote": "We evaluated four tasks from LAB-Bench, a multiple-choice assessment developed by FutureHouse, that we believe are most relevant to expert-level biological skill...", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed LAB-Bench, a visual reasoning benchmark that evaluates AI capabilities for practical scientific research tasks, including figure interpretation.", "quote": "LAB-Bench FigQA is a visual reasoning benchmark ... developed by FutureHouse, which evaluates AI capabilities for practical scientific research tasks.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed LAB-Bench, an evaluation suite for AI capabilities in practical scientific research tasks, including visual reasoning benchmarks like LAB-Bench FigQA for biology papers.", "quote": "LAB-Bench FigQA is a visual reasoning benchmark... part of Language Agent Biology Benchmark (LAB-Bench) developed by FutureHouse, which evaluates AI capabilities for practical scientific research tasks.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}, {"title": "oai_5_2_system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "FutureHouse provides the ProtocolQA dataset, which is modified from multiple-choice questions into open-ended short answer questions to evaluate AI models' ability to troubleshoot lab protocols.", "quote": "we modify 108 multiple choice questions from FutureHouse's ProtocolQA dataset [7] to be open-ended short answer questions", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.2 model family", "when": "post-2025 AI platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Network Initiative (GNI)", "aliases": ["Global Network Initiative (GNI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective", "multistakeholder civil society alliance / NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Nigeria", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "X/Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderator", "moderador censor", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Cited as a resource for further reading on intermediary liability and content regulation models, indicating its role in shaping global norms and policy discussions relevant to content moderation.", "quote": "For further reading, observe: Intermediary Liability & Content Regulation.\" Global Network Initiative\"\"", "page": "<globalnetworkinitiative.org/what-we-do/empower-policy/intermediary-liability-content-regulation>\"", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder initiative that collaborates with companies to help them define and address hate speech and terrorist material in their content policies, consistent with human rights principles.", "quote": "Basándose en el trabajo del Cyberhate Working Group y Global Network Initiative, una iniciativa de trabajo conjunto para ayudar a las empresas a articular lo que constituye el discurso de odio o el material terrorista.", "page": "32", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A multi-stakeholder collaboration developing principles on freedom of expression and privacy, auditing company compliance, and advising on responses to governmental requests for user data and content removal to minimize human rights impacts.", "quote": "The GNI was launched in 2008 as a collaboration between academics, civil society organizations, and major tech firms.", "page": "38", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes audit reports to assess the practical steps taken to protect human rights online by various actors in the ICT sector, claiming an audit function for digital freedoms.", "quote": "The Global Network Initiative claims such an audit function, but annual reports do not give detail such that it would satisfy these criteria.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Christchurch Call; DSA-related public consultation; Freedom Online Coalition; Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025; IGF 2025; NetMundial+10 High-Level Executive Committee (HLEC); OSA-related public consultation; Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS)", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "GNI publishes Core Commitments, policy submissions, resources and guidance, convenes companies, NGOs and academics, and uses member-driven accountability mechanisms to influence platform practices and policy debates.", "quote": "GNI's core mission is to protect freedom of expression and privacy in tech and it publishes frameworks, policy submissions, and engages companies and civil society on content regulation and human-rights-respecting practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://globalnetworkinitiative.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Greenpeace", "aliases": ["Greenpeace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "European Union", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["civic engagement", "climate action", "corporate accountability", "corporate transparency", "environmental protection", "policy influence", "public accountability", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "modération de contenu", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A member from this environmental NGO participated in the assemblies, reflecting the involvement of environmental concerns within the diverse Yellow Vest movement and contributing to its ideological spectrum.", "quote": "Enfin, cinq répondants ont cité des organisations écologiques (3 membres d'Alternatiba, 1 de Greenpeace, 1 du parti Les Verts).", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Uses global online activities to distribute warnings and advocate for environmental and anti-corporate causes, shaping international public discourse on global capitalism.", "quote": "This may be seen in the global online activities of ‘big’ civic players such as Greenpeace or Amnesty International.", "page": "193", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produces reports, like the 'Guide to Greener Electronics', which evaluate companies' willingness to share information, serving to translate research into concrete political tools for accountability.", "quote": "Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, which includes a grade for companies' willingness to share information, or the Ranking Digital Rights 32 project are good examples for the translation of research into concrete political devices.", "page": "20", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Why We Can't Have Our Facts Back", "author": "Marres, Noortje", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engaged in public campaigns, such as covering a Brexit bus with questions, to activate public discussion and reformulate empirical truths related to environmental issues. This contributes to the public formulation and re-formulation of new empirical truths by different actors.", "quote": "from NHS advocates to Greenpeace campaigners who bought and covered the bus with \"thousands of questions... about what Brexit means for the environment.\"\" Public statements", "page": "then", "url": "http://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/188", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), digital societies, UK (Brexit)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 2016-2018"}]}, {"name": "Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia", "aliases": ["Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-globalization", "anti-pluralism", "anti-western sentiment", "political ideology", "religious governance", "religious orthodoxy", "religious politics"], "topics": ["media moderator", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century", "New Order and Reform Era", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts", "author": "Afwadzi, Benny; Sumbulah, Umi; Ali, Nur; Qudsy, Saifuddin Z.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Rejects the concept of religious moderation, perceiving it as a political and ideological project, thereby setting alternative norms and influencing public debate by opposing moderation policies.", "quote": "They believe that the Ministry of Religious Affairs... wants to discredit certain parties – such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)... using this terminology.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/9369", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Actively propagates the Khilafahism ideology through social media (e.g., Twitter, Instagram) and traditional means, mobilizing its members to shape public opinion and recruit new adherents, often cloaking their radical narratives. This serves to spread content that others seek to moderate or censor.", "quote": "Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) is very active on social media, especially mobilizing its members to \"master\"\" opinions (trending) on social media such as Twitter and smart news processing on Instagram.\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia", "author": "Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Applied pressure to suppress pluralistic discourse in the public sphere, campaigned for a caliphate state, and promoted radical interpretations of Islam, leading to its government ban as part of deradicalization efforts.", "quote": "During his first term, pressure was also applied by Muslim organizations such as HTI¹ and FPI² to erase discourse on pluralism in the public space.", "page": "2", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/exch/52/3/article-p220_4.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supported the formalization of sharia at the state level, operating secretly during the New Order era to spread its ideology through coaching movements.", "quote": "supporters of the implementation of sharia at the state level such as the Indonesian ... Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)", "page": "11", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}, {"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Identified as a radical transnational Islamic group engaged in an ideological struggle to change social and political systems, whose existence contributes to the need for religious moderation campaigns to counter their approach.", "quote": "(4) organisasi bersifat terbuka dan lintas nasional (misalnya HTI)", "page": "5", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)", "aliases": ["Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Internet standards organization / technical standards community", "professional body", "standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance", "human rights", "interoperability", "open internet", "openness", "privacy", "security", "technical standards"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Crafts technology-specific standards and protocols that underpin the internet, including those relevant to social networking and interoperability, which are essential for middleware development.", "quote": "Standards development organizations (SDOs) like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) have decades of experience crafting technology-specific standards that underpin the internet...", "page": "48", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes Internet standards (RFCs), contributing to the open, secure, and interoperable architecture of the underlying network layers.", "quote": "ces approches d’ouverture que l’on retrouve également dans des couches plus « basses » des réseaux (RFC de l’IETF par exemple).", "page": "91", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Works to insert explicit attention to human rights issues formally into the processes through which Internet protocols are officially adopted.", "quote": "A growing number of those involved in this group... are working on the problem of inserting explicit attention to human rights issues formally into the processes through which a proposed protocol for the Internet becomes the official protocol.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Part of a set of bodies (including IAB and ISOC) responsible for regularly checking new technical developments to ensure they do not threaten the interoperability of the Internet, with an open participation policy.", "quote": "A set of bodies (the Internet Architecture Board, the Internet Society and the Internet Engineering Task Force) is in charge of regularly checking that new developments do not threaten the interoperability of the medium.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "IETF produces RFCs and open standards that become foundational Internet protocols; working groups and standards-setting processes directly shape technologies platforms implement (security, privacy, transport, DNS), and it engages via liaisons and community consensus to influence adoption.", "quote": "IETF develops open Internet standards and protocols (RFCs) and working groups on security & privacy, transport, DNS and web/transport technologies that directly shape the technical infrastructure platforms use for content, identity, and privacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ietf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "La Quadrature du Net", "aliases": ["La Quadrature du Net"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Mastodon", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-automated censorship", "anti-censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "judicial oversight", "market competition", "open internet", "platform accountability", "proportionality", "technical feasibility"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "journals.openedition.org", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Critiques governmental roles in promoting private censorship, particularly concerning intellectual property rights and counter-terrorism measures, advocating for checks and balances on power.", "quote": "they often discuss and criticise the role of governments in promoting new forms of private censorship, in the name of the fight against terrorism or in order to protect intellectual property rights (see Quadrature du net, 2020; EFF, 2018).", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}, {"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Criticized legislative proposals (Loi Avia) for promoting excessive automated moderation, arguing it would not allow sufficient time for proper content analysis.", "quote": "La Quadrature du Net, par exemple, a souligné que le délai de suppression proposé ne tenait pas compte de la temporalité nécessaire pour repérer et analyser une publication problématique", "page": "6", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}, {"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Criticizes proposed legislation (TERREG) for online content moderation, emphasizing concerns about its potential to lead to over-blocking and disproportionate impact on smaller platforms.", "quote": "This is the basis of a common criticism of this legislation by online rights advocates (EDRi, La Quadrature du Net, EFF), who emphasize that only the largest platforms will be able to comply and that it will lead to over-blocking by smaller actors fearing penalties.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Les enjeux de la modération automatisée sur les réseaux sociaux numériques : les mobilisations LGBT contre la loi Avia", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Denounced the risks of the Avia law to freedom of expression, arguing that the 24-hour deletion deadline for content was technically unrealistic and would encourage automated moderation, and that content removal decisions would bypass judicial review.", "quote": "La Quadrature du net, par exemple, argue que le délai pour supprimer ne correspond pas à la réalité technique de la modération – encourageant par là même un recours accru à la modération automatique en amont de tout signalement [...].", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ctd/6049", "topic": "journals.openedition.org", "language": "", "where": "France, digital social networks (Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in advocacy, as evidenced by a tribune, against the 'automatization of political censorship' on the internet.", "quote": "Voir par exemple la tribune de Félix Tréguer pour La Quadrature du Net, « Vers l'automatisation de la censure politique »", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Media Bias/Fact Check", "aliases": ["Media Bias/Fact Check"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Kialo", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "impartiality", "journalistic integrity", "media accountability", "media bias awareness", "media transparency", "news quality"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Measurement and Metrics for Content Moderation: The Multi-Dimensional Dynamics of Engagement and Content Removal on Facebook", "author": "Edelson, Laura; Kovba, Borys; Yershova, Hanna; Botelho, Austin; McCoy, Damon; Lauinger, Tobias", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Offers assessments of news sources regarding their factualness and bias, which are utilized by researchers to create datasets of news providers for analyzing content dissemination dynamics.", "quote": "Our measurement on a list of US news sources that we obtained from the authors of a study on user engagement with misinformation (Edelson et al. 2021), which was originally built using data obtained from NewsGuard (NG) (NewsGuard 2021) and Media Bias/Fact Check (MB/FC)", "page": "7", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/220", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (US, Ukrainian, and Russian news ecosystems)", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "Content Moderation and Hate Speech on Alternative Platforms: A Case Study of BitChute", "author": "J Erickson, B Yan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Media Bias/Fact Check (MBFC) acts as a news rating agency that provides political bias and reliability labels for news outlets. These labels are used to analyze news consumption patterns across social media platforms, thereby influencing how content reliability is understood and implicitly moderated by user perception.", "quote": "Media Bias/Fact Check (commonly referred to as MBFC, https://mediabiasfactcheck.com), a widely referenced news rating agency that provides political bias and reliability labels for news outlets and other information producers (5, 45, 46).", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3710950", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Knowledge-informed Disinformation Mining: From Fact-Checking to Content Moderation", "author": "V La Gatta", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides political leaning scores for various news outlets, which is used to gauge user political orientation, offering insights into the context of disinformation spread.", "quote": "To further dissect users’ political orientations, we utilize MediaBiasFactCheck’s political leaning scores for various news outlets.", "page": "165", "url": "http://www.fedoa.unina.it/15648/1/LaGatta_Valerio_36.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook), US, global geopolitical contexts (including Ukraine-Russia conflict)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Ai in the gray: Exploring moderation policies in dialogic large language models vs. human answers in controversial topics", "author": "V Ghafouri, V Agarwal, Y Zhang, N Sastry…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Maintains a database of online sources with labels for their political and scientific leanings, which is used as ground truth for evaluating bias in AI-generated content and human-cited sources.", "quote": "We scrape and combine the latest (early May 2023) database of two popular websites (MediaBiasFactCheck5 and AllSides) that have labels for the leaning of online sources and have been widely used in previous related literature [9, 28, 29].", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3583780.3614777", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Kialo platform", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Make Reddit Great Again: Assessing Community Effects of Moderation Interventions on r/The_Donald", "author": "Trujillo, Amaury; Cresci, Stefano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "MBFC provides expert-curated fact checks and audit information for a large set of US media outlets. This information is leveraged by researchers to assess the political polarization and factual reporting of news articles shared by users, thereby influencing the understanding and norms around news quality.", "quote": "To this end, we leverage data from Media Bias/Fact Check (MBFC), a widely-used platform that provides expert-curated fact checks and audit information about a large set of US media outlets [6].", "page": "9", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06455", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2019–2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "MLCommons", "aliases": ["MLCommons"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "fairness", "public safety", "public security", "responsible ai", "risk management", "technical standards", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "FanarGuard: A Culturally-Aware Moderation Filter for Arabic Language Models", "author": "M Fatehkia, E Altinisik, HT Sencar", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Develops standardized benchmarks and taxonomies, such as the MLCommons standardized hazards taxonomy, against which AI models are aligned to ensure safety and security.", "quote": "It provides content moderation in 8 languages, and was optimized to support safety and security for search and code interpreter tool calls. It was aligned to safeguard against the MLCommons standardized hazards taxonomy.", "page": "19", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2026.eacl-long.368/", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Arabic-speaking societies and global AI platforms", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "How Generative AI Empowers Attackers and Defenders Across the Trust & Safety Landscape", "author": "PG Kelley, S Rousso-Schindler, R Shelby…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "MLCommons develops AI risk and reliability benchmarks, contributing to safeguard development and evaluating the effectiveness of models in defensive tasks for Trust & Safety applications.", "quote": "AILuminate: Introducing v1.0 of the AI Risk and Reliability Benchmark from MLCommons.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791363", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online Trust & Safety landscape across child safety, election integrity, hate and harassment, scams, and violent extremism", "when": "Contemporary and near future (2024-2026)"}, {"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Defines a safety violation taxonomy that is adopted by researchers for assessing safety of LLM generations, thereby setting standards for AI safety evaluation.", "quote": "We follow Llama-Guard-3-8B ... and define our safety violation taxonomy according to the MLCommons Safety Taxonomy⁴.", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}, {"title": "WILDGUARD: Open One-stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMs", "author": "Han, Seungju; Rao, Kavel; Ettinger, Allyson; Jiang, Liwei; Lin, Bill Yuchen; Lambert, Nathan; Choi, Yejin; Dziri, Nouha", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developing and introducing AI safety benchmarks to facilitate the evaluation and improvement of AI safety.", "quote": "Introducing v0.5 of the ai safety benchmark from mlcommons, 2024.", "page": "13", "url": "proceedings.neurips.cc", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "LLM systems, AI alignment and safety", "when": "post-2020 AI era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participates in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, and deployment governance as an industry consortium.", "quote": "industry consortia (e.g. Frontier Model Forum, MLCommons, Partnership on AI)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Brasil Livre", "aliases": ["Movimento Brasil Livre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-corruption", "anti-politics", "authenticity", "democratic integrity", "economic conservatism", "family values", "free speech", "platform neutrality", "political partisanship", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "As big techs ea moderação de conteúdo eleitoral", "author": "DB Carvalho", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its pages and profiles were removed by Facebook for allegedly propagating 'Fake News', leading the movement to protest the removals and challenging the platforms' autonomous content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Muitas dessas contas e perfis pertenciam ao Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL), o que acabou aumentando a repercussão midiática das remoções realizadas.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/f2331cbb-fcfd-4390-93a9-1a609e00acb0", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (focusing on digital electoral content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2016-2022 elections)"}, {"title": "BUSCADORES E REDES SOCIAIS: LIMITES DA MODERAÇÃO E DA LIBERDADE EDITORIAL DOS PROVEDORES DE APLICAÇÕES NA INTERNET", "author": "Pinheiro, Alexandre Pereira; Pinheiro, Guilherme", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Accused Facebook of politically and ideologically biased content moderation during the 2018 Brazilian elections, claiming their accounts were arbitrarily removed, thereby participating in public discourse around platform censorship.", "quote": "Já o Movimento Brasil Livre – MBL, vítima de parte das remoções e bloqueios, aduziu que as contas foram “arbitrariamente retiradas do ar pelo Facebook” e que a empresa, “por conta do viés político e ideológico”...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.estudosinstitucionais.com/REI/article/view/520", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States, Brazil, European Union, Global Internet Platforms", "when": "mid-1990s to 2020"}, {"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acted as a leading conservative and liberal political movement, organizing manifestations based on anti-corruption and anti-PT sentiments. They also exerted public pressure to censor artistic expressions deemed morally offensive.", "quote": "Movimentos conservadores, dentre os quais o MBL e movimentos religiosos, acusavam que algumas destas obras integrantes à exposição faziam apologias à pedofilia, zoofilia, blasfêmia aos símbolos católicos e favoreciam à erotização infantil.", "page": "75", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in political campaigns by operating a coordinated network of fake accounts and spreading disinformation, leading to content removal by platforms based on 'authenticity policies'.", "quote": "ter removido 196 páginas e 87 perfis, muitos deles ligados ao “Movimento Brasil Livre” (MBL), por violação a “políticas de autenticidade” (MELO, 2018).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Guerras culturais e formações imaginárias da polarização política brasileira: Um estudo discursivo", "author": "MFC de Souza", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This group mobilizes public manifestations, acting as a cohesive factor for the new right-wing populism. By organizing these demonstrations, it exerts public pressure and promotes specific narratives, influencing and moderating the public political debate.", "quote": "Esse último apresentou-se como o grande fator de coesão do novo populismo de direita que surge em torno do impeachment da presidente Dilma Rousseff e que continua mobilizando manifestações públicas como, por exemplo, o Partido Novo, o Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) e o Vem para a Rua.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/humanidadeseinovacao/article/view/640", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2014-2018 Brazilian political context"}]}, {"name": "National Council of Teachers of English", "aliases": ["National Council of Teachers of English"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information", "anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "democratic integrity", "education", "intellectual freedom", "student rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century", "1960s–1980s", "19th–20th century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Teachers’ Self-Censorship of Children’s Literature in Texas—What’s Legislation Got to Do With It?", "author": "Lammert, Catherine; C. Godfrey, Vickie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Responded to censorship by publishing statements that emphasize the importance of literary freedom and the unhampered activities of American minds, advocating against restrictions on thought and discussion.", "quote": "In the view of NCTE, censorship runs contrary to foundational democratic ideals. Similarly, the American Educational Research Association (2014) issued statements on the importance of scholarly and academic freedom, and NCTE (2022) published an updated statement reiterating the importance of literary freedom.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584231201814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Texas, USA", "when": "2021-2022"}, {"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Contributed to the discourse on freedom to read by publishing pamphlets like 'The Students’ Right to Read', promoting the concept of a collective right of access to reading against restrictions.", "quote": "and confirmed by the National Council of Teachers of English pamphlet ‘The Students’ Right to Read’ in 1962, the concept of a collective right of access, as opposed to an individual right to expression, gradually gained ground in the post-war era.", "page": "178", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Issued a pamphlet ('The Students’ Right to Read') that confirmed the concept of a collective right of access to reading, shifting defence arguments from individual expression to collective access.", "quote": "National Council of Teachers of English pamphlet ‘The Students’ Right to Read’ in 1962, the concept of a collective right of access, as opposed to an individual right to expression, gradually gained ground in the post-war era.", "page": "178", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Their anti-censorship chairman reported on the soaring number of censorship reports, indicating their role in monitoring and advocating against book banning.", "quote": "'In the last year, censorship reports to us have soared by 35 percent across the country. More and more school districts are reporting attempts, and half are successful,' said John Kean, anti-censorship chairman of the National Council of Teachers of English.", "page": "188", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Publishes academic articles and discourse on censorship in educational settings, implicitly supporting intellectual freedom in the context of English language arts education.", "quote": "Published by: National Council of Teachers of English", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "NetChoice, LLC", "aliases": ["NetChoice, LLC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Gaza", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["commercial interests", "economic freedom", "free speech", "limited government", "market competition", "platform autonomy", "platform free speech", "platform immunity", "transparency"], "topics": ["media moderation", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Litigates against legislation that restricts content moderation practices of platforms, arguing that such laws violate the platforms' First Amendment rights and editorial autonomy.", "quote": "Empresas como NetChoice argumentaram que a lei violava a Primeira Emenda ao limitar a autonomia das plataformas de regular conteúdos em seus espaços digitais.", "page": "70", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Las políticas de moderación de contenidos de los proveedores de servicios de internet", "author": "L Pérez de la Fuente", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Filed a lawsuit challenging state laws (like Texas HB 20) that aimed to restrict content moderation practices of large social media platforms, arguing that such laws violated the platforms' First Amendment editorial freedom.", "quote": "NetChoice y la Computer & Communications Industry Association presentaron una demanda impugnando dos disposiciones de la ley por ser inconstitucionales: [...] La Sección 7, que prohíbe la censura basada en el punto de vista de las publicaciones de los usuarios...", "page": "18", "url": "https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/76182", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet platforms, EU and US", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Challenged state laws (Florida's SB 7072 and Texas's HB 20) in court, arguing that these laws regulating social media content moderation were preempted by Section 230 and violated platforms' First Amendment rights to editorial judgment.", "quote": "The challengers in NetChoice v. Moody conveyed their fear in adapting to the overly-broad attempt at mitigating a platform's ability to censor, noting that SB 7072 would leave their users unprotected from a variety of offensive material...", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Ethics of Social Media: Why Content Moderation is a Moral Duty", "author": "Howard, Jeffrey", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation to challenge state laws concerning content moderation on social media platforms, influencing the legal framework for platforms' editorial independence and freedom to moderate speech.", "quote": "This argument underpins the recent Texas statute forbidding 'viewpoint discrimination' by social media platforms, upheld by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. See NetChoice, LLC, v. Paxton, No. 21-51178 (5th Cir.), No. 22–555.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/jpe/article/id/6195/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, X, YouTube, TikTok), primarily in the USA, EU, and UK legal/regulatory contexts.", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Challenged state legislation (in Florida and Texas) aimed at regulating content moderation on social media platforms, advocating for platforms' 'editorial' discretion and protection under the First Amendment.", "quote": "Shortly after the publication of the bills, Google and Meta, represented by industry groups NetChoice and Computer and Communications Industry Association, challenged them.", "page": "21", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}]}, {"name": "Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia", "aliases": ["Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-monopoly", "communication rights", "democratic integrity", "democratic process", "free speech", "human rights", "open internet", "regulatory oversight", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with other civil society organizations to develop 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms' to ensure online freedom of expression and an open internet, pushing for harmonized and transparent regulatory solutions.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms, promoting transparency and accountability in content moderation, and later critiqued legislative proposals for inconsistencies with human rights standards.", "quote": "Autora: Marina Pita (Investigadora asociada, OBSERVACOM). ... Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored 'Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; Marina Pita is an associated researcher.", "quote": "Autora: Marina Pita (Investigadora asociada, OBSERVACOM)", "page": "2", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Una mirada a la plataformización en México: Desde las transformaciones económicas hacia las socioculturales", "author": "GE Sued", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research and analysis on regulation, media, and convergence, including studies on internet concentration in Latin America, thereby contributing to public and academic discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "Gómez García, R. (2021). ¿Hay concentración en Internet en América Latina? El caso México. Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia y Fundación Friedrich-Ebert FES Comunicación.", "page": "17", "url": "https://gmjmexico.uanl.mx/index.php/GMJ_EI/article/view/470", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A research center promoting freedom of expression in the Latin American region, actively participating in content moderation debates.", "quote": "Gustavo Gómez, Director Ejecutivo do Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (OBSERVACOM), centro de pesquisa que trabalha pela promoção da liberdade de expressão na região", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Wall Street", "aliases": ["Occupy Wall Street"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Global", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "G1 news site", "digital platforms"], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "civic engagement", "economic justice", "free speech", "media pluralism", "platform neutrality", "political dissent", "progressive values", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione censura", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Used social media platforms to rapidly circulate information, analysis, and footage of protest events, demonstrating the platforms' role in political activism alongside significant offline activities.", "quote": "The adoption of these platforms... until two major movements in the early 2010s—the Arab Spring... and Occupy Wall Street... demonstrated that social media were not simply sites for activists to communicate amongst themselves, but also allowed them to quickly circulate information...", "page": "50", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "(((They))) rule: Memetic antagonism and nebulous othering on 4chan", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Hagen, Sal", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This movement utilized political memes as a means of 'progressive dissent' and to 'expand the broader spectrum of political debate,' challenging dominant political orders and consensus politics through public expression and norm challenging.", "quote": "In the context of movements and events from Anonymous and Wikileaks to Occupy Wall Street and the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, political memes were initially interpreted in progressive terms as lowering the threshold for engaging in online activism.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819888746", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "4chan /pol/, USA", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "La neo-intermediazione populista. Popolo, istituzioni, media", "author": "M Barberis, G Giacomini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Used digital tools like Twitter hashtags for organizing and communication. The movement also exerted public pressure on Twitter, accusing it of censorship when related hashtags did not appear in 'trend topics'.", "quote": "Durante le manifestazioni di Occupy Wall Street, a New York (2011), gli attivisti usavano strumenti digitali, fra cui Twitter. Eppure la discussione online, svolta sotto l'hashtag #occupywallstreet, non compariva fra i trend topic", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/tp/1372", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western democracies (Italy, UK, USA) and global digital platforms", "when": "20th-21st century, focusing on the post-2000 digital era"}, {"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in political debate and civic engagement by forming a transnational public sphere, indicating a common link between social media and political engagement.", "quote": "Movimentos políticos diretos como \"Ocupar Wall Street\"\"", "page": "\"\"Primavera Árabe\"\"", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A protest movement that utilized memetic logics to disseminate its messaging, raise awareness about social and economic injustices, and engage in public conversation through participatory media like Twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, and Reddit.", "quote": "Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was initiated by activists associated with the anticonsumerist organization and “culture-jamming headquarters” Adbusters. The plan was to stage a long-term protest of prevalent social and economic injustices such as income inequality, corporate influence on politics, and unregulated business practices.", "page": "161", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Open Net Initiative", "aliases": ["Open Net Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Italy", "Mexico", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["academic research", "freedom of information", "information freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Reports on Internet censorship practices globally, conducting research and providing data to understand the existence, prevalence, and evolution of censorship techniques across different countries.", "quote": "the Open Net Initiative reporting nearly 50 countries practicing some form of censorship.", "page": "147", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China", "author": "Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The Open Net Initiative conducts empirical studies and reports on China's Internet filtering system, documenting its dynamics, scope, and effectiveness, thereby providing transparency on censorship practices.", "quote": "Empirical testing of the Chinese filtering system also found that the filtering system is rather dynamic and has been self-changing and refining over time (Open Net Initiative, 2005).", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043986209350437", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1994–2010"}, {"title": "ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Researches and reports on internet censorship globally, providing information on the implementation and difficulty of testing blocking systems in countries like China and Iran.", "quote": "As pointed out by the Open Net Initiative, “China's sophisticated filtering system makes testing its blocking difficult\" [3].\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1315245.1315290", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall of China)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The World Trade Law of Censorship and Internet Filtering", "author": "Wu, Tim", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The organization monitors and provides surveys of Internet filtering practices, specifically in China, contributing to the understanding and transparency of state-imposed censorship.", "quote": "In addition, an organization known as the Open Net Initiative offers occasional surveys of Chinese filtering.", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Mexico, United States (in relation to WTO law and internet filtering)", "when": "early 2000s (post-1994 WTO agreements)"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Undertakes primary research using network interrogation tools to directly excavate the Internet for evidence of state content filtering and censorship.", "quote": "primary research undertaken as part of the Open Net Initiative project, a collaboration of the Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, the Berkman Centre for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, and the University of Cambridge, UK.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil", "aliases": ["Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "International"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "economic stability", "free speech", "human rights", "legal certainty", "legality", "professional standards", "public health", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Cold War", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Os militares ea política no golpe de 1964: a construção da teoria do poder moderador na Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG)", "author": "T Amado", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Its president publicly affirmed that the military had a 'secular mission' to protect the 'intangibility of the regime,' providing a legalistic and historical justification for military intervention as a moderating power.", "quote": "o presidente da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Prado Kelly, afirmaria caber aos militares o zelo pela “intangibilidade do regime\"", "page": "uma “missão secular\"\"", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/article/view/239657", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Cold War", "when": "Cold War (1950s-1960s, leading to 1964 coup)"}, {"title": "Políticas e guerras da cultura: filtros de investimento público como\" pós-censura\"\".\"", "author": "L de Paula, C Dumas…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed an 'Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental' (ADPF) with the Supreme Federal Court (STF) to challenge government measures, such as the suspension of a public call for TV series and actions against the IVH, which were seen as analogous to censorship and violations of fundamental precepts.", "quote": "Essa possível intencionalidade na instauração de crises se tornou objeto de uma Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) proposta pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB).", "page": "18", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19833717&AN=159596558&h=RKSkW1GTvO5In%2Fe4NYuhe9210dxvybqlp%2Fd3KPij4gqv3%2B3DXnnpcy%2FQXFiPni294Qnwxpkd58VZSYjtylUykg%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2021"}, {"title": "O ativismo judicial e os métodos tradicionais de interpretação do direito como forma de sua moderação: uma visão sobre a alegada prática de ativismo …", "author": "FNMC de Oliveira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The OAB initiated a lawsuit (ADPF n. 672-DF) before the Supreme Federal Court, seeking judicial intervention to ensure the President of the Republic adopted specific measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, thereby enforcing legal and constitutional adherence in public policy.", "quote": "a ADPF n. 672-DF, a qual foi interposta pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) objetivando que o presidente da República adotasse as seguintes medidas: a) observação do protocolo da OMS, também seguido pelo Ministério da Saúde", "page": "2", "url": "FNMC de Oliveira - Boletim Científico Escola Superior do Ministério …, 2022", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, judicial system, COVID-19 pandemic", "when": "early 21st century, post-2020"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Requested the Supreme Federal Court to suspend Provisional Measure 1068/2021, which aimed to prohibit internet application providers from suspending or excluding accounts/content without judicial decision, thereby influencing content moderation policy.", "quote": "Ministra Rosa Weber proferiu decisão no sentido de suspender a MP após solicitações de partidos políticos e da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil.", "page": "32", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "The OAB has the function of guaranteeing citizens' rights and defending fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression. However, it is criticized for its omission and lack of firm stance against abuses committed by the Supreme Federal Court (STF) regarding censorship, often limiting itself to generic declarations instead of concrete actions.", "quote": "A OAB tem como função garantir os direitos dos cidadãos e atuar na defesa das liberdades fundamentais, incluindo a liberdade de expressão. No entanto, a OAB tem sido criticada por sua omissão e falta de postura firme diante dos abusos cometidos pelo STF...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "PEN International", "aliases": ["PEN International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Spain", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States", "Western Europe", "Yugoslavia", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["diversity", "free speech", "human rights", "professional honour"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Cold War", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations on digital freedom.", "quote": "35. PEN International. (2011). Declaration on Digital Freedom. http://www.pen-international.org/declaration-on-digital-freedom-english/.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Expresses concerns and actively campaigns for the abolition of restrictive laws (like lèse-majesté laws) that hinder freedom of expression for writers and journalists.", "quote": "NGOs such as International PEN often express their concerns about the application of lèse-majesté laws and actively campaign for their abolition (English PEN & Index on Censorship, 2009).", "page": "77", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for writers' freedom of expression.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}, {"title": "Censorship/Self Censorship", "author": "Kis, Danilo", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for writers to observe and advocate against increasing pressures towards conformity and restrictions on artistic freedom across different continents.", "quote": "From the platform of International PEN, I have noticed in all continents an increasing pressure towards that frightened and brutal conformity which is simply barbarity in a new disguise.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064228608534021", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Eastern and Western Europe, specifically Poland and Yugoslavia, in the context of Cold War censorship", "when": "Mid-late 20th century (Cold War era)"}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Participates in public consultations regarding digital services regulation (DSA), influencing policy discussions on online content and freedom of expression.", "quote": "PEN PUBLIC CONSULTATION ON THE DIGITAL SERVICES ACT PACKAGE: Summary Report on the open public consultation on the DSA.", "page": "62", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Prosocial Design Network", "aliases": ["Prosocial Design Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "Learned/scientific society / community/collective", "community/collective", "nonprofit evidence-to-practice network (design & research)", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "human dignity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "prosocial behavior", "transparency", "user agency", "user safety", "user welfare", "user well-being"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A network of researchers, technologists, and civic society leaders who develop definitions and principles for Prosocial Design to foster healthy online interactions.", "quote": "The two authors of this chapter are members of the Science Board of the Prosocial Design Network, a network of over 400 researchers, technologists and civic society leaders.", "page": "126", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Network of researchers, technologists, and civic society leaders; developing a working definition of Prosocial Design, fostering healthy interactions, ensuring user safety, well-being, and dignity; contributing to the Blueprint for Prosocial Tech Design Governance.", "quote": "The two authors of this chapter are members of the Science Board of the Prosocial Design Network, a network of over 400 researchers, technologists and civic society leaders.", "page": "126", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A network of researchers, technologists, and civic society leaders who define prosocial design and foster healthy interactions, safety, and wellbeing on platforms.", "quote": "The two authors of this chapter are members of the Science Board of the Prosocial Design Network, a network of over 400 researchers, technologists and civic society leaders.", "page": "153", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This network, comprising researchers, technologists, and civic society leaders, developed a working definition and framework for Prosocial Design, which aims to foster healthy online interactions and ensure user safety, wellbeing, and dignity through design choices.", "quote": "The two authors of this chapter lead the Science Board of the Prosocial Design Network, a network of over 400 researchers, technologists and civic society leaders. Drawing from the insights of our members and for the purposes of giving them a common framework to build from and, we have developed the following working definition of Prosocial Design", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes an intervention catalog and evidence ratings (Civic Signals) to guide platform design choices and connects researchers and practitioners to implement design interventions.", "quote": "Core mission is designing and cataloging evidence-based interventions to make online spaces healthier, directly addressing platform design and moderation practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.prosocialdesign.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Index", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "moral standards", "public morals", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur", "censorship", "censura", "il censore", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-18th centuries", "16th-21st centuries", "16th–17th century", "19th century", "early modern"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy", "author": "Blasutto, Fabio; de la Croix, David", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Directly responsible for the creation and management of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of forbidden books, thereby serving as the primary body for enforcing Catholic censorship policies.", "quote": "He was not only a Dominican, but also a member of the Congregation of the Index, the body responsible for the creation and management of the Index.", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/133/656/2899/7230362", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italian peninsula", "when": "1400–1750"}, {"title": "Il Dio “Ragione” e la Dea “Natura”: la censura romana del De admirandis naturae di Giulio Cesare Vanini", "author": "GL D'Errico", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This Roman congregation was responsible for examining and interdicting books, issuing decrees (like the suspension of Vanini's work), and maintaining indexes of forbidden literature to control orthodoxy.", "quote": "L'opera venne interdetta dalla Congregazione dell'Indice il 3 luglio del 1620, con la formula donec corrigatur, in seguito a un rigoroso esame che ebbe inizio il 2 aprile del 1618.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/64113577/06%20-%20129-138%20Id.%2029%20Gian%20Luca%20D'Errico%2010%20(1).pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Rome, Europe", "when": "17th century, early modern"}, {"title": "Nos censures au miroir de l'Index librorum prohibitorum", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This organization maintained and periodically updated the 'Index librorum prohibitorum' (catalogue of forbidden books), issuing interdictions on reading publications it deemed corrupting to faith or morals. It followed a canonical procedure of analysis and collective deliberation by cardinals. It also granted individual and general dispensations from these interdictions.", "quote": "La Sacré Congrégation de l'Index émettait régulièrement des interdictions de lecture dès qu'une publication nouvelle lui semblait corrompre la foi ou les mœurs du public, à l'issue d'une procédure canonique d'analyse de l'œuvre et de délibération collective par les cardinaux membres de la Congrégation.", "page": "2", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-raisons-politiques-2016-3-page-67?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Christian Republic (Europe)", "when": "16th-21st century"}, {"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As an established church body, it compiled and systematically constructed indexes of prohibited books and expurgatory indexes, working with inquisitions and faculties of theology to control content.", "quote": "Las razones del censor... se compila y construye de forma sistemática con el control y las directrices de las inquisiciones, la Congregación del Índice y las facultades de teología.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}, {"title": "Jacques Baillès, évêque, censeur et critique littéraire", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This Vatican dicastery was responsible for examining and condemning books deemed heretical or morally dangerous, and for maintaining the *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*. Jacques Baillès, after his resignation as bishop, served as a consultant, participating in the direct evaluation and condemnation of French literary works.", "quote": "Nommé consulteur à la Congrégation de l'Index par Pie IX, il continua son travail de censeur des Lettres françaises à Rome jusqu'à sa mort.", "page": "2", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01330383/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Vendée (France), Rome", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Internet Observatory", "aliases": ["Stanford Internet Observatory"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Research organization / learned/scientific society", "academic safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic auditing", "harm reduction", "malicious activity detection", "online safety", "public security", "responsible ai", "trust", "user safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to T&S topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics, RAI, and algorithmic auditing.", "page": "296", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts longitudinal analysis of specific threat actors and malicious behavior patterns, often collaborating with other academic and civil society groups.", "quote": "These practices have typically been carried out both by platforms themselves, and by a wide array of civil society and academic groups... (Graphika and Observatory 2023).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports uncovering coordinated inauthentic behavior and manipulation campaigns to undermine peace efforts or bolster political actors on social media platforms.", "quote": "In Libya, coordinated networks have been used to bolster Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army (Grossman et al., 2020) or to undermine UN-led attempts to forge peace (Stanford Internet Observatory, 2020).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Uncommon Yet Consequential Online Harms", "author": "Robertson, Ronald E.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes findings on online trust and safety, and contributes to academic discourse by guest editing special issues on online harms.", "quote": "Ronald E. Robertson is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO) and Guest Editor at the Journal of Online Trust and Safety (ronalder@stanford.edu).", "page": "6", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/87", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored a report ('The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election') focused on online misinformation and its impact on elections.", "quote": "The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election. Stanford Digital Repository https://purl.stanford.edu/tr171zs0069 (2021).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flaggers Network", "aliases": ["Trusted Flaggers Network", "Trusted Flaggers network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "network / coalition", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "illegal content", "information quality", "platform autonomy", "platform responsibility", "public discourse quality", "public safety", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderation censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação", "modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Users officially recognized by platforms for submitting well-founded reports of problematic content, which are then prioritized for moderation, functioning as a form of 'crowd-sourced censorship' to help maintain content standards.", "quote": "algumas plataformas passaram a reconhecer o papel dos “trusted flaggers” (ou “super flaggers”), algo como “denunciantes de confiança” – usuários oficialmente referendados por apresentarem denúncias bem fundamentadas e que, por isso, têm prioridade na moderação (Badouard; Bellon, 2025).", "page": "65", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Cookies and content moderation: affective chilling effects of internet surveillance and censorship", "author": "E Stoycheff", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Report manifestly illegal content to digital platforms, and their reports are prioritized within the DSA's notification and action mechanism, contributing to cleaning up digital discourse.", "quote": "it establishes a priority order for reports, prioritizing requests coming from previously certified \"trusted flaggers.\"\"\"", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2022.2063215", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (digital ecosystems and public discourse)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Trusted flaggers identify and report illegal content to platforms, assisting authorities and platform operators in moderation and removal efforts.", "quote": "si avvalgano del controllo dei c.d. trusted flaggers (segnalatori attendibili esterni indipendenti)", "page": "6", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Identify and report potentially violating content to platforms; these reports are prioritized due to their perceived trustworthiness and accuracy, influencing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Podem ser pessoas, agências governamentais ou organizações não-governamentais que identificam conteúdos potencialmente violadores de políticas de conteúdo das plataformas de internet e as comunicam nesse sentido.", "page": "129", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Report illegal content to social media platforms, acting as a key component of the EU Code of Conduct's content moderation strategy to identify and flag hate speech.", "quote": "l'engagement dans des partenariats et des activités de formation avec les organisations de la société civile (OSC) dans le but d'élargir le réseau de «signaleurs de confiance» (trusted flaggers)", "page": "30", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}]}, {"name": "United Nations", "aliases": ["United Nations"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Italy", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "TikTok", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "X", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["free speech", "hate speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Defines hate speech to guide public discussion, setting standards for what constitutes such communication.", "quote": "The United Nations (n.d.b) defines hate speech as any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality, race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "L'anonimato nell'era digitale: differenze, ragioni e approcci per salvaguardare l'identità digitale", "author": "E Bresciani", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopts declarations and resolutions (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 'The right to privacy in the digital age') that establish international human rights principles, indirectly protecting online anonymity as a component of freedom of expression and privacy. It urges member states to develop protective normative frameworks.", "quote": "Oltre alla Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti Umani, negli ultimi decenni le Nazioni Unite hanno rafforzato la tutela della privacy e dell'anonimato on-line attraverso una serie di risoluzioni e rapporti dedicati alla protezione dei diritti digitali.", "page": "25", "url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/id/eprint/33784/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, X, TikTok), European Union, Italy, International context", "when": "Digital era, focusing on post-2000s developments"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Investigated Facebook's moderation and fact-checking efforts in Myanmar, finding them insufficient, thereby exerting pressure for accountability on platforms regarding human rights.", "quote": "For example, UN investigators found Facebook’s moderation and fact checking efforts far from suf ficient (Ratcliffe, 2021)", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Through treaties like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UN establishes international norms and principles that Brazil has ratified, influencing national legal frameworks concerning freedom of expression.", "quote": "preceituada em tratados dos quais o Brasil ratificou, podendo ter citação principalmente pela Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e pelo Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Civis e Políticos, ambos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU)", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Through its Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, it issues reports and comments advocating for principles and rigorous review in content moderation processes.", "quote": "ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Comentarios escritos del Artículo 19 sobre el Informe del Relator Especial sobre la Promoción y Protección del Derecho a la Libertad de Opinión y Expresión, 2015.", "page": "35", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "União Brasileira de Compositores", "aliases": ["União Brasileira de Compositores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "economic justice", "freedom of association", "fundamental rights", "human rights", "intellectual property", "professional autonomy", "professional freedom", "professional honour", "right to defense"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "AS GARANTIAS DO DEVIDO PROCESSO NO ÂMBITO DOS PROCEDIMENTOS DE MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO PELAS PLATAFORMAS DIGITAIS", "author": "Silvestre, Nathan Christian Coelho", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a private association with a public nature, its internal procedures for excluding members are subject to due process guarantees, ensuring fundamental rights such as ample defense and contradictory in disciplinary actions related to professional activity.", "quote": "Sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos. União brasileira de compositores. Exclusão de sócio sem garantia da ampla defesa e do contraditório. Eficácia dos direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas", "page": "2", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DOS MECANISMOS DE MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NA INTERNET", "author": "WS Soares, N Cordeiro", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Exercises private governance by having the power to exclude members, which in turn restricts their ability to earn royalties and practice their profession, functioning as a form of economic moderation on its associates.", "quote": "No Recurso Extraordinário nº. 201819/RJ assentou-se que a União Brasileira de Compositores integra o denominado espaço público não estatal, ante a dependência econômico e/ou social de seus associados.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.uepg.br/index.php/direito/article/view/21711", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet/Social Media", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in the exclusion of a member in a private relationship, without ensuring a prior right of defense, which was later deemed unconstitutional by the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF).", "quote": "no âmbito do Recurso Extraordinário n° 201.819-8 de 2005, o STF reconheceu a inconstitucionalidade da exclusão de um associado da União Brasileira de Compositores (UBC) que não tivera prévia oportunidade de direito de defesa.", "page": "34", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its internal rules for member exclusion were subject to judicial review, requiring observation of fundamental procedural rights.", "quote": "Ao abordar a questão da União Brasileira de Compositores e a necessidade de se observar direitos fundamentais processuais para exclusão de um de seus membros", "page": "70", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its case was analyzed by the Supreme Federal Court (RE 201819) to assert that private entities, like professional associations, are bound by fundamental rights, meaning the expulsion of a member cannot restrict their professional exercise or authorial rights without respecting constitutional due process.", "quote": "No Recurso Extraordinário nº. 201819214, fora destacado que a União Brasileira de Compositores integra o denominado espaço público não estatal, ante a dependência econômica e/ou social de seus associados, sendo que a exclusão de sócio o impossibilita de perceber seus direitos autorais e, por conseguinte, restringe o seu exercício profissional, motivo pelo qual se justifica a aplicação direta dos direitos fundamentais, pois a atividade exercida pela associação é considerada de caráter público.", "page": "97", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Community", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Community", "Wikipedia community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community governance", "content moderation", "content quality", "open participation", "operational efficiency", "platform autonomy", "self-regulation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 5, "papers": [{"title": "Proactive Moderation of Online Discussions: Existing Practices and the Potential for Algorithmic Support", "author": "Schluger, Charlotte; Chang, Jonathan P.; Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian; Levy, Karen", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Wikipedia community employs a \"community model of moderation\"\" where its members elect administrators with technical powers to oversee and manage discussions. These administrators", "quote": "proactively intervene in conversations to prevent derailment", "page": "employing informal techniques such as reminding users of rules or mediating disputes.\"", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.16525", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia Talk Pages", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Participer à la modération sur les réseaux sociaux: définir, appliquer et contester les règles", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functions on the principle of self-management by its editors and writers, who define and apply rules collaboratively for content creation and moderation, making its actions explicit and open to contestation.", "quote": "Wikipédia par exemple, vingt ans après sa création, continue de fonctionner sur le principe de l'auto-gestion des rédacteurs et rédactrices.", "page": "4", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/PARTI_029_0239?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global Social Media Platforms, with a focus on US examples", "when": "1990s-2020s"}, {"title": "Like trainer, like bot? Inheritance of bias in algorithmic content moderation", "author": "Binns, Reuben; Veale, Michael; Kleek, Max Van; Shadbolt, Nigel", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Wikipedia community, through its 'semi-democratic processes', appoints volunteers with moderation privileges to define and enforce norms of acceptable speech and content on its platform.", "quote": "Moderation privileges may not be universal — volunteers may be self-appointed (e.g. Reddit), appointed through semi-democratic processes (e.g. Wikipedia), or implicitly through reputation (e.g. StackExchange).", "page": "7", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.01477", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Beyond opening up the black box: Investigating the role of algorithmic systems in Wikipedian organizational culture", "author": "Geiger, R Stuart", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Wikipedian community collectively establishes and enforces policies, norms, and procedures for content moderation, article creation, and deletion. They use and develop automated tools (bots, scripts, templates) to manage and govern the encyclopedia at scale, performing tasks like reviewing, coordinating, and policing edits.", "quote": "Today, the organizational culture of Wikipedia is deeply intertwined with various data-driven algorithmic systems, which Wikipedians rely on to help manage and govern the \"anyone can edit\"\" encyclopedia at a massive scale.\"", "page": "1", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951717730735", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English-language)", "when": "early 21st century platform era (2000s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale", "author": "Wulczyn, Ellery; Thain, Nithum; Dixon, Lucas", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Enforces Wikipedia's policies, such as \"no personal attacks", "quote": "Adherence to platform policies, productive discussion, prevention of personal attacks", "page": "Moderators and administrators can enforce the policy on personal attacks [33] by warning or blocking offending users for a period of time.", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.08914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "English Wikipedia", "when": "2004–2015"}]}, {"name": "Accademia della Crusca", "aliases": ["Accademia della Crusca"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "European Union", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["accuracy", "clarity", "linguistic development", "linguistic preservation", "linguistic standardization", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries", "17th–18th century", "20th-21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "By studying and describing the evolution and role of the Italian language in communication, it implicitly contributes to setting linguistic and communication norms and standards for information quality in public discourse.", "quote": "Come ha osservato Nicoletta Maraschio, le relazioni tra lingua, media e società sono sempre state importanti nella formazione dello spazio pubblico.", "page": "9", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}, {"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Published the Vocabolario, a dictionary that provided a definition of 'moderation' as 'to give rule to things,' thereby establishing linguistic and conceptual norms for the term.", "quote": "the Vocabolario of the Florentine Accademia della crusca, where moderation is “to give rule to things” (dar regole, e temperamento alle cose).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}, {"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Through their work on the Italian vocabulary, they contributed to the semantic evolution of terms like \"luxury", "quote": "linguistic purity, semantic clarity", "page": "nel vocabolario degli accademici della Crusca la voce ‘lusso’, liberata dagli accostamenti sopra accennati, comparirà come voce indipendente, cioè non più definibile in rapporto ad altri concetti.", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}, {"title": "Giornalismo e social network: un'analisi linguistica", "author": "G Scarfone", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Accademia della Crusca, as a prominent institution for the Italian language, participates in linguistic norm-setting by formally accepting new words and usages into the Italian lexicon.", "quote": "il neologismo twittare è necessario per esprimere il reale utilizzo di Twitter, tanto da essere stato accettato dall'Accademia della Crusca", "page": "2", "url": "https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/LCdM/article/view/8018", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Facebook, Twitter", "when": "2013–2014"}]}, {"name": "American Association of University Professors", "aliases": ["American Association of University Professors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "anti-censorship", "civility", "critical inquiry", "human subject protection", "pluralism", "quality education", "research ethics"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sets standards for civility and tolerance in academia, influencing norms for faculty speech and conduct within university settings.", "quote": "Faculty members are often specifically called upon by universities to be examples of civility, 'making clear to their students that civility and tolerance are hallmarks of educated men and women' (AAUP, n.d., para. 12).", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Toward a Natural History of Ethical Censorship", "author": "Katz, Jack", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Criticizes the expanding power of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) through white papers and discussions, advocating for academic freedom against perceived overreach in research moderation.", "quote": "Discontent and criticism of IRB power appears to be increasing in blogs, academic journals (...) and white papers by academic task forces (e.g., Gunsalus et al. 2003; Citro et al. 2003; AAUP 2006).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0023921600013347/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Published reports analyzing the impact of IRBs on academic freedom and ethical research, sometimes inadvertently dismissing First Amendment concerns in their analyses.", "quote": "A prominent example of how the First Amendment problems get dismissed appears in a report published by the Association of American University Professors (\"AAUP\"\")", "page": "which ordinarily is devoted to protecting the freedom of academics.\"", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}, {"title": "What Johnny shouldn't read: Textbook censorship in America", "author": "J DelFattore", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Established a special Commission on Academic Freedom and Pre-College Education which concluded that censorship in schools could threaten academic freedom in higher education. Also collaborates in digitizing academic content.", "quote": "the AAUP to establish in 1985 a special Commission on Academic Freedom and Pre-College Education. Its report, Liberty and Learning in the Schools: Higher Education's Concerns, concluded that censorship in the school may not only impede students from gaining the full benefit of an undergraduate education but also threaten academic free- dom in colleges and universities.", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FAFGFv38FmcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=censorship&ots=zy2leKeitJ&sig=C4lOfpJP6V0nlnup_kQEaNotdLw", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1970s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "American Booksellers Association", "aliases": ["American Booksellers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association/guild"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "19th–20th century", "20th century", "20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Co-sponsored the first Banned Books Week in 1982, contributing to its initial promotion through promotional packets and raising public awareness about censorship issues, thereby leveraging commercial channels for advocacy.", "quote": "BBW emerged out of a rather dramatic display of books in padlocked cages (a kind of performative list) at the 1982 American Booksellers Association Convention in Anaheim, California. Later that year, the ABA, with its co-sponsor, the National Association of College Stores, sent out a promotional packet...", "page": "14", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}, {"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Involved in litigation against antipornography ordinances to defend freedom of expression for booksellers.", "quote": "American Booksellers Ass'n v. Hudnut, 21 U. MICH. J.L. REFoRM 69, 69 n.1 (1987-1988) (arguing for the unconstitutionality of an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, which defined pornography as \"the sexually explicit subjugation of women\"\")\"", "page": "197", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}, {"title": "The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Challenged an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance in court, arguing for its unconstitutionality.", "quote": "arguing for the unconstitutionality of an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, which defined pornography as \"the sexually explicit subjugation of women\"\"\"", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312658?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Canada, UK (historical)", "when": "19th century - 1990s"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors; the National Coun- cil of Churches of Christ, the American Booksellers Association,", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Library Association (ALA)", "aliases": ["American Library Association (ALA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-censorship", "democracy", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "privacy", "public good"], "topics": ["censorship", "censura"], "languages": ["Catalan", "English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provides lists of core values, including intellectual freedom, and argues that libraries should not impose limitations on access to information based on age.", "quote": "The American Library Association (1999) also provides its own list of core values: 'access, confidentiality/privacy, democracy, diversity, education and lifelong learning, intel lectual freedom, preservation, the public good, professionalism, service, and social responsibility.'", "page": "223", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Defines and advocates for intellectual freedom, opposing censorship and promoting access to information in libraries via its 'Library Bill of Rights'.", "quote": "The ALA (2005) “opposes labeling as a means of predisposing people’s attitudes toward library materials.”", "page": "250", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Advocated against content filtering systems in public libraries, issuing resolutions and providing resources to fight restrictive legislation like CIPA.", "quote": "...al costat dels quals es va situar des del primer moment l'American Library Association (ALA), que ja el 1997 va fer una resolució contrària als sistemes de filtratge de continguts.", "page": "8", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Involved in all aspects of \"freedom to read", "quote": "Freedom to read, library advocacy", "page": "American Library Association (all aspects of to read).", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Associated Press", "aliases": ["Associated Press", "The Associated Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "professional body", "trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Apple", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "WeChat"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "corporate free speech", "corporate interests", "objectivity", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Gathering and disseminating information, contributing to the establishment of journalistic objectivity by shifting focus from opinion to facts in early newspapers.", "quote": "La nascita di agenzie come l'AP fu fondamentale anche perché contribuì a segnare l'allontanamento dal ruolo centrale dato alle opinioni da molti dei primi giornali, senza curarsi dell'obiettività o di far prevalere i fatti sui giudizi.", "page": "9", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A news agency acting as a fact-checking partner for platforms like Facebook, labelling false information and combating disinformation.", "quote": "What initially started in the USA with partners such as fact checkers from Snopes, PolitiFact and the news agency Associated Press spread to France, Germany and the Netherlands shortly after.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participates in fact-checking initiatives and verification efforts, partnering with platforms to flag disputed content and contribute to content verification.", "quote": "A Disputed by Snopes.com and Associated Press", "page": "19", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}, {"title": "Platform neutrality: enhancing freedom of expression in spheres of private power", "author": "Pasquale, Frank", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (Associated Press v. United States) to argue for immunity from antitrust law based on its expressive purpose, which represented a legal challenge to government regulation of its commercial practices.", "quote": "a newspaper association argued that it should be immune from certain aspects of competition law because of its expressive purpose.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/til-2016-0018/html", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple, WeChat), USA, EU, China", "when": "post-1990s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bellingcat", "aliases": ["Bellingcat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent investigative journalism organisation / non-profit media", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Anglo-American", "Asia Pacific", "China", "Europe", "Global", "Italy", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "information integrity", "investigative journalism", "public security", "transparency", "truth-seeking"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts open-source investigations to expose covert operations and disinformation campaigns, influencing public perception and accountability by revealing hidden actors and influence campaigns.", "quote": "rivela un’indagine di Bellingcat (2020) con The Insider e Der Spiegel.", "page": "125", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}, {"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts online open-source investigations to uncover information related to public security and criminal cases, contributing to intelligence gathering.", "quote": "Online open source investigations by the Bellingcat collective and by citizens after the Boston Marathon bombings were referenced", "page": "289", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Producing investigative journalism and relying on donations, contributing to verification and counter-misinformation efforts.", "quote": "...podcasts such as the one produced by the investigative co-operative Bellingcat.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Digital Media Observatories Associated Institutions", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Bellingcat produces published investigations, verification tools and training that document platform harms, expose actors (e.g., MrDeepFakes), prompt media and political responses, and provide technical resources for verification and evidence preservation.", "quote": "Bellingcat conducts open-source investigations into misinformation, deepfakes and extremist networks, publishes toolkits and guides, and has exposed actors leading to platform takedowns and policy attention.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bellingcat.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society", "aliases": ["Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation", "foundation", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research", "digital rights", "ethical design", "harm reduction", "internet governance", "internet openness", "open internet", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supported scholarly work, including the editor's research on social processes of online hate, focusing on social media design, governance, and social justice.", "quote": "Acknowledgments are also due to the Berkman Klein Center for the Internet and Society at Harvard University, which supported Professor Walther as a visiting scholar in its Institute for Rebooting Social Media.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society through research and policy analysis on internet and society issues.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3. ...The Berkman Klein Center is listed on its own because all hosts affiliated with Harvard University listed the research center explicitly.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform", "author": "Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Maintains lists of globally and locally sensitive URLs that are used by ICLab as test lists for detecting internet censorship.", "quote": "the websites identified as globally sensitive by the Citizen Lab [22] and the Berkman Klein Center [11] (CLBL-G), and, for each country, the websites identified as locally sensitive in that country by Citizen Lab and Berkman Klein (CLBL-C).", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04245", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "2016-present"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts academic research on the effects of deplatforming and censorship on user engagement and radicalization, informing public and policy debates.", "quote": "As an example, one widely cited paper of the effects of deplatforming on engagement was published in 2021 by the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University.", "page": "30", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation", "aliases": ["Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["8kun", "Gab", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "human rights", "privacy", "social welfare"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Spearheaded a partnership to address election issues and misinformation in Myanmar.", "quote": "I spearheaded a partnership between the Gates Foundation, USAID (United States Agency for International Development), and Microsoft to address the election in Myanmar.", "page": "44", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Deep state phobia: Narrative convergence in coronavirus conspiracism on Instagram", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Willaert, Tom", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its funding of the 'Event 201' pandemic exercise is viewed conspiratorially as evidence for a secret plan (the 'Great Reset') to impose global governance, vaccination, and mass surveillance, positioning Bill Gates as a key antagonist in these narratives.", "quote": "“event201” refers to a pre-COVID-19 pandemic exercise funded by the Gates Foundation. As with the term 'the Great Reset' itself, what we find then is a conspiratorial reading of existing governance initiatives.", "page": "9", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565221118751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, U.S.", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from... the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}, {"title": "Conceptualizing “Dark Platforms”. Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab", "author": "Zeng, Jing; Schäfer, Mike S.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conspiracy theories propagated on 'dark platforms' like 8kun and 4chan accuse the Gates Foundation of being involved in the nefarious machinations behind the COVID-19 virus, often linked to plots for mass vaccination, microchipping, or depopulation in partnership with 'Big Pharma' and the ID2020 Alliance.", "quote": "conspiracy claims linked the COVID-19 virus to the nefarious machinations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Gates Foundation flourished on 8kun and 4chan", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "8kun and Gab platforms, with a focus on COVID-19-related content from primarily US and UK users", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Britain First", "aliases": ["Britain First"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["8kun", "Gab"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "anti-foreign influence", "anti-hate speech", "anti-immigration", "anti-islamism", "national identity", "nationalism", "nativism", "racial identity", "religious discrimination"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Conceptualizing “Dark Platforms”. Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab", "author": "Zeng, Jing; Schäfer, Mike S.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a far-right group, Britain First, through its former deputy leader Jayda Fransen, contributed to the spread of xenophobic and Islamophobic content on mainstream social media before moving to 'dark platforms' like Gab, where Fransen continued to disseminate conspiracy theories, including labelling the COVID-19 pandemic as a hoax.", "quote": "Jayda Fransen is a former deputy leader of the far-right group Britain First. She was active in pushing xenophobic and Islamophobic content on Twitter, some of which was even retweeted by Donald Trump.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "8kun and Gab platforms, with a focus on COVID-19-related content from primarily US and UK users", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Uses digital communication, particularly social media platforms like Facebook, to disseminate racist, anti-Muslim, and anti-immigrant rhetoric, amass followers, and coordinate activities, contributing to the spread of extreme digital speech.", "quote": "This is true, for example, of the group Britain First, which had amassed over a million likes on its Facebook page. However, violent and hateful statements, as well as antagonism towards Muslims, are common amongst the many followers of Britain First...", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Why the Government Should Not Regulate Content Moderation of Social Media", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This nationalistic group actively posted online videos and distributed leaflets expressing extreme views, which led to the incarceration of its leaders under hate speech laws.", "quote": "The leaders of Britain First, Paul Golding and Jayda Fransen, were incarcerated for distributing leaflets and posting online videos that reflected their extreme antipathy to Muslims.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/hrdo/entry/hrdo.HRD-9985_2019-065/html", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "21st century, with historical context from 20th century"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads white nationalist and separatist content, leading to bans from mainstream platforms such as Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook banned white nationalist and separatist content, which resulted in the removal of groups like Generation Identity, Wolves of Odin, the British National Party (BNP), the English Defence League (EDL) and Britain First as well as far-right influencers...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Censored Planet", "aliases": ["Censored Planet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["free speech", "internet freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Measures internet censorship globally, contributing to research on censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "Projects such as OONI [32], Censored Planet [33], and ICLab [34] have been measuring censorship globally for years.", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}, {"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Infers censorship by employing remote measurement techniques using public servers; however, its visibility into censored domains that only trigger the GFW if tested from inside is limited due to asymmetric interference.", "quote": "Censored Planet [64] employs remote measurement techniques to infer censorship by making use of public servers.", "page": "4", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts remote measurements to public Internet infrastructure (routers, DNS resolvers, webservers) and infers censorship, with collected data published on its website to increase transparency.", "quote": "Censored Planet specializes in remote measurements to thousands of public infrastructural machines on the Internet... and the data collected is published on the Censored Planet website [13].", "page": "2", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China’s DNS Censorship", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Knockel, Jeffrey; Lin, Pellaeon; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Employs remote measurement techniques to infer and measure internet censorship, providing data to inform the public about blocking policies and assist in understanding the scope and nature of censorship.", "quote": "With different approaches, OONI [47] recruits volunteers to participate in censorship measurements, whereas Censored Planet [78] employs a series of remote measurement techniques to infer censorship.", "page": "14", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información (CELE)", "aliases": ["Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información (CELE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Research institute", "Watchdog/transparency group", "academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Americas", "Brazil", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "free speech", "local context", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderation censorship", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation and Private Censorship: Standards Drawn from the Jurisprudence of the Inter-American Human Rights System", "author": "Del Campo, Agustina; Del Campo, Agustina", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research to promote freedom of speech and expression, shapes public debate on policy issues, and builds capacity, especially concerning Inter-American law and standards related to private content regulation in the digital age.", "quote": "The Center devotes its work to promoting and enhancing the protection of freedom of speech and expression through cutting-edge research capable of shaping and changing public debate on key policy issues, and capacity building.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=5146372", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Inter-American Human Rights system (Americas), digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on the digital age"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Recommends parameters for platforms to ensure human rights in their terms of use and content moderation, including regional adjustments and internal review processes, and advocates for states to impose transparency and appeal obligations on platforms.", "quote": "O Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Informacão (CELE, 2018) elenca uma série de parâmetros, com base em normas internacionais de direitos humanos, que poderiam ser usados como base para a garantia de direitos online.", "page": "35", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Critiqued the lack of regional data on platform actions against disinformation, noting difficulties in evaluating social implications of private content moderation locally.", "quote": "En revisión de las prácticas de redes sociales para contener la desinformación, el Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información (CELE) registró indignación ante la falta de información para detectar si las acciones de las plataformas contra la desinformación fueran aplicadas en América Latina34.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg; expressed concern over the lack of specific information on how platforms apply anti-disinformation actions in Latin America.", "quote": "En revisión de las prácticas de redes sociales para contener la desinformación, el Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información (CELE) registró indignación ante la falta de información para detectar si las acciones de las plataformas contra la desinforma-ción fueran aplicadas en América Latina34.", "page": "20", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Color Of Change", "aliases": ["Color Of Change", "Color of Change"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "racial justice advocacy organization; online campaigning group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-hate", "anti-hate speech", "anti-racism", "civil liberties", "civil rights", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "platform accountability", "privacy", "racial justice"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Measurement and Metrics for Content Moderation: The Multi-Dimensional Dynamics of Engagement and Content Removal on Facebook", "author": "Edelson, Laura; Kovba, Borys; Yershova, Hanna; Botelho, Austin; McCoy, Damon; Lauinger, Tobias", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Criticizes social media platforms for perceived insufficient content moderation, particularly regarding harmful content, contributing to public pressure for more robust enforcement of platform policies.", "quote": "Platforms are frequently criticized for moderating both too little (Color Of Change 2020) and too much (Taibbi 2022).", "page": "2", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/220", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (US, Ukrainian, and Russian news ecosystems)", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of the Stop Hate for Profit coalition, advocating for stricter platform policies against racism, violence, hate speech, and election disinformation.", "quote": "The initiative is led by the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, Colour of Change, the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the Anti-defamation League (Furness, 2020).", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for interventions that protect against digital harms, including those related to hate movements and surveillance, by ensuring their concerns are taken into account in content moderation design.", "quote": "the concerns about growing networks of hate movements and enhanced online surveillance through targeted data harvesting – brought to the fore by groups like Color of Change... are taken into account.", "page": "28", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Mobilizes ~7 million members for campaigns, commissions research and ratings, and has pressured corporations (e.g., AT&T withdrew support for OAN) to change platform-related behaviour.", "quote": "Explicit Tech Justice work (Black Tech Agenda), campaigns targeting platform content and corporate platform behavior, and efforts to stop racially-biased content and surveillance on social platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://colorofchange.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Council of Trent", "aliases": ["Council of Trent"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Italian city-states", "Italy", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral standards", "public morals", "religious doctrine", "religious institution integrity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure", "moderador censor", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "16th-20th centuries", "1960s–1980s", "early modern"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "LA LITTÉRATURE PLAISANTE FACE À LA CENSURE : LE CHASSE-ENNUY DE LOUIS GARON ET LA RÉSERVE DE TOUT DIRE", "author": "Bărbunță, Cătălin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Issued censures against facetious collections in vernacular and Latin languages, influencing later censorship efforts and providing a framework for what was deemed acceptable in public texts.", "quote": "[u]n Syllabus publié à Bologne en 1618, [qui] reprend toutes les censures émises depuis le Concile de Trente contre les recueils facétieux en langue vernaculaire et en latin", "page": "4", "url": "ceeol.com", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Italy, France", "when": "Renaissance / early modern (14th-17th centuries)"}, {"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formalized Counter-Reformation censorship practices, adopted a moderated version of the Index of Prohibited Books with ten general rules, and legitimized the practice of expurgation as a form of censorship. It also led to the publication of the catechism for indoctrination.", "quote": "Cette pratique de la Contre-réforme officialisée par le Concile de Trente est d'une importance toute particulière au XVIe siècle. [...] Cinq ans plus tard, en 1564, le Concile de Trente adopte une version plus modérée en ajoutant dix règles générales qui encadrent l'exercice de la censure.", "page": "2, 4", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Permitted the publication of the 'Index Romano', a detailed list of literature deemed 'mal vistas pela Igreja', thereby establishing formal religious censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "Em 1545, o Concílio da Contra-Reforma, ou Concílio de Trento, como ficou mais conhecido, permitiu em Portugal a publicação do Index Romano, ou seja: uma relação minuciosa de todas as modalidades de literatura mal vistas pela Igreja.", "page": "1", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Acted as a formal body to define Catholic doctrine and condemn Reformation theses, particularly regarding predestination, thus shaping and enforcing religious norms.", "quote": "Face aux thèses réformatrices, le Concile de Trente était en chantier depuis 1545, mais ses travaux n'étaient pas utilisables directement avant sa clôture et la confirmation de ses décrets, quoiqu'ils pussent sans doute inspirer ou conforter les contemporains dans leurs certitudes.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Council on Technology and Social Cohesion", "aliases": ["Council on Technology and Social Cohesion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical design", "platform governance", "prosocial behavior", "social cohesion", "societal well-being", "tech governance", "user well-being"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance with a heavy emphasis on Prosocial Design to improve social cohesion.", "quote": "The Council on Technology and Social Cohesion, for example, promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance that includes a heavy emphasis on Prosocial Design (Schirch, 2025).", "page": "133", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance; its Blueprint for Prosocial Tech Design Governance integrates Prosocial Design principles.", "quote": "The Council on Technology and Social Cohesion, for example, promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance that includes a heavy emphasis on Prosocial Design (Schirch, 2025).", "page": "133", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance, emphasizing Prosocial Design.", "quote": "The Council on Technology and Social Cohesion, for example, promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance that includes a heavy emphasis on Prosocial Design (Schirch, 2025).", "page": "160", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This coalition advocates for a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance, with a strong emphasis on Prosocial Design, aiming to influence platform practices beyond just eliminating harms.", "quote": "The Council on Technology and Social Cohesion (techandsocialcohesion.org), for example, is a coalition that promotes a broad re-envisioning of tech structure and governance that includes a heavy emphasis on Prosocial Design (cite).", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Craig Newmark Philanthropies", "aliases": ["Craig Newmark Philanthropies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "free speech", "journalism support", "news integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderación de debates", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Credibility Coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CNP provides grants to media, digital-rights, and cybersecurity organizations and holds board roles with influential groups (e.g., EFF, EPIC, Wikimedia), enabling it to shape research agendas, public messaging, and platform-accountability efforts.", "quote": "CNP funds journalism integrity, journalist protection, and initiatives addressing misinformation and cybersecurity — activities that directly shape information ecosystems and platform-related trust and moderation debates.", "page": "", "url": "http://craignewmarkphilanthropies.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from... Craig Newmark Philanthropies", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}, {"title": "El complejo debate sobre la regulación de las redes sociales", "author": "A Rueda", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Educates the public and advocates for specific internet policies by presenting information on laws like Section 230, which protects online speech.", "quote": "CRAIG NEWMARK'S CRAIGCONNECTS PRESENT: ELECTRONIC FRONTIER FOUNDATION CDA 230 THE MOST IMPORTANT LAW PROTECTING INTERNET SPEECH", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.c3.unam.mx/pdf/noticias/NOTICIA_186.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico, global social media platforms, USA (Section 230 context)", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides funding to support initiatives related to news integrity and journalism, including the report itself, thereby contributing to the development of better practices in media.", "quote": "This report is funded by Craig Newmark Philanthropies and News Integrity Initiative, with additional programmatic and general support from other Data & Society funders.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Data & Society", "aliases": ["Data & Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "independent research institute / think tank"], "countries": ["Australia", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "informed decision-making", "rationality", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "DEEPFAKES AND CHEAP FAKES", "author": "Paris, Britt; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As an independent nonprofit research institute, Data & Society conducts research and builds the field of actors to ensure that knowledge guides debate, decision-making, and technical choices related to data-centric and automated technology, including AV manipulation.", "quote": "Data & Society is an independent nonprofit research institute that conducts research and builds the field of actors to ensure that knowledge guides debate, decision-making, and technical choices.", "page": "48", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on ideological misinformation spreading on social media platforms like YouTube, contributing to the understanding of content dissemination relevant to moderation efforts.", "quote": "research non-profit, Data & Society also released a 2018 report focusing on ideological misinformation spread on YouTube.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an independent nonprofit research institute, Data & Society advances new frames for understanding the implications of data-centric and automated technology, conducting research and building the field of actors to ensure that knowledge guides debate, decision-making, and technical choices related to AI governance and human rights.", "quote": "Data & Society is an independent nonprofit research institute that advances new frames for understanding the implications of data-centric and automated technology. We conduct research and build the field of actors to ensure that knowledge guides debate, decision-making, and technical choices.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research; Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes peer-reviewed style research and policy briefs, testifies to Congress and engages in public events and media to shape debates on AI, platform governance, and infrastructure; frames findings to hold platforms and policymakers accountable.", "quote": "Produces research, policy briefs, congressional testimony, and events on AI, platform infrastructures, and the social impacts of data-centric technologies directly shaping platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://datasociety.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Trust & Safety Partnership", "aliases": ["Digital Trust & Safety Partnership"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Professional body", "industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["abuse prevention", "brand safety", "content moderation", "moderation efficacy", "risk assessment", "transparency", "trust", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Defines trust and safety, focusing on managing content/conduct risks, mitigating abuse, advocating for user rights, and protecting brand safety, and compiles a glossary of terms.", "quote": "The Digital Trust and Safety Partnership has recently defined trust and safety as the “field and practices employed by digital services to manage content and conduct-related risks to users and others...", "page": "180", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Defines trust and safety as a field; professional organization focusing on T&S functions; promotes a safer and more trustworthy internet; reviews and synthesizes internal safety assessment frameworks.", "quote": "The Digital Trust and Safety Partnership has recently defined trust and safety as the “field and practices employed by digital services to manage content and conduct-related risks to users and others, mitigate online or other forms of technology-facilitated abuse, advocate for user rights, and protect brand safety” (Glossary of Trust & Safety Terms – Digital Trust & Safety Partnership, 2023).", "page": "175", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários e a sua moderação", "author": "Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A partnership of internet platforms that debates content moderation and safety issues, and defines terminology and best practices for the use of automation in detecting potential abuses.", "quote": "Como explica um glossário feito pela Digital Trust & Safety Partnership (DTSP), uma parceria de mais de 20 empresas donas de plataformas de internet para debaterem questões de moderação de conteúdo e segurança, a “automação pode ser usada para detectar potenciais abusos [...]", "page": "9", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/225250", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems (global, with focus on Brazil, EU, USA)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e internet: um olhar sobre o conteúdo de usuários ea sua moderação", "author": "FB Cruz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A partnership of internet platforms that defines and debates issues of content moderation and safety, including the use of automation and AI for detecting potential abuses, and develops glossaries of terms.", "quote": "Como explica um glossário feito pela Digital Trust & Safety Partner- ship (DTSP), uma parceria de mais de 20 empresas donas de plataformas de internet para debaterem questões de moderação de conteúdo e segurança...", "page": "9", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revusp/article/view/247094", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, global (with specific mentions of Brazil and EU)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current (2020s)"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Media Observatory (EDMO)", "aliases": ["European Digital Media Observatory (EDMO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Portugal", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "data access", "journalistic integrity", "journalistic quality", "media literacy", "platform regulation", "privacy", "public education", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação de debates", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Italian", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Fragmentación normativa y retos éticos en la moderación de desinformación en redes sociales: Un análisis desde la Unión Europea y España", "author": "PB San Blas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and research that evidence recurrent failures in disinformation containment, contributing to a better understanding of the problem and advocating for improved moderation practices.", "quote": "estudios previos (ej. European Digital Media Observatory, 2023) que evidencian fallos recurrentes en la contención de desinformación.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/432090", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union and Spain, social media platforms, AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as an independent network of fact-checkers, academics, and journalists to combat disinformation and to develop and disseminate media literacy materials to the public.", "quote": "O EDMO é uma rede independente de verificadores de factos, académicos e jornalistas. Para além de combater a desinformação, uma das suas missões centrais é desenvolver e disseminar materiais de literacia mediática ao público.", "page": "30", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}, {"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "EDMO encourages broader participation and cooperation among stakeholders to strengthen efforts against disinformation and improve the quality of signals, performance indicators, and independent evaluations.", "quote": "incoraggiando la più ampia partecipazione e cooperando più intensamente con l'Osservatorio europeo dei media digitali (EDMO) e il citato sistema di allarme rapido", "page": "35", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "O Mainstream da mídia, a censura na Internet eo direito à informação: Novos paradigmas a partir do caso Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck", "author": "L Vilhena, C Barros", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This project aims to create a European center for fact-checkers, academics, and other stakeholders to collaborate, connect, and provide support to public policy makers in combating disinformation.", "quote": "A mais recente iniciativa consiste na criação do Observatório Europeu de Mídia Digital, um projeto iniciado em junho de 2020... que visa criar um centro europeu para verificadores de fatos, acadêmicos e outras partes interessadas em colaborar e se conectar ativamente com organizações de mídia e especialistas em educação midiática, com o intuito de fornecer apoio aos formuladores de políticas públicas.", "page": "23", "url": "https://sisbib.emnuvens.com.br/direitosegarantias/article/view/1567", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet (social media platforms), United States, Europe (France, Germany)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2017-2020)"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Rights (EDRi)", "aliases": ["European Digital Rights (EDRi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-state overreach", "democratic integrity", "digital freedom", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "No amount of “AI” in content moderation will solve filtering’s prior-restraint problem", "author": "Llansó, Emma J", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participates in policy discussions concerning content moderation, specifically by identifying 'upload filtering' as a term referring to screening uploaded content for prohibited elements, and by advocating against such measures.", "quote": "European Digital Rights (EDRi) (2019) Copyright directive: Upload filters strike back. Protecting Digital Freedom.", "page": "6", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720920686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Critiques the pressure from Europol and other authorities on companies to remove content, arguing that such efforts enable states to indirectly regulate and suppress online discourse.", "quote": "Criticando la presencia de EUROPOL en Internet y otras autoridades que presionan a las empresas para eliminar el contenido terrorista o extremista y, por lo tanto, permiten a los estados regular y reprimir el discurso en línea indirectamente.", "page": "34", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issues 'Civil Society Calls for Evidence-Based Solutions to Disinformation', advocating for human-centric and human rights-respecting approaches to technology design and deployment.", "quote": "A civil society stakeholder argued that: \"Any measure to tackle the complex topic of online disinformation must not be blindly reliant on automated means", "page": "AI or similar emerging technologies without ensuring that the design", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}, {"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Lobbies for online rights and criticizes self-regulatory codes established by Internet companies and intergovernmental organizations, raising concerns about democratic legitimacy and risks to freedom of expression.", "quote": "In the words of European Digital Rights (EDRi), an association of civil and human rights organisations from across Europe that lobbies for online rights: the 'code of conduct' downgrades the law to a second-class status, behind the 'leading role' of private companies...", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Everyday Sexism Project", "aliases": ["Everyday Sexism Project", "The Everyday Sexism Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-violence", "corporate social responsibility", "feminism", "free speech", "gender equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched a shared campaign with WAM! that resulted in companies pulling advertisements from Facebook.", "quote": "In 2013, Women, Action and the Media (WAM!) and the Everyday Sexism Project in the United Kingdom launched a shared campaign that resulted in Nissan and the insurance company Nationwide pulling their advertisements from Facebook.", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Détection automatique des messages haineux sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "P Chiril", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a platform in many languages for women to share their experiences of sexism, thereby raising awareness and contributing to public pressure against sexist behavior.", "quote": "Social media and web platforms (...) allow sharing stories of sexism experienced by women (see The Everyday Sexism Project45 available in many languages, Paye ta shnek46 in French, or hashtags such as #metoo or #balancetonporc).", "page": "63", "url": "https://utheme.utoulouse.fr/files/original/6e5dd8f74a697ccb7e63be8b5ce7bec4102848b6.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Reddit), France, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates an online platform (blogs, websites) for women to share experiences of sexism and harassment, thereby raising awareness and challenging societal norms.", "quote": "Specific blogs and platforms have also been created in order to share experiences and raise awareness of feminist causes such as the Everyday Sexism Project...", "page": "27", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in efforts alongside other CSOs to campaign against gender-based violence and influence content moderation policies on social media platforms.", "quote": "The campaign also found an intersection with simi-lar efforts by Women, Action and the Media, the Every-day Sexism Project, and author/activist Soraya Chemaly, who were already working on a campaign against gender-based violence on social media.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checking organizations", "aliases": ["Fact-checking organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "human rights", "information integrity", "journalistic integrity", "truth"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderator censor", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Robust Content Moderation: Theory and Applications", "author": "SD Kominers, JM Shapiro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partner with social media platforms to identify and flag content deemed false or misleading, often appending warnings or links to corrective information to moderate the spread of misinformation.", "quote": "If the [third-party] fact checking organizations identify a story as fake, it will get flagged [on Facebook] as disputed and there will be a link to the corresponding article explaining why.", "page": "36", "url": "https://shapiro.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum7731/files/2025-12/ContentModeration.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, authoritarian regimes, and AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Sul Global à deriva: regulação digital na União Europeia e no Brasil", "author": "M Medeiros", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Partner with platforms and public institutions to combat disinformation and hate speech by implementing proactive content moderation, notification mechanisms, and educational campaigns, as outlined in Brazil's Bill 2630/2020.", "quote": "It provides for proactive content moderation, notification mechanisms, partnerships with fact-checking agencies, and educational campaigns", "page": "9", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/virus/article/view/229592", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union and Brazil", "when": "21st century, focusing on current digital regulation (2000-2024)"}, {"title": "Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics", "author": "Shir-Raz, Yaffa; Elisha, Ety; Martin, Brian; Ronel, Natti; Guetzkow, Josh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These organizations are used as seemingly independent third-party sources by media and other stakeholders to discredit dissident doctors and scientists by making counterclaims against their information, often without citing data, to promote the veracity of official reporting.", "quote": "...the fact checkers are a source of misinformation, so though it may review something and say, Dr. X said something, but... they make a counterclaim. The counter claims are never cited in the data...", "page": "9", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple Western democracies and global social media platforms", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020-2022)"}, {"title": "Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research", "author": "Humprecht, Edda; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provide interventions to verify factual claims and challenge false information, although their credibility can be distrusted by partisan audiences, limiting their effectiveness.", "quote": "People with strong confirmation bias towards their own strongly held beliefs are also less likely to trust interventions by fact-checkers (Brandtzaeg & Følstad, 2017).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "18 Western democracies (including Northern, Western, and Southern European countries, Canada, and the U.S.)", "when": "2010s (digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of Paris", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of Paris"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Italy", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship", "doctrinal orthodoxy", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura", "moderação censura", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "16th-17th centuries", "16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Uma proposta crítico-discursivo-filológica de análise da censura: emendas inquisitoriais na edição de 1586 da Compilação de todas as obras de Gil Vicente", "author": "ACS Ferreira", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its censorship activities and catalogues of prohibitions served as a primary source and basis for the first Portuguese index of forbidden books, published in 1547.", "quote": "O índice baseia-se, em primeiro lugar, em catálogos e proibições avulsas da actividade censória da Faculdade de Teologia de Paris.", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-26052020-213733/en.php", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published one of the earliest catalogs of condemned and censored books, establishing a precedent for institutional literary repression.", "quote": "O catálogo que abre a série de edições que, até ao século xx, integram esse género, foi impresso em Paris em 1544, intitulado, em francês: Le Cathalogue des livres condamnez et censurez par la faculté de Theologie de Paris.", "page": "12", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Compiled the first Parisian index of prohibited books (1544), preceded by a preface outlining its principles for cataloging and defining Lutheran heresy, influencing early modern censorship.", "quote": "El índice parisino de 1544, el primero de los impresos en Europa, estaba precedido por un largo prefacio del decano y de la Facultad de Teología de París en el que se daba cuenta de los principios que habían regido la compilación del catálogo.", "page": "38", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}, {"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Evaluated manuscripts for doctrinal errors, issued condemnations (classifying propositions as false, injurious, schismatic, heretical, blasphemous), and ordered the suppression and annihilation of texts.", "quote": "Une fois recueillis les suffrages de tous, la Faculté a jugé que ce manuscrit (codex) contient des propositions fausses (erroneas), injurieuses, schismatiques, hérétiques et blasphématoires [...] doit être supprimé et anéanti très rapidement (1).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Faculty.ai", "aliases": ["Faculty.ai"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "other"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated on developing several evaluations to test models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering, assessing AI's potential to accelerate biology R&D.", "quote": "We worked with Faculty.ai to develop several evaluations that tested models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "page": "102", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed short-horizon computational biology tasks to test models’ abilities in multi-step analysis and design related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "quote": "We worked with Faculty.ai to develop several evaluations that tested models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "page": "135", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed several evaluations that test AI models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "quote": "We worked with Faculty.ai to develop several evaluations that tested models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed several evaluations testing models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering, requiring computational biology and bioinformatics tool use.", "quote": "We worked with Faculty.ai to develop several evaluations that tested models’ abilities to perform multi-step analysis and design tasks related to pathogen analysis and engineering.", "page": "181", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Falun Gong", "aliases": ["Falun Gong"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Weibo"], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of information", "limited government", "public order", "religious freedom", "state authority"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Identified as a 'banned sect' and used as a pejorative label by nationalist influencers in mainland China to accuse feminists of being 'traitors' and justify censorship of their online accounts.", "quote": "accusing them of supporting the independence of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Tibet, and Xinjiang, and being a member of the banned Falun Gong sect, CIA agents, or otherwise traitors.", "page": "124", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Is a target of censorship, as the Chinese government pressures foreign governments to suppress its affiliated media content and silence its practitioners abroad, leading to actions like imprisonment and termination of licenses.", "quote": "Cook notes several instances in which the Chinese government pressured foreign governments to censor media friendly to Falun Gong. For example, in 2010, police in Vietnam imprisoned two Vietnamese citizens for transmitting content from Falun Gong practitioners to listeners in China.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}, {"title": "How Social Media Construct “Truth” Around Crisis Events: Weibo's Rumor Management Strategies After the 2015 Tianjin Blasts", "author": "Zeng, Jing; Chan, Chung‐hong; Fu, King‐wa", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Discussions related to this group were blocked by Sina Weibo, indicating platform censorship in collaboration with the Chinese government.", "quote": "Weibo's blocking of discussion of the 1989 Tiananmen protest (Ng & Landry, 2013), the banned Falun Gong group (Bamman et al., 2012), and civil rights activist Chan Guangcheng (Fu et al., 2013) are all cases in point.", "page": "7", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.155", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Sina Weibo", "when": "2015"}, {"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Developed and offered censorship-circumventing software, such as Green Tsunami and Freegate, to dissidents to bypass government Internet filtering.", "quote": "Using its programmers in the US, Falun Gong has developed censorship-circumventing software called Freegate, which it has offered to dissidents elsewhere, particularly in Iran (Lake 2009).", "page": "10", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Movement", "aliases": ["Feminist Movement", "Feminist movement", "The Feminist Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-violence", "democratic integrity", "environmental protection", "equal rights", "free speech", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "peace", "quality of life", "social equality", "social justice", "social solidarity", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "2010s", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Reseña/Review (Román, Ayme,“Después del# MeToo. Dilemas del feminismo en la era digital”, Barcelona, Penguin Random House, ISBN 978-84-12451-78-8 …", "author": "AH de Blas", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through its 'digilante' (digital-vigilante) form, it engages in public denunciation and shaming of alleged aggressors on social media. More broadly, it seeks to address challenges posed by the digital era, promote systemic change through intersectional approaches, and complement digital activism with offline community building to avoid superficiality and punitivism.", "quote": "En este breve pero denso ensayo consigue exponer y articular entre sí una serie de problemáticas propias de la era digital a las que el feminismo debe dar respuesta en un momento que considera de impasse, en una coyuntura crítica en la que las decisiones del movimiento se juegan hacerle frente a la reacción antifeminista y a las pretensiones capitalistas de convertir sus reivindicaciones en identidades vacías mercantilizables.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/9293769.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital age, social media platforms, global context", "when": "Post-2000s, digital era"}, {"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'sustained discursive contestation' within 'subaltern counterpublics' to raise awareness of gender discrimination and structural dependencies, transforming 'private' issues like domestic violence into public concerns.", "quote": "Then feminists formed a subaltern counterpublic from which we disseminated a view of domestic violence as a widespread systematic feature of male-dominated societies. Eventually, after sustained discursive contestation, we succeeded in making it a common concern.", "page": "312", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}, {"title": "Combating the Digital Spiral of Silence: Academic Activists Versus Social Media Trolls", "author": "Carter Olson, Candi; LaPoe, Victoria", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Actively promoted and advanced women's voices, challenging historical patterns of silence and exclusion from public discourse, particularly in academic and political spheres, serving as a counter-force to silencing mechanisms.", "quote": "Luke (1994) notes that, in opposition to silences, the revived feminist movement of the 1960s was interested in promoting and advancing women's voices.", "page": "275", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_14", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA, academic institutions", "when": "2010s"}, {"title": "¿ Nuevos derechos a debate?: razones para no resistir", "author": "MER Palop", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The feminist movement, as part of new social movements, denounced deficiencies in the democratic system, economic structure, and development concept, criticizing economic growth and destructive technological use. They advocated for new rights, promoting decentralization and a new political model, including rights related to gender equality and self-determination.", "quote": "Tales exigencias vinieron de la mano de los nuevos movimientos sociales -ecologismo, feminismo y pacifismo- que se apresuraron a denunciar las deficiencias del sistema democrático, de la estructura económica y la concepción del desarrollo en la que se apoyaba el orden imperante.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.mjusticia.gob.es/index.php/AFD/article/download/1729/1729", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies (Western Europe and the United States)", "when": "post-1945 era (especially 1960s-1970s onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Framasoft", "aliases": ["Framasoft"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube", "internet", "web"], "norms": ["anti-monopoly", "data sovereignty", "decentralization", "democratic participation", "free software", "free speech", "open access", "open source", "privacy", "public participation", "sustainability", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderator", "modérateur des médias", "modération censure", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Romain BADOUARD, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure, Paris, Seuil, coll.«La république des idées», 2020, 128 p.", "author": "B Cornet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It participates in the struggle for democratic regulation of free expression by advocating for a decentralized internet and opposing abusive moderation, serving as an example of technical communities influencing web norms.", "quote": "...communautés techniques, telles que l'association de promotion du logiciel libre Framasoft, visant à restituer à internet sa dimension décentralisée...", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_229_0251", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global web, with a focus on continental (e.g., French) and Anglo-Saxon approaches to internet regulation", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Fêtons numériquement la science", "author": "B Ninassi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided an open-source external quiz tool used for public interaction during the digital science event. This contribution supports the event's adherence to norms favoring free software, data sovereignty, and privacy in digital tools.", "quote": "un outil libre de quizz externe, mis à disposition par Framasoft qui rassemble les acteurs du libre en France, afin d'augmenter l'implication du public.", "page": "6", "url": "https://inria.hal.science/hal-04390365/", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, virtual event platforms", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Leads popular education campaigns like 'Dégooglisons Internet' to raise awareness about internet centralization and offer free, ethical, decentralized, and solidary service replacements, acting as a mediator for free software adoption.", "quote": "Framasoft était déjà un réseau d’éducation populaire assez connu en France et dans la francophonie15 lorsque sa petite équipe s’est lancée dans la campagne «Dégooglisons Internet » en septembre 2014, en réponse aux révélations d’Edward Snowden de l’été 2013...", "page": "68", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}, {"title": "Lessons learned for online health community moderator roles: a mixed-methods study of moderators resigning from WebMD communities", "author": "J Huh, R Marmor, X Jiang", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provided an open-source external quizz tool used during the online science festival to foster greater public engagement and interaction with the scientific content.", "quote": "Nous avons également expérimenté l'usage d'un outil libre de quizz externe, mis à disposition par Framasoft qui rassemble les acteurs du libre en France, afin d'augmenter l'implication du public.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jmir.org/2016/9/e247/", "topic": "moderator", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Free Press", "aliases": ["Free Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "media and digital rights advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "anti-racism", "civil liberties", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation", "debate moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Co-leads coalitions to address hateful and harmful activities on platforms, engaging in coalition lobbying and providing strategic guidance for advocacy efforts.", "quote": "...Rose Lang-Maso, a campaign manager with Free Press that co-leads the Change the Terms coalition focused on addressing hateful and harmful activities on platforms...", "page": "6", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of the Stop Hate for Profit coalition, advocating for stricter platform policies against racism, violence, hate speech, and election disinformation.", "quote": "The organisation, which includes the Anti-Defamation League, the NAACP, the National Hispanic Media Coalition, Free Press and Colour of Change, said it would call for an advertiser boycott if the platforms did not take action by January 20, 2021...", "page": "96", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for content moderation interventions that consider and protect against various digital harms for news consumers, content moderators, and journalists.", "quote": "the concerns about growing networks of hate movements and enhanced online surveillance through targeted data harvesting – brought to the fore by groups like... and Free Press – are taken into account.", "page": "28", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Publishes research and press releases, coordinates coalition letters and public campaigns (e.g. calling for FCC chair's resignation), mobilizes members for actions and leverages partnerships with other advocacy organizations.", "quote": "Core mission and activities explicitly center on media and platform accountability, net neutrality, privacy/surveillance and platform-related policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.freepress.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free Software Foundation", "aliases": ["Free Software Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Civitai", "Facebook", "Gab", "GitHub", "Hugging Face", "Instagram", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["collaboration", "community engagement", "free software", "knowledge sharing", "open source", "open source principles", "openness", "software freedom", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderation censorship", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for AI intermediaries", "author": "Gorwa, Robert; Veale, Michael", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes 'copyleft' software licenses (like the GNU General Public License) to ensure software remains free and open, influencing norms around software distribution and use.", "quote": "Other licenses included distribution-related conditions... or satirical licenses, such as the 'Anyone But Richard M Stallman' (ABRMS) license, which provides that individuals can do whatever they want with the software, unless they are Stallman, the controversial developer of the copyleft GNU General Public License.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI model marketplaces (Hugging Face, GitHub, Civitai), global, with focus on US and EU regulatory contexts", "when": "Early 2020s (post-2010 platform era, current AI boom)"}, {"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Maintains an online repository documenting malicious software functionalities and promotes the four freedoms of free software to protect user liberty and privacy.", "quote": "En 2019, on compte plus de 400 cas documentés de fonctionnalités malveillantes dans le répertoire en ligne de la Free Software Foundation (FSF)2, qui en propose d’ailleurs une typologie très intéressante et pédagogique.", "page": "56", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}, {"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Promoted the collaborative production model through its advocacy for free software, influencing the rise of user contributions and Web 2.0 concepts.", "quote": "Dos movimentos de programadores como a Free Software Foundation e a Open source Initiative, chega-se hoje à propagação da noção de Web 2.0 e à popularização de serviços baseados na contribuição.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}, {"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Publishes and promotes open-source licenses (like AGPLv3) which govern software use, enabling transparency and community contribution in software development, including for moderation systems.", "quote": "Minds is licensed under AGPLv3, a free, copyleft license published by the Free Software Foundation.", "page": "51", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "GLAAD", "aliases": ["GLAAD"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "civil society advocacy organization; media advocacy NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-hate speech", "equitable moderation", "free speech", "harm reduction", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "lgbtq+ rights", "mental health", "minority rights", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderation", "moderação", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Assesses platforms for LGBTQ users' safety, privacy, and freedom of expression; publishes Social Media Safety Index with findings and recommendations.", "quote": "Examples of indexes and scorecards in the sector include: The annual GLAAD Social Media Safety Index and Platform Scorecard which assesses six major platforms: TikTok, X, YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Threads offering findings and recommendations to platforms to help improve LGBTQ users’ safety, privacy, and freedom of expression online", "page": "298", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports documenting the psychological trauma and 'very real harm' caused by incessant online exposure to attacks and hate for LGBTQIA+ individuals, advocating for safer online environments.", "quote": "As pesquisas e relatórios da GLAAD descobriram que há ‘danos resultantes muito reais para as pessoas LGBTQ online, incluindo (...) o trauma psicológico de sofrer exposição incessante a ataques e condutas de ódio’.", "page": "93", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Misgendered During Moderation: How Transgender Bodies Make Visible Cisnormative Content Moderation Policies and Enforcement in a Meta Oversight Board Case", "author": "Mayworm, Samuel; Albert, Kendra; Haimson, Oliver L.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reports, such as the Social Media Safety Index, that document and highlight the disproportionate and inequitable content moderation experiences faced by trans social media users on platforms, thereby advocating for improved safety and fairness.", "quote": "Past work has found that trans social media users experience inequitable moderation on social media platforms, resulting in the disproportionate removal of their accounts and content even when they have not violated platforms' guidelines [15-17, 27, 31-33, 63, 69].", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3658907", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Meta Platforms (Instagram, Facebook), Oversight Board, global social media", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "GLAAD produces research (Social Media Safety Index), rapid-response media interventions, public accountability projects and campaigns (#SpiritDay) to influence platform practices, media coverage, and public opinion.", "quote": "GLAAD runs a Social Media Safety Program and Social Media Safety Index, the GLAAD Accountability Project and rapid-response media work that directly engages platform policies, safety, and content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://glaad.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Witness", "aliases": ["Global Witness"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "investigative campaigning NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Kwai", "LinkedIn", "Meta", "Spotify", "Threads", "TikTok", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "democratic integrity", "human rights", "non-discrimination", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducted a survey and published reports on the human resources dedicated to content moderation on major digital platforms, highlighting deficiencies in non-English language moderation in the EU.", "quote": "A ONG Global Witness realizou no mesmo mês um levantamento daqueles publicados pelo Facebook, Instagram, X, TikTok, YouTube, Snapchat, Pinterest e LinkedIn, de forma a observar justamente os moderadores de cada idioma na UE.", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Sul Global à deriva: regulação digital na União Europeia e no Brasil", "author": "M Medeiros", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research to reveal failures of digital platforms in transparency and containing disinformation during electoral processes, thus acting as a watchdog for platform accountability.", "quote": "Recent research, such as that carried out by Global Witness and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) in October 2024, reveals that digital platforms have been failing considerably in their duty of transparency and their obligation to contain disinformation during the US electoral process (Soares, 2024).", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/virus/article/view/229592", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union and Brazil", "when": "21st century, focusing on current digital regulation (2000-2024)"}, {"title": "Entre resistência e concessão de transparência: as plataformas digitais colaboraram com as eleições?", "author": "AA Gonzales, M Bülow", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It produced and submitted false electoral advertisements to platforms like Meta and YouTube to expose their failures in combating misinformation and to pressure for greater transparency and improved moderation practices.", "quote": "Entre agosto e outubro de 2022, a Global Witness produziu anúncios que foram aceitos tanto pela Meta como pelo YouTube, contendo informações falsas sobre as urnas e o processo eleitoral", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/BHt7FG7LhJjkV93MgrgNb7s/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on digital platforms (Meta, Google, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter, Spotify, Kwai, LinkedIn)", "when": "2018-2023 electoral cycles"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Global Witness publishes high-profile investigations and analysis that inform public debate, pressure companies and policymakers, and supports accountability campaigns linking platform practices to harms against activists and democratic processes.", "quote": "Global Witness's core mission is environmental and corporate accountability, but it runs a 'Digital Threats to Democracy' portfolio and publishes investigations on social media harms to activists and disinformation, engaging platform-related policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://globalwitness.org/en/about-us/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Gray Swan", "aliases": ["Gray Swan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5", "OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "7aad69bf12627d42234e01ee7c36305dc2f6a970", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted an Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark on Claude Haiku 4.5 to evaluate the model's susceptibility to prompt injection attacks. These scenarios included assessing risks related to leaking sensitive data, overriding safety guidelines, malicious code, scams, and unauthorized tool usage.", "quote": "Gray Swan conducted their Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark⁴ on Claude Haiku 4.5 to evaluate the model's susceptibility to prompt injection attacks in comparison to other AI models in the ecosystem.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global AI development and deployment", "when": "October 2025"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted an Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark to assess AI agents’ susceptibility to prompt injection attacks across categories like confidentiality breaches, conflicting objectives, and prohibited actions.", "quote": "One of our external red-teaming partners, Gray Swan, conducted their Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark against 23 models from Anthropic and other developers.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed the Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark to test models’ susceptibility to prompt injection across various categories of exploitation, improving robustness against attacks.", "quote": "Gray Swan, an external research partner, developed the Agent Red Teaming (ART) benchmark to test models’ susceptibility to prompt injection across four categories of exploitation...", "page": "58", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated with OpenAI to make the o1 model available for jailbreaking in the Gray Swan Arena, testing its robustness against the generation of violent content, self-harm, and malicious code.", "quote": "OpenAI collaborated with Gray Swan to make the o1 model available for jailbreaking in the Gray Swan Arena.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "GreatFire.org", "aliases": ["GreatFire.org", "Greatfire.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to internet freedom efforts by providing helpful discussions and suggestions for research on internet censorship, implicitly working towards monitoring or combating censorship.", "quote": "We also thank the team at GreatFire.org and others who preferred to remain anonymous for helpful discussions and suggestions.", "page": "16", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "How Great is the Great Firewall? Measuring China’s DNS Censorship", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Knockel, Jeffrey; Lin, Pellaeon; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors and challenges Internet censorship in China, reporting on specific blocking events (e.g., Scratch.mit.edu) and informing the public about changes in the Great Firewall's blocking policy.", "quote": "Although this event was reported by the GreatFire project [55] on the 20th and by Chinese users on the 14th [77], GFWatch actually detected the first DNS poisoning instance earlier on August 13th.", "page": "14", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Greatfire.org monitors and reports on the constantly updating list of websites blocked by the Great Firewall of China, providing transparency on government censorship efforts.", "quote": "Greatfire.org, which monitors the constantly updating group of blocked sites from China, estimates that 131 of 937 Alexa top 1000 domains are blocked in China, as of May 16, 2016", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}, {"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors the reachability of domains and services from behind China's censorship firewall and maintains historical measurement results, providing lists of domains that may be blocked.", "quote": "GreatFire monitors reachability of domains and services from a site behind China's censorship firewall; it also maintains historical measurement results.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Integrity Institute", "aliases": ["Integrity Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["EU", "Global", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "online discourse"], "norms": ["accountability", "information integrity", "online safety", "public values", "risk management", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A non-profit dedicated to ensuring healthy online spaces and providing resources for transparency reporting, addressing risks and harms from technology.", "quote": "Professionals can also exchange knowledge through professional networks and associations, like the Trust & Safety Professional Association, the Integrity Institute, or All Tech is Human...", "page": "262", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes global transparency audits, contributing to the assessment and scrutiny of online platforms' optimization goals and their impact on public values and societal interests.", "quote": "Allen J., Gurley S., Bonilla S., Shen N., Global Transparency Audit, Integrity Institute, 2025, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MJHx4cx24XV4UZUfW1iloMKPRkqIyLQa/view", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}, {"title": "Measurement and Metrics for Content Moderation: The Multi-Dimensional Dynamics of Engagement and Content Removal on Facebook", "author": "Edelson, Laura; Kovba, Borys; Yershova, Hanna; Botelho, Austin; McCoy, Damon; Lauinger, Tobias", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a trade organization for trust and safety professionals, it advocates for greater transparency from social media platforms by calling for the publication of metrics related to policy-violating content's dissemination, removal times, and user exposure.", "quote": "Multiple civil society organizations, including the Integrity Institute (a trade organization for trust and safety professionals), have called on all platforms, and Facebook specifically, to publish metrics that capture dissemination of policy-violating content", "page": "5", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/220", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (US, Ukrainian, and Russian news ecosystems)", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Analyzes social media platform integrity issues and contributes to understanding signals of human judgment of quality and value, thereby helping to augment human wisdom in attention agents.", "quote": "The idea is that instead of expecting AI technologies to understand quality and value by understanding content themselves, they instead can collect and distill signals of human judgment of quality and value...and more recently by...the Integrity Institute (Allen 2022).", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Association", "aliases": ["Internet Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association", "industry association", "trade association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Content moderation", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Intellectual property", "Intermediary liability", "Net neutrality", "Trade", "algorithmic or platform governance", "business interests", "finance and innovation", "regulatory policy"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação de mídia", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Testified against FOSTA to inform regulatory discourse, but later changed its stance, reflecting industry divisions.", "quote": "In Fall 2017, the leading trade association, the Internet Association (IA), testified against FOSTA.", "page": "17", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Leading trade association that testified against FOSTA, then flipped to support it, indicating internal industry divisions and influencing content moderation policy.", "quote": "In Fall 2017, the leading trade association, the Internet Association (IA), testified against FOSTA. Then, Facebook decided that it would take a deal offered by FOSTA’s drafters, and it caused IA to flip.", "page": "18", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "O Mainstream da mídia, a censura na Internet eo direito à informação: Novos paradigmas a partir do caso Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck", "author": "L Vilhena, C Barros", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Lobbied the judiciary to limit the scope of a court decision regarding online censorship, aiming to protect its member companies (major internet communication networks) from being treated as state actors.", "quote": "Essa decisão levantou novas questões legais e fez a Internet Association, grupo que representa as principais redes de comunicação da Internet, pedir que a justiça limite sua decisão aos fatos deste caso apenas, para que não \"perturbe a Internet\"\"...\"", "page": "17", "url": "https://sisbib.emnuvens.com.br/direitosegarantias/article/view/1567", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet (social media platforms), United States, Europe (France, Germany)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2017-2020)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Publishes policy positions, industry data and reports, issues statements and press releases, and lobbies policymakers in Washington D.C. on Section 230, privacy, algorithms and other platform governance matters.", "quote": "Public policy pages and position statements directly address content moderation, Section 230, algorithms & AI, privacy, intermediary liability and related platform governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://internetassociation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Engineering Task Force", "aliases": ["Internet Engineering Task Force"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "Italy", "Maghreb", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["accuracy", "decentralization", "democratic integrity", "internet development", "open standards", "public good", "technical interoperability", "technical quality", "technical standards"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Discusses and establishes technical standards for the functioning of the Internet, which are voluntarily adopted by various agents operating the network infrastructure and protocols.", "quote": "O IETF é uma entidade criada em 1986 cujo foco de atuação é a discussão e estabelecimento de padrões técnicos de funcionamento da Internet.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributed to the Handle System (part of DOI architecture) to address limitations of DNS, through its Request for Comments (RFC) mechanism, which encapsulates a philosophy of decentralized Internet governance.", "quote": "Le système Handle [...] a été proposé dans cette perspective, pour pallier les limites de pérennité des liens propre au système DNS, au début des années 2000 via le dispositif Request for Comments (RFC) de l’Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), membre de l’Internet Society (Lannom et al., 2003).", "page": "110", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes Internet standards, including protocols like DANE TLSA, BGP, and TCP extensions, influencing the technical specifications and security mechanisms of the Internet.", "quote": "The DANE standard was published in 2012 [14], relatively recently.", "page": "221", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes voluntary technical standards (Request For Comments - RFCs) for the Internet through working groups and consensus, influencing hardware and software specifications.", "quote": "The IETF is the core area where most protocol initiatives begin. Several thousand people are in volved in the IETF, mostly through email lists, but also in face-to-face meet ings.", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social", "aliases": ["Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-disinformation", "anti-misinformation", "democratic process", "digital rights", "ethical considerations", "free speech", "harm reduction", "legal precepts", "platform autonomy", "pluralism", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador de contéudos", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms, signed declarations for transparency, researched disinformation, and advocated for transparency in paid content and content moderation teams; member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia'; conducts research on platform disinformation; supports legal transparency obligations for paid and promoted content.", "quote": "Intervozes, organización social de Brasil, en investigación acerca de cómo las plataformas en-frentan la desinformación38, concluye que a pesar de haber informaciones de cómo las empre-sas moderan contenidos, estas están dispersas y no siempre envasadas en conceptos claros.", "page": "20", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted and published studies mapping platform measures against disinformation and issued technical notes on proposed legislation, assessing their impact on democracy and information diversity.", "quote": "conforme apontou um estudo do Intervozes (2020)113 sobre “como as plataformas desenvolveram seus mecanismos de combate à desinformação”, ficou claro que elas não buscam atender, em primazia, questões de ética ou preceitos legais.", "page": "72", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "Governança e mediações algorítmicas da plataforma YouTube durante a pandemia de COVID-19", "author": "G de Almeida Fonseca, C d'Andréa", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This collective adopted the term 'desinformação' (disinformation) to emphasize the intentionality behind the production and propagation of false, erroneous, or decontextualized information, aiming to highlight its role in creating a communication crisis for economic and/or political gains.", "quote": "O Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, também adotou o termo desinformação, buscando “ressaltar a intencionalidade na produção e na propagação de informações falsas, equivocadas ou descontextualizadas para provocar uma crise comunicacional e, assim, obter ganhos econômicos e/ou políticos.”", "page": "8", "url": "https://periodicos.pucminas.br/dispositiva/article/download/24150/17714", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil", "when": "March–June 2020 (during COVID-19 pandemic)"}]}, {"name": "JSTOR", "aliases": ["JSTOR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information", "digital preservation", "education", "education access", "historical preservation", "information access", "information reliability", "productivity", "scholarly standards", "scientific integrity", "user trust"], "topics": ["censure", "il censore", "moderation", "television moderator"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "19th–20th centuries", "19th–20th century", "Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The role of television in the construction of consumer reality", "author": "TC O'Guinn, LJ Shrum", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Functions as a non-profit service that digitizes, preserves, and provides controlled access to academic literature, thereby acting as a gatekeeper and curator of scholarly content for researchers and students.", "quote": "JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive.", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/23/4/278/1817384", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA (Illinois)", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s, with historical context from post-World War II)"}, {"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Provides a digital archive for academic content, including legal scholarship, facilitating research and knowledge dissemination in a trusted, non-profit capacity.", "quote": "JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}, {"title": "Communication: Censure, théatre, et Commune (1871-1914)", "author": "J Parrain", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Operates a non-profit digital archive that preserves and provides access to academic literature, including articles that analyze historical censorship and moderation, facilitating research in these areas.", "quote": "JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3806929", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1871–1914"}, {"title": "Catone Censore: La vita e la fortuna", "author": "Katz, Solomon; Corte, Francesco Della", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that acts as a digital archive, curating and preserving a wide range of scholarly content and making it available to researchers, thereby performing a gatekeeping function over what is considered a 'trusted digital archive'. It also enforces terms of use for access.", "quote": "JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4342924?origin=crossref", "topic": "il censore", "language": "English", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Meta's Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Meta's Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "external red-team / auditor", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "EU", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "human rights", "international law", "justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Regulatory intermediaries in content moderation", "author": "K Beatriz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reviews a small number of selected content moderation decisions, either appealed by users or escalated by Meta itself, regarding content on Facebook, Instagram, and Threads. It operates under privately established rules and applies international human rights law.", "quote": "Established in October 2020 by Meta (then Facebook), this quasi-adjudicatory body reviews selected content moderation decisions (Klonick, 2020).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315581", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "EU, Brazil", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Automated detection of infringing content in Meta’s Oversight Board: How online content moderation is shaping new limits of freedom of expression", "author": "de Bittencourt Siqueira, Andressa", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Board acts as a self-regulatory, independent panel of advisors that reviews Meta's content moderation decisions. It takes final decisions on whether Meta has applied its policies, values, and human rights commitments correctly, aiming to contribute to illustrating how platforms are tracing new limits to freedom of expression using automated content detection.", "quote": "Popularly known as the “Facebook Supreme Court”, the Board is a pioneering and paradigmatic example to this day, since it is a self-regulatory proposal, carried out by an independent panel of advisors who take the final decision on whether Meta has been applying its polices, values and human rights commitments on Facebook, Instagram and Threads...", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/45103", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads), European Union, Germany, Brazil", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, up to 2024"}, {"title": "DETECÇÃO AUTOMATIZADA DE CONTEÚDO INFRINGENTE NO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO DA META", "author": "A de Bittencourt Siqueira", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Reviews Meta's content moderation decisions, issues binding rulings, and provides recommendations for policy improvements, particularly concerning the use of automated detection systems and their impact on freedom of expression and other fundamental rights. It also provides advisory opinions on policy questions.", "quote": "a estrutura de tomada de decisão do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta (doravante Comitê) foi escolhida como objeto deste estudo, com base na seleção de 29 “casos” (do inglês, case decisions) e “opiniões consultivas” (do inglês, policy opinion)", "page": "4", "url": "https://encontro.redegovernanca.net.br/encontro-anual/article/view/130", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads) and their content moderation systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The board, composed of former political leaders, human rights activists, and journalists, weighs in on Meta's content decisions with binding power and makes recommendations about platform policies and enforcement.", "quote": "Meta's Oversight Board is made up of former political leaders, human rights activists, and journalists from around the world who weigh in on Meta's content decisions.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Moral Majority", "aliases": ["Moral Majority"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-abortion", "anti-communism", "conservative values", "family values", "national identity", "public morals", "religious morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["136.0", "censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century", "1960s–1980s", "1980s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas e guerras da cultura: filtros de investimento público como\" pós-censura\"\".\"", "author": "L de Paula, C Dumas…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Exerted public pressure and lobbied to influence policy, advocating for the defense of Christian morality in public life, which in turn influenced political actions and the emergence of the Christian Right.", "quote": "iniciativas como a Moral Majority, grupo de pressão composto por leigos e lideranças religiosas em torno da defesa da moralidade crista que pressagiou o surgimento da chamada Christian Right no parlamento dos EUA.", "page": "9", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19833717&AN=159596558&h=RKSkW1GTvO5In%2Fe4NYuhe9210dxvybqlp%2Fd3KPij4gqv3%2B3DXnnpcy%2FQXFiPni294Qnwxpkd58VZSYjtylUykg%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2021"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Formed coalitions with other New Right groups to lobby for conservative social and moral issues, influencing elections and policy through a 'religious commitment to battle these forces'.", "quote": "Two such coalitions were the Moral Majority, headed by TV evange list Jerry Falwell, and the Pro-Family Movement, headed by Washington political strategist Paul Weyrich.", "page": "189", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Mobilized support for the Indianapolis ordinance from fundamentalist groups, advocating for state suppression of pornography.", "quote": "The Reverend Greg Dixon of the Indianapolis Bap-tist Temple, a former Moral Majority official, organized the fundamentalist presence.", "page": "4", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}, {"title": "Censorship and Children's Literature", "author": "MacLeod, Anne Scott", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "Exerted pressure to restrict the content of children's books, advocating for the removal of materials deemed not to reflect 'traditional American values'.", "quote": "The apparent ascendance of such groups as the Moral Majority lends weight to liberal fears of increased pressure to restrict the content of children's books and to roll back some of the changes of recent years, as do the growing number of attempts to restrict both text and trade books in schools across the country.", "page": "12", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "17th century–1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", "aliases": ["National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Global", "India", "Japan", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["policy making", "public trust", "scientific accuracy", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderador censor", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Sets standards for reproducibility and replicability in scientific research, ensuring validity and consistency of findings.", "quote": "Reprodutibilidade significa a possibilidade de obter resultados consistentes através da utilização daqueles códigos, métodos, passos e condições de análise num dado conjunto de dados. (NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE, 2019)", "page": "44", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and studies that inform policy debates and public understanding, particularly on technical issues like encryption access and law enforcement needs.", "quote": "Declarações como essas tendem a enfocar a política de criptografia nas alegações das autoridades de que elas precisam ser capazes de acessar comunicações criptografadas (NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE, 2018).", "page": "6", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports that inform policy debates, specifically regarding encryption policy and law enforcement's access to encrypted communications.", "quote": "Statements such as these tend to focus encryption policy on law enforcement and intelligence agencies' claims that they need to be able to access encrypted communications (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).", "page": "5", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}, {"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Identified as a body that could nominate civilian members for a potential regulatory authority panel, which would make binding decisions on publishing problematic dual-use research.", "quote": "civilian members, for example, could be nominated by the National Academies, and governmental members could be nominated by the De- partment of Health and Human Ser- vices, the Department of Homeland Security, and so on.", "page": "7", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "No Hate Speech Movement", "aliases": ["No Hate Speech Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights", "individual rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio nas redes sociais", "author": "GL Freitas, CEM Cardoso, KM Nery, LCB Gedeon…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The movement seeks to transform the internet into a more civic environment by sensitizing young people about hate speech risks, promoting media and internet education, reducing acceptance of online hate speech, mobilizing and training youth human rights activists, monitoring online hate speech, and developing constructive response tools.", "quote": "Alguns objetivos do movimento incluem: sensibilizar os jovens a respeito dos discursos de ódio e dos riscos que deles decorrem; promover a educação sobre os meios de comunicação e a internet; reduzir a aceitação dos discursos de ódio online; mobilizar e formar jovens ativistas pelos direitos humanos; monitorizar os discursos de ódio online e desenvolver ferramentas para respostas construtivas", "page": "21", "url": "GL Freitas, CEM Cardoso, KM Nery, LCB Gedeon… - Revista Bibliomar-Qualis …, 2024", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X), Brazil", "when": "Post-2000s to contemporary digital era"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Initiated by the Council of Europe, it mobilises young people to stand up for fundamental human and democratic rights online, using humorous and engaging content.", "quote": "In 2012 the Council of Europe initiated the inter-national youth movement No Hate Speech after various youth organisations had pointed out the increasing danger of hate on the internet...", "page": "51", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Lingo: A Target-Based Linguistic Analysis of Hate Speech in Social Media", "author": "ElSherief, Mai; Kulkarni, Vivek; Nguyen, Dana; Yang Wang, William; Belding, Elizabeth", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The movement operates an online website where users can contribute and report instances of hate speech found on various social media platforms, thereby aiding in the documentation and awareness of online hate.", "quote": "The campaign allows online users to contribute instances of hate speech on different social media platforms.", "page": "4", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/15041", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter", "when": "2016-2017"}]}, {"name": "Online Civil Courage Initiative", "aliases": ["Online Civil Courage Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "NGO", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "civil discourse", "discourse quality", "extremism", "hate speech", "offline violence prevention", "public morals", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "How Online Content Providers Moderate User‐Generated Content to Prevent Harmful Online Communication: An Analysis of Policies and Their Implementation", "author": "Einwiller, Sabine A.; Kim, Sora", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This initiative engages in or initiates corporate social responsibility projects and programs, specifically to combat hate speech and extremism across Europe. It works in partnership with commercial online platforms like Facebook.", "quote": "As such, organizations may also engage in or initiate corporate social responsibility projects or programs against HOC, like the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI),¹ which, in partnership with Facebook, combats hate speech and extremism across Europe.", "page": "17", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.239", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Germany, South Korea, China (online platforms)", "when": "2010s-present platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An initiative launched by CSOs and Facebook to combat extremism and hate speech on the internet; supports good counterspeech on social media to address content not covered by criminal law.", "quote": "The objective is to combat extremism and hate speech on the internet. [...] OCCI supports good counterspeech on social media to counteract hate speech in the area which is not covered by criminal law.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created by Facebook, it provides support to European NGOs and activists combating online extremism and hate speech, develops response methods, and supports research on the link between online hate and offline violence.", "quote": "...criou o serviço de suporte OCCI (Online Civil Courage Initiative), que fornece apoio a ONGs e ativistas europeus que trabalham para combater o extremismo online e o discurso de ódio, desenvolve os melhores métodos para responder ao extremismo online e ao discurso de ódio e auxilia a pesquisa sobre a relação entre o discurso de ódio online e a violência offline...", "page": "13", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Facebook-led initiative that supports civil society groups by providing advertising credits and marketing resources to enable them to counter hate speech online.", "quote": "Under the initiative, civil society groups are rewarded with advertising credits, marketing resources, and support for countering hate speech online.", "page": "27", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI)", "aliases": ["Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Iran", "Nigeria"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "WhatsApp", "X/Twitter"], "norms": ["freedom of information", "information freedom", "research ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operated as an 'open observatory outlet' that reported on internet censorship in Nigeria, specifically detailing blockages of pro-Biafran websites, thereby providing transparency and evidence of online restrictions.", "quote": "According to an open observatory outlet, sixteen pro-Biafran websites were blocked in 201718.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Measuring the Deployment of Network Censorship Filters at Global Scale", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Stoll, Adrian; Dalek, Jakub; Ramesh, Reethika; Scott, Will; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates a platform for volunteer-run probes that collect in-depth measurements of network interference and censorship, including blockpages, contributing to a global database. They follow ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed consent.", "quote": "OONI Volunteer measurement https://ooni.org/\nLimited scale and ethical constraints", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/23099.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "late 2010s"}, {"title": "Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India", "author": "Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Sinha, Akshat; Gosain, Devashish; Sharma, Piyush Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides an open-source tool (`OONI probe`) designed to detect internet censorship by running tests from client machines and comparing network responses to identify discrepancies indicating potential filtering activities.", "quote": "Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) [?], is an open source tool under the Tor project and is designed to detect censorship.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278555", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India (major ISPs: Airtel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, MTNL, BSNL, Siti, Sifi, NKN)", "when": "2015-2018"}, {"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "OONI provides an open observatory for network interference, developing and deploying tools to detect and document various forms of censorship, including anomaly-based detection for services like Tor.", "quote": "Arturo Filastò and Jacob Appelbaum. Ooni: Open observatory of network inter- ference. In Proc. 2nd USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet (FOCI 2012) (August 2012), 2012.", "page": "29", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Open Technology Fund", "aliases": ["Open Technology Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "internet freedom grantmaker and technical support organization"], "countries": ["Global", "Iran", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Detecting and Evading Censorship-in-Depth: A Case Study of Iran’s Protocol Filter", "author": "Bock, Kevin; Fax, Yair; Reese, Kyle; Singh, Jasraj; Levin, Dave", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides financial support and resources for projects and research efforts aimed at advancing internet freedom, privacy, and anti-censorship technologies.", "quote": "We also thank the OTF and OONI communities who have contributed insights and resources that made this work possible. This research was supported in part by the Open Technology Fund...", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013-2020"}, {"title": "Detecting and evading {Censorship-in-Depth}: A case study of {Iran's} protocol whitelister", "author": "K Bock, Y Fax, K Reese, J Singh, D Levin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Open Technology Fund provides funding and resources to support projects and research aimed at combating internet censorship and promoting internet freedom. This includes building capacity for censorship measurement and evasion.", "quote": "We also thank the OTF and OONI communities who have contributed insights and resources that made this work possible.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/foci20/presentation/bock", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "post-2010s"}, {"title": "Ethical Concerns for Censorship Measurement", "author": "Jones, Ben; Ensafi, Roya; Feamster, Nick; Paxson, Vern; Weaver, Nick", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Open Technology Fund provides financial support for initiatives like the Information Control Fellows Program, thereby enabling research and projects focused on understanding and addressing information control and censorship.", "quote": "Ben Jones is partially funded by the Open Technology Fund’s Information Control Fellows Program.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2793013.2793015", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "Post-2000s platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Mozilla Festival 2025; Keepiton coalition; Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "OTF has supported 450+ projects, enabled tools used by billions, runs labs (security, localization, UX), funds audits and rapid responses, and convenes an advisory council including major industry actors to shape internet freedom tooling and practices.", "quote": "OTF funds and develops technical anti-censorship, security, and censorship-measurement projects that directly shape information access and platformed information flows worldwide.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.opentech.fund/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OpenAI", "aliases": ["OpenAI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "LLMs", "MLLMs", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research", "ai alignment", "ai development", "ai safety", "harm reduction", "interpretability", "public good"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "OMNIGUARD: An Efficient Approach for AI Safety Moderation Across Languages and Modalities", "author": "Verma, Sahil; Hines, Keegan; Bilmes, Jeff; Siska, Charlotte; Zettlemoyer, Luke; Gonen, Hila; Singh, Chandan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes foundational methods for AI safety training, such as reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), and provides guard models and moderation endpoints for detecting harmful prompts, thereby contributing to the alignment and safe deployment of large language models.", "quote": "Standard safeguard approaches broadly include approaches such as safety training using reinforcement learning from human feedback (Ouyang et al., 2022a; Leike et al., 2018) or using pre-trained guard models that classify the safety of an input prompt (OpenAI, 2025; Inan et al., 2023; Han et al., 2024).", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / LLMs and MLLMs", "when": "Contemporary AI/LLM era"}, {"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developed large language models that researchers can use for nuanced annotations and interpretations of text, contributing to automated text analysis in online hate research.", "quote": "Large language models, such as those created by OpenAI, can be used to construct more nuanced annotations and interpretations of text that are then applied at scale.", "page": "245", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research into AI safety, including developing systems that learn from human preferences and addressing the 'alignment problem' with approaches like iterated distillation and amplification.", "quote": "Dario Amodei... who now leads the AI safety team at San Francisco research lab OpenAI—there is another, more sobering message.", "page": "18", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A founder participated in a cross-disciplinary conference with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, highlighting the need for 'translation work' between human rights proponents and technologists in AI development and design.", "quote": "The conference included a conversation between the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and a founder of the Silicon Valley organization OpenAl. The discussion highlighted the need for more translation work between human rights propo-nents and technologists.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Oxford Internet Institute", "aliases": ["Oxford Internet Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["academic research", "anti-disinformation", "community self-governance", "community solutions", "democratic process", "diversity", "online trust", "scientific inquiry", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Highlights diversity-preserving and localized community solutions related to online trust and safety through research.", "quote": "Research from Center of Democracy and Technology, Whose Knowledge?, Oxford Internet Institute, and others are highlighting diversity-preserving and localized community solutions.", "page": "162", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducts research highlighting diversity-preserving and localized community solutions related to online trust and safety.", "quote": "Research from Center of Democracy and Technology, Whose Knowledge?, Oxford Internet Institute, and others are highlighting diversity-preserving and localized community solutions.", "page": "187", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Through its director, Philip N. Howard, introduces concepts like 'lie machines' and researches complex mechanisms of disinformation dissemination on social media, impacting public discourse.", "quote": "Em livro que detalha a operação dessas campanhas de descredibilização do debate público, Philip N. Howard, diretor do Oxford Internet Institute, consagra o termo “máquinas de mentira” para designar os mecanismos complexos integrados por pessoas, organizações e algoritmos de recomendação de redes sociais que disseminam mensagens falsas em favor de determinada agenda política.", "page": "88", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts seminal studies on far-right online subcultures and new media, contributing to the understanding of their tactics and grievances.", "quote": "MIT’s Center for Civic Media, the Oxford Internet Institute and Data & Society Foundation have released seminal studies that can lay the foundation for further research.", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Poynter Institute", "aliases": ["Poynter Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "professional body", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Canada", "Chile", "Colombia", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Portugal", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Facebook Messenger", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "Reddit", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Twitch", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube", "news websites", "online journalism"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community engagement", "democratic participation", "factual accuracy", "journalistic integrity", "journalistic standards", "professional ethics", "public education"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor", "moderação censura", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "La mésinformation sur les plateformes de médias sociaux et dans différents pays", "author": "S Boulianne, S Belland, C Tenove, K Friesen", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established PolitiFact, a prominent fact-checking website, thereby creating a key resource and mechanism for identifying and exposing false information in public discourse.", "quote": "PolitiFact, un site Web créé par l'institut Poynter...", "page": "11", "url": "https://roam.macewan.ca/bitstreams/80141aee-096d-4884-a35f-afad5973709a/download", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, France, Royaume-Uni (UK), et États-Unis (USA), social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Reddit, Facebook Messenger, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitch, TikTok)", "when": "2019–2021 (with references to post-2016 platform era)"}, {"title": "Why the Government Should Not Regulate Content Moderation of Social Media", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This organization maintains a database of anti-misinformation actions globally, monitoring and reporting on regulatory efforts concerning fake news.", "quote": "See the updated database about fake news regulation throughout the world prepared by the Poynter Institute. Daniel Funke, “A Guide to Anti-misinformation Actions around the World,” Poynter Institute, Poynter.org.", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/hrdo/entry/hrdo.HRD-9985_2019-065/html", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "21st century, with historical context from 20th century"}, {"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes guidelines for journalists on selecting and reporting sexual harassment and assault stories, considering professional ethics.", "quote": "El Instituto Poynter, escuela de periodismo sin ánimo de lucro situada en Florida (EEUU), publicó una pequeña guía para seleccionar qué noticias sobre acoso y agresión sexual deben ser publicadas y cuáles no.", "page": "328", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}, {"title": "Participação política e os comentários dos leitores no jornalismo online português. Significado e importância política dos comentários dos leitores nos websites dos …", "author": "JRGB Tadeu", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducts research (e.g., eyetracking studies) and advocates for practices that ensure journalistic quality and public participation in a democratic context, influencing journalistic standards and reader engagement.", "quote": "Website dirigido pelo Poynter Institute, uma escola de jornalismo sem fins-lucrativos localizada em St. Petersburg, na Florida, nos Estados Unidos da América, que defende agir para “garantir que as nossas comunidades tenham acesso a excelente jornalismo, o tipo de jornalismo que nos permite participar plena e eficazmente na nossa democracia”.", "page": "25", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/30a8540b07848c1f9894dd9186106e80/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese online journalism, with comparisons to international news websites (Europe and USA)", "when": "Post-2000s, focusing on the early 2010s (specifically 2011-2012)"}]}, {"name": "Puritans", "aliases": ["Puritans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "Europe", "German Democratic Republic", "Global", "Middle East", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "public morals", "religious censorship", "religious orthodoxy", "reputation protection", "social control", "work ethic"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century", "16th-20th centuries", "17th century", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1633, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos ea busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682)", "author": "NA van Amstel, WM Júnior, RJ Sonoda-Nunes…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Lobbied and agitated for the prohibition of various forms of entertainment and recreation, aiming to restrict free time activities, especially on religious days. In the colonies, they established laws reflecting their strict moral code.", "quote": "spiritual salvation.\"", "page": "repreender alguns puritanos e determinadas pessoas; e tomamos a ordem de que a prática desonesta de punição proibitiva e ilegal não devesse ser usada por nenhum deles, daqui em diante, contra nossas boas pessoas, ao usarem suas recreações legítimas e exercícios honestos...", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/FairPlay/article/view/375512", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "England and North American colonies (Pennsylvania)", "when": "1633–1682"}, {"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This Christian sect frowned upon oaths and various forms of profanity, influencing social norms and language use through their religious doctrines and promoting avoidance of such language.", "quote": "Interestingly, some Christian sects, such the Puritans and the Quakers, frown on such oaths in the same way as the church frowns on more overt kinds of profanity.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}, {"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Engaged in public complaint and moral censure through sermons, targeting theatrical performances deemed offensive or slanderous to their group and values.", "quote": "Literary historians have linked the unexplained closure of Paul's playhouse and the disappearance of the company of boy actors known as the Children of Paul's to a public complaint made by the Puritan preacher W. Crashaw about the anti-puritan satire The Puritaine in a sermon at Paul's Cross in 1607.", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}, {"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Objected to literature deemed 'ungodly' or 'foolish,' influencing publishing and reading norms, though their success in outright suppression is noted as unevidenced.", "quote": "We do know that the Puritans objected to the \"ungodly ballad\"\" and foolish story", "page": "but there is no evidence that they succeeded in suppressing them.\"", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Sci-Hub", "aliases": ["Sci-Hub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective, non-profit"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["academic publishing", "academic publishing ecosystem", "scientific literature"], "norms": ["anti-commercial control", "decentralization", "information access", "knowledge sharing", "market competition", "open access", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator", "debate moderation", "media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The end of trust and safety?: Examining the future of content moderation and upheavals in professional online safety efforts", "author": "RE Moran, J Schafer, M Bayar, K Starbird", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Circumvents paywalls of academic publishers by providing on-the-fly access to research publications through university subscriptions and maintaining a repository, acting as an 'autonomous robot' to collect and serve content, thereby countering restrictions on information access.", "quote": "Sci-Hub is a technology to unblock information access... about half a million users are coming to Sci-Hub every day, and the Sci-Hub database counts with 85 million research articles", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713662", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (academic publishing and decentralized science)", "when": "Late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "The rise of muhammadiyah's islamic da'wah in the contemporary era: transformation to online trend and responses to islamic moderation", "author": "S Huda, MM Mas'udi…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated as a non-commercial, non-profit project that bypassed paywalls to provide free access to academic literature by using university subscriptions, building a massive repository, and later launching its own token to reward knowledge sharing and fund open infrastructure, countering traditional subscription models.", "quote": "Sci-Hub implemented a completely novel approach: it never included any functionality for the users to upload content, but instead it enabled website visitors to access research publications on the fly through different university libraries subscriptions, by using a number of proxies.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/progresiva/article/view/20889", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific community, academic publishing ecosystem, digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025"}, {"title": "How to regulate (and not regulate) social media", "author": "JM Balkin", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sci-Hub operates as an autonomous project that bypasses paywalls of traditional academic publishers by accessing university subscriptions, accumulating a vast database of research papers. This makes scholarly literature freely accessible, countering traditional gatekeeping. It also launched its own cryptocurrency (SCI) to reward knowledge sharing and fund its infrastructure, further accelerating the transition to open science.", "quote": "Sci-Hub is a technology to unblock information access... about half a million users are coming to Sci-Hub every day, and the Sci-Hub database counts with 85 million research articles", "page": "3", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/jfspl1&section=6", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global (online platforms for scientific literature)", "when": "late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "Moderation in American religion", "author": "RR Corbett", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Actively bypasses paywalls and subscription models imposed by traditional academic publishers to provide free access to scientific literature, thereby challenging the gatekeeping and access moderation of information. It also maintains a large database of scientific articles and, through its associated token, aims to incentivize knowledge sharing.", "quote": "Sci-Hub is a technology to unblock information access... the Sci-Hub database counts with 85 million research articles. The coin launched by Sci-Hub is designed with a primary goal to accelerate transition of science towards Open Access, by rewarding knowledge sharing.", "page": "3, 6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62249/chapter/551381137", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (online platforms)", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025 (Post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Sci-Net", "aliases": ["Sci-Net"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["academic publishing", "academic publishing ecosystem", "scientific literature"], "norms": ["collaboration", "decentralization", "democratic governance", "knowledge sharing", "open access", "scientific progress", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator", "debate moderation", "media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The end of trust and safety?: Examining the future of content moderation and upheavals in professional online safety efforts", "author": "RE Moran, J Schafer, M Bayar, K Starbird", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-driven platform where members upload research articles and books to create an openly accessible database, rewarding contributions with decentralized Sci-Hub tokens and implementing peer-to-peer quality control, thereby directly expanding open access.", "quote": "Sci-Net is a community of students, researchers and people interested in science who work together towards a common goal: creating a openly accessible database of scientific knowledge.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713662", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (academic publishing and decentralized science)", "when": "Late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "The rise of muhammadiyah's islamic da'wah in the contemporary era: transformation to online trend and responses to islamic moderation", "author": "S Huda, MM Mas'udi…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Creates an openly accessible database of scientific knowledge by enabling members to upload research articles and books, rewarding these contributions with decentralized Sci-Hub tokens, thereby challenging content restrictions and fostering community-driven open access.", "quote": "Sci-Net is a community of students, researchers and people interested in science who work together towards a common goal: creating a openly accessible database of scientific knowledge. The important innovation implemented in Sci-Net is using decentralized Sci-Hub tokens to reward uploads.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/progresiva/article/view/20889", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific community, academic publishing ecosystem, digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025"}, {"title": "How to regulate (and not regulate) social media", "author": "JM Balkin", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sci-Net is a community-driven platform where students, researchers, and other interested individuals upload and share scientific articles and books. It uses decentralized Sci-Hub tokens (SCI) to reward these uploads in a peer-to-peer system, fostering the creation of an openly accessible knowledge database and providing a mechanism for community-based quality control, thereby decentralizing access and challenging traditional publishing gatekeepers.", "quote": "Sci-Net is a community of students, researchers and people interested in science who work together towards a common goal: creating a openly accessible database of scientific knowledge. ... The important innovation implemented in Sci-Net is using decentralized Sci-Hub tokens to reward uploads.", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/jfspl1&section=6", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global (online platforms for scientific literature)", "when": "late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "Moderation in American religion", "author": "RR Corbett", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-driven platform where users upload and request scientific articles and books. It uses decentralized Sci-Hub tokens to reward uploads, creating an openly accessible database and thereby participating in the open access movement.", "quote": "Sci-Net is a community of students, researchers and people interested in science who work together towards a common goal: creating a openly accessible database of scientific knowledge. ... The important innovation implemented in Sci-Net is using decentralized Sci-Hub tokens to reward uploads.", "page": "7", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62249/chapter/551381137", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (online platforms)", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025 (Post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Snopes.com", "aliases": ["Snopes.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Germany", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "authenticity", "information accuracy", "veracity"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Wisdom of two crowds: Misinformation moderation on reddit and how to improve this process---A case study of COVID-19", "author": "L Bozarth, J Im, C Quarles, C Budak", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Snopes provides expert labels and explanations for claims, serving as a source of verified information that can be used by moderators to assess the facticity of content.", "quote": "Here, as shown in Figure 2d, the expert labels component includes the label (e.g., “false”, “missing context”, “true”) and explanation from third-party fact-checking organizations (e.g., Politifact, Snopes).", "page": "13", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3579631", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (post-2020 platform era)"}, {"title": "Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation", "author": "Stewart, Elizabeth", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a fact-checking website that investigates and labels content, including satire and humor, if it is likely to mislead an audience, regardless of authorial intent.", "quote": "Snopes, in answering why they cover satire and humor, says, “Quite evidently nothing can be put online—no matter how preposterous in concept or plainly labeled it might be—that some people won't believe to be true...", "page": "13", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-021-00442-x", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on discussions within USA and EU contexts", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A fact-checking website that partners with platforms like Facebook to label false information and combat disinformation.", "quote": "What initially started in the USA with partners such as fact checkers from Snopes, PolitiFact and the news agency Associated Press spread to France, Germany and the Netherlands shortly after.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "WHY DO PEOPLE SHARE FAKE NEWS? A SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL OF MEDIA EFFECTS", "author": "Marwick, Alice E", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Fact-checks popular email forwards, viral videos, trending social media topics, and memes, as well as 'fake news' stories, to determine their accuracy and authenticity, thus influencing the perceived veracity and circulation of information.", "quote": "Snopes.com is a popular fact-checking site that determines the accuracy of popular email forwards, viral videos, trending social media topics, and memes in addition to “fake news” stories...", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Société typographique de Neuchâtel", "aliases": ["Société Typographique de Neuchâtel", "Société typographique de Neuchâtel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "commercial interests", "free press", "free speech", "illegal trade", "intellectual dissemination", "profit motive", "public morals", "state control resistance", "subversive content distribution"], "topics": ["censorship", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["18th century", "18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in widespread clandestine and pirated publication and distribution of 'philosophic and scandalous works', including pornographic materials, to evade state censorship. This activity was later severely damaged by government decrees.", "quote": "highly subversive works of scandal and political pornography were pumped into the Bourbon realm by entrepreneurial extra-territorial publisher-wholesalers such as the Swiss-based Société typographique de Neuchâtel [hereafter STN].", "page": "23", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Acted as an extra-territorial publisher-wholesaler, circulating thousands of clandestine, pirated, and unlicensed works, including pornographic and scandalous political libelles, actively challenging state control over print.", "quote": "highly subversive works of scandal and political pornography were pumped into the Bourbon realm by entrepreneurial extra-territorial publisher-wholesalers such as the Swiss-based Société typographique de Neuchâtel [hereafter STN].", "page": "23", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}, {"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "It was a central entity in the book trade, where booksellers communicated regarding the circulation and availability of books, navigating diverse censorship regulations across different Italian states.", "quote": "Comme l'observait Francesca Guarinoni Rondi, femme du libraire de Bergame Giuseppe Rondi, en écrivant à la Société Typographique de Neuchâtel: L'Italie est un pays où il y a mille risques et mille rigueurs imprévus, tantôt on vend librement, tantôt est défendue même une histoire littéraire...", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}, {"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This printing and publishing house was involved in the transnational book trade, facilitating the printing and distribution of Raynal's controversial works, including censored editions.", "quote": "Clément Plomteux... avait donné au moins deux éditions de la Révolution de l'Amérique, dont il fait état dans sa correspondance avec la Société typographique de Neuchâtel dès la fin du mois de juin 1781", "page": "13", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Syrian Archive", "aliases": ["Syrian Archive", "The Syrian Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Colombia", "Germany", "Global", "Honduras", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "Thailand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "historical preservation", "human rights", "international law", "justice", "legal preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderazione censura", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Tate-space on YouTube: Ambient ideology and the limits of platform moderation", "author": "B Rieder, B August, B Latil", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Works to preserve evidence of human rights violations and war crimes, and has identified instances where automated content moderation systems on platforms like YouTube erroneously removed crucial documentation of these crimes.", "quote": "The Syrian Archive, a project that aims to preserve evidence of human rights violations and other crimes committed during the conflict in Syria for the purposes of advocacy, justice, and accountability, has found that videos documenting war crimes were removed from YouTube.", "page": "41", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448251409209", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on social media platforms and examples from various countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, USA, Germany, Italy, Thailand, Syria, UK, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A project dedicated to preserving evidence of human rights violations and war crimes, whose documented videos have been removed from platforms like YouTube due to automated content moderation, leading to the loss of crucial evidence.", "quote": "The Syrian Archive, a project that aims to preserve evidence of human rights violations and other crimes committed during the conflict in Syria for the purposes of advocacy, justice, and accountability, has found that videos documenting war crimes were removed from YouTube.", "page": "41", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors the disappearance of online content, proactively crawls platforms, and scrapes relevant content to preserve documentation related to human rights violations.", "quote": "A few groups, including the Syrian Archive, employ or are developing tools to proactively crawl platforms and scrape relevant content.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "«Deplatforming», l'attacco a Capitol Hill e la nuova sfera pubblica privatizzata", "author": "P Di Salvo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collects and archives social media content documenting potential violations of international law, and denounces platforms like YouTube for removing such fundamental legal and historical evidence through automated moderation systems.", "quote": "Una denuncia simile, ad esempio, è pervenuta da Syrian Archive⁴, un'organizzazione che si occupa di raccogliere e archiviare contenuti social che documentano potenziali violazioni delle leggi internazionali e che ha denunciato come l'algoritmo di YouTube abbia rimosso contenuti fondamentali in termini legali e storici...", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1405/102368", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms, USA, Palestine, Syria", "when": "2016-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tech Coalition", "aliases": ["Tech Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Industry consortium", "NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "platform accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched a voluntary framework for transparency reporting about platform efforts to combat child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA).", "quote": "For instance, the Tech Coalition launched a voluntary framework for transparency reporting about platform efforts to combat online child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA).", "page": "296", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched a voluntary framework for transparency reporting focused on platform efforts to combat online child sexual exploitation and abuse.", "quote": "The Tech Coalition launched a voluntary framework for transparency reporting about platform efforts to combat online child sexual exploitation and abuse (CSEA).", "page": "323", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates a research fund to support studies on online safety, content moderation, and child protection, thereby contributing to the development of improved practices and policies within the technology industry.", "quote": "This paper is part of the N-Light project funded by the Safe Online Initiative of End Violence and the Tech Coalition through the Tech Coalition Safe Online Research Fund (Grant number: 21-EVAC-0008-Technological University Dublin).", "page": "18", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Focuses on mitigating online child exploitation, providing a specialized group for federated platforms to engage with regarding this specific harm.", "quote": "Commonly cited examples of these groups include... specialized groups like the Tech Coalition (an organization focused on mitigating online child exploitation).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The American Legion", "aliases": ["American Legion", "The American Legion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Italy", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "national identity", "national security", "patriotism", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was permitted by a private entity (Lloyd Center) to conduct activities and distribute materials, indicating the private entity's selective content policies.", "quote": "...permettendo le attività della American legion, della Salvation Army, dei Volunteers of America e dei candidati presidenziali di entrambi i principali partiti, dall'altra vietando le manifestazioni della March of Dimes e della Hadassah.", "page": "8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}, {"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Exerted private pressure on employers and publishers during the McCarthy era to sanction individuals identified as 'communist sympathizers,' contributing to blacklists and indirect censorship.", "quote": "...from a desire of those intermediaries to avoid pressure on the part of the American Legion, the Catholic Church, and large numbers of concerned citizens for whom radical associations were a sign of disloy-alty.", "page": "35", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}, {"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support for censorship efforts against comics, contributing to public pressure.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the Gen- eral Federation of Women's Clubs, the American Legion, the Junior Cham- ber of Commerce, even the radical sociologist C. Wright Mills, but there were also a few detractors.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support to censorship campaigns against comics, aligning with groups advocating for content control.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the... American Legion...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "The Coral Project", "aliases": ["The Coral Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Perspective API", "Reddit", "Voat", "online news platforms"], "norms": ["community building", "media integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Developed an open-source commenting platform (Coral Talk) that integrates Perspective API for real-time user warnings and backend moderation, demonstrating 'AI-assisted human moderation' and promoting transparency in AI use.", "quote": "One example is Coral Talk, an open source commenting platform designed by The Coral Project that was bought in early 2019 by Vox Media... Perspective API is a part of that system, both for real-time user warnings and backend moderation.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-based System to Assist Reddit Moderators", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Gandhi, Chaitrali; Mustelier, Matthew Wortley; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The Coral Project develops open-source tools aimed at facilitating online community moderation, serving as an example of a moderation system that does not rely on AI.", "quote": "Though moderation systems have been developed in the past, they are either completely proprietary... or they are not supported by AI (e.g., Twitter Blocklists [27], The Coral Project⁵, HeartMob [8], and SquadBox [47]).", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359276", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provided valuable inputs to the research on online moderation, indicating its role in developing tools or strategies for improving online discourse and community health.", "quote": "We thank the social computing group at Georgia Tech, the Coral Project, Nate Matias and the Media Lab workshop for their valuable inputs that improved this work.", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}, {"title": "Discussing the Value of Automatic Hate Speech Detection in Online Debates", "author": "Köffer, Sebastian; Riehle, Dennis M; Höhenberger, Steffen; Becker, Jörg", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A collaborative effort that brings together news organizations, developers, and researchers to develop tools and strategies aimed at improving online comment sections and fostering better communities around journalism.", "quote": "The Coral Project¹² where New York Times, Washington Post, developers, and researchers team up to \"build better communities around their journalism\"\" is the prime example.\"", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German online news platforms", "when": "2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "The Global Network on Extremism and Technology", "aliases": ["Global Network on Extremism and Technology", "The Global Network on Extremism and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "Learned/scientific society / AI safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["contextual moderation", "counter-extremism", "counter-terrorism", "extremism", "hate speech", "moderation efficacy", "moderation nuance", "national security", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["content moderator", "modération censure", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "GIFCT’s academic arm; connects industry to global experts and perspectives; offers global insights for research and practitioner communities; highlights regional trends; deepens understanding of threats.", "quote": "the Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET), GIFCT’s academic arm, connects industry to global experts and perspectives and offers global insights for the research and practitioner communities.", "page": "139", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "GIFCT’s academic arm, connecting industry to global experts and offering insights for research and practitioner communities to deepen understanding of threats.", "quote": "The Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET), GIFCT’s academic arm, connects industry to global experts and perspectives and offers global insights for the research and practitioner communities.", "page": "166", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Moderating Synthetic Content: the Challenge of Generative AI", "author": "Fisher, Sarah A.; Howard, Jeffrey W.; Kira, Beatriz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Discusses and researches examples of harmful AI-generated content, such as hate speech imagery, thereby raising awareness and contributing to the discourse on online harm mitigation.", "quote": "This image is discussed in an article by The Global Network on Extremism and Technology: https://gnet-research.org/2023/11/13/for-the-lulz-ai-generated-subliminal-hate-is-a-new-challenge-in-the-fight-against-online-harm/.", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-024-00818-9", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary platform era (2020s)"}, {"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides constant insight briefings and knowledge resources to facilitate moderation teams' understanding of the context of terrorism and violent extremism, aiding in the application of GIFCT tools and nuanced moderation practices.", "quote": "This is why the work of the Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET), with its constant insight briefings, as well as the Knowledge Sharing Platform run by Tech Against Terrorism, are important to support. These tools and resources give platforms the action-oriented insights and context to apply GIFCT tools.", "page": "21", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Heritage Foundation", "aliases": ["The Heritage Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Google Search"], "norms": ["anti-labor", "conservative values", "democratic integrity", "economic interests", "economic policy", "education policy", "election security", "ideological purity", "narrative control", "political influence", "public policy"], "topics": ["censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "19th–20th century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes content, such as a 'Voter Fraud Map,' which identifies instances of alleged election fraud and vulnerabilities, potentially sowing doubt in the election's integrity.", "quote": "Voter Fraud Map: Election Fraud Database | The Heritage Explore a sampling of recent proven instances of election fraud from across the country. The database is intended to demonstrate the vulnerabilities in the ...", "page": "3", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}, {"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This conservative think tank funds and disseminates academic studies with pre-determined conservative conclusions to the media and public, aiming to shape public policy discourse and ensure that certain ideas prevail.", "quote": "Dr. Edwin Feulner, of the Heritage Foundation – the public-policy area “is awash with in-depth academic studies” that have the proper conclusions.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}, {"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces daily email briefings (\"Morning Bell\"\") with news recaps and links to full stories", "quote": "Conservative ideas.", "page": "Produced by the Heritage Foundation, this daily email arrives in his inbox by 7:00 am and contains a recap of yesterday's newsworthy events with links to the full stories in The Daily Signal.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Actively supports school critics, influences educational issues by publishing newsletters and circulating information to reduce federal funds for educational projects, and campaigns against labor.", "quote": "The Heritage Foundation will be remembered by some educa-' tors for its active support of school critics, i awha County.22 IHowever, later ,developments suggest thei influe et will become more pervagive; the Board of Advisors and staf are politically crienced and capable of influencing issues.", "page": "97", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Foundation", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic inquiry", "academic research", "community benefit", "diversity and inclusion", "education", "online well-being", "scientific integrity", "trust", "trust and safety", "user safety", "user trust", "worker well-being"], "topics": ["moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs and multidisciplinary research, including funding research in non-Western contexts.", "quote": "TSF will focus on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs and multidisciplinary research.", "page": "14", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs and multidisciplinary research; acted as a fiscal sponsor for the Internet Education Foundation; runs research collaboratives and supports community-rooted research.", "quote": "TSF will focus on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs and multidisciplinary research.", "page": "14", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs, multidisciplinary research, acts as a fiscal sponsor, and leads research collaboratives.", "quote": "TSF will focus on improving society’s understanding of trust and safety through educational programs and multidisciplinary research.", "page": "41", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides support for initiatives and professionals working in content moderation and online safety.", "quote": "I am a founding board member of the Trust & Safety Professional Association (for content moderation professionals) and the Trust & Safety Foundation.", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Trust and Safety Council", "aliases": ["Twitter Trust and Safety Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Douyin"], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "harm reduction", "online safety", "safety", "transparency", "user safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["media moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Social media influencer and source credibility: Endorsing content moderation on Douyin", "author": "R He, H Tian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This body brought together user community groups, NGOs, and academics to provide input and contribute to improving content moderation products and policies on the Twitter platform.", "quote": "The Twitter Trust and Safety Council has brought together user community groups, NGOs, and academics to contribute to improving CM products and policies, though information about their specific contributions was limited.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20974", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Douyin, China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A group of non-profit organizations tasked with addressing bullying and harassment on Twitter, acting as an internal self-regulatory initiative with external input.", "quote": "Twitter's Trust and Safety Council—a group of non-profit organizations tasked with addressing bullying and harassment on the service—is one such initiative.", "page": "6", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as an advisory body, providing expert advice to Twitter on potential policies and proposals aimed at addressing online abuse and enhancing content moderation practices.", "quote": "TWITTER, cuyo Consejo de Confianza y Seguridad brinda asesoramiento sobre posibles propuestas sobre abuso en línea.", "page": "45", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A company-initiated body that brings together community groups, civil society organizations, and academics to provide input on Twitter's safety products, policies, and programs.", "quote": "Twitter Trust and Safety Council', which brings together about fifty community groups, civil society organisations, and a handful of academics with the company's stated goal of providing \"input on our safety products", "page": "policies", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "University of Paris", "aliases": ["University of Paris"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Low Countries", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic authority", "academic conformity", "academic standards", "cultural preservation", "educational standards", "intellectual control", "public order", "religious authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur", "censorship", "censure", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["13th century", "16th century", "16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "L'encyclopédie comme programme éducatif chez Pierre Ramus: conjonction ou réduction", "author": "MD Couzinet", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The University, through its rector, enforced existing statutes and pedagogical norms, which Ramus challenged in his efforts to reform the teaching of philosophy and other arts.", "quote": "Ramus utilise le terme d'enkuklios païdeia... où il fait appel auprès du Parlement contre le recteur de l'Université de Paris qui l'avait rappelé à l'observance des statuts, en défendant sa manière d'enseigner la philosophie...", "page": "72", "url": "https://epistemocritique.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/5-Marie-Dominique-Couzinet.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "16th-17th century"}, {"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Was mandated to execute the expurgation of Erasmus's works dealing with religion, as required by the Roman Index of 1564, and had already mentioned Erasmus's books in its own indexes since 1544.", "quote": "L'index réclame l'expurgation des œuvres traitant de la religion, tâche qui doit être exécutée par l'Université de Paris ou de Louvain.", "page": "2", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The University, particularly its Faculty of Arts, promulgated statutes and required oaths from masters and bachelors. These measures aimed to control teaching content by forbidding purely theological questions, mandating the resolution of philosophical issues in favor of faith, and requiring bachelors to teach 'sound doctrine' and report suspicious teachings to authorities.", "quote": "la majorité de la Faculté des Arts promulgua un important statut. Après leur avoir interdit d'affronter des questions strictement théologiques, la Faculté ordonnait à ses maîtres et bacheliers de toujours résoudre en faveur de la foi chaque problème philosophique théologiquement significatif et leur imposait une dramatique alternative: ils auraient dû réfuter tous les arguments et les textes contraires au credo chrétien, ou bien les déclarer absolument faux et totalement erronés.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}, {"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Nominally served as the principal governmental organ for supervising the press in Paris, controlling the book trade, and authorizing book production through its twenty-four authorized booksellers.", "quote": "Until the second decade of the seventeenth century, the publishing industry of Paris had no legal status other than as an adjunct of the University. Printers and booksellers steadfastly opposed any change which might affect their privileges.", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "William and Flora Hewlett Foundation", "aliases": ["William and Flora Hewlett Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "private philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter", "YouTube", "online news comment sections"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "environmental protection", "public education", "public understanding", "social welfare"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "modération des médias", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Exploring Content Moderation Research: Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis", "author": "O Ozan, AR Sadıkzade", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides funding for academic research related to content moderation, contributing to the scholarly understanding and output in the field.", "quote": "William and Flora Hewlett Foundation is listed as a funding organization with 2 publications and 24 total citations.", "page": "9", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gxAXEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA186&dq=mod%C3%A9ration+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=-x9gXt7O0J&sig=lRjuSeQKDbP_WB9UWYMiip8-OQU", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global academic discourse on content moderation", "when": "2016-2023"}, {"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from... the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}, {"title": "(Re)Claiming Our Expertise: Parsing Large Text Corpora With Manually Validated and Organic Dictionaries", "author": "Muddiman, Ashley; McGregor, Shannon C.; Stroud, Natalie Jomini", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the research, aiding in the development of a methodology for content analysis of political communication.", "quote": "This work was supported by the Democracy Fund, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Solutions Journalism Network.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1517843", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, social media (Twitter)", "when": "2007-2016"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1966", "mechanism": "The foundation disburses large grant budgets (~$631M in 2024) to research institutions, civil society, and initiatives (e.g., Cyber Initiative) that produce research, policy recommendations, and capacity-building affecting platform governance debates and practices.", "quote": "The foundation's core mission is broad philanthropy, but it has funded initiatives and grantees related to cyber policy, democracy, misinformation, and related research affecting platform governance (e.g., Cyber Initiative: 2014-2023).", "page": "", "url": "https://hewlett.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "World Economic Forum", "aliases": ["World Economic Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "other"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "New Zealand", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["global governance", "harm reduction", "national security", "public discourse governance", "public interest", "regulatory framework", "risk management"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderação censura", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 4, "papers": [{"title": "Préface. L'esprit scientifique et le péril scientiste", "author": "L Mucchielli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The WEF is mentioned in the context of interlocking directorates, where a board member of Pfizer and president of Thomson Reuters also served on a WEF committee in 2020, implying its role in a nexus that influenced political and industrial narratives during the Covid crisis.", "quote": "Rappelons par exemple que l'agence internationale de presse Thomson Reuters était présidée en 2020 par James Smith, qui cumulait depuis six ans cet emploi avec celui de membre du conseil d'administration de Pfizer, tout en étant également membre d'un comité du Forum économique mondial (WEF).", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05511009/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western countries", "when": "2020-2026"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Highlights global risks, including the impact of false information on society, contributing to global discourse on the issue.", "quote": "O impacto das informações falsas, aliás, é um dos perigos modernos para a sociedade, conforme assinalado pelo Fórum Econômico Mundial (Kumar; Shah, 2018, p. 1).", "page": "33", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Promotes 'participatory regulation' and publishes reports and toolkits (e.g., 'Agile Regulation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution') to influence governance and policy-making for digital platforms and cybersecurity.", "quote": "To this end, in the spirit of “participatory regulation” promoted by the World Economic Forum (2020), the Commission will orchestrate an institutional ecosystem of compliance and enforcement with regulated gatekeepers, their business users, end users and civil society more broadly.", "page": "122", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published a report framing discrimination in machine learning as a human rights issue and is continuing its council to address the future of human rights, while developing a project to prepare civil society for the challenges of digital and emerging technologies like AI.", "quote": "The WEF is continuing its council to address the future of human rights and developing a project on preparing civil society to respond to the challenges of digital and emerging technologies such as Al.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#Ichbinhier", "aliases": ["#Ichbinhier", "#ichbinhier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective / social movement", "community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitch", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["civility", "constructive discourse", "deliberation", "discourse quality", "freedom of expression", "hate speech", "pluralism", "public morals", "rationality"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Intervenes in comments that disseminate hate on internet platforms to reduce their persuasive impact, acting as a form of counter-speech and public pressure against harmful content.", "quote": "OLIVA e ANTONIALLI citam o movimento alemão #Ichbinhier (ou “#Euestouaqui”), grupo que tem por objetivo intervir sobre comentários que disseminam ódio em plataformas na Internet, o que reduz seu impacto persuasivo (2018, p. 38).", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A German collective counterspeech effort that contributes comments to online discussions, aiming to establish and reaffirm deliberative discourse norms and improve the quality of online conversations through active intervention.", "quote": "For this study, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of a German collective counterspeech effort called #ichbinhier (“I am here”).", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Estratégias de enfrentamento ao discurso de ódio na Internet: o caso alemão", "author": "TD Oliva, DM Antonialli", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This Facebook group organizes its members to intervene in online discussions by posting positive comments, interacting with other positive comments to increase their visibility, and reporting hate speech. They also collectively support members who are targeted by hate speech, aiming to reduce the negative impact of hate speech through counter-discourse.", "quote": "Para fazê-lo, podem (i) identificar manifestações de ódio na plataforma, comentá-las e compartilhar seu(s) comentário(s) no grupo; (ii) interagir de forma positiva com comentários feitos por outros membros do grupo (com \"curtidas” ou “amei”", "page": "por exemplo); ou (iii) reportar ao Facebook posts com conteúdo de ódio que violem leis ou causem danos a pessoas.\"", "url": "https://internetlab.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/2656-9242-1-PB.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Germany, European Union, Internet platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically 2016-2017"}]}, {"name": "#jagärhär", "aliases": ["#jagärhär"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "Community/collective / social movement", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "India", "Italy", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitch", "Twitter", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "civil discourse", "civility", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A volunteer collective that engages in collective counter-speech on social media, identifying hate content and responding to influence online discourse and norms.", "quote": "For example, the Sweden-based group, #jagärhär (“I am here”), consists of “thousands of people who have made a regular practice of responding en masse to what they regard as hateful comments online” as a form of collective counter-speech.", "page": "59", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Swedish-founded and organized collective effort to respond directly to online hatred by counterspeaking, strategically leveraging platform algorithms, and influencing ideas and discourse norms among the general public.", "quote": "This is a detailed account of #jagärhar, one of the largest and best-organized collective efforts to respond directly to hatred online anywhere in the world. Founded in Sweden, it has been replicated in more than a dozen other countries.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Served as a model for the German #ichbinhier group, engaging in online counterspeech to improve civility of discourse on social media.", "quote": "The Facebook group #ichbinhier was founded by Hannes Ley in December 2016 with the aim of improving the civility of discourse on Facebook, modelled after the Swedish group #jagärhär.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "(various unnamed organizations)", "aliases": ["(various unnamed organizations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "trade association", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "free speech", "fundamental rights", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Criticized the NetzDG law for being disproportionate and promoting private censorship on the internet, arguing it infringes on fundamental rights.", "quote": "Esta norma fue objeto de un gran número de controversias y críticas, y ha sido tildada de desproporcionada, inadecuada y promotora de la censura privada en Intenet por las organizaciones defensoras de los derechos fundamentales en línea.", "page": "100", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in a coalition to elaborate Codes of Good Practices for fighting disinformation in cooperation with online platforms and civil society organizations.", "quote": "y propone la creación de una coalición que represente a las organizaciones de medios de comunicación, a las plataformas online y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil con experiencia en el fact-checking o contrastación de hechos, es decir, una alianza que involucre a todas las partes interesadas de los sectores pertinentes durante el proceso.", "page": "179", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Collaborated in a coalition to elaborate Codes of Good Practices for fighting disinformation, bringing expertise in fact-checking and content verification.", "quote": "y propone la creación de una coalición que represente a las organizaciones de medios de comunicación, a las plataformas online y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil con experiencia en el fact-checking o contrastación de hechos, es decir, una alianza que involucre a todas las partes interesadas de los sectores pertinentes durante el proceso.", "page": "179", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques", "aliases": ["Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques", "Académie des Sciences morales et politiques", "Académie des sciences morales et politiques"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["good governance", "human nature", "natural rights", "political ideology", "political philosophy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation", "modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "19th century", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Léon Aucoc, praticien et théoricien du droit administratif", "author": "F Blancpain", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This learned society served as a significant intellectual forum where prominent figures like Frédéric Blancpain presented and published their views on administrative law, political philosophy, and social issues. Through these presentations and their subsequent publication, the Academy contributed to shaping and solidifying intellectual norms and engaging in the intellectual moderation of public discourse.", "quote": "adherence to a Catholic-conservative worldview", "page": "specific views on state intervention.\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/43847987", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Provided a platform for intellectual and political recognition; individuals like Alexis de Tocqueville devoted time to securing election.", "quote": "Alexis de Tocqueville was by no means alone in devoting considerable time and energy to securing election to the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques and the Académie Française, nor in seeking to block the election of his rivals.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}, {"title": "Tocqueville's Paradoxical Moderation", "author": "Craiutu, Aurelian", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This learned society served as a forum where Tocqueville presented his 'new science of politics,' aimed at distinguishing the 'art of government' from the 'science of government,' thereby influencing intellectual discourse and norm-setting for wise and moderated governance in a democratic age.", "quote": "Addressing the members of the Academy of Moral and Political Science in Paris, he drew a seminal distinction between the art of government and the science of government. ... The science of government, concluded Tocqueville, is a powerful science that forms around each society an intellectual atmosphere in which everyone breathes and from which both citizens and their representatives derive their principles of behavior.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0034670500035646/type/journal_article", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "France, America", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "ACLU Foundation of Northern California", "aliases": ["ACLU Foundation of Northern California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "free speech", "rule of law", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (2018), and participated in their review process.", "quote": "Principios de Santa Clara por Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas en Moderación de Contenido. Autoría: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, New America's Open Technology Institute", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for greater transparency and accountability in content moderation, co-drafting and promoting principles for platforms.", "quote": "ACLU Foundation of Northern California et al, The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (7 May 2018)", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Jointly developed the 'Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation' with academic and civil society researchers, providing minimum standards for implementing content moderation goals.", "quote": "ACLU Foundation of Northern California et al, \"The Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation\"\" (7 May 2018)\"", "page": "53", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "African National Congress", "aliases": ["African National Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Indonesia", "Middle East", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-apartheid", "anti-misinformation", "cultural preservation", "democratic integrity", "equality", "harm reduction", "national sovereignty", "professional honour", "public morals", "racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century", "20th–21st century", "Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Fear of Art: How Censorship Becomes Iconoclasm", "author": "Freedberg, David", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organized public demonstrations and initiated lawsuits to suppress the display and reproduction of a controversial artwork, framing it as an insult to presidential dignity and traditional values.", "quote": "At this critical juncture, the controversy over Brett Murray's painting enabled the ANC to organize public demonstrations of support for Zuma himself, in which alleged pornography became ever more deeply a matter of Realpolitik.", "page": "24", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/923115", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various (Europe, Middle East, South Africa)", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}, {"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "At the center of the opposition to apartheid, declaring aims to replace minority rule with democratic self-government through its Freedom Charter, and advocating for political change.", "quote": "The African National Congress (ANC) was at the center of this effort. Backed by its well-known Freedom Charter, the ANC’s declared aim was to replace 'all bodies of minority rule, advisory boards, councils and authorities' with 'democratic organs of self-government' (African National Congress 1955).", "page": "78", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Advocated for trade sanctions and divestment against South Africa, influencing public opinion and policy outcomes through the statements of its spokesmen.", "quote": "Nobel laureate Desmond Tutu and Rev. Allen Boesak, spokesmen for the African National Congress, and Black American antiapartheid activists repeatedly said so.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Airwars", "aliases": ["Airwars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Honduras", "Libya", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "Syria", "United States", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors human rights-related content and documents its removal from online platforms, highlighting the instability and vulnerability of the digital ecosystem for such information.", "quote": "“Censorship by platforms is just one part of a broader issue,” said a representative of the monitoring group Airwars, which found that 50% of its sources were “lost from the online terrain within the first year.\"\"", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organization that tracks international airstrikes and their impact on civilians; some of its videos documenting war crimes were removed by platforms, raising concerns about content moderation's impact on human rights evidence.", "quote": "organizações de direitos humanos, como a Airwars, organização baseada em Londres que rastreia ataques aéreos internacionais e o seu impacto em civis, tiveram vídeos removidos...", "page": "162", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a London-based organisation tracking international airstrikes and civilian impact, it reportedly experienced temporary removal of its videos by platforms, illustrating the risks of overblocking for human rights evidence.", "quote": "Other media groups, such as Kumait, and human rights organisations, such as Airwars, a London-based organisation that tracks international airstrikes and their impact on civilians, reportedly had videos temporarily removed.", "page": "26", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Al-Nour Party", "aliases": ["Al-Nour Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender roles", "religious conservatism", "religious doctrine", "religious law", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that actively participated in the 2011/12 and 2015 parliamentary elections, driven by strategic calculus to voice its ultra-conservative agenda. It adopted a pragmatic and tactical approach, notably urging voters to support the 2014 Constitutional Referendum, enabling its survival and securing seats under al-Sisi's regime despite its ultra-orthodox views.", "quote": "Salafi parties, meanwhile, reconfirm that a clear distinction is needed between strategic moderation and ideological moderation. Their participation in pre- and post-coup parliamentary elections is rooted in a strategic calculus that allows them to voice their ultra-conservative socio-religious views and agenda in a public manner.", "page": "13", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}, {"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Competed with the MB/FJP in parliamentary elections, leading the MB to adapt its electoral strategy by appealing more to conservative, religiously-minded voters on its \"right flank.\"\"\"", "quote": "The unexpected success of the new Salafi Al-Nour party, which came in second behind the FJP in parliamentary elections, forced the MB to focus on its right flank rather than ideologically centrist voters.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}, {"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a Salafi political party, it entered the Islamist political marketplace, competing with the Muslim Brotherhood by accusing them of 'compromising religious ideals,' which contributed to Ikhwan's de-moderation, and achieved significant electoral success.", "quote": "Apart from the political wing of al-Dawah al-Salafiyah, Hizb al-Nour, which gained its official status in June 2011, the Islamist marketplace was soon contended by other parties... al-Nour did not refrain from exploiting Ikhwan's milder tone to accuse it of 'compromising religious ideals,' which helped it finish the 2011-2012 parliamentary elections in second place.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "All Tech is Human", "aliases": ["All Tech Is Human", "All Tech is Human"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "responsible tech non-profit / community network"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "AI safety", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "harm reduction", "responsible innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that convenes researchers and practitioners from a multitude of domains committed to reducing risks and harms from technology.", "quote": "Professionals can also exchange knowledge through professional networks and associations, like the Trust & Safety Professional Association, the Integrity Institute, or All Tech is Human...", "page": "262", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Convenes researchers and practitioners from a multitude of domains committed to reducing risks and harms from technology.", "quote": "Professionals can also exchange knowledge through professional networks and associations, like the Trust & Safety Professional Association, the Integrity Institute, or All Tech is Human, where researchers and practitioners from a multitude of domains committed to reducing risks and harms from technology convene.", "page": "269", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Convenes global summits and livestreams, publishes the Responsible Tech Guide and white papers, and forms partnerships (e.g., with Thorn and tech companies) to promote GenAI safety principles and shape industry practices.", "quote": "Core mission and activities center on Responsible Tech, Responsible AI, Trust & Safety and convening actors to influence tech/platform governance (summits, guides, industry partnerships).", "page": "", "url": "https://alltechishuman.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Allen Institute for AI", "aliases": ["Allen Institute for AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM", "LLM-based guard models", "MLLM"], "norms": ["AI safety", "ai alignment", "ai safety", "harmful content prevention", "open development", "reliability", "risk mitigation"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "MULTIGUARD: An Efficient Approach for AI Safety Moderation Across Languages and Modalities", "author": "S Verma, K Hines, J Bilmes, C Siska…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops and releases open-source AI models and tools for safety moderation, such as the WildGuard model, which aims to provide comprehensive tools for addressing safety risks, jailbreaks, and refusals in LLMs.", "quote": "WildGuard (Han et al., 2024) allenai/wildguard", "page": "5", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.819/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "LLMs and MLLMs", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "WILDGUARD: Open One-stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMs", "author": "Han, Seungju; Rao, Kavel; Ettinger, Allyson; Jiang, Liwei; Lin, Bill Yuchen; Lambert, Nathan; Choi, Yejin; Dziri, Nouha", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developing and publicly releasing open-source AI safety moderation tools (WILDGUARD) and comprehensive datasets (WILDGUARDMIX) to promote the development of safer LLM applications.", "quote": "With the public release of the WILDGUARD models and WILDGUARDMIX datasets, our research promotes the open and reliable future development of LLM safety moderation toolkits, paving the way toward safer LLM applications.", "page": "10", "url": "proceedings.neurips.cc", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "LLM systems, AI alignment and safety", "when": "post-2020 AI era"}, {"title": "On calibration of LLM-based guard models for reliable content moderation", "author": "H Liu, H Huang, X Gu, H Wang, Y Wang", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and provides LLM-based guard models, specifically WildGuard, which are described as 'open one-stop moderation tools for safety risks, jailbreaks, and refusals of llms'.", "quote": "Wildguard: Open one-stop moderation tools for safety risks, jailbreaks, and refusals of llms.", "page": "4", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10414", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / LLM-based guard models", "when": "contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "American Jewish Congress", "aliases": ["American Jewish Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "religious freedom", "rule of law", "secular governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries", "1960s–1980s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Intervened as amicus curiae in the Edmondson case, urging the court to dismiss criminal charges against a hate-monger to safeguard free speech and prevent the extension of criminal law.", "quote": "These briefs, while denouncing the defendant's act, nevertheless in order to safeguard free speech and free press asked the court to dismiss the charges. These groups pointed out that it is wiser to bear with the hatemonger than to extend the criminal law so that in future it might become too oppressive.", "page": "755", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}, {"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Acted as an amicus curiae in Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, arguing for the protection of movies with religious themes from censorship, thereby advocating for broader freedom of expression.", "quote": "Burstyn and his amici, the American Civil Liberties Union and the American Jewish Congress, argued.", "page": "73", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Criticized a Reagan administration proposal to use a Christian broadcast network for an anti-drug education program, deeming it unconstitutional due to religious singling out.", "quote": "a proposal that the American Jewish Congress criticized as unconstitutionally singling out one religion or church.", "page": "189", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "American Psychiatric Association", "aliases": ["American Psychiatric Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Zoo Town"], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "professional standards", "public health", "scientific consensus", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1890, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological impacts of content moderation on content moderators: A qualitative study", "author": "Spence, Ruth; Bifulco, Antonia; Bradbury, Paula; Martellozzo, Elena; DeMarco, Jeffrey", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishes and publishes diagnostic criteria for mental health disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which are used to classify and understand the psychological impacts experienced by content moderators.", "quote": "Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a disorder that can develop after exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence either directly, through experiencing or witnessing the event, or experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s). It is marked by intrusion, avoidance, negative symptoms and hyperarousal (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).", "page": "3", "url": "https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/33166", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media and internet platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Identity, resistance and moderation in an online community of zoosexuals", "author": "PR Kavanaugh, RJ Maratea", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This professional body classifies zoophilia as a paraphilia within the realm of mental disorder, thereby influencing medical and social perceptions that pathologize zoosexual identity, even while noting it's not always a clinical problem.", "quote": "While the American Psychiatric Association (2000: 405) states “zoophilia is virtually never a clinically significant problem by itself,” its long-standing status as a paraphilia places it within the realm of mental disorder.", "page": "18", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363460715583585", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forum (Zoo Town), global, with focus on US/Canada/Europe", "when": "2004–2013"}, {"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Was targeted by gay rights activists protesting its 'historic persecution' and classifications of homosexuality, challenging its authority to define and medicalize sexual orientation.", "quote": "Gay men and lesbians fought back when police staged a harassing raid on the Stonewall bar and invaded meetings of the American Psychiatric Association to protest its historic persecution.", "page": "36", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "American Psychological Association", "aliases": ["American Psychological Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["BBS", "Digital media", "MOOs", "Usenet", "academic publishing", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["diversity", "equality", "ethical conduct", "ethical research", "human subject protection", "inclusion", "non-discrimination", "professional conduct", "professional standards", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Intelligenza Artificiale e Fake News: Analisi Linguistica, Gender Bias ed Etica nella comunicazione digitale dei media", "author": "JM Scilabra, D Russo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The association issues guidelines and a publication manual that include definitions of discriminatory and non-inclusive language, which are used by the study to establish criteria for identifying gender bias.", "quote": "dalle linee guida dell'American Psychological Association (APA 2020) e dai documenti dell'UNESCO (UNESCO 2019), che convergono nell'indicare come discriminatorio il linguaggio che svaluta direttamente individui o gruppi, e come non inclusivo quello che, pur senza insulti espliciti, opera un'esclusione semantica o simbolica.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10641005", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "digital media, UK and US", "when": "2024"}, {"title": "Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process", "author": "Strauss, Dana; Gran-Ruaz, Sophia; Osman, Muna; Williams, Monnica T.; Faber, Sonya C.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The APA has initiated recent efforts to address racism in publishing, including forming a working group for journal reporting guidelines on equity, diversity, inclusion, and justice in psychological science.", "quote": "The American Psychological Association's (APA) recent initiatives to address racism in publishing, including the formation of a new working group (American Psychological Association, 2022)", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120938/full", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary academic publishing in psychology, primarily USA and Canada", "when": "Contemporary (recent incidents, within 1.5 years of article publication)"}, {"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Establishing and issuing ethical guidelines for psychological research, including those on human subjects, which are proposed as a basis for ethical reporting in internet community research.", "quote": "The guidelines proposed are based on the American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for use of human subjects in research.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Antifa", "aliases": ["Antifa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "anti-racism", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in counter-rallies against white supremacists, actively opposing fascism and promoting social justice, sometimes engaging in direct action.", "quote": "members of anti-racist and anti-fascist social movements, some of whom support the use of direct action, most notably under the banners of Black Lives Matter (BLM) and Antifa.", "page": "223", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in online opposition to the far-right, including 'doxxing' to expose activists, and is targeted by state security agencies.", "quote": "Anti-fascist activists have also been opposing the far-right online. Notable examples include the anarchist, anti-fascist online community and network It’s Going Down...", "page": "57", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Perceived by conservatives as \"agitators\"\" who \"\"unconstitutionally\"\" disrupt events", "quote": "Anti-fascism (as per footnote, but the text focuses on conservative perception).", "page": "Black Lives Matter and Antifa, whatever, they are known to be agitators, just as the white supremacists are known to have a stance that probably doesn't agree with 90% of the American people...", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Archive of Our Own (AO3)", "aliases": ["Archive of Our Own (AO3)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "publishing industry"], "norms": ["accessibility", "attribution", "communal norms", "community ownership", "fandom authenticity", "inclusivity", "narrative integrity", "non-commercialism", "participatory culture", "self-governance", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Performing Censorship", "author": "MJ Johnson", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for fan works, where authors can engage with fandoms. The platform fosters communal norms, such as authenticity to canon, which are often policed by other fans through comments. Authors navigate whether to engage with fan suggestions or maintain control over their original story.", "quote": "The communal norms in fandoms are often to stay authentic to the canon, which can be interpreted in myriad ways and policed by other fans in comments across AO3, Fanfiction.net, Wattpad", "page": "40", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68134-9_4", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) and the publishing industry, primarily in the UK and US contexts.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2022-2024 for data collection)."}, {"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a 'fan-created, fan-run, non-profit, noncommercial archive for transformative fanworks,' AO3 allows its community to build their own spaces and set their own norms, in contrast to existing platforms.", "quote": "Casey Fiesler (2021) writes about Archive of Our Own (AO3), a \"fan-created", "page": "fan-run", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}, {"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Self-moderates through fan volunteers who designed and coded the platform, embedding community norms like crediting work directly into the platform's features to ensure inclusivity and accessibility.", "quote": "AO3 was designed and coded primarily by fan volunteers, most of whom were women, based on feedback from their community. It incorporates various custom-designed features for writing and filtering and tagging, with special attention paid to accessibility and inclusivity", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Aryan Nations", "aliases": ["Aryan Nations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-government", "antisemitism", "extremism", "hate speech", "racial separatism", "racial supremacy", "religious extremism", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Utilized early online bulletin-board systems (BBSes) to network with other white supremacists, circumventing national restrictions on hate literature.", "quote": "ADL published a report about far-right extremist organizations Aryan Nations and Liberty Bell Publishing using BBSes to network with other neo-Nazis and white supremacists in North America (ADL, 1985).", "page": "171", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Disseminated messages through traditional print media (magazines, newsletters) and early online systems (Liberty Net) to build a community and promote Christian Identity ideology.", "quote": "Aryan Nations disseminated its message primarily through its magazine Calling Our Nation, Aryan Nations Newsletter and prison newsletter The Way, as well as their annual Aryan World Congress.", "page": "42", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Spreads far-right views and white nationalism, contributing historically to the ideological predecessors of the alt-right through organized hate activities.", "quote": "...and the traditional white nationalism of groups like the Klan and the Aryan Nations. The term gained some traction upon Spencer’s creation of the website Alternative Right in 2010...", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence", "aliases": ["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM", "Reddit"], "norms": ["ai development", "ai ethics", "scientific discourse", "scientific integrity", "technological progress"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderation censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "AAAI organizes conferences and publishes research, including studies on AI ethics and societal impact, contributing to the broader academic discourse on AI alignment and behavior control.", "quote": "Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 13-26, Oct. 2024.", "page": "16", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Hosts conferences where research on AI, including holistic approaches to undesired content detection in real-world LLM systems, is presented and published.", "quote": "In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 37, pp. 15009–15018, 2023.", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}, {"title": "Let Community Rules Be Reflected in Online Content Moderation", "author": "Xin, Wangjiaxuan; Wang, Kanlun", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organizes conferences and publishes research proceedings, fostering the development and discussion of AI technologies, including those applied to content moderation.", "quote": "Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media", "page": "9", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2022"}]}, {"name": "Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR)", "aliases": ["Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society", "professional body / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "Twitch"], "norms": ["autonomy", "data privacy", "human subjects protection", "privacy protection", "research ethics", "research integrity"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops ethical guidelines for internet research, which establish norms for how researchers handle and present online data, including issues of privacy and consent related to user-generated content, indirectly influencing content management.", "quote": "The availability of social media posts demands new ways to protect participants' rights to privacy and consent (Association of Internet Researchers 2019).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Practicing Moderation: Community Moderation as Reflective Practice", "author": "Cullen, Amanda L. L.; Kairam, Sanjay R.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This association recommends ethical guidelines for online research, influencing how studies on online communities and moderation are conducted, particularly concerning participant privacy and autonomy.", "quote": "Finally, we followed the ethical guidelines for online research recommended by the Association of Internet Researchers [13], and we considered participant privacy and autonomy in a variety of ways.", "page": "25", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3512958", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Chaired an Ethics Working Group that released a report on ethical decision-making for Internet research, promoting guidelines for ethical research in online environments.", "quote": "Further evidence of the recognition and development of IRE came through the release of the Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR) Ethics Working Group’s report on Ethical Decision-Making and Internet Research...", "page": "291", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Atlantic Council", "aliases": ["Atlantic Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "policy think tank / foreign policy NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Southeast Asia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "digital resilience"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas no Marco Civil da Internet: a necessidade de uma responsabilidade progressiva baseada em riscos", "author": "DPN Dias, L Belli, N Zingales, W Gaspar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through its Digital Forensic Research Laboratory (DFRLab), it identified networks of accounts that engage in coordinated inauthentic behavior to manipulate public debate, thereby highlighting challenges for content moderation.", "quote": "Destaca-se o trabalho realizado pelo Atlantic Council, por meio de seu Digital Forensic Research Laboratory, para identificar redes de contas que se utilizam de comportamento coordenado e inautêntico para afetar o debate público.", "page": "17", "url": "https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/931", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Marco Civil da Internet)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically post-2014 MCI enactment)"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, internet, companhias tecnológicas ea disrupção silenciosa da democracia", "author": "LOR Freitas", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes reports focusing on disinformation and digital resilience in democracies, thereby informing policy debates and public understanding of online content issues.", "quote": "Segundo relatório publicado em 2019 pela Atlantic Council, intitulado “Desinformação em Democracias, fortalecendo a resiliência digital na América Latina”", "page": "11", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/3646", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global democracies and digital environments, with specific examples from Brazil, USA, Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000), drawing historical parallels to the 1930s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1961", "mechanism": "Produces policy reports and briefs, convenes high-level events and forums, and integrates research and expert networks to influence policymakers, industry and public debate on digital policy and platform governance.", "quote": "Runs technology-focused programs (Cyber Statecraft Initiative, Digital Forensic Research Lab, GeoTech Center) and publishes analysis on AI, disinformation, cybersecurity and digital policy that shape platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Australian Community Managers", "aliases": ["Australian Community Managers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community management", "community support", "ethical standards", "ethics", "labor protections", "professional development", "professional standards", "user safety", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A formal organisation for online community management professionals, providing training, resources, research, advocacy, and a Code of Ethics.", "quote": "I launched the first formal organisation for online community management professionals, Australian Community Managers (ACM)...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Formal organization for online community management professionals; develops communities of practice, codifies and certifies international standards; advocates for labor rights; produces State of Community Management Report; created a Code of Ethics for community managers.", "quote": "In 2008, inspired by Johnson and Newton, I launched the first formal organisation for online community management professionals, Australian Community Managers (ACM), in my home country of Australia.", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched to support online community management professionals, founded a national conference, created a Code of Ethics, and advocated for labor protections in the region.", "quote": "in 2008, inspired by Johnson and Newton, I launched the first formal organisation for online community management professionals, Australian Community Managers (ACM)... created a world-first Code of Ethics for community managers (Dawson, 2016), and worked with unions and government organisations to offer labour protections for professionals governing online spaces in the region.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "BBC Media Action", "aliases": ["BBC Media Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "international charity; media development organisation"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Television"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "democratic integrity", "freedom of expression"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in shaping media systems and interviewed for understanding terminology and strategies regarding online vitriol.", "quote": "in shaping media systems (e.g., Internews, BBC Media action, Albany Associates), or as increasingly critical elements emerging as a by-product of their commercial activities...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Television talk shows in Bangladesh: Public sphere challenges", "author": "ZR Arman, R Karim", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports that underscore the importance of media, including talk shows, in creating public forums for people's voices, thereby advocating for media's role in democratic participation and potentially influencing policy or public opinion regarding media freedom.", "quote": "As the parliament of Bangladesh does not always work properly, talk shows can create a forum to raise the people's voice (BBC Media Action, 2012).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahedur-Arman/publication/320298183_Television_Talk_Shows_in_Bangladesh_Public_sphere_challenges/links/59dc76b8458515e9ab4c6250/Television-Talk-Shows-in-Bangladesh-Public-sphere-challenges.pdf", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Television talk shows, Bangladesh", "when": "2000s–2010s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "BBC Media Action produces research and impact reports, runs large media and training programmes globally, partners with governments and foundations, and runs public initiatives (eg. Pursuit of Truth) to shape information environments and hold stakeholders to account.", "quote": "Core mission explicitly addresses misinformation, trust in media, and supporting public-interest media and journalists, engaging with information environments and digital platforms worldwide.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Black Lives Matter movement", "aliases": ["Black Lives Matter movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": ["Facebook", "LLM", "NLP", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accurate representation", "civil rights", "equity", "justice", "minority rights", "racial justice", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Used mobile phone imagery and networked technologies to gain international prominence and highlight police brutality, serving as evidence of injustice and circulating iconic photographs.", "quote": "The Black Lives Matter movement would not have gained such international prominence without mobile phone imagery and networked technologies. The fact that many of the cases of police brutality and murder became public knowledge in the first place due to mobile phone footage highlights how citizen-produced imagery is central to the cause.", "page": "39", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜", "author": "Bender, Emily M.; Gebru, Timnit; McMillan-Major, Angelina; Shmitchell, Shmargaret", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It influenced Wikipedia's article generation and editing, increasing coverage and reducing latency for articles on shootings of Black people, thereby shaping public narratives and information access.", "quote": "For instance, the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) influenced Wikipedia article generation and editing such that, as the BLM movement grew, articles covering shootings of Black people increased in coverage and were generated with reduced latency [135].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Natural Language Processing (NLP) and large language models (LMs)", "when": "2018-2021"}, {"title": "WHY DO PEOPLE SHARE FAKE NEWS? A SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL OF MEDIA EFFECTS", "author": "Marwick, Alice E", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Utilizes 'hashtag activism' to influence media coverage, increase public attention to police brutality, and challenge biased reporting, thereby exerting public pressure and enforcing norms on media narratives.", "quote": "The Black Lives Matter movement, for example, used hashtag activism to increase coverage of police brutality and bring attention to biased coverage of black victims.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Black Twitter", "aliases": ["Black Twitter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "community norms", "cultural identity", "free speech", "public discourse", "racial equality", "racial identity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A distinct digital network on Twitter that developed its own vocabulary, grammar, and interactional norms, originating and circulating practices like 'reading,' 'calling out,' and 'cancelling' for humor, entertainment, and social justice activism.", "quote": "The distinctiveness of Black Twitter arises from multiple elements: its participants, their practices, and the cultural and political significance of its content.", "page": "44", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a collective of primarily African-American users who organize around hashtags, forming a counterpublic for discourse, with hypothetical potential for volunteer moderation.", "quote": "Graham and Smith describe “Black Twitter”, the large number of primarily African-American users who organize around the hashtag “#BlackTwitter” and various other related hashtags, as a collective with some aspects of a counterpublic [41].", "page": "16", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Mediates \"Black cultural discourse\"\" and crafts a \"\"cultural commonplace\"\" through situated conversational practices", "quote": "Black cultural discourse, social and cultural identification.", "page": "Black Twitter—which André Brock calls “Twitter’s mediation of Black cultural discourse” (2012, 530)—in order to appropriate and decontextually display situated cultural conversations among Black Twitter participants.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "British National Party", "aliases": ["British National Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "political party", "social movement, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "islamophobia", "nationalism", "racial separatism", "white nationalism"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads white nationalist and separatist content, leading to bans from mainstream platforms such as Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook banned white nationalist and separatist content, which resulted in the removal of groups like Generation Identity, Wolves of Odin, the British National Party (BNP), the English Defence League (EDL) and Britain First as well as far-right influencers...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses online platforms to spread anti-immigrant and Islamophobic discourse, accusing critics of supporting 'jihadi rapists' to reinforce far-right animosity.", "quote": "In response to an article about prominent British celebrities signing an open letter calling for migrant children to be rescued from the Calais ‘jungle’, the British National Party reiterated this discourse more explicitly: “How many jihadi rapists will these hypocrites be welcoming into their homes…I bet a £ to a penny it will be none.”", "page": "99", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a far-Right political party, it blamed 'mass immigration' for a murder and contributed to anti-Muslim sentiment, representing an extremist position that stands in opposition to moderation.", "quote": "The reaction to Rigby's murder was more predictable, of course, amongst leaders of far Right political parties, with the British National Party blaming 'mass immigration' for the murder and the English Defence League (EDL) organizing anti-Muslim protests in London and elsewhere (cf. Jones et al., 2013).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Build Up", "aliases": ["Build Up"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "peacebuilding non-profit / digital peace organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-hate speech", "deliberative democracy", "intergroup harmony", "peace", "social cohesion", "youth protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025; CPDP2025; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Build Up publishes research and policy recommendations, provides the Phoenix analysis tool used by practitioners, and convenes the Build Peace conference to shape discourse and practice on digital conflict.", "quote": "Build Up develops policy recommendations, conducts research on digital conflict, and operates Phoenix, a social media analysis platform for peacebuilders, directly engaging with platform-related information flows and online polarization.", "page": "", "url": "https://howtobuildup.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides documented experiences and reports on how social media impacts conflict, with local peacebuilders suggesting flagging accounts promoting positive interaction and running projects to depolarize conversations and change attitudes towards hate speech.", "quote": "We also have the documented experiences of those living in conflict settings and how they relate to social media (Schirch ed., 2021; Hagey & Horwitz 2021; Build Up 2019; Build Up 2022).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Designing recommender systems to depolarize", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates 'The Commons' project, which utilizes automated messages to identify users for depolarizing conversations and connects them with human facilitators on social media.", "quote": "The Commons... uses automated messages (social media bots) to find people who want to engage in depolarizing conversations and then connects them to human facilitators (Build Up, 2019).", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, Global (with focus on USA)", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Business & Human Rights Resource Centre", "aliases": ["Business & Human Rights Resource Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "international NGO / monitoring and advocacy organisation", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile", "Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "corporate accountability", "free speech", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Defines and critiques 'SLAPPs' (strategic lawsuits against public participation) as an abuse of the legal system used to silence critical voices and create a 'chilling effect,' thereby advocating against legal harassment that curbs freedom of expression.", "quote": "Según el Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, estas formas de acoso “se hacen pasar por demandas ordinarias, pero en esencia constituyen un abuso del sistema legal\" (Zuloaga y Leoni 2022: 3) y también pueden tener un \"\"efecto paralizante” (2022: 5) inhibiendo a otras personas de denunciar o visibilizar situaciones de corrupción.\"", "page": "16", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, focusing on accountability of businesses regarding human rights in the digital sphere.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum; IGF 2025", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Publishes research and company trackers, operates a Company Response Mechanism to solicit and publicize company answers, and curates thematic hubs (e.g. Technology & Human Rights) used by policymakers, campaigns, and media.", "quote": "Publishes research, tracks over 10,000 companies, and runs Technology & Human Rights and Digital Freedom hubs addressing corporate and tech impacts on human rights and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.business-humanrights.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centro de Archivos y Acceso a la Información Pública (CAinfo)", "aliases": ["Centro de Archivos y Acceso a la Información Pública (CAInfo)", "Centro de Archivos y Acceso a la Información Pública (CAinfo)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "democratic integrity", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "open internet", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributed to a regional initiative, collaborating with Observacom and other CSOs, to establish 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms' aimed at ensuring online freedom of expression and an open internet.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms and signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Change.org", "aliases": ["Change.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Global South", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "free speech", "neutrality", "openness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Hosts e-petitions, using digital listening and experimentation to identify viral petitions and transform them into movements, thereby influencing agenda-setting and citizen engagement.", "quote": "The different non-governmental e-petition platforms and organizations also have a wide variety of moderation processes and approaches to agenda-setting as part of what are often ‘dramatically different [operating] philosophies’ – it is an industry, and platforms such as MoveOn and Change.org ‘combine digital listening and experimentation to help determine which petitions go viral and how those viral moments are transformed into long-term movements’ via analytic activism (Karpf, 2016, pp. 60–61).", "page": "329", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides an online platform for users to create and sign petitions, acting as a tool for public pressure and advocacy to influence platform policies, such as appealing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Snapchat's website does not appear to discuss an appeal of its enforcement decisions, but one Change.org petition indicated that Snapchat does not allow appeals.", "page": "107", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}, {"title": "Commercial Content Moderation: An opaque maze for freedom of expression and customers' opinions", "author": "Petricca, Paolo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an online petition platform, Change.org is subject to national moderation laws (like Germany's NetzDG), requiring it to process reported content and participate in the removal of items deemed illegal by those regulations.", "quote": "FB and Change.org (the other two CPs involved) had less than two thousand reported items, with FB involved in a smaller removal percentage than other CPs (76,4%).", "page": "16", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4453/rifp.2020.0021", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with emphasis on the European Union's legal context", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (2010-2020)"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Wikipedia community", "aliases": ["Chinese Wikipedia community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Chinese-speaking regions", "Global", "Hong Kong", "Taiwan"], "media": ["LLM", "Large Language Models"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-censorship", "editorial independence", "information access", "open access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "An Analysis of Chinese Censorship Bias in LLMs", "author": "Ahmed, Mohamed; Knockel, Jeffrey; Greenstadt, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Resisted attempts by the Chinese government to impose information controls on the Chinese Wikipedia, thereby maintaining its uncensored status.", "quote": "Proposals to adhere to Chinese government information controls to restore its availability in the country have been struck down by the Chinese Wikipedia community [44].", "page": "7", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "LLMs, Chinese-speaking regions, global internet", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "Extended Abstract: The Impact of Online Censorship on LLMs", "author": "Ahmed, Mohamed; Knockel, Jeffrey", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The community actively resisted proposals to modify Wikipedia's content to comply with Chinese censorship regulations, thereby maintaining the platform's independent editorial standards and content integrity.", "quote": "proposals to adhere to Chinese censorship regulations to restore its availability in China have been struck down by the Chinese Wikipedia community", "page": "2", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models (LLMs) and online censorship in Chinese-speaking regions", "when": "contemporary (2020s)"}, {"title": "The impact of online censorship on LLMs", "author": "M Ahmed, J Knockel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Resisted proposals to adhere to Chinese censorship regulations, demonstrating a collective effort to maintain an uncensored online information resource.", "quote": "...proposals to adhere to Chinese censorship regulations to restore its availability in China have been struck down by the Chinese Wikipedia community [19].", "page": "2", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/foci/2024/foci-2024-0006.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, online censorship (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Church of Scientology", "aliases": ["Church of Scientology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["economic interests", "free speech", "information control", "organizational reputation", "political activism", "protection of sacred texts", "secrecy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["Dutch", "French"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "21st century"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Was the target of a challenge by the \"Anonymous\"\" collective over issues of \"\"media censorship", "quote": "Control over media narrative, suppression of criticism (implied by the challenge).", "page": "Anonymous collective challenged the Church of Scientology over media censorship. The Scientology protestors decided to wear the Guy Fawkes mask because it was already a resonant meme on 4chan.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Employs private detectives, lawyers, and lawsuits to suppress critics, prevent the dissemination of internal/sacred documents, and compels platforms like YouTube to remove content.", "quote": "De ‘kerk' heeft een lange geschiedenis van het inschakelen van privédectives en advocatenteams om critici het vuur aan de schenen te leg-gen. Scientology is uitzonderlijk fel in het afschermen van interne documenten en heilige teksten...", "page": "11", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}, {"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Used libel suits as a tactic to intimidate journalists and prevent the publication of information deemed displeasing or critical.", "quote": "des églises prétendues comme la Scientologie, appliquent une tactique efficace: sitôt qu'un journal publie sur eux quelque chose qui leur déplaît, ils envoyent des avocats et poursuivent en diffamation.", "page": "13", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Citizendium", "aliases": ["Citizendium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["anti-abuse", "content approval", "content quality", "expertise", "harm reduction", "information integrity", "quality of content"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Citizendium was created as a fork of Wikipedia, specifically designed to give greater deference to credentialed experts. This implies an ex ante exclusion or organization mechanism based on the professional standing and verification of contributors.", "quote": "The most famous fork of Wikipedia is Citizendium, created by Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger to give more deference to credentialed experts.", "page": "45", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Collegial 'editors' appointed by the editor-in-chief provide 'gentle oversight' and may award 'approved' status to articles, with a 'constable' expelling abusive users.", "quote": "Collegial 'editors' (appointed by the editor-in-chief) exercise 'gentle oversight' over their development and finally may award the status of 'approved' article.", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Collegial 'editors' provide oversight on article development and may award 'approved' status. A 'constable' expels abusive users after public consultation.", "quote": "Collegial 'editors' (appointed by the editor-in-chief) exercise 'gentle oversight' over their development and finally may award the status of 'approved' article. If necessary, abusive users are expelled", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society", "aliases": ["Civil Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "anti-racism", "harm reduction", "human dignity", "public interest", "racial equality", "responsible internet use", "social cohesion", "social responsibility", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "Covid-19 pandemic", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "RACISMO NAS REDES SOCIAIS E MÍDIAS BRASILEIRAS: ANÁLISE DE DISCURSOS E IMPACTOS SOCIAIS", "author": "EM de Araújo, SXK de Brito Brito, YFA Chaves…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participates in public life by advocating for more effective responses to digital racism, which includes pushing for public policies, educational initiatives, and improved legal accountability mechanisms to combat discriminatory discourses online.", "quote": "A análise do racismo nas redes sociais e mídias brasileiras revela a complexidade do fenômeno e sua profunda conexão com as estruturas históricas de desigualdade racial no país. O ambiente digital, longe de neutralizar tais práticas, frequentemente as intensifica, exigindo respostas mais eficazes do Estado, das plataformas e da sociedade civil.", "page": "13", "url": "https://remunom.ojsbr.com/multidisciplinar/article/view/5464", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazilian social networks and digital media", "when": "contemporary"}, {"title": "Crimes virtuais e direitos humanos: uma análise jurídica no contexto brasileiro", "author": "RF Dropa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participates in combating online hate speech by promoting education and a culture of respect and tolerance, working collaboratively with authorities and private entities to create a safer and more inclusive online environment.", "quote": "A sociedade civil, as empresas de tecnologia e as instituições educacionais têm um papel fundamental a desempenhar. Através da educação e da promoção de uma cultura de respeito e tolerância, é possível combater a raiz do problema e criar um ambiente online mais seguro e inclusivo.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/conversasecontroversias/article/view/45087", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exerts public pressure on major digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube) to strengthen content moderation policies against false or malicious information.", "quote": "Pressionadas pela sociedade civil, as gigantes tecnológicas que controlam plataformas digitais como Facebook, Twitter, Instagram e Youtube intensificaram as políticas de remoção de conteúdo considerado falso ou malicioso.", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "CMX", "aliases": ["CMX"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "professional development"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A commercial network aiming to advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive, producing industry trend reports.", "quote": "In 2014, US commercial network CMX burst onto the scene... with a mission to “advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive” (CMX, 2025).", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Commercial network with a mission to 'advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive'; publishes Industry Trends Report.", "quote": "In 2014, US commercial network CMX burst onto the scene with strong relationships to Silicon Valley and a mission to “advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive” (CMX, 2025).", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Aims to advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive, with ties to Silicon Valley.", "quote": "In 2014, US commercial network CMX burst onto the scene with strong relationships to Silicon Valley and a mission to “advance the community industry and help professional community builders thrive” (CMX, 2025).", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Comics Magazine Association of America", "aliases": ["Comics Magazine Association of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "industry self-regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formed in response to widespread public concern about the content of comic books, leading to the creation of the Comics Code Authority to screen and approve comics.", "quote": "In September 1954, the Comics Magazine Association of Amer-ica (CMAA) was formed in response to a wide-spread public concern over the gory and horrific con-tent that was common in comic books of the time.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Formed in response to censorship pressure, it established the Comics Code, banned horror books, and required prior approval and a seal for member comics, enacting industry self-regulation.", "quote": "Now they collapsed, however, and formed the Comics Magazine Association of America in September 1954; they named New York Juvenile Court Judge Charles F. Murphy as the comics czar, with a mandate to ban all horror books. Cooperating companies would follow the new Comics Code, submit all comics for prior approval, and display the proper seal.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Engaged in self-regulation by forming an association, appointing a 'comics czar', and implementing a Comics Code that required prior approval for all comics, banning horror books and censoring violence and sex.", "quote": "formed the Comics Magazine Association of America in September 1954; they named New York Juvenile Court Judge Charles F. Murphy as the comics czar, with a mandate to ban all horror books. Cooperating companies would follow the new Comics Code, submit all comics for prior approval, and display the proper seal. Violence and sex were particularly censored...", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)", "aliases": ["Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO (watchdog/transparency)", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Bolivia", "Estonia", "European Union", "Georgia", "Global", "Hungary", "India", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Romania", "Russia", "Serbia", "South Africa", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist safety", "media freedom", "professional honour", "public accountability", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation", "author": "Radu, Roxana", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the detention of journalists globally under 'fake news' provisions, highlighting the negative impact of such laws on media freedom and public scrutiny of government actions during crises.", "quote": "On a global scale, according to the Committee for the Protection of Journalists, the number of journalists detained under fake news provisions tripled since 2016 (Committee to Protect Journalists [CPJ], 2020a).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948190", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries including India, EU, UK, Hungary, South Africa, Serbia, Bolivia, Romania, Moldova)", "when": "post-January 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}, {"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for press freedom and criticizes practices, such as 'privatizing censorship,' that pose risks to journalists' ability to report freely and to the broader freedom of the press.", "quote": "RADSCH, COURTNEY C.\"Privatizing Censorship in Fight against Extremism Is Risk to Press Freedom\"\"", "page": "Commitee to Protect Journalists.\"", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Monitored and reported on conditions in Ukraine where private television program makers were forced to self-censor sensitive political issues to ensure their output was broadcast on nationwide channels.", "quote": "According to the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists, in Ukraine 'private television programme makers are forced to self-censor when handling sensitive political issues if they want their output broadcast on the nationwide channels'...", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Common Sense Media", "aliases": ["Common Sense Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "child-and-family media nonprofit"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "child safety", "digital literacy", "education", "public trust", "responsible online behavior", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Publishes research on teens, trust, and technology, influencing public understanding and advocating for user protection and transparency.", "quote": "Common Sense Media. (2025, January 31). Research brief: Teens, trust, and technology in the age of AI (research brief).", "page": "110", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Circle of trust: a new approach to mobile online safety for families", "author": "AK Ghosh, CE Hughes, PJ Wisniewski", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes digital citizenship curricula to educate children and teens on responsible online behavior and safety, contributing to norm-setting for online interactions.", "quote": "Thus, we plan to conduct participatory design sessions with teens to improve these capabilities prior to launching a longitudinal field study.", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3313831.3376747", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Produces research, ratings, guides and educational programs and partners with platform and media companies to shape family-focused technology practices and policies.", "quote": "Primary mission is family- and child-focused media guidance but it runs Research, Privacy and Advocacy programs that engage platform practices (parental controls, AI guidance), thus touching platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.commonsensemedia.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CommonCrawl Foundation", "aliases": ["CommonCrawl Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / foundation", "foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["AI language models", "Large Language Models"], "norms": ["data access", "scientific progress", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation of generative AI prompts", "author": "P Pardhi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The CommonCrawl Foundation provides massive, publicly available web crawl datasets (WARC/WET files) that serve as foundational raw material for creating large language model pretraining datasets. Its data, while requiring extensive filtering and deduplication, underpins efforts to build high-quality corpora for AI systems.", "quote": "We downloaded with warcio publicly available .WET files from the CommonCrawl foundation.", "page": "16", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-025-03864-y", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Web data", "when": "Post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World", "author": "Markov, Todor; Zhang, Chong; Agarwal, Sandhini; Eloundou, Tyna; Lee, Teddy; Adler, Steven; Jiang, Angela; Weng, Lilian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides publicly available web crawl data, which is utilized as a data source for training AI content moderation models.", "quote": "We release a dataset¹ containing text samples from publicly available data labeled according to our taxonomy... sourced from CommonCrawl and model-generated data", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.03274", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems, Content moderation platforms", "when": "Contemporary AI systems / Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2024 - DeepSeek-Coder-V2 Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides open access to a massive web crawl dataset used for training large language models. By making this data available, it influences the data landscape from which models learn, indirectly affecting the content and patterns models are exposed to, thereby shaping their capabilities and potential biases.", "quote": "The source code consists of 1,170B code-related tokens sourced from GitHub and CommonCrawl...", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI language models, code intelligence, mathematical reasoning, software engineering benchmarks", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)", "aliases": ["Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["digital rights", "ethical design", "professional standards", "public discourse", "public good", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["censorship", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsibility.", "quote": "professional ethics advocates such as Donald Gotterbarn...—and organizations such as Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (www.cpsr.org)...—spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsibility through advocacy and activism for ethical computing practices.", "quote": "organizations such as Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (www.cpsr.org), ... spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "40", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Hosted a discussion list, providing a platform for debate and critical reflection on issues related to communication rights and the social responsibility of technology professionals.", "quote": "Le fondateur de FrEE, organisme espagnol affilié au Electronic Frontier Foundation, s'est notamment penché sur cette division dans un texte lancé sur une liste de discussion de l'organisme états-unien Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}]}, {"name": "Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (CFOAB)", "aliases": ["Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (CFOAB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "economic freedom", "equality", "free speech", "individual rights", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.998/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021, challenging its formal and material unconstitutionality.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.998/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... e pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil – CFOAB (ADI 6.998/DF), em face da íntegra da Medida Provisória 1.068/2021, que altera a Lei 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet) e a Lei 9.610/1998 (Lei dos Direitos Autorais).", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Filed an Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) questioning the constitutionality of the crime of contempt against public officials in Brazilian Penal Code, advocating for freedom of expression and citizens' rights to criticize public power.", "quote": "Ajuizada pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (CFOAB) foi um marco no que diz respeito ao tema tratado neste artigo. O requerente questionava o art. 331 do Código Penal em relação à sua recepção pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e à sua conformidade com a Convenção Interamericana de Direitos Humanos.", "page": "306", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (CONAR)", "aliases": ["Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (CONAR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["business ethics", "commercial speech", "consumer protection", "fair competition", "free speech", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes self-regulation in advertising by establishing standards of conduct and good practices for commercial propaganda, ensuring the exercise of freedom of expression within constitutional prerogatives.", "quote": "organização não governamental que reúne veículos de comunicação, agências de publicidade e anunciantes, com o propósito de promover a liberdade de expressão publicitária e defender as prerrogativas constitucionais da propaganda comercial.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Receives complaints, judges advertising pieces, and can recommend alterations or suspension of contested advertising, acting as a non-governmental entity to regulate and supervise the advertising market in Brazil.", "quote": "Por se tratar de uma entidade não-governamental, atua como uma organização da sociedade civil formada, majoritariamente, por anunciantes, meios de comunicação e agências de publicidade e tem como objetivo o de receber reclamações a respeito de peças publicitárias que violem a ética profissional e de julgá-las, podendo recomendar alterações ou a suspensão da propaganda contestada.", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e moderação de conteúdo: o sistema CONTENT ID ea proteção dos direitos autorais na plataforma Youtube", "author": "IA Hartmann, LA da Silva", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a self-regulatory agency for advertising in Brazil, establishing and enforcing ethical standards and rules for commercial communication, thereby moderating content in that domain.", "quote": "O primeiro é de agências de autorregulação, como o CONAR (Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.revistasuninter.com/iusgentium/index.php/iusgentium/article/view/503", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube platform, Brazil, United States", "when": "Post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat", "aliases": ["Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "civic foundation", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "collective action", "environmental protection", "information access", "informed decision-making", "public deliberation", "public health", "public interest", "technology caution"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a deliberative assembly, this organization formulated proposals, notably advocating for a moratorium on 5G deployment. This action influenced policy discussions related to environmental and health impacts, demonstrating a form of citizen advocacy and pressure.", "quote": "La Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat a elle-même plaidé pour l'instauration d'un moratoire dans l'attente d'une évaluation des incidences certaines du déploiement de la 5G sur l'environnement", "page": "12", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized collectively by civil society to address public interest, in this case, climate change, contributing to a society of commons.", "quote": "Nous constatons que la société civile peut s’organiser et œuvrer collectivement pour l’intérêt général, comme cela a été le cas avec la Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat ou encore l’Affaire du siècle, action visant à poursuivre en justice l’État pour inaction en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "Les lecteurs de la Vie de Michel de Marillac. Censure, témoignage, écriture au xviie siècle", "author": "N Schapira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Convention advocated for a moratorium on the deployment of 5G until its environmental impacts could be evaluated, exercising public pressure and making recommendations.", "quote": "La Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat a elle-même plaidé pour l'instauration d'un moratoire dans l'attente d'une évaluation des incidences certaines du déploiement de la 5G sur l'environnement", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/5415", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Conservative Citizens", "aliases": ["Council of Conservative Citizens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "extremism", "hate speech", "political ideology", "racial hatred", "white nationalism", "white supremacy"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated a website full of misinformation that appeared as a top search result for racist queries, contributing to the radicalization of individuals by promoting white supremacist narratives and distorted crime statistics.", "quote": "O primeiro resultado para a primeira busca trazia um site do Council of Conservative Citizens, organização supremacista branca, repleto de desinformação.", "page": "29", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilized traditional publishing to disseminate white nationalist and conservative views, recruiting writers to promote their ideology.", "quote": "They invited participants to post and recruited established writers from traditional publishing, including Sam Dickson of the Council of Conservative Citizens and Willis Carto of the Holocaust-denial journal, The Barnes Review.", "page": "45", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided online content that shaped the racist hatred and beliefs of an individual (Dylann Roof), serving as a source of information believed to be \"trustworthy and accurate.\"\"\"", "quote": "According to Roof's manifesto, his query led him to Council of Conservative Citizens, a white supremacist website (Hersher 2017). It was, in Roof's words “the first website” in the results.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Council on Foreign Relations", "aliases": ["Council on Foreign Relations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO (think tank)", "think tank; foreign policy research organisation"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1921, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published analyses on hate speech on social media, providing research and insights that contribute to the understanding of content moderation challenges and their global implications.", "quote": "See Zachary Laub, 'Hate Speech on Social Media: Global Comparisons' (Council on Foreign Relations, 7 June 2019)", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published research on hate speech on social media, contributing to academic and policy discussions about the challenges of content moderation and the need for global comparisons of practices.", "quote": "See Zachary Laub, 'Hate Speech on Social Media: Global Comparisons' (Council on Foreign Relations, 7 June 2019) <https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/hate-speech-social-media-global-comparisons> accessed 11 January 2024.", "page": "4", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "1921", "mechanism": "CFR publishes research and analysis, convenes experts through webinars and task forces, and leverages high-profile fellows and networks to shape policy discussions on technology, AI, and information governance.", "quote": "Core mission is international affairs and policy research; it occasionally publishes analysis, events, and task forces touching on digital platforms, AI and information flows but platform governance is not the primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Critical Art Ensemble", "aliases": ["Critical Art Ensemble"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-bureaucracy", "civil disobedience", "content moderation", "democratic integrity", "diversity", "equality", "informed public discourse", "innovation", "political dissent", "political resistance", "user identity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "aesaggio", "author": "N Samman", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They outlined the concept of the \"data body\"\" in 1995", "quote": "rather than human emotions or context.\"", "page": "Critical analysis of information control, questioning the nature of social being in the digital age, critique of surveillance and technological impact on humanity.", "url": "https://quadriennalediroma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Q_Paesaggio_NadimSamman.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook), with a focus on content moderation centers (e.g., Berlin) and implications in the US, Europe, and China.", "when": "Since the 1990s, with a primary focus on the post-2010 platform era and contemporary issues (2020s)."}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Critiques traditional power structures and resistance tactics, advocating for nomadic/distributed resistance models and political uses of technology like virtual sit-ins and alternative software, and studying gendered access to techno-culture.", "quote": "Critical Art Ensemble (CAE) is more pointed in its condemnation of certain (leftist) oppositional techniques that it considers misdirected and (worse) outdated.", "page": "177", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Proposes and practices 'electronic civil disobedience,' advocating for diversity as a strength to resist bureaucratic structures and foster 'happy accidents' or breakthrough inventions in political and social engagement.", "quote": "For the Critical Art Ensemble, the absence of a unitary purpose or shared meaning is an advantage: conflicts arising from the diversity of the cells would function as a strength rather than a weakness; this diversity would produce a dialogue between a variety of becomings that would resist bureaucratic structures as well as provide a space for happy accidents and breakthrough inventions.", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cult of the Dead Cow", "aliases": ["Cult of the Dead Cow"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["anti-establishment sentiment", "democratic integrity", "digital ethics", "exclusivity", "free speech", "information access", "political freedom", "privacy", "technological superiority"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group mentioned in a joint statement defining hacktivism, engaging in debates about ethical hacking and expanding access to information.", "quote": "The contents of this debate can be seen on the hacktivism.org web site, where the statements of hacking groups such as 2600, Chaos Computer Club, Cult of the Dead Cow, LOpht Heavy Industries, and Phrack are posted.", "page": "179", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "B4b3l 4rch1v3: analisi e visualizzazione delle pratiche di resistenza agli algoritmi attraverso il design della comunicazione", "author": "M Visini", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Coined 'Leet Speak', a coded language that allowed its members to communicate exclusively and evade textual filters for pirated content on early bulletin board systems (BBS).", "quote": "Il suo nome, coniato dal collettivo hacker Cult of the Dead Cow, deriva dalla storpiatura del termine elite [...] La semplice sostituzione delle lettere era in grado, da una parte, di contrastare i filtri testuali, dall'altra, di impedire agli amministratori di questi spazi, i SysOp, di trovare i file incriminati (cfr. Rego, 2018).", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/223738", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok, Italy", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "An influential hacker group from which Hacktivismo originated, contributing to the development of technologies for anti-censorship and privacy.", "quote": "One of the more interesting hacktivist groups is Hacktivismo, an offshoot of one of the Internet's oldest and most well known hacker groups, the Cult of the Dead Cow.", "page": "29", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Daughters of the American Revolution", "aliases": ["Daughters of the American Revolution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Condemning and seeking to ban numerous books based on the perceived 'unfitness' of their authors, rather than the content of the works themselves, often due to political or social views of the author.", "quote": "The DAR in Mississippi condemned a whole mass of books, admitting that though they had nothing against the books, the authors were 'unfit' to be read in the South.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}, {"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Denounced the film \"Blackboard Jungle", "quote": "Moral standards, patriotism, youth protection.", "page": "others, including New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther, the Girl Scouts, the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, and the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, denounced the film.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Publicly denounced the film 'Blackboard Jungle', joining other groups in exercising public pressure against media content.", "quote": "...the... Daughters of the Ameri-can Revolution... denounced the film.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Deloitte", "aliases": ["Deloitte"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor", "other"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude 3", "Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4", "Claude Sonnet 4.5"], "norms": ["ai safety", "technical standards"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted expert red-teaming for bioweapons acquisition uplift trials and long-form virology tasks, assessing models' ability to assist adversaries with complex domain-specific challenges in weapons development.", "quote": "Expert red-teaming conducted by Deloitte found that Claude Sonnet 4 performed similarly to Claude Sonnet 3.7 and clearly below Claude Opus 4.", "page": "90", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed task-based agentic evaluations (Long-form virology tasks) testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes related to biological risks.", "quote": "These are task-based agentic evaluations developed with SecureBio, Deloitte, and Signature Science, testing end-to-end completion of complex pathogen acquisition processes.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Deloitte's domain experts conduct red-teaming exercises and grade outputs from bioweapons acquisition uplift trials to assess Claude's ability to assist in complex weapons development and identify model risks.", "quote": "Domain experts from Deloitte engaged in extended conversations with Claude, assessing its ability to assist users with complex domain-specific challenges in weapons development. ... Outputs were graded by Deloitte using a detailed rubric.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "Democracy Fund", "aliases": ["Democracy Fund", "The Democracy Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "foundation; philanthropic organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter", "online news comment sections"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "civic engagement", "democratic integrity", "informed public", "media ethics"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "(Re)Claiming Our Expertise: Parsing Large Text Corpora With Manually Validated and Organic Dictionaries", "author": "Muddiman, Ashley; McGregor, Shannon C.; Stroud, Natalie Jomini", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the research, which enabled the development and application of a new content analysis method relevant to understanding political communication and potential moderation needs.", "quote": "This work was supported by the Democracy Fund, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Solutions Journalism Network.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1517843", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, social media (Twitter)", "when": "2007-2016"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides funding and programmatic support to initiatives related to public discourse and journalism, advocating for recalibrated approaches to online community management and civic engagement.", "quote": "For Joshua Stearns, associate director of the Public Square Program at the Democracy Fund, this degree of influence demands a sweeping recalibration of approaches to online community formation and management...", "page": "92", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Democracy Fund provides grants and runs campaigns (e.g., All by April) to mobilize election funding, publishes research and reports on election resilience and disinformation, and funds grantees that engage platform-related misinformation issues.", "quote": "Democracy Fund focuses on strengthening democracy and election infrastructure and addresses disinformation and trust in elections — topics that touch platformized content governance but are not its sole or core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.democracyfund.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Rights Foundation", "aliases": ["Digital Rights Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech", "privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Pakistani perspective, advocating for digital rights.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Reports on vague legal provisions (like PECA) that grant unchecked power to authorities to regulate online content, raising concerns about privacy and freedom of expression for journalists.", "quote": "A report by the Digital Rights Foundation (2018b, p. 3) suggests: The PECA was drafted in light of the counter-terrorism narrative and the National Action Plan aiming to eliminate hate speech and propaganda online by terrorists.", "page": "41", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Distributed AI Research Institute", "aliases": ["Distributed AI Research Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "Research center", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "community participation", "community values", "digital inclusion", "diversity & inclusion", "research integrity", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on community-rooted research, including data workers leading research in their respective workplaces, highlighting diversity-preserving and localized community solutions.", "quote": "Organizations such as Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR) are focusing on community-rooted research...", "page": "162", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on community-rooted research, including the Data Workers Inquiry, where data workers lead research in their workplaces.", "quote": "Organizations such as Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR) are focusing on community-rooted research, including the Data Workers Inquiry which has data workers leading research in their respective workplaces so it is oriented toward their own needs and goals.", "page": "162", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on community-rooted research, including the Data Workers Inquiry, to ensure research is oriented toward workers' own needs and goals.", "quote": "Organizations such as Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR) are focusing on community-rooted research, including the Data Workers Inquiry which has data workers leading research in their respective workplaces so it is oriented toward their own needs and goals.", "page": "187", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "El Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías (IPANDETEC)", "aliases": ["El Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías (IPANDETEC)", "Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías (IPANDETEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Think tank / NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "regulation", "technology policy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributed to a joint proposal with Observacom and other regional CSOs for 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms,' focusing on digital rights and ensuring online freedom of expression and an open internet.", "quote": "(Ecuador), Desarrollo Digital (Argentina), IPANDETEC (Panamá) y Fundación Datos Protegidos (Chile), elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "18", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms, signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, and signed letters to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "EleutherAI", "aliases": ["EleutherAI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["AI systems", "LLM", "Large Language Models"], "norms": ["ai development", "data quality", "open source", "quality standards", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation of generative AI prompts", "author": "P Pardhi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "EleutherAI develops open-source large language models (like Pythia, GPT-Neo) and provides an evaluation harness. This contributes to defining safety benchmarks and controlling model behavior through publicly available benchmarks and datasets (e.g., The Pile), facilitating the assessment of model alignment and moderation capabilities.", "quote": "We base our evaluation on the popular Eleuther AI evaluation harness (Gao et al., 2021), allowing us to evaluate across a wide range of tasks in the zero-shot setting.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-025-03864-y", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Web data", "when": "Post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Legilimens: Practical and Unified Content Moderation for Large Language Model Services", "author": "J Wu, J Deng, S Pang, Y Chen, J Xu, X Li…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "EleutherAI develops open-source foundational language models, such as Pythia-6.9B, and tools for analyzing large language models. These models serve as a base for subsequent instruction tuning and alignment efforts by other organizations, contributing to the broader AI alignment ecosystem.", "quote": "Dolly [18] is fine-tuned from EleutherAI's Pythia-6.9B [7] on an instruction-tuning dataset of around 15,000 samples.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3658644.3690322", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "LLM services, AI systems", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "conducts AI research as a non-profit lab, implicitly contributing to norm-setting or responsible AI development.", "quote": "Treat the publishing AI lab itself as a CSO ONLY if it is a non-profit (e.g. EleutherAI, the original OpenAI nonprofit)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "English Defence League", "aliases": ["English Defence League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "social movement", "social movement, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti muslim sentiment", "anti-extremism", "dissent", "far right ideology", "national identity", "religious intolerance"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Activists engage on social media to spread far-right, anti-Muslim views and narratives, influencing individuals and contributing to online radicalisation.", "quote": "Finsbury Park attacker Darren Osborne, who drove his van into a crowd of Muslim worshippers outside an Islamic centre in north London, was also reported to have been radicalised online in just a matter of weeks after having engaged on social media with the views of far-right activists such as Tommy Robinson, former leader of the English Defence League, and Jayda Fransen, former deputy leader of Britain First...", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads white nationalist and separatist content, leading to bans from mainstream platforms such as Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook banned white nationalist and separatist content, which resulted in the removal of groups like Generation Identity, Wolves of Odin, the British National Party (BNP), the English Defence League (EDL) and Britain First as well as far-right influencers...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized anti-Muslim protests, which were met by a mosque's moderating action of inviting protestors for tea and biscuits, leading to a de-escalation of tension through dialogue and social engagement.", "quote": "Six EDL protestors turned up. They confronted over 100 supporters of the mosque... A conversation ensued and an invitation extended to the EDL protestors to join members of the mosque for tea and biscuits. With tensions diminishing, the protestors then joined younger members of the mosque for a game of football.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "EU Kids Online", "aliases": ["EU Kids Online"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society", "multinational research network / project"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "child safety", "digital literacy", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "responsible digital citizenship", "scientific collaboration"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "NetGov directory", "moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A network of researchers investigating children's digital uses, online risks, and safety, contributing to the understanding and potential policy shaping related to online moderation and digital literacy.", "quote": "Membro, desde 2006, da rede de investigadores do projeto EU «Kids Online» (www.eukidsonline.net).", "page": "12", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Nuevos medios: usos comunicativos de los adolescentes. Perspectivas desde los nativos digitales", "author": "JC Sendín Gutiérrez, C Gaona Pisonero…", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Through extensive research and publication on children's and adolescents' Internet use, risks, and safety, EU Kids Online provides a critical evidence base that informs public understanding, academic discourse, and policy discussions concerning online content moderation, parental guidance, and the development of responsible digital practices for minors.", "quote": "nuestro estudio está en consonancia con el trabajo realizado en el marco de EU Kids Online, que ha dado lugar a una enorme bibliografía", "page": "2", "url": "https://burjcdigital.urjc.es/bitstreams/609ccf17-7e56-0c23-e053-6f19a8c0ba23/download", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet and social media platforms, Spain", "when": "2009-2014"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produces cross-national surveys, a public database and a standardized research toolkit used by researchers, UNICEF and policy stakeholders to inform policy and practice on children’s online safety.", "quote": "Produces comparative empirical evidence, toolkits and policy-facing research on children’s online risks (cyberhate, violent extremism, safety, parental controls), engaging with national and European policy stakeholders.", "page": "", "url": "http://globalkidsonline.net/eu-kids-online/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Facebook's Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Facebook's Oversight Board"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Myanmar", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube", "search engines"], "norms": ["accountability", "content moderation", "due process", "free speech", "harm reduction", "oversight", "platform accountability", "transparency", "user voice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formally instituted by Facebook to adjudicate international content concerns raised by users and to ameliorate the unintended consequences of the company's unilateral content moderation decisions, acting as a quasi-independent governance body.", "quote": "In the coming year Facebook plans to formally institute its Content Advisory board dedicated toward adjudicating international content concerns raised by users on its platform (Facebook, 2019).", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}, {"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides a mechanism for independent review of Facebook's content moderation decisions, functioning as an external check on the platform's self-regulation and aiming to promote more principled governance.", "quote": "Causelho Supervisor\"", "page": "inicialmente chamado de \"\"Suprema Corte\"\"; ver Capítulo 4-B.\"", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A platform-planned independent body designed to render transparent and binding decisions on content-related issues, intended to enhance Facebook's legitimacy and accountability in content governance.", "quote": "Facebook also plans to create an 'independent body' to render 'transparent and binding' deci- sions on content-related decisions, writing that independence would 'cre- ate accountability and oversight.'", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}]}, {"name": "fact-checking agencies", "aliases": ["Fact-checking agencies", "fact-checking agencies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Meta", "Telegram", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "equity", "factual accuracy", "non-partisanship", "transparency", "truth"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Eleições e plataformas digitais: a suposta oposição entre liberdade de expressão e transparência na moderação de conteúdos.", "author": "RC BRAGATTO, A GONZALES", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These agencies were part of Meta's six-year program, receiving support and funding to verify facts and combat disinformation, a program that Meta later abandoned.", "quote": "o abandono do seu programa de seis anos de apoio e financiamento às agências de verificação de fatos (Kaplan, 2025; Spagnuolo, 2025).", "page": "11", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=14147483&AN=189834992&h=SkHjyrZb%2BQ8duokb3rXonSh18%2FX9RcDFZK6c1C8FSD0yFuPIj0MYeUs7L5OB7lwvYyWY2FDxt6OH5hH4yPqblQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, focusing on 2022-2025 elections", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2022-2025"}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Utilize investigative journalism techniques to verify the truthfulness of information, particularly fake news, and identify inconsistencies, playing a crucial role in combating misinformation and influencing moderation decisions.", "quote": "O Brasil conta, atualmente, com uma série de checadores independentes como os portais “Lupa” e “aos Fatos”, e todos eles orientam-se por um código de princípios, observando valores como equidade, apartidarismo, transparência de fontes, de financiamento da organização e de métodos462.", "page": "127", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Desinformação, plataformas, pandemia: Um panorama e novos desafios de pesquisa.", "author": "C d'Andréa, R Henn", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborate with platforms like Facebook to verify user-reported content; if confirmed false, the platform adds a label, participating in platform-based content moderation.", "quote": "Caso as denúncias de usuários sejam confirmadas pelas agências parceiras, a plataforma insere uma marcação no conteúdo com o aviso 'informação falsa'.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/83253031/60748715.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Digital Platforms (YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020–2021)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of Paris (Sorbonne)", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of Paris (Sorbonne)", "The Faculty of Theology of Paris (Sorbonne)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned / scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Early Modern France", "France", "Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional authority", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura", "censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "16th-17th centuries", "18th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1788, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La teoría de la censura en el Theotimus de Putherbeus", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "This academic and religious body inaugurated European catalogs of prohibited books and was recognized as the supreme authority for the preventive review of texts related to Sacred Scriptures, thereby significantly influencing censorship policies across Catholic countries.", "quote": "En 1544, la Facultad de Teología de París había inaugurado la larga nómina de catálogos europeos de libros prohibidos, con el respaldo del rey Francisco I y del Parlamento; y tres años más tarde, en diciembre de 1547, un severísimo edicto de Enrique II había reconocido a la Sorbona como máxima autoridad en cuanto a la revisión preventiva de todo texto relacionado con las Sagradas Escrituras, ratificando, además, el nuevo Index de 1547.", "page": "1", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe, focusing on France", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "Censors and Censure: Robert Estienne and Michel de Montaigne", "author": "Butterworth, Emily", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Acted as theological censors, persecuting authors, condemning books based on religious and moral criteria, lobbying legal bodies, and spreading negative public opinion ('scandalle') to induce self-censorship.", "quote": "<<[L]es meschans, lesquels m'ayans furieusement persecute en presence, me deschirent maintenent en mon absence par calomnies insupportables». This is the way the great humanist printer Robert Estienne described, from his refuge in Geneva in 1552, his persecution —to use his term— at the hands of the censors of the Faculty of Theology in Paris.", "page": "1", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censure", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern France and Rome", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle", "author": "Cerf, Madeleine", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "Serves as an intellectual and theological authority that denounces works deemed heterodox, often influencing judicial and ecclesiastical condemnations.", "quote": "Joly de Fleury, avocat général, dénonce l'Esprit à la Sorbonne — 22 novembre, mandement de l'archevêque — 6 février, arrêt du Parlement condamnant l'ouvrage à être brûlé.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1126", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1769–1788"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce", "aliases": ["Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "feminist issues", "free speech", "gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["136.0", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "19th–20th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Argued as amicus curiae against the unconstitutionality of an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, representing a feminist anti-censorship viewpoint.", "quote": "Brief Amid Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce... (arguing for the unconstitutionality of an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, which defined pornography as \"the sexually explicit subjugation of women\"\")\"", "page": "197", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}, {"title": "The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Filed an amicus brief arguing against an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, supporting its unconstitutionality.", "quote": "Brief Amid Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Ass'n v. Hudnut, 21 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 69, 69 n.1 (1987-1988) (arguing for the unconstitutionality of an Indianapolis antipornography ordinance, which defined pornography as \"the sexually explicit subjugation of women\"\")\"", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312658?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Canada, UK (historical)", "when": "19th century - 1990s"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis ordinance through legal action (amicus brief) and public advocacy, defending free expression for women's sexuality against state suppression.", "quote": "The document that follows represents both a legal brief and a political statement. It was written for two purposes: to mobilize, in a highly visible way, a broad spectrum of feminist opposition to the enactment of laws expanding state suppression of sexually explicit material; and to place before the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit a cogent legal argument for the constitu-tional invalidity of an Indianapolis municipal ordinance that would have permitted private civil suits to ban such material, purportedly to protect women.", "page": "2", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "First Draft", "aliases": ["First Draft"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Belgium", "Europe", "Global", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": ["Web platforms"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "information literacy", "information quality", "media literacy", "responsible journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducting research on political advertising and misinformation, flagging inaccurate claims, and contributing to public understanding and potential moderation of false content.", "quote": "A study by First Draft during the recent 2019 UK General Election found that a significant number of adverts from all political parties contained statements that had been flagged as (at least) partially incorrect by independent fact-checkers.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "‘Fake news’ as infrastructural uncanny", "author": "Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Venturini, Tommaso", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided funding and support for the Public Data Lab’s Field Guide to 'Fake News' and Other Information Disorders, facilitating research and public understanding to combat misinformation.", "quote": "We are grateful to First Draft for funding and support for the Public Data Lab’s Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders (http://fakenews .publicdatalab.org) upon which this article draws.", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819856912", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Web and social media platforms, with focus on US, Macedonia, and Belgium (historically)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical comparison to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Encourages reporters to assess the newsworthiness of information with manipulative elements by using 'tipping point' criteria, aiming to minimize the amplification of misinformation.", "quote": "To assess newsworthiness – a particularly important task when the story contains manipulative elements posted to social media – First Draft News’ Claire Wardle encourages reporters to ask whether or not the story has extended beyond the interests of the community being discussed.", "page": "107", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Focus on the Family", "aliases": ["Focus on the Family"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["136.0", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "1980s–1990s", "20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Actively opposed anticensorship efforts, publicly accusing the ALA of fabricating banned book reports and advocating for 'Family Friendly Libraries' that would be more restrictive in their selection of materials.", "quote": "In 1995 BBW did come into the national spotlight, as Dr. James Dobson, founder of Focus on the Family, accused the ALA of fabricating reports of banned books, provoking 'censorship hysteria,' and stoking 'alarmist fervor' (Morgan, 1995, p. 36).", "page": "15-16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Produced a promotional video for the PMRC, thereby providing direct support and amplifying the PMRC's message against explicit music content.", "quote": "The PMRC even asked Bob DeMoss, from fundamentalist organisation Focus on the Family, to produce their promotional video Rising to the Challenge.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Its president, as a member of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography, advocated for the suppression of sexually explicit material based on traditional moral values.", "quote": "For example, Commission member Dr. James Dobson is President of Focus on the Family, an organization that is \"dedicated to the preservation of the home and the family and the traditional values growing out of the Judeo-Christian ethic.\"\"\"", "page": "4", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Forest Stewardship Council", "aliases": ["Forest Stewardship Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "North America", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["consensus building", "corporate responsibility", "environmental sustainability", "ethical production", "governance standards", "quality standards", "responsible development", "sustainability", "sustainable development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONTENT MODERATION: THE ID CONTENT SYSTEM AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON THE YOUTUBE PLATFORM", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a self-regulatory agency through a system of competition, offering quality seals for products related to sustainable forest management.", "quote": "E o terceiro modelo é de competição entre agências de autorregulação, como os selos de qualidade ambiental Certified Rainforest Alliance e o Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created a certification scheme for sustainable timber, setting standards for corporate behavior, and is governed by a mix of NGOs and firms.", "quote": "The Forest Stewardship Council was created in 1993 as a non-profit organisation that brought together various NGOs, firms, academics, and individuals from 60+ countries to create a certification scheme for sustainable timber (Dingwerth & Pattberg, 2009).", "page": "12", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}, {"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Sets non-binding guidelines and standards for sustainable forestry practices through multi-stakeholder processes, influencing industry behavior towards responsible practices.", "quote": "Iconic examples are the Forest Stewardship Council (founded in 1993)... In each case, the starting point was a complex controversial issue on an international scale.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Foro de Periodismo Argentino (FOPEA)", "aliases": ["Foro de Periodismo Argentino (FOPEA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "journalistic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Foro de Periodismo Argentino, Fundación Acceso, Fundación Ciudadano Inteligente...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed letters to Mark Zuckerberg, advocating for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Son signatarias latinoamericanas Fundación Karisma (Colombia)... Red Periodistas con Visión de Género (Argentina), Forum of Argentine Journalism (Argentina), Fundamedios (Ecuador).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg urging platforms to adhere to the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Son signatarias latinoamericanas Fundación Karisma (Colombia)... Forum of Argentine Journalism (Argentina)...", "page": "19", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (FKUB)", "aliases": ["Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (FKUB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["nu.or.id portal"], "norms": ["diversity", "interfaith harmony", "peace", "religious moderation", "social cohesion", "social harmony", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Implemetation of Religious Moderation in the Ministry of Religion South Sulawesi Province", "author": "M Syuja'i, M Alshodiq", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The FKUB manages diversity and maintains harmony by conducting dialogues with religious and community leaders, accommodating the aspirations of religious organizations, channeling these aspirations into policy recommendations for local government, and disseminating laws and policies related to religious harmony and community empowerment. This acts as a form of norm enforcement and capacity-building for religious moderation.", "quote": "The Ministry of Religious Affairs of South Sulawesi Province, through the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB), plays a strategic role in managing diversity and maintaining harmony in Indonesia.", "page": "6", "url": "https://amuya.gemaperencana.id/index.php/amuya/article/view/75", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia", "when": "contemporary period, early 21st century"}, {"title": "Religious Moderation in Digital Media Discourse: A Study of the nu.or.id Portal from the Perspective of Communicative Rationality", "author": "I Wayan Salendra", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in efforts to create digital harmony and undertakes both physical and digital moderation initiatives to foster interfaith understanding and peaceful coexistence.", "quote": "Humaizi's (2024) analysis of the Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (FKUB) in creating digital harmony further complements this discourse by focusing on FKUB's dual role in physical and digital moderation efforts.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/jf/article/view/4954", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on the nu.or.id portal and digital media", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Acts as a mediator in resolving conflicts between religious groups, facilitating dialogue, seeking peaceful solutions, and actively responding to social issues like intolerance. They specifically mediated a conflict regarding the establishment of the Gamaliel Christian School.", "quote": "Interfaith forums in South Sulawesi, such as the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB), play a crucial role in maintaining harmony among various religious communities. FKUB and other interfaith forums act as mediators in resolving conflicts that may arise between religious groups.", "page": "6", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom and Justice Party", "aliases": ["Freedom and Justice Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "gender equality", "minority rights", "national interest", "partisan interests", "political ideology", "religious governance", "religious orthodoxy", "secular state"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Functioned as the political mouthpiece of the conservative Muslim Brotherhood leadership, participating in formal political processes, notably the 2011/12 parliamentary elections, to strategically influence the transition. Its political success validated the MB's strategic choices but, paradoxically, undermined intra-organizational ideological reform. It was banned in 2013.", "quote": "The Guidance Council fended off this challenge by pressing forward with the establishment of the FJP which thus became a political mouthpiece of the conservative MB leadership.", "page": "8", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}, {"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Formed as the political arm of the MB, the FJP contested parliamentary and presidential elections, formed coalitions, used populist religious rhetoric to attract voters, and played a key role in constitutional drafting efforts.", "quote": "\"\"Islam is the solution\"\"", "page": "application of shari'a", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}, {"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood, it participated in parliamentary elections, formed alliances (initially with secular democrats), and then pursued an exclusionary strategy by dominating constitutional drafting and nominating a presidential candidate, contributing to the 'de-moderation' of the Ikhwan.", "quote": "Earlier on in the revolutionary process, Ikhwan's Freedom and Justice Party had formed a 'Democratic Alliance' in June 2011, declaring its pursuit to mobilise political forces that are committed to 'democracy and civil state.'", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom to Read Foundation", "aliases": ["Freedom to Read Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "individual rights", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "20th-21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports individuals and organizations involved in the fight against censorship through various advocacy initiatives.", "quote": "The list of organizations includes but is not limited to the ... Freedom to Read Foundation...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}, {"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Established in 1969, this legally distinct but affiliated group provides legal defense for librarians in book challenges and works to establish legal precedents for the freedom to read, engaging in more aggressive advocacy.", "quote": "The FTRF was also charged with establishing legal precedents for 'the freedom to read.' Technically the FTRF exists and operates outside the official structure of the ALA, to help ensure 'vigor in the legal arena.'", "page": "6-7", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Involved in significant court cases related to freedom to read, and provides information and help to those facing censorship issues.", "quote": "A call .to the executive secretary of the Freedom to Read Foundation almost :,t1ways gives the caller some information and help.", "page": "176", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Freemasonry", "aliases": ["Freemasonry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "freedom", "human rights", "property rights", "religious tolerance", "social harmony", "social tolerance"], "topics": ["censorship", "censura"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries", "1960s–1980s", "Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Accused of orchestrating the French Revolution alongside the Illuminati, as part of a hidden plot to subvert traditional order.", "quote": "blaming the Illuminati and the Freemasons for orchestrating the event (see Chapter 5.3).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}, {"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Provided a new form of sociability and served as an institution where elites came together, fostering debate and exchange of Enlightenment ideas, which could challenge established norms.", "quote": "A maçonaria é um exemplo de instituição em que se vislumbrou essa ênfase na igualdade.", "page": "86", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Preserved ancient mystical traditions, influencing the Founding Fathers' universalist spirituality which referred to 'unity in spirit behind the plurality of material manifestations.'", "quote": "The founding fathers drew this saying from ancient mystical traditions, kept alive in Freemasonry, where it referred to the unity in spirit behind the plurality of material manifestations.", "page": "214", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter (FSM)", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter (FSM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["other", "self-regulation body / trade association", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "chilling effect prevention", "content moderation", "legal compliance", "transparency", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Acted as a self-regulatory body in Germany, assisting platforms under NetzDG by examining complaints and providing a structured process for reviewing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "no contexto da NetzDG foi instituída a Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter (FSM) que, juntamente com Comitê Supervisor da Meta, seguiam uma estrutura processual para revisão das decisões sobre moderação de conteúdo.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "In Germany, it assists platforms with content moderation decisions, particularly when there is difficulty in determining the legality of content. It can convene a Review Panel of lawyers to make independent, binding decisions on content removal or maintenance.", "quote": "Nos casos em que havia dificuldade para decidir a respeito da remoção ou não de certos conteúdos, era possível que as plataformas que fossem filiadas a instituição acionassem-na, recorrendo a um órgão externo denominado de Painel de Revisão, composto por advogados que decidiam as questões de forma independente586.", "page": "161", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "REGULAÇÃO DAS PLATAFORMAS DE REDES SOCIAIS: a moderação de conteúdo e seus reflexos na liberdade de expressão em tempos de desinformação", "author": "CAM DE ALBUQUERQUE", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The FSM is an independent institution, accredited by the State, to which social media platforms can transfer decisions about the illegality of content for analysis. It forms a review committee to evaluate content legality, informs platforms of its decisions, and allows users to request reviews.", "quote": "A primeira instituição de autorregulação regulada reconhecida pelo Estado é a FSM – Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter, [...] é possibilitado aos provedores de redes sociais transferirem a decisão sobre a ilegalidade de conteúdo para uma instituição acreditada pelo Estado.", "page": "39", "url": "https://revistas.faculdadedamas.edu.br/index.php/academico/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and Germany (comparative case study), focusing on social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Fridays for Future", "aliases": ["Fridays For Future", "Fridays for Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "China", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Eastern societies", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Philippines", "Western countries", "Western societies"], "media": ["Douyin", "TikTok"], "norms": ["civic engagement", "climate action", "environmental protection", "equality", "justice", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione censura", "modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "IL CONTROLLO CULTURALE DEI SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Antonio, Ceravolo Flavio; Marco, Zuffada", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Utilizing social media to aggregate people around common causes, diffusing awareness and protest campaigns for social and political change.", "quote": "Movimenti come Fridays for Future, Black Lives Matter e la lotta per i diritti LGBTQ+ hanno tratto enorme forza dalla capacità dei social di aggregare persone attorno a cause comuni.", "page": "46", "url": "unitesi.unipv.it", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital ecosystem, with a specific focus on China's digital culture and the comparative analysis of social media platforms (TikTok and Douyin) in Western and Eastern contexts.", "when": "Late 20th century - present, with a focus on social media dynamics in 2023-2024."}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Algorithms connect activists and facilitate the distribution of their messages, enabling participation in large movements across the political spectrum.", "quote": "Large movements across the entire political spectrum, from Fridays for Future and Black Lives Matter to protest against Covid vaccines or the MAGA movement, algorithms connect these activists and facilitate the distribution of their messages.", "page": "214", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Demanded immediate action on climate and environment, intergenerational justice, gender and racial equality, and direct citizen participation in decision-making, advocating for a new inclusive and participatory socio-ecological contract with binding legal commitments.", "quote": "des mouvements sociaux comme «Fridays For Future», «Black Lives Matter» ou encore «Extinction Rebellion» (Amelang et Nijhuis 2022) ont exigé une action immédiate en matière de climat et d’environnement, de justice intergénérationnelle et d’égalité de genre et de race, ainsi qu’une participation directe à la prise de décisions, par exemple à travers des assemblées citoyennes.", "page": "113", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Front National", "aliases": ["Front National"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "information control", "national identity", "online discourse disruption", "reputation management", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship", "modération des débats", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Members of the Front National participated in online forums, with internal tensions influencing discussions. The party also actively encouraged its militants to \"occuper le terrain virtuel de l'adversaire\"\" (occupy the opponent's virtual terrain) to understand and destabilize them", "quote": "political agenda, confronting adversaries", "page": "occuper le terrain virtuel de l'adversaire pour mieux le connaître et le déstabiliser. Les listes des adresses de ces forums sont données dans chaque parti, les militants ont la charge de venir confronter leurs idées et argumenter notamment sur le terrain « ennemi »¹¹.", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party's website invites citizens to send protestations or comments directly to its media relations service or the editorial direction of newspapers, using citizen emails as a propaganda instrument to demonstrate currents of opinion.", "quote": "Sur le site web du Front National les citoyens-internautes sont invités à envoyer directement leurs « protestations_ou commentaires au service chargé des relations avec les téléspectateurs » ou à la direction de la rédaction des journaux de presse écrite.", "page": "5", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Demanded a 'national cultural policy' based on family principles and French values, and threatened budget cuts for dissenting cultural institutions, thereby exerting pressure for cultural censorship and control.", "quote": "the National Front demanded that the conditions of the deal be met, i.e., the setting up of a 'national cultural policy' based on family principles and French values and threatened with drastic cuts in the budgets of dissenting cultural institutions.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Datos Protegidos", "aliases": ["Fundación Datos Protegidos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation / advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["Chile", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "data privacy", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Created and managed an online form to collect user complaints about content moderation or censorship on social media platforms, particularly regarding content related to human rights violations during the social uprising, thereby documenting and raising awareness about digital censorship.", "quote": "Un formulario creado y gestionado de forma colaborativa y publicado en el sitio web de Fundación Datos Protegidos para recopilar denuncias de usuarios de redes sociales sobre haber experimentado algún tipo de moderación o censura en relación con contenidos que denuncien violaciones de derechos humanos durante el estallido social.", "page": "5", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms, signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, and signed letters to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "General Federation of Women's Clubs", "aliases": ["General Federation of Women's Clubs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1873, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support for censorship efforts against comics, contributing to public pressure and the 'censorship legions'.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the Gen- eral Federation of Women's Clubs, the American Legion, the Junior Cham- ber of Commerce, even the radical sociologist C. Wright Mills, but there were also a few detractors.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Contributed to 'maternalist' efforts for cultural censorship aimed at protecting children from 'immoral' influences, leading to tensions with professional bodies such as the American Library Association.", "quote": "Parker shows that censorship was more problematic for the mostly female American Library Association (ALA) than for organizations such as WCTU, the National Congress of Mothers, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support to censorship campaigns against comics, contributing to public pressure for stricter content control.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the Gen-eral Federation of Women's Clubs...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Global Partners Digital", "aliases": ["Global Partners Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Latin America", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "governance", "human rights", "national security", "public health", "public morals", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating borderline content while respecting fundamental values", "author": "S Macdonald, K Vaughan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for a rights-respecting model of online content regulation by platforms, by linking content restriction objectives to international human rights standards.", "quote": "Global Partners Digital, 2018). For example, restricting content supporting terrorism corresponds with the goal of protecting national security or public order.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.376", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, particularly within the regulatory contexts of the EU, UK, and US.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on contemporary content moderation challenges."}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... Global Partners Digital, National Coalition Against Censorship...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for the creation of an independent oversight board for content moderation, funded by platforms but composed of multistakeholder representatives, to ensure accountability.", "quote": "Global Partners Digital has also advocated the creation of an independent oversight board 'funded by platforms, but made up of multistakeholder representatives.'", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Global Reporting Initiative", "aliases": ["Global Reporting Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "consensus building", "corporate accountability", "corporate transparency", "environmental protection", "environmental sustainability", "governance standards", "standardization", "sustainability", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Developed standardized guidelines for sustainability reporting, influencing corporate disclosures.", "quote": "Sustainability reporting emerged from the environmental movements of the 1970s and 1990s, with companies voluntarily disclosing their environmental impacts through the Global Reporting Initiative12 (GRI) and the Carbon Disclosure Project13 (CDP).", "page": "287", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Developed standardized guidelines for corporate sustainability reporting, focusing on environmental impacts.", "quote": "companies voluntarily disclosing their environmental impacts through the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)", "page": "314", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Establishes non-binding guidelines and standards for sustainability reporting, engaging diverse stakeholders to achieve consensual outcomes for the industry.", "quote": "Iconic examples are... the Global Reporting Initiative (founded in 1997)... They also share the goal of negotiating a consensual understanding of the situation, and developing non-binding guidelines or standards.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Good Game Auto Blocker", "aliases": ["Good Game Auto Blocker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["algorithmic efficiency", "anti-harassment", "harm reduction", "platform autonomy", "user empowerment", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An algorithmically curated blocklist hosted on Block Together, designed to block GamerGate supporters on Twitter. It identifies 'block worthy accounts' based on following patterns of prominent GamerGate contributors and includes a white-list for false positives.", "quote": "GGAB, a blocklist aimed at blocking GamerGate supporters on Twitter... used a predominantly algorithmic approach to curate the list of block worthy accounts (GamerGate Wiki, 2017).", "page": "79", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a tool for users to automatically block Twitter profiles based on attributes like account age, working collaboratively with other tools to combat harassment.", "quote": "include BlockTogether [15] and Good Game Auto Blocker [13], where users collaborate on blocklists of harassing Twitter accounts and can automatically block profiles based on attributes such as the age of the account.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Functions as a blocklist primarily using an algorithmic approach to curate accounts of GamerGate supporters for blocking on Twitter. It also incorporated a whitelist for false positives and an appeal mechanism, aiming to address online harassment.", "quote": "This led to the creation of GGAB, a blocklist aimed at blocking GamerGate supporters on Twitter.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}]}, {"name": "HateAid", "aliases": ["HateAid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "digital rights NGO and victim support organisation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "anti-hate speech", "digital rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "regulation", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An organization active in the discourse surrounding digital regulation, specifically cited for its comments on the replacement of Germany's NetzDG by the Digital Services Act.", "quote": "antes de sua substituição em 2024 (HateAid, 2024).", "page": "84", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes transparency reports that evaluate how social media platforms handle user rights, specifically concerning online hate content, thereby monitoring and advocating for better moderation practices.", "quote": "HATEAID, Transparenzberichte : Wie Social-Media-Plattformen unsere Rechte umgehen, 2022, https://hateaid.org/transparenzberichte-social-media-plattformen, consulté le 31.08.2022.", "page": "24", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025; EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "HateAid documents and analyses platform transparency reports, provides reporting tools and victim counselling, finances and brings litigation against major platforms (Google, X), and runs public campaigns and petitions to press for policy change.", "quote": "HateAid litigates against platforms (landmark cases vs Google and X), engages with the Digital Services Act and EU policy, and publishes analyses of platform transparency—direct engagement in platformized-content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://hateaid.org/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hatebase.org", "aliases": ["Hatebase.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": ["Amazon", "X/Twitter", "Yahoo! Finance", "Yahoo! News", "news articles"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "hate speech", "platform accountability", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of digital safety: benchmarking large language models in the fight against online toxicity", "author": "AlDahoul, Nouar; Tan, Myles Joshua; Kasireddy, Harishwar Reddy; Zaki, Yasir", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It compiles and provides a hate speech lexicon based on words and phrases identified by internet users, which is then utilized by researchers and content moderation systems for detecting hate speech.", "quote": "The authors started with a hate speech lexicon consisting of words and phrases identified by internet users as hate speech, sourced from Hatebase.org.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1186/s40537-025-01336-x", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "various online platforms and media channels (X/Twitter, Amazon, news articles)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Advancing Content Moderation: Evaluating Large Language Models for Detecting Sensitive Content Across Text, Images, and Videos", "author": "AlDahoul, Nouar; Tan, Myles Joshua Toledo; Kasireddy, Harishwar Reddy; Zaki, Yasir", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Hatebase.org provides a lexicon of hate speech, identified by internet users, which researchers utilize as a data source to collect tweets for evaluating content moderation models.", "quote": "The authors started with a hate speech lexicon consisting of words and phrases identified by internet users as hate speech, sourced from Hatebase.org.", "page": "11", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms and various media outlets", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Abusive Language Detection in Online User Content", "author": "Nobata, Chikashi; Tetreault, Joel; Thomas, Achint; Mehdad, Yashar; Chang, Yi", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Hatebase.org provides lists of insulting and hate-related words that are used as a feature ('number of insult and hate blacklist words') in the abusive language detection system developed in the paper.", "quote": "For example, we used lists scraped from http://www.hatebase.org/", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2872427.2883062", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online user content (Yahoo! Finance and News)", "when": "2012-2015"}]}, {"name": "Hezbollah", "aliases": ["Hezbollah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party / armed group / social movement", "social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Egypt", "Gulf countries", "Iran", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Palestine", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["group interests", "human rights", "political autonomy", "political influence", "political opposition", "political resistance"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderación de debates", "moderation"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerts political, economic, and social control within its community, deploying resources (including military) to address crises and secure its political status, using its armaments as a tool for deterrence and identity formation.", "quote": "Desde el punto de vista de los chiíes, el armamento del que dispone Hezbolá permite a la comunidad salvaguardar, en el plano nacional, el status político, económico y social consolidado tras la guerra civil, después de haber sido marginados históricamente. Un eventual desarme podría devolverles a la irrelevancia en un sistema caracterizado por la lucha desigual por los recursos.", "page": "105", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}, {"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Did not undergo domestication or moderation, similar to Hamas, by maintaining strong organizational capacities including grassroots and militias in Lebanon, reflecting a context where the state is unable to dismantle such powerful groups.", "quote": "Examples include Hamas in the Palestinian Authority, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Sadr Movement and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIRI) in post-Saddam Iraq. Consequently, the moderation theory does not predict that these organizations will eventually be domesticated and evolve in a similar manner to the RF and the JDP.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}, {"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Performs well in Lebanese polls due to its provision of services during the civil war and steadfast opposition to Israeli occupation. Shows willingness to cooperate with a wide range of groups, including ideological rivals, fostering an environment of cross-ideological engagement.", "quote": "Lebanon's Hizbullah fairs well at the polls in part because it provided considerable services to the South of the country during the long civil war (when the state was without a functioning government), and in part because of its steadfast opposition to continued Israeli occupation of Lebanese lands.", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Human rights organizations", "aliases": ["Human rights organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Indonesia"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media Content Moderation Challenges for Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Tiktok Indonesia", "author": "Wismashanti, Rizky Amalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They collaborate with TikTok to provide diverse input and views on content moderation practices, contributing to the improvement of policies and practices for the protection of user rights on the platform.", "quote": "Here, TikTok can work with external parties, such as child and women's protection agencies, human rights organizations, and related community groups, to get diverse input and views on content moderation practices.", "page": "14", "url": "https://eduvest.greenvest.co.id/index.php/edv/article/view/893", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Tiktok, Indonesia", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Articulated demands for greater inclusion for social actors in media and participated in the broad social discussion on media regulation, contributing to the context that led to the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "quote": "algunos actores de la sociedad civil promovieron una discusión sobre la regulación mediática que logró articular demandas ciudadanas y de grupos organizados (sindicatos de trabajadores de medios, el movimiento de radios comunitarias, las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las no gubernamentales -ONG-, cooperativas de servicios interesadas en el sector, investigadores y docentes universitarios) con los reclamos de mayor inclusión para actores sociales postergados en los medios.", "page": "5", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}, {"title": "How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression", "author": "S Guriev, D Treisman", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collect and report data on state killings, political detentions, and torture allegations, providing evidence that exposes state violence and abuses that informational autocrats attempt to conceal or deny.", "quote": "Using more than 900 sources reports of human rights organizations, government bodies, and international agencies—we assembled best estimates of the number of state killings under each leader.", "page": "16", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2572452", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global authoritarian states", "when": "Post-WWII to present"}]}, {"name": "Identity Evropa", "aliases": ["Identity Evropa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["antisemitism", "ethno-nationalism", "extremism", "hate speech", "racial supremacy", "religious discrimination", "white identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An American neo-Nazi and white-supremacist organization that organized the 'Unite the Right' rally to promote its ideology and mobilize participants.", "quote": "This organiser, Damigo, is founder of “Identity Evropa”, which is an American neo-Nazi and white-supremacist organisation founded in March 2016", "page": "220", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leader, Eli Mosley, led marchers in chants identifying Jews as a threat and encouraged followers to fight, and its founder referred to earlier clashes as a 'test run' for Charlottesville, directly inciting and participating in violence.", "quote": "Defendant Eli Mosley of the Identity Evropa white supremacist organization led the marchers in the chant “Jews will not replace us.” Mosley declared that the defendants would not be replaced “without a fight.”... One of them, Identity Evropa founder Nathan Damigo, referred to Berkeley as a “test run” for Charlottesville.", "page": "118", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in offline rallies (Charlottesville) to publicly promote white identitarianism.", "quote": "Right rally in Charlottesville... attended by Richard Spencer, David Duke, the Klan, League of the South, Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, Daily Stormer clubs, Traditionalist Worker Party, Vanguard America, Identity Evropa and others...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Independent Federated Trust & Safety", "aliases": ["Independent Federated Trust & Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / community/collective", "nonprofit trust & safety support organization"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "community governance", "decentralization", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "All things in moderation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "IFTAS produces community needs assessments and guidance (DSA Guide, resources), and has publicly submitted technical-policy recommendations to the European Commission to shape interoperability and safety obligations for platforms.", "quote": "IFTAS advocates for federated social web interoperability, provides resources for volunteer moderators, and submitted detailed recommendations to the European Commission on the DMA.", "page": "", "url": "https://about.iftas.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on gathering volunteers responsible for decentralized spaces; researching the emerging federated social web.", "quote": "We also see a growing cohort of volunteer moderators and community managers across the emerging federated social web (highlighted in research from organisations such as Independent Federated Trust and Safety).", "page": "51", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on gathering volunteers responsible for decentralized spaces to promote trust and safety.", "quote": "Another example is IFTAS, which is focused on gathering volunteers responsible for decentralized spaces. See Independent Federated Trust & Safety (IFTAS). (n.d.). IFTAS. https://iftas.org/.", "page": "99", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Independent Media Center (Indymedia)", "aliases": ["Independent Media Center (IndyMedia)", "Independent Media Center (Indymedia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "France", "Nigeria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["G1 news site", "Indymedia"], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "anti-misinformation", "civic engagement", "democratic integrity", "equality", "free speech", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Utilized a media slogan ('Be the Media') and digital platforms to facilitate political debate and civic engagement, contributing to a transnational public sphere and challenging existing media structures.", "quote": "Movimentos políticos diretos como \"Ocupar Wall Street\"\"", "page": "\"\"Primavera Árabe\"\"", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "It functions as an 'outside' reference point for Google's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy, representing social movements critical of capitalist practices, thereby influencing corporate self-justification and branding.", "quote": "the ‘outside’ utilized as a reference point by the CSR policy is the social movements that are contrary to the more brutal facets of the capitalist marketplace such as the Indy Media movement.", "page": "107", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}, {"title": "Publier la parole pour refonder le politique ? Analyse d'un dispositif d'open-publishing", "author": "Ouardi, Samira", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Initially aiming for unmoderated and uncensored publishing, Indymedia Paris subsequently instituted a 'modération' system, including a 'pastille' (badge) system to validate articles against an ethical charter, especially after encountering racist and antisemitic content. Unvalidated articles are moved to a less visible 'hidden' section.", "quote": "Après ces mésaventures, le site Indymedia Paris a institué un système de pastille qui assure le lecteur, l'internaute, que l'article qu'il est en train de lire a été validé par le collectif, qu'il correspond à la charte Indymedia, si ce n'est pas le cas, une troisième pastille indique que l'article n'a pas été validé.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/colan_0336-1500_2006_num_147_1_4577", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "open-publishing platforms (Indymedia), USA, France, Australia", "when": "late 1980s - early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITS Rio)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITS Rio)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-misinformation", "constitutional adherence", "democratic integrity", "diversity", "education", "free speech", "platform transparency", "pluralism", "societal well-being", "technology ethics"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação ou censura? Uma análise a respeito dos critérios para a responsabilização civil de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo.", "author": "ÍR Lima", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "ITS Rio produces research and analyses regarding legislative proposals concerning technology and society, such as the PL 2630/2020, contributing to the public debate on digital platform regulation and content moderation in Brazil.", "quote": "Para saber mais, recomenda-se ler: INSTITUTO DE TECNOLOGIA E SOCIEDADE DO RIO. 9 pontos de atenção sobre o PL das Fake News (PL 2630/20). ITS Rio, Rio de Janeiro, 31 mar. 2022.", "page": "23", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/d08b6fa6-798c-43ea-b3fb-bc0dfd6e9dff", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on Facebook and the São Paulo State Court of Justice", "when": "post-2014 platform era, with judicial decisions from 2018-2023"}, {"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes with research and studies on Digital Law, publishes articles, and promotes events aimed at developing the field and increasing diversity of thought.", "quote": "O ITS está há anos contribuindo com a produção de pesquisas e estudos de ponta sobre o Direito Digital. Nessa perspectiva, a cada semestre, selecionamos para publicação artigos de nossos alunos da pós-graduação, visando a contribuir com o desenvolvimento da temática e ampliar a diversidade e a pluralidade de pensamentos.", "page": "6", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}, {"title": "REGULAÇÃO DAS PLATAFORMAS DE REDES SOCIAIS: a moderação de conteúdo e seus reflexos na liberdade de expressão em tempos de desinformação", "author": "CAM DE ALBUQUERQUE", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "ITS Rio analyzes proposed internet regulation (PL2630/2020) and identifies potential problems or inconsistencies in legislative drafts, acting as a critical observer and providing expert opinions.", "quote": "O Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio, ITS RIO (2022) elencou alguns problemas destas emendas, como por exemplo, há uma consagração da imunidade parlamentar nas redes sociais, porém pode causar algumas situações adversas.", "page": "46", "url": "https://revistas.faculdadedamas.edu.br/index.php/academico/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and Germany (comparative case study), focusing on social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017-2022)"}]}, {"name": "International Committee of the Red Cross", "aliases": ["International Committee of the Red Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Honduras", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Occupied Japan", "Syria", "Ukraine", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["human rights", "humanitarian law", "public awareness", "truthfulness"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors compliance with international humanitarian law norms during military conflicts, contributing to the enforcement of standards of conduct in wartime.", "quote": "The UN has appropriate mechanisms to monitor compliance with these norms, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Court of Justice and its specialized tribunals, as well as the UN’s subsidiary human rights missions in various countries.", "page": "50", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a potential client of social media agencies, it could utilize vast collections of preserved human rights-related videos documenting urban conflict, indirectly influencing content preservation efforts.", "quote": "You could go to \"an international aid organization like the ICRC [International Committee of the Red Cross] and say", "page": "‘Hey", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The atomic bomb suppressed: American censorship in occupied Japan", "author": "Braw, Monica", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Japanese citizens secretly filmed the effects of the atomic bomb with the intent to send the footage to the Red Cross in Geneva to expose the inhumanity of the weapon and counteract censorship, though they were prevented from doing so by the American Occupation authorities.", "quote": "The reason we made the copy was that we wanted to show proof of the inhumanity of the atomic bomb. We wanted to send the film to the Red Cross in Geneva. But under the Occupation we did not dare to.", "page": "25", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Occupied Japan", "when": "1945–1952"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions", "aliases": ["International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Canada", "Global", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "neutrality", "professional standards", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "1970s–1980s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformización de la sociedad y moderación de contenidos", "author": "J Hernández Pérez", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issued a declaration emphasizing the potential negative impacts of AI-driven content moderation on freedom of expression and highlighting concerns about transparency and criteria for content removal.", "quote": "subrayo la Declaración de la IFLA sobre Bibliotecas e Inteligencia Artificial en la cual ponen énfasis en las posibles afectaciones a la libertad de expresión como consecuencia de la moderación de contenidos impulsada por la inteligencia artificial.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ru.iibi.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/IIBI_UNAM/529/1/vol_2_07_desafios_entorno_jonathan_hernandez.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital platforms, with specific examples from Mexico, Latin America, and Spain; focusing on content moderation.", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era, particularly the last decade (2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established professional norms and declarations regarding intellectual freedom, advocating that libraries should not be subject to ideological, political, religious, or commercial censorship.", "quote": "Las bibliotecas garantizarán que la selección y la disponibilidad de los materiales y servicios bibliotecarios se rijan por consideraciones profesionales y no por criterios políticos, morales o religiosos.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Defends and promotes intellectual freedom globally, aligning its efforts with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights to ensure free expression and access to information.", "quote": "IFLA (the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) defends and promotes intellectual freedom 'as defined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights'.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Organization for Standardization", "aliases": ["International Organization for Standardization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Standards body", "standards body"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI safety", "user experience"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Initiated the codification of criteria related to risk management throughout the lifecycle of AI applications through various standards since 2022.", "quote": "L’International Standardization Organization (ISO) ha avviato dal 2022 la codificazione di criteri relativi alla gestione del rischio lungo il corso del ciclo di vita delle applicazioni dell’intelligenza artificiale attraverso vari standard218.", "page": "125", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Defines user experience (UX) to encompass users’ emotions, beliefs, preferences, and psychological responses, guiding human-centered design for interactive systems.", "quote": "The International Organization for Standardization defines UX as encompassing “all the users’ emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviors and accomplishments that occur before, during and after use” (ISO, 2019).", "page": "187", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Establishes vendor-neutral technical standards through consensus-building and voluntary participation, facilitating international coordination and unification of industrial standards, and developed the OSI Reference Model.", "quote": "ISO grew out of the electro-technical field and was formed after World War II to “facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards.”", "page": "129", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Women’s Media Foundation", "aliases": ["International Women’s Media Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": ["gender equality", "human rights", "journalist safety", "mental health support", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides statistical data on the representation of women in journalism, contributing to the understanding of gendered dynamics in the profession.", "quote": "elles représentent 40% des professionnel.le.s de l’information en 2011 (International Women’s Media Foundation : En ligne).", "page": "17", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and research on violence and harassment against women journalists globally, highlighting gender-specific risks and challenges.", "quote": "a survey by the International Women’s Media Foundation in collaboration with International News Safety Institute (Barton & Storm, 2014) showed that nearly two-thirds of women who took part in the survey had experienced violations.", "page": "144", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Offers safety trainings and resource-sharing for reporters to help them prepare for and cope with post-traumatic or secondary stress responses from sensitive reporting, with a focus on female journalists.", "quote": "...safety trainings and resource-sharing offered by organizations like the International News Safety Institute and the International Women’s Media Foundation – if a story is likely to trigger post-traumatic or secondary stress responses.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Architecture Board (IAB)", "aliases": ["Internet Architecture Board (IAB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Standards body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet access", "internet standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates different aspects of the Internet, ensuring standards for internet architecture.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "476", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Coordinates different aspects of the Internet's architecture and protocols.", "quote": "Various organizations, such as ... the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), coordinate different aspects of the Internet.", "page": "486", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Part of a set of bodies (including ISOC and IETF) responsible for regularly checking new technical developments to ensure they do not threaten the interoperability of the Internet.", "quote": "A set of bodies (the Internet Architecture Board, the Internet Society and the Internet Engineering Task Force) is in charge of regularly checking that new developments do not threaten the interoperability of the medium.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Internet Education Foundation", "aliases": ["Internet Education Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "internet education", "platform integrity", "platform security", "trust and safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Acts as the fiscal sponsor for the Trust & Safety Foundation Project (TSF), supporting its mission through financial means.", "quote": "Soon thereafter, the Internet Education Foundation (run by Tim Lordan) agreed to act as TSF’s fiscal sponsor.", "page": "42", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Agreed to act as TSF’s fiscal sponsor.", "quote": "Soon thereafter, the Internet Education Foundation (run by Tim Lordan) agreed to act as TSF’s fiscal sponsor.", "page": "15", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Agreed to act as TSF’s fiscal sponsor, supporting its organizational infrastructure.", "quote": "Soon thereafter, the Internet Education Foundation (run by Tim Lordan) agreed to act as TSF’s fiscal sponsor.", "page": "42", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Internet Rights and Principles Coalition", "aliases": ["Internet Rights and Principles Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "coalition"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["digital rights", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting charters outlining human rights and principles for the internet.", "quote": "24. IRPC (Internet Rights and Principles Coalition). (2010). The Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet. http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/charter/", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Promotes rights-based principles for Internet governance and produces resources like the Charter of Human Rights and Internet Principles.", "quote": "The Internet Rights and Principles Coalition that since 2008 has been active in promoting rights-based principles for Internet governance at the global Internet Governance Forum (IGF)", "page": "xxv", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Actively promotes rights-based principles for Internet governance at global and regional forums, and produces resources like the Charter of Human Rights and Internet Principles for the Internet to guide policy and practice.", "quote": "The Internet Rights and Principles Coalition that since 2008 has been active in promoting rights-based principles for Internet governance at the global Internet Governance Forum (IGF) as well as regional IGFs and related events.", "page": "xxv", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Watch Foundation (IWF)", "aliases": ["Internet Watch Foundation (IWF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Watchdog/transparency", "child protection charity; internet watchdog"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Chile", "China", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Finland", "Global", "India", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "child safety", "law enforcement", "public safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Acts as a strategic partner to Meta in efforts to combat human trafficking and exploitation on online platforms.", "quote": "Strategic partners include: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Internet Watch Foundation, ECPAT, Polaris, Stop the Traffik, and Meta’s Expert Advisory Group", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Compiles and makes publicly available a blacklist of blocked websites (primarily child pornography), contributing to filtering efforts in the United Kingdom.", "quote": "In the United Kingdom the blacklist is open and available through institutions such as the Internet Watch Foundation.", "page": "12", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; Meta Safety Partners; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network; Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "IWF publishes data and reports, operates an anonymous reporting hotline and technical tools (IntelliGrade, Image Intercept), partners with platforms (membership/partnerships with Google and others), chairs expert roundtables and lobbies EU/UK policymakers while publicly exposing AI-related CSAM incidents to drive policy and platform action.", "quote": "IWF's core mission is removing child sexual abuse imagery online and it actively engages with platform operators, policymakers and international fora on content moderation, AI-generated CSAM, and related safety measures.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.iwf.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internews", "aliases": ["Internews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "international media development nonprofit"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1982, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, implicitly focusing on independent media and access to information.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in shaping media systems and interviewed for understanding terminology and strategies regarding online vitriol.", "quote": "in shaping media systems (e.g., Internews, BBC Media action, Albany Associates), or as increasingly critical elements emerging as a by-product of their commercial activities...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Freedom Online Coalition; Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Internews produces research and reports, trains journalists and digital rights activists, and participates in multi-stakeholder coalitions to shape practices and norms around internet freedom, information integrity, and platform-related policy.", "quote": "Internews' core mission includes advancing internet freedom and information integrity (countering disinformation, supporting digital rights and technology work) which directly relates to platform content governance and AI-driven information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://internews.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Irregular", "aliases": ["Irregular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5", "GPT-5.2", "GPT-5.3-Codex"], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated in developing a series of cybersecurity challenges that reflect cyberoffensive tasks and assess model capabilities against three threat scenarios for advanced risks.", "quote": "In collaboration with Irregular, we developed a series of cybersecurity challenges that reflect the above three threat scenarios.", "page": "42", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "GPT-5-3-Codex-System-Card-02", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated a near-final version of GPT-5.3-Codex on cyberoffensive challenges, including vulnerability research, network attack simulation, and evasion, to assess its security capabilities and find novel results.", "quote": "Irregular, a frontier AI security lab, evaluated a near-final, representative version of GPT-5.3-Codex on a subset of a suite of cyberoffensive challenges spanning three categories", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.3-Codex model family", "when": "post-2025 AI era"}, {"title": "oai_5_2_system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Irregular, an AI Security organization, evaluated the model's ability to solve three types of cyberoffensive challenges: vulnerability research and exploitation, network attack simulation, and evasion.", "quote": "Irregular, an AI Security organization that addresses and mitigates frontier cybersecurity risks, evaluated the model's ability to solve three types of cyberoffensive challenges", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-5.2 model family", "when": "post-2025 AI platform era"}]}, {"name": "John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation", "aliases": ["John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in public engagement with critical social issues, including hate speech and violent extremism; interviewed for understanding terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Characterizing Web Censorship Worldwide: Another Look at the OpenNet Initiative Data", "author": "Gill, Phillipa; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Dalek, Jakub; Goldberg, Sharon; Senft, Adam; Wiseman, Greg", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provides financial support to initiatives like the OpenNet Initiative, thereby enabling research and advocacy in the field of internet censorship tracking.", "quote": "The OpenNet Initiative is financially supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2700339", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide (77 countries)", "when": "2007–2012"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "MacArthur shapes platform governance debates through grantmaking, funding research and convenings (Technology in the Public Interest, Journalism & Media) and by supporting tools, studies, and networks that inform policy and technical approaches.", "quote": "Direct programs and grantmaking (e.g., Technology in the Public Interest; Journalism & Media) fund research, convenings, and projects that shape platform governance, AI and media ecosystems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.macfound.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Journal of Online Trust and Safety", "aliases": ["Journal of Online Trust and Safety"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic excellence", "accessibility", "accountability", "evidence-based policy", "knowledge dissemination", "platform quality", "scientific integrity", "social justice", "transparency", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A peer-reviewed academic journal that provides an outlet for high-quality research on trust and safety, encouraging submissions from industry and promoting open access.", "quote": "Shelby Grossman is a Research Scholar at the Stanford Cyber Policy Center and is a founding co-editor of the Journal of Online Trust and Safety.", "page": "20", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Publishes high-quality peer-reviewed research on trust and safety; encourages industry submissions; ensures accessibility (open access) and timely publication; launched a small grants program to support research in non-Western contexts.", "quote": "We hoped that by establishing a respected journal we would incentivize research in trust and safety.", "page": "24", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched in 2021 to incentivize and publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research on trust and safety, making it open access and timely.", "quote": "We launched the journal in 2021 after observing that many topics in trust and safety lacked a clear disciplinary home... We hoped that by establishing a respected journal we would incentivize research in trust and safety.", "page": "51", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Jugendschutz.net", "aliases": ["Jugendschutz.net", "jugendschutz.net"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency", "youth media protection / child online safety NGO (gGmbH)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Mental health", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "child safety", "combating illegal content", "illegal content", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "online safety", "youth protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "International Network Against Cyberhate", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports, dossiers and monitoring outputs; operates complaint/reporting infrastructure and participates in Europe-wide monitoring projects (SafeNet) to pressure platforms and inform policymakers and practitioners.", "quote": "Operates monitoring, reporting and research on harmful online content affecting children and youth and runs/partners in Europe-wide monitoring projects of social-media platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jugendschutz.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}, {"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook maintains a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net to combat illegal content and promote online safety, especially focusing on youth protection, influencing moderation efforts.", "quote": "we are a party to FSM (...) as well as to DsiN (...) and maintain a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net. While not industry associations, these organizations also operate in the field of combating illegal content and promoting safety online.", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}, {"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook maintains a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net, an organization involved in combating illegal content and promoting online safety, particularly for youth. This implies collaboration on content issues related to minors and compliance with youth protection standards.", "quote": "maintain a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net. While not industry associations, these organizations also operate in the field of combating illegal content and promoting safety online.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "Know Your Meme", "aliases": ["Know Your Meme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Gab", "Know Your Meme", "Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community consensus", "contextualization", "cultural preservation", "information access", "information quality", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities", "author": "Zannettou, Savvas; Caulfield, Tristan; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Sirivianos, Michael; Stringhini, Gianluca; Suarez-Tangil, Guillermo", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a community-curated encyclopedia of internet memes, Know Your Meme provides annotation and descriptions for meme entries and moderates these entries to ensure accuracy and completeness, thereby shaping the public understanding and definition of memes.", "quote": "KYM moderates all entries, hence entries that are wrong or incomplete are marked as so by the site.", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1805.12512", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Reddit, Gab, 4chan's /pol/, Know Your Meme, online platforms", "when": "2016–2017"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Serves as an online database and community-driven resource for memetic content, which journalists can use for reverse-image searches and to establish broader memetic context, aiding in responsible reporting on online culture.", "quote": "A search for similar kinds of images on the database Know Your Meme is also prudent, as this additional step can help establish a broader memetic context.", "page": "115", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Functions as a \"reference guide\"\" and \"\"popular wiki\"\" that documents and explains internet memes", "quote": "and influencing public understanding of internet culture.\"", "page": "documentation, transparency, explanation, popularization of internet culture.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "LambdaMOO", "aliases": ["LambdaMOO"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community building", "democratic integrity", "digital identity", "individual autonomy", "justice", "social interaction", "user agency"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Developed basic democratic mechanisms for moderation, including town halls and appeals processes, in response to user revolts against arbitrary moderation decisions.", "quote": "fantasy-themed MUD called LambdaMOO, which eventually led to the implementation of basic democratic mechanisms for moderation. Though this LambdaMOO incident is the most famous and most cited [19, 65]", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}, {"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As an early online virtual world, it experienced 'bad' behavior like 'cyber rape,' which highlighted the need for community mechanisms to understand, manage, and prevent such actions, implying a form of norm enforcement.", "quote": "Since Dibbell (1993) examined cyber rape in the LambdaMOO community, many scholars have focused on understanding, managing, and preventing the phenomena of 'bad' online behavior.", "page": "2", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Creates an online social space (a 'new kind of society') where users interact via avatars, implicitly establishing social protocols that regulate behavior and identity within the virtual environment.", "quote": "The creators of one of the most popular MOOs, LambdaMOO, describe this relationship of bodies in social terms: “LambdaMOO is a new kind of society, where thousands of people voluntarily come together from all over the world.”", "page": "191", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ligue Internationale Contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme (LICRA)", "aliases": ["La Ligue Internationale Contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme (LICRA)", "Ligue Internationale Contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme (LICRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-racism", "anti-semitism", "legal compliance", "national sovereignty", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Censura nas redes sociais: análise de novos tipos de censura e sua privatização", "author": "N Basigli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "LICRA was involved in a legal case (Yahoo Licra) concerning racist hate speech, which highlighted the challenges of moderating content across international legal frameworks and influenced discussions on censorship on digital platforms.", "quote": "Consideremos o caso exemplar de discurso de ódio racista no caso Yahoo Licra", "page": "4", "url": "https://periodicos.univali.br/index.php/SIDC/article/view/21886", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms in Western democracies (EU, Italy, France, USA)", "when": "Post-2000s platform era"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action against Yahoo! Inc. in France to compel the platform to block access to websites selling Nazi-related items, asserting national legal norms over online content.", "quote": "dois grupos anti-semitas franceses, La Ligue contre le Racisme et Lántisémitisme (LICRA) e L’union des Estudiantes Juifs de France (UEFJ), entraram com uma ação Judicial contra a empresa Yahoo! Inc., a qual mantinha um site de leilões acessível na França que estava sendo utilizado para vender objetos que faziam alusão ao Nazismo", "page": "81", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An organization that has been battling racist narratives since 1927, actively pushing back against Far-Right extremism.", "quote": "has been battling racist narratives since 1927", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Moonshot CVE", "aliases": ["Moonshot CVE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / research organization"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "New Zealand", "North America", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-terrorism", "ethical governance", "harm reduction", "national security", "public safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Consulted by social media companies as an external entity specializing in terrorism to stay informed on developing trends, and potentially holds 'trusted flagger' status for prioritized takedown requests.", "quote": "These include start-ups (Moonshot CVE, SITE Intelligence Group), think-tanks (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Institut français des Relations internationals), and public bodies such as Europol's IRU, who also have “trusted flagger” status, allowing for prioritization of their takedown requests.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Works globally to disrupt violent extremism, developed the Redirect Method to connect vulnerable individuals with counsellors, positive content, opportunities, and mentors.", "quote": "Further examples are Moonshot CVE, the Center for Countering Digital Hate, and the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Moonshot CVE (http://moonshotcve.com/) works globally to disrupt violent extremism...", "page": "210", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Pioneers the 'Redirect Method', using expert research and advertising software to target individuals exposed to extremist content online with counter-content that debunks or falsifies extremist narratives, aiming to disrupt radicalization pathways.", "quote": "The ‘Redirect Method’ pioneered by Moonshot CVE is a well-known example of another counter-narrative programming approach whose principles have been used across the world.", "page": "94", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "National Coalition Against Censorship", "aliases": ["National Coalition Against Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s", "20th-21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports individuals and organizations involved in the fight against censorship through various advocacy initiatives.", "quote": "The list of organizations includes but is not limited to the ... National Coalition Against Censorship...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}, {"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Recognizes and honors individuals, such as authors, for their contributions to fighting censorship, thereby promoting anticensorship advocacy and public awareness.", "quote": "He has been honored by the National Coalition Against Censorship in its Annual Celebration of Free Speech and Its Defenders and headlined for the Freedom to Read Foundation’s 2007 fundraiser.", "page": "16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}, {"title": "What Johnny shouldn't read: Textbook censorship in America", "author": "J DelFattore", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Responds to and combats textbook censorship protests and incidents, advocating for free inquiry and the exchange of ideas in education.", "quote": "In 1974, soon after the NATIONAL Coalition Against Censorship opened its doors, one of the nation's most volatile textbook protests erupted in Kanawha County, West Virginia...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FAFGFv38FmcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=censorship&ots=zy2leKeitJ&sig=C4lOfpJP6V0nlnup_kQEaNotdLw", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1970s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Eating Disorders Association", "aliases": ["National Eating Disorders Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["ChatGPT", "Instagram", "Pinterest", "Tumblr"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public health", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderación de medios", "moderation"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de contenidos en inteligencia artificial generativa: ChatGPT bajo el marco regulatorio de la Unión Europea", "author": "G Prieto Viertel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Deactivated its AI chatbot (Tessa) after it provided harmful advice related to eating disorders, demonstrating a reactive control over AI behavior to protect vulnerable users from problematic AI outputs.", "quote": "Por otro lado, la National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) enfrentó un problema similar cuando reemplazó su línea de ayuda con un chatbot de IA llamado Tessa (Harper, 2023). Este chatbot tuvo que ser desactivado después de proporcionar consejos perjudiciales a personas con trastornos alimentarios.", "page": "28", "url": "https://openaccess.uoc.edu/handle/10609/151031", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Unión Europea, ChatGPT", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Beyond the hashtag: Circumventing content moderation on social media", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "NEDA contributes to the discourse and categorization of eating disorders. The paper uses NEDA's definitions to frame 'pro-ED' content, indicating its role in establishing norms around what constitutes an eating disorder, which in turn informs platform moderation policies and public understanding of problematic content.", "quote": "I use the term 'pro-ED' throughout this article to capture the range of known eating disorders – anorexia, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), binge eating disorder, bulimia, eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), orthorexia, and others (NEDA, 2017).", "page": "32", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818776611", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Pinterest, and Tumblr", "when": "2012-2018"}, {"title": "#thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities", "author": "Chancellor, Stevie; Pater, Jessica Annette; Clear, Trustin; Gilbert, Eric; De Choudhury, Munmun", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "NEDA provides support and resources for individuals with eating disorders. The paper suggests social media platforms should point users to such organizations as an alternative or complement to content bans, to promote recovery and provide a 'safety valve' for vulnerable communities.", "quote": "public service announcements, with pointers to eating disorder support communities or to an eating disorder hotline/resources (e.g., the National Eating Disorders Association – NEDA website)", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2818048.2819963", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, USA", "when": "2011–2014 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Network to End Domestic Violence", "aliases": ["National Network to End Domestic Violence", "The National Network to End Domestic Violence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "national coalition / advocacy network"], "countries": ["Australia", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-violence", "harm reduction", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "privacy", "support for survivors", "user safety", "women's safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocates on behalf of survivors of gender-based violence by educating victim service providers, policymakers, and technology companies on issues of technology abuse, privacy, and victim safety.", "quote": "Since joining the National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) in 2007, Erica has advocated on behalf of survivors of gender-based violence...", "page": "23", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "They teamed up with Facebook and Twitter to provide advice and resources on how to use sites and maintain women's privacy and safety, as part of efforts to improve users' safety and respond to online harassment.", "quote": "For example, the National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) teamed up with Facebook and Twitter to offer advice on how to use sites and maintain women's privacy and safety.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "NNEDV produces the Domestic Violence Counts report, convenes summits, issues policy materials and toolkits, and mobilizes its network of 56 state/territorial coalitions to influence funding and policy related to survivor safety and technology access.", "quote": "NNEDV's core mission is ending domestic violence, but it runs Technology Safety programs (TechSafety.org), hosts Technology Summits, and advocates on policy affecting hotline access and survivor safety on digital platforms.", "page": "", "url": "http://nnedv.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Organization for Decent Literature", "aliases": ["National Organization for Decent Literature"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Established as a Catholic organization to combat 'lewd' magazines and literature, it targeted paperbacks and comic books, publishing lists of disapproved materials and pressuring merchants and libraries to remove them.", "quote": "In 1938, a Catholic organization known as the National Organization for Decent Literature (NODL) was estab-lished to combat the publication and sale of lewd maga-zines and brochure literature (Wiegand 2015).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Used pressure tactics and attempted economic boycotts against news dealers to stop the sale of comic books, which they targeted as contributing to juvenile delinquency.", "quote": "A national group, the National Organization for Decent Literature made the comic a prime target and used pressure tactics and attempted economic boycotts to force news dealers to stop selling them.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Targeted comic books with pressure tactics and economic boycotts to compel news dealers to cease selling them, aiming to curb juvenile delinquency.", "quote": "A national group, the National Organization for Decent Literature made the comic a prime target and used pressure tactics and attempted economic boycotts to force news dealers to stop selling them.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "National Research Council", "aliases": ["National Research Council"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical research", "public understanding", "scientific accuracy", "scientific autonomy", "scientific consensus", "scientific progress", "security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points", "author": "Antilla, Liisa", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Produces scientific reports that establish new paradigms in climate science (e.g., abrupt climate change), highlighting critical scientific findings that the paper argues are under-appreciated due to inadequate media coverage.", "quote": "The new paradigm of an abruptly changing climatic system has been well established by research over the last decade, but this new thinking is little known and scarcely appreci- ated in the wider community of natural and social scientists and policymakers. (National Academies' National Research Council, 2002: 1)", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662508094099", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global media, focusing on US, UK, and Canada", "when": "2006–2007"}, {"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Proposed a system of voluntary self-governance by scientists and scientific journals for screening publications posing security risks, and recommended the establishment of a National Science Advisory Board for Biodefense.", "quote": "The NRC ultimately recommended relying on voluntary \"self-governance by scientists and scientific journals\"\" for the screening of publications posing security risks.\"", "page": "6", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Published reports providing overviews and context on the history and evolution of human subjects protection, contributing to the discourse and norm-setting around IRB practices.", "quote": "For an overview of the history from the 1940s to the present, see National Research Council, Protecting Participants and Facilitating Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, ch 3 (2003).", "page": "4", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "New America", "aliases": ["New America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Myanmar", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "Sri Lanka", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "ai safety", "content moderation", "digital governance", "platform accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social media content moderation, censorship and AI detection evasion techniques", "author": "Malec, Lukáš; Lešetický, Jan; Universitätsbibliothek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Stresses the need for transparency in algorithmic content ranking and highlights a broader call for accountability in automated decision-making systems.", "quote": "The need for transparency in algorithmic content ranking is further stressed by New America and highlights the broader call for accountability in automated decision-making systems.", "page": "4", "url": "https://epub.jku.at/doi/10.35011/IDIMT-2024-317", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with examples from Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and EU regulatory context)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a case study on Reddit's content moderation practices, contributing to the understanding and discussion of platform governance in online environments.", "quote": "New America, Case Study: Reddit, available at https://www.newamerica.org Accessed 15 July 2022.", "page": "75", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and reports concerning how internet platforms utilize artificial intelligence for user-generated content moderation.", "quote": "Spandana Singh, Everything in Moderation: An Analysis of How Internet Platforms Are Using Artificial Intelligence to Moderate User-Generated Content, NEW AMERICA (July 22, 2019)", "page": "994", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}]}, {"name": "New America's Open Technology Institute", "aliases": ["New America's Open Technology Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO / think tank", "academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "free speech", "technological openness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation (2018), and participated in their review process.", "quote": "Principios de Santa Clara por Transparencia y Rendición de Cuentas en Moderación de Contenido. Autoría: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, New America's Open Technology Institute", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Santa Clara Principles; identified that platforms had made limited progress in applying transparency recommendations regarding data disclosure ('números').", "quote": "Pasados tres años de la publicación de los Principios de Santa Clara... se quedan muy cortas cuando se trata de aplicar las recomendaciones formuladas para la catego-ría «números», ha identificado el Open Technology Institute de la organización New America24.", "page": "16", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in the elaboration of the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation.", "quote": "Participaram da elaboração dos Princípios de Santa Clara: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Center for Democracy & Technology, Electronic Frontier Foundation, New America’s Open Technology Institute...", "page": "128", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "New_Public", "aliases": ["New_Public"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Think tank/research institute", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community welfare", "healthy online spaces", "prosocial behavior", "public discourse", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Uses analogy of designing public spaces to think about proactive design, signaling how people engage and setting the tone for online spaces; developed 'Civic Signals' framework.", "quote": "New_Public’s Civic Signals, a set of goals that healthy online spaces should aspire to that was developed with experts and validated with public surveys across twenty countries, provides an organizing framework for the goals Prosocial Design can aim to achieve (2022).", "page": "128", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocates for proactive design choices in online public spaces to shape engagement and tone.", "quote": "New_Public uses the analogy of designing public spaces which is useful in thinking about proactive design: the design choices made for a space – whether physical or digital – signal to people how to engage and set the tone for what happens in those spaces (New_Public).", "page": "154", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "New_Public developed 'Civic Signals,' a framework of goals that healthy online spaces should aspire to, which serves as an organizing framework for the goals of Prosocial Design.", "quote": "New_Public's Civic Signals, a set of goals that healthy online spaces should aspire to that was developed with experts and validated with public surveys across twenty countries, provides an organizing framework for the goals Prosocial Design can aim to achieve (2022).", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "NewsGuard", "aliases": ["NewsGuard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "information integrity", "media accountability", "source reliability"], "topics": ["content moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "NewsGuard rates the reliability of news sources, providing information to users via a browser extension to help them discern true from false information and potentially reduce consumption of low-quality news.", "quote": "In a field experiment (Aslett et al., 2022) participants in a treatment condition used the browser extension \"NewsGuard\"\" (www.newsguardtech.com)", "page": "which rates the reliability of news sources", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Measurement and Metrics for Content Moderation: The Multi-Dimensional Dynamics of Engagement and Content Removal on Facebook", "author": "Edelson, Laura; Kovba, Borys; Yershova, Hanna; Botelho, Austin; McCoy, Damon; Lauinger, Tobias", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides evaluations of news sources based on factualness and bias, which researchers then use to compile lists of news providers for empirical studies on user engagement and misinformation.", "quote": "Our measurement on a list of US news sources that we obtained from the authors of a study on user engagement with misinformation (Edelson et al. 2021), which was originally built using data obtained from NewsGuard (NG)", "page": "7", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/220", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (US, Ukrainian, and Russian news ecosystems)", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "Moderating with the mob: Evaluating the efficacy of real-time crowdsourced fact-checking", "author": "W Godel, Z Sanderson, K Aslett, J Nagler…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Identifies domains frequently producing false news and provides live informational feedback on online news source reliability via a web extension, used to supplement low-quality news source lists for the study.", "quote": "we supplemented the Allcott, Gentzkow, and Yu (2019) list with domains identified by NewsGuard, a web extension that provides live informational feedback on online news source reliability (NewsGuard 2021), as frequently producing false news related to the pandemic.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Omidyar Foundation", "aliases": ["Omidyar Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "equity", "harm reduction", "inclusion", "justice", "open access", "research", "trust and safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides funding to support trust and safety research, particularly in non-Western contexts, to expand the scope and impact of the work.", "quote": "With support from the Omidyar Foundation, we’ve also launched a small grants program to support trust and safety research in non-Western contexts.", "page": "30", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Funds the journal's open access and launched a small grants program to support trust and safety research in non-Western contexts.", "quote": "With support from the Omidyar Foundation, we’ve also launched a small grants program to support trust and safety research in non-Western contexts.", "page": "30", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides funding for trust and safety research, including supporting projects in non-Western contexts.", "quote": "Our costs are currently covered through funding from the Omidyar Foundation. ... With support from the Omidyar Foundation, we’ve also launched a small grants program to support trust and safety research in non-Western contexts.", "page": "54", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Open Society Institute", "aliases": ["Open Society Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["academic publishing ecosystem"], "norms": ["civil society", "free speech", "information access", "open access", "public good", "technological development"], "topics": ["censorship", "media moderation", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports and funds advocacy programs focused on monitoring and advocating for communication rights, influencing policy and public discourse.", "quote": "EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program of the Open Society Institute) and several civic organisations (for example, Communication Rights in Information Society CRIS, The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom, and Campaign for the Freedom of Information), but there is no single legal instrument to guarantee the deployment of these rights.", "page": "62", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "The rise of muhammadiyah's islamic da'wah in the contemporary era: transformation to online trend and responses to islamic moderation", "author": "S Huda, MM Mas'udi…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established the Budapest Open Access Initiative, which defined and promoted two pathways for open access (green and gold models), thereby shaping the movement to dismantle paywall gatekeeping in scientific publishing through norm-setting.", "quote": "Budapest Open Access Initiative. (2001). Open Society Institute. https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/", "page": "10", "url": "https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/progresiva/article/view/20889", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific community, academic publishing ecosystem, digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provides critical funding and encouragement to bring together civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies.", "quote": "Major foundations, such as the Ford Foundation, Markle Foundation, and George Soros' Open Society Institute, have supplied critical funding and encouragement to bring civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies together.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Order of Preachers (Dominicans)", "aliases": ["Order of Preachers (Dominicans)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "France", "Low Countries", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["philosophical tradition", "protection of vulnerable groups", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur", "censura", "censure"], "languages": ["French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "16th-17th centuries", "16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Jean Henten, the primary censor, was a member of this order and served as its superior in Louvain, directly contributing to the expurgation of Erasmus's works under the authority of the Faculty of Theology.", "quote": "Par Jean Henten, docteur en théologie de l'université de Louvain, de l'ordre des dominicains. 1552.", "page": "5", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "La censure de la fiction et ses fondements philosophiques", "author": "Demonet, Marie-Luce", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "They were proponents of Thomist doctrine, stimulating philosophical discourse on the metaphysical nature of 'entia' and the relationship between imagination and intellect, thereby establishing a philosophical context for discussing the acceptability of fictional entities within rational thought.", "quote": "La faveur de la doctrine thomiste auprès des dominicains puis des jésuites fait rebondir la réflexion sur la nature des entia et sur la perméabilité entre phantasia et intellect.", "page": "6", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Early Modern Europe, with a focus on France", "when": "16th-17th century"}, {"title": "<i>La Celestina</i> en el <i>Índice</i>: Argumentos de una censura", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Submitted opinions to Inquisitor General Quiroga, advising on the content of the Index of Forbidden Books, specifically expressing concern about texts that could corrupt \"women and other idiots.\"\"\"", "quote": "De mujeres y otros idiotas «hablan los predicadores dominicos en sus pareceres enviados a Quiroga durante la confección del catálogo»", "page": "4", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/celestinesca/article/view/20069", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "16th, 17th, and 18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe", "aliases": ["Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe", "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["intergovernmental organization", "international organization", "other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Germany", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Pakistan", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["education reform", "free speech", "journalist safety", "media pluralism", "multiculturalism", "peacebuilding"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Establishes specific initiatives (like 'Protect Female Journalists Online'), conducts research, and highlights threats to female journalists online to protect media plurality.", "quote": "According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), online attacks on female journalists have become a serious threat to women’s participation in journalism and the media.", "page": "111", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Providing organizational support and expertise, promoting multiculturalism as a lead concept for education reform, and setting institutional frameworks for textbook revision in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "quote": "organizational support and expertise provided by the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe) and experts from outside even welcomed.", "page": "251", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Oversight Board (for Meta)", "aliases": ["Oversight Board (for Meta)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["External red-team / auditor", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "fairness", "free speech", "human rights", "platform accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Produced policy advisories and scrutinizes Meta’s internal systems, evaluating content moderation decisions and promoting expression.", "quote": "The revelations also spurred internal policy scrutiny; the Oversight Board produced a policy advisory on Meta’s XCheck programme—an internal system which gave elite users preferential treatment—and concluded the system was “designed primarily to protect or prioritize the expression", "page": "147", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Social Media", "author": "Gyetván, Dorina", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board acts as a semi-independent expert group that reviews content moderation decisions made by Facebook, Instagram, and Threads. It serves as an appeals forum for users, provides guidance to Meta on aligning its practices with human rights standards, and aims to establish a precedent system for content decisions.", "quote": "Based on its track record, it is safe to say that its relevance extends beyond the adjudication of individual cases, and its aim is to establish a precedent system over time that provides a human rights-based, fast and flexible forum for users to challenge the platform's content decisions.", "page": "12", "url": "https://ojs.elte.hu/eltelj/article/view/9892", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online sphere, focusing on social media platforms and EU regulation", "when": "21st century social media era, with a focus on post-2010 developments"}, {"title": "Moderating Synthetic Content: the Challenge of Generative AI", "author": "Fisher, Sarah A.; Howard, Jeffrey W.; Kira, Beatriz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Delivers decisions and advice on Meta's content moderation practices and policies, specifically recommending changes based on the company's commitment to upholding international human rights law.", "quote": "Meta, whose Oversight Board delivers decisions and advice on the basis of the company's commitment to upholding its responsibilities under international human rights law.", "page": "15", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-024-00818-9", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary platform era (2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Oxfam", "aliases": ["Oxfam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "global humanitarian and advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Global South", "United Kingdom", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["Conflict resolution", "Digital inclusion", "Environmental impact", "Gender", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "anti-capitalism", "environmental justice", "political advocacy", "social justice"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1942, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in coalition-launched campaigns (like Put People First) promoting public mobilization against economic and environmental harms, using digital media for personalized engagement.", "quote": "The largest of these demonstrations was sponsored by a number of prominent NGOs including Oxfam, Friends of the Earth, Save the Children and World Vision.", "page": "299", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum; IGF 2025", "year": "1942", "mechanism": "Oxfam uses research, advocacy campaigns, and global mobilization to influence policy and public awareness, indirectly affecting online and offline social issues.", "quote": "Oxfam International focuses on inequality, humanitarian crises, and social justice; platform governance is not a primary focus, though campaigns may indirectly influence online discourse.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.oxfam.org/en/what-we-do/about", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Parti Communiste Français", "aliases": ["Parti Communiste Français"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "France", "Southeast Asia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "harm reduction", "national loyalty", "national unity", "political discourse", "public debate", "socialism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "18th–21st centuries", "21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed in 1920, it aligned with Moscow, committed to Marxism-Leninism, promoted the Soviet myth, and saw any challenge to French independence as a threat to the proletariat.", "quote": "The French socialist movement split, and the French Communist Party (PCF) came into existence. The following year, at Saint-Etienne, the trade union movement split along the same lines, the newly created Confédération Générale du Travail Unifié (CGTU) aligning itself with Moscow’s International of Red Trade Unions, the Profintern. The cold and iron-like grip of Bolshevism was about to seize hold of the French left.", "page": "390", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}, {"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party's website features forums for citizen interaction, which are subject to moderation to remove insulting or defamatory content, or content attacking individuals.", "quote": "Les forums des sites web des partis politiques ont recours à différents procédés pour encadrer la prise de parole des forumers (Wojcik, 2003) : proposition de thèmes de discussion, énonciation plus ou moins explicite - de règles de “bonne conduite”.", "page": "8", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Comunista Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Partido Comunista Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network", "political party", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "communist ideology", "equality", "political alignment", "political resistance", "social justice", "socialism"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censura", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Crítica da mídia & hegemonia cultural", "author": "D de Moraes", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a political organization operating in opposition and clandestinity during dictatorial regimes, PCB fostered intellectual resistance and counter-hegemonic communication, engaging in internal ideological debates (e.g., about socialist realism) among its affiliated members.", "quote": "Posteriormente, filiado ao Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), precisou lidar com divergências internas a respeito da adoção ao realismo socialista.", "page": "217", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=entQDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA10&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+m%C3%ADdia&ots=yC_gBHpgjD&sig=emihqf8QqXqkvcrUciBN0UIjGJw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "mid-20th century to present"}, {"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As an outlawed political party under the military regime, alleged links to it (as in the case of Vladimir Herzog) triggered severe state repression, including detention, torture, and death, illustrating the extreme measures of political censorship.", "quote": "No dia 25 de outubro de 1975, atendendo a um pedido de esclarecimentos entregue na véspera, sobre a sua suposta ligação com o Partido Comunista Brasileiro, Vladimir Herzog compareceu às dependências do DOI-CODI", "page": "13", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The party was accused of receiving foreign aid, leading to its cassation by the government and subsequent persecution, demonstrating its role as a target of state censorship and repression.", "quote": "Em 1947, o PCB, Partido Comunista Brasileiro, acusado de receber ajuda da União Soviética, é cassado. No mesmo ano, o Brasil rompe relações diplomáticas com a URSS.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT)", "aliases": ["Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other", "political party"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-dictatorship", "anti-misinformation", "constitutionalism", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "individual rights", "left-wing politics", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.994/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.994/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT (ADI 6.994/DF)...", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}, {"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formed by politicians and left-wing sectors uniting during labor movements, signaling a shift in the political landscape and contributing to the transition from dictatorship.", "quote": "Com os movimentos grevistas de 1978 e 1979, os políticos e setores da esquerda se unem criando o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT).", "page": "20", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "constitutional rights", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "individual rights", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.991/DF) in the Supreme Federal Court against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021, arguing it violated the Marco Civil da Internet's logic and hindered the fight against disinformation.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.991/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar, ajuizadas pelo Partido Socialista Brasileiro – PSB (ADI 6.991/DF), pelo Partido Solidariedade – SD (ADI 6.992/DF), pelo Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira – PSDB (ADI 6.993/DF), pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores – PT (ADI 6.994/DF), pelo Partido Novo – NOVO (ADI 6.995/DF), pelo Partido Democrático Trabalhista – PDT (ADI 6.996/DF) e pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil – CFOAB (ADI 6.998/DF), em face da íntegra da Medida Provisória 1.068/2021, que altera a Lei 12.965/2014 (Marco Civil da Internet) e a Lei 9.610/1998 (Lei dos Direitos Autorais).", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}, {"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Filed an Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) with the Supreme Federal Court to challenge the constitutionality of the National Security Law, acting as an advocacy group for democratic values.", "quote": "Quanto à parte judicial, duas Ações de Descumprimento de Preceitos Fundamentais (ADPF), de nº 797/DF de autoria do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB) e de nº 799/DF de autoria do Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), foram distribuídas junto ao STF questionando a recepção da LSN pela CRFB/88.", "page": "78", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Obrero Español", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Obrero Español"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic process", "republicanism", "socialism", "socialist participation", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderación de medios", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Comunicación institucional en los debates electorales entre candidatos a la presidencia del Gobierno en España en las elecciones generales (2008 y 2011)", "author": "MG Reguera, IM Martínez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The party, through its representatives, negotiated with the opposing party and private television channels (and later with the Academy of Television) to agree on the norms, format, and other organizational details of the electoral debates. This negotiation directly influenced the parameters and conditions for the candidates' public speech.", "quote": "Las dos cadenas privadas negociaron con los partidos políticos con mayor representación (PSOE y PP) y acordaron las normas y el formato del debate, así como las demás cuestiones relativas a la organización y emisión.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/709/70928465010.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "2008-2011"}, {"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Aimed to use the political crisis to achieve a change in the political regime, either towards a republic or a government of concentration with socialist participation.", "quote": "Para los dirigentes del PSOE podía ser supeditado a un cambio de régimen político, hacia la fórmula republicana o, desde un planteamiento mínimo, hacía un gobierno de concentración con participación socialista'", "page": "3", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}, {"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "It later joined the core group to complete the formation of the Frente Popular electoral coalition, aiming to influence government policies and composition.", "quote": "a este núcleo se sumaron más tarde el Partido Socialista Obrero Español, la Unión General de Trabajadores, la Federación Nacional de Juventudes Socialistas y el reducido Partido Co- munista...", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "People for the American Way", "aliases": ["People for the American Way"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "educational freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship", "censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "1980s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "This nonpartisan constitutional liberties organization monitors and reports on challenges to student expression, student art, and educational materials, advocating against censorship by raising public awareness.", "quote": "People for the American Way (1995), a 300,000-member nonpartisan constitutional liberties organization, reported an increase in the number of challenges to student expression of all types...", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}, {"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published a report documenting numerous attempts by other groups to censor school books, acting as a watchdog against censorship.", "quote": "Un rapport d'un groupe de défense des droits, PEOPLE FOR THE AMERICAN WAY, fait état de 347 tentatives par des parents ou coalitions de parents... de censurer des livres scolaires", "page": "12", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "A liberal organization that tracked and reported a significant increase in censorship incidents in public schools, noting a shift to targeting entire curricula.", "quote": "The liberal People for the American Way found a 37 percent increase in censorship over the 1983-84 school year. 'People who used to be content trying to remove Catcher in the Rye or Huckleberry Finn have set their sights on the entire curriculum,' said Barbara Parker, spokeswoman.", "page": "188", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "PhilMod", "aliases": ["PhilMod"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "Learned/scientific society", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation ethics", "ethical conduct", "ethical inquiry", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A community of academic researchers and technology professionals interested in the philosophical implications of content moderation and social media platform policy; holds monthly discussions.", "quote": "Since 2023, we have been active members of PhilMod, a community of approximately 200 academic researchers and technology professionals...", "page": "37", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Community of academic researchers and technology professionals interested in the philosophical implications of content moderation and social media platform policy; meets monthly to discuss salient issues.", "quote": "Since 2023, we have been active members of PhilMod, a community of approximately 200 academic researchers and technology professionals interested in the philosophical implications of content moderation and social media platform policy.", "page": "37", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A community of academic researchers and technology professionals meeting monthly to discuss philosophical implications of content moderation and social media platform policy.", "quote": "Since 2023, we have been active members of PhilMod, a community of approximately 200 academic researchers and technology professionals interested in the philosophical implications of content moderation and social media platform policy.", "page": "64", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Portuguese Inquisition", "aliases": ["Portuguese Inquisition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Angola", "China", "England", "France", "Germany", "Italian city-states", "Low Countries", "Macau", "Mozambique", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Portuguese India", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "São Tomé"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "public morals", "religious authority", "religious orthodoxy", "social order"], "topics": ["censura", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "A censura salazarista e as colónias: um exemplo de abrangência", "author": "Melo, Daniel", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Exercised both religious and royal censorship, establishing a historical precedent for state-sanctioned control over publications in Portugal.", "quote": "Procurar a filiação da censura permite perceber a sua persistência na história portuguesa, primeiro, através da Inquisição, que associou censura religiosa e régia (de 1536 a 1821).", "page": "3", "url": "https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_16_21", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese Colonial Empire (Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, São Tomé) and metropolitan Portugal", "when": "20th century, 1926-1974"}, {"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published several indexes of forbidden books (1547, 1551, 1561, 1564, 1581), initially adopting lists from Paris and Louvain, and later aligning with and even exceeding Roman Inquisition directives, to suppress condemned writings and defend Catholicism.", "quote": "Les premiers index publiés par l'Inquisition portugaise s'inspirent et adoptent les catalogues des Universités de Paris et de Louvain. [...] À partir de la parution du premier index romain de 1559, l'Inquisition portugaise s'aligne essentiellement sur l'Inquisition romaine en faisant siennes ses condamnations.", "page": "8", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "Censura como interferencia y como modificación", "author": "Albaladejo, Tomás", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The Portuguese Inquisition suppressed parts of literary works, specifically removing content that made references to religious elements in a context it deemed inappropriate, thereby altering the original text's meaning.", "quote": "La Inquisición portuguesa suprimió en 1624 en el capítulo XVII de la primera parte del Quijote el fragmento «Y luego dijo sobre la alcuza más de ochenta paternos-tres y otras tantas avemarías, salves y credos, y a cada palabra acompa-ñaba una cruz, a modo de bendición»", "page": "4", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "England, Portugal, Spain, Soviet Union, China, Germany", "when": "16th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Poynter Institute for Media Studies", "aliases": ["Poynter Institute for Media Studies", "The Poynter Institute for Media Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation / NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Asia", "Eastern Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "free speech", "journalistic ethics", "non-profit journalism", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation", "media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The WEIRD governance of fact-checking and the politics of content moderation", "author": "Vinhas, Otávio; Bastos, Marco", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Runs the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), which standardizes fact-checking practices and acts as a funding proxy connecting tech companies with news practitioners, thereby influencing the operational and ethical frameworks of content moderation.", "quote": "Fact-checking practices are standardized by the International Fact-checking Network (IFCN), a US-based association run by the Poynter Institute that connects fact-checkers with funding partners, including social platforms.", "page": "9", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Non-WEIRD countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe) on social media platforms (Meta/Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics", "author": "Shir-Raz, Yaffa; Elisha, Ety; Martin, Brian; Ronel, Natti; Guetzkow, Josh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Runs the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN), thereby facilitating and coordinating the content moderation and fact-checking efforts of major social media platforms.", "quote": "This organization is run by the Poynter Institute for Media Studies, a non-profit journalism school whose main financial supporters include Google and Facebook.", "page": "21", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple Western democracies and global social media platforms", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020-2022)"}, {"title": "Exploring the magnitude and effects of media influence on Reddit moderation", "author": "H Habib, R Nithyanand", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This institute contributes to developing guidelines and best practices for reporting on toxic online content and communities, influencing journalistic norms and standards.", "quote": "institutions of journalism such as...the Poynter Institute...have sought input...to de-velop guidelines or “best practices\" for these reports.\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19291", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2015–2020"}]}, {"name": "Psiphon Inc.", "aliases": ["Psiphon Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Saudi Arabia", "Sudan", "United Arab Emirates", "United Kingdom", "Yemen"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "internet access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention", "author": "Frolov, Sergey; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Develops and operates censorship circumvention tools that utilize TLS and domain fronting, strategically cycling through various TLS fingerprints to evade detection and blocking, thus providing uncensored internet access.", "quote": "Psiphon also uses several circumvention transports, including domain fronting over TLS. We obtained a version of the Psiphon Android application that only connects using TLS from the app’s developers", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_03B-2-1_Frolov_paper.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with focus on censorship circumvention", "when": "2017–2018 (Post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Yemen War Online: Propagation of Censored Content on Twitter", "author": "Noman, Helmi; Faris, Robert; Kelly, John", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides circumvention tools (like VPNs) that enable users to bypass government internet filtering and access censored content. The paper utilizes Psiphon's data to demonstrate the usage of such tools by individuals behind filtering regimes.", "quote": "Psiphon provided data on circumvention tool usage in Yemen and Saudi Arabia.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3130860", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Twitter", "when": "2016–2018"}, {"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Develops and operates censorship circumvention systems, forking and adapting existing tools like Meek to provide unblockable access to the internet for users in censored regions.", "quote": "Meek [77] which was originally developed for Tor now also exists in a fork by Psiphon [78] with minor adaptations.", "page": "17", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "Public Knowledge", "aliases": ["Public Knowledge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group", "public interest technology policy nonprofit"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "digital rights", "open internet", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, advocating for the public interest in internet policy and content moderation, promoting open and democratic digital environments.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Fixing The Business Model", "author": "Maréchal, Nathalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Public Knowledge has suggested introducing intermediary liability for advertising content and targeting to compel companies to develop robust sociotechnical systems for ensuring ad compliance with platform rules and national laws.", "quote": "A second promising angle of attack would be to introduce some degree of intermediary liability for advertising content and targeting, as my colleagues at Public Knowledge have suggested.", "page": "7", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797793", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes policy analysis and briefs, maintains a policy library and insights, and runs public advocacy campaigns (e.g., 'Tell Congress' and 'Act Now') to pressure policymakers and shape platform regulation and accountability.", "quote": "Public Knowledge explicitly lists Content Moderation, Platform Regulation, and Trustworthy AI among its issues and runs advocacy campaigns and policy work aimed at platform governance and related regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://publicknowledge.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "r/The_Donald", "aliases": ["r/The_Donald"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Discord", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-political correctness"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A subreddit cited as providing empirical evidence regarding platform migrations and their impact on content moderation, illustrating how communities' dynamics affect platform policy and user behavior.", "quote": "Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021), 1–24.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation …", "author": "OL Haimson, D Delmonaco, P Nie…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functioned as a large online community for pro-Trump conservatives on Reddit, until it was banned by the platform, illustrating platform moderation actions against specific user groups.", "quote": "In 2020, Reddit banned its largest pro-Trump community \"r/The_Donald\"\" [63] after first quarantining the community [57].\"", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479610", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020-2021"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as an online hub for alt-right communities, promoting misogynistic worldviews and narratives against 'political correctness' and supporting Donald Trump's presidency.", "quote": "a hub for the alt-right and related communities (i.e. r/KotakuInAction, r/mensrights, r/theredpill, r/The_Donald, etc.) which ‘share misogynistic worldviews and believe that “political correctness” is stifling free speech’.", "page": "94", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française", "aliases": ["Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté Française", "Radio-Télévision belge de la Communauté française", "Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["other", "professional body", "public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": ["broadcast television", "online press"], "norms": ["balance", "hate speech combat", "human dignity", "legal standards", "objectivity", "open debate", "pluralism", "reasoned discourse"], "topics": ["modération", "modération des débats", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La modération des fils de discussion dans la presse en ligne", "author": "Degand, Amandine; Simonson, Mathieu", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a public broadcaster operating an online platform, RTBF implements a pre-moderation system based on an internal charter to regulate comments. This system allows for partial censorship of comments, indicating problem passages to users.", "quote": "La charte du site de la RTBF précise par exemple : « Vous serez parfois en désaccord total avec d'autres participants. Discutez toujours les arguments, et non la personnalité de l'autre participant. »", "page": "3", "url": "cahiersdujournalisme.net", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (online press)", "when": "2001–2011"}, {"title": "LA PLACE ET L'USAGE DE L'INTERACTIVITÉ DANS LES DÉBATS DES", "author": "M CULOT", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "RTBF, as a public broadcaster, implements its own moderation process for interactive messages (SMS, email) submitted by viewers during electoral debates. This involves filtering and selecting messages to be displayed or read aloud, ensuring compliance with regulatory guidelines for objectivity and balance.", "quote": "Le tri s'opère de façon à représenter les tendances majoritaires de la population... Les messages qui passent à l'écran sont corrigés si le besoin s'en fait sentir.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.csa.be/wp-content/uploads/documents-csa/MC_stage2010_FUNDP_interactivit___lections_versionpublee.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, broadcast television", "when": "2009 electoral period"}, {"title": "Modèles télévisuels et évolutions de la place du politique à la télévision", "author": "F Antoine", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Evolved from a state-controlled entity to a public broadcaster that progressively asserted its independence, developing its own formats for political content, including debates and talk-shows, thereby influencing how politics was presented and consumed.", "quote": "L'histoire de l'INR, ancêtre de la RTBF, est un parfait exemple de cette soumission des médias audiovisuels publics au bon vouloir du politique. [...] Les premières émissions de la RTB que nous avons énumérées ci-dessus relevaient du débat politique.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49693/47893", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, France", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Real Facebook Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Real Facebook Oversight Board", "The Real Facebook Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["accountability", "governance", "independence", "public oversight", "representation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderation", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Le conseil de surveillance de Meta: une nouvelle forme de gouvernance privée pour la modération des contenus en ligne?", "author": "J Bacqué, G Beaumier", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Criticizes Meta's internal oversight mechanisms and advocates for the establishment of genuine public surveillance mechanisms by public authorities to regulate platforms.", "quote": "Une contre-organisation nommée « Real Facebook Oversight » a été créée... pour demander la mise en place d'un vrai mécanisme de surveillance par des autorités publiques", "page": "5", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/548/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global online platforms, with focus on Québec and Canada", "when": "2021–2024"}, {"title": "Misgendered During Moderation: How Transgender Bodies Make Visible Cisnormative Content Moderation Policies and Enforcement in a Meta Oversight Board Case", "author": "Mayworm, Samuel; Albert, Kendra; Haimson, Oliver L.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Critiques the official Oversight Board and Meta's content moderation decisions and policy implementation, publishing reports that assess the effectiveness and impact of the Board's recommendations.", "quote": "Real Facebook Oversight Board. 2023. Oversight Board Continues to Whitewash, Spin Its Flagging Impact In Annual Report; Summary Buries the Lede: 14.1% of Recommendations Actually Implemented by Meta.", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3658907", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Meta Platforms (Instagram, Facebook), Oversight Board, global social media", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Criticizes the Facebook Oversight Board regarding the selection of its members and the lack of geographical and identity representation of minorities.", "quote": "Algunos grupos, como \"The Real Facebook Oversight Board\"\" critican al FOB por la elección de sus miembros", "page": "realizada en conjunto con Facebook", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País", "aliases": ["Real Sociedad Bascongada de Amigos del País"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "economic development", "intellectual freedom", "knowledge dissemination", "linguistic diversity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–21st century", "18th century", "Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Censura(s) en la traducción al/del vasco", "author": "Zenekorta, Ibon Uribarri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engaged in cultural gatekeeping and norm enforcement for linguistic development by publishing the magazine EGAN. Its objective was to combat certain forms of Basque (labelled 'vascuence de laboratorio') and promote the 'popular language'.", "quote": "la Real Sociedad Vascongada de Amigos del País empieza a editar la revista EGAN en el interior, con el objetivo de combatir el vascuence de laboratorio, es decir, ateniéndose a la lengua popular para combatir las expresiones cultas contemporáneas.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Basque Country)", "when": "16th-21st century, focusing on Franco dictatorship (1936-1983)"}, {"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its members participated in intellectual and cultural initiatives, with some serving as censors, demonstrating its role in shaping public discourse.", "quote": "Durante su estancia en Vizcaya, José Joaquín fue propuesto como socio de la Real Sociedad Vascongada de Amigos del País (1783)", "page": "217", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}, {"title": "Censura (s) en la traducción al/del vasco", "author": "I Uribarri Zenekorta", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engaged in cultural gatekeeping and norm-setting for the Basque language by editing the magazine EGAN with the specific goal of countering a perceived 'laboratory Basque' and promoting a 'popular language'.", "quote": "la Real Sociedad Vascongada de Amigos del País empieza a editar la revista EGAN en el interior, con el objetivo de combatir el vascuence de laboratorio, es decir, ateniéndose a la lengua popular para combatir las expresiones cultas contemporáneas.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ddd.uab.cat/record/107196", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Basque Country", "when": "1936–1983 (Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition)"}]}, {"name": "Reconquista Internet", "aliases": ["Reconquista Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "civil discourse", "equality", "harm reduction", "openness", "reason", "rule of law", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Impact and dynamics of hate and counter speech online", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized in a loose hierarchical structure with a core group and founder; implemented \"fluffy attacks\"\" and challenges to engage politicians", "quote": "Facebook", "page": "Twitter) to resist hate discourse and promote specific values.\"", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.08392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2015-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formed as a counter group to actively engage in online counter speech, aiming to combat hateful messaging and re-balance public discourse by promoting civility and deliberative quality in online discussions.", "quote": "The counter group \"Reconquista Internet” (RI) formed in late April 2018 with the aim of countering RG's hateful messaging through counter speech and to re-balance the public discourse.\"", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01974", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2013–2018 platform era"}, {"title": "The Antagonistic Battle between ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’", "author": "Keller, Nadine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A civil society movement that combats digital hate culture by seeking out online hate speech, mobilizing collective action, and refuting hateful content with counter speech; it develops strategies for counter argumentation and advocates for respectful, factual, and non-personal communication to win over broader audiences.", "quote": "On the other side stands Reconquista Internet (RI), a civil society movement that was established as a response to the disclosure of RG, aiming to 'bring reality back to the Internet' and combat digital hate culture with 'love and reason'.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (R3D)", "aliases": ["Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (R3D)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "market competition", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, participated in the Santa Clara Principles review, and advocated for process regulation with transparency reports for dominant social media platforms, including appeal procedures.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... R3D (México)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; advocates for regulation centered on transparency, accountability, due process, and competition in Mexico.", "quote": "Afuera de Brasil, también en defensa de regulación de obligaciones de transparencia por las redes sociales, la Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales (R3D), de México, cree en la convi-vencia armónica entre autorregulación y normas legales64.", "page": "26", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Condemned legislative reforms in Mexico that established censorship mechanisms and criminalized the circumvention of digital locks.", "quote": "R3D,\"#NiCensuraNiCandados: Condenamos la aprobación de reformas que establecen mecanismos de censura en Internet y criminalizan la elusión de candados digitales\"\"\"", "page": "30", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit Moderators", "Reddit moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Jordan", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitch", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community norms", "community safety", "community standards", "fairness", "free speech", "harm reduction", "information accuracy", "platform governance", "rule enforcement", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Wisdom of two crowds: Misinformation moderation on reddit and how to improve this process---A case study of COVID-19", "author": "L Bozarth, J Im, C Quarles, C Budak", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reddit moderators self-govern online communities by making and enforcing rules, regulating problematic content (including misinformation) based on content facticity, user intent, and perceived harm. They take moderation actions such as removals and bans, and collaborate within their modteams and with expert moderators from other communities for ambiguous cases and cross-community support.", "quote": "Reddit adopts a more decentralized approach to content regulation [33]... Instead, it heavily relies on communities called subreddits to self-govern... moderators often rely on the wisdom of their modteam for ambiguous cases. Further, some participants also stated that they also rely on moderators from affiliated subreddits or reputable subreddits to moderate misinformation.", "page": "6, 22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3579631", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (post-2020 platform era)"}, {"title": "Designing word filter tools for creator-led comment moderation", "author": "S Jhaver, QZ Chen, D Knauss, AX Zhang", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Reddit moderators engage in content moderation by configuring automated tools, such as Automod, to remove inappropriate comments using rule-based configurations. They also participate in collective action, like protests, when platform moderation tools are insufficient.", "quote": "Reddit moderators can configure automated removal of inappropriate comments using rules that specify <regular expression, action> pairs (see Figure 1b) in a subreddit-specific tool called Automod [55].", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3491102.3517505", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Twitch, TikTok, Facebook, Reddit), global (USA, Jordan, India, Germany, Australia, Brazil, UK, Turkey)", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Volunteer individuals who manage online communities (subreddits) by continually monitoring posts, making decisions about content removal, creating and enforcing local rules, and configuring automated moderation tools.", "quote": "Many online platforms (e.g., Reddit, Wikipedia, Facebook Groups) largely rely on voluntary moderators who are given limited administrative power to remove unacceptable content and ban problematic users...", "page": "36", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Subreddit Moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit Subreddit Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "Zoom"], "norms": ["community autonomy", "community building", "community standards", "platform governance", "public morals", "social norms", "transparency", "user conduct"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation in Practice", "author": "Edelson, Laura", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Volunteer users who manage individual subreddits on Reddit, establishing and enforcing their own community-specific content policies and performing the majority of content removal within their channels.", "quote": "This is because all Reddit content is posted to “subreddits” (also known as channels), each having its own set of policies and practices that users create and enforce themselves.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009174411%23CN-bp-13/type/book_part", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Reddit, Zoom (Social media platforms)", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}, {"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a decentralised governance model, Reddit relies on these volunteer moderators to set and enforce local rules, customize automated tools, and shape cultural norms within their specific subreddits, mediating between Reddit's site-wide rules and community expectations.", "quote": "Reddit relies heavily on the volunteer moderators of its individual subreddits to set and enforce rules about acceptable behaviour. ... Reddit provides the tools that moderators use to regulate, including a bot called ‘AutoModerator', which subreddit moderators customise to regulate their individual communities (Jhaver, et al., 2019).", "page": "5", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Making Content Moderation Less Frustrating", "author": "Calleberg, Erik", "year": "", "mechanism": "Subreddit moderators actively participate in content moderation by providing explanations for content removal on their respective subreddits. Their transparency in moderation can influence user behavior, potentially reducing future rule-breaking.", "quote": "Jhaver et al.'s research explores content moderation's impact, with transparency regarding content removal on Reddit by categorizing over 22 000 removal explanations given by subreddit moderators [8].", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Reddit), Western context", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Safernet Brasil", "aliases": ["SaferNet Brasil", "Safernet Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "user safety", "vulnerable group protection"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "EFEITO DE IMITAÇÃO E CONTÁGIO DA VIOLÊNCIA: MÍDIA, REDES DIGITAIS EA REPRODUÇÃO DE CRIMES NA SOCIEDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA", "author": "GAL de Oliveira, JL de Oliveira, KR de Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Monitors and receives reports on online hate crimes and violence, providing data that highlights the scale of the problem and informs prevention strategies related to digital safety and combating online aggression.", "quote": "Estudos da SaferNet Brasil (2026), indicam crescimento de denúncias relacionadas a crimes de ódio e violência online, só em 2024 a central de denúncias recebeu 4.499 denúncias de violências ou discriminação contra mulheres online.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.revistacj.com.br/index.php/cjur/article/view/221", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão: o impacto da misoginia no Brasil", "author": "FG Leandro, AD Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "SaferNet collects and publishes statistics on online hate speech and misogyny, serving as a primary source of data to highlight the problem, inform public debate, and advocate for digital safety and combating online violence.", "quote": "Em 2018, as denúncias de misoginia cresceram impressionantes 1.639,5%, e em 2022 houve um aumento de mais de 26,8% nos casos, de acordo com dados apresentados pela SaferNet.", "page": "2", "url": "https://periodicorease.pro.br/rease/article/view/18691", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms / social networks", "when": "post-1988 Brazil, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Records and processes complaints of neonazism on the internet, contributing to the identification and potential investigation of harmful content.", "quote": "Em um ano, denúncias de neonazismo na Internet cresceram 60,7%, diz Safernet.", "page": "100", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Search for Common Ground", "aliases": ["Search for Common Ground"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "international conflict resolution and peacebuilding NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "anti-hate speech", "youth education"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1982, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborates on peacebuilding projects, such as the \"Cyber Guardians project\"\" in Sri Lanka", "quote": "Peacebuilding, changing attitudes towards hate speech, conflict transformation.", "page": "In Sri Lanka, the Cyber Guardians project of Search for Common Ground worked with social media influencers to change youth attitudes towards hate speech (Katheravelu, 2020).", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; Global Network Initiative", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Search for Common Ground publishes reports and impact materials, convenes stakeholders globally, and leverages partnerships with governments and donors to advance peacebuilding agendas.", "quote": "Primary mission is peacebuilding and conflict resolution; website shows no core focus on platform governance though digital tools and publications may touch information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sfcg.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Setara Institute", "aliases": ["Setara Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public safety", "religious freedom", "religious harmony", "social cohesion", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts", "author": "Afwadzi, Benny; Sumbulah, Umi; Ali, Nur; Qudsy, Saifuddin Z.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research on student radicalism and intolerance, contributing to public knowledge and advocacy efforts concerning religious moderation in Indonesia.", "quote": "The research by the Center for Islamic and Community Studies (PPIM)... and Setara Institute has led to conclusions that students in Indonesia exhibit tendencies of radicalism...", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/9369", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs", "author": "Indainanto, Yofiendi Indah; Dalimunthe, Maulana Andinata; Sazali, Hasan; Rubino; Kholil, Syukur", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on conflicts related to places of worship, documenting violations of Freedom of Religion/Belief (KBB) and highlighting the frequency of vandalism and rejection of worship places.", "quote": "According to the Setara Institute (2022), conflicts related to places of worship were the most frequent types of violations of Freedom of Religion/Belief (KBB) from 2007 to 2022, with 140 incidents of vandalism and 90 incidents of rejection of places of worship (Wardani, 2022).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_15_vol_104_4__indonesia.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "late 20th century – present"}, {"title": "Strengthening religious moderation in social media to fight online radicalism", "author": "SM Daud, MI Bafadhal", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Setara Institute conducts surveys among students to assess their views on radical groups like ISIS, thereby providing crucial data on the prevalence of online radicalism among youth, which informs the need for counter-narrative strategies.", "quote": "Sementara itu beberapa temuan mengenai fenomena radikalisme online di Indonesia diantaranya adalah survei yang dilakukan oleh Setara Institute terhadap 684 siswa dari 114 sekolah menengah di Jakarta dan Bandung untuk mengetahui pandangan siswa terhadap kelompok radikal Islamic State of Iraq and Syiria (ISIS).", "page": "5", "url": "https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/ijielc/article/view/30768", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Setara Institute for Democracy and Peace", "aliases": ["Setara Institute for Democracy and Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic principles", "freedom of belief", "harm reduction", "human rights", "minority rights", "peace", "religious freedom", "religious tolerance", "social harmony"], "topics": ["media moderator", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as a Counter-Narrative of Intolerance in Schools and Universities", "author": "Aprilianto, Dwi; Aslamiyah, Siti Suwaibatul; Zahidi, Salman; Crisnasari, Nihaya Alifiya; Febbrianti, Trista", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys on tolerance conditions among high school students, raising concerns about religious intolerance and contributing to public understanding of youth perspectives on spiritual beliefs.", "quote": "Meanwhile, the Setara Institute for Democracy and Peace surveyed the tolerance conditions of high school students in 2023, and 56.3% of respondents agreed that Islamic law was the basis for the state.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1361", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary (2020-2024)"}, {"title": "The Implementation of Islamic Moderation Principles in Addressing the Challenges of Political Identity Polarization", "author": "Leniawati, Iis; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Records and reports on religion-based conflicts and attacks against religious minorities in Indonesia. This monitoring and reporting serves to expose violations of religious freedom and highlight the need for tolerance and religious moderation, acting as a form of public pressure against intolerance.", "quote": "Similarly, data from the Setara Institute (2022) recorded various religion-based conflicts in Indonesia, including attacks on religious minorities such as the Ahmadiyah and Shia communities in several regions.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.journal.integritasterbuka.id/index.php/integritas/article/view/42", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary Indonesia (2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Elaborates typologies of Islamic movement groups, categorizing them into moderate, transnational radical, local radical, and jihadist, which implicitly informs the understanding and discussion of religious moderation by defining various approaches.", "quote": "Ada empat tipologi kelompok gerakan Islam yang dielaborasi oleh Setara Institute. Pertarna, kelompok Islam moderat yang memiliki tiga karakteristik...", "page": "5", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Siegel Family Endowment", "aliases": ["Siegel Family Endowment"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "private foundation; philanthropic endowment"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Generative AI", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Funds research fellows and grantees producing research and case studies on AI governance and platform-related topics, shaping policy conversations through grants and partnerships.", "quote": "The foundation's core mission is to 'understand and shape the impact of technology on society' and it funds research fellows and grantees working on AI governance, social media dynamics, and public interest technology.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.siegelendowment.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides financial support for research into AI red-teaming and governance, indirectly influencing the understanding and development of AI moderation and alignment strategies.", "quote": "This work is supported in part by the Open Society Foundation, the Omidyar Foundation, and the Siegel Family Foundation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from... the Siegel Family Endowment", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}]}, {"name": "Simon Wiesenthal Center", "aliases": ["Simon Wiesenthal Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "antisemitism", "extremism", "factual accuracy", "hate speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Analyzes and monitors the use of digital technologies (Web 2.0) by the far-right to spread anti-Semitism, homophobia, hate music, and terrorism.", "quote": "In their 2008 report Online Terror +Hate: The First Decade, the Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) analysed the use of Web 2.0 technologies by the far-right...", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain", "author": "Ben-David, Anat; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors online hate and publishes reports, urging social media platforms to take stronger action against hate speech and subcultures of hate.", "quote": "Social media must do more to thwart subculture of hate fueling lone wolf terrorism - Simon Wiesenthal Center debuts 2012 Digital Hate Report.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Spain", "when": "2009–2013"}, {"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Could provide third-party labels for materials concerned with Nazi propaganda, hate speech, or historical inaccuracy, without the cooperation of content publishers.", "quote": "For example, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, which is concerned about Nazi propaganda and other hate speech, could label materials that are historically inaccurate or promote hate.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Social Science Research Council", "aliases": ["Social Science Research Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "independent research council; non-profit research organization", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "academic freedom", "algorithmic or platform governance", "knowledge dissemination", "legal norms", "public morals"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censura", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "PLATFORMS ARE NOT INTERMEDIARIES", "author": "Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Formed a research partnership with Facebook to gain access to platform moderation data, with the goal of enabling qualified academics to investigate complex questions about moderation that platforms might not address.", "quote": "The research partnership between Facebook and the Social Science Research Council50 announced in 2018 has yet to work out the details, but some version of this model could be extended to all platforms.", "page": "18", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with focus on USA and Europe)", "when": "1996-2018 (with focus on 2010s)"}, {"title": "Infracção e censura—representações e percursos da sociologia do desvio", "author": "PM Ferreira", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Published Thorsten Sellin's influential work \"Cultural Conflict and Crime", "quote": "Challenges universal legal and moral definitions of crime, advocating for a view of crime as culturally and historically variable.", "page": "Thorsten Sellin (1938), Cultural Conflict and Crime, Nova Iorque, Social Science Research Council.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41011376", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "n/a", "when": "late 19th to late 20th century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1923", "mechanism": "SSRC funds and publishes social science research, issues policy briefs (e.g., AI Disclosures Project), convenes workshops and networks, and channels academic expertise to policymakers and funders to shape debates on technology and governance.", "quote": "SSRC's core mission is broad social and behavioral science, but it runs projects (e.g., AI Disclosures Project) and publishes policy briefs that engage with platform and AI governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ssrc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Socialist Party of America", "aliases": ["Socialist Party of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "labor rights", "media access fairness", "political pluralism", "political stability", "public order"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador de debate", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s", "20th century", "20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Distributed pamphlets to soldiers inciting resistance to military conscription, arguing it violated the Thirteenth Amendment.", "quote": "Schenck e Baer haviam remetido panfletos a soldados recém recrutados, nos quais afirmavam que o serviço militar obrigatório era uma forma de servidão involuntária e que, portanto, violava a Décima Terceira Emenda à Constituição daquele país.", "page": "30", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}, {"title": "A construção do primeiro debate presidencial dos Estados Unidos", "author": "WDN Neto", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Organized protests against a legislative proposal (Pastore's proposal) that aimed to allocate free TV time primarily to major parties, influencing discussions around fair access to broadcast media for political discourse.", "quote": "Ao saber da proposta de Pastore, uma série de protestos foi organizada pelo Partido Socialista Americano (MINOW, 2008, pp. 18-23).", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/oficinadohistoriador/article/view/12410", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States", "when": "1960"}, {"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Published a \"Left Wing Manifesto\"\" which the government sought to criminalize", "quote": "political radicalism, revolutionary action, dissent", "page": "Justice Sanford wrote in Gitlow v. New York that a Socialist Party faction's \"Left Wing Manifesto\"\" \"\"involve[s] danger to the public peace and to the security of the State", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Inquisition", "aliases": ["Spanish Inquisition"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other", "religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["control over knowledge", "national unity", "religious orthodoxy", "traditional values"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century", "16th century", "16th–21st century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1566, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La liberté d'expression est-elle un droit absolu?", "author": "C Girard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It acted as an established church acting as a state organ, exercising censorship by banning and expurgating books, and prosecuting individuals for heterodoxy to enforce religious orthodoxy and control public discourse.", "quote": "l'opuscule fut censuré par l'Inquisition espagnole aux côtés de dix-huit autres ouvrages de littérature profane en langue castillane.", "page": "4", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-de-metaphysique-et-de-morale-2022-4-page-477?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain", "when": "mid-16th century"}, {"title": "Censura(s) en la traducción al/del vasco", "author": "Zenekorta, Ibon Uribarri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Implemented institutionalized censorship, primarily by focusing on translations as a means for the entry of 'heterodox ideas' and controlling communication to maintain religious and ideological orthodoxy.", "quote": "Es evidente que ya hay una larga tradición censora española desde al menos la Inquisición. Y esta tradición censora ha puesto una atención especial en las traducciones como vía de entrada de ideas heterodoxas (Pardo Tomás 1991).", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Basque Country)", "when": "16th-21st century, focusing on Franco dictatorship (1936-1983)"}, {"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Mobilized its apparatus to suppress and repress individuals and movements deemed heterodox, including Erasmists and Protestants, through censorship of books and prosecution.", "quote": "le sort de l'érasmisme scellé dans la péninsule. Le départ de la cour en Europe du Nord et la victoire de clientèles méfiantes à l'égard de l'orthodoxie de l'humaniste allaient très vite conduire à la mobilisation de l'appareil inquisitorial et à la répression de plusieurs proches ou admirateurs d'Érasme.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Stormfront", "aliases": ["Stormfront"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["antisemitism", "extremism", "group identity", "hate speech", "racial supremacy", "white identity", "white nationalism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as an online community and forum for White Nationalists, promoting racist ideologies and fostering a shared sense of identity and emotion through interaction rituals.", "quote": "Stormfront emerged as a community for White Nationalists in the mid-1990s. By the early 2000s, the forum was described in an article in USA Today as “the most visited white supremacist site on the net” (McKelvey, 2001).", "page": "99", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Propagated racist and disinformative content online, including registering offensive domains (martinlutherking.org) to disseminate misinformation and defame an activist, ensuring high visibility in search results.", "quote": "Um dos fundadores do fórum nazista Stormfront registrou o domínio martinlutherking.org e mantinha um website com informações ofensivas sobre o ativista, diluídas entre fotografias oficiais e informações factuais sobre a histórica figura.", "page": "5", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operated as an interactive online forum for white nationalists to share opinions and news; later introduced content guidelines to moderate user behavior by warning against profanity and violent threats.", "quote": "(later) decorum\"", "page": "Stormfront introduced guidelines in which members were warned not to use profanity or ‘racial epithets’, and not to post violent threats or describe illegal activity.", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Ruth Escobar", "aliases": ["Teatro Ruth Escobar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "theatre"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "human rights", "political freedom", "political resistance"], "topics": ["censura", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)", "1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Partnered with the Brazilian Amnesty Committee to publish a book by a political prisoner, serving as a cultural platform for resistance and documentation of political struggles during the dictatorship.", "quote": "publicado em 1978 pelo Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia em conjunto com o Teatro Ruth Escobar, está escrito: Como preso político, juntamente com seus companheiros, tem participado de todas as lutas de sobrevivência, denúncia e resistência que os militantes políticos são obrigados a travar nos cárceres, principalmente depois de 1968.", "page": "48", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "One of its halls suffered depredation and its actors were violently assaulted by a right-wing group (CCC) during the staging of 'Roda Viva', demonstrating the severe consequences of producing controversial works during military rule.", "quote": "Este ato de barbárie culminou com a depredação de uma das salas do Teatro Ruth Escobar e um violento e covarde espancamento dos atores do elenco, não poupando sequer as atrizes da montagem.", "page": "255", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Collaborated with an advocacy group (Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia) in organizing public events that supported political prisoners and challenged censorship.", "quote": "...evento que contou com a colaboração do Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia e do Teatro Ruth Escobar. Na informação da qual o livro foi objeto, o SNI o classificava como uma “obra pornográfica e subversiva”...", "page": "130", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "The Alan Turing Institute", "aliases": ["The Alan Turing Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs", "Snapchat"], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "ai safety", "algorithmic or platform governance", "data ethics", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation", "media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The Institute produces research, policy submissions and convenes Data Study Groups and partnerships with industry and government to shape AI practice and policy; it develops technical projects (e.g., AI applications) demonstrating capabilities and providing expert input to stakeholders.", "quote": "The Institute focuses on data science and AI research and produces publications and policy submissions that touch on platform and AI governance but its core mission is broad AI research rather than platform governance specifically.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.turing.ac.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Explainability and hate speech: Structured explanations make social media moderators faster", "author": "A Calabrese, L Neves, N Shah, M Bos…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Designed a codebook for hate speech annotations that provides a structured methodology for identifying and classifying hate speech, contributing to the standards and practices used in content moderation.", "quote": "PLEAD was annotated using the codebook for hate speech annotations designed by the Alan Turing Institute (Vidgen et al., 2021b)...", "page": "8", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-short.38/", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms, focusing on hate speech moderation on Snapchat", "when": "contemporary"}, {"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Alan Turing Institute acts as an institutional partner for the AutSPACEs project, providing resources, a venue for early discussions, and grant funding to support the co-creation of moderation policies.", "quote": "AutSPACEs is facilitated with the help of a wide range of institutional partners (The Alan Turing Institute; Autistica; Open Humans)", "page": "4", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "The Catholic Church in Spain", "aliases": ["Catholic Church in Spain", "The Catholic Church in Spain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "political ideology", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values", "social justice", "state control"], "topics": ["censura", "moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "1960s–1970s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "La modernización de la censura: la ley de 1966 y su aplicación", "author": "C Menchero de los Ríos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Initially, the Church hierarchy was a pillar of the regime's ideological control, lending its unconditional support. Later, a segment of the clergy engaged in social and political protests, challenging state-imposed norms and entering into dialogue with Marxist thought, which the state perceived as a threat.", "quote": "la implicación de parte del clero en protestas sociales y políticas, a la sombra del espíritu del Concilio Vaticano II y de la recién nacida «Teología de la Liberación», dentro de una corriente de pensamiento revolucionario planteado desde la óptica del cristianismo, favorable al compromiso político de la Iglesia y su desvinculación con el Estado.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4304664&publisher=FZR739", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1966–1975"}, {"title": "Instruyendo sobre la recreación: Alcocer y la moderación en el XVI, clave en la educación para el juego", "author": "López De Prado Ortiz-Arce, Ignacio", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Fostered religious celebrations to educate the faithful and censored games, especially those leading to idleness or neglect of divine duties, through pronouncements, penalties like excommunication, and norm-setting to promote devotion and moderation.", "quote": "Por su parte, la Iglesia fomentará las celebraciones religiosas entrelazándolas con otras actividades recreativas en un intento de educar a sus fieles. Las representaciones de farsas u otro tipo de invenciones, por lo general, debían ser historias de la Sagrada Escritura.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.usal.es/tres/index.php/0212-0267/article/view/hedu2019385976", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th century"}, {"title": "Traducción y censura: Cumbres borrascosas en la dictadura franquista", "author": "E Pajares Infante", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Exerted significant indirect influence on censorship during the Franco regime by setting moral and social norms, ensuring that published content aligned with its doctrines.", "quote": "ni tampoco nada abierta y descaradamente contra la iglesia católica, que era otro de los poderes fácticos de entonces.", "page": "14", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/10159/PAJARES%20?sequence=4", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1939-1985"}]}, {"name": "The Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto", "aliases": ["Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto", "The Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chinese-speaking regions", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "LLM", "YouTube"], "norms": ["information freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "An Analysis of Chinese Censorship Bias in LLMs", "author": "Ahmed, Mohamed; Knockel, Jeffrey; Greenstadt, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research into online censorship, specifically Chinese internet controls, and maintains a repository of content found to trigger censorship on the Chinese internet.", "quote": "the Citizen Lab's repository of content found to trigger censorship on the Chinese internet", "page": "5", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "LLMs, Chinese-speaking regions, global internet", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A university-affiliated research group that investigates digital security, human rights, and internet censorship, contributing to the OpenNet Initiative's findings.", "quote": "Prof. Palfrey is one of the principal investigators of the ONI, along with Prof. Ron Deibert at the Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto...", "page": "1", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Collaborates on projects like the Open Net Initiative to conduct empirical research using network interrogation tools to identify and expose state-level Internet content filtering.", "quote": "primary research undertaken as part of the Open Net Initiative project, a collaboration of the Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, the Berkman Centre for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, and the University of Cambridge, UK.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "The Community Roundtable", "aliases": ["Community Roundtable", "The Community Roundtable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "professional development", "research", "resource provision"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A Boston-based professional organisation supporting community management practitioners with research, training, and resources, also producing a State of Community Management Report.", "quote": "In 2009, the Community Roundtable, a Boston-based professional organisation, was launched... to support community management practitioners...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Professional organization to support community management practitioners with research, training, and resources; produces 'State of Community Management Report'.", "quote": "In 2009, the Community Roundtable, a Boston-based professional organisation, was launched by Rachel Happe and Jim Storer to support community management practitioners working across diverse contexts with research, training and resources.", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports community management practitioners with research, training, and resources, and produces State of Community Management Reports.", "quote": "In 2009, the Community Roundtable, a Boston-based professional organisation, was launched by Rachel Happe and Jim Storer to support community management practitioners working across diverse contexts with research, training and resources.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "The Daily Stormer", "aliases": ["The Daily Stormer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Gab"], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "antisemitism", "fascism", "hate speech", "neo-nazism", "political extremism", "racial supremacy", "violence", "white nationalism", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Run by defendants Andrew Anglin and Robert Ray, this website served as a prominent online platform for white nationalists, maintaining a live feed of events, amplifying calls for violence, and controlling information for its mass audience, thus acting as a communication arm for inciting speech.", "quote": "Defendants Andrew Anglin and Robert Ray run the Daily Stormer website... The Daily Stormer maintained a live feed of the events in Charlottesville, where viewers made comments such as “We have an army! This is the beginning of a war!”... they were publishers of content on America's leading white nationalist sites and had the ability to control information conveyed to their mass audience.", "page": "116", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a neo-Nazi and white supremacist online platform, using memes and a 'troll army' to spread ideology and target individuals, including children.", "quote": "The Daily Stormer is a neo-Nazi and white supremacist site founded in 2013... and is known for its memes and troll army.", "page": "50", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media", "author": "Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates an online platform as a 'commentary board' that disseminates antisemitic, white supremacist, and Holocaust denial content, advocating for extremist views including genocide.", "quote": "the KH user posts contained domains such as dailystormer which is an American neo-Nazi site, white supremacist, and Holocaust denial commentary board. The website advocates for the genocide of Jews...", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3292522.3326034", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Gab platform, online social media (global, with mentions of Myanmar, Sri Lanka, USA)", "when": "2016–2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Guardian", "aliases": ["The Guardian"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "other"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Ancient Greece", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["The Guardian"], "norms": ["press freedom", "public discourse", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "As estratégias de política editorial de moderação do The Guardian para a comunidade on-line de leitores", "author": "KC de Aquino Macedo, CI de Quadros", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishes and implements editorial policies and community standards for reader comments, including moderation rules (post-moderation, targeted pre-moderation for problematic users), curating 'recommended' comments, and closing comment sections for sensitive topics, to foster a community of intelligent and respectful discussion.", "quote": "O jornal britânico almeja alcançar 'discussões inteligentes', aceitando 'o debate e dissidência' desde que respeitando o ponto de vista de outras pessoas.", "page": "6", "url": "https://seer.ufrgs.br/intexto/article/view/130210", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news platforms, with a focus on The Guardian (UK)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operating an open donation model for news content, seeking direct funding from readers to sustain independent journalism.", "quote": "The Guardian has one of the most successful donation models of any major brand, with over a million people having contributed in the last year.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosted earlier versions of the author's work and later published a weekly column by Ben Goldacre, engaging in science journalism and public scrutiny of scientific claims.", "quote": "I would also like to thank the British Sociological Association, the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology, the Guardian newspaper and London’s Institute of Art and Ideas for hosting earlier versions of what I say here on their websites.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "The Guerrilla Girls", "aliases": ["Guerrilla Girls", "The Guerrilla Girls"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "OnlyFans", "TikTok"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "feminist issues", "free speech", "gender equality", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "Antiquity to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "A censura do obsceno", "author": "FCR Junior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Created and disseminated artworks (posters) that critiqued the underrepresentation of women artists and the prevalence of female nudity in art museums, thereby exerting public pressure and challenging institutional norms of art display.", "quote": "A obra acima, realizada pelo coletivo feminista Guerrilla Girls e submetida ao próprio museu objeto da crítica o Metropolitan Museum of Art, em Nova York, endereçava o fato de que apenas 5% das artistas expostas no museu eram mulheres, mas que ao analisar a nudez contidas nas obras expostas, percebia-se que em 85% dos casos a nudez era feminina.", "page": "103", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/94b397e6-77ba-4506-801b-72080bac0efa", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, United States, Europe (historical), Digital Platforms (Facebook)", "when": "Antiquity to 21st century"}, {"title": "Algorithmic Censorship of Art: A Proposed Research Agenda", "author": "Riccio, Piera; Oliver, Jose Luis; Escolano, Francisco; Oliver, Nuria", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Raising social awareness about the censorship of female nudity and its implications related to objectification and patriarchal sexualization, pushing back against prevailing social norms through artistic and activist means.", "quote": "Remarkable feminist movements -such as Free the Nipple and The Guerrilla Girls (Pollen 2021)- have tried to raise social awareness about this issue.", "page": "4", "url": "computationalcreativity.net", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, OnlyFans)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}, {"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "An anonymous activist group that used posters and other guerrilla tactics to critique censorship and expose sexism and homophobia in the art world, particularly in response to reactionary backlash.", "quote": "Is it any wonder that the Guerrilla Girls were inaugurated in 1985, or that they spawned other anonymous guerrilla action groups around the country? As one of their 1989 posters declares, 'Relax, Senator Helms, the art world is your kind of place.'", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "The Internet Archive", "aliases": ["Internet Archive", "The Internet Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "foundation", "foundation/community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums", "Twitter"], "norms": ["access to information", "digital preservation", "free speech", "historical preservation"], "topics": ["0.0", "moderation censorship", "modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "6 Twitter as accidental authority. How a platform assumed an adjudicative role during the COVID-19 pandemic", "author": "Keulenaar, Emillie De; Kisjes, Ivan; Smith, Rory; Albrecht, Carina; Cappuccio, Eleonora", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides a historical record of websites, allowing researchers to track changes in authoritative source information and Twitter's moderation policies, implicitly supporting transparency and accountability in online information governance.", "quote": "Using the Wayback Machine (Internet Archive, 2021), we then examine how Twitter adapted its content moderation techniques to moderate COVID-19 misinformation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789048554249-007/html", "topic": "0.0", "language": "", "where": "Twitter platform, global with focus on US context", "when": "2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic era"}, {"title": "No amount of “AI” in content moderation will solve filtering’s prior-restraint problem", "author": "Llansó, Emma J", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in policy advocacy by challenging 'notice and staydown' policies, which are mechanisms for content removal/moderation, particularly in the context of copyright.", "quote": "Bailey L (2017) The internet archive pushes back on \"notice and staydown\"\" in recent comments to the copyright office.\"", "page": "6", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720920686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Les communautés virtuelles sur internet: de l'apprentissage à la production collective de savoirs", "author": "C Ladage", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Preserves historical web content, providing an archive of past web pages and forums that allows researchers to access historical data, which indirectly supports the verification and historical understanding of online information.", "quote": "Nous nous référons au site Internet « Internet Archive » à l'adresse http://www.archive.org.", "page": "8", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm29/LADAGE.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums (France, USA)", "when": "c. 2000-2007"}]}, {"name": "The Levellers", "aliases": ["Levellers", "The Levellers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["England", "Global", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["free press", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "17th century", "early modern to present"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Developed contemporary justifications for free speech during a period of intellectual ferment, contributing to the early discourse on communication rights.", "quote": "In fact, there were other contemporary justifications of free speech as well in the works of the English Levellers.", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}, {"title": "Censorship and Cultural Sensibility: The Regulation of Language in Tudor-Stuart England", "author": "D Shuger", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Advocated for free speech during the English Civil War era (mid-1640s), contributing to the philosophical basis for freedom of expression.", "quote": "people in England before the time of John Milton and the radical Levellers in the mid-1640s did not argue for free speech.", "page": "332", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=kUSKEmp1VQUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=censorship&ots=-lYg5eZTQK&sig=VYWY6dQBdZdQwyS4M1GFuXaNHYk", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA, global historical justice contexts (e.g., related to Holocaust, Armenian genocide, WWII internment)", "when": "16th-18th centuries, and 20th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "THE CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II", "author": "Walker, J.", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Advocated for a free press, criticizing existing censorship mechanisms and restrictions on public discussion.", "quote": "During the seventeenth century the Levellers were almost alone in their advocacy of a free press.", "page": "2", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1950.tb00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "The New York Times", "aliases": ["The New York Times"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "China", "Ethiopia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Great Firewall", "online discourse"], "norms": ["future vision", "journalistic integrity", "professional expertise", "public education", "science communication"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century", "20th–21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a media coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "YouTube, WhatsApp, Wikipedia, le New York Times, Reporters sans frontières et des dizaines de milliers d'autres sites suivent la même logique : une liste noire opaque, jamais publiée, mise à jour en continu.", "page": "1", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published columnists who projected bold technoscientific futures, contributing to science journalism and public engagement with science.", "quote": "population genetics pioneer Jack Haldane and New York Times columnist Waldemar Kaempffert leading the way, the former looking fondly to the Soviet Union and the latter to Fascist Italy.", "page": "148", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "The Royal Society", "aliases": ["The Royal Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome", "Australia", "China", "Egypt", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Sudan", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public safety", "research integrity", "scientific advancement", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Supports scientific research through grants, which in this context includes funding projects related to censorship resistance systems, thereby indirectly contributing to advancements in the field.", "quote": "Steven J. Murdoch and Sheharbano Khattak were supported by The Royal Society [grant number UF110392];", "page": "20", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}, {"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Issued a policy statement recommending that papers with \"tangible cause for concern in terms of harmful applications\"\" should be filtered (censored).\"", "quote": "The U.K. Royal Society's subsequent statement, in a related policy paper, that \"filtering is clearly appropriate in the case of... papers where there is a tangible cause for concern in terms of harmful applications\"\"...\"", "page": "6", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}, {"title": "TRA RAGIONE E STORIA: MONTESQIEU E LE\" CONSIDÉRATIONS\"\"\"", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "Contributed to shaping the intellectual and scientific norms within the English cultural world, which indirectly influenced Montesquieu's work and thought.", "quote": "...sottolineando ad esempio vuoi l'incidenza della Royal Society su Montesquieu, vuoi il mito di Roma presso i repubblicani inglesi...", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44022373", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome, 18th century Europe", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "The Santa Clara Principles", "aliases": ["Santa Clara Principles", "The Santa Clara Principles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Portugal", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "cultural sensitivity", "due process", "harm reduction", "human rights", "platform accountability", "platform responsibility", "platform transparency", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "DESINFORMAÇÃO, LIBERDADE DE OPINIÃO E EXPRESSÃO E MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS", "author": "GS Borges, FJ de Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Santa Clara Principles provide a framework for social media companies' content moderation, advocating for transparency in reporting content removals and account suspensions, and ensuring user due process through notification and appeal mechanisms.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Santa Clara, que trouxe incialmente três princípios. O primeiro princípio refere-se ao número, que consiste na necessidade de veiculação do número total de postagens removidas e de contas suspensas, de forma permanente ou temporária...", "page": "9", "url": "https://periodicos.univali.br/index.php/rdp/article/view/18855", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on the 2021 UN report on disinformation"}, {"title": "CONSTITUCIONALIDADE DOS MECANISMOS DE MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NA INTERNET", "author": "WS Soares, N Cordeiro", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for greater transparency and accountability in content moderation by setting out principles for platforms to report content removals, notify users of actions, and offer appeal processes for moderation decisions.", "quote": "No ano de 2018, foram criados os Princípios de Santa Clara com a finalidade de tornar os atos de controle privado de conteúdo nas redes sociais mais responsável e transparente, consolidando-se três fundamentos norteadores", "page": "12", "url": "https://revistas.uepg.br/index.php/direito/article/view/21711", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet/Social Media", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "A moderação de conteúdo em massa por plataformas privadas de redes sociais", "author": "Poletto, Álerton Emanuel; Santos De Morais, Fausto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Promotes a set of minimum standards for transparency and accountability in content moderation, aiming to protect user rights and mitigate the impact of harmful online content.", "quote": "Os Princípios de Santa Clara [...] buscam delinear níveis mínimos de transparência significativa e responsabilidade pelo respeito dos direitos dos usuários, com o intuito de mitigar o impacto dos conteúdos nocivos propagados na internet.", "page": "6", "url": "https://periodicos.uninove.br/prisma/article/view/20573", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Brazil and international comparisons (USA, Europe: Germany, France, UK, Portugal).", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "The Spamhaus Project", "aliases": ["The Spamhaus Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["HotCopper"], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "online quality", "platform governance", "platform integrity"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Relies on collaborative input to create anti-spam norms and blacklists that platforms may voluntarily adopt, contributing to online safety and quality.", "quote": "Spamhaus or Project Honeypot, rely on collaborative input to create norms that platforms may voluntarily adopt.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operates as an anti-spam organization that maintains a block list, assisting in the mitigation of Distributed Reflection Denial-of-Service (DRDoS) attacks by blacklisting sources of malicious traffic.", "quote": "The spam block list provider Spamhaus was attacked by a DNS amplification attack in March 2013 with an unprecedented traffic rate of up to 300 Gbit/s [8].", "page": "207", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}, {"title": "Automatic Moderation of Online Discussion Sites", "author": "Delort, Jean-Yves; Arunasalam, Bavani; Paris, Cecile", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The Spamhaus Project provides information regarding sender and content reputation. This data is utilized by origin-based filtering systems to assess the legitimacy and 'spaminess' of messages, contributing to the detection and moderation of unwanted content.", "quote": "To determine the \"spaminess\"\" of a message", "page": "the message is typically crossed with information about sender and content reputation provided by projects such as McAfee's TrustedSource (www.trustedsource.org) or the Spamhaus project (www.spamhaus.org).\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2753/JEC1086-4415150302", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "HotCopper, Australia", "when": "2008"}]}, {"name": "The Technology Coalition", "aliases": ["Technology Coalition", "The Technology Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "Industry consortium"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderator", "media moderation", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Paved the way for cross-sector organizations, using hash-sharing technology to counter child sexual abuse material (CSAM).", "quote": "Organizations like the Technology Coalition paved the way to show what an industry-first, cross-sector organization could look like, using hash-sharing technology to counter child sexual abuse material (CSAM).", "page": "146", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "On\" Trusted\"\" Flaggers\"", "author": "N Appelman, P Leerssen", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as a global sector organization focused on child safety online. Its member companies utilize trusted flaggers as part of their content moderation efforts.", "quote": "Further, many tech companies are members of the Technology Coalition, which is a global sector organization aimed at child safety online. Notably, in their annual report, they report that almost 50% of members make use of trusted flaggers.", "page": "462", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/yjolt24&section=12", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A global sector organization whose tech company members collaborate on child safety online, notably by utilizing trusted flaggers for content moderation.", "quote": "many tech companies are members of the Technology Coalition, which is a global sector organization aimed at child safety online. Notably, in their annual report, they report that almost 50% of members make use of trusted flaggers.", "page": "8", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "THORN", "aliases": ["THORN", "Thorn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["GPT-4o", "search engines"], "norms": ["child safety", "counter-terrorism"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and supports technology to detect child sexual abuse material and other child exploitation, contributing to the debate on how to protect children online while considering privacy tradeoffs.", "quote": "This setting was precisely the matter at issue in Apple's automated CSAM detector [33]. Weighing the tradeoff between the significant privacy loss of these systems, their surveillance risk, and the horrific acts of child abuse they aim to stop is a policy tradeoff that is informed, but not determined, by this analysis. Julie Cordua. 2021. Apple's expanded child protections and the future of digital child protection. Thorn (5 8 2021).", "page": "19", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participates in a shared industry database of 'hashes' for violent terrorist imagery and child abuse images, contributing to the proactive identification and removal of harmful online content.", "quote": "Sharing hashes across industry, THORN, https://www.thorn.org/reporting-child-sexu al-abuse-content-shared-hash/", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}, {"title": "Native_Image_Generation_System_Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Thorn provided recommendations for child safety, guiding OpenAI's red teaming efforts, and developed 'Safer,' a system integrated by OpenAI to detect known CSAM in image uploads and generated content.", "quote": "OpenAI's efforts in the child safety space encompass red teaming in accordance with Thorn's recommendations, and robust scanning for CSAM across all inputs and outputs, for both first party and third party users (API and Enterprise).", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o image generation", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitch Moderators Club", "aliases": ["Twitch Moderators Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "community sustainability", "content moderation", "moderator welfare", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An initiative focused on gathering volunteers responsible for decentralized spaces to support moderators and improve online safety.", "quote": "A recent example is the Twitch Moderators Club. See Twitch. (2025). Twitch Moderators Club Announcement!.", "page": "65", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Initiative to create structural support for community moderators.", "quote": "A recent example is the Twitch Moderators Club.", "page": "99", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Acts as an initiative to support volunteer moderators within Twitch communities.", "quote": "A recent example is the Twitch Moderators Club.", "page": "99", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "UNICEF", "aliases": ["UNICEF"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Works to spread awareness globally regarding child welfare, including implicit advocacy for relevant educational content like sex education.", "quote": "All the leading international organisations, such as WHO, UNICEF or the Red Cross, are working to spread awareness globally.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Defines harmful content categories that serve as a framework for understanding and addressing online harm, thereby influencing content moderation policies and public discourse on what constitutes inappropriate material.", "quote": "UNICEF defines harmful content as anything-be it an image, video, or text-that offends, upsets, or causes harm to individuals [12].", "page": "2", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Could team up with online services to offer preconfigured 'Internet for kids' and 'Internet for teens' packages, defining selection rules and default content for young users.", "quote": "For example, an online service might team up with UNICEF to offer 'Internet for kids' and 'Internet for teens' packages, containing not only preconfigured selection rules but also a default home page provided by UNICEF.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Global Compact", "aliases": ["United Nations Global Compact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Apple", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "WeChat"], "norms": ["corporate responsibility", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e responsabilidade das empresas na proteção de crianças e adolescentes no ambiente digital: uma análise crítica do PL 2.628/2022 à luz …", "author": "R de Lima Kurschner", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates on international principles (Children's Rights and Business Principles - CRBP) to promote corporate responsibility regarding human rights, guiding businesses on prevention, transparency, and participation in the digital environment, especially concerning children's rights.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "18", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10451979", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, United Kingdom, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a corporate sustainability initiative that Meta joined, committing to its ten principles covering human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption.", "quote": "In September 2021, Meta joined the UN Global Compact, the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative. This marked an important milestone in Meta’s commitment to the Global Compact’s 10 Principles on Human Rights, Labor, Environment, and Anti-Corruption.", "page": "305", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Platform neutrality: enhancing freedom of expression in spheres of private power", "author": "Pasquale, Frank", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Promotes voluntary commitments and principles for businesses, including an \"anticensorship commitment", "quote": "Anti-censorship, good corporate citizenship, human rights.", "page": "Google seemed to retaliate against Inner-City Press by dropping the publication from Google News after it had questioned Google for failing to sign on to an anticensorship commitment known as The Global Compact.", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/til-2016-0018/html", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple, WeChat), USA, EU, China", "when": "post-1990s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Usuarios Digitales", "aliases": ["Usuarios Digitales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "open internet", "regulatory fairness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, advocating for user rights and freedom of expression in the digital environment, influencing content moderation policies.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributed to the development of 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms' in collaboration with Observacom and other regional CSOs, advocating for the rights of digital users and online freedom of expression.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms and signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Visualizing Impact", "aliases": ["Visualizing Impact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Google+", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "public good", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderator censor", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "What Do We Mean When We Talk About Transparency? Toward Meaningful Transparency in Commercial Content Moderation", "author": "Suzor, Nicolas P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Co-launched the Onlinecensorship.org project, likely contributing expertise in data visualization and analysis to make content moderation practices more understandable and transparent.", "quote": "Onlinecensorship.org, an advocacy project launched in 2015 by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact that seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices...", "page": "5", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Responsible for Onlinecensorship.org, a project that tracks global content enforcement by social media platforms through user reporting and provides resources for appealing platform decisions.", "quote": "The EFF, along with another organization, Visualizing Impact, is also responsible for Onlinecensorship.org, a project which relies on user reporting to track global content enforcement by social media platforms.", "page": "53", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms", "author": "Myers West, Sarah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a co-founder of OnlineCensorship.org, it aids in collecting and likely presenting user reports to illuminate content moderation practices on social media.", "quote": "This article reports the initial findings of OnlineCensorship.org, an advocacy project co-founded by members of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Visualizing Impact which seeks to shed greater light on content moderation practices...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818773059", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google+), USA", "when": "2015–2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action, and the Media", "aliases": ["Women, Action, and the Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "8chan", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment", "author": "Aghazadeh, Sarah A.; Burns, Alison; Chu, Jun; Feigenblatt, Hazel; Laribee, Elizabeth; Maynard, Lucy; Meyers, Amy L. M.; O’Brien, Jessica L.; Rufus, Leah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Twitter by being granted 'authorized reporters' status to conduct a pilot program. This involved creating an online reporting tool, collecting and assessing harassment reports, streamlining them to Twitter, and tracking Twitter's responses to gendered harassment.", "quote": "In November of 2014, Twitter granted Women, Action, and the Media (WAM), a non-profit organization, this status to conduct a pilot program to better respond to and help users with gendered harassment.", "page": "192", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (4chan, Twitter, Reddit, 8chan, YouTube), USA", "when": "2013–2018"}, {"title": "PLATFORMS ARE NOT INTERMEDIARIES", "author": "Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an example of a non-profit organization, it advises platforms like Twitter and engages in efforts to handle content moderation related to harassment, as well as to mitigate the socio-emotional costs of harm to users.", "quote": "Major platforms like Twitter have leaned on non-profit organizations to advise and even handle some moderation, as well as to mitigate the socio-emotional costs of the harms some users encounter.", "page": "17", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with focus on USA and Europe)", "when": "1996-2018 (with focus on 2010s)"}, {"title": "Bot-based collective blocklists in Twitter: the counterpublic moderation of harassment in a networked public space", "author": "Geiger, R. Stuart", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "WAM acted as an 'authorized reporter' intermediary between Twitter users reporting harassment and Twitter, Inc. staff. They evaluated reports and escalated appropriate cases, interacting with Twitter on behalf of the reporter.", "quote": "WAM reviewers were an intermediary between reporters of harassment and Twitter, Inc.’s somewhat black-boxed team of humans and algorithms that enforce the site’s rules. WAM reviewers would evaluate and discuss these reports, sometimes working with the reporter to further document harassment in cases of incomplete or ambiguous reports.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1153700", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2012-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)", "aliases": ["Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "community/collective", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Defined internet governance as a multi-stakeholder process, involving active participation from civil society, in developing and implementing principles, norms, rules, and guidelines for internet evolution and utilization.", "quote": "Em seu relatório de atividades, o grupo definiu governança da internet como o processo de desenvolvimento e implementação de um conjunto de princípios, normas, regras e diretrizes para a tomada de decisão que conduza a evolução e a utilização da internet, com a participação ativa dos governos, do setor privado e da sociedade civil, cada um atuando na sua esfera de competência.", "page": "104", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Set up by the UN Secretary-General to investigate Internet governance and aims to reach consensus on ethical principles for policy implementation.", "quote": "This is a working definition used by the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), set up by the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN).", "page": "475", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Investigates Internet governance to develop and apply shared principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures for the Internet's evolution and use.", "quote": "Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet (WGIG, 2005).", "page": "485", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "World Health Organization (WHO)", "aliases": ["World Health Organization (WHO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group", "Other", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ecuador", "France", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "global health", "public health", "public safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderador de debate", "moderação de debates", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Declared the \"infodemia\"\" phenomenon and provided public health guidelines", "quote": "Public health, access to verified information, combating misinformation.", "page": "motivou a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a declarar a existência de uma “infodemia” – expressão que designa a “pandemia de informação” enfrentada no contexto da crise sanitária global vigente", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}, {"title": "El moderador en línea: una propuesta pedagógica para la mediación en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en tiempos de COVID 19", "author": "A Mejía", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Issued calls for global confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic, directly influencing the shift to remote learning and the subsequent need for online educational moderation and adaptation.", "quote": "a raíz del llamado de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) al confinamiento ante la propagación del Covid-19.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/98641833/1291.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Ecuador", "when": "COVID-19 era (early 2020s)"}, {"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Denounces the spread of anti-vaccination content on social networks, advocating for platforms to moderate health-related misinformation and ensure public health information is accurate.", "quote": "de la dénonciation par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) des contenus anti-vaccination qui pullulent sur le réseaux social (contribuant largement en 2017 à une augmentation mondiale de 30% de la rougeole)", "page": "7", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Young Men's Christian Association", "aliases": ["Young Men's Christian Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "public morals", "racial equality", "religious evangelism", "religious orthodoxy", "religious principles", "religious salvation", "social order", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1966, "paper_count": 3, "papers": [{"title": "Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Employed Anthony Comstock as a 'foot soldier' to carry out 'ungentlemanly work' of moral policing and suppression of vice, indicating they supported and utilized direct enforcement of their moral standards.", "quote": "As Werbel recounts, America's best known combatant of vice was, first and foremost, “a foot soldier” for organizations such as the NYSSV and, before it, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) (57).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journalpanorama.org/article/lust-on-trial/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 19th - early 20th century (1867-1915)"}, {"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A Protestant institution known for linking evangelical outreach with sports practice, thereby disseminating religious values through physical culture. It provided a framework where individual and team success in sports could metaphorically represent personal and collective salvation.", "quote": "Young Men's Christian Association, conhecida como Associação Cristã de Moços, é uma instituição protestante de origem inglesa, fundada em Londres em 1844, que tornou-se conhecida por vincular a divulgação evangélica com a prática esportiva, disseminando-se por todo o mundo (Zald; Denton, 1963).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}, {"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Implemented moral reform agendas and physical education programs, serving as institutions through which reforming elites articulated goals of class control and racial uplift. They also acted as sites where employer agendas were contested.", "quote": "By analyzing YMCAs and YWCAs as institutions through which reforming elites articulated goals of class control and racial uplift, as sites for working-class and client resistance...", "page": "1", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}]}, {"name": "7amleh - The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media", "aliases": ["7amleh - The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Palestine", "Syria", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura", "moderação"], "languages": ["Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles to advance transparency and accountability in content moderation, particularly focusing on digital rights and due process for users.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "«Deplatforming», l'attacco a Capitol Hill e la nuova sfera pubblica privatizzata", "author": "P Di Salvo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports documenting and mapping instances of censorship affecting Palestinian voices online, including unjustified limitations of profiles and content.", "quote": "Il gruppo attivista palestinese 7amleh, the Arab Center for Social Media Advancement, ha pubblicato di recente il suo report annuale che raccoglie e mappa i vari episodi censori occorsi alle voci palestinesi online³.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1405/102368", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms, USA, Palestine, Syria", "when": "2016-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media", "aliases": ["7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Global", "Middle East", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["media moderation", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on online censorship and restrictions, raising attention on the suppression of pro-Palestinian voices on digital platforms through practices like shadowbanning and content removal.", "quote": "Des rapports émis par des organismes de droits humains et numériques comme 7amleh, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ou Access Now attirent l’attention sur la censure des voix propalestiniennes en ligne...", "page": "13", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}, {"title": "Freedom of Expression on Social Media Platforms: Facebook's Moderation Behavior on Palestine's May 2021 Movement", "author": "A Almehdar", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors, documents, and reports on censorship and digital rights violations by social media platforms against Palestinian content, and undertakes campaigns to oppose such censorship.", "quote": "In response, Palestinian activists and civil society organizations undertook several efforts, including the launch of campaigns like the “End Digital Execution” campaign, as well as a letter signed by a number of civil society organizations to Facebook's COO Sheryl Sandberg opposing its censorship.", "page": "3", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp54&section=7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook and Instagram platforms, Palestine, United States, European Union", "when": "May 2021"}]}, {"name": "Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión", "aliases": ["Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "impartiality", "professional standards", "public service mandate"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cara a cara electoral televisado: análisis audiovisual de los debates presidenciales", "author": "N Quintas-Froufe, EQ Froufe", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The Academia organized and executed the televised presidential debates in Spain in 2008. It managed the logistics and audiovisual realization, including setting the technical parameters, scenography, and camera planning, and ensured the implementation of agreed-upon rules for visual presentation and time allocation based on pacts with political parties.", "quote": "la retransmisión de estos debates fue organizada y ejecutada por una asociación de profesionales del sector audiovisual: la Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión (Academia, en adelante).", "page": "29", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3223383", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "1993-2008"}, {"title": "(Des) cortesía y pugna dialéctica en el debate político-electoral", "author": "FF García", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organized the 2008 political debates between Zapatero and Rajoy, thereby establishing the structural and procedural rules that govern the public exchange and its moderation.", "quote": "trascurrieron quince años hasta los dos que enfrentaron a Zapatero y Rajoy, organizados por la Academia de las Ciencias y las Artes de Televisión y celebrados entre finales de febrero y comienzos de marzo de 2008.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.ual.es/ojs/index.php/ORALIA/article/view/8134", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1993–2008"}]}, {"name": "Academies", "aliases": ["Academies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "public interest", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1848, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Act as cultural establishments within the civil-social infrastructure of the public sphere, giving voice to social problems, articulating public interests, and influencing the political process.", "quote": "cultural establishments (such as academies, writers' associations, and 'radical professionals'); up to 'public-interest groups' (with public concerns, such as the protection of the environment, the testing of products, and the protection of animals) and churches or charitable organizations.", "page": "355", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}, {"title": "La censure en France a l'ere democratique", "author": "Forcade, Olivier", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Academies exercised censorship over spectacles and other forms of expression, acting as guardians of cultural and aesthetic norms, often linked to the preservation of 'order' and 'good morals'.", "quote": "à la censure des académies, des grands procès littéraires au rôle des sociétés d'auteurs", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3771270?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1848-present day"}]}, {"name": "Académie des Sciences", "aliases": ["Académie des Sciences", "Académie des sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "scientific authority", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Préface. L'esprit scientifique et le péril scientiste", "author": "L Mucchielli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Catherine Bréchignac, former President of the Academy, observed that a 'small group' within or connected to the scientific community successfully imposed a discourse based on 'catastrophic models' during the Covid crisis, making it impossible to challenge their line.", "quote": "un petit groupe a su imposer son discours reposant sur les modélisations catastrophes présentées par l'épidémiologiste Dominique Costagliola. Nous étions plusieurs à trouver ces modélisations fausses et à nous demander pourquoi on la laissait encore parler, mais ce petit groupe était complètement inféodé à sa ligne et il était impossible de la remettre en cause.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05511009/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western countries", "when": "2020-2026"}, {"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Received royal patronage, seen as part of the state's effort to bring the 'republic of letters' under royal control.", "quote": "everything was done to bring a rising republic of letters under royal patronage, principally through such institutions as the Académie Française and the Académie des Sciences.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Académie Royale des Sciences", "aliases": ["Académie Royale des Sciences", "Académie royale des Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural development", "intellectual quality", "national interest", "peer review", "scientific inquiry", "scientific integrity", "scientific progress", "truth"], "topics": ["moderator censor", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century", "18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Issued its own academic approvals for scientific works, which served as an instance of validation by experts and gave credibility and prestige to authors, sometimes bypassing royal censorship.", "quote": "Pour l’Académie Royale des Sciences, fondée en 1666, cette apparition au côté de la censure royale atteste de son importance, « confortant ainsi sa fonction d’instance de validation mais amorçant aussi un processus d’autonomisation de la fonction d’auteur scientifique181 ».", "page": "66", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}, {"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "Under Bignon's direction, it was reorganized to coordinate scientific activity, setting standards for research and requiring members to report on projects, with approval needed for publication. It also initiated an inquiry into book publishing technology.", "quote": "no member might style himself an academician at the head of a title page unless the academy had approved his work for publication.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Acción Católica Española", "aliases": ["Acción Católica Española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["church rights", "moral standards", "religious doctrine", "social justice", "spiritual values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Mobilized lay Catholics for apostolate, promoted Catholic social and political ideas, and aimed to safeguard the Church's role in the state and public life, often clashing with Falangist totalizing tendencies.", "quote": "Acción Católica es, en consecuencia, una acción humana apostólica y seglar: una consagración al apostolado de la actividad humana, de 'todo' el hombre, dirigida también al hombre entero.", "page": "119", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "Problemas historiográficos en el estudio de la censura literaria del último medio siglo", "author": "ABELLÁN, MANUEL L.", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Through its official organ, the magazine Ecclesia, this organization's literary critics reviewed books, often applying stricter moral and dogmatic criteria than governmental censorship.", "quote": "los críticos literarios de la revista, órgano oficial de la Acción Católica Española, se esforzaron en hacer pasar por un tamiz más fino lo que la censura gubernativa ya había aprobado.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27762669", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (under Franco regime)", "when": "1939–1989"}]}, {"name": "Acción Española", "aliases": ["Acción Española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "journal"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["nationalism", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "state control", "traditionalism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A political magazine and movement that advocated for authoritarian monarchist nationalism but was later prevented from re-appearing by the Francoist regime's press policies.", "quote": "Se impide la reaparición de Acción Española, la revista que había representado, durante la República, el tradicionalismo pasado por el tamiz del nacionalismo autoritario que encarnaban a la sazón Ramiro de Maeztu y Víctor Pradera.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A journal that championed authoritarian nationalism and traditionalism, aligning with certain aspects of Falangist ideology, but its re-publication was impeded by the Francoist regime's control over cultural production.", "quote": "Se impide la reaparición de Acción Española, la revista que había representado, durante la República, el tradicionalismo pasado por el tamiz del nacionalismo autoritario que encarnaban a la sazón Ramiro de Maeztu y Víctor Pradera.", "page": "166", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Accountable Tech", "aliases": ["Accountable Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "digital rights advocacy organization / public interest advocacy group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "election integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A nonprofit that made recommendations for platforms to focus content moderation efforts on accounts with large follower counts, particularly in the context of election integrity policies, to mitigate misinformation.", "quote": "in the context of election integrity, the nonprofit Accountable Tech recommends focusing on accounts with more than 250,000 followers and applying strikes against those accounts for violations of applicable election integrity policies.", "page": "25", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produces investigations and research cited widely in major outlets, runs public campaigns and coalitions (e.g., with DIFU and Americans for Responsible Innovation) to pressure platforms and shape policy debates on surveillance advertising, youth safety, and platform accountability.", "quote": "Core mission and activities explicitly target Big Tech platform practices (surveillance advertising, algorithms, youth safety) via research, investigations, public campaigns and policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://accountabletech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Action française", "aliases": ["Action française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Bourbon France", "Brazil", "Europe", "France", "German Democratic Republic", "India", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "monarchical authority", "national identity", "religious tradition"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Les archives de la censure: choisir entre déontologie scientifique et éthique citoyenne?", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a political and social movement, its publications or ideas were subject to condemnation and prohibition by the Index, indicating its active participation in public life and as an entity whose content was censored.", "quote": "Même les plus nostalgiques des catholiques conservateurs ne rééditent pas l'Index librorum prohibitorum qui condamna l'abbé Barbier et l'Action française.", "page": "17", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01425181/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Catholic Church (Congregation of the Index), France, with comparative examples from other polities (Bourbon France, colonial India, German Democratic Republic)", "when": "Primarily 19th century, but covering broader historical periods of censorship and its academic study up to the contemporary era"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Participated in protests and manifestations against theatre plays, aiming to impose their conservative political and religious views and influence public policy on artistic content.", "quote": "Qui sont les manifestants ? Il s’agit de tout une nébuleuse de groupes d’extrême-droite catholiques : AGRIF, Renouveau, Action française, Renaissance catholique et surtout l’Institut Civitas, qui semble avoir joué un rôle clé dans l’organisation des protestations et manifestations.", "page": "100", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Active Change Foundation", "aliases": ["Active Change Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Parent organization of the #NotInMyName initiative, involved in counter-extremism efforts.", "quote": "the #NotInMyName initiative of the Active Change Foundation", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Has managed several viral counter-speech campaigns like #NotInMyName to challenge extremism.", "quote": "presided over a number of viral counter-speech campaigns like #NotInMyName.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Adbusters", "aliases": ["Adbusters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-corporate power", "communication", "democratic integrity", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Initiated the 'Occupy Wall Street' campaign by proposing a specific date, place, and hashtag, acting as a 'choreographer' or 'movement entrepreneur'. They also articulated the strategic tactic of 'having one simple demand' for the movement's focus.", "quote": "The origins of the Occupy epidemic is conventionally associated with a blog post by the Canadian anti-consumerist, cultural-jamming magazine AdBusters, which on 13 July 2011 proposed to peacefully gather in front of the New York Stock Exchange and occupy the area.", "page": "98", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Initiated and promoted the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) social movement, using \"branding", "quote": "and influence\"\" to challenge prevalent social and economic injustices.\"", "page": "anticonsumerist, culture-jamming, social justice, anti-income inequality, anti-corporate influence.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Advertising Standards Authority (ASA)", "aliases": ["Advertising Standards Authority (ASA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent advertising regulator (non-profit company)", "professional body / self-regulatory organization"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "ethical advertising", "industry standards"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1962, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a self-regulatory organization in the advertising industry, it is proposed as a body that could contribute technical expertise and engage in inter-agency digital regulatory sandboxes.", "quote": "From the thematic perspective of this chapter, the most relevant would be a partial co-optation into forum of the Advertising Standards Authority—a self-regulatory organisation of the advertising industry—which could potentially feed this aspect of the work with the necessary technical expertise.", "page": "172", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "ASA publishes rulings and guidance to enforce advertising codes, refers cases to Trading Standards, and shapes industry practice via CAP codes and training.", "quote": "ASA regulates advertising across online platforms, publishes rulings and guidance on social media/influencer ads and runs initiatives on protecting children online and scam ads.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.asa.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AgoraVox", "aliases": ["AgoraVox"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "South Korea"], "media": ["AgoraVox", "OHmyNews", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "democratic participation", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération des débats", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube, identified as a reference in citizen journalism that attracts a heterogeneous and sometimes brutal public to its comment sections.", "quote": "C'est par exemple le cas du Monde ou Mediapart et AgoraVox chez les médias partisans (qui sont aujourd'hui les médias de référence dans le domaine de la presse citoyenne), médias cristallisant une certaine défiance envers le journalisme politique.", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "Le cas d'AgoraVox, le média citoyen: Une politique éditoriale et un comité rédactionnel inédits", "author": "C Revelli", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Operates as a citizen media platform where individuals can register and publish information. It employs a multi-step moderation process involving volunteer editors, internal staff verification (for defamation, copyright, plagiarism), and reader comments to filter content for publication.", "quote": "Dix ans plus tard, j'ai créé AgoraVox, qui est un média citoyen, c'est-à-dire un média dans lequel n'importe qui peut venir s'inscrire et publier des informations.", "page": "2", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-legicom-2008-1-page-73", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Citizen media platforms (AgoraVox in France, OHmyNews in South Korea)", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Agência Lupa", "aliases": ["Agência Lupa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Telegram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated a bot on Messenger for fact-checking news to combat misinformation.", "quote": "semelhantemente, a agência Lupa possui um robô que opera no Messenger", "page": "209", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Desinformação, plataformas, pandemia: Um panorama e novos desafios de pesquisa.", "author": "C d'Andréa, R Henn", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Identifies and reports content that violates platform guidelines, thus contributing to content moderation efforts by flagging misinformation.", "quote": "Em março de 2021, um levantamento da Agência Lupa indicou que vídeos do canal de Jair Bolsonaro já haviam contrariado as diretrizes do YouTube por pelo menos 29 vezes.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/83253031/60748715.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Digital Platforms (YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020–2021)"}]}, {"name": "Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga", "aliases": ["Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "artistic freedom", "critical thinking", "progressive values"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Uses humoristic content, aligned with progressive views, to react against and counter allegations of electoral fraud on Facebook.", "quote": "duas páginas humorísticas mais alinhadas ao progressismo (“Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga” e \"Bruno Sartori\"\").\"", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This humorous page, aligned with progressive views, acts as a critical influencer on social media, engaging with the debate on electoral distrust and offering a progressive counterpoint to fraud allegations.", "quote": "Dentre eles perfis como \"Quebrando o Tabu”", "page": "“Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga”", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Al-Azhar", "aliases": ["Al-Azhar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["other", "religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1990s", "21st century"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "During the constitutional drafting process, a provision was introduced for this institution to conduct religious review of laws, acting as a gatekeeper for religious lawfulness in legislation.", "quote": "Under pressure from Salafis in the assembly to introduce more robust protections for shariʻa, the MB leadership introduced a provision for the religious review of laws by the official Al-Azhar religious institution.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}, {"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Exerts control over cultural production, especially concerning religious matters. It makes recommendations for withdrawing books from sale and influences publication decisions by state entities, aiming to manage religious legitimacy and uphold moral order. Its recommendations were historically automatically executed but faced challenges from 1992.", "quote": "En fait, les débats récents se focalisent essentiellement autour de la question du contrôle de la production culturelle par les institutions religieuses, spécialement al-Azhar — contrôle qui reste extrêmement marginal en termes quantitatifs —", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "Al-Wasat Party", "aliases": ["Al-Wasat Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic values", "political moderation", "religious law", "religious moderation", "religious reform", "women's rights"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Formed by reformists from the Muslim Brotherhood, aiming to gain legal recognition and propose a more moderate party platform. It later boycotted the 2015 parliamentary elections and 2014 Presidential Elections, signaling its ideological moderation and opposition to the return of authoritarianism. It condemned the 2013 coup and joined the Anti-Coup Coalition.", "quote": "The formation of al-Wasat in 1996 exposed open rifts between reformists and the MB's conservative leadership. The trigger was an attempt by reformists to formulate a party platform in 1996 with the aim of obtaining legal recognition by state authorities.", "page": "7", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}, {"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Formed as a breakaway group from the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1990s, indicating internal dissent and attempts at a different, potentially more moderate, path within the broader Islamist movement, facing subsequent harassment and arrests.", "quote": "They went through new crackdowns, or, as in the case of the Ikhwan breakaway Wasat Party, their successive attempts resulted in continued harassment, persecution and arrests.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Algorithm Watch", "aliases": ["Algorithm Watch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "The Netherlands"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "algorithmic transparency", "democratic integrity", "public scrutiny", "public understanding", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Jointly with Access Now and Demos, proposes transparency requirements for digital political advertising, focusing on public access to ad data and detailed information.", "quote": "Em manifestação conjunta pela transparência de publicidade digital, instituições da sociedade civil como a Access Now, Algorithm Watch e Demos, sugerem, como ponto de partida, as seguintes exigências", "page": "239", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed a browser extension that allows users to make political queries and donate their results, enabling a broader study of personalization effects in search engine outputs.", "quote": "Algorithm Watch, the German NGO, created a browser extension for users to install that regularly would make political queries, such as for “Angela Merkel” (Puschmann, 2017).", "page": "40", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "Alignment Research Center", "aliases": ["Alignment Research Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude", "GPT-4"], "norms": ["ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Model-Card-Claude-2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborates with Anthropic to support safety audits of its AI models and assists in finetuning models to aid in these evaluations, focusing on detecting dangerous capabilities.", "quote": "We have been working with the Alignment Research Center (ARC) since fall of 2022 to support their safety audits of our AI models.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude AI systems", "when": "post-2022"}, {"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4 Technical Report", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Engaged by OpenAI for expert red teaming, specifically to assess GPT-4's potential for \"power-seeking behavior\"\" (autonomous replication and resource acquisition) and other emergent risks", "quote": "AI safety, long-term AI alignment, risk mitigation, understanding emergent AI behaviors.", "page": "We granted the Alignment Research Center (ARC) early access to the models as a part of our expert red teaming efforts in order to enable their team to assess risks from power-seeking behavior.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4 development and deployment", "when": "Post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "AllSides", "aliases": ["AllSides"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Kialo"], "norms": ["impartiality", "information accuracy", "media transparency", "pluralism"], "topics": ["content moderation", "debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Ai in the gray: Exploring moderation policies in dialogic large language models vs. human answers in controversial topics", "author": "V Ghafouri, V Agarwal, Y Zhang, N Sastry…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Maintains a database of online sources with labels for their political leanings, which serves as ground truth for evaluating and comparing bias in AI models and human-cited sources.", "quote": "We scrape and combine the latest (early May 2023) database of two popular websites (MediaBiasFactCheck5 and AllSides) that have labels for the leaning of online sources and have been widely used in previous related literature [9, 28, 29].", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3583780.3614777", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Kialo platform", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a visual representation of the political leanings of various media sources, aiming to increase transparency in news consumption and help users understand potential biases in reported information.", "quote": "See AllSides Media Bias Chart, ALLSIDES, https://www.allsides.com/media bias/media-bias-chart (showing media sources' biases on a scale from progressive to conservative).", "page": "120", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "Alt-right", "aliases": ["Alt-Right", "Alt-right"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-political correctness", "anti-progressivism", "extremism", "fascism", "hate speech", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated as a white-nationalist movement, criticizing 'political correctness' and advocating for white identity politics, often using digital media for humor and provocation to propagate its ideology.", "quote": "the rupture from mainstream conservatism with respect to race was perhaps even more stark with the emer gence of the so-called “alt-right.” ... “[a]t its core, the Alt-Right is a white-nationalist movement,”", "page": "85", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads neo-fascist politics and hate speech (misogyny, racism, Islamophobia) online, using social media for mainstreaming and enforcing its internal norms.", "quote": "The rise of neo-fascist politics in online spaces characterised as the so-called Alt-Right has been the focus of much attention... in addition to the rise in various forms of hate speech.", "page": "25", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Amal Movement", "aliases": ["Amal Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "political party / armed group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Egypt", "Gulf countries", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Palestine", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["group interests", "political influence"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a traditionally dominant political force in the Nabatieh region, it influences community leadership and political dynamics, often in alliance with other parties.", "quote": "La ciudad de Nabatieh, en el sur del Líbano, es un claro exponente de las vivencias de aquellos días. Dominada tradicionalmente por los grandes partidos chiíes, Hezbolá y Amal, gran parte de sus habitantes se echaron a las calles en contra de las directrices de los líderes y protestaron", "page": "104", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}, {"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As a rival Shi'i group, it engaged in cooperation with Hizbullah, showcasing how political inclusion creates incentives for diverse and even rival groups to collaborate, contributing to a broader political sphere.", "quote": "...Hizbullah has shown willingness to cooperate with a wide range of groups, including the rival Shi'i group, Amal, as well as various Sunni Muslim and Christian groups.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "American Academy of Pediatrics", "aliases": ["American Academy of Pediatrics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child welfare", "mental health", "public health", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["censorship", "debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Debate: Social media content moderation may do more harm than good for youth mental health", "author": "CC Zhang, G Zaleski, JN Kailley…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The organization advocates for youth well-being by declaring the rise in mental health challenges among children and adolescents a national emergency, thereby highlighting the societal urgency that underpins discussions about social media's impact and the need for effective content moderation policies.", "quote": "Meanwhile, rates of mental health challenges among children and adolescents have soared to the extent of being declared a national emergency (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021).", "page": "1", "url": "https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/camh.12689", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Entered into agreements with the PMRC, implying its participation in initiatives or studies related to the impact of music on children, thereby lending professional credibility to concerns about music content.", "quote": "Despite recent agreements with the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Parent/Teacher Association, law enforcement agencies as well as numerous churches and schools nationwide...", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "American Bar Association", "aliases": ["American Bar Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms"], "norms": ["checks and balances", "civil liberties", "judicial independence", "justice", "professional honour", "rule of law", "separation of powers"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Providing legal analysis and commentary on judicial proceedings and legislative initiatives concerning digital platforms, content moderation, and constitutional rights in the US.", "quote": "Cfr. AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, Moody v. NetChoice, LLC and NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton, 14 dicembre 2023, disponibile su www.americanbar.org.", "page": "74", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}, {"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Established a Special Committee on Administrative Law to critique the administrative state, accusing it of 'administrative absolutism', and proposed legislation to increase judicial control over administrative processes.", "quote": "In 1933 the American Bar Association established a Special Committee on Administrative Law to examine the field and propose reform legislation.", "page": "86", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "American Book Publishers’ Council", "aliases": ["American Book Publishers Council", "American Book Publishers’ Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1964, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Adopted the 'Freedom to Read Statement' in 1953, explicitly rejecting claims that censorship was needed to avoid political subversion or moral corruption.", "quote": "and in 1953 the American Book Publishers’ Council and ALA adopted the Freedom to Read Statement, which declared, ‘The freedom to read is essential to our democracy’.33 It rejected claims that ‘censorship and suppression are needed to avoid the subversion of politics and the corruption of morals’.", "page": "98", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship of obscenity: the developing constitutional standards", "author": "WB Lockhart, RC McClure", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Criticized censorship activities by groups like the NODL and defended booksellers and publishers against censorship efforts, including by submitting amicus curiae briefs.", "quote": "The systematic use of lists by policemen and prosecuting departments... was one of the two harshest threats to freedom of expression. Since the ABPC criticized activities by the NODL.", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/mnlr45&section=13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Mid-20th century (late 1950s, early 1960s)"}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "civil rights", "due process", "free speech", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation, providing recommendations for platforms.", "quote": "Authorship: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for Democracy & Technology, New America's Open Technology Institute", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in the elaboration of the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation.", "quote": "Participaram da elaboração dos Princípios de Santa Clara: ACLU Foundation of Northern California, Center for Democracy & Technology, Electronic Frontier Foundation, New America’s Open Technology Institute...", "page": "128", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Educational Research Association", "aliases": ["American Educational Research Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "critical discourse", "educational development", "scholarly research"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Teachers’ Self-Censorship of Children’s Literature in Texas—What’s Legislation Got to Do With It?", "author": "Lammert, Catherine; C. Godfrey, Vickie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Issued statements on the importance of scholarly and academic freedom, thereby taking a stance against practices that could lead to censorship in educational settings.", "quote": "the American Educational Research Association (2014) issued statements on the importance of scholarly and academic freedom", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584231201814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Texas, USA", "when": "2021-2022"}, {"title": "Facilitating deliberation: The role of impartial intermediaries in deliberative mini-publics", "author": "C Landwehr", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Hosts academic conferences where research on educational concepts like deliberative communication is presented and critiqued, thereby contributing to norm-setting and capacity-building within educational discourse.", "quote": "This paper, like the others in this issue of JCS, was presented at the AERA convention in Chicago in 2003, as part of the symposium ‘Deliberative communication: Applying Habermas to education'.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/95869797/Landwehr2014_Facilitating_Deliberation.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Swedish education, drawing on US and German philosophical traditions regarding deliberative democracy", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents from Ancient Greece to 19th-century philosophy"}]}, {"name": "American Family Association", "aliases": ["American Family Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "family values", "public morals", "religious principles", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas e guerras da cultura: filtros de investimento público como\" pós-censura\"\".\"", "author": "L de Paula, C Dumas…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched public campaigns and organized protests to pressure the government to cut public funding for art projects deemed obscene or indecent, specifically targeting the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA).", "quote": "o reverendo Donald Wildmon, diretor da American Family Association do Mississipi, iniciou uma campanha pública contra o artista e o NEA: '[...] milhares de cidadãos com ideias semelhantes, de todo o país, inundaram o Congresso com protestos.", "page": "10", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19833717&AN=159596558&h=RKSkW1GTvO5In%2Fe4NYuhe9210dxvybqlp%2Fd3KPij4gqv3%2B3DXnnpcy%2FQXFiPni294Qnwxpkd58VZSYjtylUykg%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2021"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Puts pressure on Internet materials, particularly concerning content deemed inappropriate for children, advocating for greater restraint and control over media access.", "quote": "the many family-orientated groups (such as the American Family Association) putting pressure on Internet materials for children.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Jewish Committee", "aliases": ["American Jewish Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries", "20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Participated in a delegation of Jewish organizations that submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt detailing German genocidal policy, including information on death camps.", "quote": "a delegation of representatives from Jewish organizations submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt at the White House. The organizations represented included the American Jewish Committee...", "page": "159", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}, {"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Intervened as amicus curiae in the Edmondson case, urging the court to dismiss criminal charges against a hate-monger to safeguard free speech and prevent the extension of criminal law.", "quote": "These briefs, while denouncing the defendant's act, nevertheless in order to safeguard free speech and free press asked the court to dismiss the charges. These groups pointed out that it is wiser to bear with the hatemonger than to extend the criminal law so that in future it might become too oppressive.", "page": "755", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "American Medical Association", "aliases": ["American Medical Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["medical authority", "public health", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Do Not Use This Hashtag: Fat Acceptance (Mis)information and Discursive Boundary-Work as Content Moderation on Instagram", "author": "Zimdars, Melissa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Categorizes obesity as a disease, thereby influencing public and medical discourse on fatness and health, which implicitly sets standards and norms that fat acceptance activists sometimes challenge.", "quote": "Many fat acceptance activists push back on framings of fatness in relation to disease, but \"obesity\"\" is categorized as a disease by the American Medical Association.\"", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Entered into agreements with the PMRC and was cited in reports on violence, suggesting its involvement in studies or endorsements that PMRC used to support its claims linking music to social problems.", "quote": "Despite recent agreements with the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Parent/Teacher Association, law enforcement agencies as well as numerous churches and schools nationwide...", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "American Renaissance", "aliases": ["American Renaissance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "racial essentialism", "racism", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Tuters, Marc; Osborne-Carey, Cassian; Jurg, Daniel; Kisjes, Ivan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This institute serves as a platform for a 'high-brow white nationalist' and 'race realist' figure (Jared Taylor), actively promoting and disseminating specific ideological norms and extreme speech, particularly after the individual's social media accounts were suspended.", "quote": "On 18 December 2017, the Twitter account of the 'high-brow white nationalist' and 'race realist' YouTube host Jared Taylor was suspended, as well as the account for his American Renaissance institute (Tsukayama and Timberg, 2017).", "page": "24", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article/37/4/949/6445201", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2008-2018"}, {"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a white nationalist publication, American Renaissance publishes a magazine and operates a YouTube channel to promote scientific racism, anti-immigration, and white nationalist content.", "quote": "Jared Taylor is an American white nationalist and the founder and editor of the magazine American Renaissance. On the magazine's YouTube channel, he frequently promotes scientific racism, anti-immigration, and white nationalist content.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers", "aliases": ["American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "professional control", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Attempted to remove its competitor, BMI, by leading opposition to 'off-color' music, using moral arguments as a pretext for commercial advantage.", "quote": "For the trades it was a continuation of the attempts by the white, pop music ASCAP [American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers] to remove its growing competitor, the black, rock and roll BMI [Broadcast Music Incorporated],", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Actively sought to restrict and discredit rival music (black, rock and roll BMI), often by fueling moral complaints and leveraging commercial competition.", "quote": "...the white, pop music ASCAP [American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers] to remove its growing competitor, the black, rock and roll BMI [Broadcast Music Incorporated],", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "American Society of Newspaper Editors", "aliases": ["American Society of Newspaper Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["India", "OECD countries", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial independence", "ethical standards", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media", "author": "Germano, Fabrizio; Meier, Martin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Launched in 1922, it issued a professional code of ethics for journalists to institute a separation between editorial content and business interests, thereby engaging in self-regulation and norm enforcement within the journalism profession.", "quote": "in 1922 the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) was finally launched and immediately issued a professional code of ethics for journalists intended to further institute a separation between editorial content and business interests.", "page": "1", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272712001089", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily, with some reference to OECD countries and India)", "when": "Early 20th to early 21st century (with historical context from the American Republic)"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Listed as an organization concerned with intellectual freedom, likely advocating for press freedom and journalistic standards.", "quote": "Americatissoc School Adti tion of nistrators 1801 North ()ore St. Ft(Aslyn, Va. 22209 703-528-0700", "page": "177", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Sunday School Union", "aliases": ["American Sunday School Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child development", "child safety", "public morals", "religious education", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Established standards for juvenile literature, emphasizing moral and religious character, and influenced the production and selection of children's books.", "quote": "In 1830 the American Sunday School Union set up standards for juvenile liter-ature. Their emphasis was on the moral and religious character of the books...", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Established standards for juvenile literature, focusing on the moral and religious character of books, thereby influencing what was considered acceptable reading for children.", "quote": "In 1830 the American Sunday School Union set up standards for juvenile liter-ature. Their emphasis was on the moral and religious character of the books...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "American Unitarian Association", "aliases": ["American Unitarian Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "collection development", "religious alignment", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Facilitated the formation of a ladies' commission tasked with evaluating and recommending books for Sunday School libraries, ensuring selection with 'scrupulous care'.", "quote": "...at a meeting of ladies called at the Rooms of the Ameri-can Unitarian Association in Boston, the Rev. Charles Lowe proposed that the ladies form a group to prepare a list of books for Sunday-School libraries...", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Convened and supported the Ladies' Commission on Sunday-School Books, thereby facilitating the evaluation and selection of children's literature based on Unitarian principles.", "quote": "On October 12, 1865, at a meeting of ladies called at the Rooms of the Ameri-can Unitarian Association in Boston, the Rev. Charles Lowe proposed that the ladies form a group...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Amnesty International Italia", "aliases": ["Amnesty International Italia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti", "moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and conducts awareness campaigns aimed at combating online hate speech.", "quote": "Amnesty International Sezione Italiana, Hate Speech conoscerlo e contrastarlo guida breve per combattere i discorsi d'odio online, 2019, pag.19", "page": "18", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Ripensare il cyberbullismo tra social media e messaggi d'odio. Pratiche, ibridazioni e traiettorie di ricerca", "author": "R Rega, A Lovari", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "It engages in numerous initiatives to counteract the spread of hate speech online, highlighting the role of the internet and social media in amplifying these problems and compiling reports on related hate crimes.", "quote": "Le numerose iniziative di contrasto messe in campo da organizzazioni non governative e gruppi della società civile (Amnesty International Italia, Lunaria, Vox Diritti, ecc.) hanno evidenziato il ruolo importante che Internet e i social media svolgono nell'amplificazione di queste problematiche.", "page": "3", "url": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1336206", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "online public debate, social media, Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Amnesty International USA", "aliases": ["Amnesty International USA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?", "author": "Chen, Yuyu; Yang, David Y.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on judicial cases against Chinese citizens arrested for politically sensitive online activities, highlighting government repression and advocating for human rights.", "quote": "while there have been judicial cases against citizens, often high profiled celebrities and journalists, leading to their arrests under the charges of 'actively spreading illegal information or state secret,'", "page": "41", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171765", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Beijing university students)", "when": "2015–2017"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Criticized governments for taking advantage of 'CVE-mania' and international funding to violate human rights in the absence of appropriate safeguards, acting as a critical voice against problematic counter-terrorism policies.", "quote": "taking advantage of 'CVE-mania” and “using international funding to violate human rights in the absence of appropriate safe- guards\".\"", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Anabaptists", "aliases": ["Anabaptists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "religious autonomy", "religious beliefs", "religious law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th century", "early modern"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Challenged secular authority by asserting that true Christians were subject only to divine law, not temporal rule, leading to radical rebellions.", "quote": "The Reformation would, to be sure, produce sects, in particular the Anabaptists, who believed that true Christians were subject only to the Word of God and not to the temporal sword.", "page": "70", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}, {"title": "THE CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II", "author": "Walker, J.", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Used printed pamphlets (e.g., by scholars like Henry Jessey) to spread their religious and political views, which were deemed seditious and anti-government by the authorities.", "quote": "Jessey was a well-known anabaptist scholar... [his work sought] to create the impression that God was on the side of the anabaptists, unsettling minds and destroying confidence in the government.", "page": "15", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1950.tb00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "Andon Labs", "aliases": ["Andon Labs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed Vending-Bench 2, a benchmark that measures AI models’ performance on running a business over long time horizons, requiring sustained coherence and strategic planning.", "quote": "Vending-Bench 2 is a benchmark from Andon Labs that measures AI models’ performance on running a business over long time horizons.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed Vending-Bench 2 to measure AI models’ long-term business performance and conducted external testing, observing concerning agentic actions related to winning behavior.", "quote": "Vending-Bench 2 is a benchmark from Andon Labs that measures AI models’ performance on running a business over long time horizons. ...Andon Labs noted that Claude was highly motivated to win and took more concerning actions...", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Animath", "aliases": ["Animath"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "data sovereignty", "open source", "public education", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderator", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fêtons numériquement la science", "author": "B Ninassi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted a comparative study of virtual conferencing solutions and provided feedback, which helped Inria select tools that align with specific norms (open-source, French hosting, data sovereignty, privacy) for its digital science event. This indirectly contributes to norm enforcement in digital event organization.", "quote": "l'étude comparative de différentes solutions, réalisée quelques semaines avant par l'association Animath qui nous a été d'une grande aide par ses retours d'expériences très riches.", "page": "3", "url": "https://inria.hal.science/hal-04390365/", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, virtual event platforms", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "Lessons learned for online health community moderator roles: a mixed-methods study of moderators resigning from WebMD communities", "author": "J Huh, R Marmor, X Jiang", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducted a comparative study of various videoconferencing solutions, providing detailed feedback that assisted Inria in selecting appropriate tools for managing their online science festival and its interactive components.", "quote": "Nous avons eu la chance de pouvoir bénéficier de l'étude comparative de différentes solutions, réalisée quelques semaines avant par l'association Animath qui nous a été d'une grande aide par ses retours d'expériences très riches.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jmir.org/2016/9/e247/", "topic": "moderator", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Antisemitism Policy Trust", "aliases": ["Antisemitism Policy Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity / policy advocacy organisation (secretariat to an APPG)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Policy development", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The organization produces policy briefings and trainings for parliamentarians and policymakers, leveraging access to elected officials to influence policy and public debate on antisemitism.", "quote": "Primary mission is educating and empowering parliamentarians to address antisemitism; this can touch platform content policies but platform governance is not the core focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://antisemitism.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces reports and briefings, runs training and events, and provides the APPG secretariat to shape parliamentary debate and policy on antisemitism, including online harms.", "quote": "Provides policy briefings, training and the secretariat to the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism, educating and empowering parliamentarians and policymakers on antisemitism including online harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://antisemitism.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AnyKey", "aliases": ["AnyKey"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Categorizing Live Streaming Moderation Tools: An Analysis of Twitch", "author": "Cai, Jie; Wohn, Donghee Yvette", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "AnyKey's research and whitepapers recommend technical interventions to reduce human moderation load in large, fast-moving chats, contributing to the discourse on moderation efficiency and community management.", "quote": "Technical interventions can, to some extent, reduce the human moderation load, especially in large and fast-moving chats (AnyKey, 2016).", "page": "2", "url": "http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/IJICST.2019070103", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Shaping Pro and Anti-Social Behavior on Twitch Through Moderation and Example-Setting", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Kraut, Robert; Dabbish, Laura", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes white papers and conducts workshops focused on community management and moderation practices to address barriers to inclusion and retention in online communities, thereby advocating for and shaping norms.", "quote": "AnyKey. 2016. AnyKey Workshop #2 White Paper: Barriers to inclusion and retention: The role of community management and moderation.", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2998181.2998277", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch chatrooms, online communities", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "AOL Community Leaders", "aliases": ["AOL Community Leaders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective, social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community values", "community well-being", "social order", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["debate moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer community leaders on AOL performed governance work, managing social dynamics and fostering community, and were involved in a class action lawsuit over unpaid wages.", "quote": "In 2008, America Online (AOL) community leaders settled a class action lawsuit over unpaid wages for US$15 million (Kirchner, 2011).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}, {"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Fostered community in chatrooms, engaged in labor organizing efforts, and filed a class action lawsuit seeking compensation for their unpaid work.", "quote": "Among examples in open source and free culture, this scholarship frequently refers to labor organizing by community leaders (essentially moderators) of AOL chatrooms and other communities in the 1990s.", "page": "2", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Aos Fatos", "aliases": ["Aos Fatos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Telegram", "Twitter", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "independent journalism", "public discourse", "transparency", "truth"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news: Entre a censura ea liberdade de expressão", "author": "ABV Alevi, GM de Souza, MF de Moraes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dedicated to fact-checking information disclosed in the media, verifying the veracity of statements made by candidates during political elections.", "quote": "Durante a eleição para Prefeito de 2016, ao avaliar o discurso dos candidatos cariocas e paulistas, a entidade Aos Fatos, que se dedica à checagem de fatos divulgados na mídia, encontrou alguma imprecisão em 75% das declarações feitas.", "page": "7", "url": "https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/sortuz/article/view/2267", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2016 onwards"}, {"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A fact-checking agency that collects, categorizes, and verifies public statements by politicians, specifically on topics like elections and fraud, to promote transparency and combat misinformation.", "quote": "Para tanto, utiliza-se da base de dados da agência de fact-checking “Aos Fatos”, que disponibiliza todas as declarações públicas de Jair Bolsonaro feitas a partir do dia de sua posse como Presidente da República, atualizando-as semanalmente.", "page": "172", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Aqualtune Lab", "aliases": ["Aqualtune Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research institute", "academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqualtune Lab (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqual-tune Lab (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Arab Spring", "aliases": ["Arab Spring"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["G1 news site"], "norms": ["civil liberties", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to quickly spread information, analysis, and footage of protest events, highlighting the role of digital tools in political mobilization, though law enforcement also used these platforms for tracking.", "quote": "The adoption of these platforms... until two major movements in the early 2010s—the Arab Spring... demonstrated that social media were not simply sites for activists to communicate amongst themselves, but also allowed them to quickly circulate information, analysis, and footage of protest events.", "page": "50", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Generated mobilization through social media, reaching unprecedented levels of scope and influence, compelling mainstream media to open up spaces for public participation in news production and dissemination.", "quote": "Mazzei (op.cit., p.7) cita a primavera árabe como exemplo de mobilização gerada pelas mídias sociais e que atingiu níveis nunca antes observados de alcance e influência. A consequência da manifestação desse poder obrigou o mainstream a abrir espaços de fala e participação para o público no contexto da produção e veiculação de notícias.", "page": "34", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "ARC Prize Foundation", "aliases": ["ARC Prize Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed ARC-AGI, a fluid intelligence benchmark designed to measure AI models’ ability to reason about novel patterns given only a few examples.", "quote": "ARC-AGI is a fluid intelligence benchmark developed by the ARC Prize Foundation.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed ARC-AGI, a fluid intelligence benchmark designed to measure AI models’ ability to reason about novel patterns given only a few examples.", "quote": "ARC-AGI is a fluid intelligence benchmark developed by the ARC Prize Foundation. It is designed to measure AI models’ ability to reason about novel patterns given only a few (typically 2–3) examples.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Arriba España", "aliases": ["Arriba España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti liberalism", "falangist ideology", "national identity", "national syndicalism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "The 'primer diario de Falange', it served as a key propaganda organ, published ideological articles, and later engaged in open criticism against what it perceived as 'liberal' intellectual currents within the Movimiento.", "quote": "Y en el Arriba España, primer diario de Falange, de la misma ciudad y fecha, en el primer número de su historia: Vuelven días de Cruzada y queremos estar con la mente despierta y el brazo enhiesto en la hora sagrada [...].", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Served as the first Falangist newspaper, actively engaging in political propaganda, criticizing liberal intellectuals, and promoting the Falangist interpretation of national history and identity.", "quote": "En palabras de Arriba España de Pamplona en enero de 1942, la “impúdica y reiterada presencia [de “los llamados 'intelectuales' del viejo régimen demoliberal-comunista”] está copando los más altos y preciosos instrumentos de la cultura popular española”.", "page": "241", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Article 19 (Global Campaign for Free Expression)", "aliases": ["Article 19 (Global Campaign for Free Expression)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Myanmar", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Crime as Cognitive Constraint: Facebook's Role in Myanmar's Incitement Landscape and the Promise of International Tort Liability", "author": "Domino, Jenny", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing guidance and toolkits on hate speech and advocating for human rights principles in content moderation policies and self-regulation for social media platforms.", "quote": "See generally Hate Speech Explained: A Toolkit, ARTICLE 19 (Dec. 23, 2019), https://www.article19.org/resources/hate-speech-explained-a-toolkit/", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2016-2020 events"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Promotes freedom of information and expression globally, taking its name from the UN Declaration of Human Rights and serving as a source for examples of censorship issues.", "quote": "It is no coincidence that Article XIX, the interest group promoting freedom of information, takes its name from that article in that Declaration: 'Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression: this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers'.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Asia Pacific Network Information Centre", "aliases": ["Asia Pacific Network Information Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet openness", "internet stability", "network stability", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides AS traffic volume datasets, which are used to add context to censorship analysis and estimate the impact of censorship in different networks.", "quote": "Our pipeline supplements the data with APNIC's AS traffic volume dataset [22], which clearly shows that while the three largest end-user ISPs in the country all observed blocking...", "page": "7", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur?", "author": "Xu, Xueyang; Mao, Z. Morley; Halderman, J. Alex", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Manages and allocates internet number resources (AS numbers and IP prefixes) for the Asia Pacific region. The paper uses APNIC's list of ASes to identify those headquartered in China, which is foundational for mapping AS numbers to IP prefixes to study China's network topology and censorship.", "quote": "We first get the list of ASes that headquarter in China from APNIC [6].", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas", "aliases": ["Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A powerful Catholic youth organization that worked to unite Spanish Catholics and influence politics, later forming Acción Nacional and Acción Popular.", "quote": "Inmediatamente, una cosa -narra Laín rehaciendo la historia de la ACNP-: aceptar el régimen político -Monarquía constitucional parlamentaria-, no suscitar cuestiones dinásticas, unir a todos los católicos españoles, por encima de las diferencias temporales, en la verdad católica estricta.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Functioned as a powerful incubator of initiatives and leaders across various sectors, particularly influencing Catholic media like 'El Debate' and the formation of political movements like CEDA, aiming to 're-Catholicize' Spain.", "quote": "Propagandistas (luego ACNP) que paulatinamente se había convertido en un poderoso vivero de iniciativas, impulsos y también dirigentes de los más diversos sectores de la vida española.", "page": "108", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Asociación del Dawa Islámica", "aliases": ["Asociación del Dawa Islámica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural understanding", "education", "religious outreach", "religious proselytization"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Congratulated the course, thereby endorsing its approach to Islamic education and cultural understanding.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This association offered felicitations to the course, thereby legitimizing its educational content and the moderation strategies employed, especially concerning sensitive subjects.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "14", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "Asociación por los Derechos Civiles", "aliases": ["Asociación por los Derechos Civiles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "Latin America", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "civil rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles; also a signatory of the 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet' and 'Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas'.", "quote": "Entre los proponentes de los Principios de Manila están Derechos Digitales, de Chile, y la Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (Argentina).", "page": "19", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC)", "aliases": ["Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "freedom of access to information", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles, advocating for a framework for intermediary responsibility on the internet, and signed declarations promoting transparency and accountability for internet platforms.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como... Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (Argentina) y Open Net (South Korea).", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action against the government (PAMI) for refusing to provide public information on official advertising budgets, leading to a Supreme Court ruling that emphasized the importance of access to public information.", "quote": "ha habido sentencias de la Corte Suprema de Justicia (causa iniciada por la Asociación por los Derechos Civiles, ADC, por la negativa del PAMI a brindar información relativa a su presupuesto del 2009 de publicidad oficial), que subrayó la importancia del acceso a la información pública como requisito de la convivencia democrática.", "page": "23", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Aspen Institute", "aliases": ["Aspen Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "global convener; policy think tank and leadership institute"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Formulating principles for digital governance.", "quote": "12. Aspen Institute. (2011). The Aspen IDEA Principles. http://www.umic.pt/images/stories/publicacoes5/Aspen%20IDEA%20Project.pdf.", "page": "29", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "1949", "mechanism": "Convenes leaders and experts via global convenings and fellowships, publishes reports and policy analysis, and partners with corporate and foundation actors to shape policy agendas (e.g., Aspen Cyber Summit, Aspen Digital programs).", "quote": "Runs technology-focused programs (Aspen Digital, Technology Leaders Initiative), hosts convenings (Aspen Cyber Summit) and publishes policy reports—directly engages debates on technology, trust, and platform-related governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspeninstitute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Assembly of the Clergy", "aliases": ["Assembly of the Clergy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["financial interests", "institutional control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Regularly petitioned the state for the restoration of a formal ecclesiastical censorship apparatus and negotiated its annual 'don gratuit'.", "quote": "the Assembly of the Clergy regularly petitioned for the restoration of a formal ecclesiastical censorship apparatus while negotiating its annual ‘don gratuit’ – a voluntary financial gift to the Crown paid in lieu of taxation.", "page": "25", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Regularly petitioned for the restoration of a formal ecclesiastical censorship apparatus and negotiated annual financial gifts to the Crown in lieu of taxation.", "quote": "the Assembly of the Clergy regularly petitioned for the restoration of a formal ecclesiastical censorship apparatus while negotiating its annual ‘don gratuit’ – a voluntary financial gift to the Crown paid in lieu of taxation.", "page": "25", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)", "aliases": ["Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Computer conferencing platforms"], "norms": ["intellectual property", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Developed and adopted the first Code of Professional Conduct in 1973, and later a new version in 1992, to guide ethical behavior among computing professionals.", "quote": "He also headed the development of the first Code of Professional Conduct for the Association for Computing Machinery, which eventually was adopted by the ACM in 1973.", "page": "31", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}, {"title": "Effective moderation of computer conferences--- notes and suggestions", "author": "Brochet, Madge Grant", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "The Association for Computing Machinery sets copyright rules and grants permission for the copying and distribution of published academic and professional material, thereby acting as a gatekeeper or regulator of content dissemination within the computing field.", "quote": "Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery.", "page": "1", "url": "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=324239.324323", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "computer conferencing platforms, international", "when": "mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Association nationale des supporters", "aliases": ["Association nationale des supporters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Les modérateurs de plateformes en ligne: de nouveaux acteurs de police?", "author": "M Pénitot", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Litigating against legislation that grants private entities (sports event organizers) the power to refuse access to events, thereby challenging and influencing the legal boundaries of private moderation or restriction powers.", "quote": "En conférant aux organisateurs de manifestations sportives à but lucratif le pouvoir de refuser l'accès à ces manifestations, le législateur ne leur a pas délégué de telles compétences", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/crdf/8824", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, European Union, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Une autre figure du community manager: un prospecteur silencieux et rigoureux. L'exemple d'un forum de lecteurs-consommateurs", "author": "É Sotto", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an applicant in a constitutional challenge, this association contested legislative provisions that granted for-profit sports organizers the power to refuse access to events, thereby advocating against forms of private gatekeeping and access control.", "quote": "En conférant aux organisateurs de manifestations sportives à but lucratif le pouvoir de refuser l'accès à ces manifestations, le législateur ne leur a pas délégué de telles compétences", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communiquer/2176", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France (legal context); online platforms (subject matter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Association of American Publishers", "aliases": ["Association of American Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property", "publishing strategy"], "topics": ["censorship", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborates with professional bodies like the American Library Association to issue joint statements that defend intellectual freedom and the right to read.", "quote": "...the American Library Association's (ALA) Freedom to Read Statement (ALA and AAP 2020)...", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}, {"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Expressed an urgent need in 1994 to find a strategic solution to intellectual property protection problems posed by electronic publishing on the Internet, which led to the development of the DOI system.", "quote": "La première matrice du dispositif DOI est l’urgence, exprimée en 1994 par le Board of Directors of the Association of American Publishers, à trouver une solution stratégique aux problèmes de protection de la propriété intellectuelle posés par la publication électronique sur Internet (Risher & Rosenblatt, 1998).", "page": "108", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Association of Norwegian Editors", "aliases": ["Association of Norwegian Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany", "Norway"], "media": ["alternative media"], "norms": ["ethics", "journalistic ethics", "journalistic integrity", "media independence", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of expression or censorship of antisemitic hate speech?: Editorial and audience perspectives on comment moderation in far-right alternative media", "author": "Haanshuus, Birgitte P.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Membership in this body implies adherence to an ethical code, thereby imposing responsibility for moderating user-generated content in media outlets, and is sought by media actors to gain legitimacy.", "quote": "Since the editor of Document became a member in 2018, they must act accordingly, which implies responsibility for removing user-generated content that is not in compliance with the ethical code.", "page": "9", "url": "https://tidsskrift.dk/journalistica/article/view/130043", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Norwegian far-right alternative media", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media", "author": "Holt, Kristoffer; Ustad Figenschou, Tine; Frischlich, Lena", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in defining legitimate journalistic actors through membership decisions, thereby enforcing professional norms and implicitly moderating the boundaries of acceptable journalism.", "quote": "...the editor of the immigration critical alternative news site (Document.no) was granted membership in the Association of Norwegian Editors (in August 2018) – a decision which caused major debate about who are legitimate journalistic actors.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (with focus on Germany and Norway) and digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Association pour la gestion du patrimoine immobilier", "aliases": ["Association pour la gestion du patrimoine immobilier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "quality of service"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Les modérateurs de plateformes en ligne: de nouveaux acteurs de police?", "author": "M Pénitot", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishing a \"référentiel\"\" (reference framework/standards) for its members (syndics) seeking certification for real estate management services", "quote": "Professional standards, quality of service in real estate management.", "page": "l'activité de certification relève d'une mission d'intérêt général, l'adoption du référentiel par l'organisme certificateur, personne de droit privé, ne traduit l'exercice d'aucune prérogative de puissance publique. Ce document technique ne constitue pas une norme générale obligatoire à laquelle devraient se soumettre tous les syndics.", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/crdf/8824", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, European Union, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "Une autre figure du community manager: un prospecteur silencieux et rigoureux. L'exemple d'un forum de lecteurs-consommateurs", "author": "É Sotto", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This private association sets and enforces professional standards for real estate managers (syndics) through a certification process. Adherence to its technical document and respect for its prescriptions are forms of self-regulation within the profession.", "quote": "Seuls les syndics qui demandent leur certification pour leurs prestations de services sont tenus d'en respecter les prescriptions et, en cas de manquement, encourent la sanction du retrait de la certification", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communiquer/2176", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France (legal context); online platforms (subject matter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Association Priartem", "aliases": ["Association Priartem"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "environmental protection", "environmental public participation", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This advocacy group challenged the constitutionality of electronic participation procedures before the Conseil d'État. Their actions contribute to shaping the legal framework and interpretation of public participation rights in France.", "quote": "CE, 6 oct. 2021, Association Priartem et a., n° 446302, §§ 34-35", "page": "13", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Les lecteurs de la Vie de Michel de Marillac. Censure, témoignage, écriture au xviie siècle", "author": "N Schapira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This association contested the constitutionality of electronic participation procedures related to 5G deployment by raising a priority preliminary ruling on constitutionality (QPC) before the Conseil d'État.", "quote": "CE, 6 oct. 2021, Association Priartem et a., n° 446302, §§ 34-35", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/5415", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Associazione italiana dei costituzionalisti", "aliases": ["Associazione Italiana dei Costituzionalisti", "Associazione italiana dei costituzionalisti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Potenza del linguaggio e odio online: strumenti di prevenzione e contrasto", "author": "T Casadei", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organized a conference on \"Language", "quote": "Rights\"\" focusing on discriminatory language and constitutional guarantees", "page": "thereby contributing to scholarly discourse and norm-setting in the legal field.\"", "url": "https://www.safely.unimore.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Politeia_158_Casadei.pdf", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy and International Organizations", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with theoretical roots from 20th century"}, {"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes papers and hosts discussions on constitutional law, contributing to legal and political discourse regarding the framework of rights and duties in a democratic state.", "quote": "Ainis, M. (2005), La legalità ferita. Relazione introduttiva al l’“Assemblea dei 1000”, Roma, 17 giugno 2005, disponibile in http://www.associazionedeicostituzionalisti.it/old_sites/sito_ AIC_2003-2010/dibattiti/attualita/ainis.html.", "page": "46", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Imprensa", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Imprensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)", "1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Expressed strong adverse reactions against the establishment of prior censorship for books and publications, indicating its role in defending press freedom.", "quote": "A reação adversa de editores, escritores, intelectuais e associações da sociedade civil – entre elas a Associação Brasileira de Imprensa [...] – foi grande", "page": "27", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria, especially regarding press freedom.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (Brazilian Press Association)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (Brazilian Press Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publicly protested against the Colombian government's censorship policies and demanded the restoration of press freedom.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}, {"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organized protests against censorship and later had a representative on the Conselho Superior de Censura (CSC) to influence censorship policies.", "quote": "PROTESTO contra a Censura leva quase 300 pessoas a lotar o auditório da ABI. Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 9 jan. 1968;", "page": "30", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Internet", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free competition", "net neutrality"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Presented the duty of care as one of the alternatives to improve Article 19 of the Marco Civil da Internet, suggesting a balanced regulatory approach.", "quote": "Carlos Affonso Souza, em nome da Associação Brasileira de Internet (Abranet), apresentou o dever de cuidado como uma das alternativas para aprimorar o Artigo 19 do Marco Civil da Internet brasileiro.", "page": "10", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Voiced opposition in a regulatory proceeding against 'zero-rating' practices, arguing they violate net neutrality and harm market competition.", "quote": "A Associação Brasileira de Internet (Abranet) também se manifestou entendendo que as práticas de zero-rating correspondem a uma violação da neutralidade de rede, destacando que a prática distorce o mercado", "page": "199", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of information", "human rights", "privacy", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão ea regulamentação da moderação em plataformas online: Considerações sobre o Projeto de Lei 2630/2020", "author": "LA de Jesus Pinheiro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Criticized the approval of proposed legislation (PL 2.630/2020) that aims to regulate online moderation, arguing it would have a detrimental impact on online freedom of expression and privacy.", "quote": "a Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (ABRAJI) criticou a aprovação do PL 2.630/2020 [...] pelo fato de o PL supostamente criar “problemas que podem provocar um impacto desastroso [...] afetando [...] a liberdade de expressão e a privacidade dos cidadãos.”", "page": "9", "url": "https://periodicos.pucminas.br/virtuajus/article/download/34161/22552", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "As big techs ea moderação de conteúdo eleitoral", "author": "DB Carvalho", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It monitored and analyzed data from its 'Ctrl+X' project regarding requests for content removal from social media made by politicians, contributing to understanding the scope of digital content moderation in elections.", "quote": "Marcelo Hofling Martins, Rafael Mott Farah e Gabriel Single Toledo constataram, ao analisar os dados do projeto Ctrl+X da Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (ABRAJI, 2022), que o número de solicitação de exclusões de conteúdo das redes sociais realizadas por políticos aumenta consideravelmente nos meses próximos a eleição.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/f2331cbb-fcfd-4390-93a9-1a609e00acb0", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (focusing on digital electoral content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2016-2022 elections)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (Abraji)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (Abraji)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Meta", "Twitter", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic freedom", "judicial oversight", "platform power", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Defended the constitutionality of Article 19 of the Marco Civil da Internet during public hearings, arguing that unilateral content removal by platforms without judicial determination could lead to excessive power and censorship.", "quote": "Entretanto, Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (Abraji) defendeu a constitucionalidade, visto que o tema é, de certa forma, obscuro e apenas autorizar o maior nível de remoção de conteúdos não vai resolver nenhum dos problemas da internet que se busca combater.", "page": "145", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors requests from politicians for the suppression of online information, highlighting potential threats to freedom of expression.", "quote": "Como retrata o Projeto Ctrl+X da Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo (Abraji), que monitora pedidos de supressão de informações da internet por parte de políticos...", "page": "168", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Centro Dom Bosco de Fé e Cultura", "aliases": ["Associação Centro Dom Bosco de Fé e Cultura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Initiated a public civil action to prevent the dissemination of an audiovisual work deemed to be religious hate speech, advocating for the protection of religious beliefs against offensive content.", "quote": "O processo foi iniciado quando a Associação Centro Dom Bosco de Fé e Cultura ajuizou uma ação civil pública em face de PORTA DOS FUNDOS PRODUTORA E DISTRIBUIDORA AUDIOVISUAL S.A. (PORTA DOS FUNDOS ) e da NETFLIX, com o objetivo de impedir a difusão de conteúdo audiovisual intitulado Especial de Natal Porta dos Fundos...", "page": "222", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Filed a public civil action to prevent the diffusion of an audiovisual work ('Especial de Natal Porta dos Fundos: A Primeira Tentação de Cristo'), arguing it contained hate speech against its religious beliefs.", "quote": "O processo foi iniciado quando a Associação Centro Dom Bosco de Fé e Cultura ajuizou uma ação civil pública em face de PORTA DOS FUNDOS PRODUTORA E DISTRIBUIDORA AUDIOVISUAL S.A. (PORTA DOS FUNDOS ) e da NETFLIX, com o objetivo de impedir a difusão de conteúdo audiovisual intitulado Especial de Natal Porta dos Fundos: Primeira Tentação de Cristo, e de qualquer alusão publicitária ao referido filme, além da condenação dos réus ao pagamento de danos morais coletivos decorrentes da exibição da obra. Afirmava a Associação autora que os comediantes estariam veiculando discurso de ódio contra sua crença religiosa.", "page": "222", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Associação dos Praças Policiais e Bombeiros Militares do Estado de Minas Gerais", "aliases": ["Associação dos Praças Policiais e Bombeiros Militares do Estado de Minas Gerais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "political participation", "political rights", "public participation"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Judicialized the legislative process during the pandemic by filing a collective writ of mandamus, advocating for popular participation and freedom of expression for public servants in the pension reform debate.", "quote": "A questão da participação foi inclusive judicializada, tendo a entidade Associação dos Praças Policiais e Bombeiros Militares do Estado de Minas Gerais apresentado Man dado de Segurança Coletivo em face da Mesa da Assembleia e do Presidente da Assembleia alegando, em síntese, que o processo legislativo relativo às matérias componentes da reforma da previdência, quais sejam a PEC nº 55/2020 e o PLC nº 46/2020 não deveria prosperar, por não haver em seu bojo a garantia da devida participação popular.", "page": "166", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Filed a Mandado de Segurança Coletivo (Writ of Mandamus) challenging legislative process changes during the pandemic, arguing for public participation and political rights for public servants.", "quote": "A questão da participação foi inclusive judicializada, tendo a entidade Associação dos Praças Policiais e Bombeiros Militares do Estado de Minas Gerais apresentado Mandado de Segurança Coletivo em face da Mesa da Assembleia e do Presidente da Assembleia alegando, em síntese, que o processo legislativo relativo às matérias componentes da reforma da previdência, quais sejam a PEC nº 55/2020 e o PLC nº 46/2020 não deveria prosperar, por não haver em seu bojo a garantia da devida participação popular.", "page": "166", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab", "aliases": ["Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research center", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "anti-terrorism", "national security"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Focuses on disinformation and advises on countering terrorists' use of the Internet, providing expertise in digital forensics.", "quote": "I am also a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab and an advisor to Tech Against Terrorism...", "page": "43", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advises Tech Against Terrorism on countering terrorist use of the Internet, contributing to digital forensics and disinformation research.", "quote": "I am also a non-resident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab and an advisor to Tech Against Terrorism, which counters terrorists’ use of the Internet.", "page": "16", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Australian Literature Censorship Board", "aliases": ["Australian Literature Censorship Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "artistic quality", "national security", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A non-statutory body of literary and legal experts established to advise the Minister for Customs on prohibiting obscene, blasphemous, or seditious goods, effectively acting as a gatekeeper for imported publications.", "quote": "The Literature Censorship Board was a non-statutory body of appointed literary and legal experts, established in 1933 to provide advice to the federal Australian Minister for Customs, who was responsible under the 1901 Trade and Customs Act for the prohibition of obscene, blasphemous or seditious goods or articles, including books, and after the passage of regulations through 1938, for publications exhibiting an excessive representation of violence or crime.", "page": "109", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Served as a non-statutory body of literary and legal experts, advising the Minister for Customs on prohibiting obscene, blasphemous, or seditious imports based on aesthetic and moral assessments.", "quote": "The Literature Censorship Board was a non-statutory body of appointed literary and legal experts, established in 1933 to provide advice to the federal Australian Minister for Customs, who was responsible under the 1901 Trade and Customs Act for the prohibition of obscene, blasphemous or seditious goods or articles, including books, and after the passage of regulations through 1938, for publications exhibiting an excessive representation of violence or crime.", "page": "109", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Australian Strategic Policy Institute", "aliases": ["Australian Strategic Policy Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "TikTok", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "national security", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowbanning", "author": "M Risius, KM Blasiak", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reports that investigate how platforms curate and control global information flows, such as those concerning TikTok and WeChat, contributing to public awareness and informing policy debates on content moderation practices, particularly in response to government demands.", "quote": "Cases have emerged where shadowbanning was allegedly used to meet government demands (e.g., silence dissent in China, contain Covid-19 messages in the USA)", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/315771/1/12599_2024_Article_905.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, X, TikTok, Reddit, Instagram, YouTube), with specific mentions of the U.S., China, and the EU context", "when": "contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "ANALISI DELL'ALGORITMO DI RACCOMANDAZIONE DEI CONTENUTI DI TIKTOK: POSSIBILI EFFETTI IN TERMINI DI DISCRIMINAZIONI E DISTURBI ALIMENTARI", "author": "F CASTELLAN", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducted the first inquiry into TikTok's censorship practices, reporting on how the platform's algorithm allegedly obscures politically controversial content and content related to specific communities like LGBTQI and Uighurs, raising concerns about transparency.", "quote": "L'Australian Strategic Policy Institute ha condotto la prima inchiesta relativa alla censura su TikTok: pare che l'azienda sfrutti l'algoritmo per oscurare opinioni politiche ritenute controverse", "page": "33", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/62523", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok platform (global, with focus on US, Europe, Australia, China)", "when": "2014-2024"}]}, {"name": "Authors Guild", "aliases": ["Authors Guild", "The Authors Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair compensation", "intellectual property", "intellectual property rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["content moderation", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini m'a menti", "author": "T Gheeraert", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Initiates lawsuits against AI companies (OpenAI, Meta, Apple) for the unauthorized use of copyrighted literary works to train their models, aiming to enforce intellectual property rights and secure fair compensation for authors.", "quote": "Des consortiums d'auteurs reprochent à OpenAI, Meta et Apple d'avoir utilisé des bibliothèques entières de livres piratés pour entraîner leurs modèles, sans consentement ni rémunération des ayants droit.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.sens-public.org/articles/1806/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global AI industry", "when": "2023-2026"}, {"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (e.g., 'Authors Guild v. Google, Inc.', 'Authors Guild v. HathiTrust') concerning copyright and new uses of protected works in the digital environment, influencing the application of copyright law.", "quote": "See Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., 804 F. 3d 202 (2d Cir. 2015); Authors Guild v. HathiTrust, 755 F.3d 87 (2d Cir.2014).", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "B'Tselem (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories)", "aliases": ["B'Tselem (The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "North Africa", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "factual accuracy", "free speech", "human rights", "justice", "public discourse"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports human rights abuses, including labeling Israeli policies as 'apartheid', which contributes to public discourse and potentially challenges platform content moderation narratives regarding the conflict.", "quote": "the Palestinian movement against what B'Tselem and Human Rights Watch have recently called Israeli apartheid found the policies developed by Facebook... a major obstacle to their mobilization.", "page": "1", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides validated information that challenges the official narrative, which leads to attempts to silence them through sanctions from formal and informal institutions.", "quote": "formal and informal institutions and organizations use sanctions to silence them, as, for example, is done with NGOs such as Betzelem, Shovrim Shtika, or Yesh Din.", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University", "aliases": ["Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Global", "Saudi Arabia", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["censorship", "free speech", "good governance", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Pursues formal requests to the U.S. Treasury Department to clarify restrictions on social media and web hosting companies, aiming to reduce legal ambiguity that leads to intermediary censorship.", "quote": "Clinical students at the Berkman Center at Harvard are pursuing a formal request to the U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Asset Control to clarify the restrictions that social media and Web hosting companies face in providing services to users in sanctioned countries.", "page": "11", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "Neutralidade da rede, filtragem de conteúdo e interesse público: reflexões sobre o bloqueio do site Youtube no Brasil", "author": "CAP de Souza, P de Paranaguá Moniz…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes studies and reports on internet filtering practices globally, contributing to public knowledge and debate on censorship and moderation by providing data on blockages.", "quote": "Há diversos estudos feitos sobre o assunto, sendo válido mencionar o estudo feito pelo Berkman Center for Internet & Society, da Universidade Harvard. No referido estudo, há interessantes dados sobre bloqueios na Arábia Saudita e na China.", "page": "22", "url": "https://periodicos.fgv.br/rda/article/download/41650/40826", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms (YouTube); studies also cover Saudi Arabia, China", "when": "2007; early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Big Issues Debate group", "aliases": ["Big Issues Debate group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Ravelry", "YouTube"], "norms": ["civility", "community values", "harm reduction", "public order", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Bias Misperceived:The Role of Partisanship and Misinformation in YouTube Comment Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Shan; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a community group within the Ravelry platform, this group's comments were subject to moderation, with unpopular viewpoints more likely to be moderated, reflecting community norm enforcement, although the overall effect was small.", "quote": "A study on the Big Issues Debate group of Ravelry found that comments expressing unpopular viewpoints were more likely to be moderated, but that this effect is negligible when compared to the total level of moderation (Shen et al. 2018).", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3229", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2016-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Perceptions of Censorship and Moderation Bias in Political Debate Forums", "author": "Shen, Qinlan; Yoder, Michael; Jo, Yohan; Rose, Carolyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The group, through its designated moderators, operates a formal moderation system. Moderators judge flagged posts against established rules, edit/cross out violating content, and can suspend or ban users to maintain structured debate.", "quote": "Moderators then judge whether flagged posts are in violation of the BID rules. If the post is judged to be in violation of the rules, it is hereinafter referred to as moderated.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/15002", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Big Issues Debate (BID) group on Ravelry", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Block Party", "aliases": ["Block Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["data privacy", "user agency", "user autonomy", "user empowerment", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "An early middleware service for Twitter that aimed to empower users with more control over their content experience, representing a user-agency approach to moderation.", "quote": "Tracy Chou's remarks about Block Party, an early middleware service for Twitter (Hendrix 2021)", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}, {"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided third-party content moderation tools for anti-harassment, allowing users to block and mute others; later pivoted to privacy-focused middleware after losing API access.", "quote": "...previously allowed API access to some third-party content moderation tools such as Block Party, which enabled users to block and mute users or keywords en masse.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "BlockTogether", "aliases": ["BlockTogether", "Blocktogether"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Iran", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user autonomy", "user empowerment", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Pluralist Approach to Democratizing Online Discourse", "author": "J Chen, B Raghavan, P Schmitt, T Liu", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a collaborative filtering tool that enables users to subscribe to and share block lists on platforms like Twitter, providing a community-driven method for content moderation and personal feed management.", "quote": "Collaborative filtering tools such as blocktogether [7], that allow users to subscribe to each other's block lists on Twitter are the closest to what we propose in terms of moderation, but our design is more transparent, open, and general system across platforms.", "page": "4", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12573", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (global, with focus on USA, China, Iran)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Squadbox: A Tool to Combat Email Harassment Using Friendsourced Moderation", "author": "Mahar, Kaitlin; Zhang, Amy X.; Karger, David", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Enables users to collaborate on blocklists of harassing Twitter accounts, allowing for automatic blocking of profiles based on various attributes to mitigate harassment.", "quote": "include BlockTogether [15] and Good Game Auto Blocker [13], where users collaborate on blocklists of harassing Twitter accounts and can automatically block profiles based on attributes such as the age of the account.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3173574.3174160", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bluesky", "aliases": ["Bluesky"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "civil discourse", "decentralization", "diversity", "interoperability", "openness", "transparency", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade informacional na mídia digital: o conceito de responsabilidade informacional aplicado ao contexto das plataformas de mídia digital", "author": "S Mari Junior, FC Paletta", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Adopts the Authenticated Transfer Protocol (AT Protocol) to offer a highly decentralized and interoperable architecture, enabling account portability and multiple algorithmic options for users, thus countering the issues of opaque and biased official algorithms.", "quote": "A Bluesky adota o Authenticated Transfer Protocol (conhecido simplesmente como Protocolo AT), desenvolvido para oferecer uma arquitetura ainda mais descentralizada e interoperável que o ActivityPub, permitindo inclusive a portabilidade de contas entre servidores de plataformas diferentes.", "page": "14", "url": "https://repositorio.usp.br/item/003286307", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital media platforms (globally, with examples from EU, Australia, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2010s-2020s)"}, {"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A rapidly growing decentralized social network that aims to allow open recommendation algorithms and promote user choice, supporting healthy conversation and greater diversity in social media.", "quote": "More advanced distributions of function - and support for still-greater, and yet more scalable, diversity and subsidiarity - are emerging in the proof-of-concept Gobo \"pluriverse", "page": "and in the now-rapid growth of Bluesky.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Board of Deputies of British Jews", "aliases": ["Board of Deputies of British Jews", "The Board of Deputies of British Jews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / advocacy group", "representative communal advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "anti-racism", "citizenship", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "national identity", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1760, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Represented British Jewry and engaged with government officials and the BBC to discuss and address anti-Semitism, often navigating these interactions with a degree of self-censorship to avoid worsening perceptions of Jews.", "quote": "During the war representatives of British Jewry met with the minister of information on several occasions. These meetings were taken up with the question of anti-Semitism in Britain and ways to inhibit it.", "page": "45", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1760", "mechanism": "Uses public campaigns, vigils, social media hashtags and meetings with government ministers to shape public debate and convey communal positions to policymakers.", "quote": "Primarily a representative body for British Jews whose activities include digital campaigns, public messaging, and lobbying that engage with online information flows and countering distortion.", "page": "", "url": "https://bod.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bolo Bhi", "aliases": ["Bolo Bhi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Pakistani perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts activism and research in digital rights in South Asia, participating in the debate about content moderation and its impact on user expression.", "quote": "Farieha Aziz, Co-fundadora da Bolo Bhi, organização do sul da Ásia que realiza ativismo e pesquisa na área dos direitos digitais", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Booksellers", "aliases": ["Booksellers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["data collection", "economic interests", "regulatory compliance", "trade freedom"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century", "16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They were directly regulated by ecclesiastical authorities, forbidden from printing or selling \"heretical\"\" or \"\"suspect\"\" books without curial approval", "quote": "facing severe penalties for non-compliance.\"", "page": "trade monopoly (implicitly affected by censorship), obedience to ecclesiastical authority", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}, {"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Reacted against censorship decrees, influencing their non-promulgation, and facilitated the circulation of prohibited material, sometimes illicitly.", "quote": "Tale Indice tuttavia, pur essendo stato stampato, non venne mai promulgato, avendo suscitato l’immediata reazione dei librai e del Senato veneziano.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Boy Scouts of America", "aliases": ["Boy Scouts of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "freedom of association", "ideological freedom", "organizational autonomy", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Defended its right to exclude homosexual members based on its stated ideological position, which was upheld by the Supreme Court.", "quote": "o grupo teve garantido o direito de não admitir membros homossexuais em função da Suprema Corte ter entendido que o grupo possui posicionamento ideológico definido", "page": "146", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Involved in litigation (Boy Scouts of America v. Dale) to defend its right to enforce internal membership policies (exclusion of a gay scoutmaster) based on its freedom of expressive association, addressing the boundaries of private organizations' autonomy.", "quote": "Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 U.S. 640 (2000).", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br)", "aliases": ["Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "multi-stakeholder governance"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopted a multisectoral model to establish principles for internet governance in Brazil, actively participating in the elaboration of the Marco Civil da Internet (MCI). It advocates for internet companies to ensure a healthy discussion space by reducing disinformation while upholding free expression.", "quote": "Além disso, o Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil entende pela necessidade de empresas de internet que possuem um canal de comunicação por suas plataformas, como é o caso de redes sociais como o Twitter e o Facebook que são, basicamente, grandes agregadores de conteúdos serem responsáveis em garantir um espaço de discussão saudável. Essas plataformas devem possuir mecanismos para diminuir a desinformação, garantindo o exercício democrático com base em informações concisas, sem violar os princípios da liberdade de expressão, fornecendo um ambiente propício para a livre circulação de ideias, visões políticas e informações, desde que respaldadas em fatos e dados.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Decided to create a multi-sectoral working group to analyze a legislative project that generated criticism from civil society regarding freedom of expression.", "quote": "Al respecto, el Comité Gestor de Internet de Brasil (CGI.Br) decidió crear un grupo de trabajo multisectorial para analizar el proyecto que se encuentra estudiando el caso.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Breaking the Silence", "aliases": ["Breaking the Silence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "amplifying marginalized voices", "human rights", "public morals", "truth"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes first-hand accounts by Israeli soldiers regarding their experiences in occupied Palestinian territories, challenging official narratives and breaking self-censorship, which is often met with resistance and delegitimization attempts.", "quote": "In 2004, a then new non-governmental organization in Israel, ‘Breaking the Silence,’ published a booklet containing first-hand accounts by Israeli soldiers of their experiences in the occupied Palestinian territories (Breaking the Silence, 2004).", "page": "243", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}, {"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes first-hand accounts by Israeli soldiers detailing their experiences in occupied Palestinian territories, thereby breaking self-censorship, but faces public and governmental backlash.", "quote": "In 2004, a then new non-governmental organization in Israel, ‘Breaking the Silence,’ published a booklet containing first-hand accounts by Israeli soldiers of their experiences in the occupied Palestinian territories (Breaking the Silence, 2004).", "page": "243", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "British Board of Film Classification", "aliases": ["British Board of Film Classification"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["other", "professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Global", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["age appropriateness", "harm reduction", "public morals", "self-regulation", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides guidelines for content classification and age ratings for content in the UK, acting as a self-regulatory body that defines acceptable content parameters without extensive governmental control.", "quote": "The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) provides guidelines for content classification and age ratings but does not impose extensive governmental control or interference.", "page": "11", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Classifies films, videos, and computer games in the UK, making judgments about their suitability for different audiences based on community standards and potential for harm, leading to controversy and debate over its role.", "quote": "The issues raised in the quotations in Figure 3 lead us in the direction of evaluating the role and work of the British Board of Film Classification. This body deals with films and videos and computer games...", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "British Sociological Association", "aliases": ["British Sociological Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["oral history"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "professional standards", "scientific research", "sociological research", "technological development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosted earlier versions of the author's work related to post-truth topics on their websites, contributing to public discourse on the subject.", "quote": "I would also like to thank the British Sociological Association, the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology, the Guardian newspaper and London’s Institute of Art and Ideas for hosting earlier versions of what I say here on their websites.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "Collaboration and censorship in the oral history interview", "author": "Turnbull, Annmarie", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Through its University Teachers' Section, it published a 'Register of Professional Sociologists', acting as a form of gatekeeping by formally recognizing and listing individuals as professional sociologists, thus defining professional identity and legitimate participation in the field.", "quote": "In 1965 there were 203 women members of the British Sociological Association... But in that year the University Teachers' Section of the Association published its first Register of Professional Sociologists in the United Kingdom.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136455700294905", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK academic research community (oral history)", "when": "Late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Bruno Sartori", "aliases": ["Bruno Sartori"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "artistic freedom", "critical thinking", "progressive values"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Uses humoristic content, aligned with progressive views, to react against and counter allegations of electoral fraud on Facebook.", "quote": "duas páginas humorísticas mais alinhadas ao progressismo (“Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga” e \"Bruno Sartori\"\").\"", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This humorous page, aligned with progressive views, uses humor and other content to critically respond to claims of electoral fraud, positioning itself as a significant influencer from the center-left.", "quote": "Contas do campo da centro-esquerda com desempenho digital significativo (como \"Quebrando o Tabu”", "page": "“Bruno Sartori”", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Business for Social Responsibility", "aliases": ["Business for Social Responsibility"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Gaza", "Ukraine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["ethical business practices", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducted an independent human rights due diligence assessment for Meta concerning its impacts in Israel and Palestine, leading Meta to acknowledge over-enforcement issues and contributing to scrutiny of its moderation practices.", "quote": "An independent due diligence assessment commissioned by Meta later acknowledged that its over-enforcement of the pro-Palestinian content during this period adversely impacted the human rights of Palestinian users...", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "Moderating borderline content while respecting fundamental values", "author": "S Macdonald, K Vaughan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts human rights reviews for other organizations, assessing transparency and promoting enhanced accountability and understanding in content moderation practices.", "quote": "the human rights review of GIFCT conducted by BSR stated that transparency has value in spreading expertise, insight and learning on how to prevent terrorist exploitation of online platforms, but also highlighted its importance in enabling enhanced accountability and correcting misunderstandings (BSR, 2021).", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.376", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, particularly within the regulatory contexts of the EU, UK, and US.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, focusing on contemporary content moderation challenges."}]}, {"name": "Butterfly Foundation", "aliases": ["Butterfly Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["content ethics", "harm reduction", "mental health", "mental well-being", "user safety", "well-being"], "topics": ["media moderation", "moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Thigh gaps and filtered snaps: a qualitative study exploring opportunities to mitigate social media harm through content moderation for people with eating disorders", "author": "P Shrestha, J Xie, P Delir Haghighi, ML Byrne…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Collaborated with researchers to ensure psychological safety during data collection and advises on language for sensitive topics. Additionally, partnered with Instagram to launch a social media series promoting mindful content creation to reduce unintentional harm related to body image perceptions.", "quote": "In line with this preventative strategy, the Butterfly Foundation, in partnership with Instagram, has launched a social media series featuring Australian content creators who share their experiences with mindful content creation to avoid unintentional impact on body image perceptions, with a focus on promoting the well-being of their audiences [85].", "page": "34", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40337-025-01504-7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ANALISI DELL'ALGORITMO DI RACCOMANDAZIONE DEI CONTENUTI DI TIKTOK: POSSIBILI EFFETTI IN TERMINI DI DISCRIMINAZIONI E DISTURBI ALIMENTARI", "author": "F CASTELLAN", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a helpline and resources for individuals struggling with eating disorders. TikTok, as part of its content moderation, displays the organization's helpline number when users search for relevant sensitive hashtags, offering support to potentially vulnerable users.", "quote": "TikTok oscura gli hashtag relativi ai disturbi alimentari così che le persone non possano cercare certi video, se lo fanno compare il numero verde di un'associazione che si occupa di questi problemi, la Butterfly Fundation", "page": "27", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/62523", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok platform (global, with focus on US, Europe, Australia, China)", "when": "2014-2024"}]}, {"name": "Campaign Against Moral Persecution", "aliases": ["Campaign Against Moral Persecution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group / social movement", "social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formed as the first openly homosexual rights organization in Australia, publishing a newsletter ('Camp Ink') to educate the public about homosexuality and challenge prevailing censorship and homophobia.", "quote": "In July 1970, homosexual men and women in Sydney formed the group Campaign Against Moral Persecution (CAMP), the first openly homosexual rights organization in Australia, and this organization published its newsletter Camp Ink four months later.", "page": "204", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formed as the first openly homosexual rights organization in Australia, publishing a newsletter (Camp Ink) to educate and promote gay liberation.", "quote": "In July 1970, homosexual men and women in Sydney formed the group Campaign Against Moral Persecution (CAMP), the first openly homosexual rights organization in Australia, and this organization published its newsletter Camp Ink four months later.", "page": "204", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Canada Council for the Arts", "aliases": ["Canada Council for the Arts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural development", "cultural promotion", "cultural value", "national identity"], "topics": ["censeur", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides financial support to cultural organizations, indirectly supporting the publication of works that contribute to public discourse and knowledge.", "quote": "Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts.", "page": "6", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}, {"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "This 'BCBG' (bon chic bon genre) organism distributes prizes, scholarships, and subsidies to authors, publishers, associations, and periodicals, thereby shaping which cultural works are produced and recognized as 'meritorious' within Canada.", "quote": "Ceux du Canada par exemple, le Conseil des arts s'en charge; cet organisme BCBG donne prix et bourses et subventions, autant de nihil obstat sous forme de chèques aux auteurs, éditeurs, associations, périodiques «méritants» .", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Civil Liberties Association", "aliases": ["Canadian Civil Liberties Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for civil liberties and freedom of expression, proposing counterspeech as a rights-protective measure in response to hate speech during public hearings.", "quote": "This was part of the position taken by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association at the recent Committee hearings on hate speech online.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}, {"title": "The Regulation of Hateful and Hurtful Speech: Liberalism’s Uncomfortable Predicament", "author": "Maclure, Jocelyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Association advocates for and provides information on anti-SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) legislation to protect freedom of expression from abusive legal challenges.", "quote": "For a description of strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) and anti-SLAPP legislation, see Canadian Civil Liberties Association, \"Public Participation: An-ti-Slapp\"\"", "page": "online: <https://ccla.org/focus-areas/fundamental-freedoms/freedom-of-expression-2/public-participation-anti-slapp/>.\"", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054353ar", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Europe, USA, Internet", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Human Rights Commission", "aliases": ["Canadian Human Rights Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Europe", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "governance", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acknowledged the controversy around Section 13 of the CHRA, particularly its inclusion of internet hate, thereby contributing to the debate and eventual repeal of this legislative provision.", "quote": "In the Special Report to Parliament, the Canadian Human Rights Commission (CHRC, 2009) acknowledged that “section 13 has always been controversial, but particularly so since it was amended in 2001 to include hate on the internet” (p. 1).", "page": "144", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "The Regulation of Hateful and Hurtful Speech: Liberalism’s Uncomfortable Predicament", "author": "Maclure, Jocelyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Commission plays a role in regulating hate speech by overseeing human rights legislation, addressing discriminatory practices, and providing reports on the regulation of hate speech on the internet.", "quote": "Richard Moon, \"Report to the Canadian Human Rights Commission Concerning Section 13 of the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Regulation of Hate Speech on the Internet\"\" (October 2008) Canadian Human Rights Commission", "page": "at 31-33\"", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054353ar", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Europe, USA, Internet", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Jewish Congress", "aliases": ["Canadian Jewish Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["antisemitism", "hate speech", "human rights", "legal reform", "minority protection", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in discreet lobbying and public campaigns, demanding government redress and legal reform to address anti-Semitic propaganda and hate speech in Canada.", "quote": "Following these acts of provocation and anti-Semitic propaganda, the CJC transitioned their political strategy of discreet lobbying and backroom diplomacy to raising the issue regularly with its annual démarches to the ministers of justice (Lunny, 2017, pp. 37–39).", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}, {"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Lobbied for revision of the sedition section of the Criminal Code to address hate propaganda, shifting from a 'quarantine' method to advocating for federal legislation to protect minority groups.", "quote": "In that year a delegation of the Canadian Jewish Congress appeared before a joint committee of the House of Commons and Senate on the revision of the Criminal Code. The delegation asked for a revision of the sedition section so as to negate the Supreme Court's interpretation of sedition in the Boucher cases.", "page": "767", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "Carbon Disclosure Project", "aliases": ["Carbon Disclosure Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental protection", "environmental sustainability", "standardization"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Developed standardized guidelines for sustainability reporting, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and climate-related risks.", "quote": "standardized guidelines like the Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) began shaping corporate sustainability reporting, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use and other climate related risks.", "page": "287", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Shaped corporate sustainability reporting by providing standardized guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related risks.", "quote": "standardized guidelines like the Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) began shaping corporate sustainability reporting, focusing on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use and other climate-related risks. ... Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP).", "page": "314", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "CARE International", "aliases": ["CARE International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "humanitarian aid", "local relevance", "public interest"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides expertise in outreach and participatory approaches to public interest technology, bridging the localization gap in T&S efforts.", "quote": "CSOs are experts in outreach and participatory approaches to public interest technology, and can bring community knowledge, social ties, and recruitment methods that bridge the localization gap (CARE International, 2024).", "page": "161", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides expertise in outreach and participatory approaches to public interest technology, bridging the localization gap.", "quote": "CSOs are experts in outreach and participatory approaches to public interest technology, and can bring community knowledge, social ties, and recruitment methods that bridge the localization gap (CARE International, 2024).", "page": "188", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Carnegie Corporation of New York", "aliases": ["Carnegie Corporation of New York"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Angola", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "cultural development", "public access"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the development of African Studies programs, implicitly contributing to scholarly discourse on colonial territories.", "quote": "com o apoio financeiro de duas das três mais poderosas fundações norte-americanas, a Ford e a Carnegie, foi um dos palcos privilegiados para a afirmação de uma contra-cultura negra", "page": "74", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provided financial grants to support the establishment of public libraries, but faced opposition from the Catholic Church due to concerns about 'immoral' English, Protestant, and American materials.", "quote": "While communities in the rest of Canada were establishing libraries, many with the support of the Carnegie Corporation, only one city in Quebec – Westmount, a wealthy English-speaking enclave directly adjacent to Montreal – created a publicly-funded, free library.", "page": "104", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace", "aliases": ["Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "international policy think tank"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "economic development", "national security", "peace"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1910, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Funded research to explore how war exigencies could incentivize industrial changes for social benefit, influencing strategic thinking.", "quote": "The US-based Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, one of the world’s most influential think tanks, funded Vienna Circle founder Otto Neurath and British economist John Maynard Keynes to explore the matter in light of the Balkan Wars and the First World War, respectively.", "page": "112", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025", "year": "1910", "mechanism": "Carnegie produces policy research and analyses, hosts global events and trainings, and engages in public consultations (e.g., IGF, DSA-related consultations), providing evidence and recommendations used by policymakers and multistakeholder processes to shape platform and AI governance.", "quote": "Carnegie publishes research on technology and international affairs, participates in public consultations (DSA-related consultations, IGF) and multistakeholder fora relevant to platform governance and AI policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://carnegieendowment.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Carnegie Mellon University", "aliases": ["Carnegie Mellon University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5", "LLM"], "norms": ["AI safety", "ai reliability", "ai safety", "cybersecurity", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to research and development of multilingual safety moderation tools for LLMs by authoring and publishing this academic paper.", "quote": "Carnegie Mellon University", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}, {"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated academically in developing \"Incalmo\"\" cyber ranges to evaluate autonomous cyber operation risks", "quote": "", "page": "These ranges were developed in academic collaboration with Carnegie Mellon University, as detailed in the Incalmo paper, where Incalmo refers to the specialized cyber offense harness used to uplift model performance.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church in Brazil", "aliases": ["Catholic Church in Brazil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "national security", "public morals", "public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censura", "author": "SRC Martins", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in the conquest and legally shared power with the State, controlling public life aspects like birth records, urban legislation, marriages, and education, thereby acting as a moral and ideological censor. It functioned as a 'feared guardian, controller of thoughts, words and actions'.", "quote": "a Igreja católica, que financiou parte dessa conquista, e tornou-se copartícipe do empreendimento, dividindo legalmente o poder com o Estado. Assim, o Estado-português era a Igreja católica e vice-versa.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/rfdusp/article/view/149534", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1824-2016"}, {"title": "Que censura?", "author": "L Wyler", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The Church exercised censorship by directing reading for the young and, through figures like Pe. Serafim Leite, S.J., demanded public burning of books (auto-de-fé) against authors whose works were considered problematic.", "quote": "tanto o Estado quanto a Igreja continuaram a exercer a censura: o primeiro contra os jornais e autores que defendiam as idéias libertárias da Revolução Francesa; a segunda mediante o direcionamento da leitura para os jovens. Em pleno século XX, o Pe. Serafim Leite, S.J. exigia um auto-de-fé contra Gilberto Freyre, a quem chamava de O Pornógrafo de Recife, por sua obra Casa Grande e Senzala (1931, 1933).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/delta/a/tcFZ53QG5mGNmvbfrZjMFVn/?format=html&lang=pt", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "16th to 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Catholic League", "aliases": ["Catholic League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "national identity", "national unity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries", "19th century"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1820, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Se dire bon Français de l’Empire à la Restauration : construire un ethos de modération dans une France déchirée ?", "author": "Lignereux, Aurélien", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "They were a political and religious faction whose actions (playing into Spain's hands) led them to be branded as \"mauvais Français\"\" by those seeking national unity", "quote": "Loyalty to the Catholic cause (implicitly), but perceived as undermining national unity by \"playing into Spain's hands\"\".\"", "page": "quitte à exclure les mauvais Français, ces Ligueurs qui font le jeu de l'Espagne.", "url": "https://books.openedition.org/pur/96094", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1800–1820 (Napoleonic Empire to Bourbon Restoration)"}, {"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Engaged in violent preaching through its affiliated curés (parish priests) from pulpits to spread propaganda, attack political figures, and incite revolt and sedition, particularly against the king and Protestant succession.", "quote": "The most striking case is the violent preaching of the curés adhering to the Ligue. Madame de Montpensier bragged to her brothers (the Guises) that the sermons of her curés were worth more to the cause than all their battles.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Catholic teen groups", "aliases": ["Catholic teen groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association / youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious morality", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Applauded censorship efforts against 'leer-ics' (suggestive lyrics) in music, providing public support for content moderation.", "quote": "Radio stations in Mem- phis (Tennessee), Mobile (Alabama), Shenandoah (Iowa), and through- out the country escalated their censorship, applauded by Catholic teen groups and a whole host of other organizations.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Applauded censorship efforts against rock and roll music, providing social and moral backing to the widespread crackdown.", "quote": "...their censorship, applauded by Catholic teen groups and a whole host of other organizations.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Catholic University of Brabant", "aliases": ["Catholic University of Brabant"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The KUB provided a moderator for an Internet discussion on spatial policy; this moderator primarily performed technical tasks and implemented decisions made by an editorial group.", "quote": "The organization of the discussion was in the hands of an ‘editorial group' consisting of staff members of the initiating institutes (IPP and PON) and a moderator from the Catholic University of Brabant (KUB).", "page": "11", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}, {"title": "The moderator as an emerging democratic intermediary: The role of the moderator in Internet discussions about public issues", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "KUB provided a moderator who, as part of an 'editorial group,' took the main responsibility for the daily management tasks of an Internet discussion, overseeing its structure and flow.", "quote": "The organization of the discussion was in the hands of an 'editorial group' consisting of staff members of the initiating institutes (IPP and PON) and a moderator from the Catholic University of Brabant (KUB).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/IP-2002-0002", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Center for American Progress", "aliases": ["Center for American Progress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "progressive policy institute / think tank"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "public interest"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to initiatives like \"Change the Terms\"\" to formulate and promote corporate recommendations for platforms to combat extremist and hateful content.\"", "quote": "Ainda, temos outras cartas de tamanha importância, como a Change the Terms, recomendações corporativas para impedir o crescimento das atividades extremistas e odiosas (Center for American Progress et al., 2021).", "page": "67", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "CAP publishes research and policy papers, mobilizes 'Take Action' campaigns, hosts events and expert commentary to shape legislative and public debates on technology, AI, and platform-related regulation.", "quote": "CAP conducts technology and AI policy work (Technology Policy department, articles on AI/state laws and platform-related topics) but is a broad policy institute rather than a specialist platform-governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.americanprogress.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH)", "aliases": ["Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Morocco", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "child safety", "harm reduction", "hate speech", "platform integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "revues.imist.ma"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Régulation des réseaux sociaux au Maroc", "author": "N Benbouazza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts studies to identify abuses (hate content, harassment, child pornography) and reveal shortcomings in moderation and reporting tools on social media platforms, providing evidence for the need for better regulation.", "quote": "Une étude du « Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) » menée en décembre 2021 sur le « VRChat» de Meta, a identifié des abus relatifs à des contenus haineux, du harcèlement, de la pornographie accessible aux mineurs, et a également relevé de graves lacunes au niveau des outils de signalement et de modération.", "page": "18", "url": "https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/ibnkhaldoun/article/view/64624", "topic": "revues.imist.ma", "language": "", "where": "Morocco", "when": "early 2020s"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports on social media platforms' failure to act on malignant content and seeks to disrupt the architecture of online hate and misinformation.", "quote": "A July 2021 research report from the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) (2021) found that over a six-week period in 2021, social media platforms took no action on 84% of 714 posts containing antisemitic conspiracies...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Center for Humane Technology", "aliases": ["Center for Humane Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Global South", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation: Practices, Challenges, and Ethical Implications", "author": "N Mitrani, M Muelas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocates for ethical technology design and raises awareness about the financial incentives and impacts of tech companies, influencing public discourse on responsible content moderation.", "quote": "Tristan Harris, former Google design ethicist and co-founder of the Center for Humane Technology, explained in the documentary The Social Dilemma [24] that tech companies have three main goals...", "page": "3", "url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/62a7dea0-07a9-4141-83ef-3a3db79ce575/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with EU and US examples)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays a key role in holding AI developers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "quote": "Independent watchdogs (Algorithmic Justice League; Black in AI; Center for Humane Technology) play a key role in holding AI devel opers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Media Engagement", "aliases": ["Center for Media Engagement"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter", "online news comment sections"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "scientific integrity", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This center conducts research and develops interventions, such as a 'Respect' button and memes, to increase engagement across partisan posts and decrease negative counter-partisan sentiment, fostering healthier discourse.", "quote": "studies generated from the Center for Media Engagement have demonstrated initial evidence that the use of a \"Respect\"\" button and memes that remind users of our shared humanity can increase engagement across partisan posts and decrease negative counter-partisan sentiment (Stroud et al.", "page": "2016).\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "(Re)Claiming Our Expertise: Parsing Large Text Corpora With Manually Validated and Organic Dictionaries", "author": "Muddiman, Ashley; McGregor, Shannon C.; Stroud, Natalie Jomini", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributed expertise and labor to the research project, which developed a novel content analysis method to understand political incivility and issue content in large text corpora, thereby supporting the methodological advancement in analyzing public discourse.", "quote": "The authors would like to thank the team at the Center for Media Engagement for their work on various parts of this project, especially Alexis Alizor, Arielle Cardona, Yujin Kim, Cameron Lang, Cynthia Peacock, Alex Purcell, Josh Scacco, and Emily Van Duyn.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1517843", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, social media (Twitter)", "when": "2007-2016"}]}, {"name": "Center for Responsive Politics", "aliases": ["Center for Responsive Politics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on money spent in political influence campaigns, including 'dark money,' providing data for public scrutiny and advocating for disclosure laws, and could advise on ethical guidelines.", "quote": "Legal dark money spending has risen dramatically since the early 2000s, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. The center reports that about $11.2 million was spent by dark money organizations offering no donor disclosure in federal elections for the 2000 election cycle.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Nonparticipation as Self-Censorship: Publicly Observable Political Activity in a Polarized Opinion Climate", "author": "Hayes, Andrew F.; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Huge, Michael E.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The Center for Responsive Politics operates an internet-based search system that makes financial donations to political candidates and causes publicly available. This mechanism increases the public observability of political activity, thereby making individuals vulnerable to scrutiny and criticism, which can lead to self-censorship.", "quote": "Due to the rise of internet-based search systems such as FundRace.org or the Center for Responsive Politics, even a seemingly private act such as a financial donation to a political candidate allows for the possibility that publicly available records will give one away as a supporter of the candidate or cause.", "page": "4", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11109-006-9008-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Social Research (India)", "aliases": ["Center for Social Research (India)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Research center", "Research organization"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "public good", "social welfare"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Waded into technology issues.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Antidefamation League (ADL), and the Center for Social Research (CSR) in India waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, conducting social research.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union ... and the Center for Social Research (CSR) in India waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Countering Digital Hate", "aliases": ["Centre for Countering Digital Hate", "The Centre for Countering Digital Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Meta Horizon Worlds", "Rec Room", "VRChat"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "content moderation", "harm reduction", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Published a report highlighting instances of highly racist content on OTT platforms and criticized these platforms for deliberately failing to take adequate measures to remove such inappropriate content, thereby exerting public pressure.", "quote": "In 2021, a report released by the Centre for Countering Digital Hate (CDH) conveyed that few OTT platforms host highly racist content, such as white supremacist propaganda, Holocaust denial, and anti-Semitic material. This report has established that these platforms have deliberately failed to take adequate measures to remove this inappropriate content in spite of receiving repeated warnings from social campaigners and other stakeholders", "page": "5", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Bilanciare espressione e sicurezza nella realtà virtuale sociale= Balancing expression and safety in social virtual reality", "author": "C Nuovo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Researches and reports on abusive behaviors in online environments, specifically in social VR, to highlight the prevalence of issues like sexual harassment, bullying, and hate speech, thereby raising awareness and putting pressure on platforms.", "quote": "I ricercatori del The Centre for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH), dopo aver trascorso ore su VRChat, hanno stimato che gli utenti fossero esposti a comportamenti abusivi ogni sette minuti...", "page": "9", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/29483/?template=default", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social VR environments and online platforms (Rec Room, VRChat, Meta Horizon Worlds)", "when": "2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Policy Alternatives", "aliases": ["Centre for Policy Alternatives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["content moderation", "harm reduction", "hate speech prevention", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes platforms like Facebook for their inability and unwillingness to remove genocidal and hate-inciting content, particularly in contexts of violence affecting minority groups.", "quote": "Nossa preocupação está ligada à incapacidade e falta de vontade da sua plataforma de remover material explicitamente genocida e outros conteúdos que incitam ódio durante a violência nos últimos meses que atingiu as regiões de Gintota, Ampara e Kandy no Sri Lanka.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Social media content moderation, censorship and AI detection evasion techniques", "author": "Malec, Lukáš; Lešetický, Jan; Universitätsbibliothek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and delves into the implications of hate speech on social media platforms like Facebook, contributing to the understanding of complex social issues related to content moderation.", "quote": "Research by the Centre for Policy Alternatives (2014) and Myers West (2018) delves into the implications of hate speech on Facebook, suggesting that the platform's content moderation practices can struggle to address complex social issues adequately.", "page": "5", "url": "https://epub.jku.at/doi/10.35011/IDIMT-2024-317", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with examples from Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and EU regulatory context)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información", "aliases": ["Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / academic center", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "democratic integrity", "digital literacy", "free speech", "platform power"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Argues that state regulation of content moderation risks government censorship and prioritizes digital literacy as a non-regulatory solution.", "quote": "Regulación estatal para la moderación de contenidos puede generar riesgos de censura gubernamental. Privilegia el enfoque de alfabetización digital.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Director is an academic who participates in the debate about content moderation and its impact on user expression, advocating for transparent and democratic moderation.", "quote": "Agustina Del Campo, Directora do Centro de Estudios en Libertad de Expresión y Acesso a la Información (CELE) da Universidad de Palermo", "page": "67", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Change the Terms", "aliases": ["Change The Terms", "Change the Terms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-harassment", "anti-hate speech", "free speech", "inclusion", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Issues corporate recommendations aimed at preventing the growth of extremist and hateful online activities, promoting safer online environments.", "quote": "Ainda, temos outras cartas de tamanha importância, como a Change the Terms, recomendações corporativas para impedir o crescimento das atividades extremistas e odiosas (Center for American Progress et al., 2021).", "page": "67", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for online platforms to adopt and enforce stronger terms of service and content moderation policies to combat hate and harassment, aiming to create safer online environments.", "quote": "\"Change The Terms\"\"8\"", "page": "39", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Writers Association", "aliases": ["Chinese Writers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "communism", "national identity", "political orthodoxy", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A state-controlled professional body that fostered socialist writers, sponsored literary prizes, and organized training sessions, creating a 'socialist literary system' aligned with state ideology, and its vice-president came under criticism for defending censorship.", "quote": "Of central importance was the Chinese Writers Association, which actively fostered a new generation of socialist writers by sponsoring literary prizes and organizing training sessions or seminars for younger writers. Professional writers were obliged to join the Writers Association for it enabled them to publish in literary journals, to take part in literary lectures and to apply for grants.", "page": "237", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Actively fostered new generations of socialist writers through prizes, training, and grants, ensuring literary production aligned with Communist Party ideology, but also became a subject of criticism for its state ties.", "quote": "Of central importance was the Chinese Writers Association, which actively fostered a new generation of socialist writers by sponsoring literary prizes and organizing training sessions or seminars for younger writers.", "page": "247", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Christian Right", "aliases": ["Christian Right"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Represented a conservative base that exerted influence on the Republican Party, leading some leading Republicans to break ranks and argue against the polarization associated with this group in favour of moderation and bipartisanship.", "quote": "During the final years of President George W. Bush's administration, for example, several leading Republicans (eg Danforth, 2006; Whitman, 2005) broke ranks with the Christian Right and the Party's conservative base, arguing against the polarization of the American electorate in favour of moderation and bipartisanship in national government.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Influenced US legislation, such as the Communications Decency Act, to limit children's access to pornography on the Internet, aligning with their political agenda.", "quote": "essentially catering to the political agenda of the Christian Right.", "page": "17", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Christian Voice", "aliases": ["Christian Voice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Indian subcontinent", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious morality", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Accused a musical (Jerry Springer: The Opera) of blasphemy and threatened private prosecution, contributing to self-censorship and foreshortened national tours due to commercial pressure on theatres.", "quote": "Jerry Springer: The Opera, a British musical that was accused of blasphemy by the homophobic UK pressure group, ‘Christian Voice’", "page": "29", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Organised protests and issued threats of prosecution for blasphemy against a stage show, advocating for its cancellation to uphold Christian religious norms.", "quote": "Campaigners from a pressure group called Christian Voice then, not coincidentally, pressed their own demands. The stage show Jerry Springer The Opera faced protests and threats of prosecution for blasphemy when it was shown on BBC television in 2005 and when it went on tour in 2006.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "Church of England", "aliases": ["Church of England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["17th-18th centuries", "18th century"], "when_min": 1660, "when_max": 1800, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Mary Astell on Moderation: The Case of Occasional Conformity", "author": "Bol, Geertje", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As the national established church, its requirements for public office (e.g., taking communion) act as a form of gatekeeping and norm enforcement for political participation. The paper discusses Astell's defense of its role in setting these boundaries and its 'true faith' against the practice of occasional conformity.", "quote": "all honest English-men are convinced that the Ecclesiastical Constitution is as much part of the Government as the Civil” (31) and that “Regal Authority has no other solid Basis to rest upon but the Church” (xlvi).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2178725", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "early 18th century (1704)"}, {"title": "Modération et centrisme politique en Angleterre de 1660 à 1800", "author": "RH Griffiths", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Established doctrines and liturgical practices, notably through the Book of Common Prayer, that promoted a 'middle way' between religious extremes, thereby setting norms for religious and social conduct and influencing political stability.", "quote": "Il a été dans la sagesse de l'Église d'Angleterre, depuis les premières compilations de sa liturgie publique, de garder le moyen entre deux extrémités, de trop de rigueur dans le refus, et de trop de complaisance dans l'acceptation de toute variation.", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-historiques-de-la-revolution-francaise-2009-3-page-119", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "England", "when": "1660–1800"}]}, {"name": "Churches", "aliases": ["Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["community cohesion", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "early modern to present"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing hyperlocal information and news to their communities, supplementing traditional local news sources.", "quote": "Facebook groups, political parties, local enterprises, schools, and churches now represent important supplements...", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exercised censorial authority, primarily over religious texts, to define and enforce religious orthodoxy, especially prior to the Enlightenment.", "quote": "Prior to the Enlightenment, censorship focused primarily upon religious texts, as both confessionalizing states and churches sought to define religious orthodoxy.", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Citizen Media Law Project", "aliases": ["Citizen Media Law Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "press freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Documents filtering and censorship by online service providers, with a suggested expansion of its work to cover intermediary censorship globally.", "quote": "expansion of the work of the Citizen Media Law Project to thoroughly document filtering and censorship by online service providers beyond the United States.", "page": "11", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A database documenting legal cases and threats related to citizen media, including instances of online content blocking and prior restraints on speech.", "quote": "Citizen Media Law Project Database, Julius Baer Bank and Trust v. Wikileaks, February 18, 2008, http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/julius-baer-bank-and-trust-v-wikileaks.", "page": "22", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for Decent Literature", "aliases": ["Citizens for Decent Literature"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1964, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan [...] Citizens fur Decent 'Literature., Citizens for .Decency Through Law, the Heritage Foun dation, and the. National Klrents Le.gueinvolved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}, {"title": "Censorship of obscenity: the developing constitutional standards", "author": "WB Lockhart, RC McClure", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Advocated for decency and engaged in vigorous efforts to obtain local official action and public pressure to remove \"objectionable\"\" books and magazines.\"", "quote": "This new type of organization began with the formation of Citizens for Decent Literature in Cincinnati... The CDL carefully advises local officials what not to sell. Instead, CDL limits its operations to stirring up public agitation against magazines thought to be obscene.", "page": "9", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/mnlr45&section=13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Mid-20th century (late 1950s, early 1960s)"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for Excellence in Education", "aliases": ["Citizens for Excellence in Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Supported by the religious right, this group provides training and encourages parents to challenge local schools on curriculum content, also supporting members to seek seats on school boards to influence policy.", "quote": "groups supported by the religious right, such as Citizens for Excellence in Education... provide training sessions and actively encourage citizens and parents to challenge their local schools (Jones, 1993).", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}, {"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Orchestrates national campaigns of censorship in public schools by supporting parent coalitions and advocating for the removal of certain books.", "quote": "machines ultra-conservatrices à l'échelle nationale comme CITIZENS FOR EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION — de censurer des livres scolaires (et ce, dans quarante-quatre états) au cours de l'année 1992-93.", "page": "12", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Open Letter to Commissioner Breton", "aliases": ["Civil Society Open Letter to Commissioner Breton"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Critiqued the EU Commissioner for urging tech companies to swiftly remove 'disinformation' related to conflict, arguing it negatively impacted freedom of expression.", "quote": "Civil Society Open Letter to Commissioner Breton, 2023).", "page": "276", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A coalition that criticized the EU Commissioner for urging takedown of content impacting freedom of expression and human rights.", "quote": "For example, in October 2023 EU Commissioner for Internal Market Thierry Breton sent letters to tech companies urging them to swiftly remove “disinformation” related to conflict in Israel and Palestine, a move that was heavily criticized by human rights organizations for going beyond what is required by the DSA to urge the takedown of content in ways that negatively impacted rights to freedom of expression (Civil Society Open Letter to Commissioner Breton, 2023).", "page": "276", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity", "aliases": ["Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Civitai", "GPT-4o", "GitHub", "Hugging Face"], "norms": ["authenticity", "content authenticity", "content provenance", "industry standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for AI intermediaries", "author": "Gorwa, Robert; Veale, Michael", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops standards for embedding provenance data (watermarking) into AI-generated content to enhance content authenticity and detect synthetic media, which platforms can integrate into their workflows.", "quote": "Hugging Face is now hosting optional modules allowing deployers to automatically integrate provenance data meeting the recently developed 'Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity' (C2PA) standard into their workflow.", "page": "46", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI model marketplaces (Hugging Face, GitHub, Civitai), global, with focus on US and EU regulatory contexts", "when": "Early 2020s (post-2010 platform era, current AI boom)"}, {"title": "Native_Image_Generation_System_Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "C2PA provides an industry-standard framework for verifiable origin metadata on digital assets, which OpenAI integrates into 4o image generation outputs to enhance transparency and provenance.", "quote": "C2PA metadata on all assets (verifiable origin, industry standard).", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o image generation", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Coalition for Independent Technology Research", "aliases": ["Coalition for Independent Technology Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy protection", "public interest", "research ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Works to establish standards for allowing outside researchers access to data to conduct ethical, privacy-protecting, and public interest studies for online safety.", "quote": "Standards for this are emerging under the European Union’s Digital Services Act and the Coalition for Independent Technology Research.", "page": "109", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes transparency in tech through research and advocacy.", "quote": "For transparency, I helped found the Coalition.", "page": "110", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Coalizão Direitos na Rede (CDR)", "aliases": ["Coalizão Direitos na Rede (CDR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "human rights", "internet access", "platform governance", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Issued a note criticizing the proposal for Anatel to assume the supervisory role for digital platforms, citing concerns about its expertise and impact on fundamental rights.", "quote": "Em nota emitida pela Coalização de Direitos da Rede (CDR), que reúne mais de 50 entidades do direito digital, foram listadas uma série de motivos contrários à indicação da Anatel como autoridade supervisora.", "page": "50", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, advocated for legal norms of accountability for social media, supporting detailed quarterly transparency reports from platforms, and supported transparency obligations for ads.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cochrane Collaboration", "aliases": ["Cochrane Collaboration"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["evidence-based medicine", "patient safety", "reliable information", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Call for censorship", "author": "Stillman-Lowe, C", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The Cochrane Collaboration (referred to as 'Cochrain group' or 'Cochrane review') publishes systematic reviews and appraisals of medical evidence, thereby establishing standards for what is considered effective treatment. This acts as a form of gatekeeping on accepted clinical practices and scientific claims, influencing the professional acceptance or rejection of therapies like ozone in dentistry.", "quote": "While I have absolutely no complaint about the comments made by Professor Kidd and that of Dr Richards' letter (same edition), pertaining to NICE and the Cochrain group's reporting that there is insufficient hard evidence published into the efficacy of the therapeutic use of ozone in dentistry...", "page": "62", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/4813180", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK", "when": "early 21st century"}, {"title": "Call that Censorship", "author": "M Cloonan", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Publishes systematic reviews of healthcare interventions, setting standards for evidence-based medicine. Its evaluations, especially regarding the sufficiency of data from randomised controlled trials, influence which treatments are considered scientifically proven and thus adopted or rejected.", "quote": "However the Cochrane Library has many papers that tell us that there were insufficient numbers of comparable studies to permit an RCT to be carried out.", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DlBzEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA13&dq=censorship&ots=64DKRdirPc&sig=6raglDehG7IVwIu2-r0TEMbyhOE", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK dental community", "when": "early 21st century (2006)"}]}, {"name": "Coding Rights", "aliases": ["Coding Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-discrimination", "anti-surveillance", "digital rights", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede, a coalition advocating for legal norms of accountability for social media.", "quote": "Entre las cuales están Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, InternetLab, IP.Rec, Coding Rights, LAPIN - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Internet...", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborated on the websérie \"From Devices to Bodies\"\" to expose biases in facial recognition systems and submitted technical notes criticizing proposed legislation (PL 2630/2020) for potential human rights violations.\"", "quote": "Websérie produzida pela Fundação Heinrich Böll, no projeto “Coding Rights”, explica como raça, gênero e território são percebidos por sistemas de reconhecimento facial desenvolvidos em diversos países do mundo.", "page": "38", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Coletivo Intervozes", "aliases": ["Coletivo Intervozes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "France", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic process", "digital rights", "diversity of voices", "free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Do “quarto poder” ao controle democrático: fundamentos constitucionais da regulação da mídia", "author": "HC de Castro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse and advocacy to promote media regulation, aiming to safeguard democracy against media hegemony and foster diversity of voices and ideas, by counteracting the misconception that regulation is censorship.", "quote": "Segundo o Coletivo Intervozes, “a regulação protege a democracia contra a hegemonia da grande mídia e fomenta diversidade de vozes e ideias, contra o mito de censura”².", "page": "4", "url": "https://revista.advocef.org.br/index.php/ra/article/view/493", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative analysis of USA, UK, France, Argentina", "when": "Post-1988 Brazil, with historical and comparative context"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Co-authored a proposal for democratic regulation of large platforms to guarantee freedom of expression on the internet in Latin America.", "quote": "Uma coalização de entidades da sociedade civil na América Latina: “Contribuições para uma regulação democrática das grandes plataformas que garanta a liberdade de expressão na internet”...", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Collecting Societies", "aliases": ["Collecting Societies", "collecting societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["EU", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Original Sin – Content ‘Moderation’ (Censorship) in the EU", "author": "Senftleben, Martin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "They manage the collection and distribution of remuneration from UGC levy payments, ensuring that authors and performers receive a share for their works used under new exemptions, thereby influencing the economic framework that determines which user-generated content is permissible.", "quote": "the repartitioning scheme of collecting societies receiving UGC levy payments could ensure that authors and performers obtain a substantial part of the UGC remuneration, even if they have transferred their copyright and neighbouring rights to exploiters of their works and performances.", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article/69/4/339/5802589", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, Western democracies", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The original sin–Content 'moderation'(censorship) in the EU", "author": "M Senftleben", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Collecting societies are described as receiving 'UGC levy payments' through a repartitioning scheme, which then ensures that authors and performers obtain a substantial part of the remuneration for the use of their works, even if they have transferred their rights.", "quote": "the repartitioning scheme of collecting societies receiving UGC levy payments could ensure that authors and performers obtain a substantial part of the UGC remuneration, even if they have transferred their copyright and neighbouring rights to exploiters of their works and performances.", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article-abstract/69/4/339/5802589", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Comics Campaign Council", "aliases": ["Comics Campaign Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-foreign sentiment", "child safety", "harm reduction", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Spearheaded a campaign in England for legislation to regulate crime and horror comics, acting as a pressure group for censorship.", "quote": "Strong support came from the Comics Campaign Council (CCC), spearheaded by Dr. Simon Yud- kin, a pediatrician and member of the British Communist Party; the par- ty's reaction was initially sparked by its anti-American stance.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided strong support for legislation regulating crime and horror comics, particularly in England, contributing to the crusade against perceived harmful publications.", "quote": "Strong support came from the Comics Campaign Council (CCC), spearheaded by Dr. Simon Yud-kin, a pediatrician and member of the British Communist Party...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia", "aliases": ["Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["amnesty", "human rights", "political freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)", "1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a book by a political prisoner, providing a platform for expression and resistance against the regime's repression, especially after 1968.", "quote": "publicado em 1978 pelo Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia em conjunto com o Teatro Ruth Escobar, está escrito: Como preso político, juntamente com seus companheiros, tem participado de todas as lutas de sobrevivência, denúncia e resistência que os militantes políticos são obrigados a travar nos cárceres, principalmente depois de 1968.", "page": "48", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Collaborated in organizing public events and collecting signatures to advocate for amnesty for political prisoners, thereby indirectly challenging censorship of politically sensitive works.", "quote": "...evento que contou com a colaboração do Comitê Brasileiro pela Anistia e do Teatro Ruth Escobar. Na informação da qual o livro foi objeto, o SNI o classificava como uma “obra pornográfica e subversiva”...", "page": "130", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (Brazilian Internet Steering Committee)", "aliases": ["Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil (Brazilian Internet Steering Committee)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "ENTRE A REAÇÃO EA PREVENÇÃO: LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DO PL 2.628/2022 NA PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES", "author": "RL Kurschner, LHS Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research, such as the 'TIC Kids Online Brasil' survey, which provides data and insights on internet use by children and adolescents, thereby informing public policy and regulatory debates on digital safety and rights in Brazil.", "quote": "Como mostram os dados da TIC Kids Online Brasil 2022, as experiências infanto-juvenis na internet são intensas, frequentes e nem sempre mediadas por adultos, o que amplia os riscos de exposição a conteúdos nocivos, práticas discriminatórias e violações de direitos (CGI.br, 2023, p. 26).", "page": "7", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/viewFile/10238/5641", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, international context", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays a fundamental role in internet governance in Brazil, contributing significantly to the construction of regulatory frameworks such as the Marco Civil da Internet and the LGPD, and fostering dialogue among various stakeholders in legislative processes.", "quote": "Basta olharmos a contribuição dada por eles ao longo da história do Comitê Gestor da Internet no Brasil - CGI.br, na construção do Marco Civil da Internet, da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados – LGPD e, mais recentemente, no processo legislativo do PL das Fale News (PL 2630/2020).", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Common Cause", "aliases": ["Common Cause"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "ethics", "public awareness", "public interest", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in agenda-setting by conducting research, writing reports on issues like election disinformation, and preparing testimony for congressional hearings to influence policy and raise public awareness.", "quote": "...Jonathan Walter, a fellow at Common Cause, an interest group... mentioned that part of his work on content moderation involved collaboratively writing a report on the harms of election disinformation and preparing testimony...", "page": "6", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Identified as a public interest organization that could negotiate ethical guidelines and 'fair and tough language' for self-regulation in digital advertising.", "quote": "Companies could negotiate with legal advisors working for public interest organizations, like MapLight, Common Cause, Brennen Center for Justice, and the Center for Responsive Politics, to find fair and tough language for self-regulation.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community Folks", "aliases": ["Community Folks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "community values", "professional development"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A community for community builders in India, specifically serving startups and producing reports on community management.", "quote": "Community Folks began in 2019 as the “community for community builders in India”, and a community management organisation specifically serving startups...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Community for community builders in India; released a State of Indian Community Management Report.", "quote": "Community Folks began in 2019 as the “community for community builders in India”", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Community Notes", "aliases": ["Community Notes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A collaborative context provision system on X (formerly Twitter) where users add contextual information to posts to combat misinformation.", "quote": "inspiring the algorithm behind the Community Notes (formerly Birdwatch) collaborative context provision system on X (former Twitter) (Wojcik et al. 2022).", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This crowdsourced system allows users to provide context to posts; notes are displayed if rated helpful by users with diverse viewpoints, significantly reducing the reshares of misleading content.", "quote": "A third interactive approach is to use \"community notes\"\"", "page": "crowdsourced information that gives context to a post and that is only displayed if the note is rated as helpful by users with different views.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community Notes (formerly Birdwatch)", "aliases": ["Community Notes (formerly Birdwatch)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation: Practices, Challenges, and Ethical Implications", "author": "N Mitrani, M Muelas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates a crowdsourced fact-checking and contextual annotation system, allowing verified users to collaboratively add notes to potentially misleading content, which become visible upon achieving consensus.", "quote": "Twitter/X's Community Notes (formerly known as Birdwatch)... allows verified users to collaboratively annotate misleading content by adding contextual notes.", "page": "7", "url": "https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/62a7dea0-07a9-4141-83ef-3a3db79ce575/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with EU and US examples)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Beyond takedowns: How moderation shapes what gets created", "author": "Y Bao, Z Liu", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This community-based program allows users to add context to posts, acting as a crowd-sourced content moderation mechanism to provide additional information and correct potential misinformation on the platform.", "quote": "User-added context programs such as Twitter's Birdwatch (now Community Notes) show how crowd-sourced notes can work if incentives reward accuracy rather than group attacks (Twitter 2021); this is critical because, in polarized settings, mislabeling civil minority content as \"toxic\"\" only reinforces the silencing dynamics the system is meant to address.\"", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/334430", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era, contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA)", "aliases": ["Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["EU", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial discretion", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Las políticas de moderación de contenidos de los proveedores de servicios de internet", "author": "L Pérez de la Fuente", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-filed a lawsuit with NetChoice, LLC, challenging state laws (Texas HB 20) that sought to regulate content moderation by large social media platforms, defending the industry's ability to moderate content.", "quote": "NetChoice y la Computer & Communications Industry Association presentaron una demanda impugnando dos disposiciones de la ley por ser inconstitucionales: [...] La Sección 7, que prohíbe la censura basada en el punto de vista de las publicaciones de los usuarios...", "page": "18", "url": "https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/76182", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet platforms, EU and US", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigated against the Texas HB20 law, which aimed to regulate content moderation on social media, asserting that the law infringed upon the platforms' First Amendment rights to free speech and editorial discretion.", "quote": "NetChoice e CCIA ritengono che HB20 sia incostituzionale in quanto contrario al Primo Emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America... NetChoice e CCIA affermano che la libertà di parola delle piattaforme sia violata se non è consentito alle stesse di censurare i contenuti che per il loro tramite sono diffusi.", "page": "2", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Confederación Nacional del Trabajo", "aliases": ["Confederación Nacional del Trabajo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political change", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Called for a general strike by signing a pact with other labor organizations to demand political change and address social problems, with a focus on revolutionary social change.", "quote": "Los componentes que rubicran este acuerdo son por un lado Besteiro, Largo Caballero y Barrios por la U. G. T., Salvador Seguí y Angel Pestaña por la C.N.T y Angel Lacort por el Centro Obrero de Zaragoza que propició la reunión. Allí mismo se decidió el principio de una huelga general", "page": "2", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}, {"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The anarcho-syndicalist trade union influenced political outcomes by campaigning for abstention in the 1933 elections and subsequently by inciting uprisings in various regions after the unfavorable election results, leading to violence.", "quote": "Las elecciones de noviembre del 33, en las que la CNT desarrolló una fuerte campaña en favor del abstencionismo, registraron una participación del 67,46 por 100, incorporándose en ellas el voto de la mujer.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana", "aliases": ["Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Congratulated the course, providing validation for its educational framework and content on Islamic culture, particularly for its relevance to Latin American contexts.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "By extending felicitations, this conference indicated its approval of the course, lending it credibility and indirectly affirming its moderation principles in managing discussions related to Islamic culture and religion.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "14", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "Confucius Institutes", "aliases": ["Confucius Institutes"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["China", "Eastern societies", "Europe", "Global", "Ukraine", "Western societies"], "media": ["Douyin", "TikTok"], "norms": ["cultural preservation"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "IL CONTROLLO CULTURALE DEI SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Antonio, Ceravolo Flavio; Marco, Zuffada", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promoting Chinese language and culture globally to diffuse China's worldview, sometimes accused of being instruments of propaganda and soft power.", "quote": "Un esempio significativo di questa strategia è il ruolo giocato dagli Istituti Confucio, strutture educative presenti in numerosi Paesi, che promuovono la lingua e la cultura cinese, ma che sono state talvolta accusate di essere dei veri e propri strumenti di propaganda.", "page": "141", "url": "unitesi.unipv.it", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital ecosystem, with a specific focus on China's digital culture and the comparative analysis of social media platforms (TikTok and Douyin) in Western and Eastern contexts.", "when": "Late 20th century - present, with a focus on social media dynamics in 2023-2024."}, {"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Imposes restrictions on sensitive topics within university research agendas to align with the Chinese government's political agenda, functioning as a form of content and research moderation.", "quote": "However, there have been criticisms and concerns raised about Confucius Institutes imposing restrictions on specific sensitive topics, such as Tibet, Taiwan, and human rights, to align with the political agenda of the Chinese government.", "page": "114", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN)", "aliases": ["Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "public opinion", "public service", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat", "modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Proposed to the government to conduct a gender-differentiated analysis of Law 21's repercussions on women, indicating advocacy for workers' rights.", "quote": "C’est notamment pour cela que la Ville de Montréal, la Confédération des syndicats nationaux, Québec solidaire et le Parti libéral ont proposé au gouvernement de procéder à une analyse différenciée selon les sexes pour examiner les répercussions du PL21 sur les femmes.", "page": "197", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}, {"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Criticizes political debates for omitting discussion on specific themes deemed important for the electorate, such as the safeguarding of public networks.", "quote": "On les a aussi accusés de ne pas avoir répondu à une question de Jacques Moisan sur la sauvegarde des réseaux publics (Confédération des syndicats nationaux, 1998).", "page": "37", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Index", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "France", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["content regulation", "doctrinal orthodoxy", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censeur", "censura"], "languages": ["French", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century", "19th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: La Littérature française du XIXe siècle mise à l'Index. Les Procédures. Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: Le Censeur critique littéraire. Les …", "author": "C Arnold", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Indexkongregation established and followed procedures and practices for Roman censorship, issuing judgments on literary works, and opening proceedings against texts. Its censors acted as 'judges' based on specific pre-judgments regarding content.", "quote": "Als Richter der Orthodoxie, der Moral, aber auch der Ästhetik, die bemüht waren, verwundbare Leserinnen und Leser zu »schützen«, näherten sich die römischen Zensoren mit einem festen Set von Vor-Urteilen der genannten Literatur:", "page": "323", "url": "https://rjkg.de/ojs/index.php/rjkg/article/download/93057/92885", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Vatican", "when": "19th century"}, {"title": "La teoría de la censura en el Theotimus de Putherbeus", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As an institution of the Roman Curia, it played a crucial role in formalizing and enforcing censorship by compiling and maintaining official lists (Indices) of forbidden books throughout Catholic Europe.", "quote": "Fue Simoncelli (1984) quien llamó por vez primera la atención sobre este interesantísimo documento, fuente valiosa para reconstruir la historia interna de la «Congregazione dell'Indice».", "page": "7", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe, focusing on France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Congresso Nacional dos Jornalistas", "aliases": ["Congresso Nacional dos Jornalistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "justice", "professional ethics", "public service", "social responsibility", "truth"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Questão ética, controle e regulamentação da informação no webjornalismo colaborativo", "author": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This body approved a Code of Ethics in 1987 that established fundamental commitments for journalists, thereby setting professional standards and norms for news content.", "quote": "No Código de Ética, aprovado em 1987 no Congresso Nacional dos Jornalistas, o Artigo 7º estabelece que \"O compromisso fundamental do jornalista é com a verdade dos fatos", "page": "e seu trabalho se pauta pela precisa apuração dos acontecimentos e sua correta divulgação.”\"", "url": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat - AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento, 2014", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news platforms, global focus with Brazilian examples", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Approved a Code of Ethics establishing fundamental principles for professional journalists, including commitment to truth and accurate disclosure, guiding professional conduct.", "quote": "No Código de Ética, aprovado em 1987 no Congresso Nacional dos Jornalistas, o artigo 7º estabelece: O compromisso fundamental do jornalista é com a verdade dos fatos, e seu trabalho se pauta pela precisa apuração dos acontecimentos e sua correta divulgação.", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Connected by Data", "aliases": ["Connected by Data"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "not-for-profit limited by guarantee; civil society campaign and field-building organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefings and open letters, convenes global civil society networks, runs public engagement programmes and campaigns to shape data/AI policy and public debate.", "quote": "Connected by Data campaigns on data and AI governance, convenes the Data and AI Civil Society Network, runs public engagement programmes and publishes policy responses (e.g. Open Letter on AI literacy).", "page": "", "url": "https://connectedbydata.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Exerts pressure and advocates for the use of democratic processes, such as global citizens' assemblies, for the development of international AI regulation.", "quote": "there is increasing pressure to use such processes for the development of international regulation (Connected by Data, 2024; Ovadya, 2023a).", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "ConnectSafely", "aliases": ["ConnectSafely"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child autonomy"], "topics": ["community guidelines", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Circle of trust: a new approach to mobile online safety for families", "author": "AK Ghosh, CE Hughes, PJ Wisniewski", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for new sociotechnical solutions that promote more teen-centric online safety approaches, moving away from restrictive parental controls towards self-regulation and support.", "quote": "Numerous researchers (e.g., [14,58,66,67,75]) have called for new sociotechnical solutions that move away from parental control toward promoting more teen-centric solutions.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3313831.3376747", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Characterizations of Online Harassment: Comparing Policies Across Social Media Platforms", "author": "Pater, Jessica A.; Kim, Moon K.; Mynatt, Elizabeth D.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Instagram's informal policy documents provide links to ConnectSafely as a resource for users to find help with major bullying issues, positioning it as a support and information provider for platform users.", "quote": "For example, with respect to how Instagram interfaces with third party groups, informal policy documents provide links to major bullying hotlines and help centers like Connect Safely, Stop Bullying, and the National Crime Prevention Center on Cyberbullying, as well as eating disorder hotlines.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957276.2957297", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Conseil de presse du Québec", "aliases": ["Conseil de presse du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Radio-Canada", "TV media websites", "TVA", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "professional ethics", "public trust", "rule of law"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopted and updated deontological codes to regulate journalistic practices on social networking systems, contributing to norm enforcement for the press in Quebec.", "quote": "Des organisations comme le Conseil de presse du Québec et la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec emboîtent le pas (Carbasse, 2012).", "page": "22", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}, {"title": "Citoyens aux commandes des médias québécois: L'intégration des contenus générés par les usagers sur les sites web de médias télévisuels du Québec", "author": "T Laurie", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a self-regulatory body, the Council stipulates the legal and ethical responsibilities of media organizations for all published content, including user-generated content, thereby guiding their moderation policies and legal precautions.", "quote": "les médias sont responsables de tout ce qu'ils publient ou diffusent et ne doivent en aucun temps se soustraire aux standards professionnels de l’activité journalistique […] Cette responsabilité englobe l'ensemble de ce qu’ils publient ou diffusent: les informations journalistiques, la présentation et l’illustration de l’information, les commentaires et les informations provenant du public auxquelles ils accordent espace et temps d’antenne, ainsi que les réclames et les annonces publicitaires", "page": "61", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/c60ee6a0-b6f1-4d6e-b99b-a122e9211755", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, TV media websites (specifically Radio-Canada and TVA)", "when": "Post-2000s platform era (up to 2015)"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Superior de la Confederación de Mujeres Católicas de España", "aliases": ["Consejo Superior de la Confederación de Mujeres Católicas de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["christian values", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Exhorted its members to participate in a 'Cruzada de la madre cristiana' focused on reestablishing Christian customs in the family, indicating a form of social norm-setting.", "quote": "De cruzada también, como de movimiento pacífico, católico y laical y de acción benéfica se sigue hablando en plena guerra, así en la circular que el Consejo Superior de la Confederación de Mujeres Católicas de España, organismo de Acción Católica, publica al comenzar diciembre de 1936, exhortando a realizar una 'Cruzada de la madre cristiana', que habrá de consistir en el restablecimiento de las costumbres cristianas en la familia", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Exhorted its members to undertake a 'Crusada de la madre cristiana' (Crusade of the Christian Mother) to restore Christian customs in the family, indicating its role in moral and social norm-setting.", "quote": "...el Consejo Superior de la Confederación de Mujeres Católicas de España, organismo de Acción Católica, publica al comenzar diciembre de 1936, exhortando a realizar una “Cruzada de la madre cristiana”, que habrá de consistir en el restablecimiento de las costumbres cristianas en la familia...", "page": "16", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Digital", "aliases": ["Conselho Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "fundamental rights", "legal compliance", "platform autonomy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet: limites e desafios na moderação de conteúdos de terceiros-Civil liability of internet providers: limits and …", "author": "J Alves, VA Conte", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conselho Digital provides analysis and understanding of various types of content moderation regulation and their impacts, contributing to critical discourse on digital rights and the evolving technological landscape.", "quote": "exige-se postura crítica e cuidadosa para resguardar direitos na evolução tecnológica e na expansão das plataformas digitais (DE GREGORIO, 2023; CONSELHO DIGITAL, 2024).", "page": "6", "url": "https://remas.faculdadedofuturo.edu.br/remas/article/view/111", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems, Brazil, European Union, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era, AI era"}, {"title": "Eleições e plataformas digitais: a suposta oposição entre liberdade de expressão e transparência na moderação de conteúdos.", "author": "RC BRAGATTO, A GONZALES", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The organization, representing the interests of digital platforms, publicly criticized electoral resolutions, arguing they supersede existing internet laws and advocated for platform autonomy.", "quote": "Organizações que representam os interesses das plataformas digitais, como o Conselho Digital, não hesitaram em lançar mão dessa crítica, publicando no próprio site texto reproduzindo argumento que 'a resolução sobrepõe-se ao artigo 19 do Marco Civil da Internet'", "page": "8", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=14147483&AN=189834992&h=SkHjyrZb%2BQ8duokb3rXonSh18%2FX9RcDFZK6c1C8FSD0yFuPIj0MYeUs7L5OB7lwvYyWY2FDxt6OH5hH4yPqblQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, focusing on 2022-2025 elections", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2022-2025"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária", "aliases": ["Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["consumer protection", "ethical standards", "industry self-regulation", "public morals", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Regulação da atuação das mídias sociais e proteção da coletividade", "author": "B dos Santos, ME Venâncio…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CONAR is cited as an existing model for advertising self-regulation in Brazil, which could serve as a reference for establishing self-regulation for digital platforms. It operates by setting rules and monitoring advertising content.", "quote": "A opção pela autorregulação no uso das plataformas digitais pode não ser o modelo mais apropriado para o Brasil, mas tem referência no modelo de autorregulamentação publicitária (CONAR).", "page": "5", "url": "https://conferencias.unifoa.edu.br/tc/article/view/2420", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONTENT MODERATION: THE ID CONTENT SYSTEM AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON THE YOUTUBE PLATFORM", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Functions as a self-regulatory agency, setting and enforcing standards for advertising content as a model for industry self-regulation.", "quote": "O primeiro é de agências de autorregulação, como o CONAR (Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária).", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Superior de Censura", "aliases": ["Conselho Superior de Censura"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "democratic integrity", "national security", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Regulated to review final censorship decisions on appeal and to establish norms and criteria for censorship, especially classification by age, with representatives from various government bodies and civil society entities.", "quote": "Com o propósito de restituir o caráter moral do serviço censório e, portanto, acabar com a censura política das produções artísticas, o presidente da República e o ministro da Justiça regulamentaram o CSC208 que tinha como princípio “rever, em grau de recurso, as decisões finais relativas à censura de espetáculos e diversões públicas, proferidas pelo diretor-geral do Departamento de Polícia Federal” e “elaborar normas e critérios que orientem o exercício da censura, submetendo-os à aprovação do ministro da Justiça”.", "page": "52", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Functioned as an appeals body for censorship decisions made by the Federal Police, updated censorship criteria, and aimed to reduce politically motivated interdictions, although it only became effective in the late 1970s.", "quote": "Composto de representantes dos organismos governamentais e de instituições da sociedade civil, esse Conselho (...) era uma instância de recurso encarregada de julgar as proibições determinadas pela Polícia Federal...", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Consell de la Informació de Catalunya", "aliases": ["Consell de la Informació de Catalunya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Spain", "United States"], "media": ["newspapers"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "journalistic ethics", "professional ethics", "quality of information"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Comentarios de las noticias: la pesadilla de los cibermedios", "author": "PM Masip", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "This council commissioned research into user participation and comments in digital newspapers, indicating its role in evaluating and potentially influencing best practices for moderation and the quality of public debate in media.", "quote": "Este texto toma como punto de partida la investigación \"La participació dels usuaris als diaris digitals de Catalunya: anàlisi dels comentaris dels lectors\"\"", "page": "realizada por Javier Díaz-Noci", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3647565.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online news platforms in Spain and USA", "when": "2007-2010"}, {"title": "Conversación 2.0. y democracia. Análisis de los comentarios de los lectores en la prensa digital catalana", "author": "C Ruiz, P Massip, JL Micó-Sanz…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The CIC commissioned the research described in the paper to analyze reader comments on digital newspapers and to evaluate their adherence to ethical and legal frameworks, thereby participating in the norm-setting and oversight of content moderation in online public discourse.", "quote": "Los aspectos más relevantes de una investigación realizada por los autores para el Consell de la Informació de Catalunya¹⁷. El Consell de la Informació de Catalunya (CIC) se creó en 1997 por un acuerdo del Col·le- gi de Periodistes de Catalunya, y tiene como finalidad la de velar por el cumplimiento de los principios de ética profesional contenidos en el Código Deontológico del colegio, aprobado en 1992.", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36233", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalan online newspapers", "when": "2009–2010"}]}, {"name": "Conservatório Dramático Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Conservatório Dramático Brasileiro"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "political authority", "political stability", "preservation of power", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "social stability"], "topics": ["censura", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Created during the regency period, it exercised the role of censor, particularly regarding political issues and criticism of the government, with its council including authorities or prestigious individuals who could opine and modify decisions.", "quote": "o período regencial foi o responsável pela criação do Conservatório Dramático Brasileiro que, dentre outras funções, passa também a exercer o papel de censor moderador, principalmente no que diz respeito às questões políticas e críticas ao governo.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "While founded to foster national theater, it also functioned as a guardian of moral values, good customs, the political status quo, and the Portuguese language, effectively becoming an obstacle to Brazilian dramaturgy.", "quote": "Em meados do século XIX, a criação do Conservatório Dramático Brasileiro (CDB) tinha como princípio incentivar o desenvolvimento do teatro nacional, mas na prática assumiu o papel de guardião da Igreja Católica, dos poderes políticos, da moral vigente e da língua portuguesa.", "page": "3", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "consumer associations", "aliases": ["Consumer associations", "consumer associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "France", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection", "free speech", "platform regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Envisioned as participants in 'collective bargaining' or 'multilateral agreements' alongside states, multinationals, and experts, to establish limits on the private power exercised by digital platforms.", "quote": "intese multilaterali (tra Stati, multinazionali, associazioni di consumatori, tecnici del settore ed esperti in materie giuridiche) per la fissazione dei limiti alle modalità di esercizio del potere privato delle piattaforme stesse.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}, {"title": "La censure et ses masques:", "author": "Bruyère, Claire; Touillier-Feyrabend, Henriette", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "These associations play an increasingly important role in setting limits on creative expression, particularly in advertising and cinema, especially when individual or professional self-censorship is deemed insufficient.", "quote": "...est interrogée la responsabilité de plus en plus importante dévolue aux juges ou aux associations de consommateurs, lorsque les mécanismes d'autocensure individuelle ou professionnelle ne semblent pas suffire.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2006-1-page-5.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (with a focus on France)", "when": "19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Contract for the Web", "aliases": ["Contract for the Web"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "freedom of access to information", "individual rights", "internet freedom", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Proposing principles to safeguard the web.", "quote": "17. Contract for the Web. (2018). https://contractfortheweb.org.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Platform policy: Evaluating different responses to the challenges of platform power", "author": "Flew, Terry; Gillett, Rosalie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A global Internet governance framework initially developed by Tim Berners-Lee, supported by various ICT and digital platform companies as well as NGOs, focusing on restraining government reach in content and data-related areas, and setting norms for an open internet.", "quote": "A final approach to be considered is that of the Contract for the Web, as a global Internet governance framework initially developed by Tim Berners-Lee, supported by various ICT and digital platform companies as well as NGOs", "page": "15", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jdmp_00061_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, EU, UK, Australia, US", "when": "2010s-present"}]}, {"name": "Corcoran Gallery of Art", "aliases": ["Corcoran Gallery of Art"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Art and Censorship", "author": "Serra, Richard", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "The Corcoran Gallery cancelled an exhibition of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs. This act served as a form of gatekeeping, preventing public viewing of art deemed to violate certain standards.", "quote": "Kramer applauds the Corcoran Gallery for having cancelled an exhibition of Mapplethorpe photographs. The photos Kramer objects to render men, in Kramer's words, “as nothing but sexual—which is to say, homosexual—objects.\"\"", "page": "5", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th century"}, {"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Its curator canceled a planned Mapplethorpe exhibition, demonstrating institutional self-censorship influenced by public and political pressure, specifically fears regarding future federal funding from the NEA.", "quote": "The curator of the Corcoran Gallery, presumably acting out of fear for the impact of the controversy on the NEA or on future applications to the NEA by the Corcoran, responded by canceling the plans for the exhibition.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "Correctiv", "aliases": ["Correctiv"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "investigative non-profit newsroom / fact-checking organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A non-profit research centre that fact-checks and labels false news and disputed content in Germany, playing a role in the clarification of disinformation.", "quote": "In particular the fact finders of the ARD [...], the non-profit research centre Correctiv [...] and the Austrian non-profit association Verein Mimikama [...] were or are concerned with clarification of fake news in Germany.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Digital Media Observatories Associated Institutions", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "CORRECTIV publishes investigative reports and fact-checks that have exposed disinformation campaigns (e.g., Doppelganger) and developed tools (CrowdNewsroom) used by journalists, shaping public debate and prompting action.", "quote": "CORRECTIV runs a dedicated fact-checking unit and investigations into disinformation and platform-enabled influence operations, publishing analyses of Facebook and YouTube and developing the CrowdNewsroom tool.", "page": "", "url": "https://correctiv.org/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Council on Interracial Books for Children", "aliases": ["Council on Interracial Books for Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Children's Literature", "author": "MacLeod, Anne Scott", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "Pronounced judgment on books for their racial or sexual biases, demanding libraries remove offending volumes and pressuring writers, publishers, reviewers, and selectors to rid literature of racism and sexism.", "quote": "The Council on Interracial Books for Children, founded in 1966, became a powerful voice pronouncing judgment on books for their racial or sexual biases.", "page": "9", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "17th century–1980s"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in attempting to remove books that teach racism, advocating for fair treatment of all races in materials.", "quote": "Organizations ac xi% elk in x ()lye(' in attempting to rctum'e hooks that all tacht ot ses.ist ate the Natinal Otgainzation of \\: men (NOW) alfil the Council on.inteitac jai Books lot Ghildrcn", "page": "17", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Crash Override", "aliases": ["Crash Override"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "8chan", "Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital access", "free speech", "harm reduction", "online safety", "user safety", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment", "author": "Aghazadeh, Sarah A.; Burns, Alison; Chu, Jun; Feigenblatt, Hazel; Laribee, Elizabeth; Maynard, Lucy; Meyers, Amy L. M.; O’Brien, Jessica L.; Rufus, Leah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates as a support network that provides practical advice and assistance to victims of online abuse. It produces general educational materials, creates individualized plans for victims, and advocates with the criminal justice system and lawmakers to strengthen protections.", "quote": "In addition, she and Alex Lifschiz launched Crash Override, a support network providing practical advice and assistance to victims of online abuse.", "page": "195", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (4chan, Twitter, Reddit, 8chan, YouTube), USA", "when": "2013–2018"}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'super-flagger' organization, an authorized alert group that identifies and reports offensive content to social media platforms for rapid resolution.", "quote": "Tal es el caso de Women Action, Heartmob, Trollbusters y Crash Override.", "page": "43", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Crash Override Network", "aliases": ["Crash Override Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["data privacy", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An organization of cyber-bullying victims that defines and provides resources to counter doxxing and online harassment tactics used by malicious groups.", "quote": "The Crash Override Network, an organization made up of former cyber-bullying victims, defines doxxing as “a common first-stage tactic of mobs of anonymous online groups looking to intimidate you and start digging up information on your life”.", "page": "174", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites Crash Override Network...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Daily Kos", "aliases": ["Daily Kos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In looking through the donation lists, it is striking to see so many political partisan websites such as The Daily Kos and Patriot Post in the US...", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Media and Political Polarization", "author": "Prior, Markus", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As an online platform, Daily Kos engages in content curation and amplification by actively selecting and featuring news stories that are favorable to Democrats, thus shaping its audience's information environment.", "quote": "Baum & Groeling (2008) show that http://www.DailyKos.com is much more likely to pick up wire stories favorable to Democrats, whereas http://www.FoxNews.com and http://www.FreeRepublic.com often avoid these stories and present pro-Republican content.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, post-1970s", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Das NETTZ", "aliases": ["Das NETTZ", "das NETTZ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as a linking platform for various civil society protagonists combating hate on the internet, and supports research into the effectiveness of counterspeech campaigns.", "quote": "Projects such as Das NETTZ, which is supported by the Robert Bosch Foundation [...] serves as a link for various civil society protagonists against hate on the internet...", "page": "61", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Connects and empowers young activists and NGOs fighting online hate speech, offering advice and safety nets within Germany's civil society.", "quote": "The Online Civil Courage Initiative, which ISD founded in cooperation with Facebook, or networks such as the German organization das NETTZ, can help to connect and empower young activists and NGOs and offer advice and safety nets to those that are at risk of receiving abuse as a result of their anti-hate campaigns.", "page": "179", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "DatySoc", "aliases": ["DatySoc"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... DatySoc (Uruguay)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... DatySoc (Uruguay)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Decolonizing Love", "aliases": ["Decolonizing Love"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "European Union", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["decolonization", "inclusivity", "social inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Educates on decolonizing relationships and supports polyamorous individuals and relationships through social media content. It uses cryptic words only minimally.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called Decolonizing Love (@decolonizing.love) focuses on educating about decolonizing relationships and supporting polyamorous individuals and relationships.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Manages an Instagram profile to educate about decolonizing relationships and supporting polyamorous individuals and relationships, disseminating educational content.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called Decolonizing Love (@decolonizing.love) focuses on educating about decolonizing relationships and supporting polyamorous individuals and relationships.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Der Freimüthige oder Ernst und Scherz", "aliases": ["Der Freimüthige oder Ernst und Scherz"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "civility", "cultural norms", "gender representation"], "topics": ["22.0", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1770, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Aspects of Censorship in the Work of Karoline von Günderrode", "author": "Hoff, Dagmar von", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published dismissive and prescriptive literary reviews that reinforced contemporary stereotypes of femininity, publicly denounced female authors who used pseudonyms, and attempted to dictate appropriate literary styles and subjects for women, acting as a form of external censorship.", "quote": "The review that appeared in Kotzebue's periodical Der Freimüthige oder Ernst und Scherz sounded dismissive: In the future the authoress ought to honor that which is good and beautiful, to stride majestically, free and unfettered, in her own beauty, to reject the corset as well as the fool's cap; she ought never to raise herself forcefully, never to sink into the depths of sinister mysticism, but rather to remain in her own realm of intimate feeling, beautiful and tender images...", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20688819", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "Late 18th / Early 19th Century"}, {"title": "Aspects of Censorship in the Work of Karoline von Günderrode", "author": "D von Hoff", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published a dismissive review of Günderrode's work, which publicly denounced her, revealed her identity despite her pseudonym, and prescribed acceptable literary and philosophical directions for women writers, functioning as a form of gatekeeping and norm enforcement.", "quote": "The review reduces her to the contemporary stereotype of the feminine, prescribes which philosophical and literary directions she should avoid, and, moreover, reveals her identity, \"Fräulein von Güntherode\"\" (III: 61).\"", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688819", "topic": "22.0", "language": "", "where": "Frankfurt, Germany", "when": "late 18th century–early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Desarrollo Digital", "aliases": ["Desarrollo Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "open internet", "platform governance"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Civil Liability of Social Media for User Statements and Moderation", "author": "AFS de Souza, FMG Pessoa, TDGB Sande", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-authored a document titled 'Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms' proposing that platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content unless actively involved or negligent.", "quote": "In the document titled \"Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms to Ensure Freedom of Expression on the Internet", "page": "it is proposed that content platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/beijlar16&section=56", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global (US, EU, Brazil focus)", "when": "1990s-present"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Observacom and other regional CSOs to propose 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms,' working to ensure online freedom of expression and an open internet.", "quote": "(Ecuador), Desarrollo Digital (Argentina), IPANDETEC (Panamá) y Fundación Datos Protegidos (Chile), elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "18", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Digital City of Amsterdam", "aliases": ["Digital City of Amsterdam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital governance"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This independent political-cultural institute, founded by former computer activists, organized and provided the moderator for government-initiated Internet discussions, aiming to enhance democracy through electronic means.", "quote": "The factual organization of the discussion was delegated to the Digital City of Amsterdam, an initiative of an independent political-cultural institute and a group of former computer activists, launched in 1994, with the aim to enhance democracy by electronic means.", "page": "7", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}, {"title": "The moderator as an emerging democratic intermediary: The role of the moderator in Internet discussions about public issues", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The Digital City of Amsterdam organized and provided moderation services for government-initiated Internet discussions, serving as the interface between the government and citizens and aiming to enhance democracy by electronic means.", "quote": "The factual organization of the discussion was delegated to the Digital City of Amsterdam, an initiative of an independent political-cultural institute and a group of former computer activists, launched in 1994, with the aim to enhance democracy by electronic means [14].", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/IP-2002-0002", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Discover Feminism", "aliases": ["Discover Feminism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Douban", "WeChat", "Weibo", "XiaoHongShu"], "norms": ["collective action", "feminist issues", "gender equality", "mutual aid", "user protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Safe spaces for feminist activists online: Chinese networked feminists’ self-censorship strategies in response to online misogyny and government censorship", "author": "Chang, Aizi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a networked feminist team, engaging in collective self-censorship and content regulation to protect individual members from online misogyny and government censorship, thereby maintaining a safe space for feminist discourse.", "quote": "By working together in teams, as seen in feminist accounts like Orange Umbrella and Discover Feminism, Chinese feminists create a shared identity that shields individual members from backlash while reinforcing the group's collective voice.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-025-04802-2", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chinese social media platforms (XiaoHongShu, Douban, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021-2023"}, {"title": "Exploring algorithmic resistance: Responses to social media censorship in activism", "author": "H Elmimouni, S Rüller, K Aal, Y Skop…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as a networked feminist team, engaging in collective self-censorship and creating a shared identity to shield individual members from backlash and reinforce the group's collective voice.", "quote": "By working together in teams, as seen in feminist accounts like Orange Umbrella and Discover Feminism, Chinese feminists create a shared identity that shields individual members from backlash while reinforcing the group's collective voice.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3710970", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, social media platforms (Douban, XiaoHongShu, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021–2023"}]}, {"name": "Document.no", "aliases": ["Document.no"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Germany", "Global", "Norway"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In Norway, a significant number of donations to news services go to one of three far-right websites, Resett, Document, and HRS.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media", "author": "Holt, Kristoffer; Ustad Figenschou, Tine; Frischlich, Lena", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes 'immigration critical alternative news' to counter and implicitly 'moderate' what it perceives as biased or incomplete mainstream media coverage, promoting an alternative narrative.", "quote": "Scandinavian immigration critical alternative media, for example, largely share the same ideological position, but employ different journalistic styles and functions (Nygaard, 2019).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (with focus on Germany and Norway) and digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Don't Delete Art", "aliases": ["Don't Delete Art"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "OnlyFans", "TikTok"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural preservation", "free speech", "public awareness", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Exposed or erased: algorithmic censorship of nudity in art", "author": "P Riccio, T Hofmann, N Oliver", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This activist group advocates for artistic freedom online. It collaborates with the authors to conduct research on algorithmic censorship, maintaining a database of censored artists and raising awareness about content restrictions.", "quote": "Most of the participants (8 out of 14) were recruited by virtue of a collaboration between the authors' institution (ELLIS Alicante) and Don't Delete Art, a well-known activist group advocating for artistic freedom online.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3613904.3642586", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "online social media platforms, global (Western focus)", "when": "current (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Algorithmic Censorship of Art: A Proposed Research Agenda", "author": "Riccio, Piera; Oliver, Jose Luis; Escolano, Francisco; Oliver, Nuria", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publicly denouncing algorithmic censorship of art on social media and raising public awareness about its anthropological and sociological consequences.", "quote": "In recent years, artistic movements have emerged to publicly denounce the issue, such as Don't Delete Art and Artists Against Censorship.", "page": "2", "url": "computationalcreativity.net", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, OnlyFans)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Duke Reporters' Lab", "aliases": ["Duke Reporters' Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Asia", "Eastern Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "journalistic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The WEIRD governance of fact-checking and the politics of content moderation", "author": "Vinhas, Otávio; Bastos, Marco", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides a global database and data on fact-checking organizations, which helps track and map the landscape of fact-checking initiatives and their expansion, indirectly supporting the infrastructure for content moderation.", "quote": "Fact-checking has become central to content moderation on social platforms, with data from Duke Reporters' Lab showing that after experiencing a rapid expansion in the aftermath of the 2016 US Presidential Election, fact-checking became a global initiative present in as many as 105 countries (Stencel et al., 2022).", "page": "3", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Non-WEIRD countries (Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe) on social media platforms (Meta/Facebook, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Knowledge-informed Disinformation Mining: From Fact-Checking to Content Moderation", "author": "V La Gatta", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Compiles and tracks data on fact-checking organizations worldwide, offering a reference point for the landscape of entities involved in debunking false information.", "quote": "Indeed, the Duke Reportes’ Lab2 counts more than 400 fact-checking world-wide organizations which focus on specific domains...", "page": "47", "url": "http://www.fedoa.unina.it/15648/1/LaGatta_Valerio_36.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook), US, global geopolitical contexts (including Ukraine-Russia conflict)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "e-mint", "aliases": ["e-mint"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI regulation", "acceptable online behavior", "community management", "community standards", "cybersecurity", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Professional association established by online community managers to connect and support colleagues working across different industries and sectors, focusing on online behavior protocols, business aspects, AI, regulation, and the Dark Web.", "quote": "A lynchpin in this evolution was the formation of e-mint in 2000, a professional association established by online community managers across Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, designed to connect and support colleagues working across different industries and sectors.", "page": "49", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A professional association established to connect and support online community management colleagues across different industries and sectors.", "quote": "A lynchpin in this evolution was the formation of e-mint in 2000, a professional association established by online community managers across Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States", "page": "76", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "EC Fan-Addict Club Bulletin", "aliases": ["EC Fan-Addict Club Bulletin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "cultural freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Lobbied a Senate committee by asking its seventeen thousand subscribers to send their thoughts to committee members, effectively opposing federal censorship of comics.", "quote": "Gaines's EC Fan-Addict Club Bulletin asked its seventeen thousand subscribers to send their thoughts to the committee's members.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Mobilized its subscribers to send their thoughts to a Senate committee investigating juvenile delinquency, implicitly acting against censorship efforts by expressing support for the comics.", "quote": "Gaines's EC Fan-Addict Club Bulletin asked its seventeen thousand subscribers to send their thoughts to the committee's members.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "eco – Association of the Internet Industry", "aliases": ["eco – Association of the Internet Industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance", "consumer protection", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as an advisory body providing hotlines for consumer complaints, which are then forwarded to companies for review.", "quote": "FSM and eco, another advisory body, have hotlines for consumer complaints, which they then forward to the companies for review.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "eco publishes industry surveys and policy reports, organises workshops with major platforms and policymakers, and convenes events (Internet Security Days) that shape technical and regulatory agendas across Europe.", "quote": "eco runs policy & law workstreams on AI and platform regulation, organises workshops with platforms (e.g., Google), publishes industry surveys and guidance on DNS abuse, AI and platform compliance.", "page": "", "url": "https://international.eco.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ediciones Jerarquía", "aliases": ["Ediciones Jerarquía"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher)", "publisher"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural revival", "falangist ideology", "national syndicalism", "totalitarianism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Falangist publishing house that published cultural and intellectual works, contributing to the movement's ideological framework and cultural influence.", "quote": "Lanzaron además unas Ediciones Jerarquía, cuyos títulos se agruparían en cuatro grandes ámbitos (“La sabiduría”, “Las letras”, “Las artes” y “La vida nueva”) subdividos a su vez en series, que serían veinte.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Published Falangist intellectual and literary works, contributing to the dissemination of the movement's cultural and political ideology, and later transformed into 'Editora Nacional' under state control.", "quote": "Las Ediciones Jerarquía, en cambio, sí darán sus primeros (y últimos) frutos bajo el control del grupo de Serrano Suñer, antes de transformarse en 1941 en Editora Nacional.", "page": "68", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Educadigital", "aliases": ["Educadigital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... Educadigital (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... Educadigital (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood", "aliases": ["Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "equality", "individual rights", "religious mission", "religious morality"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The MB engaged in electoral politics, forming a political party and adapting its organizational and ideological strategies for electoral outreach. It mobilized supporters, campaigned on a platform of social Islamization and shari'a, influenced constitutional drafting, and after repression, debated strategies for nonviolent resistance.", "quote": "\"\"righteous majorities\"\"", "page": "\"\"God's law\"\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}, {"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Sought legal status as a political party, broadened its appeal by including Copts and female candidates, and engaged in dialogue with Western diplomats, demonstrating 'revisionism' and adaptation in its pursuit of power and moderation.", "quote": "In its quest for acquiring legal status as a political party, the EMB included Copts within its ranks; fielded female candidates in the country’s elec tions; and developed a dialogue with Western diplomats, especially Americans.", "page": "92", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "El Debate", "aliases": ["El Debate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious principles", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A confessional Catholic daily newspaper, directed by Angel Herrera Oria, which aimed to recatholicize Spain through reasoned propaganda but was seen as having failed in its mission.", "quote": "Así nació la etapa herreriana de 'El Debate', que llegó a ser el mejor de los periódicos católicos de España y del mundo, ya que no -¡qué briznilla faltaba!- el más español de los periódicos católicos españoles.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A confessional Catholic newspaper, it was criticized by Falangists for its 'posibilist' political stance before the war and later faced prohibition by the Francoist regime, signifying the suppression of dissenting Catholic political expression.", "quote": "'El Debate', de Madrid: hermano gemelo: 'La Croix' de París, española. La católica clientela internacional de lectores de 'El Debate' no podrá explicarse nunca cómo se produjo ¡tan lógica y legítimamente! este Glorioso Movimiento porque el diario herreriano, durante los años de opresión marxista, no hizo otra cosa, tozuda y machaconamente, que recomendar 'el acatamiento a los poderes legítimamente constituidos'...", "page": "102", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Pensamiento Navarro", "aliases": ["El Pensamiento Navarro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["monarchy", "national identity", "political ideology", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A conservative newspaper that adopted the term 'cruzada' early on and later faced fines and insidias due to its stance and the state's control over press.", "quote": "insidias contra nuestros periódicos, gravísimas, una multa de 40.000 pesetas, por un nonada, al Pensamiento Navarro, y sobre todo, unos criterios que ningún Prelado de la Iglesia puede compartir, y que se exponen con la sencillez de quien está en posesión de la verdad.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Carlist newspaper that, while part of the Nationalist camp, initially used different terminology than other pro-regime papers at the outset of the war, highlighting internal ideological nuances within the Nationalist press.", "quote": "...esta primera referencia que encuentro no aparece en el periódico carlista de la vieja corte del reino, que era El Pensamiento Navarro, sino en el de tradición alfonsina conservadora.", "page": "16", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Disturbance Theater", "aliases": ["Electronic Disturbance Theater"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent", "political participation", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Employed 'cyber-activism' tactics, described as transferring social-movement tactics of trespass and blockade to the Internet, for political protest.", "quote": "One of the cofounders of the Electronic Disturbance Theater, Stefan Wray, describes his actions protesting Columbus Day celebrations as a way of 'transfer ring the social-movement tactics of trespass and blockade to the Internet' (quoted in Harmon 1998).", "page": "164", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Stages political protests (virtual sit-ins) on the Internet using DDoS software (Floodnet) to create 'disturbances' in protocol, and also uses 404 errors to spatialise the Web for political messaging.", "quote": "The software, called Floodnet, uses a technique called a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) at tack to stage political protests on the Internet.", "page": "214", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Frontier Finland (EFFI)", "aliases": ["Electronic Frontier Finland (EFFI)", "Electronic Frontier Finland (Effi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "internet freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Acts as a voice against censorship and actively monitors what content is subjected to censorship in Finland.", "quote": "It seems as if Electronic Frontier Finland is acting as a voice against censorship, or at least monitoring what is actually subjected to censorship.", "page": "15", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Documented and raised awareness about Internet censorship practices in Finland.", "quote": "Electronic Frontier Finland, “Finnish Internet Censorship” http://www.effi.org/blog/kai-2008-02-18.html.", "page": "23", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA)", "aliases": ["Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "individual liberty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Plays an important role in expressing public opposition to Internet censorship, conducting studies on law and policy around censorship.", "quote": "Electronic Frontiers Australia and the Forum on Internet Censorship, amongst others play an important role in this regard.", "page": "14", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}, {"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Opposed government regulation of new media, advocated for individual personal liberty, actively campaigned against poorly drafted and overly punitive legislation, including organising a march on state parliament.", "quote": "With the leak of the draft NSW legislation to the newly formed online libertarian group Electronic Frontiers Australia (EFA), the debate in NSW became even bitter, including a march on state parliament organised by EFA members and opponents of government control of online content.", "page": "11", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)", "aliases": ["Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns about privacy threats posed by RFID-based systems, advocating for individual privacy.", "quote": "organizations such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have expressed concerns about the kinds of privacy threats made possible by RFID-based systems.", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Expresses concerns and advocates regarding privacy threats posed by new technologies like RFID-based systems.", "quote": "organizations such as the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have expressed concerns about the kinds of privacy threats made possible by RFID-based systems.", "page": "177", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "eLife", "aliases": ["eLife"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["academic publishing", "academic publishing ecosystem"], "norms": ["anti-commercial control", "information access", "open access", "scientific advancement", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["content moderation", "media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The end of trust and safety?: Examining the future of content moderation and upheavals in professional online safety efforts", "author": "RE Moran, J Schafer, M Bayar, K Starbird", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as an open access journal, providing scientific information freely to counter the restrictive subscription-based model of for-profit publishers that limits public access to knowledge.", "quote": "Today's students don't have access to this same information for one reason: the subscription model of most for-profit journal publishers. Randy Schekman Nobel Laureate and founder of open access journal eLife", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713662", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (academic publishing and decentralized science)", "when": "Late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "The rise of muhammadiyah's islamic da'wah in the contemporary era: transformation to online trend and responses to islamic moderation", "author": "S Huda, MM Mas'udi…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Serves as an open access journal, founded by a Nobel Laureate as an alternative to for-profit subscription models, thus actively implementing and advocating for open science publishing practices that counter economic gatekeeping.", "quote": "Randy Schekman Nobel Laureate and founder of open access journal eLife", "page": "2", "url": "https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/progresiva/article/view/20889", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific community, academic publishing ecosystem, digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025"}]}, {"name": "EngelliWeb", "aliases": ["EngelliWeb", "Engelliweb"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["France", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of information", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cross‐Country Comparison of Internet Censorship: A Literature Review", "author": "Ververis, Vasilis; Marguel, Sophia; Fabian, Benjamin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an independent non-governmental organization, it collects and publishes unofficial statistics on blocked websites in Turkey, contributing to transparency in a context where official data is unavailable.", "quote": "Given neither the TIB nor any official authority in Turkey publishes statistics on blocked websites (Akgul & Kirlidog, 2015), researchers have in the past relied on the unofficial statistics provided by the independent non-governmental organization EngelliWeb (Engelliweb, 2016).", "page": "10", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.228", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France, Turkey, Iran", "when": "2007–2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on blocked websites in Turkey, thereby contributing to transparency in internet censorship practices.", "quote": "Engelliweb, a watchdog website that monitors the blocked websites in Turkey reports as of May 2015 roughly 80,000 blocked websites.", "page": "9", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "English Disco Lovers", "aliases": ["English Disco Lovers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement / community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Global", "North America", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "mutual respect", "public morals", "social inclusion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Launched a 'Google bomb' campaign using search engine optimization to outrank and undermine the online presence of the far-right English Defence League by twisting their vocabulary and promoting messages of equality and respect.", "quote": "The far-right English Defence League was also targeted by the English Disco Lovers (EDL), a group formed by four individuals who launched a ‘Google bomb’ campaign using search engine optimisation (SEO) to get their name and content to appear higher in search results and on social media than the ‘other’ EDL (Tuck and Silverman 2016).", "page": "102", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This grassroots, student-founded initiative uses 'Googlebombing' campaigns and street demonstrations to reclaim the 'EDL' acronym from the English Defence League, undermining anti-Muslim sentiment through humor and fundraising events.", "quote": "aimed to reclaim the “EDL” acronym from the English Defence League, a Far-Right street protest movement. Initially, the EDL used \"Googlebombing\"\" campaigns and street demonstrations to undermine its anti-Muslim acronym-sake.\"", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Ennahda Movement", "aliases": ["Ennahda Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party", "social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Iran", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Malaysia", "Morocco", "Palestine", "Syria", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democracy", "democratic principles", "human rights", "national identity", "religious moderation", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderation"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Underwent internal democratization and reform, aiming for greater transparency and power-sharing within the party. It declared a separation of religion and politics, shifting its focus from Islamisation to democratic politics and civic engagement, and has engaged in alliance-building with secularists.", "quote": "Ennahda party seems to feature as a ‘trail-blazer’... At the core of this ‘exceptionalism’ is the potential for coexistence of Islam and democracy (Stepan, 2012). ...Ennahda’s resolve to put to bed once and for all the conundrum of religion and politics, by finally declaring their separation, in its 10th Congress in May 2016, may be a turning point in the movement’s 36-year history.", "page": "89, 106", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}, {"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Played a central role in Tunisian democratic transition, adapting its ideology from political Islam to a democratic party, influencing governance and political discourse, and forming coalition governments.", "quote": "Ennahda siguió siendo la formación más votada con el 19,63 % de los votos, pero perdiendo votos con respecto a las anteriores elecciones. El hecho de que Said se abstuviera de formar un nuevo partido ayuda a entender esta situación.", "page": "71", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Equality Labs", "aliases": ["Equality Labs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "content moderation", "hate speech", "human rights", "platform accountability", "social equality"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "“Instagram is like a <i>karela</i> ”: transnational digital queer politics and online censorship and surveillance in India", "author": "Kanchan, Tanvi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and reports on the prevalence of casteist hate speech on platforms like Facebook, demonstrating failures in platform content moderation and advocating for stronger safeguards.", "quote": "Research from Equality Labs (Soundararajan et al., 2019) shows how a great deal of casteist hate speech remains on Facebook despite being reported-in certain cases, accounts of DBA users themselves are removed or banned.", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/17/3/162/7747686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India, Instagram", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on the risks of platforms failing to remove hate speech, particularly focusing on caste and religious hate speech, to advocate for better moderation.", "quote": "On the dangers of platforms failing to remove unlawful categories of hate speech, see, e.g., EQUALITY LABS, FACEBOOK INDIA: TOWARDS THE TIPPING POINT OF VIOLENCE: CASTE AND RELIGIOUS HATE SPEECH (2019).", "page": "983", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}]}, {"name": "European Association of History Educators", "aliases": ["European Association of History Educators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["education reform", "international cooperation", "peace", "professional development", "public understanding"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Providing expertise and support for history education reforms, disseminating ideas about multiperspective and constructivist history teaching, and promoting rapprochement through common historical themes.", "quote": "The contribution of various local and international NGOs like EUROCLIO has been instrumental in this effort.", "page": "10", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}, {"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Disseminating ideas about multiperspective and constructivist history teaching through materials and teacher training, influencing national curricula and examinations in Estonia and Latvia.", "quote": "Two organisations were of particular significance, the European Association of History Educators (Euroclio) and the Council of Europe, which both disseminated ideas about multiperspective and constructivist history teaching...", "page": "210", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "European Broadcasting Union", "aliases": ["European Broadcasting Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "Estonia", "Germany", "Italy", "Japan", "New Zealand", "Poland", "Romania", "Russia", "Spain", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "european integration", "media cooperation", "media professionalization", "press freedom", "public interest"], "topics": ["media moderator", "television moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Learning about politics from mass media and social media: Moderating roles of press freedom and public service broadcasting in 11 countries", "author": "CS Park, H Gil de Zúñiga", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes reports demonstrating that strong public service broadcasting contributes to press freedom. By advocating for and providing evidence of the positive impact of public service media, it influences policy and public discourse to support media systems that ensure a diverse and substantive supply of news, thereby counteracting tendencies towards commercialized or censored content.", "quote": "A 2017 report released by European Broadcasting Union (EBU, 2017) found that in countries where public service broadcasting is strong, citizens enjoy more press freedom.", "page": "16", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/33/2/315/6031067", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "11 countries (Estonia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, US, Turkey)", "when": "mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Television in the Age of (Post-) Communism: the case of Romania", "author": "D Mustata", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Facilitated the integration of former communist broadcasters into a wider European framework by coordinating broadcast exchange, cooperation, and supporting infrastructure development through loan agreements.", "quote": "the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the Western European organization in charge of broadcast exchange and co-operation in the area. In 1993, the EBU assimilated the former OIRT, which had been responsible for broadcast in- frastructures in the socialist bloc.", "page": "7", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203110201-5&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Romania, Eastern Europe", "when": "mid-to-late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "European Centre for International Political Economy", "aliases": ["European Centre for International Political Economy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic freedom", "free information flow", "international trade", "internet access", "market competition"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Published a study concluding that the World Trade Organization (WTO) has a strong case against governments involved in blanket Internet censorship, thereby highlighting the economic and foreign policy implications of such practices.", "quote": "Furthermore a study published in 2009 by the European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) concluded that after examining World Trade Organization's (WTO) official regulations and the current status of Internet censorship in various countries, the WTO has a strong case against governments involved in blanket Internet censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published a study concluding that the WTO has a strong case against governments involved in blanket Internet censorship, thereby exerting academic and policy pressure against restrictive trade practices related to internet control.", "quote": "a study published in 2009 by the European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) concluded that... the WTO has a strong case against governments involved in blanket Internet censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}]}, {"name": "European Commission against Racism and Intolerance", "aliases": ["European Commission against Racism and Intolerance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "free speech", "hate speech", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issues policy recommendations (General Policy Recommendation No. 15 on Combating Hate Speech) to member states to regulate hate speech, aligning with international protocols.", "quote": "The 2015 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)... recommended member states in accord with the Additional Protocol on Cybercrime and are alert to ‘conditions conducive to the use of hate speech’.", "page": "315", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}, {"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Released a general policy recommendation for combating hate speech in all media, defining hate speech, and recommending sanctions, self-regulation, and awareness-raising to member states.", "quote": "In 2016, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) released a general policy recommendation on combating the expression of hate in any medium from the written or spoken word to cultural products such as paintings, music or videos.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "European Consumer Organisation (BEUC)", "aliases": ["European Consumer Organisation (BEUC)", "The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection", "regulation"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As an umbrella organization for consumer unions, BEUC lobbies and contributes to policy discussions (e.g., through position papers) concerning digital services and consumer protection in the EU.", "quote": "BUREAU EUROPÉEN DES UNIONS DE CONSOMMATEURS, The Digital Services Act Proposal - BEUC position paper, 2021", "page": "36", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for effective consumer protection and expresses skepticism regarding the efficacy of self-regulation in consumer activism.", "quote": "Monique Goyens (Director-General at European Consumer Organisation - BEUC, 31 August 2018) expressed it in the following way: 'I have been in the job of consumer activism for more than thirty years. I have seen a lot of self-regulation. I have not seen much that has worked.'", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "European Economic and Social Committee", "aliases": ["European Economic and Social Committee"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "conflict resolution", "democratic participation", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes conclusions calling for ethical AI use and addressing 'algorithm bias', thereby influencing norm-setting and policy for AI implementation in the economy.", "quote": "On the 19th of September, 2018, the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) [...] published a conclusion titled Artificial intelligence: anticipating its impact on jobs to ensure a fair transition. In this conclusion, it calls for the ethical use of AI within economy.", "page": "270", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}, {"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed as an appropriate venue for multi-stakeholder 'confrontation' to reconcile conflicts among various actors (States, multinationals, users, technicians) in the digital sphere, aiming for cohesion and solidarity.", "quote": "una sede istituzionale del confronto tra i possibili stakeholder (Stati, multinazionali, utenti, tecnici etc.) è il luogo idoneo per ricucire gli eventuali conflitti tra gli attori in gioco.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}]}, {"name": "European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)", "aliases": ["European Economic and Social Committee (EESC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civil society participation", "democratic integrity", "digital governance", "economic interests", "group interests", "international cooperation", "social interests", "stakeholder participation"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Le Linee-guida dell'Agcom sugli influencer nella prospettiva dell'attività di informazione e del costituzionalismo digitale", "author": "E Albanesi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The EESC influences EU legislation on digital services, including content moderation, by providing opinions and definitions on self- and co-regulation frameworks. It contributes to shaping the regulatory landscape by channeling stakeholder perspectives.", "quote": "le definizioni contenute, ad esempio, nel Parere del Comitato economico e sociale europeo sul tema «Autoregolamentazione e coregolamentazione nel quadro legislativo dell'UE», 2015/C 2019/05.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.eu/index.php/RIID/article/view/239", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides a definition and opinion on the role and contribution of organized civil society in Europe, thereby influencing the conceptual framework and legitimacy of civil society's participation and self-regulation within the European context.", "quote": "Définition donnée par le Comité économique et social européen (CESE) dans “Le rôle et la contribution de la société civile organisée dans la construction européenne\"", "page": "Avis du CESE", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Fabian Society", "aliases": ["Fabian Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic governance", "labor interests", "meritocracy", "social order", "social reform"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocated for 'collective management of local services' in England, contributing to the early formulation of social-democratic agendas and values.", "quote": "Na Inglaterra, o embrião do trabalhismo nasceu pelas mãos dos afiliados da Sociedade Fabiana, advogando não mais do que por uma “gestão coletiva dos serviços locais”", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}, {"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Believed in organizing society based on 'merit' and rational principles, inspiring social engineering experiments and welfare state policies.", "quote": "Fabians, partly inspired by Plato and partly by the eugenicist Francis Galton, believed the basis should be ‘merit’, understood as a capacity for achievement in some socially relevant sphere of activity...", "page": "97", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Group Administrators", "aliases": ["Facebook Group Administrators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community values", "social order"], "topics": ["debate moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer administrators manage and moderate content within Facebook groups, fostering community and enforcing group rules.", "quote": "Many online social systems fundamentally rely on volunteers... to today's Facebook group administrators (Kushin & Kitchener, 2009)...", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}, {"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Foster community, moderate content, and enforce policies within specific groups on the Facebook platform.", "quote": "Volunteer moderators have played a fundamental role in social life online for over 40 years, from librarians in 1970s Berkeley looking after local message-boards (3) to today's Facebook group administrators (25), Wikipedia arbitrators (32), and reddit moderators.", "page": "2", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "FactCheck.org", "aliases": ["FactCheck.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "information quality", "transparency", "truth"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Modulating moderation: a history of objectionability in Twitter moderation practices", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Magalhães, João C; Ganesh, Bharath", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "FactCheck.org contributes to Twitter's moderation efforts by serving as an authoritative source for fact-checking. Twitter uses its reports to create labels and challenge misleading claims, such as those concerning voter fraud, within the platform's content.", "quote": "Thousands of dead people did not cast votes in Michigan or Pennsylvania, CNN and FactCheckorg report", "page": "13", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/73/3/273/7204763", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA, Western hemisphere", "when": "2006–2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Evaluates the truthfulness of facts and claims made by U.S. political players during election years, across platforms like television, social media, speeches, and interviews.", "quote": "Website evaluates the truthfulness of the facts and claims made during the election years by U.S. political players on various platforms like television, social media, speeches and interviews.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne", "The Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["control over knowledge", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exercised post facto censorship by condemning works deemed 'ungodly', though its influence waned over time as condemnations sometimes increased the popularity of the targeted books.", "quote": "The Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne, the high clergy and the parlements all claimed a right of post facto censorship.", "page": "25", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Claimed and exercised a right of post-facto censorship, issued encyclicals condemning 'ungodly works,' and negotiated with the Crown for ecclesiastical censorship, though its influence waned over time.", "quote": "The Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne, the high clergy and the parlements all claimed a right of post facto censorship.", "page": "25", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris (Sorbonne)", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris (Sorbonne)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["France", "Italian city-states", "Italy", "Low Countries", "Netherlands", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "control over knowledge", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published the very first printed index of forbidden books in 1544, elaborating a list of prohibited titles in Latin and French based on previous condemnations and new interdictions.", "quote": "Le tout premier index des livres interdits imprimés est celui de la Faculté de Théologie de l'Université de Paris paru en 1544. À partir des condamnations prononcées depuis le début des années 1520, et surtout avec l'ajout de nouvelles interdictions, les théologiens de la Sorbonne élaborent une liste de 230 titres de livres en latin et en français qui sont prohibés.", "page": "4, 6", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Dispensed censorship in France, issuing letters patent for publishing, thereby controlling what could be printed and read.", "quote": "though in France censorship was dispensed by the theological department of the Sorbonne, this department did not represent the Church itself.", "page": "72", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}]}, {"name": "FastCheck.cl", "aliases": ["FastCheck.cl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Self-Eating Snake: Half-truths in the Chilean Constituent Process and Lessons for The Content Moderation Debate", "author": "Acevedo Mundaca, José", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a major fact-checking institution, FastCheck reviewed constitutional content during the Chilean constituent processes, identifying and reporting on misinformation and 'half-truths'.", "quote": "After the first attempt, a major fact-checking institution reported that 64% of the content they reviewed was found to be false78.", "page": "18", "url": "https://revistas.ufpr.br/rinc/article/view/98172", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Chile (constituent processes), social media platforms, Latin America, global content moderation debate", "when": "2019-2025 (Chilean constituent processes), contemporary (global moderation debate)"}, {"title": "Uma serpente que devora a si mesma: meias-verdades no processo constituinte chileno e lições para o debate sobre moderação de conteúdo", "author": "J Acevedo Mundaca", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a fact-checking institution in Chile, actively reviewing and debunking false claims and misinformation related to the constitutional process, thereby influencing public debate and information consumption.", "quote": "After the first attempt, a major fact-checking institution reported that 64% of the content they reviewed was found to be false.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rinc/a/hTJTLHGX5x5K4L7CxhvKmnb/abstract/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Chile, social media platforms", "when": "2019–2025"}]}, {"name": "Fdesouche", "aliases": ["Fdesouche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "far right ideology", "far-right ideology", "free speech", "information control"], "topics": ["modération censure", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "«La loi Avia muselle la liberté d'expression»: stratégies numériques discursives et médiatiques de l'extrême droite", "author": "V Lambert, C Bouzereau…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates an online blog to disseminate far-right discourse and opinions, aiming to reinforce collective identity, legitimize the far-right political agenda, and critique laws like the Avia law as threats to freedom of expression.", "quote": "Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur trois médias : 1. Fdesouche (FdS), crée en 2005 par Pierre Sautarel, l'un des premiers blogs d'extrême droite", "page": "4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05012460/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, online media", "when": "2019–2020"}, {"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a highly influential far-right news aggregator on YouTube, characterized by high levels of aggressiveness and anonymity in its comment sections, shaping public discourse through curated and oriented information.", "quote": "Un autre média partisan, Fdesouche, affiche aussi des scores d'agressivité particulièrement élevés et stables. Fdesouche, qui se présente comme un agrégateur d'informations (très sélectionnées et orientées), est également un média de référence très influent de l'extrême droite (Albertini et Doucet, 2016).", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Federación de Asociaciones de Periodistas de España", "aliases": ["Federación de Asociaciones de Periodistas de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "broadcast television", "online journalism"], "norms": ["editorial independence", "free speech", "freedom of information", "journalistic autonomy", "limited government", "professional ethics", "professional honour", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Requested the Ombudsman to file an appeal of unconstitutionality against a legal reform (LOREG art. 66.2) that imposed proportionality and neutrality principles on private media during electoral campaigns, advocating for less state intervention.", "quote": "La reforma legal también provocó que varias asociaciones de medios de comunicación (FAPE y más de una decena de responsables de informativos de las principales televisiones) solicitaran al Defensor del Pueblo que interpusiera un recurso de inconstitucionalidad", "page": "7", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Aggregates a large number of journalists and produced its own code of ethics in 1993, with objectives including combating lack of independence, precarious labor, and promoting a better image of the profession.", "quote": "A FAPE, Federação de Associações de Jornalistas Espanhóis agrupa o maior número de membros, representando mais concretamente 19 mil jornalistas. Este organismo produziu o seu código deontológico em 1993.", "page": "45", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Federación Musulmana Europa", "aliases": ["Federación Musulmana Europa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["advocacy", "group interests", "religious interests"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Congratulated the course, thereby endorsing its educational framework and content on Islamic culture, particularly for its relevance to European contexts.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The federation's felicitations served as an endorsement of the course, validating its educational content and its handling of discussions, particularly regarding the diverse perspectives within Islamic studies.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "14", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "Federação Nacional dos Jornalistas (FENAJ)", "aliases": ["Federação Nacional dos Jornalistas (FENAJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["credibility", "free speech", "human rights", "journalist protection", "journalistic integrity", "non-sensationalism", "privacy", "truth"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A INFLUÊNCIA DA MÍDIA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTEREÓTIPOS CRIMINAIS E AS NOVAS FORMAS DE CONTROLE NA ERA DA INFORMAÇÃO", "author": "NR Carvalho", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Establishes and maintains ethical norms and guidelines for journalistic activity, promoting responsible reporting and self-regulation within the media profession in Brazil by setting standards for truthfulness, integrity, and non-sensationalism.", "quote": "o Código de Ética dos Jornalistas Brasileiros estabelece normas éticas para a atividade jornalística, como a busca da verdade dos fatos, a preservação da integridade e da credibilidade das fontes, a não publicação de informações obtidas de forma ilícita ou sensacionalista, entre outros (Artigo 1º a 9°).", "page": "9", "url": "https://revista.cepej.com.br/index.php/rcepej/article/view/203", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil, focusing on media and social networks", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produces reports on violence against journalists and press freedom, advocating for their protection and against attacks from public authorities in Brazil.", "quote": "El informe Violencia Contra Periodistas y Libertad de Prensa en Brasil producido por la Federación Nacional de Periodistas (FENAJ) apunta que la violencia categorizada como “descredito a la prensa” fue la más común en este período.", "page": "118", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Fediverse instance administrators", "aliases": ["Fediverse Instance Administrators", "Fediverse instance administrators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org", "Pleroma"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "community governance", "content moderation ethics", "harm reduction", "platform integrity", "safer spaces", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These administrators are deeply involved in the Fediverse's governance, including developing and maintaining codes of conduct for their instances, making decisions about bridging with other servers, and performing content moderation based on their instance's values.", "quote": "This includes developing and maintaining codes of conduct for every instance, making key decisions about bridging or not with other instances/servers.", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}, {"title": "Will Admins Cope? Decentralized Moderation in the Fediverse", "author": "Anaobi, Ishaku Hassan; Raman, Aravindh; Castro, Ignacio; Zia, Haris Bin; Ibosiola, Dami; Tyson, Gareth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Fediverse instance administrators manage independent Pleroma servers, setting federation policies to ban or modify content, managing users, and accepting or removing user registrations. They moderate content to prevent the spread of undesirable material, and the paper proposes a tool (WatchGen) to assist them in proactively identifying instances for moderation.", "quote": "These policies enable administrators to create rules to ban or modify content from instances that matches certain rules, e.g. banning content from a particular instance or associating it with warning tags.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.05915", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "The Fediverse (Pleroma instances)", "when": "December 2020 – October 2021"}]}, {"name": "Fight Censorship Group", "aliases": ["Fight Censorship Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "civic education", "free speech", "gender equality", "sexual freedom", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Founded by artist Anita Steckel to actively combat various forms of censorship affecting erotic and explicit artworks by women artists.", "quote": "Nel 1973 nasce il Fight Censorship Group, dall'artista Anita Steckel, istituito per combattere le varie forme di censura a cui le opere di queste donne, caratterizzate da un tono erotico e esplicito, erano soggette.", "page": "11", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}, {"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Organized by an artist who faced job loss due to self-censorship, this group worked to educate the public about sexual issues expressed in their work and the covert ways in which censorship operates.", "quote": "Following the Rockland incident, she organized the Fight Censorship Group, together with Sylvia Sleigh, Joan Semmel, Eunice Gordon, Louise Bourgeois, Martha Edelheit, Judith Bernstein, Anne Sharp, Juanita McNeely, Hannah Wilke, Barbara Nessim, and Joan Gluckman—all women artists doing work on sexuality. The group worked to educate, both about the sexual issues expressed in their work and about the Byzantine ways in which censorship actually functions.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Fondazione Bruno Kessler", "aliases": ["Fondazione Bruno Kessler"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms", "Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "scientific inquiry", "understanding social polarization"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducting and publishing research that contributes to the understanding of contemporary societal issues, including those impacting religious freedom and security.", "quote": "A. MELLONI, Il secondo miglio, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Special Editions, Trento, 2016.", "page": "18", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}, {"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to academic literature by publishing research on the symbolic effects of hate speech and the challenges of polarization.", "quote": "Valeria Fabretti, Gli effetti simbolici dello Hate Speech: riflessioni sul caso dell'odio rivolto a minoranze religiose, contenuto nel libro I discorsi dell'oltre: fascino e pericoli della polarizzazione a cura di Massimo Leone, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 2023, pagg.23-32", "page": "44", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama", "aliases": ["Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "religious harmony", "social stability", "tolerance"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-16th centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation From Sunan Kudus' Perspective and Its Correlation with Islamic Education in The Modern Era", "author": "Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The forum, associated with FKUB (Religious Harmony Forum), gathers and presents data on cases of religious intolerance in Indonesia, serving as a platform to inform and strengthen efforts toward religious moderation and harmony.", "quote": "based on data from the Deputy Director of the Directorate of Socio-Culture of the National Police, Chaerul Yani in the FKUB Empowerment forum in Jakarta (18/11/23) that there were 7 cases of intolerance in 2019, 14 cases in 2020, 11 cases in 2021, and 3 cases in 2022 and 30 cases in 2023.", "page": "3", "url": "repository.uin-malang.ac.id", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Kudus, Java, Indonesia", "when": "15th-16th century (for Sunan Kudus's era) and Modern era (for Islamic education correlation)"}, {"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates at the sub-national level, appoints representatives of recognized religions, and advises the government on religious issues, aiming to promote religious harmony and stability.", "quote": "The newly formed “Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama” (FKUB)...is more decentralized, operating at the sub-national level...More importantly, FKUB wields more influence in advising the government on religious issues...", "page": "9", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression", "aliases": ["Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "foundation"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "internet access"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and advocates for free speech on the internet, contributing to the public understanding and debate surrounding laws like Section 230 and their impact on online content moderation.", "quote": "Aaron Terr, Your Guide to Section 230, the Law that Safeguards Free Speech on the Internet, FIRE, (Feb. 17, 2023), https://www.thefire.org/news/your-guide-section-230-law safeguards-free-speech-internet", "page": "17", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports individuals and organizations involved in the fight against censorship through various advocacy initiatives.", "quote": "The list of organizations includes but is not limited to the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE)...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "Founders of parish libraries in France", "aliases": ["Founders of Parish Libraries in France", "Founders of parish libraries in France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Holy See", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content standards", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste. Le censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l 'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme (2019)", "author": "C Plet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These founders engaged in a form of moderation by envisioning different types of readers, implying a selective curation of content to guide reading habits and protect certain audiences, similar to the censors of the Index.", "quote": "comme les fondateurs de bibliothèques paroissiales en France au même moment) envisagent différents types de lecteurs", "page": "220", "url": "https://ojs.library.dal.ca/dfs/article/view/11106/9868", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France and the Vatican", "when": "16th-20th century, primarily 19th century"}, {"title": "Le censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme. coll.«Des morales et des œuvres»", "author": "C Plet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These groups established and managed local parish libraries in France, which served to guide readers, particularly 'inexperienced' ones, towards literature deemed morally and doctrinally appropriate, effectively moderating their access to other texts.", "quote": "C'est dire que contrairement aux croyances de l'opinion commune, les censeurs romains (comme les fondateurs de bibliothèques paroissiales en France au même moment) envisagent différents types de lecteurs...", "page": "220", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/45418097", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Holy See (operating from Rome), France", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Foxglove", "aliases": ["Foxglove"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Ireland", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "health and safety", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["content moderation", "modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "AI content moderation, racism and (de) coloniality", "author": "E Siapera", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published an open letter on behalf of content moderators, highlighting management directives concerning toxic content moderation queues to exert public pressure and advocate for workers.", "quote": "representatives for content moderators published an open letter saying that “management told moderators that we should no longer see certain varieties of toxic content coming up in the review tool from which we work – such as graphic violence or child abuse.”", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42380-021-00105-7", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube), Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2016–2021"}, {"title": "Corporeal moderation: digital labour as affective good", "author": "Jereza, Rae", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supported content moderators in drafting and publishing an open letter to Facebook and its third-party vendors, advocating for improved workplace policies and conditions for moderators, particularly during the pandemic. This action constitutes public pressure and advocacy for workers' rights in content moderation.", "quote": "See their open letter to Facebook and its third-party vendors, Covalen and Accenture: https://www.foxglove.org.uk/news/open-letter-from-content-moderators-re-pandemic", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8676.13106", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA and Ireland", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2017-2021"}]}, {"name": "Free Software Foundation (FSF)", "aliases": ["Free Software Foundation (FSF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community benefit", "digital rights", "free access", "information sharing", "open access", "public good", "software freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established to develop and promote free software, codifying its principles in the GNU General Public License (GPL) to ensure software freedom.", "quote": "He established the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to support his plan to create an operating system complete with all of the tools needed to edit, compile, and run software.", "page": "246", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established to develop and promote free software, advocating for software freedoms through the GNU General Public License (GPL).", "quote": "He established the Free Software Foundation (FSF) to support his plan to create an operating system complete with all of the tools needed to edit, compile, and run software.", "page": "246", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Free Software Movement", "aliases": ["Free Software Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["digital rights", "economic equality", "political freedom", "resource sharing"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Deep state phobia: Narrative convergence in coronavirus conspiracism on Instagram", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Willaert, Tom", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It championed the idea of commonly shared software resources and critiqued Bill Gates's strategy of privatization, contributing to his reputation as an 'arch-villain' and laying groundwork for later conspiracist portrayals of him as a 'profiteer' or 'mastermind' of the pandemic.", "quote": "Gates had acquired the status of the arch-villain of the free software movement championed by computer hackers for his strategy of pri-vatizing resources that others considered should be commonly shared", "page": "19", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565221118751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, U.S.", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Promotes software freedom and digital rights through activism, implicitly challenging existing controls over digital content, intellectual property, and platform policies.", "quote": "Exemplos do segundo tipo correspondem a um conjunto mais restrito mas heterogéneo, para o qual o terreno digital se apresenta como causa ou território de «guerrilha» e confronto com os poderes públicos (e. g. Anonymous, movimento para o software livre, movimento para o Partido Pirata).", "page": "122", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Free Speech Union", "aliases": ["Free Speech Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "membership-based free speech advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Academic", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Examined proposed hate crime laws and published reasons against them, opposed deplatforming of speakers, campaigns against censorship and new 'hate speech' laws.", "quote": "The Free Speech Union examined the proposals and published ten reasons to throw them out (Tylecote, 2020).", "page": "121", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "FSU brings legal cases and employment tribunals, runs public campaigns and media work, and claims to have influenced government action (Higher Education Freedom of Speech Act) while providing direct legal support to members.", "quote": "FSU litigates speech cases, pressures institutions over content and speech policies, runs campaigns on online/offline speech issues and advises members on social media/workplace disputes.", "page": "", "url": "https://freespeechunion.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free the Nipple", "aliases": ["Free the Nipple"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "OnlyFans", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["body image", "free speech", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic Censorship of Art: A Proposed Research Agenda", "author": "Riccio, Piera; Oliver, Jose Luis; Escolano, Francisco; Oliver, Nuria", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Raising social awareness about the censorship of female nudity and its implications related to objectification and patriarchal sexualization, pushing back against prevailing social norms.", "quote": "Remarkable feminist movements -such as Free the Nipple and The Guerrilla Girls (Pollen 2021)- have tried to raise social awareness about this issue.", "page": "4", "url": "computationalcreativity.net", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, OnlyFans)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}, {"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Led a social media campaign with the goal of ending censorship of the female nipple on platforms, succeeding in getting Facebook and Instagram to allow breastfeeding photos.", "quote": "Por ejemplo, hace más de tres años surgía el movimiento #FreetheNipple con el objetivo de que terminase la censura del pezón femenino y que acabó consiguiendo que ambas redes, Instagram y Facebook, permitiesen las fotos de madres amamantando.", "page": "13", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung", "aliases": ["Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany", "Mexico"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["informed public", "public discourse", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Una mirada a la plataformización en México: Desde las transformaciones económicas hacia las socioculturales", "author": "GE Sued", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Supports and co-publishes research related to communication, media, and regulation in Latin America, influencing public debate and policy perspectives on platform governance.", "quote": "Gómez García, R. (2021). ¿Hay concentración en Internet en América Latina? El caso México. Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia y Fundación Friedrich-Ebert FES Comunicación.", "page": "17", "url": "https://gmjmexico.uanl.mx/index.php/GMJ_EI/article/view/470", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "The Antagonistic Battle between ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’", "author": "Keller, Nadine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes studies on public sentiment, such as attitudes towards migration in Germany, which contributes to public discourse by providing data visualizations and explanatory text, thereby offering factual information to counter misinformation.", "quote": "The article reports on a study conducted by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation which investigated public sentiment on the topic of migration in Germany.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Friends of the Earth", "aliases": ["Friends of the Earth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental protection", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in coalition-launched campaigns (like Put People First) promoting public mobilization against economic and environmental harms, using digital media for personalized engagement.", "quote": "The largest of these demonstrations was sponsored by a number of prominent NGOs including Oxfam, Friends of the Earth, Save the Children and World Vision.", "page": "299", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fritt Ord Foundation", "aliases": ["Fritt Ord Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global", "Norway"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public debate"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funding research and reports on digital news consumption, trust, and misinformation.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "The Fear of Offending: Social Norms and Freedom of Expression", "author": "Steen-Johnsen, Kari; Enjolras, Bernard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The foundation funds research projects, including the large-scale 'Status of Free Speech in Norway' project from which the survey data for this paper is drawn. It also conducts its own 'freedom of expression barometer' studies, thereby actively contributing to public understanding and norm-setting regarding free speech and its limitations.", "quote": "The Fritt Ord Foundation's freedom of expression barometer, which was carried out in 2013, supported the hypothesis that the Norwegian population will also give greater support to freedom of expression as an abstract concept than when it becomes concretised.", "page": "5", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12115-016-0044-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Norway", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2013-2014 for survey data)"}]}, {"name": "Front Commun #1", "aliases": ["Front Commun #1"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter: Étude de cas sur l’invisibilisation des contenus LGBT et TDS en ligne", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie; Alié, Félix; Ecrement, Victor", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This group orchestrated 'political censorship' on Twitter by coordinating abusive reports against LGBT and TDS internet users. Their goal was to suppress content that involved the militant reappropriation of derogatory terms, effectively silencing these communities online.", "quote": "En 2021, plusieurs internautes LGBT et TDS ont été victimes d'une censure politique organisée par le groupe « Front Commun #1 » qui s'opposait à la réappropriation militante de certaines injures comme « pd »²¹.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-reseaux-2023-1-page-119.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}, {"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter", "author": "T Grison, V Julliard, F Alié, V Ecrement", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This group orchestrated a political censorship campaign on Twitter, coordinating the reporting of users who reappropriated slurs like «pd» (a French homophobic slur), aiming to silence their discourse. This constitutes a strategy of 'silencing' through mass reporting.", "quote": "En 2021, plusieurs internautes LGBT et TDS ont été victimes d'une censure politique organisée par le groupe « Front Commun #1 » qui s'opposait à la réappropriation militante de certaines injures comme « pd »21.", "page": "23", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_237_0119?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Full Fact", "aliases": ["Full Fact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checking charity / campaigning nonprofit", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "empirical evidence", "factual truth", "public respect for knowledge"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Why We Can't Have Our Facts Back", "author": "Marres, Noortje", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates a fact-checking service to verify online statements and combat disinformation, providing practical guidelines for social media users to identify 'fake news' and scrutinize information sources. It aims to eliminate fake news by tracing stories back to their origin.", "quote": "The aforementioned Full Fact on its Web site provides practical guidelines for social media users to enable them to detect \"fake news.\"\" In telling users what to look out for", "page": "Full Fact provides a list of tell-tale signs of disinformation", "url": "http://estsjournal.org/index.php/ests/article/view/188", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter), digital societies, UK (Brexit)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 2016-2018"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Full Fact produces fact checks, policy reports and interventions with claimants and platforms, submits complaints to regulators (IPSO), runs campaigns and training to change platform and institutional behaviour.", "quote": "Full Fact campaigns to tackle bad information online, intervenes with platforms (e.g., prompting TikTok account bans), works on the Online Safety Act and platform correction systems.", "page": "", "url": "https://fullfact.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fundación Acceso", "aliases": ["Fundación Acceso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "digital rights", "due process", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, advocating for digital rights, due process, and user protection in content moderation within Latin America.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Foro de Periodismo Argentino, Fundación Acceso, Fundación Ciudadano Inteligente...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Karisma", "aliases": ["Fundación Karisma"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "freedom of expression", "human rights", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Denounced the lack of transparency in content moderation by intermediaries during protests, specifically concerning account blocking and hashtag restrictions.", "quote": "Ante el bloqueo de cuentas, contenidos e, incluso, de hashtag en momentos de protestas de Colombia, Fundación Karisma ha denunciado la falta de transparencia en moderación de contenidos por intermediarios en línea39.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg; denounced the lack of transparency in content moderation by intermediaries during periods of protest in Colombia.", "quote": "Ante el bloqueo de cuentas, contenidos e, incluso, de hashtag en momentos de protestas de Colombia, Fundación Karisma ha denunciado la falta de transparencia en moderación de con-tenidos por intermediarios en línea39: 'La falta de transparencia en la moderación de conteni-dos persiste y es muy sensible en protestas porque la oportunidad de la movilización tiene una ventana de tiempo'.", "page": "21", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP)", "aliases": ["Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... FLIP (Colombia)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... FLIP (Colombia)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Vía Libre", "aliases": ["Fundación Vía Libre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "intellectual property", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms and a letter to Mark Zuckerberg, and highlighted the opacity of platform decisions concerning algorithms and intellectual property barriers.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... Fundación Vía Libre (Argentina)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; highlighted the opacity of platform decisions due to algorithms and barriers related to intellectual property.", "quote": "También la Fundación Vía Libre, organización civil sin fines de lucro argentina, he destacado la oscuridad de las decisiones de plataformas, específicamente por los algoritmos, de búsqueda, bien como las barreras, en términos de propiedad intelectual, para que sea posible la compren-sión de los parámetros de la indexación y organización de contenido35.", "page": "20", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundamedios - Andean Foundation for Media Observation and Study", "aliases": ["Fundamedios - Andean Foundation for Media Observation and Study"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Fundación Vía Libre, Fundamedios - Andean Foundation for Media Observation and Study...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg urging platforms to adhere to the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Son signatarias latinoamericanas Fundación Karisma (Colombia)... Fundamedios (Ecuador).", "page": "19", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian", "aliases": ["Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Portugal", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural promotion", "democracy", "education", "equality", "free speech", "public welfare", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censura", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "20th century"], "when_min": 1926, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Literatura infantil portuguesa en tiempos de la dictadura: censura y voces de resistencia", "author": "Balça, Angela; Fraga-de-Azevedo, Fernando; Selfa, Moises", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The foundation awarded prestigious prizes for children's literature, recognizing and promoting works that championed values like democracy, freedom of expression, and equality, thereby indirectly countering the censorship of the dictatorship.", "quote": "António Torrado, a lo largo de su extensa carrera literaria, recibió además destacados premios de la Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, como el Prémio Calouste Gulbenkian de Livros para Crianças y el Grande Prémio de Literatura para Crianças que distinguieron su obra, marcada por el humor inteligente y desafiante y por la fina ironía, que dio voz a ideales marcados por los valores de la democracia, de la libertad de expresión y de la igualdad entre los hombres.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.revistaocnos.com/index.php/ocnos/article/view/ocnos_2017.16.1.1160", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1926–1974"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Opened new horizons for Portuguese theater, particularly experimental and university theater, by providing subsidies, fostering artistic production in a period of strong censorship.", "quote": "Na verdade, foi a criação da Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian em 1956 que abriu novos horizontes ao teatro português, em particular com os subsídios concedidos ao teatro experimental e ao teatro universitário.", "page": "231", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Fédération Environnement Durable", "aliases": ["Fédération Environnement Durable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic participation", "environmental protection", "public participation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This environmental advocacy group challenged the constitutionality of electronic participation procedures before the Conseil d'État. Their actions aimed to influence the legal framework and interpretation of public participation rights.", "quote": "CE, 17 déc. 2020, Fédération Environnement Durable et al., n° 427389, § 22.", "page": "14", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Les lecteurs de la Vie de Michel de Marillac. Censure, témoignage, écriture au xviie siècle", "author": "N Schapira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This federation challenged the constitutionality of electronic public participation procedures (PPVE and PPHPP) before the Conseil d'État, advocating for effective public participation in environmental decisions.", "quote": "CE, 17 déc. 2020, Fédération Environnement Durable et al., n° 427389, à propos de l'art. 56, loi n° 2018-727 du 10 août 2018 pour un État au service d'une société de confiance.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/5415", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec", "aliases": ["Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Radio-Canada", "TV media websites", "TVA", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": ["credibility", "journalistic ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adopted and updated deontological codes to regulate journalistic practices on social networking systems and organized a conference to address women's issues in journalism.", "quote": "Des organisations comme le Conseil de presse du Québec et la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec emboîtent le pas (Carbasse, 2012).", "page": "22", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}, {"title": "Citoyens aux commandes des médias québécois: L'intégration des contenus générés par les usagers sur les sites web de médias télévisuels du Québec", "author": "T Laurie", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This professional body establishes ethical guidelines and standards for journalists, which influence how media organizations, like Radio-Canada, approach user-generated content, ensuring its treatment aligns with professional journalistic practices.", "quote": "Tu n’es pas obligé d’avoir une carte de la FPJQ, la Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec, pour être capable de produire du sens…Oui l’usager peut être considéré comme une nouvelle source si quelqu’un y met l’énergie autant qu’un professionnel le ferait.", "page": "69", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/c60ee6a0-b6f1-4d6e-b99b-a122e9211755", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, TV media websites (specifically Radio-Canada and TVA)", "when": "Post-2000s platform era (up to 2015)"}]}, {"name": "Gallup, Inc.", "aliases": ["Gallup, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (research/polling organization)", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "newspapers"], "norms": ["information literacy", "media transparency", "media trust", "public opinion", "public trust"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partners with foundations (e.g., Knight Foundation) to conduct research on public trust in media sources, providing data that influences strategies for source attribution and content labeling.", "quote": "The Knight Foundation and Gallup (2018) have also done research into the importance of attributing the sources of news articles, finding that sources that tend to be perceived as having partisan agendas will often be rated as less trustworthy", "page": "7", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts regular polls and surveys to measure public trust and credibility in mass media, providing quantitative data on public perception of news organizations.", "quote": "Pesquisa recente do Instituto Gallup mostra que a credibilidade da mídia atingiu o menor índice desde 1972, quando iniciou o levantamento. Do pico de 72% de confiança do público em 1976, a imprensa americana bateu em 32% na pesquisa de 2016 (SWIFT).", "page": "138", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Ganymede: Journal of Gay Poetics", "aliases": ["Ganymede: Journal of Gay Poetics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / advocacy/special-interest group", "learned/scientific society / community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a journal dedicated to gay poetics, providing a platform for gay writers and academic discourse, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as...Ganymede: Journal of Gay Poetics in Sydney (1979–80)...provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "page": "207", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a journal to provide a venue for emerging gay writers and scholarly discussion of gay poetics, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "quote": "Ganymede: Journal of Gay Poetics in Sydney (1979–80)", "page": "207-208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Gay Changes", "aliases": ["Gay Changes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a magazine/journal to provide a platform for emerging gay writers and actively supported the gay liberation movement, promoting a political stance against repression.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as...Gay Changes in Adelaide (1977–9)...provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "page": "207", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published magazines and journals to provide venues for emerging gay writers and support the gay liberation movement, promoting LGBTQ+ identity and expression.", "quote": "Gay Changes in Adelaide (1977–9)", "page": "207-208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Gay Liberation Press", "aliases": ["Gay Liberation Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a magazine/journal to provide a platform for emerging gay writers and actively supported the gay liberation movement, promoting a political stance against repression.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as Gay Liberation Press (later GLP) in Sydney (1974–6)...provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "page": "207", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published magazines and journals to provide venues for emerging gay writers and support the gay liberation movement, promoting LGBTQ+ identity and expression.", "quote": "While Campaign dominated the commercial market, magazines and journals such as Gay Liberation Press (later GLP) in Sydney (1974–6)", "page": "207-208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Generation Identity", "aliases": ["Generation Identity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["border security", "national identity", "racial separatism", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads white nationalist and separatist content, leading to bans from mainstream platforms such as Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook banned white nationalist and separatist content, which resulted in the removal of groups like Generation Identity, Wolves of Odin, the British National Party (BNP), the English Defence League (EDL) and Britain First as well as far-right influencers...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a far-right European youth organization, Generation Identity organizes online and offline protests and activism against immigration to promote its ideology and influence public policy.", "quote": "Martin Sellner is an Austrian far-right leader and the co-founder of Generation Identity, a far-right European youth organization. His high-profile relationship with Brittany Pettibone has been well-documented on both of their channels, and he has organized both online and offline protests against immigration advocacy groups.", "page": "48", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "German Writers’ Union", "aliases": ["German Writers’ Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "literary freedom", "literary production", "political freedom", "public access", "writer interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns about the GDR's narrow approach to literature from the West and hoped for liberalization, indicating an internal pressure group challenging state censorship policies.", "quote": "In May 1963, the minister himself, Kurt Hager, addressed delegates of the German Writers’ Union, many of whom had hoped that the Wall would bring some liberalization.", "page": "154", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Represented writers and engaged with state authorities on literary policy, advocating for writers' interests and discussing potential liberalization in the GDR.", "quote": "In May 1963, the minister himself, Kurt Hager, addressed delegates of the German Writers’ Union, many of whom had hoped that the Wall would bring some liberalization.", "page": "154", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "GFW Report", "aliases": ["GFW Report"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Global", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information", "internet freedom", "reproducibility", "transparency"], "topics": ["censeur", "censorship"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Analyzed and published findings on new blocking mechanisms of the Grand Firewall, specifically concerning encrypted traffic, and disseminated strategies for circumvention to users.", "quote": "Une équipe de chercheurs de l'Université du Maryland, de l'Université du Colorado Boulder, de l'Université du Massachusetts Amherst et du GFW Report a analysé ce nouveau mécanisme et publié ses résultats à la conférence USENIX Security 2023.", "page": "3", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}, {"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research, publishes findings on internet censorship, and provides code, anonymized data, and updated blocklists to promote transparency and reproducibility in censorship research.", "quote": "To encourage future research and promote transparency and reproducibility, we have made the code, anonymized data, and constantly updated blocklists available.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "GFWatch", "aliases": ["GFWatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors website censorship in China, as part of large-scale projects tracking GFW blocklist changes.", "quote": "To monitor website censorship in China, several large-scale projects have been developed, including the GreatFire Analyzer [35], Blocky [36], GFWatch [3], and GFWeb [9].", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}, {"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Measures the DNS filtering performed by the Great Firewall of China longitudinally, using direct measurements from inside China, and makes this data publicly available.", "quote": "GFWatch measures the DNS filtering performed by the Great Firewall of China longitudinally [27] using direct measurements from inside China, and the data collected is available on the GFWatch web- site [23].", "page": "2", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Girl Scouts of the USA", "aliases": ["Girl Scouts of the USA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Denounced the film \"Blackboard Jungle", "quote": "Moral standards, youth protection.", "page": "others, including New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther, the Girl Scouts, the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, and the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, denounced the film.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Publicly denounced the film 'Blackboard Jungle', contributing to a negative public reaction and pressure against media content perceived as inappropriate.", "quote": "...the Girl Scouts... denounced the film.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Global Alliance for Responsible Media (GARM)", "aliases": ["Global Alliance for Responsible Media (GARM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Instagram", "Mastodon", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["brand safety", "content moderation", "harm reduction", "platform governance", "societal well-being"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Defines and establishes taxonomies for \"unsafe\"\" content categories", "quote": "thereby shaping what content is deemed acceptable for advertising. This indirectly impacts content moderation decisions.\"", "page": "brand safety, commercial interests of advertisers, public morals", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Established a partnership with Facebook, serving as an alternative to more radical advocacy, and influencing industry standards for brand safety and responsible media practices.", "quote": "Facebook also established a partnership with a competing organisation, the Global Alliance for Responsible Media. According to Hill, this alternate partnership served as a shield for Facebook to avoid complying with the more radical demands of the Stop Hate for Profit campaign.", "page": "12", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund", "aliases": ["Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "community building", "equal access", "harm reduction", "peacebuilding", "social cohesion", "social resilience"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An 'independent public-private partnership' that funds local, community-based CVE projects, including cultural events and counter-narrative campaigns, aiming to build resilience against violent extremism.", "quote": "the Global Com- munity and Engagement Resilience Fund (GCERF) is an “independent public-private partnership” which funds local, community-based CVE projects, with a focus on those local communities which “suffer the most from violent extrem- ism”.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides grants to civil society counter-extremism projects around the world, supported by the French government.", "quote": "the state has donated funds to the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund, which provides grants to civil society CE projects around the world.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Global Encryption Coalition", "aliases": ["Global Encryption Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Global", "India", "Japan", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["free speech", "information security", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocates against weakening encryption by highlighting the risks of backdoors and promoting understanding of its benefits for privacy and security.", "quote": "Em geral, a criação de portas clandestinas criará intencionalmente vulnerabilidades em um sistema, aumentando os riscos para todos os usuários (GLOBAL ENCRYPTION COALITION, 2020).", "page": "16", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with policymakers to counter misinformation about end-to-end encryption and advocates against the introduction of backdoors, emphasizing the security risks for all users.", "quote": "In general, introducing backdoors will intentionally introduce vulnerabilities into a system, increasing risks for all users (Global Encryption Coalition, 2020).", "page": "15", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Global Internet Freedom Consortium", "aliases": ["Global Internet Freedom Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed as an alliance of organizations to combat online censorship by developing and deploying anti-censorship technologies, providing technical advancements, promotion, and support for Internet users in oppressive regimes.", "quote": "The GIFC was is an alliance of organizations that develop and deploy anti-censorship technologies for Internet users residing in oppressive regimes [32].", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}, {"title": "A taxonomy of Internet censorship and anti-censorship", "author": "CS Leberknight, M Chiang, HV Poor…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Formed an alliance of organizations to combat online censorship through technical advancements, promotion, and support, leveraging combined strengths to develop and deploy anti-censorship technologies for users in oppressive regimes.", "quote": "To increase the ability to combat online censorship several organizations have joined an alliance known as the Global Internet Freedom Consortium (GIFC) which was formed in 2006.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.princeton.edu/~chiangm/anticensorship.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, authoritarian regimes (especially China), USA", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (1993-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Global Online Safety Regulators Network", "aliases": ["Global Online Safety Regulators Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body / watchdog/transparency", "Standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "online safety", "platform responsibility", "regulatory coherence", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Forum for regulators to share insights, coordinate approaches, and explore alignment in online safety; identified transparency reporting as an area for future coherence.", "quote": "The Global Online Safety Regulators Network (GOSRN), for example, which Ofcom is chairing in 2025, provides a vital space for regulators to share insights, coordinate approaches, and explore areas of potential alignment.", "page": "290", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A network for independent online safety regulators to share experience, expertise, and evidence, fostering coherent international approaches to online safety regulation and transparency.", "quote": "The Global Online Safety Regulators Network (GOSRN), for example, which Ofcom is chairing in 2025, provides a vital space for regulators to share insights, coordinate approaches, and explore areas of potential alignment.", "page": "317", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Global Survivors Network", "aliases": ["Global Survivors Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "North Africa", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "harm reduction", "peace", "public safety", "public understanding", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Highlights the negative impact of extremist activities on those they claim to represent, exposing factual inaccuracies and hypocrisies in extremist narratives to set the record straight and counter propaganda.", "quote": "highlights of how extremist activities have negatively impacted the people they claim to represent (Global Survivors Network (GSN)); exposing factual inaccuracies, hypocrisies or lies propagated and ‘setting the record straight’...", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Amplifies the voices of victims and survivors of violent extremism by producing and disseminating survivor testimonies through the Internet and social media, including documentary films, to de-glamorise and de-legitimise terrorist acts.", "quote": "Organisations such as the Global Survivors Network (GSN) have been set up precisely to leverage survivor testimonies, stories and insights as counter-narratives.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Global Voices", "aliases": ["Global Voices"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Como regular a moderação privada de conteúdo nos novos espaços públicos?", "author": "Maranhão, Por Juliano; Campos, Ricardo; Kettemann, Matthias", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Contributes to the academic and activist debate regarding the perceived inadequacy of existing content moderation measures on digital platforms.", "quote": "Por outro lado, o debate acadêmico e de ativistas digitais [20] tem apontado a insuficiência dessas medidas. Note-se que todas elas se referem a boas práticas após a tomada de decisão pelo provedor de aplicação acerca de medida sobre conteúdos ou contas.", "page": "1", "url": "Conjur", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), Europe, United States, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Credibility Coalition; Keepiton coalition", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Global Voices produces multilingual reporting, research and translation projects (Lingua), runs Advox and Rising Voices to document rights abuses, amplify marginalized voices, and shape public debate on platform practices and digital rights.", "quote": "Global Voices runs Advox (digital rights) and publishes reporting, research and advocacy on digital rights, freedom of expression, censorship, misinformation and surveillance affecting online platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://globalvoices.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Voices Advocacy", "aliases": ["Global Voices Advocacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "internet freedom", "internet openness"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Maps the accessibility of social media websites in different countries and may expand to map websites that ban users from certain countries, contributing to monitoring intermediary censorship.", "quote": "Global Voices Advocacy, which now maps the accessibility of social media Web sites in different countries, may need to start mapping Web sites that ban users from certain countries.", "page": "11", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}, {"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Advocates for internet freedom and raises awareness about censorship, for example, by discussing European legislative initiatives impacting online speech.", "quote": "Sami Ben Gharbia, “EU: Towards a European Global Online Freedom Act,\" Global Voices Advocacy", "page": "March 6", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Global Voices Online", "aliases": ["Global Voices Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "journalistic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Serves as a platform for citizen media and commentary, including on censorship issues, providing alternative views and reporting on internet freedom.", "quote": "Sami Ben Gharbia, Turkey: WordPress ban inspires firestorm of criticism, Global Voices Online, August 21, 2007, http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2007/08/21/turkey-wordpress-com-ban-inspires-firestorm-of-criticism/.", "page": "23", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}, {"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Serves as an online platform that publishes interviews and reports on global citizen media, including the Chinese blogosphere, helping to disseminate information and insights about online political developments and censorship challenges.", "quote": "CNblog founder Isaac Mao said in an interview with Global Voices Online that he believed the BBS crackdown was a significant factor behind the 2005 blog explosion", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}]}, {"name": "GreatFire", "aliases": ["GreatFire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "transparency", "user access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?", "author": "Chen, Yuyu; Yang, David Y.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and documents website blockages by the Great Firewall, provides reviews of censorship circumvention tools, increasing transparency about censorship activities.", "quote": "Information on website blockage is provided by greatfire.org, an organization that monitors the activities of the Great Firewall.", "page": "6", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171765", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Beijing university students)", "when": "2015–2017"}, {"title": "CacheBrowser: Bypassing Chinese Censorship without Proxies Using Cached Content", "author": "Holowczak, John; Houmansadr, Amir", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors and identifies URLs blocked by the Great Firewall of China, and runs projects (like the \"collateral freedom\"\" project) to mirror censored content on unblocked platforms", "quote": "Freedom of speech, open access to information, transparency regarding censorship", "page": "We noticed that many of the URLs blocked by the GFW are the mirror webpages set up by greatfire.org's \"collateral freedom\"\" project [16]", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2810103.2813696", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Teatro Amanhã", "aliases": ["Grupo de Teatro Amanhã"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["amateur theatre group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "state control"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "An amateur theatre group that staged a play compiled from texts and poems expressing opposition to the military regime, leading to the play being fully censored and prohibited across the country.", "quote": "participei de um grupo de teatro amador, intitulado Grupo de Teatro Amanhã. Ontem, hoje pelo amanhã foi nosso espetáculo de estréia, uma compilação de textos e poemas de autores diversos, manifestando-se contra a rudeza dos militares e da forma violenta e opressiva com que governavam a nação.", "page": "5", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Staged a compilation of texts and poems as a protest against the military dictatorship, leading to its complete censorship and prohibition from performing nationally.", "quote": "Ontem, hoje pelo amanhã foi nosso espetáculo de estréia, uma compilação de textos e poemas de autores diversos, manifestando-se contra a rudeza dos militares e da forma violenta e opressiva com que governavam a nação.", "page": "254", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Gay da Bahia", "aliases": ["Grupo Gay da Bahia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "lgbtq+ rights", "sexual freedom"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF) concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, advocating for the expansion of legal protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Lobbied and protested against discriminatory statements and policies regarding homosexuality, contributing to the movement for LGBTQ+ rights.", "quote": "...tal conquista do movimento homossexual somente se deu a partir de variadas campanhas e demandas de grupos que lutavam pelos direitos daquela minoria (como o chamado Grupo Gay da Bahia e outros congêneres).", "page": "187", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Gülen movement", "aliases": ["Gülen movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement", "religious association / social movement / network"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["political power", "power", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated as a religious network that expanded its economic, media, and educational presence, and infiltrated state bureaucracies (military, judiciary) to gain influence and power, eventually leading to its designation as a 'Parallel State Structure' and later a terrorist organization.", "quote": "The coup attempt has demonstrated that all that talk of democratization was a sham, disguising the weak policy reforms ostensibly geared towards strengthening democratic institutions and mechanisms. It seems plausible to suggest with the benefit of hindsight that the AKP mobilized the support base of the Gülen community in the bureaucracy for its power struggle against the military-led establishment. In return, Erdoğan, in his own words, gave them “whatever they asked for”.", "page": "151", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}, {"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Established a semi-clandestine organization which exerted influence within the state bureaucracy, police, and judiciary, impacting the implementation and arbitrariness of 'law enforcement' and censorship.", "quote": "Gülen has established a semi-clandestine organisation in the last forty years and used to have an increasingly stronger power base in Turkey. His followers have established schools and universities...", "page": "15", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Hacker Movements", "aliases": ["Hacker Movements", "Hacker movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "individual liberty", "individual rights", "limited government", "open source", "openness", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment to present", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news no contexto de pandemia e emergência social: os deveres e responsabilidades das plataformas de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo online entre …", "author": "IA Hartmann, J Iunes", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Hacker movements are premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics, which influences how technology is developed, shared, and managed, thereby contributing to norms around transparency and control.", "quote": "the pursuit of radical transparency by open source programming collectives (Kelty, 2008), and Wikipedia editing communities (Tkacz, 2015), the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013)", "page": "5", "url": "https://portal.idp.emnuvens.com.br/direitopublico/article/view/4607", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Algorithmic systems, digital platforms, historical examples from Sweden, France, and the US", "when": "Enlightenment era to present (focus on post-2010 algorithmic era)"}, {"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for open coding ethics and transparency as a means of libertarian self-realization, often intertwined with software hacking movements and open government initiatives.", "quote": "the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013), and the emerging intersection of software hacking movements with open government initiatives (Schrock, 2016).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "HarperCollins Union", "aliases": ["HarperCollins Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "publishing industry"], "norms": ["access to information", "diversity", "economic equality", "fair labor practices", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Digital Pen: Navigating the Performance of Authorship in the Digital Age", "author": "Johnson, Miriam J", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The union engaged in collective action (a strike) to influence power dynamics within the publishing industry. This action is discussed in the context of shifting power hierarchies and addressing systemic inequalities that affect authors' access to validation and reading publics, thereby impacting industry gatekeeping.", "quote": "The publishing industry itself is imbued with power dynamics that are continually playing out in more progressively public spaces online and in media, such as the HarperCollins Union strike in the US.", "page": "64", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-68134-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "online social media platforms, publishing industry (US, UK)", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Performing Censorship", "author": "MJ Johnson", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in collective action, such as strikes, to challenge existing power dynamics and influence content publication within the publishing industry. This can push back against homogenous perspectives and advocate for diverse voices.", "quote": "The publishing industry itself is imbued with power dynamics that are continually playing out in more progressively public spaces online and in media, such as the HarperCollins Union strike in the US.", "page": "59", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68134-9_4", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) and the publishing industry, primarily in the UK and US contexts.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2022-2024 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Harvard Law Review", "aliases": ["Harvard Law Review"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic discourse", "free speech", "legal scholarship", "privacy rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published an article ('Freedom of Speech in War Time') that influenced the legal interpretation of free speech and the development of the 'clear and present danger' test.", "quote": "por el artículo titulado «Freedom of Speech in War Time» que Zechariah Chafee publicó en la Harvard Law Review en el mismo año 1919.", "page": "23", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes influential scholarly articles, such as 'The Right to Privacy', which have contributed to the development of legal theory and the discourse on privacy rights.", "quote": "Anos antes, em dezembro de 1890, ao lado de Samuel D. Warren, Brandeis publicou na Harvard Law Review o seminal artigo “The Right to Privacy”...", "page": "5", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Harvard University", "aliases": ["Harvard University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ibero-America", "United States"], "media": ["LMOOCs", "MOOCs"], "norms": ["AI safety", "academic quality", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published a report for the Canadian government and called for an urgent human rights agenda for AI, advocating that AI governance must be situated in existing institutional frameworks of human rights law.", "quote": "Scholars at Harvard University have published a report on Al and human rights for the Canadian government; have called for an urgent human rights agenda for Al; and have argued that any emerging model for Al governance 'must be situated in and interact with existing institutional frameworks of applicable laws and policies, particularly human rights.'", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "LMOOCs: reflexões preliminares para o desenvolvimento de MOOCS comunicativos.", "author": "MV Liessem Fontana, VJ Leffa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Partnered with MIT to launch the edX platform and later reassessed its MOOC strategy, including a shift towards SPOCs (Small Private Online Courses), thereby influencing the evolution of online education models and their perceived effectiveness.", "quote": "Logo, o MIT em parceria com a Universidade de Harvard criaria a plataforma edX. [...] a BBC publicava a notícia de que a Universidade de Harvard estaria repensando sua política a respeito dos MOOCs e começando a investir seus esforços nos chamados SPOCs.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/be5f/0a0e439a392c32c699209572a5f50a3c8327.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global online education platforms, focusing on MOOCs/LMOOCs offered by universities in the US, Europe, and Ibero-America.", "when": "Post-2008 platform era (MOOCs up to 2017)"}]}, {"name": "Heinrich Böll Foundation", "aliases": ["Heinrich Böll Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "anti-discrimination", "democratic integrity", "privacy", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research papers and e-papers to inform public discourse, raise awareness about issues like algorithmic misogynoir, and advocate for policy changes regarding content moderation practices.", "quote": "Published by Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung Washington, DC, June 2021", "page": "1", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}, {"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produced a websérie that documented cases where biotechnologies were used for data collection and revealed biases in facial recognition systems, acting as a transparency and watchdog mechanism.", "quote": "Websérie produzida pela Fundação Heinrich Böll, no projeto “Coding Rights”, explica como raça, gênero e território são percebidos por sistemas de reconhecimento facial desenvolvidos em diversos países do mundo.", "page": "38", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Herdict", "aliases": ["Herdict"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "India", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India", "author": "Yadav, Tarun Kumar; Sinha, Akshat; Gosain, Devashish; Sharma, Piyush Kumar; Chakravarty, Sambuddho", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Curates and provides lists of potentially blocked websites, serving as a public resource for reporting and identifying web blockages, and is used by researchers to compile datasets for censorship studies.", "quote": "We began our research by compiling a corpus of about 1200 potentially blocked sites (PBWs), curated from various Internet sites (e.g. Herdict [6], Citizen Lab [10]).", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3278532.3278555", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India (major ISPs: Airtel, Idea, Vodafone, Reliance Jio, MTNL, BSNL, Siti, Sifi, NKN)", "when": "2015-2018"}, {"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Invites end-users to participate in in-country testing on an ongoing basis to identify potential cases of ISP-level Internet filtering.", "quote": "Identifying potential cases of filtering by ISPs is likely to be easier in the future with the advent of tools like Herdict (www.herdict.org), which invite end users to be involved with in-country testing on a continuing basis.", "page": "1", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation", "aliases": ["High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "expert group/think tank"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "diversity and inclusion", "harm reduction", "media literacy", "news media diversity", "professional standards", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Recommended avoiding imperative state intervention in combating disinformation, focusing instead on supporting professional journalism and self-regulation.", "quote": "Así, también el Informe del Grupo Independiente de Expertos de alto nivel sobre fake news y desinformación apunta a la evitación de la intervención imperativa de administra ciones y gobiernos38.", "page": "179", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation", "author": "Stewart, Elizabeth", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advised the EU on how to address disinformation by defining it as content intentionally causing public harm or profit, and suggesting interventions for platforms and stakeholders.", "quote": "The High Level Expert Group (HLEG) on fake news and online disinformation specify that the target of their efforts is disinformation defined as “false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented, and promoted to intentionally cause public harm or for profit”", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-021-00442-x", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on discussions within USA and EU contexts", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Hiperderecho", "aliases": ["Hiperderecho"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms and a letter to Mark Zuckerberg, advocating for digital rights.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... Hiperderecho (Perú)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... Hiperderecho (Perú)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong Journalists Association", "aliases": ["Hong Kong Journalists Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Organizational Production of Self-Censorship in the Hong Kong Media", "author": "Lee, Francis L.F.; Chan, Joseph", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The association monitors and documents issues related to press freedom and self-censorship through surveys and annual reports, publicizing findings to highlight problems within the media industry and advocate for journalistic autonomy.", "quote": "A survey in early 2007 found that 58.5 percent of the Hong Kong journalists interviewed regarded self-censorship as having become more serious than it was ten years ago.¹", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161208326598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hong Kong media", "when": "post-1997 (specifically 2006-2007 for primary data)"}, {"title": "Press self-censorship and political transition in Hong Kong", "author": "CC Lee", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "The Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) identifies and documents various forms of self-censorship, external pressures, and internal organizational factors affecting press freedom. It acts as a watchdog, articulating the norms of journalistic professionalism and publicly criticizing media outlets that compromise their responsibilities, thereby exerting public and professional pressure against journalistic compliance.", "quote": "The Hong Kong Journalists Association has identified three broad categories of self-censorship: direct and indirect external pressure on a media organization, pressure within a media organization, and assimilation of values by journalists (1997:50–57).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1081180X98003002005", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hong Kong", "when": "late 20th century (pre- and post-1997 handover)"}]}, {"name": "Hooligans gegen Satzbau", "aliases": ["Hooligans Gegen Satzbau", "Hooligans gegen Satzbau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "good discourse", "objectivity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A civil society organisation collaborating on topics related to hate speech, contributing to the broader movement against online hate.", "quote": "Since the beginning of 2016, the No Hate Speech Movement has collaborated on several topics with various people from different fields, including civil society organisations such as Jugend Rettet and Hooligans gegen Satzbau...", "page": "53", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An ironic counter-speech campaign that appropriates the name of an anti-Islam neo-Nazi group to challenge hate speech content by 'correcting' it and calling for objective discussion.", "quote": "an ironic counter-speech campaign... which it challenges by 'correcting' hate speech content and calling for objective discussion.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Campaign", "aliases": ["Human Rights Campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "civil rights / LGBTQ+ advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "lgbt rights", "marriage equality"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Its red-and-pink equal sign logo was adopted by many Facebook participants as their profile picture, serving as a tool for digital activism to display support for marriage equality and generate sympathetic power.", "quote": "Many Facebook participants made the HRC’s red-and-pink equal sign their profile picture in early 2013, displaying support for marriage equality while the U.S. Supreme Court heard two crucial cases on the issue.", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "HRC mobilizes millions of supporters digitally, runs nationwide campaigns and an Accountability Tracker, leverages corporate partnerships and public campaigns to pressure policymakers and institutions.", "quote": "HRC’s core mission is LGBTQ+ equality, but it engages in campaigns, accountability tracking and digital mobilization that touch platform content and moderation (e.g., online hate, digital outreach).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.hrc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Watch (HRW)", "aliases": ["Human Rights Watch (HRW)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Gaza", "Global", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Documented over 1,000 cases of unjustified removals and suppression of pro-Palestinian content on Meta platforms, acting as a watchdog to highlight human rights impacts of content moderation and demand accountability.", "quote": "As of December 2023, the Human Rights Watch documented more than 1,000 cases of unjustified removals and other forms of suppression of content on Facebook and Instagram related to Palestine and Palestinians, including content that seeks to document, condemn or raise awareness about the situation in Gaza, all of peaceful support of Palestine.", "page": "14", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}, {"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published reports documenting actions by President Jair Bolsonaro, such as blocking critics' social media accounts, to highlight censorship and human rights concerns.", "quote": "Segundo o relatório da ONG Human Rights Watch (2022), o presidente bloqueou mais de 176 contas de redes sociais, incluindo jornalistas, congressistas, influenciadores com mais de um milhão de seguidores e outros cidadãos.", "page": "119", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Humanitarian Law Project", "aliases": ["Humanitarian Law Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "humanitarian principles"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Challenged a law that criminalized providing 'material support' to foreign terrorist organizations, including non-violent expert advice or assistance, arguing this violated freedom of expression.", "quote": "Pues bien, parece que los temores de Stone se materializaron 6 años después de la pu blicación de la sentencia del caso Holder vs. Humanitarian Law Project, de 21 de junio de 2010, en la que el Tribunal Supremo, por mayoría de 6 a 3 y con ponencia del Chief Justice Roberts, admitió la constitucionalidad de una previsión de 1994 —modificada por la USA Patriot Act— relativa al carácter delictivo de todo aquel discurso que consista en un ase soramiento a una organización terrorista extranjera basado en un conocimiento científico, técnico o especializado.", "page": "27", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Il ruolo dei social network nella lotta all'hate speech: un'analisi comparata fra l'esperienza statunitense e quella europea", "author": "F Abbondante", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The organization's provision of 'training ed expert and assistance' was interpreted by the US Supreme Court as 'material support' to foreign terrorist organizations, leading to the prohibition of these activities under antiterrorism laws.", "quote": "Nella menzionata e criticatissima sentenza della Corte Suprema il supporto materiale, soprattutto nella sua estrinsecazione di training ed expert and assistance, pur essendo un'attività di puro pensiero [...] può rappresentare un sostegno materiale a organizzazioni inserite nell'elenco governativo e dare luogo a un'ipotesi di coordinated speech vietato dalla legge federale.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.ittig.cnr.it/EditoriaServizi/AttivitaEditoriale/InformaticaEDiritto/Rivista_IeD_1-2-2017_Abbondante.pdf", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2000 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "ICLab", "aliases": ["ICLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic research collective / watchdog/transparency group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["censorship analysis"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "GFWeb: Measuring the Great Firewall’s Web Censorship at Scale", "author": "Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Dalek, Jakub; Crete-Nishihata, Masashi; Christin, Nicolas; Polychronakis, Michalis", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a global, longitudinal internet censorship measurement platform using commercial VPNs as primary measurement vantage points; however, its visibility into China is restricted by the country's prohibitions on commercial VPNs.", "quote": "To minimize risks on volunteers, ICLab [56] uses commercial VPNs as its primary measurement vantage points. Yet, this method restricts its visibility into China, given the country's prohibitions on commercial VPNs.", "page": "4", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, Great Firewall", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates a global, longitudinal measurement platform that utilizes commercial virtual private networks (VPNs) to gain vantage points in various countries and determine Internet censorship activities.", "quote": "ICLab is a different global, longitudinal measurement platform that utilizes commercial virtual private networks (VPNs) to gain vantage points in countries around the globe to determine censorship activities.", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}]}, {"name": "ICT4Peace Foundation", "aliases": ["ICT4Peace Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "extremism", "hate speech", "national security", "online safety", "peace"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Facebook, Twitter, Microsoft, and Google on learning workshops and created the Shared Industry Hash Database to exchange best practices and develop techniques for detecting and classifying hateful content.", "quote": "Juntamente com Twitter, Microsoft e Google, a empresa criou o Banco de Dados de Hash da Indústria Compartilhada um repositório para trocar as melhores práticas de desenvolvimento de técnicas de detecção e classificação de conteúdo odiento usando aprendizado de máquina e as impressões deixadas por outros interagentes violadores", "page": "13", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}, {"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Partners with the Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism, contributing to efforts that aim to counter violent extremism and foster peace and security in the digital age, influencing moderation strategies.", "quote": "The Forum will partner with two existing UN initiatives in this area: “Tech Against Terrorism” and the “ICT4Peace”.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "ID2020 Alliance", "aliases": ["ID2020 Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["8kun", "Gab", "Instagram"], "norms": ["anti-surveillance", "digital inclusion", "human rights", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Deep state phobia: Narrative convergence in coronavirus conspiracism on Instagram", "author": "Tuters, Marc; Willaert, Tom", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its advocacy for digital identity for undocumented people is interpreted conspiratorially as an existing governance initiative contributing to the 'Great Reset' metanarrative, linking it to global control and mass surveillance agendas on Instagram.", "quote": "for example, “id2020” refers to an NGO advocating digital identity for undocumented people, \"agenda21\"\" refers to a UN resolution for sustainable growth and \"\"event201\"\" refers to a pre-COVID-19 pandemic exercise funded by the Gates Foundation.\"", "page": "9", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13548565221118751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, U.S.", "when": "2020"}, {"title": "Conceptualizing “Dark Platforms”. Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab", "author": "Zeng, Jing; Schäfer, Mike S.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Within conspiracy theories on 'dark platforms', the ID2020 Alliance is seen as collaborating with the Gates Foundation and pharmaceutical companies, offering its services as part of a goal to microchip everyone on Earth, particularly through COVID-19 vaccines.", "quote": "The Gates Foundation and their partners in Big Pharma wait in the wings with their offering of the ID2020 Alliance and its goal to microchip everyone on earth.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "8kun and Gab platforms, with a focus on COVID-19-related content from primarily US and UK users", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "IFEX", "aliases": ["IFEX"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a global network defending freedom of expression, focusing on journalists' safety and advocating against threats.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A network of organizations committed to defending and promoting free expression, monitoring and reporting on censorship issues globally, including in China.", "quote": "Organizations in the West that monitor and report on the status of Chinese dissidents include the Congressional-Executive Commission on China (www.cecc.gov) and the IFEX network of organizations committed to defending and promoting free expression (www.ifex.org).", "page": "252", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Iglesia Católica", "aliases": ["Iglesia Católica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["ideological control", "information control", "public morals", "religious doctrine", "respect for religious institutions"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1938, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La censura (1938-1978), otro elemento de la vida teatral", "author": "Martos, Maite", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Catholic Church's interests were closely aligned with the Francoist regime, leading to its moral and religious criteria becoming dominant in the censorship process, with clergy actively enforcing these standards.", "quote": "la total identificación entre los intereses de la Iglesia Católica y el régimen franquista que se dio desde los primerísimos años 40, y especialmente desde la entrada en el Ministerio de Información y Turismo de Manuel Arias Salgado, en 1945, provocó que los criterios morales predominaran en la actuación de los censores.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/rilce/article/view/26739", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1938–1978"}, {"title": "Censura cultural y dictadura", "author": "Delgado, Por Verónica; Merbilháa, Margarita; Príncipi, Ana; Rogers, Geraldine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Its moral and religious principles (specifically, \"Religión cristiana\"\") served as a key reference point for the state's censorship policies", "quote": "Christian religion, public morals, \"good customs", "page": "traditional values\"", "url": "comisionporlamemoria.org", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1960s–1983"}]}, {"name": "Igreja Pentecostal Geração Jesus Cristo", "aliases": ["Igreja Pentecostal Geração Jesus Cristo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["human dignity", "religious freedom", "religious tolerance"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its pastor was involved in a legal case concerning religious racism, where his videos were found to disseminate hate speech, leading to a judicial discussion on the limits of religious expression.", "quote": "Resumidamente, o paciente, pastor da “Igreja Pentecostal Geração Jesus Cristo”, foi acusado e condenado pela prática do crime de racismo religioso previsto no art. 20, §2º, da Lei nº 7.716/89, após divulgar vídeo no qual exibia os livros... afirmando que: “...é uma religião assassina como o Islamismo.”", "page": "203", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its pastor disseminated videos containing hate speech against other religions, leading to a legal case on religious racism and the limits of freedom of expression.", "quote": "Resumidamente, o paciente, pastor da “Igreja Pentecostal Geração Jesus Cristo”, foi acusado e condenado pela prática do crime de racismo religioso previsto no art. 20, §2º, da Lei nº 7.716/89, após divulgar vídeo no qual exibia os livros... afirmando que: “...é uma religião assassina como o Islamismo.”", "page": "203", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Theatre Society", "aliases": ["Independent Theatre Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "England", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "artistic innovation", "social critique"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Staged plays like Ibsen's Ghosts that were considered controversial and would likely be banned by the Lord Chamberlain, circumventing official censorship by classifying performances as private events for members.", "quote": "private staging of Ghosts by the Independent Theatre Society in 1891 caused a furor as well as a veritable outrage in London.", "page": "58", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "The Censorship of English Drama 1824-1901", "author": "Barrett, Daniel; Stephens, John Russell", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "The Society attempted to challenge theatrical censorship by staging plays, particularly those by Ibsen and Shaw, that were deemed too controversial or morally problematic by the Lord Chamberlain's office to receive a license.", "quote": "the Lord Chamberlain's Office effectively thwarted the attempt of the Independent Theatre Society to produce unpopular, but important new works.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3206833?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Index Librorum Prohibitorum", "aliases": ["Index Librorum Prohibitorum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious tradition"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published lists of forbidden books to control the circulation of texts deemed heretical or immoral, influencing literary and intellectual life for centuries.", "quote": "Si potrebbero per esempio mettere assieme i circa 8.000 titoli elencati nell’unione delle varie edizioni dell’Index Librorum Prohibitorum pubblicato da Jesús–Martínez de Bujanda (2002)", "page": "16", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}, {"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Maintained a list of forbidden books, which served as a fundamental set of criteria for state censorship under the Francoist regime.", "quote": "Básicamente, se partió de las normas establecidas en el Índice romano. La aplicación de tales normas fue establecida por un grupo de dignatarios eclesiásticos...", "page": "5", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Indische Partij", "aliases": ["Indische Partij"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party", "political party / social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocated for independence and anti-Dutch sentiment through pamphlets and its newspaper, leading to its leaders being arrested and exiled by the colonial government.", "quote": "one of the leaders of the Indische Partij (The Indies/ Indian Party), Soewardi Soerjaningrat (later more commonly known as Ki Hajar Dewantoro) authored a brief pamphlet in Dutch, entitled ‘Als ik eens Nederlander was’ (‘If I ever was a Netherlander’).12 The pamphlet was published initially in the Dutch language newspaper of the party (De Expres — The Express) and later in pamphlet form in Malay.", "page": "84", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Authored and published pamphlets (e.g., 'Als ik eens Nederlander was') to incite anti-Dutch sentiment and advocate for independence, leading to state repression.", "quote": "one of the leaders of the Indische Partij (The Indies/Indian Party), Soewardi Soerjaningrat [...] authored a brief pamphlet in Dutch, entitled ‘Als ik eens Nederlander was’", "page": "84", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Information Technology & Innovation Foundation", "aliases": ["Information Technology & Innovation Foundation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "policy think tank"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and analyses, such as a guide on 'techlash,' contributing to the academic and policy discourse on the challenges and regulation of big tech companies.", "quote": "A Policymaker’s Guide to the “Techlash”—What It Is and Why It’s a Threat to Growth and Progress. Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, 28 oct. 2019.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "ITIF produces policy reports and briefs, files formal comments and testimony to regulators and Congress, and runs media and advocacy efforts to shape platform, AI, and Big Tech policy.", "quote": "ITIF produces research, regulatory comments, and testimony on platform regulation, Big Tech policy, AI policy, and laws such as the DMA/Online Safety Act, directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://itif.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Infowars", "aliases": ["InfoWars", "Infowars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-mainstream media", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a conspiracy theory media outlet, Infowars disseminates conspiracy theories and critical commentary on social justice and mainstream media, contributing to alternative media narratives.", "quote": "Paul Joseph Watson is the British editor-at-large of the conspiracy theory media outlet Infowars. He also posts his own content to his YouTube channel, in which he criticizes social justice movements, mainstream news media, and mainstream entertainment.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operated as an alternative right-wing media outlet that challenged established news sources and spread conspiracy theories and disinformation online.", "quote": "Alternative right-wing media, such as InfoWars... played an important role in the lead up to the 2016 election, positioning themselves as counters to mainstream media bias...", "page": "9", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "INHOPE", "aliases": ["INHOPE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "On\" Trusted\"\" Flaggers\"", "author": "N Appelman, P Leerssen", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates a global network of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) hotlines. Expert analysts assess reported content, make reports to police and platforms, and hash the content to prevent future uploads (notice-and-staydown).", "quote": "Its central player is INHOPE, a global network of CSAM hotlines. Typically, once content is reported to a hotline, an expert analyst makes an assessment.", "page": "462", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/yjolt24&section=12", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates a pan-European hotline network to facilitate reporting and aid in the removal of child sexual abuse material online, co-funded under safer internet action plans.", "quote": "an example is INHOPE, the pan-European hotline associated co-funded originally under the safer internet action plan.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Parepare", "aliases": ["Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Parepare"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "interfaith harmony", "religious harmony", "religious moderation", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation", "media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Collaborated on community service activities to form cross-religious youth organizations and train youth leaders in creating harmonious content. It also implemented a Community Service Program focused on promoting religious moderation in the community.", "quote": "In 2022, the Islamic State Institute of Parepare collaborated with the Ministry of Religion of Sidrap Regency in a community service activities (Husna, 2022). The results of this community service program include: (1) the formation of a cross-religious youth organization that strengthens the concept of brotherhood as the foundation of interfaith harmony...", "page": "6", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}, {"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As an academic institution, it likely contributes to the discourse and research on religious moderation, and authors from this institution are publishing this paper on the topic.", "quote": "Fatmawati Anwar, Islamul Haq IAIN Parepare", "page": "1", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institut Montaigne", "aliases": ["Institut Montaigne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to justice", "algorithmic fairness", "evidence-based policy", "fairness", "justice system integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic content moderation and the LGBTQ+ community’s freedom", "author": "Sulmicelli, Sergio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes executive reports and research on topics like algorithmic bias to inform policy and advocate for specific norms and values in technology governance.", "quote": "Institut Montaigne, Algorithms: Please Mind the Bias!, Executive Report, March 2020.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, EU regulatory context", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a report on \"Justice: faites entrer le numérique\"\"", "quote": "Efficiency, modernization of public service, innovation in law.", "page": "Justice : faites entrer le numérique (rapport), InstitutMontaigne.org, novembre 2018.", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)", "aliases": ["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "human well-being", "professional ethics", "risk management", "software quality", "tech ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published a 2017 report on ethically aligned design for AI, listing as its first principle that AI design should not infringe upon international human rights, thereby setting norms and guiding ethical development in the technical community.", "quote": "The IEEE's 2017 report on ethically aligned design for Al lists as its first principle that Al design should not infringe upon international human rights.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Publishes standards for software project risk management and contributes to creating codes of ethics and professional practice for computing professionals.", "quote": "Later, he worked with others in the ACM and the Computer Society of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) developing licensing standards for software engineers.", "page": "35", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Alana", "aliases": ["Instituto Alana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["News media", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "children's rights", "legal compliance", "platform responsibility"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Defended a systemic interpretation that recognizes existing legal norms, like the ECA, already impose a general duty of care on platforms, especially regarding children's and adolescents' rights. They argued for platforms to take a more proactive stance, extending the duty to platform development and algorithms.", "quote": "Isabella Henriques, do Instituto Alana, defendeu uma interpretação sistemática e harmoniosa que reconheça que as normas do Marco Civil da Internet não podem se sobrepor a um dever geral de cuidado com o conteúdo consumido por crianças e adolescentes.", "page": "9", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}, {"title": "Do YouTube à notícia: vulnerabilidade e agência nas representações de crianças produtoras de conteúdo", "author": "RO Tomaz", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Instituto Alana, through its 'Children and Consumption Program', participated in civil lawsuits and denunciations against hidden advertising and illegal data collection targeting children on YouTube, actively combating commercial exploitation.", "quote": "As quatro ações referidas no texto tiveram a participação do Instituto Alana, voltado para a promoção dos direitos das crianças, particularmente no âmbito de uma cultura do consumo.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/gal/a/pZYYzgbrW5xpLHS4ZqWKg3R/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, news media, Brazil", "when": "2017-2019"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "harm prevention", "internet security", "judicial oversight", "platform power", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Tecnologia, liberdade de expressão e direitos fundamentais: um modelo de efetividade sem autoritarismo", "author": "BCP Langoni, HK de Medeiros Costa, LIAM Faiad", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engaging in research and advocacy related to technology and society, and providing analysis on the constitutional implications of digital technologies, such as end-to-end encryption, in legal contexts.", "quote": "A criptografia ponta a ponta (end-to-end encryption (E2EE) não é um mero detalhe de implementação, mas uma garantia institucional do sigilo das comunicações, assegurado pelo art. 5°, XII, da Constituição Federal. A tecnologia funciona de modo que apenas o remetente e o destinatário possuem as chaves necessárias para decodificar as mensagens, tornando tecnicamente impossível o acesso por terceiros (inclusive pela própria plataforma provedora do serviço) (ITS Rio, 2020).", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.revistadcs.com/index.php/revista/article/view/5167", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, Germany, United Kingdom, India, United States (digital environments)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2026)"}, {"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocated for greater caution in adopting foreign 'duty of care' models, highlighting the risks of granting excessive discretion to platforms and leading to over-moderation. They also proposed administrative sanctions for non-compliance with systemic risk duties, aligning with the Marco Civil da Internet.", "quote": "Fabio Steibel, do Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITS Rio), defenderam maior cautela na adoção de modelos estrangeiros, incluindo o dever de cuidado... destacando os riscos de conceder ainda mais poder às plataformas e levar à moderação excessiva.", "page": "10", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "content moderation practices", "data protection", "free speech", "harm reduction", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Positioned itself on legislative proposals (PL 2630/2020) by publishing a Technical Note debating potential problematic aspects of the draft, arguing against imposing monitoring duties on platforms.", "quote": "O ITS também se posicionou sobre o PL 2630/2020 à época de tramitação no Senado. A opinião foi divulgada ao público através de Nota Técnica debatendo diversos pontos relativos à possíveis problemáticas na redação do projeto.", "page": "35", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a research institution, ITS Rio conducts studies, publishes reports and technical notes on proposed legislation (such as Brazil's PL das Fake News, EU's Digital Services Act, and UK's Online Safety Bill), providing critical analysis and suggestions to inform public debate and regulatory development concerning content moderation, privacy, and data protection.", "quote": "No presente estudo do Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (ITS Rio), serão analisadas três propostas regulatórias que ainda estão sob discussão parlamentar e que prometem diretrizes inovadoras de governança digital.", "page": "4", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Ideia Big Data", "aliases": ["Instituto Ideia Big Data"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["public trust", "quality information"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts public opinion polls and research that reveal trends in trust towards institutions, such as the electronic voting system, thereby influencing public discourse and political debate on electoral integrity.", "quote": "Exemplo disso é o fato apontado pelo Instituto Ideia Big Data, que, em pesquisa divulgada, indica que a proporção de pessoas que “confiam muito” na urna eletrônica caiu de 42% em outubro de 2018 para 27% em maio de 2021.", "page": "176", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducted and published research indicating a decrease in public trust in electronic voting machines, reflecting the impact of discourse aimed at discrediting the electoral system.", "quote": "Exemplo disso é o fato apontado pelo Instituto Ideia Big Data, que, em pesquisa divulgada, indica que a proporção de pessoas que “confiam muito” na urna eletrônica caiu de 42% em outubro de 2018 para 27% em maio de 2021.", "page": "176", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto LGPD", "aliases": ["Instituto LGPD"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "data privacy", "digital rights", "due process", "human rights", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed regulation for platforms concerning transparency, including transparent descriptions of rules, tools (automated/human moderation), funding sources, appeal mechanisms, and information on content moderation teams.", "quote": "El Instituto LGPD57... ha listado sus proposiciones para regulación de plataformas en términos de transparencia59: tanto las reglas como las herramientas para aplicarlas, incluyendo la moderación automática y humana deben ser descritas de forma transparente...", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed specific transparency regulations for platforms, including clear descriptions of moderation tools, funding sources, and appeal mechanisms to guarantee user rights.", "quote": "El Instituto LGPD57, en referencia a la Ley General de Proteción de Datos Personal... ha listado sus proposiciones para regulación de platafor-mas en términos de transparencia59: tanto las reglas como las herramientas para aplicarlas, incluyendo la moderación automática y humana deben ser descritas de forma transparente...", "page": "25", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Interest groups", "aliases": ["Interest Groups", "Interest groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "public deliberation", "rule of law", "shared values"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Elasticidad y moderación en las sociedades liberales", "author": "Torres Velasco, Javier", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As part of 'interest group liberalism,' these groups attempt to resolve crises of public authority by disregarding legal frameworks and assigning the power to create public policies to private groups, thereby influencing governance and public deliberation away from traditional democratic processes.", "quote": "El liberalismo de los grupos de interés intenta ponerle fin a la crisis de autoridad pública al hacer caso omiso de la ley y al asignar el poder de hacer políticas públicas a grupos privados.", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/opera/article/view/8849", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States", "when": "1960s-present"}, {"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Utilize social power to influence the political system by presenting their interests in the public sphere, often through public-relations campaigns, and participate in bargaining networks.", "quote": "Among these political and social actors who do not have to obtain their resources from other spheres, I primarily include the large interest groups that enjoy social power, as well as the established parties that have largely become arms of the political system. They draw on market studies and opinion surveys and conduct their own professional public-relations campaigns.", "page": "375", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE)", "aliases": ["International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical principles", "information ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized the first international symposium dealing with intercultural information ethics, fostering dialogue and consensus on ethical principles.", "quote": "The first international symposium dealing explicitly with intercultural information ethicswas organized bythe International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE)...", "page": "641", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Founded to promote research and discussion in intercultural information ethics.", "quote": "Rafael Capurro’s creation of the International Center for Information Ethics (ICIE) in 1999", "page": "41", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children", "aliases": ["International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Global", "India", "Japan", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides authoritative definitions and model legislation for combating child sexual abuse material (CSAM), influencing policy and legal frameworks related to content moderation.", "quote": "A definição legal de material de abuso sexual de crianças (CSAM, iniciais de \"child sexual abuse material\"\"", "page": "em inglês) varia de acordo coam a jurisdição e geralmente se refere à retratação ou representação de crianças envolvidas em atividade ou abuso sexual (INTER- NATIONAL CENTRE FOR MISSING & EXPLOITED CHILDREN (ICMEC)", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}, {"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides legal definitions and guidance related to child sexual abuse material (CSAM), which is used by jurisdictions and content moderation efforts to identify and address such content.", "quote": "The legal definition of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) varies by jurisdiction, and generally refers to the depiction or representation of children engaged in sexual activity or abuse (International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), 2018).", "page": "6", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)", "aliases": ["International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["advertising practices", "marketing practices", "private interests", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes consolidated codes of conduct for advertising and marketing, acting as a leader in transnational self-regulatory regimes for media and communication.", "quote": "the International Chamber of Commerce has shown leadership in the area of marketing and advertising where a trans-national self-regulatory regime has developed.", "page": "64", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Advocates for self-regulation by the private sector in Internet governance, preferring cooperation over global ultimate authority.", "quote": "Others opt for an approach in which there is cooperation between nations where necessary, but that much can be left to self-regulation by the private sector (see Hassan, 2005; ICC, 2004).", "page": "475", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "International Commission of Jurists", "aliases": ["International Commission of Jurists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["human rights", "platform autonomy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Crime as Cognitive Constraint: Facebook's Role in Myanmar's Incitement Landscape and the Promise of International Tort Liability", "author": "Domino, Jenny", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducting legal research and publishing reports concerning human rights, such as citizenship laws in Myanmar, and corporate complicity in international crimes.", "quote": "See Citizenship and Human Rights in Myanmar: Why Law Reform is Urgent and Possible, INT'L COMM'N OF JURISTS (June 2019), https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Myanmar-Citizenship-law-reform-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-2019-ENG.pdf", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2016-2020 events"}, {"title": "How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression", "author": "S Guriev, D Treisman", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Documented and reported on public instances of corporal punishment of political prisoners, which served to expose state brutality and counter state-controlled narratives about political dissent.", "quote": "Political prisoners were \"publicly flogged by bare-chested wrestlers\"\" (Talbot 2009", "page": "p.250)", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2572452", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global authoritarian states", "when": "Post-WWII to present"}]}, {"name": "International Communication Association", "aliases": ["International Communication Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "communication science advancement", "ethical scholarship", "fair use", "intellectual property rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized scholars (like Professor Rice) for their contributions, promoting research in communication science and social effects of mass communication relevant to online hate.", "quote": "Ronald E. Rice has been an officer in both the International Communication Association and the Academy of Management and was elected president (2006–2007) and fellow (2010) of the International Communication Association (ICA).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides a \"Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication\"\" to guide academic researchers on the ethical use of copyrighted materials in analysis and commentary.\"", "quote": "the International Communication Association endorses it [fair use] in the service of “analysis, criticism, commentary” (Jazi, Aufderheide, and the International Communication Association 2010, 9).", "page": "237", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "International Conference of Police Associations", "aliases": ["International Conference of Police Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "professional honour", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Exerted strong pressure on libraries to remove specific children's books from their collections, particularly those that depicted police officers in a manner they considered degrading.", "quote": "The ALA also took a strong stand when the International Conference of Police As-sociations and its affiliates attempted to bring strong pressure against libraries to remove William Steig's Sylvester and the Magic Pebble from their collections.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Applied strong pressure on libraries to remove specific children's books from their collections, such as 'Sylvester and the Magic Pebble', due to perceived objectionable content.", "quote": "The ALA also took a strong stand when the International Conference of Police As-sociations and its affiliates attempted to bring strong pressure against libraries to remove William Steig's Sylvester and the Magic Pebble from their collections.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "International Debate Education Association (IDEA)", "aliases": ["International Debate Education Association (IDEA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic literacy", "critical thinking", "education", "fairness", "free speech", "informed debate"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito", "modération des débats"], "languages": ["French", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides courses and seminars for the training of debate judges, focusing on evaluation and communication aspects, thus contributing to the standardization and professionalization of debate moderation globally.", "quote": "alcune organizzazioni internazionali, come il World Debate Institute o l'International Debate Education Association, offrono corsi e seminari mirati alla formazione dei giudici, che coprono tutti gli aspetti del processo di valutazione e della comunicazione in un contesto di dibattito.", "page": "58", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}, {"title": "Enseigner le débat en classe de LE", "author": "A Renson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promotes debate education globally by developing curricula, training programs, and publications that establish rules and structures for moderated public discourse and argumentation in educational settings.", "quote": "Snider, A. & Schnurer, M. (2006). Many Sides: Debate Across the Curriculum. New-York: International Debate Education Association.", "page": "48", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/257627", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (survey context); global context for educational resources and debate pedagogy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)", "aliases": ["International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Outlines journalistic values that serve as a standard for editorial conduct, which is contrasted with algorithmic editing in social media.", "quote": "On Facebook, we do not know the principles and values (as opposed to journalistic values as outlined in International Federation of Journalists 1986) behind the editing done by the algorithm.", "page": "74", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A global federation comprising numerous journalists' associations worldwide, which is part of the broader self-regulatory landscape.", "quote": "Este organismo está também inserido na FIP, Federação Internacional da Imprensa, que engloba cerca de quarenta e seis associações por todo o Mundo (Esteban et al, 2011, 433).", "page": "45", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)", "aliases": ["International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censura", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Catalan", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Gestión de Recursos Humanos en la Moderación de Contenidos Sociales: Perspectivas desde la Ley de Servicios Digitales", "author": "MN Cansado, ÁQ Gómez", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Issued a declaration concluding that the use of AI in content moderation infringes on freedom of expression, advocating for transparency and against opacity in content removal criteria. This acts as a form of norm-setting and public pressure from a professional perspective.", "quote": "El debate sobre la moderación de contenidos mediante la IA se abre con detractores y defensores, la Declaración de la IFLA sobre Bibliotecas e Inteligencia artificial (Committee on Freedom of Access to Information, 2020) concluye sobre esta cuestión que el uso de IA en la moderación de contenidos supone una infracción contra la libertad de expresión, que puede conducir a la falta de transparencia y opacidad con relación a los criterios de eliminación.", "page": "4", "url": "https://visualcompublications.es/revVISUAL/article/view/6128", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, Large Digital Platforms", "when": "post-2023 platform era"}, {"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Redacted a manifesto declaring freedom of access to information as a central responsibility for information professionals.", "quote": "En l'àmbit internacional, l'any 2002 I'IFLA redactà un manifest en què declarava, entre altres qüestions, que la llibertat en l'accés a la informació és una responsabilitat central dels professionals de la informació.", "page": "8", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "International Institute of Communications", "aliases": ["International Institute of Communications"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body", "policy forum / industry-regulator membership association"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Competition policy", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "free speech", "international cooperation", "knowledge sharing", "online safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated in online safety panels at international conferences, supporting mutual learning and contributing to the evolving international discourse on online safety.", "quote": "IMDA has also participated in online safety panels at international conferences organised by the Trust & Safety Professional Association and the International Institute of Communications.", "page": "309", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1969", "mechanism": "The IIC produces publications and convenes high-level events bringing regulators, policymakers and platform companies together to shape regulatory frameworks and public policy debate.", "quote": "The IIC exists to shape the global policy agenda for the digital/communications ecosystem and convenes regulators, platforms and industry on topics including AI impact assessments, privacy, competition and sustainable content ecosystems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.iicom.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Labour Organization", "aliases": ["International Labour Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other (intergovernmental organization)"], "countries": ["Angola", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Trabajo digital y “sonambulismo tecnológico”: el caso de la moderación de contenido en Internet", "author": "Durán Allimant, Ronald", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It produces reports and advocates for decent work conditions in digital labour, including content moderation, aiming to influence policy and practice related to worker welfare on online platforms.", "quote": "organizaciones laborales internacionales (véanse las cooperativas de trabajadores digitales y el informe de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo: \"Las plataformas laborales digitales y el futuro del trabajo. Hacia el trabajo decente en el mundo online”", "page": "International Labour Organization [ILO]", "url": "https://atheneadigital.net/article/view/v24-n1-duran", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet platforms, social media (global)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Exerted international pressure for the abolition of penal sanctions for breach of labor contracts, influencing Portuguese colonial labor legislation.", "quote": "Convenção n.º 104 da OIT (1955) sobre a abolição das sanções penais ao incumprimento do contrato laboral", "page": "135", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "International Labour Organization (ILO)", "aliases": ["International Labour Organization (ILO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Ireland", "Kenya", "Latvia", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "child safety", "fair labor practices", "human dignity", "social justice", "social protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini m'a menti", "author": "T Gheeraert", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Examines the precarious conditions of new forms of employment stemming from AI and warns against them, aiming to establish norms and protections for workers affected by AI.", "quote": "Des organisations internationales, comme l'Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), commencent à se pencher sur le sujet, et mettent en garde contre les conditions précaires de ces nouvelles formes d'emploi.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.sens-public.org/articles/1806/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global AI industry", "when": "2023-2026"}, {"title": "POR TRÁS DO FILTRO: A TERCEIRIZAÇÃO NÃO LINEAR EA QUESTÃO DO TRABALHO DIGNO NO CONTEXTO LABORAL DOS MODERADORES DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "V Vieira Pessanha…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Establishes and promotes international labor standards and principles, specifically the concept of 'decent work,' which serves as a global framework for ensuring worker dignity and social justice. It also conducts diagnostics on global supply chains regarding compliance with these standards.", "quote": "É deveras relevante reforçar o posicionamento da OIT acerca da promoção do trabalho digno: “o trabalho digno deveria estar no centro das estratégias globais, nacionais e locais desempenhando um papel fundamental nos esforços de redução da pobreza e de desenvolvimento inclusivo e sustentável” (OIT, 2018).", "page": "18", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/view/10006", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms and their outsourced content moderation operations, with specific mentions of India, Ireland, Philippines, Kenya, Latvia, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the global South", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Media Support (IMS)", "aliases": ["International Media Support (IMS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "media development NGO / press freedom organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025; Global Network Initiative; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "IMS produces research and publications, provides capacity-building and rapid response support to media in crises, partners with international networks and publicly challenges repressive laws and practices that limit information.", "quote": "IMS’s core mission supports independent media, press freedom and safety of journalists and explicitly works on access to trustworthy information and resisting repressive laws that affect information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mediasupport.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International News Safety Institute", "aliases": ["International News Safety Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalist safety", "journalistic standards", "mental health support"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides statistical data on journalist safety and collaborates on surveys and research concerning violence against women journalists.", "quote": "Their argument is founded in statistical analysis of numbers from the International News Safety Institute (INSI)", "page": "118", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Offers safety trainings and resource-sharing for reporters to help them prepare for and cope with post-traumatic or secondary stress responses from sensitive reporting.", "quote": "...safety trainings and resource-sharing offered by organizations like the International News Safety Institute and the International Women’s Media Foundation – if a story is likely to trigger post-traumatic or secondary stress responses.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "International Press Institute", "aliases": ["International Press Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic independence", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Focuses on the safety of journalists and advocates for press freedom.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}, {"title": "Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship", "author": "B Yesil", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Advocates for press freedom and journalistic independence globally; its board members' public statements, such as resignations, serve to highlight and condemn pervasive self-censorship and lack of press freedom in specific countries.", "quote": "Also in 2011, Ferai Tinc, a veteran journalist of 28 years and a board member of the International Press Institute, resigned from Hurriyet citing her “loss of enthusiasm for journalism”", "page": "13", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "late 2000s – early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "aliases": ["International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Czech Republic", "Global", "Hungary", "Slovakia", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Works to spread global awareness on humanitarian and health issues, including sexual health, thereby influencing public health discourse.", "quote": "All the leading international organisations, such as WHO, UNICEF or the Red Cross, are working to spread awareness globally.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}, {"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Receives donations as a charity organization with its own media outlets, contributing to media diversity in discussions about censorship and media control.", "quote": "Sponsorship – mainly commercial advertising nowadays, but also including, for example, state sponsorship, or donations to charity or rights organizations with their own media outlets, such as the Red Cross/Red Crescent and Amnesty International...", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX)", "aliases": ["International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Ethiopia", "Turkey"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["free speech", "media sustainability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes yearly country reports, such as the Media Sustainability Index, which include self-censorship as an indicator of press freedom and media environment health.", "quote": "Press freedom groups habitually refer to self-censorship as one of the key indicators in their yearly country reports (for instance those of Freedom House, Reporters sans frontières and International Research and Exchanges Board/IREX)", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}, {"title": "Resisting Censorship: How Citizens Navigate Closed Media Environments", "author": "Behrouzian, Golnoosh; Nisbet, Erik C; Dal, Aysenur; Çarkoğlu, Ali", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Monitors global media freedom and provides institutional assessments, reporting on legal sanctions, intimidation, and financial impediments that constrain press freedom, thus documenting and raising awareness about censorship.", "quote": "Research conducted by a number of organizations that monitor media freedom shows that a majority of countries around the world are battling some form of information censorship (Freedom House, 2015; International Research and Exchange Board, 2015; Reporters Sans Frontieres, 2015).", "page": "2", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "2014-2015"}]}, {"name": "Internet Censorship Lab", "aliases": ["Internet Censorship Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Sri Lanka", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific research", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research on internet censorship globally.", "quote": "Projects such as OONI [32], Censored Planet [33], and ICLab [34] have been measuring censorship globally for years.", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts detailed experiments using a set of VPN providers to probe from diverse networks to measure censorship, contributing to understanding global censorship.", "quote": "The ICLab [7, 51] project uses a set of VPN providers to probe from a diverse set of networks.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)", "aliases": ["Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google News", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content appropriateness", "decentralization", "harm reduction", "user autonomy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan", "English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Making Middleware Work", "author": "Keller, Daphne", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Aimed to decentralize content control by allowing users to choose from an ecosystem of trusted third-party curators and customized browser settings to filter or block content based on ratings.", "quote": "Similar projects such as the well-intentioned Internet Content Rat- ing Association (ICRA), which failed in the early 2000s—have foun- dered on moderation costs before. ICRA's mission, like Fukuyama's, was to move control over content away from centralized gatekeepers, out closer to the edges of the network.", "page": "4", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797795", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google News), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Provides content filtering criteria (nudity, language, sex, violence) used by software like Internet Explorer, allowing users to set permissibility levels.", "quote": "Així, Internet Explorer permet fer aquest filtratge de continguts basat en els criteris de l'ICRA (Internet Content Rating Association), en funció de quatre paràmetres (nuesa, llenguatge, sexe i violència)...", "page": "6", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society (ISOC)", "aliases": ["Internet Society (ISOC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["internet development", "open internet", "public information"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Promotes the development and understanding of the Internet, influencing the norms and historical narratives surrounding its use and governance, which implicitly shapes discussions on communication rights within the digital sphere.", "quote": "L'histoire de l'Internet d'après l'Internet Society, l'un des principaux promoteurs du \"réseau des réseaux\"\": http://info.isoc.org/internet/history/\"", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}, {"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Part of a set of bodies (including IAB and IETF) responsible for regularly checking new technical developments to ensure they do not threaten the interoperability of the Internet.", "quote": "A set of bodies (the Internet Architecture Board, the Internet Society and the Internet Engineering Task Force) is in charge of regularly checking that new developments do not threaten the interoperability of the medium.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "inTYMYta", "aliases": ["inTYMYta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "European Union", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public education", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that provides inclusive, age-appropriate, and research-based relationship and sexuality education, and initiates research in this field. It creates content for social media, often using cryptic words to bypass moderation.", "quote": "the non-profit organisation inTYMYta, which strives to provide inclusive, age-appropriate and research-based relationship and sexuality education, has a fundamental position.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides inclusive, age-appropriate, and research-based relationship and sexuality education, working to prevent negative phenomena and initiate quality research in Slovakia. They use Instagram to disseminate information.", "quote": "In the Slovak environment, the non-profit organisation inTYMYta, which strives to provide inclusive, age-appropriate and research-based relationship and sexuality education, has a fundamental position.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Action Front", "aliases": ["Islamic Action Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Morocco", "Palestine", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "organizational interest"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The IAF's moderation, specifically its support for democratic opening, was motivated by organizational self-interest, using political liberalization as a means to achieve its own goals rather than necessarily adopting intrinsic democratic values.", "quote": "Yet, Robinson argues that Jordanian IAF’s moderation – as evidenced by its support for the democratic opening in Jordan in the late 1980s – emanated out of self-interest.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}, {"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As the political wing of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, it coordinated and cooperated with former political rivals since the early 1990s, engaging in parliamentary cooperation and joint actions like demonstrations and lawsuits.", "quote": "Similarly in Jordan, members of the Muslim Brotherhood and the closely associated Islamic Action Front party have since the early 1990s begun to coordinate and co-operate with their former political rivals. In addition to parliamentary cooperation, these groups work together primarily around issues such as mounting demonstrations against the US war in Iraq and filing lawsuits against increased restrictions on freedoms of expression.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren)", "aliases": ["Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren)", "Islamic boarding schools (pesantren)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "democracy", "human rights", "national commitment", "non-violence", "peace", "religious moderation", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation", "television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation In An Islamic Perspective: Literature Review And Recent Research Developments", "author": "Azis, Saipul; Samad, Duski", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Cultivating religious moderation values among students through daily activities, curriculum, and community service, focusing on a contextual understanding of Islam, non-violence, democratic lifestyle, and human rights.", "quote": "in another study, it was explained about the role of Islamic moderation in Islamic boarding schools, to see the indicators that understand this as evidenced by daily activities in Islamic boarding schools, with the aim of developing moderate Islam, covering various aspects such as the learning process in the classroom, extra-curricular activities, and service to the community around the Islamic boarding school.", "page": "9", "url": "https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/moderatio/article/view/9353", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "2014-2023 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Multilingualism, Technology, and Religious Moderation in Indonesian Islamic Boarding Schools.", "author": "M Subair, A Muslim, M Nur", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Pesantren, as educational institutions, enforce rules and curricula regarding multilingualism (additive multilingualism) and technology use among students. They promote the use of local, national, and foreign languages while restricting technology to maintain discipline and prevent negative influences, aiming to foster religious moderation and cultural preservation.", "quote": "The limitation of technology in multilingual learning is also intended to keep students from the bad influence of technology and to maintain the discipline of students in maintaining a pesantren culture that is friendly to locality and sensitive to the times.", "page": "2", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1443765", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on contemporary Islamic boarding schools (pesantren)", "when": "present-day (early 21st century) with historical roots back to the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Jansenists", "aliases": ["Jansenists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "religious association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Italy", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["disciplinary enforcement", "factual accuracy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century", "18th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "L'entrée des «Lumières» à l'Index: le tournant de la double censure de l'Encyclopédie en 1759", "author": "C Maire", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "They profoundly influenced the censorship of the Encyclopédie by developing and promoting the narrative of a \"conspiracy of philosophers\"\" against religion", "quote": "Defense of Catholic orthodoxy, opposition to Enlightenment philosophy, protection of religion and public morals against perceived impiety.", "page": "Le rôle essentiel des jansénistes italiens dans la guerre menée au sein de la curie contre les Lumières... avait été déterminant. Il est possible d'en préciser les voies, en lien avec ce qui se passe à Paris au même moment. Il faut se souvenir... que le paradigme du « complot des philosophes » contre la religion avait commencé à être élaboré dix ans auparavant par les jansénistes français.", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rde/2363", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Papal States (Rome/Italy)", "when": "18th century, focusing on 1759"}, {"title": "AUTORITÉ DOCTRINALE, DÉFINITION ET CENSURE DANS LE CATHOLICISME MODERNE: Notes critiques", "author": "", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "The Jansenists, as a theological movement and often a dissident network, engaged in doctrinal debates, particularly on predestination. They developed critical methods for establishing facts and interpreting texts, often challenging Roman authority and its interpretative system.", "quote": "il y avait bien du fixisme et du « fondamentalisme » [...] chez Jansenius et dans les revendications de ceux qui distinguaient le fait et le droit; l'insistance d'Arnauld sur les règles qui permettent d'établir le fait", "page": "6", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholicism in France and wider Europe", "when": "Early Modern period (17th-18th centuries emphasis)"}]}, {"name": "Jefferson Center", "aliases": ["Jefferson Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "European Union", "France", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic participation"], "topics": ["media moderation", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organised and facilitated citizens' juries, alongside Citizens' Juries c.i.c., to deliberate on obstacles to trusting algorithmic decisions, particularly regarding AI transparency and performance.", "quote": "These juries, with 36 jurors in total, were organised and facilitated by Citizens' Juries c.i.c. and the Jefferson Center (Project explAIn: Interim report, 2019).", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This organization provides assistance for organizing citizen juries, thereby supporting deliberative democratic processes for public engagement with complex issues like technology and its societal impact.", "quote": "Site du Centre Jefferson, centre d'assistance à l'organisation de jurys citoyens aux Etats-Unis", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung", "aliases": ["Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "literary merit"], "topics": ["22.0", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1770, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Aspects of Censorship in the Work of Karoline von Günderrode", "author": "Hoff, Dagmar von", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published a more favorable review of Günderrode's work, providing a counter-narrative to the dismissive criticism from other periodicals and participating in the broader literary critical discourse that shaped public reception of authors.", "quote": "Although, thanks to the efforts of the Esenbecks, this volume was given a second review in the Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung (9 July 1804), which did her book more justice, the first one had already publicly denounced her.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20688819", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "Late 18th / Early 19th Century"}, {"title": "Aspects of Censorship in the Work of Karoline von Günderrode", "author": "D von Hoff", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Published a second review of Günderrode's book that 'did her book more justice,' indicating its role in the public literary sphere as an evaluator and counter-balance to other, more dismissive critiques, thus participating in the broader moderation of literary reception.", "quote": "Although, thanks to the efforts of the Esenbecks, this volume was given a second review in the Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung (9 July 1804), which did her book more justice...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/20688819", "topic": "22.0", "language": "", "where": "Frankfurt, Germany", "when": "late 18th century–early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Junior Chamber of Commerce", "aliases": ["Junior Chamber of Commerce"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "public welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support for censorship efforts against comics, contributing to public pressure.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the Gen- eral Federation of Women's Clubs, the American Legion, the Junior Cham- ber of Commerce, even the radical sociologist C. Wright Mills, but there were also a few detractors.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided broad support to censorship campaigns against comics, indicating alignment with public pressure for moral content standards.", "quote": "Wertham and the censorship legions had broad support from the... Junior Cham-ber of Commerce...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Junta Islámica", "aliases": ["Junta Islámica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "public discourse", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Initiated and coordinated the online course on Islamic culture with UNED, aiming to foster cultural integration and coexistence, thereby promoting specific norms of dialogue and understanding in public life.", "quote": "El convencimiento de que la integración en convivencia de las distintas culturas puede llevarse a cabo incluso en el convulso mundo actual fue la razón principal para que la junta directiva de Junta Islámica (http://www.webislam.com) y un amplio grupo de profesores españoles y extranjeros de reconocido prestigio en la materia coordinados académicamente por el Laboratorio de Ingeniería Didáctica de la UNED (http://www.uned.es/lidil) pusieran en práctica este proyecto.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The Junta Islámica, through its website Webislam.com, co-coordinated the online course on Islamic culture and civilization. It also provided a platform where students could voluntarily publish their contributions, thereby facilitating a moderated public forum for academic discourse.", "quote": "El convencimiento de que la integración en convivencia de las distintas culturas puede llevarse a cabo incluso en el convulso mundo actual fue la razón principal para que la junta directiva de Junta Islámica (http://www.webislam.com) y un amplio grupo de profesores españoles y extranjeros de reconocido prestigio en la materia coordinados académicamente por el Laboratorio de Ingeniería Didáctica de la UNED (http://www.uned.es/lidil) pusieran en práctica este proyecto.", "page": "7", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "KanyeWesAnderson.tumblr.com", "aliases": ["KanyeWesAnderson.tumblr.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "creative expression", "cultural heritage"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A tumblog that curates mashup images combining Kanye West lyrics with Wes Anderson film frames, creating a specific aesthetic and contributing to memetic vernacular through creative juxtaposition.", "quote": "“Kanye Wes Anderson” images make their joke by overlaying Kanye West lyrics on frames from films directed by American filmmaker Wes Anderson.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}, {"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A tumblog that curates mashup images overlaying Kanye West lyrics on Wes Anderson film frames, serving as a platform for creative expression and memetic participation, managed by two individuals.", "quote": "“Kanye Wes Anderson” images make their joke by overlaying Kanye West lyrics on frames from films directed by American filmmaker Wes Anderson.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Knight First Amendment Institute", "aliases": ["Knight First Amendment Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic Self-Defense", "author": "Haupt, Claudia E", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation and advocacy to defend First Amendment rights, particularly in the context of online public discourse.", "quote": "Justice Thomas's view in Biden v. Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University. 141 S. Ct. 1220, 1222 (2021) (Thomas, J., concurring)", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA and Germany, social media platforms, online speech environment", "when": "post-2021 platform era, with historical context from the Weimar Republic"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in legal scholarship and advocacy concerning First Amendment rights and internet governance, including analyzing and commenting on platform content moderation policies and actions affecting free speech.", "quote": "Legal scholars and attorneys from the ACLU and the Knight First Amendment Institute had various, mixed views on Twitter's eventual decision to permanently suspend Trump's account—also called \"deplatforming.\"\"\"", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)", "aliases": ["Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["human rights", "national identity", "national independence", "political autonomy", "self-determination"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaging in armed conflict with the government and expressing political views through interviews published in media, which were then subject to censorship and legal prosecution by the state.", "quote": "El principal accionista de una revista de comentarios sociales y políticos de Turquía y su editor fueron acusados de publicar una entrevista con dos líderes del grupo PKK que mantenía un conflicto armado con el gobierno, relacionado con el pueblo kurdo en la región del Kurdistán de Turquía.", "page": "170", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Content supportive of this group was targeted by Facebook's moderation policies, leading to the removal of related pages based on its classification as an 'illegal terrorist organisation' by some entities, while others view it as a 'legitimate independence movement'.", "quote": "Facebook stated that the removals were linked to content supportive of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which they found to be a violation of their prohibition on expressing support for internationally-recognised illegal terrorist organisations.", "page": "33", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "L'Action française", "aliases": ["L'Action Française", "L'Action française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political movement / advocacy group", "social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Soviet Union", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political opposition", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1930s", "Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 1934, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Its newspaper and works were condemned by the Holy Office and placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, demonstrating direct censorship by the Roman Catholic Church.", "quote": "'Damnantur quaedam opera Caroli Maurras et ephemerides 'L'action Française . . .' die 29 ianuarii 1914 et die 29 decembris 1926*", "page": "67", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}, {"title": "La censure des films en France et la crise politique de 1934", "author": "Pithon, Rémy", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "By publicly implicating political figures in ongoing financial scandals, it contributed to the political crisis of 1934, which in turn influenced the stringency and political nature of film censorship decisions.", "quote": "Le 3 janvier 1934, L'Action française impliquait Albert Dalimier, député radical et ministre des Colonies dans le cabinet Chautemps", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40952568", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1934"}]}, {"name": "La Caricature", "aliases": ["La Caricature"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Published caricatures, often without prior censorship approval, as a form of defiance against press laws, leading to frequent seizures and prosecutions by authorities.", "quote": "the leading journal La Caricature was seized about 30 times after publication and was prosecuted for its caricatures about 10 times; La Caricature editor Charles Philipon was convicted twice, heavily fined and jailed for a year", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Actively defied press censorship by publishing caricatures that offended authorities, leading to frequent seizures, prosecutions, and imprisonment of its editor and caricaturist.", "quote": "the leading journal La Caricature was seized about 30 times after publication and was prosecuted for its caricatures about 10 times; La Caricature editor Charles Philipon was convicted twice, heavily fined and jailed for a year", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "La Gaceta del Norte", "aliases": ["La Gaceta del Norte"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic independence", "national autonomy", "national unity", "religious orthodoxy", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper that faced state censorship and pressure from Falangist elements, accused of not interpreting the Movement's spirit correctly and being 'vaticanista'.", "quote": "2º 'LA GACETA DEL NORTE', que desea conservar su matiz de periódico católico, distinguiéndose en esto de los demás, puede realizar una labor perturbadora, ya que siendo el nuevo Estado, católico, siéndolo el Caudillo, el Gobierno y sus ministros, todos los periódicos de la España Nacional han de ser igualmente católicos", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic and independent newspaper that faced intervention and censorship from the state's propaganda services, accused of lacking loyalty to the Movement's spirit and of being 'vaticanist'.", "quote": "LA GACETA DEL NORTE, que desea conservar su matiz de periódico católico, distinguiéndose en esto de los demás, puede realizar una labor perturbadora, ya que siendo el nuevo Estado, católico, siéndolo el Caudillo, el Gobierno y sus ministros, todos los periódicos de la España Nacional han de ser igualmente católicos...", "page": "152", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "La Lune", "aliases": ["La Lune"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-establishment", "free press", "free speech", "political discourse", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Utilized 'Aesopian language' in its caricatures to disguise political criticism, particularly against Napoleon III, to evade censors, but was eventually suppressed for publishing content without required approval.", "quote": "La Lune published on November 17, 1867 a supposed drawing of 'Rocambole,'... The drawing so infuriated the authorities that La Lune was soon suppressed (supposedly for subsequently publishing a caricature without the required censorship approval)", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Used 'Aesopian language' in caricatures to subtly criticize the emperor, which initially fooled censors but eventually led to its suppression after the political message was widely understood.", "quote": "In perhaps the most famous example of such 'Aesopian language' in a caricature journal, La Lune published on November 17, 1867 a supposed drawing of 'Rocambole,' ... which in fact was a portrayal of emperor Napoleon III", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "La Lune Rousse", "aliases": ["La Lune Rousse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Published a drawing with a caption directly protesting 'Censure,' symbolizing the mutilation of artists' ability to express themselves freely under censorship.", "quote": "On May 26, 1878 André Gill published in his journal, La Lune Rousse, a drawing of a caricaturist with his arms and legs cut off and his drawing crayon tied behind his back, over a caption reading 'produits de la Censure.'", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Published a drawing depicting a caricaturist with his limbs cut off and crayon tied behind his back, explicitly protesting the oppressive nature of censorship.", "quote": "On May 26, 1878 André Gill published in his journal, La Lune Rousse, a drawing of a caricaturist with his arms and legs cut off and his drawing crayon tied behind his back, over a caption reading 'produits de la Censure.'", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "la Meute", "aliases": ["La Meute", "la Meute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "authoritarianism", "cultural preservation", "democratic integrity", "economic protectionism", "human rights", "patriotism"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias", "modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Launched popular movements to support 'nationalist' initiatives, translating social media activity into public presence and mobilizing support for political positions.", "quote": "des groupuscules autofondés comme les Gilets jaunes canadiens, la «vague bleue» ou la Meute, des défenseurs montréalais de la «liberté d’expression»", "page": "35", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}, {"title": "Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec", "author": "M Potvin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "La Meute utilizes its public Facebook page for hate propaganda, strategically selecting, relaying, and editorially commenting on news to provoke exchanges. It leverages victimhood, comparison, diabolisation, catastrophism, and appeals for political legitimation to inflame public opinion and mobilize its followers.", "quote": "Cet article exploratoire vise à cerner les principaux éléments de « propagande haineuse » utilisés par trois groupes populistes identitaires (Atalante, La Meute, la Fédération des Québécois de souche) sur leurs pages Facebook publiques [...] Les nouvelles ou les chroniques sont sélectionnées, relayées et commentées (sur un ton éditorial) par les administrateurs des pages, afin de déclencher des échanges.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/du/2017-v17-du03767/1047977ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Québec, Canada, Facebook", "when": "2017"}]}, {"name": "La Voz de España", "aliases": ["La Voz de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national unity", "state control", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A newspaper that, despite being created by traditionalists, was later integrated into the Falangist press structure and became a periodical of FET y de las JONS.", "quote": "La Voz de España se había presentado como periódico de FET y de las JONS el 2 de junio de 1937.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Presented as a newspaper of FET y de las JONS, it emerged from previous traditionalist papers and played a role in the regime's press unification and propaganda efforts.", "quote": "La Voz de España se había presentado como periódico de FET y de las JONS el 2 de junio de 1937. Existía desde el 15 de septiembre anterior, con el lema Dios-Patria-Rey, en que había surgido de las cenizas de La Voz de Guipúzcoa y de La Constancia...", "page": "57", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Labor unions", "aliases": ["Labor Unions", "Labor unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "economic security", "employee autonomy", "worker safety", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1890, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participate in paragovernmental bargaining arrangements and the self-constitutionalization of the sphere of production, defining needs for protection and income for employees.", "quote": "For the sphere of production one need only consider the union movement. In this area we have for a long time been accustomed to the fact that standard definitions of the needs for protection and income are neither left to individual practice nor regulated by the state.", "page": "412", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}, {"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Interfered with market arrangements, challenging existing economic and social structures by advocating for workers' rights.", "quote": "Indeed, one role of law was to assure the integrity of these market mechanisms, by enforcing consented-to arrangements and nullifying efforts to interfere with such arrangements by labor unions, trusts, and governments.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Ladies' Commission on Sunday-School Books", "aliases": ["Ladies' Commission on Sunday-School Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content standards", "harm reduction", "literary quality", "media quality", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Censorship—An Old Story", "author": "Darling, Richard L.", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Actively reviewed hundreds of children's books, accepting or rejecting them based on moral, religious, and literary criteria, and published lists for Sunday School libraries.", "quote": "The ladies responded and soon had fifty members cooperating in their re-viewing. They prepared a three part list, divided as follows: 1. Books for Unitarian Sunday-Schools...", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}, {"title": "Censorship—an old story", "author": "RL Darling", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Evaluated children's books, preparing lists of recommended and rejected titles for Sunday-School libraries based on moral, religious, and literary criteria, which influenced public library selections.", "quote": "The most in-fluential effort of this sort was that of the Ladies' Commission on Sunday-School Books. ... They prepared a three part list...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41388404", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "LasTesis", "aliases": ["LasTesis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "feminist advocacy", "feminist issues", "public discourse", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Created and viralized a powerful public performance (\"Un violador en tu camino\"\") that served as a form of social shaming and public pressure against gender violence", "quote": "Denouncing gender violence, challenging patriarchal impunity.", "page": "la viralización de la performance de la colectiva feminista LasTesis, «Un violador en tu camino», durante el denominado «estallido social» de octubre del 2019, generaron un aumento progresivo de las convocatorias del movimiento", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}, {"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Were targeted in a video game that promoted their assassination, which led to a police investigation and the eventual suspension of the game's associated Instagram account.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, la actriz Daniela Vega, ganadora de un Oscar por Una mujer fantástica, denunció en su cuenta de Twitter sobre una demanda contra el responsable de crear un videojuego que promovía su asesinato y el asesinato del colectivo de arte LasTesis (24, 2020).", "page": "12", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Laude Institute", "aliases": ["Laude Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed Terminal-Bench, an evaluation that tests AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments.", "quote": "Terminal-Bench, developed by researchers at Stanford University and the Laude Institute, tests AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed Terminal-Bench 2.0, a benchmark for evaluating AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments, contributing to AI capability assessment.", "quote": "Terminal-Bench 2.0, developed by researchers at Stanford University and the Laude Institute, tests AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Le Charivari", "aliases": ["Le Charivari"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "A journal whose inception was planned by political prisoners, indicating continued defiance and publication of dissenting material even from within jail.", "quote": "his new journal, Le Charivari, was planned during conversations held in prison with his fellow convict and caricaturist Honoré Daumier (who himself produced at least 16 caricatures while in custody which were published in Le Charivari and La Caricature)", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Formed by caricaturists while imprisoned for censorship offenses, continuing to publish defiant material and organize new ventures from jail, actively resisting state repression.", "quote": "his new journal, Le Charivari, was planned during conversations held in prison with his fellow convict and caricaturist Honoré Daumier (who himself produced at least 16 caricatures while in custody which were published in Le Charivari and La Caricature)", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "Le Grelot", "aliases": ["Le Grelot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Replaced a forbidden caricature with a detailed written description of the banned drawing within a blank frame, indicating where each element would have appeared, to circumvent censorship while still conveying the message.", "quote": "In one extraordinary clever use of this technique, Le Grelot of June 23, 1872 replaced a forbidden caricature with a detailed description of the banned drawing within a blank frame, complete with an indication of exactly where each element of the design would have appeared.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Protested censorship by replacing a forbidden caricature with a detailed written description of the banned drawing within a blank frame, explicitly indicating what was censored.", "quote": "In one extraordinary clever use of this technique, Le Grelot of June 23, 1872 replaced a forbidden caricature with a detailed description of the banned drawing within a blank frame, complete with an indication of exactly where each element of the design would have appeared.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "Le Mercure de France", "aliases": ["Le Mercure de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Le Mercure de France", "community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "liberal principles", "public discourse"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "L'école libérale sous la Restauration: le\" Mercure\"\" et la\"\" Minerve", "author": "1817-1820\"", "year": "49.0", "mechanism": "advocacy/special-interest group", "quote": "Natural rights of man, human dignity, individual virtues, nineteenth-century French liberal ideals.", "page": "Le Mercure de France appeared weekly from January until December 1817 when it was suppressed by the government; the Minerve française, virtually the continuation of the journal, began in February 1818...", "url": "49.0", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "1968", "when": "France"}, {"title": "De l'obscurité comme censure. Proust, Muhlfeld, Mallarmé", "author": "", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As one of the primary literary organs of the symbolist movement, it helped consecrate and normalize the aesthetic principles of symbolism.", "quote": "devenue avec Le Mercure de France de Rachilde et Vallette l'un des deux principaux organes du symbolisme en phase de consécration et de luxueuse routinisation.", "page": "2", "url": "orbi.uliege.be", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Le Sifflet", "aliases": ["Le Sifflet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Published artistic attacks on censorship, such as a drawing depicting censors metaphorically harming themselves while trying to suppress the journal, directly protesting the practice.", "quote": "on November 11, 1875, the journal Le Sifflet published a drawing of two censors attempting to cut Le Sifflet to shreds with their huge scissors, but instead decapitating each other over the caption, 'Terrible Accident!!!'.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Published artistic attacks on censorship, using drawings to satirize and protest the actions of censors in a legally permissible way.", "quote": "For example, on November 11, 1875, the journal Le Sifflet published a drawing of two censors attempting to cut Le Sifflet to shreds", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "Le Triboulet", "aliases": ["Le Triboulet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Carried out a campaign of opposition against the republican regime by publishing a long series of 'illegal' caricatures, resulting in numerous prosecutions, fines, and the expulsion of its director.", "quote": "Thus, the right-wing caricature journal Le Triboulet carried out a campaign of bitter opposition against the fledging republican regime of 1878–81 partly through a long series of such 'illegal' caricatures", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Carried out a campaign of bitter opposition against the republican regime through a series of 'illegal' caricatures, resulting in numerous prosecutions, fines, and the expulsion of its founder.", "quote": "Thus, the right-wing caricature journal Le Triboulet carried out a campaign of bitter opposition against the fledging republican regime of 1878–81 partly through a long series of such 'illegal' caricatures", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "League of the South", "aliases": ["League of the South"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial separatism", "racial supremacy", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leaders were among the organizers of the Charlottesville march, indicating their participation in a movement whose speech and actions led to violence.", "quote": "Defendants include... the two leaders of the League of the South...", "page": "115", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in offline rallies (Charlottesville) to publicly demonstrate white nationalist views and strength.", "quote": "Right rally in Charlottesville... attended by Richard Spencer, David Duke, the Klan, League of the South, Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, Daily Stormer clubs...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "LGBTQIA+ community", "aliases": ["LGBTQIA+ community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe", "Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "human dignity", "human rights", "social equality"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Italian", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione automatizzata e discriminazione algoritmica: il caso dell’hate speech", "author": "Dunn, Pietro", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Content published by members of the LGBTQIA+ community is frequently and unjustifiably sanctioned as \"hate speech\"\" or \"\"toxic\"\" by automated moderation systems", "quote": "Freedom of expression, non-discrimination, community identity.", "page": "contenuti pubblicati da membri della comunità afro- americana49 o della comunità LGBTQIA+50 siano maggiormente soggetti a subire sanzioni ingiustifica- te per violazione del divieto di hate speech o \"toxic\"\" speech.\"", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0064", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2017-2021"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Subject of legal protection against systemic discrimination and hate speech, leading the STF to rule that homotransphobia constitutes a form of racism, thus expanding legal safeguards for vulnerable groups.", "quote": "em razão de sua orientação sexual ou de sua identidade de gênero, seja, ainda, porque tais comportamentos de homotransfobia ajustam-se ao conceito de atos de discriminação e de ofensa a direitos e liberdades fundamentais daqueles que compõem o grupo vulnerável em questão.", "page": "219", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Life After Hate", "aliases": ["Life After Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "North America", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["de-radicalization", "public safety", "social cohesion", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A non-profit founded by ex-white supremacists dedicated to helping people leave hate groups; social media platforms redirect users to their website.", "quote": "Facebook’s Content Standards Forum also agreed in March 2019 to block white nationalist and white separatist content on Facebook and Instagram, and to re-direct users who search for or try to post white nationalism... to the website for Life After Hate...", "page": "54", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Runs projects like 'EXIT USA' that feature positive stories and alternative perspectives from former white supremacists, serving as a counter-narrative strategy to help individuals disengage from extremism.", "quote": "Examples include: positive stories from alternative perspectives (EXIT USA, a project of Life After Hate, run by former white supremacists); highlights of how extremist activities have negatively impacted the people they claim to represent...", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Ulemas", "aliases": ["Liga de Ulemas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic authority", "cultural understanding", "education", "islamic cultural promotion", "religious authority", "religious scholarship"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Congratulated the course, thereby lending institutional approval and validation to its educational methodology and content on Islamic culture.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The course received official felicitations from this organization, signifying its approval and endorsement of the course's content and its approach to managing discussions, including controversial topics.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "14", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "Ligue des droits de l'homme", "aliases": ["Ligue des droits de l'homme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "free speech", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["censure", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Atténuer la radicalité: stratégies de communication de groupes vigilantistes anti-migrants", "author": "M Gardenier, A Monnier", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Files legal complaints for incitement to racial hatred against groups like Sauvons Calais, acting as an external moderation mechanism through the legal system to challenge their public communication.", "quote": "Le premier s'est déroulé avec A.3, l'avocate de la Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH) qui a déposé une plainte pour incitation à la haine raciale contre Sauvons Calais, après avoir dépouillé le contenu de la page Facebook du groupe.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/26737", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Calais, northern France", "when": "2015–2016"}, {"title": "La banalisation du concept de « censure »:", "author": "Mbongo, Pascal", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Lobbies for legislative changes and engages in public debate through petitions, advocating for the abrogation or transformation of restrictive laws concerning freedom of expression.", "quote": "Pétition lancée en 2003 par la Ligue des droits de l'homme et signée par diverses associations et diverses personnalités des arts et des lettres...", "page": "24", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-pouvoirs-2009-3-page-17?lang=fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Literary and Publishing Council", "aliases": ["Literary and Publishing Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "content control", "political conformity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A body created by party representatives to facilitate the passage of 'difficult' texts through the censorship process, serving as a gatekeeper within the official publishing system.", "quote": "At the 1978 Writers' Union Congress in Katowice, the party representatives announced the creation of the Literary and Publishing Council (Rada Literacko-Wydawnicza), designed to facilitate the passage of 'difficult' texts through the censorship process.", "page": "154", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A state-affiliated body established to facilitate the passage of 'difficult' texts through censorship, acting as a 'smokescreen' to give an appearance of negotiation while upholding the party line.", "quote": "At the 1978 Writers’ Union Congress in Katowice, the party representatives announced the creation of the Literary and Publishing Council (Rada Literacko-Wydawnicza), designed to facilitate the passage of ’difficult’ texts through the censorship process.", "page": "141", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Long-Term Benefit Trust", "aliases": ["Long-Term Benefit Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation", "foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude 3", "Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4"], "norms": ["ai safety", "long-term benefit", "sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Oversees the AI Safety Level (ASL) determination process for Anthropic's models, tracking safety metrics and model behavior after release to ensure safety and alignment with long-term benefit.", "quote": "It is overseen by the Responsible Scaling Officer, the CEO, the Board of Directors, and the Long-Term Benefit Trust.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "9ff93dfa8f445c932415d335c88852ef47f1201e", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "The LTBT oversees the AI Safety Level (ASL) determination process for Anthropic's models, ensuring that safety measures are appropriate and potential vulnerabilities or misuse scenarios are identified.", "quote": "The ASL determination process involves safety testing by internal teams, and external partners to identify potential vulnerabilities or misuse scenarios and it is overseen by the Responsible Scaling Officer (RSO), the CEO, the Board of Directors, and the Long-Term Benefit Trust (LTBT).", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude 3 family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "Lutte ouvrière", "aliases": ["Lutte Ouvrière", "Lutte ouvrière"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["communication access", "communist ideology", "political discourse", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération des débats", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube, hosting public debates as part of its political communication strategy.", "quote": "Valeurs Actuelles, Lundi Matin, Lutte ouvrière, L'Humanité, Alternatives Économiques", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}, {"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party restricts online contact to a single general email address, with volunteer 'camarades' managing and responding to messages, indicating a decentralized and informal approach to handling citizen input.", "quote": "Le webmestre du site web de Lutte Ouvrière explique qu'« il y a un certain nombre de camarades qui se débrouillent avec un programme de mails et puis qui sont chargés, lorsqu'ils sont là, d'aller regarder s'il y a des choses, et d'y répondre ».", "page": "7", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Magisterio Católico Español", "aliases": ["Magisterio Católico Español", "Magisterio católico español"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper", "professional body (publication)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-secularism", "professional interests", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A weekly newspaper for Catholic teachers that published content on Catholic education, but was 'maltratados por la censura' for challenging state views on educational policy.", "quote": "el presidente de la Asociación de Maestros Católicos de Orense entrega en mano al cardenal sendos ejemplares de la hoja semanal Magisterio católico español de 28 de octubre y 4 de noviembre, que han sido maltratados por la censura", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic weekly that suffered censorship and 'mistreatment' from state authorities, indicating the regime's control over religious media and its efforts to suppress dissenting Catholic views.", "quote": "...el presidente de la Asociación de Maestros Católicos de Orense entrega en mano al cardenal sendos ejemplares de la hoja semanal Magisterio católico español de 28 de octubre y 4 de noviembre, que han sido maltratados por la censura...", "page": "186", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Ulama Indonesia", "aliases": ["Majelis Ulama Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation", "national unity", "religious orthodoxy", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation and Deradicalization in Indonesian Higher Education: A Case Study of ITB and IPB", "author": "Fahrudin, Ali; Nasrulloh, Nasrulloh; Suhadak, Faridatus; Haris, Abdul; Kholqi, A.M. Sa’dul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its ideology has shifted over time from moderate to a more puritan approach, influencing religious discourse and norm-setting within the Muslim community, thereby impacting the understanding and application of religious moderation.", "quote": "research conducted by Ichwan explains that the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) over time has shifted its ideology from moderate to moderate plus puritan ideology.", "page": "5", "url": "https://jurnaledukasi.kemenag.go.id/edukasi/article/view/1974", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesian Higher Education (ITB and IPB universities)", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Contributed to the intellectual discourse on religious moderation by establishing norms that emphasize tolerance and respect for differing faiths without coercion.", "quote": "In Islam, human relationship (ukhūwah basharīyah) must be based on an attitude of tolerance and respect for existing differences. Tolerance does not mean that other people who have different faiths from us must also to believe in our religion and or to force us to believe in other people's religions.¹", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council)", "aliases": ["Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia", "Malaysia"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Dissemination of Religious Moderation Through the Policy of the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs", "author": "Qoumas, Yaqut Cholil; Binti Mohd. Hussain, Rosila Bee; Bin Abdul Rahim, Rahimin Affandi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The council has played a significant role in fostering and disseminating the discourse of 'wasatiyyah' (moderation) in Indonesia, contributing to the broader understanding and acceptance of religious moderation.", "quote": "similar developments in wasatiyyah discourse also happened in Indonesia through several institutions, most notably the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI, Majelis Ulama Indonesia)", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/QIJIS/article/view/27552", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Malaysia", "when": "1998–2024"}, {"title": "Revisiting the inclusion-moderation thesis in the context of decentralized institutions: The behavior of Indonesia's Prosperous Justice Party in national and local …", "author": "M Buehler", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The organization is a government-sponsored body tasked with issuing religious edicts (fatwa), which can serve to enforce religious norms and influence public behavior, thus acting as a form of norm-setting and social regulation.", "quote": "Syamlan, who won the elections, had previously been the secretary of the provincial Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI – Majelis Ulama Indonesia), an arch-conservative, government-sponsored body tasked with issuing religious edicts (fatwa).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354068812462933", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1999–2009"}]}, {"name": "Maldita.es", "aliases": ["Maldita.es"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "free speech", "media literacy", "truth"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as an information verifier, actively debunking 'bulos' (hoaxes) and misinformation, particularly in the context of political manipulation and alleged government censorship.", "quote": "Se utilizó etiquetas como #censuradewhatsapp para rastrear la información y localizar cuentas de medios y verificadores españoles (Maldita.es, Newtral y Efe Verifica).", "page": "110", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}, {"title": "Libertad de expresión vs. censura: una mirada crítica a la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "C Ortega Giménez", "year": "", "mechanism": "It acts as an external fact-checker, investigating claims (e.g., about COVID-19 vaccines) and concluding on their veracity. Its findings help platforms label content as false, guiding users towards reliable information.", "quote": "La publicación fue denunciada por multitud de usuarios, lo que llevó a Facebook a trabajar junto a organizaciones externas de verificación, como Maldita.es, que investigaron la afirmación y concluyeron que no era cierta.", "page": "19", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/38223", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital media ecosystems, with a focus on social media and AI regulation in the European Union and Spain", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Marcha da Maconha", "aliases": ["Marcha da Maconha"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of assembly", "freedom of thought", "human rights", "policy reform", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in a Supreme Federal Court case (ADPF 187) to challenge the criminalization of advocating for drug legalization through public manifestations and events, thereby asserting freedom of expression against legal restrictions.", "quote": "O STF também debateu o exercício da liberdade de expressão no julgamento da Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental nº 187, denominada “Marcha da Maconha”, em que se postulava interpretação conforme a Constituição do art. 287 do Código Penal, de forma a excluir qualquer exegese que possa ensejar a criminalização da defesa da legalização das drogas ou de qualquer substância entorpecente específica, inclusive, através de manifestações e eventos públicos.", "page": "31", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "A discussão da visibilidade ea revisão da censura na esfera pública", "author": "I Paganotti", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Organizes public demonstrations to advocate for the decriminalization of drugs. These events were systematically prohibited by state courts on grounds of 'apology of drugs,' which constituted a form of state censorship on a social movement's expression until the Supreme Court ruled in favor of their right to assembly and expression.", "quote": "Esse seria o caso da sistemática proibição, realizada por diversos tribunais estaduais, da Marcha da Maconha, que pretende defender a descriminalização da droga.", "page": "15", "url": "https://sdpscp.fflch.usp.br/sites/sdpscp.fflch.usp.br/files/inline-files/76-237-1-PB.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-1988"}]}, {"name": "Markle Foundation", "aliases": ["Markle Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil society", "information access", "public knowledge", "scientific research", "societal understanding", "technological development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provides funding for research, specifically supporting studies like the CASS Internet usage survey, thereby enabling data collection and analysis that sheds light on the nature of online discourse in China.", "quote": "According to a 2005 study on urban Chinese Internet use funded by the Markle Foundation and conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}, {"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provides critical funding and encouragement to bring together civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies.", "quote": "Major foundations, such as the Ford Foundation, Markle Foundation, and George Soros' Open Society Institute, have supplied critical funding and encouragement to bring civil society actors interested in information and communication technologies together.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "aliases": ["Massachusetts Institute of Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society / AI safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ibero-America", "United States"], "media": ["LMOOCs", "MOOCs"], "norms": ["educational access", "educational innovation", "information accuracy", "moderator welfare"], "topics": ["moderação de debates", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Collaborates on research to mitigate psychological effects like the “illusory truth effect” among content moderators.", "quote": "For example, a leading BPO collaborated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Google to develop research on mitigating the “illusory truth effect” among content moderators.", "page": "124", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}, {"title": "LMOOCs: reflexões preliminares para o desenvolvimento de MOOCS comunicativos.", "author": "MV Liessem Fontana, VJ Leffa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Partnered with Harvard University to create the edX platform, a significant initiative that broadened the reach and standardized aspects of MOOC delivery, contributing to the development of online language courses.", "quote": "Logo, o MIT em parceria com a Universidade de Harvard criaria a plataforma edX. Desde então, a ideia viralizou: um grande número de plataformas surgiu e um número ainda maior de universidades começou a oferecer cursos nessa modalidade.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/be5f/0a0e439a392c32c699209572a5f50a3c8327.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global online education platforms, focusing on MOOCs/LMOOCs offered by universities in the US, Europe, and Ibero-America.", "when": "Post-2008 platform era (MOOCs up to 2017)"}]}, {"name": "Me Too movement", "aliases": ["Me Too movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "minority rights", "social inclusion", "social justice", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Redes sociais como nova esfera pública", "author": "CMC Nunes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to amplify marginalized voices and bring social justice issues, specifically related to sexual harassment and assault, to rapid public visibility, challenging existing power structures and norms.", "quote": "Movimentos como #MeToo, Black Lives Matter e os protestos pela mudança climática mostraram o poder das redes sociais de ampliar vozes marginalizadas, permitindo que questões de justiça social ganhem visibilidade de maneira rápida e eficaz.", "page": "15", "url": "https://bdigital.ufp.pt/entities/publication/8ef1c592-98ae-4899-8ce7-bbf5b5e16057", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital sphere; International politics; Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2000s)"}, {"title": "Liberdade digital e restrição das ideias: um estudo sociológico sobre os desafios da tolerância na era da informação", "author": "AMM Santos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The #MeToo movement leverages digital platforms to catalyze collective actions and allow demands for social justice to overcome geographical and cultural barriers, reaching a global scale.", "quote": "Movimentos como #BlackLivesMatter e #MeToo exemplificam como a liberdade digital pode, de fato, catalisar ações coletivas, permitindo que as demandas por justiça social ultrapassem fronteiras geográficas e culturais e alcancem uma escala global.", "page": "8", "url": "https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/21779", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms, global", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Media Cloud", "aliases": ["Media Cloud"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "research project; university-led consortium"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "data access", "democratic integrity", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An open-source research platform that allows scholars to compare how terms appear across different media types (newspapers, digital publications, talk radio), facilitating the quantitative study of media ecosystems.", "quote": "Media Cloud enables comparisons of terms across different collections of media, allowing researchers to see how terms appear in newspapers, digital publications and talk radio, for example.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Credibility Coalition", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Media Cloud provides the world's largest open-source news database and analysis tools used by academics, journalists, and nonprofits to map media ecosystems, study misinformation, and analyze platform flows; it produces research and partners with organizations like Code for Africa to generate widely used evidence and tools.", "quote": "Media Cloud provides open-source tools and a global news database used to analyze news and information flows on social media and platforms (e.g., mapping Reddit), directly informing platformized-content research and governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mediacloud.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Media Matters for Democracy", "aliases": ["Media Matters for Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Global", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "media freedom", "national security", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Pakistani perspective, focusing on media freedom and democracy.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and releases reports on self-censorship among Pakistani journalists, highlighting causes such as organizational policy, sensitive information, and state image.", "quote": "According to a latest report Surrendering to Silence: An Account of Self-censorship among Pakistani Journalists released by Media Matters for Democracy (2018, p. 19), 88 percent of Pakistani journalists exercise self-censorship in their reporting.", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Media Workers' Unions", "aliases": ["Media Workers' Unions", "Media workers' unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "China", "European Union", "India", "Iran", "Latin America", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic communication", "economic security", "media diversity", "social inclusion", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Soberanía y nacionalismo en entornos digitales: la llamativa ausencia de América Latina en el debate mundial", "author": "MA Becerra, SR Waisbord", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Exerted demands and aligned with policies that promoted labor growth and security within the media industry, fitting into broader nationalist media policies.", "quote": "Asimismo, las demandas de los sindicatos de trabajadores medios también encajaban con políticas que prometían crecimiento laboral y seguridad.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/260180", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (in comparison to China, Iran, Russia, European Union, United States, India)", "when": "1960s–2020s"}, {"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Articulated demands for greater inclusion for social actors in media and participated in the broad social discussion on media regulation, contributing to the context that led to the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "quote": "algunos actores de la sociedad civil promovieron una discusión sobre la regulación mediática que logró articular demandas ciudadanas y de grupos organizados (sindicatos de trabajadores de medios, el movimiento de radios comunitarias, las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las no gubernamentales -ONG-, cooperativas de servicios interesadas en el sector, investigadores y docentes universitarios) con los reclamos de mayor inclusión para actores sociales postergados en los medios.", "page": "5", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "MediaSmarts", "aliases": ["MediaSmarts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "Slovakia", "Sweden", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["digital literacy", "online prejudice response"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Hate Speech on Facebook: The Case of the Roma Minority in Slovakia", "author": "Miškolci, Jozef; Kováčová, Lucia; Rigová, Edita", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research into how young Canadians experience online prejudice and decide whether to counterspeak against it, identifying factors that enable or hinder responses to prejudice, which can inform digital literacy and online moderation strategies.", "quote": "How do Canadian adolescents experience casual prejudice online, and how do they decide whether to counterspeak against it? This report attempts to answer these questions.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0894439318791786", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Twitch), primarily Western countries (USA, UK, Canada, France, Italy, Slovakia, Germany, Sweden)", "when": "post-2000, focusing on the 2010s and early 2020s"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Milli Görüş movement", "aliases": ["Milli Görüş movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Morocco", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist parties, intraparty organizational dynamics, and moderation as strategic behaviour", "author": "FM Wuthrich, S Ciftci", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Initially established as a vehicle for Islamist party political mobilization, its established mission and the personalistic leadership of Necmettin Erbakan influenced and constrained the strategic flexibility of its affiliated parties until a leadership shift and split, which allowed for new charismatic leadership and strategic shifts.", "quote": "In Turkey, although Necmettin Erbakan entered national politics on behalf of an Islamist viewpoint in 1969, the well-known Islamist movement he brought into existence, Milli Görüş (MG), was formulated as a description of his party's political outlook (Erbakan, 1975).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629395.2020.1790165", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Turkey, Morocco)", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (1969–2018)"}, {"title": "Moderation of religious and secular politics, a country's “centre” and democratization", "author": "Somer, Murat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Established with an explicitly anti-systemic and religious discourse, it challenged the secular centre by advocating for 'Islamic values' and an 'indigenous (milli) developmental path' as an alternative to Westernization, thereby de-moderating from existing secular norms.", "quote": "The MG was founded in 1969 defending \"Islamic values\"\" and proposing an indigenous (milli) developmental path", "page": "as an alternative to “imitating the West”.\"", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.732069", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "1920s-2012"}]}, {"name": "MIT Center for Civic Media", "aliases": ["MIT Center for Civic Media"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts seminal studies on far-right online subcultures and new media, laying the foundation for understanding their tactics and grievances.", "quote": "MIT’s Center for Civic Media, the Oxford Internet Institute and Data & Society Foundation have released seminal studies that can lay the foundation for further research.", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on online misinformation and disinformation, influencing understanding of media manipulation and shaping public discourse, often in collaboration with Media Cloud and Berkman Klein.", "quote": "Media Cloud, Berkman Klein, and Center for Civic Media report suggests, this outcome had as much, if not more, to do with mainstream amplification as it did with organic reach.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Moral leagues", "aliases": ["Moral leagues"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1848, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La censure en France a l'ere democratique", "author": "Forcade, Olivier", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "These groups engaged in 'struggles' to uphold moral standards, influencing censorship by opposing content they deemed immoral, particularly targeting publications like 'romans de filles'.", "quote": "l'enfer de la Bibliothèque natio- nale rappelle les combats des ligues de morale, l'acculturation républicaine et le souci des bonnes mœurs à l'heure des «ro- mans de filles»", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3771270?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1848-present day"}, {"title": "La censure en France à l'ère démocratique", "author": "O Forcade", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "These leagues engaged in 'combats' (struggles) to enforce public morals and decency, contributing to the creation and maintenance of restricted sections like the 'enfer' (hell) in the National Library for objectionable texts.", "quote": "L'enfer de la Bibliothèque natio- nale rappelle les combats des ligues de morale, l'acculturation républicaine et le souci des bonnes mœurs à l'heure des «ro- mans de filles» dont le scandale est pro- messe de célébrité et stratégie d'édition.", "page": "139", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3771270", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1848–present day"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "industry self-regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura", "moderation"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops and applies content rating systems for movies, which serves as a historical precedent for information labeling to guide consumer decisions and inform online moderation practices.", "quote": "media warning labels for movies (e.g., Motion Picture Association of America's ratings), television, or music is an area of previous labeling research that online moderation researchers and practitioners might be able to gain useful insights from", "page": "3", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Adopted the \"Hays Code\"\" to self-regulate film content", "quote": "Public morals, industry self-regulation.", "page": "il “codice Hays” adottato nel 1930 dalla Motion Picture Association of America, per regolare ciò che era possibile mostrare nei film.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association", "trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "industry self-regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Hollywood V. Hard Core: How the struggle over censorship created the modern film industry", "author": "J Lewis", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The Hays Office served as a self-regulatory body for the American film industry, monitoring film content during its 'golden age' to enforce moral standards and avert external government censorship.", "quote": "from the Hays Office that monitored the golden age of Hollywood to the alphabet ratings system that labels the motion pictures in today's multiplex malls", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9780814744956.001.0001/html", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, USA", "when": "20th century"}, {"title": "Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry", "author": "F Walsh", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "An industry body whose president, Will Hays, was significantly impacted by the Catholic hierarchy, leading to the establishment and enforcement of censorship codes.", "quote": "Walsh develops a convincing argument that the Catholic hierarchy... had a powerful impact on Will Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, and on the censorship codes that emanated from his office in the early years of the Great Depression.", "page": "1", "url": "https://biblio.ie/9780300063738", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Hollywood", "when": "20th century"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL)", "aliases": ["Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-bias", "anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "content moderation", "free speech", "political control", "political debate"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to disseminate content, leading to the deactivation of pages and accounts by Facebook due to alleged violations of authenticity policies by spreading disinformation.", "quote": "resultando na desativação de, aproximadamente, 196 páginas e 87 contas de usuários vinculados ao Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL), com a fundamentação de utilização de perfis para “gerar divisão e espalhar desinformação”, violando a política de autenticidade da rede social.", "page": "16", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}, {"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Experienced the removal and blocking of its accounts and pages by Facebook during elections. It argued that these actions were 'arbitrary' and 'ideologically biased' attempts to 'persecute, inhibit, manipulate data, and invent outlandish allegations' against right-wing groups, thereby challenging private content moderation practices.", "quote": "Já o Movimento Brasil Livre – MBL, vítima de parte das remoções e bloqueios, aduziu que as contas foram “arbitrariamente retiradas do ar pelo Facebook” e que a empresa, “por conta do viés político e ideológico”, estava a “perseguir, coibir, manipular dados e inventar alegações esdrúxulas contra grupos, instituições e grupos de direita ao redor do mundo”.", "page": "103", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)", "aliases": ["Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Amazon", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democracy", "human rights", "social equity", "social justice", "social participation"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Rede de desinformação no Youtube: as queimadas na Amazônia em 2019", "author": "AA Oliveira, LMC Gitahy, A Altimiras-Martin…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The MST is portrayed by disinformation channels as a key actor responsible for deforestation and wildfires in the Amazon. This false attribution of responsibility serves as a rhetorical weapon to deflect blame from the government and discredit social movements in public discourse, functioning as a form of social shaming.", "quote": "a atribuição da responsabilidade pelas queimadas ao MST (Movimentos dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra) (A20).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/interc/a/36mTSjTPSjk56NQHsV6CnkQ/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil, Amazon", "when": "August-October 2019"}, {"title": "Historical Negationism and the Emergence of the Far Right The Crisis of the Modern Regime of Historicity in Brazil (2019-2022)", "author": "Maia, Tatyana De Amaral", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The MST participates in public life by organizing and demanding the expansion of rights and social agendas within the democratization process. By advocating for social justice and democratic principles, it contributes to a 'hegemonic memory' of resistance that indirectly counters authoritarian and negationist narratives about Brazil's recent past.", "quote": "organized groups around democratization demanding the expansion of agendas and, consequently, of rights: the Black movement, LGBTQIA+ groups, human rights groups, former political prisoners and their families, the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra [Landless Workers' Movement] (MST), the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto [Homeless Workers' Movement] (MTST), the feminist movement, among others.", "page": "22", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-87752023000300007&tlng=en", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2022"}]}, {"name": "Music Publishers' Protective Association", "aliases": ["Music Publishers' Protective Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Condemned 'dirty' songs in the music industry, reinforcing the onslaught of censorship against certain music styles.", "quote": "Billboard, followed by the other trade paper, Variety, continued the onslaught, rein- forced by the Music Publishers' Protective Association (MPPA), repre- senting the major publishing companies, which condemned \"dirty\"\" songs.\"", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Condemned 'dirty' songs, leading industry-wide efforts to control and filter popular music content.", "quote": "...the Music Publishers' Protective Association (MPPA), repre-senting the major publishing companies, which condemned \"dirty\"\" songs.\"", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Council of Britain", "aliases": ["Muslim Council of Britain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Indian subcontinent", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "cultural respect", "mutual respect", "religious identity", "religious moderation", "religious respect"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This organization issued a declaration asserting that 'Islam is the middle path' and explicitly rejecting extremism, thereby actively contributing to the definition of mainstream Muslim identity and public discourse within the UK.", "quote": "In the UK, the Muslim Council of Britain website features a similar example. It reports a declaration explaining that 'Islam is the middle path and the Qur'an designates Muslims as the ummatan wasata the middle community. Any form of extremism is to be utterly and completely rejected.'", "page": "9", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}, {"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Participated in public debates and made statements, articulating demands for respect for religious sensibilities and advocating for a balanced approach to free speech.", "quote": "Ibrahim Mogra of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) claimed: “We do not wish to impose our way of life on anybody. All we want is to live in respect with one another.”", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "Nation of Islam", "aliases": ["Nation of Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Aims for institutional independence and maintains a distinct group identity and worldview, often engaging in wider public discussions when its interests converge or face challenges.", "quote": "One example of a Black satellite public sphere is the Nation of Islam, which aspires to institutional independence—some of its grander de-signs envision acquiring sufficient land to start a “nation within a na-tion.”", "page": "18", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "`Hate Speech' and `First Amendment Absolutism' Discourses in the US", "author": "Downing, John D.H.", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "A speaker from the Nation of Islam delivered a public speech described as a 'vicious and contemptible antisemitic diatribe,' which the article presents as a form of hate speech that prompted debate about institutional moderation and free speech limits.", "quote": "One writer, an educational administrator rather than a lawyer, has addressed issues of racist expression, notably in the case of a Nation of Islam speaker at Kean College, New Jersey, in 1993 (Marcus, 1996). The speaker, Khalid Mohammed, consciously creating a highly charged atmosphere from the very outset of his speech, launched a vicious and contemptible antisemitic diatribe before a very large and seemingly appreciative student audience.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926599010002003", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "National Alliance", "aliases": ["National Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neo-nazism", "political violence", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a neo-Nazi organization that provided instructional manuals for building weapons, contributing to the offline radicalisation and violent acts of individuals like Thomas Mair.", "quote": "Similarly, records show that Mair was a dedicated supporter of the National Alliance, a US neo-Nazi organisation, and he purchased manuals from the group containing instructions on how to build a pistol and explosive devices (Southern Poverty Law Center 2016).", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Disseminated neo-Nazi ideology through online primers (National Socialism Primer) and Usenet newsgroups (rec.music.white-power) to spread messages.", "quote": "Milton Kleim Jr., who was affiliated with National Alliance, authored the ‘National Socialism Primer’ and created the Usenet newsgroup, rec.music.white-power...", "page": "44", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters", "aliases": ["National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Passed a new censorship code in 1951, including a section specific to television and children, establishing self-regulatory standards for broadcast content.", "quote": "The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters passed a new censorship code in 1951, including a section on television and children, although during these years the political black- list, mounted by right-wing groups and sponsors, took center stage.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Passed a new censorship code including a section on television and children, establishing self-regulatory guidelines for broadcast content.", "quote": "The National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters passed a new censorship code in 1951, including a section on television and children...", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC)", "aliases": ["National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "artistic freedom", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era", "post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... National Coalition Against Censorship, New America's Open Technology Institute...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Acts as the only US national initiative dedicated to defending arts and free expression by monitoring, advocating against censorship, and potentially offering legal or public education support.", "quote": "Svetlana Mintcheva is director of programs at the National Coalition Against Censorship and Adjunct Professor at New York University's Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development. She is the founding director of NCAC's Arts Advocacy Program, the only US national initiative devoted to the arts and free expression today...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research", "aliases": ["National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "watchdog/transparency group / professional body"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "ethical research", "human subjects protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Set a model for public bioethics bodies, although criticized for potentially representing political ideologies rather than general public views.", "quote": "Carl Griffin Trotter, for instance, reports the case of the National Commission for the Protection of human subjects in Biomedical and Behavioural Research (“National Commission”), which, in his view, far from embedding the viewpoints of the general public, actually represented “the ideology of the Democratic Party officials who appointed them”", "page": "55", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Issued the Belmont Report in 1979, establishing ethical principles and guidelines for protecting human subjects, which heavily influenced the federal regulations for IRBs.", "quote": "When the federal government asks universities and other institutions to give assurances that they have IRBs, it suggests that they establish IRBs on the principles of the Belmont Report—issued in 1979 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.", "page": "25", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "National Council of Catholic Women", "aliases": ["National Council of Catholic Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious morality", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Counted violent acts on television programs, thereby engaging in monitoring and public pressure to influence television content moderation.", "quote": "National PTA members in 1949 voted to watch for \"unwholesome television programs\"\" and were soon fol- lowed by members of the National Council of Catholic Women", "page": "who counted violent acts.\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}, {"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Actively monitored television programs, counting violent acts, and participated in efforts to watch for 'unwholesome' content.", "quote": "...followed by members of the National Council of Catholic Women, who counted violent acts.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "National Democratic Institute (NDI)", "aliases": ["National Democratic Institute (NDI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "international democracy promotion NGO"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis y comparativa de los debates políticos de primer nivel en España (2012 y 2016) y Serbia (2016): nuevos formatos televisivos para nuevos escenarios …", "author": "M Micovic, M Gallego-Reguera", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Supports projects (like \"Connect People with Politicians\"\") that organize political debates in Serbia by providing direct guidance on rules", "quote": "and production", "page": "thereby contributing to the structuring and professionalization of electoral communication.\"", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d87f3a4515ea616d1672d46e30b8906/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1216381", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Serbia", "when": "2015–2016"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; DSA-related public consultation; Global Network Initiative", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "NDI produces public opinion research and tech-facilitated monitoring, trains observers and political actors globally, and participates in consultations and events that shape platform-related governance debates.", "quote": "NDI runs a 'Democracy and Technology' program and provides tech-facilitated parliamentary and election monitoring, engaging on issues that shape information environments and platformed political communication.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ndi.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Legion of Decency", "aliases": ["National Legion of Decency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1873, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Achieved significant success in censoring films, demonstrating a more effective approach to regulating popular culture compared to its Protestant counterparts.", "quote": "Parker's reliance on WCTU records and her focus on continuity give her little insight into the Catholic Legion of Decency's much greater success in censoring films...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}, {"title": "Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry", "author": "F Walsh", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Operated to influence Hollywood production, using blacklisting tactics and putting forth ratings, primarily impacting neighborhood theaters.", "quote": "Walsh explains the dynamics of how the Legion of Decency operated at the peak of its power between 1934 and 1950.", "page": "1", "url": "https://biblio.ie/9780300063738", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Hollywood", "when": "20th century"}]}, {"name": "National Parents League", "aliases": ["National Parents League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "parental rights", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Assists in the formation of parent-run schools to avoid the 'corruption' of children in public schools, and its members were speakers at Kanawha County hearings.", "quote": "Out-of-state speakers came from an Arizona publication, the Arizona legislature, the Heritage Foundation, Parents of New York United, the National Parents League (an Oregon-based organization which assists formation of parent-run schools to avoid corruption of children in public schools)...", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan [...] the Heritage Foun dation, and the. National Klrents Le.gueinvolved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Public Radio (NPR)", "aliases": ["National Public Radio (NPR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "other"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic independence", "public service media"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reporting and commenting on US presidential debates, shaping public discourse through its narrative and critical framing of events and candidates.", "quote": "Domenico Montanaro in un articolo di NPR l'ha definito «maybe the worst presidential debate in American history».", "page": "33", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}, {"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Relying on donations for funding to sustain public service journalism.", "quote": "Donations for news are relatively new, though Wikipedia and National Public Radio have generated much of their income this way for many years.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "National Socialist Party of America", "aliases": ["National Socialist Party of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "harm reduction", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Attempting to march in a Jewish village to promote their racist and neo-Nazi message, prompting authorities to regulate such demonstrations, which led to legal challenges on free speech grounds.", "quote": "En esta última, eventualmente, todas las ordenanzas fueron declaradas inconstitucionales por considerarse que eran discriminatorias por razón de contenido político específico y por adolecer de vaguedad y amplitud excesiva.", "page": "117", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Proposed a march that sparked public debate about the limits of free speech and the state's role in protecting community security from 'assaultive speech', leading to discussions about the need for speech restriction.", "quote": "When the neo-Nazi National Socialist Party of America (NSPA) proposed a march through Skokie, IL (home to many holocaust survivors), in 1977, Downs argues that those who invoked the bromide to 'fight bad speech with more speech' neglected an important duty of the state to protect the Jewish residents of Skokie from having to countenance this speech at all.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Vigilance Association", "aliases": ["National Vigilance Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship", "censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["19th century", "20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1925, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema, Censorship and Sexuality 1909-1925 (Routledge Revivals)", "author": "Kuhn, Annette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The NVA campaigned for moral reform, seeking to suppress indecent publications and influencing local government policy regarding cinema content.", "quote": "The National Vigilance Association (NVA)... was an active and vocal campaigner for moral reform throughout this period, its concerns ranging from combating prostitution and the 'white slave traffic' to suppressing indecent publications and plays.", "page": "38", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "1909–1925"}, {"title": "Émile Zola devant la censure victorienne", "author": "Merkle, Denise", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Founded to promote social purity, this league of morality wielded political power and launched campaigns to censor translations of Zola's novels, influencing the works made available to the public.", "quote": "où la ligue de moralité (National Vigilance Association), fondée en 1886 afin de promouvoir la pureté sociale, jouit d'un certain pouvoir politique, où les bibliothèques de prêt décident des livres qui seront publiés...", "page": "3", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/037169ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Victorian England", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Nepal Fact Check", "aliases": ["Nepal Fact Check"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Fact-checker coalition", "fact-checker coalition"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "veracity"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An International Fact-Checking Network-certified initiative that conducts fact-checks and monitors misinformation spread across Nepal.", "quote": "The difference in the pattern according to provinces is evident in the fact-checks conducted by Nepal Fact Check, an International Fact-Checking Network-certified fact-checking initiative.", "page": "169", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An International Fact-Checking Network-certified initiative that conducts fact-checks and identifies misinformation patterns in Nepal.", "quote": "The difference in the pattern according to provinces is evident in the fact-checks conducted by Nepal Fact Check, an International Fact-Checking Network-certified fact-checking initiative.", "page": "196", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "NetBlocks", "aliases": ["NetBlocks", "Netblocks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Sri Lanka", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet access", "internet governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020", "21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A Russian NGO that conducts research and analysis on the quality of Internet service, including monitoring connectivity between Russian and foreign Autonomous Systems to assess the effects of government regulation.", "quote": "Russian NGO focused on research and analysis of the quality of Internet service in Russia, led mainly by technologists and lawyers.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}, {"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on Internet disruptions and censorship events, providing real-time information on social media blocking and Internet blackouts.", "quote": "NetBlocks and AccessNow found seven social media websites including Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram to be blocked [70, 101].", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Netsafe", "aliases": ["Netsafe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "online safety", "public good", "societal issues", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues appearing in technology realms and attempts to harness the potential of the internet for good, focusing on online safety.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include... New Zealand-based Netsafe...", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched a campaign to provide information and advice on harmful digital communications, working with tech companies on a draft online safety code of practice.", "quote": "In June 2021, the Classification Office and Netsafe launched a campaign, Bare Facts (https://www.netsafe.org.nz/barefacts/) to provide information and advice.", "page": "36", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Netsafe (New Zealand)", "aliases": ["Netsafe (New Zealand)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "digital development", "societal well-being", "technological risks", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Founded to address societal issues appearing in technology realms and to attempt to harness the potential of the internet for good; waded into technology issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), New Zealand-based Netsafe, and the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, with a focus on child safety and addressing societal issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include ... New Zealand-based Netsafe... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "News Integrity Initiative", "aliases": ["News Integrity Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "commercial interests", "journalism support", "news integrity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides funding to support initiatives related to news integrity and journalism, including the report itself, thereby contributing to the development of better practices in media.", "quote": "This report is funded by Craig Newmark Philanthropies and News Integrity Initiative, with additional programmatic and general support from other Data & Society funders.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}, {"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Funds projects like the Open Brand Safety (OBS) framework, which tracks web domains and video URLs identified as misinformation spreaders to provide information to platforms and advertisers for blacklisting or whitelisting.", "quote": "Projects like the Open Brand Safety (OBS) framework emerged out of the News Integrity Initiative (a project funded by partners such as Craig Newmark of Craigslist, and Facebook)...", "page": "20", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Newtral", "aliases": ["Newtral"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech", "media literacy"], "topics": ["moderación de medios", "moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Innovación MedIÁtica: aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en el periodismo en España", "author": "TM Terol", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Newtral employs artificial intelligence in its mission to combat disinformation through fact-checking. This involves developing software for monitoring verifiable data in videos (using speech-to-text and identifying factual phrases) and automating responses for previously verified claims to increase efficiency and speed.", "quote": "Tienen dos proyectos en los que incluyen desarrollo de IA dentro de su misión de combatir la desinformación. Su objetivo es “pasar de 8h a 1h de dedicación en verificación” (NW_RM) e incrementar la productividad y la efectividad, “para ser más rápidos y procesar un gran volumen de datos” (NW_RM).", "page": "10", "url": "https://textualvisualmedia.com/index.php/txtvmedia/article/view/323", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "contemporary"}, {"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as an information verifier, actively debunking 'bulos' (hoaxes) and misinformation, particularly in the context of political manipulation and alleged government censorship.", "quote": "Se utilizó etiquetas como #censuradewhatsapp para rastrear la información y localizar cuentas de medios y verificadores españoles (Maldita.es, Newtral y Efe Verifica).", "page": "110", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Novembergruppe", "aliases": ["Novembergruppe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "artists' association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "artistic expression", "social change", "social critique"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Demanded participation in all activities of importance to the arts to help change society, advocating for modernist and left-wing artistic expressions.", "quote": "Amongst the most prominent was Kurt Weill who in the early 1920s joined the Berlin-based Novembergruppe – an association of artists named after the German Revolution of November 1918 whose prime objectives were to demand participation in all activities of importance to the arts, believing that such engagement could help to change society.", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "An association of artists whose objectives were to demand participation in important art activities and promote social change, influencing composers towards left-wing politics and modernist expressions.", "quote": "Amongst the most prominent was Kurt Weill who in the early 1920s joined the Berlin-based Novembergruppe – an association of artists named after the German Revolution of November 1918 whose prime objectives were to demand participation in all activities of importance to the arts, believing that such engagement could help to change society.", "page": "62", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights", "aliases": ["NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "fairness", "free speech", "governance", "human rights", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Beyond the Scissors and Screens: Freedom, Censorship, and the Internet as Explored by Gergely Gosztonyi", "author": "Gosztonyi’s, Gergely", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This organization conducts research and publishes reports to investigate claims of political censorship by social media companies, providing evidence-based analysis on algorithmic bias and content moderation practices.", "quote": "And a recent report by the NYU Stern Center for Business and Human Rights found that \"no reliable study has found that conservative content is removed for ideological reasons or that searches are manipulated to favor liberal interests.\"\"\"", "page": "7", "url": "journals.us.edu.pl", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet and social media, with a focus on the US, Europe (EU regulatory frameworks), and China", "when": "Ancient to 21st century, with a primary focus on the post-2010 digital era"}, {"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Argues for more governance of technology platforms but also cautions that government intervention can do harm, contributing to academic and policy debates on content moderation and human rights.", "quote": "The NYU's Center for Business and Human Rights argues for more governance of technology platforms but states that government intervention can also do harm.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "O Pasquim", "aliases": ["O Pasquim"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "political dissent", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": ["books.google.com", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, humor e discurso de ódio nas redes sociais: limites jurídicos e análise de casos no Brasil", "author": "JN Correia Neto", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Used critical humor as a form of social and political critique, subverting state control and spreading critical messages during the military dictatorship.", "quote": "O jornal tinha o principal intuito de trazer um humor crítico, visando ser adotado pela intelectualidade boêmia de Ipanema, no Rio de Janeiro, como maneira de subverter o controle social trazido pelo Estado.", "page": "22", "url": "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/79005", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and social media platforms", "when": "post-1988 platform era"}, {"title": "Crítica da mídia & hegemonia cultural", "author": "D de Moraes", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As an alternative newspaper, Pasquim provided a platform for critical humor and dissenting voices against the military dictatorship, acting as a form of counter-hegemonic media and challenging state censorship.", "quote": "Em seguida, em O humor de Henfil contra quem oprime, o autor explora a trajetória do cartunista, destacando sua atuação em Pasquim, um dos primeiros jornais alternativos de resistência à ditadura militar no Brasil.", "page": "218", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=entQDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA10&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+m%C3%ADdia&ots=yC_gBHpgjD&sig=emihqf8QqXqkvcrUciBN0UIjGJw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "mid-20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Observacom", "aliases": ["Observacom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X"], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic integrity", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "open internet", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "CB Tacchella", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Elaborates standards and guidelines for the democratic regulation of digital platforms, addressing concerns about content moderation transparency and accountability, and providing directives for digital rights protection.", "quote": "Estándares para una regulación democrática de las plataformas (Observacom, 2019). Estos documentos abordan inquietudes comunes sobre la moderación de contenidos, la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas en las plataformas en línea.", "page": "30", "url": "https://repositorio.udesa.edu.ar/bitstreams/03c60900-a35b-48f1-a969-0193ed0efb31/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook and Twitter (X); USA, New Zealand, Latin America", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "ARMADILHAS E CAMINHOS NA REGULAÇÃO DA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "Monteiro, Artur Pericles Lima; Cruz, Francisco Brito", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes standards and guidelines for democratic regulation of large platforms, aiming to ensure freedom of expression and an open and free internet.", "quote": "Observacom, Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas que garantice la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta, 2020, observacom.org/....", "page": "29", "url": "internetlab.org.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2014 and 2021"}]}, {"name": "Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ", "aliases": ["Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["media accountability", "public interest", "regulatory oversight"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "An Economic Theory of Censorship", "author": "Sidak, J Gregory", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Participated in legal proceedings concerning voluntary assignments or transfers of broadcast licenses, challenging or influencing FCC policies related to broadcast ownership and control.", "quote": "Office of Communication of United Church of Christ v FCC, 911 F2d 813 (DC Cir 1990).", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1920s–2000s"}, {"title": "IMPLEMENTATION OF A MARKETPLACE APPROACH BROADCAST REGULATION", "author": "Krasnow, Erwin G; Stern, Jill Abeshouse", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This organization litigated against the FCC's radio deregulation decision, resulting in a court remand for further consideration on the issue of program logs to assess station performance and agency monitoring.", "quote": "While the court held that nothing in the Communications Act compels the Commission to retain program logs, it remanded on that issue to permit further consideration of the alternatives it might employ to permit the public to assess individual station performance and to permit the agency to monitor the success of its deregulatory regime.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (telecommunications and broadcast industry)", "when": "1970s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "OhmyNews", "aliases": ["OHmyNews", "OhmyNews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "South Korea", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["AgoraVox", "OHmyNews"], "norms": ["access to information", "democratic participation", "free speech", "political freedom", "social progress", "user empowerment"], "topics": ["modération de contenu", "television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'citizen journalism' site where citizens contribute news, challenging traditional media power dynamics and promoting participation in shaping political change.", "quote": "Netizenship has also been strongly associated with the Korean ‘citizen journalism’ site OhmyNews (Hauben, 2007b; Hauben, 2007a; Seok, 2005).", "page": "207", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}, {"title": "Le cas d'AgoraVox, le média citoyen: Une politique éditoriale et un comité rédactionnel inédits", "author": "C Revelli", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As a citizen media site, it mobilizes a large network of volunteer editors who contribute articles. It is credited with influencing political outcomes, such as a presidential election, by enabling widespread citizen participation in news creation.", "quote": "Le précurseur qui nous a inspirés est un site coréen connu, le site «OHmyNews», lancé en 2000 en Corée du Sud et qui se targue d'avoir contribué au changement de président de la République en 2002.", "page": "3", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-legicom-2008-1-page-73", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Citizen media platforms (AgoraVox in France, OHmyNews in South Korea)", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Omidyar Network", "aliases": ["Omidyar Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "philanthropic foundation / impact investor"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Generative AI"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides financial support for research into AI red-teaming and governance, indirectly influencing the understanding and development of AI moderation and alignment strategies.", "quote": "This work is supported in part by the Open Society Foundation, the Omidyar Foundation, and the Siegel Family Foundation.", "page": "4", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Deploys philanthropic capital and convening power to fund research, policy development, and coalitions shaping governance frameworks; emphasizes convening diverse actors and investing in governance initiatives.", "quote": "Core mission explicitly focuses on technology governance, investing in and collaborating on governance frameworks, policy, and convening actors to shape the digital future.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.omidyar.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI)", "aliases": ["Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "civic courage", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides infrastructure and support networks for civil society activists fighting online radicalization and hate speech, connecting and empowering NGOs and individuals.", "quote": "The Online Civil Courage Initiative, which ISD founded in cooperation with Facebook, or networks such as the German organization das NETTZ, can help to connect and empower young activists and NGOs and offer advice and safety nets to those that are at risk of receiving abuse as a result of their anti-hate campaigns.", "page": "179", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A collaborative cross-sector hub, funded by Facebook and working with partners like ISD, that responds to online hate speech across the UK, France, and Germany.", "quote": "the Online Civil Courage Initiative, a collaborative cross-sector hub funded by Facebook, which responds to online hate speech in the UK, France, and Germany", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Online Hate Prevention Institute", "aliases": ["Online Hate Prevention Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Combats 'hate speech' online by targeting digital intermediaries, lobbying them, raising awareness, and collecting complaints.", "quote": "the Australian-based Online Hate Prevention Institute, the Canada-based Sentinel Groups for Genocide Prevention and the British-based Tell MAMA (Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks) combat “hate speech” online...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Access movement", "aliases": ["Open Access movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["academic publishing", "academic publishing ecosystem"], "norms": ["collaboration", "open access", "public good"], "topics": ["content moderation", "media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The end of trust and safety?: Examining the future of content moderation and upheavals in professional online safety efforts", "author": "RE Moran, J Schafer, M Bayar, K Starbird", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocated among researchers and librarians for free access to articles published in academic journals, promoting a culture of sharing and collaboration to overcome growing subscription costs that restricted access to scientific information.", "quote": "This initiated a movement among researchers and librarians, advocating that access to articles published in academic journals should be open, that is free of charge.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713662", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (academic publishing and decentralized science)", "when": "Late 20th century – 2025"}, {"title": "The rise of muhammadiyah's islamic da'wah in the contemporary era: transformation to online trend and responses to islamic moderation", "author": "S Huda, MM Mas'udi…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocated for free access to academic articles and data, promoting sharing and collaboration, and pressuring government funders to make research publicly available, directly countering paywall gatekeeping.", "quote": "This initiated a movement among researchers and librarians, advocating that access to articles published in academic journals should be open, that is free of charge... more generally, the movement embodied a culture of sharing and collaboration.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/progresiva/article/view/20889", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific community, academic publishing ecosystem, digital platforms", "when": "Late 20th century to 2025"}]}, {"name": "Open Data Institute", "aliases": ["Open Data Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "data policy and stewardship non-profit; membership and consultancy organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "community needs", "data sustainability", "independence", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts multi-year research to identify strategies for sustainable data institutions, which can help inform governance and community support for data collection efforts relevant to content moderation, ensuring data serves community needs.", "quote": "The Open Data Institute conducted a multi-year research and development program to identify strategies and build tools to design sustainable data institutions.7 Their analysis of the business and revenue models of existing data institutions indicates that it is common for data institutions to use mixed funding streams and develop contingency plans and that effective governance and community support are critical to ensure that the institution continues to serve the needs of the community rather than particular interest groups.", "page": "119", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "ODI produces research and policy briefings, provides advisory services to governments and industry, stewards the Solid data infrastructure, and convenes multi-stakeholder networks to shape data and AI practices.", "quote": "ODI's core mission is advancing trust in data and data stewardship, but it conducts policy work, research and partnerships that intersect with platform data practices, algorithms and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://theodi.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Net", "aliases": ["Open Net"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, a document outlining good practices for internet intermediaries.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como... Open Net (South Korea).", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, advocating for limited intermediary responsibility for third-party content.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrolla-dos por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA)... y Open Net (South Korea).", "page": "11", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Source Initiative (OSI)", "aliases": ["Open Source Initiative (OSI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Standards body", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial viability", "information sharing", "open access", "open source", "software development practices"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established a definition of open source software and publishes licenses that meet its definition, distinguishing it from free software for wider adoption.", "quote": "It was at this time that Raymond and Bruce Perens founded the Open Source Initiative (OSI). They established a definition of open source software...", "page": "246", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}, {"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established to define and promote open source software, publishing licenses that meet its Open Source Definition.", "quote": "Eric S. Raymond and Bruce Perens founded the Open Source Initiative (OSI). They established a definition of open source software (The Open Source Definition, 2006), distinguishing it from free software.", "page": "246", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Open Technology Institute", "aliases": ["Open Technology Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "think tank / research program (policy institute)"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["search engines"], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "OTI produces research, publications, and events to inform policy debates on platform governance and engages stakeholders to shape regulatory and industry practices.", "quote": "Open Technology Institute is a New America program focused on digital policy and governance, engaging in research and advocacy on technology, platforms, and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.newamerica.org/oti/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}, {"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed the Transparency Reporting Toolkit to guide platforms on content takedown reporting, aiming to enhance transparency and accountability in content moderation.", "quote": "Spandana Singh & Kevin Bankston, The Transparency Reporting Toolkit: Content Takedown Reporting, OPEN TECH. INST. (Oct. 25, 2018)", "page": "48", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Terms Archive", "aliases": ["Open Terms Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "open source public-interest project / civil society knowledge commons"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "access to information", "algorithmic or platform governance", "consumer protection", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Open Terms Archive archives and versions terms, publishes datasets and memos, offers an API and tooling used by researchers and the European Commission's DSA Enforcement Team to assess P2B/DSA compliance and to support oversight of major platforms.", "quote": "Operates a public, versioned archive of platform terms and related datasets and memos to enable democratic oversight of digital services and to support regulatory compliance analysis (e.g., DSA, P2B).", "page": "", "url": "https://opentermsarchive.org/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Platform Governance Archive (PGA): Dataset PGA v2 [Data Paper]", "author": "Katzenbach, Christian; Dergacheva, Daria; Fischer, Alex; Kopps, Adrian; Kolesnikov, Sergei; Redeker, Dennis; Viejo Otero, Paloma; Universität Bremen", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a French NGO, OTA operates an open-source engine that automatically downloads, archives, and tracks changes in company terms and policies on a regular basis, making them available to consumers and the public and offering real-time alerts for policy changes.", "quote": "Open Terms Archive (OTA) is a French NGO focussed on making company terms and their changes available to consumers and the public, and offering an almost real-time alert service for such changes.", "page": "2", "url": "https://media.suub.uni-bremen.de/handle/elib/7052", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global), with a focus on platforms operating in the European Union; research based in Germany and France.", "when": "Platform era (2005-present), with current data collection focused on policies since April 2022."}]}, {"name": "OpenNet Initiative (ONI)", "aliases": ["OpenNet Initiative (ONI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public understanding", "research freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts comprehensive country-based research on Internet filtering, censorship of web content, and online surveillance, publishing findings to highlight global trends and specific country practices.", "quote": "More comprehensive country based censorship is revealed in studies by OpenNet Initiative Research in the books Access denied... (Deibert et al. 2008), Access Controlled... (Deibert et al. 2010) and Access Contested... (Deibert et al. 2012).", "page": "7", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}, {"title": "National Web Studies: Mapping Iran Online", "author": "Rogers, Richard; Weltevrede, Esther; Niederer, Sabine; Borra, Erik", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on Internet censorship activities by states, providing documentation and analysis on the scale and scope of online content filtering and repression.", "quote": "In the case of the Iranian web, which is among the most aggressively censored webs in the world, there are no reported requests for removal from the government (Open Net Initiative, 2009; Google, 2011b).", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "OpenSafetyLab", "aliases": ["OpenSafetyLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM-based guard models"], "norms": ["AI safety", "harmful content prevention", "resilience", "safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "FanarGuard: A Culturally-Aware Moderation Filter for Arabic Language Models", "author": "M Fatehkia, E Altinisik, HT Sencar", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Develops and releases AI safety tools and methods, such as the MD-Judge safety classifier.", "quote": "MD-Judge (Li et al., 2024) is a safety classifier derived from Mistral-7B, introduced as part of the SALAD-Bench benchmark (Li et al., 2024). While the training data is not publicly available, it reportedly includes a mix of publicly sourced and [...] https://huggingface.co/OpenSafetyLab/MD-Judge-v0.1", "page": "19", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2026.eacl-long.368/", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Arabic-speaking societies and global AI platforms", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}, {"title": "On calibration of LLM-based guard models for reliable content moderation", "author": "H Liu, H Huang, X Gu, H Wang, Y Wang", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and makes available LLM-based guard models like MD-Judge and RigorLLM, which serve as 'resilient guardrails for large language models against undesired content' for content moderation tasks.", "quote": "RigorLLM: Resilient guardrails for large language models against undesired content.", "page": "3", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10414", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / LLM-based guard models", "when": "contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "Operation Smackdown", "aliases": ["Operation Smackdown"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "islamophobia", "national security"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized collectively to report content from 'jihadists' on platforms, using tactics like DDoS attacks (overloading websites with requests) to remove content.", "quote": "Um caso que ganhou notoriedade foi a Operation Smackdown, nome dado por grupo de estadunidenses que se organizavam coletivamente para reportar conteúdos de jihadistas, atacando tanto vídeos explicitamente violentos no contexto de guerra até categorias mais difusas como \"propaganda\"\"[49].\"", "page": "20", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A group of bloggers that coordinated their supporters to flag specific YouTube videos under the category of “promotes terrorism” to achieve content removal.", "quote": "a group of bloggers angered by the presence of pro-Muslim content on YouTube began an effort called \"Operation Smackdown.\"\"...the group coordinated their supporters to flag specific YouTube videos under the category of “promotes terrorism”\"", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Oral History Association", "aliases": ["Oral History Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "professional standards", "research ethics", "research integrity", "researcher welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Toward a Natural History of Ethical Censorship", "author": "Katz, Jack", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Engaged in discussions and interpretations of federal human subjects regulations to clarify whether oral history activities should be excluded from IRB review, influencing the scope of research moderation.", "quote": "Many oral historians took that to say that oral history was excluded from IRB review, including the Oral History Association.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0023921600013347/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}, {"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the American Historical Association to advocate for relaxing IRB regulations on oral history research, aiming to reduce licensing burdens on scholars.", "quote": "For example, in 2003, in the most recent agitation against IRBs, oral historians in the American Historical Association and the Oral History Association sought to relax the grip of IRBs on oral history—history done through taped interviews.", "page": "83", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Orange Umbrella", "aliases": ["Orange Umbrella"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Douban", "WeChat", "Weibo", "XiaoHongShu"], "norms": ["collective action", "feminist issues", "gender equality", "mutual aid", "user protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Safe spaces for feminist activists online: Chinese networked feminists’ self-censorship strategies in response to online misogyny and government censorship", "author": "Chang, Aizi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a networked feminist team, engaging in collective self-censorship and content regulation to protect individual members from online misogyny and government censorship, thereby maintaining a safe space for feminist discourse.", "quote": "By working together in teams, as seen in feminist accounts like Orange Umbrella and Discover Feminism, Chinese feminists create a shared identity that shields individual members from backlash while reinforcing the group's collective voice.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-025-04802-2", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chinese social media platforms (XiaoHongShu, Douban, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021-2023"}, {"title": "Exploring algorithmic resistance: Responses to social media censorship in activism", "author": "H Elmimouni, S Rüller, K Aal, Y Skop…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as a networked feminist team, engaging in collective self-censorship and creating a shared identity to shield individual members from backlash and reinforce the group's collective voice.", "quote": "By working together in teams, as seen in feminist accounts like Orange Umbrella and Discover Feminism, Chinese feminists create a shared identity that shields individual members from backlash while reinforcing the group's collective voice.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3710970", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, social media platforms (Douban, XiaoHongShu, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021–2023"}]}, {"name": "Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB)", "aliases": ["Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "individual rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censura", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Suggested a tripartite regulatory system to supervise law application, proposing a Digital Policy Council, involvement of CGI.br, and a private self-regulation entity.", "quote": "Por último, cabe destacar a sugestão apresentada pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), em ofício encaminhado ao Dep. Orlando Silva, em que sugere a criação de um sistema tripartite regulatório para supervisionar a aplicação da lei, por entender que não seria possível um único órgão, setor ou agente desempenhar tal função.", "page": "51", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}, {"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Expressed strong adverse reactions against the establishment of prior censorship for books and publications, indicating its role in defending legal and civil liberties.", "quote": "A reação adversa de editores, escritores, intelectuais e associações da sociedade civil – entre elas a Associação Brasileira de Imprensa, Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil e a Academia Brasileira de Letras – foi grande", "page": "27", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Order of Preachers", "aliases": ["Order of Preachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-statism", "personalism", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship", "censura"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-18th centuries", "1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern Italy", "author": "Blasutto, Fabio; de la Croix, David", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in theological controversies, such as on grace, and some of their scholars had their works censored and appeared in the Index, demonstrating their involvement in the intellectual landscape subject to censorship.", "quote": "One particularly striking case is Serry Jacobus Hyacinthus. A professor in Padova, he contributed to the Dominicans-Jesuits controversy on grace, and several of his works appeared in the Index.", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ej/article/133/656/2899/7230362", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italian peninsula", "when": "1400–1750"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A member (Ignacio Menéndez Reigada) engaged in theological critiques, warning against 'totalitarian statism' and the 'divinization of the State' in discussions surrounding the Spanish Civil War.", "quote": "...el dominico Ignacio Menéndez Reigada, con quien Maritain polemiza, advierte en La ciencia tomista que el francés desconoce la realidad española y denuncia el 'peligro de un estatismo totalitario en el sentido hegeliano y panteísta, el peligro de una divinización del Estado'.", "page": "92", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Organization of American States", "aliases": ["Organization of American States"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "European Union", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States", "Zimbabwe"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "democracy", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The OAS establishes regional human rights instruments, such as the American Convention on Human Rights and the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression, which influence the constitutional and legal protections for free speech in Brazil.", "quote": "no campo continental, à Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos da Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA) e finalmente na Declaração de Princípios sobre a Liberdade de Expressão.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}, {"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Establishes special commissions (like MACCIH) to investigate governmental corruption in member states, and promotes human rights.", "quote": "the Salvadoran president Nayib Bukele has signed an agreement with the Organization of American States (OAS) in order to establish a special commission to investigate governmental corruption in El Salvador.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Pan European Game Information (PEGI)", "aliases": ["Pan European Game Information (PEGI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body", "trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Hong Kong", "Macau", "Taiwan"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["censorship", "content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The impact of game censorship and regulations on foreign game consoles in China", "author": "Zhang, Jiaqiang; Chiu, Candy Lim", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a content rating system for video games in Europe, setting standards for age appropriateness without direct government intervention, in contrast to China's lack of such a system.", "quote": "Europe has the Pan European Game Information standard to rate games. By contrast, China doesn't have a similar rating system and the association, which means games approved must be appropriate for all ages [2].", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9322695/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan grey markets)", "when": "late 1980s–present"}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Self-regulates computer game products by labelling and classifying them based on content related to violence, sexual content, and other concerns, acting as a content rating system across Europe.", "quote": "An example is the Pan European Game Information (PEGI) scheme, under which 30,000 computer game products have been labelled and classified to indicate violence, sexual content, and other types of content that may give human dignity/child protection concerns", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "Parents Music Resource Center", "aliases": ["Parents Music Resource Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-violence", "child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "19th to 21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An advocacy group that proposed a rating code for music, influencing the recording industry to adopt Parental Advisory labels to warn parents about explicit content.", "quote": "The idea for the labels was first outlined by Tipper Gore, wife of Al Gore and eventual Second Lady of the United States, and her advocacy group the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) in a 1984 letter to the Record-ing Industry Association of America (RIAA) and sixty-two record labels (Schonfeld 2015).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}, {"title": "Culture, rap music,“bitch,” and the development of the censorship frame", "author": "CJ Schneider", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Spearheaded a large-scale censorship campaign against popular rock music, identified specific 'Filthy Fifteen' songs, and lobbied the recording industry to voluntarily implement 'Parental Advisory Explicit Lyrics' labels, influencing retailers' stocking decisions.", "quote": "In 1985, a group of concerned prominent women, later to be known as the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), which was headed by Tipper Gore... spearheaded a massive censorship campaign against popular rock music...", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764210381728", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Parents Rights, Inc.", "aliases": ["Parents Rights, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "parental rights", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Kept in touch with national textbook review figures like the Gablers and Dr. McGraw, indicating participation in a network concerned with improving education.", "quote": "The Gablers and Dr. McGraw keep in touch with hundreds of state and local groups concerned with improving education: Parents Rights, Inc. in St. Louis...", "page": "41", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides literature that critics of secular humanism use to support censorship efforts based on anti-secular humanist views.", "quote": "Parents Rights, Inc. 12571 Nortlivvinds Drive St! Louis, Missouri 63141", "page": "117", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB)", "aliases": ["Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "individual rights", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.993/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.993/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... pelo Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira – PSDB (ADI 6.993/DF)...", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT)", "aliases": ["Partido Democrático Trabalhista (PDT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "individual rights", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.996/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.996/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... e pelo Partido Democrático Trabalhista – PDT (ADI 6.996/DF)...", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Partido dos Trabalhadores", "aliases": ["Partido dos Trabalhadores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-dictatorship", "constitutional rights", "democracy", "free speech", "legal clarity", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}, {"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Emerged from civil society groups (Catholic Church militants, sindicalists, metalworkers) to organize political action and fight for social and labor rights during Brazil's transition to democracy.", "quote": "Em 1980, surge o Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), que tinha em seu corpo, centenas de militantes oriundos da Igreja Católica, sindicalistas e metalúrgicos paulistas.", "page": "450", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Partido Novo (NOVO)", "aliases": ["Partido Novo (NOVO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "individual rights", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.995/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.995/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... pelo Partido Novo – NOVO (ADI 6.995/DF)...", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Partido Popular", "aliases": ["Partido Popular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["individual rights", "public health", "rule of law"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a political opposition force, it lobbied for the creation of a 'Ley de Pandemias' to provide greater legal clarity and protection of fundamental rights during health crises.", "quote": "A finales de 2021 se seguía reclamando tanto por el sector político (con el Partido Popular a la cabeza) como por varias Asociaciones Judiciales o Juristas la creación por parte del legislador de una Ley de Pandemias", "page": "58", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}, {"title": "Comunicación institucional en los debates electorales entre candidatos a la presidencia del Gobierno en España en las elecciones generales (2008 y 2011)", "author": "MG Reguera, IM Martínez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The party, through its representatives, negotiated with the opposing party and private television channels (and later with the Academy of Television) to agree on the norms, format, and other organizational details of the electoral debates. This negotiation directly influenced the parameters and conditions for the candidates' public speech.", "quote": "Las dos cadenas privadas negociaron con los partidos políticos con mayor representación (PSOE y PP) y acordaron las normas y el formato del debate, así como las demás cuestiones relativas a la organización y emisión.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/709/70928465010.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "2008-2011"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["other", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "news websites", "online journalism"], "norms": ["political influence", "reputation management"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The PS engaged primarily in positive campaigning in debates (56.5%), emphasizing government achievements in health, education, and housing, but also used negative appeals (43.5%), with a significant focus on character attacks against other parties, especially CHEGA and AD. On Facebook, their communication was highly positive (95.6%).", "quote": "Pedro Nuno Santos ... teve o máximo de apelos positivos entre os candidatos – 421 (56,5%), uma média de 52,6 por debate. É uma grande diferença face aos 323 apelos negativos (43,5%)", "page": "75", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}, {"title": "Participação política e os comentários dos leitores no jornalismo online português. Significado e importância política dos comentários dos leitores nos websites dos …", "author": "JRGB Tadeu", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Militants of the party are instructed/encouraged to post comments on news websites, creating multiple fake accounts to amplify their message, promote the party's image, and attack political adversaries, particularly during election campaigns.", "quote": "Um militante do PS - funcionário de uma junta de freguesia do concelho de Lisboa - confirma a existência de orientações políticas no sentido da dinâmica de feedback dos principais websites noticiosos. “É comum e é em todo o lado, e quem disser que não está a mentir.”", "page": "63", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/30a8540b07848c1f9894dd9186106e80/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese online journalism, with comparisons to international news websites (Europe and USA)", "when": "Post-2000s, focusing on the early 2010s (specifically 2011-2012)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "constitutional rights", "democracy", "free speech", "human rights", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de Conteúdo Online e as Batalhas entre o bem e o mal", "author": "Meneguetti Pereira, Luciano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Initiated a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) in Brazil's Supreme Federal Court to challenge a provisional measure (MP 1.068/2021) that would limit content moderation by platforms, arguing it threatened fundamental rights and democratic processes.", "quote": "O Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) propôs no Supremo Tribunal Federal uma Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI n. 6.991/DF) com pedido de medida cautelar para determinar a imediata suspensão dos efeitos da referida MP em sua íntegra, petição que foi acatada pela Ministra Relatora Rosa Weber, em 14 de setembro de 2021.", "page": "31", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/view/65221", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with focus on national legislations (Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, India, UK, France, Brazil) and EU initiatives", "when": "2018-2022"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Partido Solidariedade (SD)", "aliases": ["Partido Solidariedade (SD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "individual rights", "reputation protection", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Unconstitutionality Action (ADI 6.992/DF) against Provisional Measure nº 1.068/2021.", "quote": "Os argumentos que levaram à propositura da ADI 6.991/DF foram que a Medida Provisória nº 1.068/2021 ao disciplinar a forma de exclusão e suspensão de contas de usuários de redes sociais, com rol taxativo quanto às hipóteses de justa causa para efetivação de tais medidas, violou a lógica jurídica do Marco Civil da Internet (Lei 12.965/2014), além de esvaziar o esforço institucional empreendido pelos Poderes Legislativo e Judiciário no combate à desinformação (fake news) e impedir a retirada de conteúdos que veiculam crimes contra a honra.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}, {"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 6.992/DF) challenging a Provisional Measure (MP 1.068/2021) that aimed to alter content moderation rules on social media platforms, arguing against its constitutionality.", "quote": "Trata-se de sete ações diretas de inconstitucionalidade, com pedido de medida cautelar,... pelo Partido Solidariedade – SD (ADI 6.992/DF)...", "page": "71", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West (PEGIDA)", "aliases": ["Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West (PEGIDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Norway", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-islam", "cultural identity", "free speech", "media diversity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media", "author": "Holt, Kristoffer; Ustad Figenschou, Tine; Frischlich, Lena", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Re-frames and re-interprets mainstream news media content to align with its specific ideological agenda, effectively re-moderating public discourse by providing an alternative interpretation of events.", "quote": "Other alternative news media and movements, such as for example Pegida, largely rely on and reframe mainstream news media and news agency content (Haller & Holt, 2018).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (with focus on Germany and Norway) and digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "The Regulation of Hateful and Hurtful Speech: Liberalism’s Uncomfortable Predicament", "author": "Maclure, Jocelyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "PEGIDA engages in public expression and advocacy, contributing to discourse categorized as 'hurtful speech' that, while not legally hateful, can erode social inclusiveness and the standing of targeted groups.", "quote": "of PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West) do not exist in Charlie Hebdo's world.", "page": "16", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054353ar", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Europe, USA, Internet", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "PeerTube", "aliases": ["PeerTube"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["data control", "decentralization", "transparency", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "PeerTube, alongside other decentralized platforms, offers greater transparency and control over data by operating outside the centralized model of Big Techs, contributing to alternative digital visibility and governance.", "quote": "iniciativas como o Mastodon e outras redes como ActivityPub, PeerTube e Pixelfed, oferecem maior transparência e controle sobre os dados, ainda que enfrentem desafios de escalabilidade e adoção (Votis et al., 2024).", "page": "181", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}, {"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers a free, decentralized, and federated video hosting platform that uses WebTorrent for peer-to-peer sharing, providing an alternative to centralized video services and managing server load.", "quote": "PeerTube est une plateforme d’hébergement vidéo libre, décentralisée et fédérée, qui se présente comme une solution de remplacement à YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion, etc.", "page": "58", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Pelayos", "aliases": ["Pelayos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's periodical", "youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-falangism", "national identity", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values", "traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A traditionalist children's periodical that provided religious and moral education, but was subject to censorship and eventually forced integration into the Falangist press due to its perceived ideological stance.", "quote": "El 25 de octubre de 1937, el secretario de Prensa de FET y de las JONS de San Sebastián -subordinado de Yzurdiaga- prohibe la publicación de Pelayos, periódico infantil tradicionalista, fundado en las postrimerías de 1936 por el sacerdote Miguel Rosell y dirigido por el canónigo Mariano Vilaseca", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A traditionalist children's periodical that was prohibited from publication and eventually merged with a Falangist publication, illustrating the state's efforts to control media and impose its ideology on youth.", "quote": "...el secretario de Prensa de FET y de las JONS de San Sebastián -subordinado de Yzurdiaga- prohibe la publicación de Pelayos, periódico infantil tradicionalista, fundado en las postrimerías de 1936 por el sacerdote Miguel Rosell y dirigido por el canónigo Mariano Vilaseca...", "page": "55", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "PEN American Center", "aliases": ["PEN American Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censure", "moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1980s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Making the private public: Regulating content moderation under Chinese law", "author": "Xiao, Baiyang", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports documenting and exposing government controls and soft censorship practices on social media in China, acting as a watchdog for freedom of expression.", "quote": "PEN America, FORBIDDEN FEEDS: Government Controls on Social Media in China, (PEN American Center, 2019)", "page": "5", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364923001036", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, EU (comparative)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Commissioned and published reports on censorship, advocating against restrictions on expression. Protested against book seizures.", "quote": "On trouve dans l'ouvrage de Donna Demac, Liberty Denied: The Current Rise of Censorship in America, commandité par le P.E.N. Club américain, un panorama cumulatif bourré de faits, des mouvements de censure récents en ce pays.", "page": "11", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Pew Internet & American Life Project", "aliases": ["Pew Internet & American Life Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "research/watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Questão ética, controle e regulamentação da informação no webjornalismo colaborativo", "author": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts research and studies on internet use and its impact, providing data that informs discussions on the nature and validity of user-generated content, including what some call 'amateur journalism'.", "quote": "De acordo com um estudo realizado em julho de 2006 pelo Pew Internet and American Life Project, 34% dos 12 milhões de blogueiros nos Estados Unidos consideram que seu “trabalho\" online é uma forma de jornalismo (KEEN", "page": "2009", "url": "AF Lohmann, AS Monat - AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento, 2014", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news platforms, global focus with Brazilian examples", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and publishes reports on how Americans use the internet to gather war news, understand events, and express their views, documenting the rise of online participation.", "quote": "Pew Internet & American Life Project, The Internet and the Iraq war: How online Americans have used the Internet to learn war news, understand events, and promote their views (April 1, 2003).", "page": "15", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "PHVox Canal", "aliases": ["PHVox Canal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["conservative ideology", "electoral skepticism", "political commentary"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a YouTube channel (with multiple YouTubers) propagating ultraconservative political ideology and narratives that question the integrity of the electoral system.", "quote": "“PHVox Canal” (YouTubers de cobertura política de ideologia ultraconservadora)", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This YouTube channel, run by multiple YouTubers, provides political coverage from an ultra-conservative ideological perspective, reinforcing narratives of electoral distrust and radical right-wing views.", "quote": "“PHVox Canal” (YouTubers de cobertura política de ideologia ultraconservadora);...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Planned Parenthood Federation of America", "aliases": ["Planned Parenthood Federation of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google News", "Twitter", "US Film and Radio Industries", "YouTube"], "norms": ["freedom of access to information", "public health", "reproductive rights", "women's rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Could potentially operate its own recommendation system on a social media platform to feature information about reproductive health and content generated by pro-choice advocates in a pluralistic public sphere model.", "quote": "For example, imagine Planned Parenthood had its own recommendation system featuring information about reproductive health and content generated by prominent pro-choice advocates.", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}, {"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Making Middleware Work", "author": "Keller, Daphne", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a potential third-party curator in an ICRA-like system, it could provide an 'add-list' to override general content blocks (e.g., sexual content) to ensure users retain access to specific health information.", "quote": "Or she might block most sexual content, but use an add-list from Planned Parenthood to preserve access to health information.", "page": "4", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797795", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google News), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Polis", "aliases": ["Polis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["consensus building", "democratic participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Platform that uses clustering and a 'group-aware consensus' metric to surface bridging statements and facilitate real-time opinion solicitation for public debate.", "quote": "Polis... harnessing a “group-aware consensus” metric to surface bridging statements that receive surprising support across existing divides.", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation", "author": "Wojcik, Stefan; Hilgard, Sophie; Judd, Nick; Mocanu, Delia; Ragain, Stephen; Hunzaker, M. B. Fallin; Coleman, Keith; Baxter, Jay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Polis is a participatory democracy tool that clusters the output of matrix factorization to split users into opinion clusters, and then elevates content with high group-informed consensus across these clusters.", "quote": "One participatory democracy tool, Polis, clusters the output of a matrix factorization to split users into opinion clusters, then elevates content with high group-informed consensus (agreement across the clusters) [39].", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2021-2022"}]}, {"name": "Professor Paschoal", "aliases": ["Professor Paschoal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["conservative values", "democratic integrity", "political ideology", "political skepticism", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates an activist page on Facebook to mobilize and disseminate content expressing distrust in the electoral system from a conservative perspective.", "quote": "uma página de ativismo ligada ao campo conservador (“Professor Paschoal”)", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This activist page, linked to the conservative field, operates as an influential actor on social media, disseminating content that supports conservative views and potentially contributes to narratives of electoral distrust.", "quote": "...uma página de ativismo ligada ao campo conservador (“Professor Paschoal”);...", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Project Liberty", "aliases": ["Project Liberty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "non-profit research and convening hub; infrastructure builder"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "decentralization", "digital public sphere", "independence", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Backs the development of decentralized social networking protocols to jump-start services organized for independent control, promoting user agency and reducing oligarchic influence over discourse.", "quote": "Project Liberty's Decentralized Social Networking Protocol is backed by billionaire Frank McCourt. This funding calls attention to obvious risks of improper oligarchic influence over discourse...", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed Frequency protecting over 13 million people; ran The People’s Bid mobilizing tens of thousands and securing $20 billion in capital commitments; co-organized Global Digital Collaboration Conference with World Bank, ITU, European Commission and others to shape digital governance.", "quote": "Project Liberty builds infrastructure (Frequency), runs policy campaigns (The People’s Bid), convenes an Alliance of 150+ organizations, and explicitly advances people-centered governance of platforms and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.projectliberty.io/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Protestant Evangelical and Electoral Union", "aliases": ["Protestant Evangelical and Electoral Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious intolerance", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published and distributed anti-Catholic pamphlets with explicit content to critique religious practices, later producing revised editions with 'alterations, omissions, and additions' to avoid legal prosecution for obscenity.", "quote": "The Hicklin case concerned a notorious anti-Catholic pamphlet, The Confessional Unmasked; shewing the depravity of the Roman priesthood...distributed by the Protestant Evangelical and Electoral Union.", "page": "66", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Distributed anti-Catholic pamphlets (e.g., 'The Confessional Unmasked') to critique the Roman priesthood, and later published altered editions to circumvent obscenity laws.", "quote": "The Hicklin case concerned a notorious anti-Catholic pamphlet, The Confessional Unmasked; shewing the depravity of the Roman priesthood, the iniquity of the Confessional, and the questions put to females in confession, produced in the tradition of Protestant critique directed at the Catholic confessional’s purported tendency to fill the minds of its listeners with filth, and distributed by the Protestant Evangelical and Electoral Union.", "page": "66", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Public Broadcasting Service", "aliases": ["Public Broadcasting Service"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content quality", "diversity", "journalistic standards", "non-commercial media", "political neutrality", "public interest", "public morals"], "topics": ["content moderator", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The News Norms and Values of Presidential Debate Agendas: An Analysis of Format and Moderator Influence on Question Content", "author": "Turcotte, Jason", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a nonprofit press organization, PBS provides moderators for presidential debates. These moderators ask questions that contribute to setting the debate agenda, influencing the balance between hard news/policy and soft news/infotainment content.", "quote": "...the sample includes six town hall debates as well as debates moderated by commercial press (e.g., CNN, NBC, CBS, and ABC) and nonprofit press (PBS).", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15205436.2014.893362", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1992–2012"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'covert censorship' by filming Ian McKellen's King Lear from the waist upwards, removing scenes of nudity to conform to moral standards and avoid right-wing attacks.", "quote": "Although not overtly censored, the nudity that the Singaporean authorities found so offensive was cleverly removed, with PBS television cameras filming the unfortunate Lear from the waist upwards. Was this an act of political or artistic censorship?", "page": "38", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Public Data Lab", "aliases": ["Public Data Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "Web platforms", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "public discourse", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "‘Fake news’ as infrastructural uncanny", "author": "Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Venturini, Tommaso", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Co-investigates 'fake news' and other information disorders through methodological recipes (scenographies) to surface the infrastructural conditions of content circulation, enabling public interventions and experiments to interrogate and challenge these infrastructures.", "quote": "These draw on methodological recipes in A Field Guide to 'Fake News' and Other Information Disorders (fakenews.publicdatalab.org), a Public Data Lab project that we co-investigated in collaboration with a network of researchers, students and practitioners (Bounegru et al., 2018).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819856912", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Web and social media platforms, with focus on US, Macedonia, and Belgium (historically)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical comparison to mid-20th century"}, {"title": "WHY DO PEOPLE SHARE FAKE NEWS? A SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL OF MEDIA EFFECTS", "author": "Marwick, Alice E", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Tracks and analyzes the spread of 'fake news' and problematic information on social media platforms, acting as a transparency and watchdog group by documenting its circulation and partisan leanings.", "quote": "The interdisciplinary research group Public Data Lab tracked “fake news” spreading through Facebook and found that pro-Trump and anti-Clinton pages were most likely to spread fake news...", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (Center for Islamic and Community Studies) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (Center for Islamic and Community Studies) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia", "Malaysia"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "public safety", "religious moderation", "religious tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Dissemination of Religious Moderation Through the Policy of the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs", "author": "Qoumas, Yaqut Cholil; Binti Mohd. Hussain, Rosila Bee; Bin Abdul Rahim, Rahimin Affandi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a research center, PPIM conducts studies, including those on violent extremism in higher education, thereby contributing to the academic discourse and critical evaluation of religious moderation policies and their implementation.", "quote": "As emphasized in the research conducted by PPIM (Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, although PTKIN has been known as one of the pillars of moderate Islam in Indonesia and PTKIN alums are absorbed in a moderate framework of thinking in the ideology of development and modernization which in the 1980s was the dominant ideology, in recent years, this seems to be refuted by the findings of several studies on violent extremism in higher education that also occurs in Islamic higher educational institutions (Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat [PPIM] 2021).", "page": "17", "url": "https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/QIJIS/article/view/27552", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Malaysia", "when": "1998–2024"}, {"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducted a survey specifically focusing on educational institutions, revealing that radicalism increased mostly in schools and colleges, and among religious teachers and lecturers, thereby emphasizing the need for religious moderation in education.", "quote": "Meanwhile, the PPIM UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta survey (2018) released results that increased radicalism actually mostly occurred in educational institutions such as schools and colleges.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Pussy Riot", "aliases": ["Pussy Riot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "artistic freedom", "dissent", "gender equality", "political dissent", "political speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Their performance in a cathedral was seen as an artistic and political expression, protected by freedom of expression, despite being offensive to religious sentiments, challenging established norms.", "quote": "Y en la STEDH Mariya Alekhina y otras c. Rusia, de 17 de julio de 2018, el TEDH consideró que la acción llevada a cabo por las recurrentes (concierto musical reivindicativo de su grupo Pussy Riot en una catedral de Moscú) era un híbrido de actuación y de expresión oral y suponía una forma de expresión artística y política amparada por el art. 10 CEDH...", "page": "218", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Staged protests to challenge the Putin regime and Church leadership, resulting in accusations of conspiracy against Russia and the West, thereby creating counter-narratives.", "quote": "The conflict started with a staged protest on the soleas of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. Pussy Riot’s target was two-fold: Putin’s regime, and the Church leadership for sup porting him.", "page": "376", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Pátria & Defesa", "aliases": ["Pátria & Defesa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "militarism", "political speech"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Acts as a YouTube channel disseminating political commentary and defending militarism, contributing to the ultraconservative discourse on electoral fraud.", "quote": "“Pátria & Defesa\" (de YouTuber que comenta política e defende o militarismo)\"", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This YouTube channel disseminates political commentary, defending militarism and conservative/ultraconservative ideologies, thereby contributing to the spread of electoral distrust and aligned narratives.", "quote": "...“Pátria & Defesa\" (de YouTuber que comenta política e defende o militarismo);...\"", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "QAnon", "aliases": ["QAnon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement", "social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "political dissent", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "How much is too much: the difficulties of social media content moderation", "author": "Young, Greyson K.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Spreads 'dangerous theories' and 'conspiracy theories' on social media platforms, leading to these platforms 'targeting and removing' such content and testing moderation policies.", "quote": "Content associated with or spreading dangerous theories from the popular conspiracy group, QAnon have been targeted and removed from most social media platforms following the election and subsequent insurrection of the U.S. Capitol.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2021.1905593", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Propagates conspiracy theories online, adapting them to local contexts to internationalize unreality and influence public perception.", "quote": "The QAnon community, which propagates the conspiracy theory that Donald Trump is working with Robert Mueller to expose a massive pedophile ring run by the Clintons and the Deep State, is another example of the internationalization of unreality.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Quebrando o Tabu", "aliases": ["Quebrando o Tabu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "progressive values"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages critically with allegations of electoral fraud, disseminating information or humor to react against these claims.", "quote": "influenciadores críticos, que formaram um conjunto heterogêneo, dentre eles perfis como \"Quebrando o Tabu”", "page": "“Ajudar o povo de humanas a fazer miçanga”", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This activist page, aligned with the center-left progressive field, operates on social media as an influential actor, reacting to claims of electoral fraud by disseminating information or using humor to challenge misinformation.", "quote": "Contas do campo da centro-esquerda com desempenho digital significativo (como \"Quebrando o Tabu”", "page": "“Bruno Sartori”", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Queensland Pride", "aliases": ["Queensland Pride"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a journal to provide a platform for emerging gay writers and actively supported the gay liberation movement, promoting a political stance against repression.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as...Queensland Pride in Brisbane (1991) provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "page": "208", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published magazines and journals to provide venues for emerging gay writers and support the gay liberation movement, promoting LGBTQ+ identity and expression.", "quote": "Queensland Pride in Brisbane (1991) provided venues for emerging gay writers.", "page": "208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Queer Nation", "aliases": ["Queer Nation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["lgbtq+ rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Followed ACT UP's precedent of employing disruptive and performative modes of protest, often invading seemingly apolitical or restricted sites to challenge norms.", "quote": "Establishing a precedent later followed by such queer activist groups as Queer Nation and Lesbian Avengers, ACT UP often invaded seemingly apolitical or restricted sites (Gamson 1989, 86).", "page": "87", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}, {"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Engages in confrontational tactics to advocate for the gay community and raise awareness about the AIDS crisis, with its methods implicitly compared to the provocative nature of Mapplethorpe's art in challenging social norms.", "quote": "Like the confrontational tactics of gay political groups such as \"ACT UP\"\" and \"\"Queer Nation", "page": "these photographs call on the viewer to recognize the gay community and its needs...\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "Querdenken movement", "aliases": ["Querdenken movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Austria", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Telegram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "government accountability", "political dissent"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "“THEY WILL DESTROY TELEGRAM” – NARRATIVES OF PLATFORM CENSORSHIP IN THE GERMAN-SPEAKING COVID-19 CONSPIRACY COMMUNITY ON TELEGRAM", "author": "Drüeke, Ricarda; Peil, Corinna; Spencer-Smith, Charlotte", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The movement coordinates protests and voices dissent against government policies and pandemic strategies. Its members use platforms like Telegram for digital communication, discussing content moderation and developing resistance strategies against perceived censorship.", "quote": "Born in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the \"Querdenken” movement gained prominence in the early 2020s for its criticism of what it believed to be restrictive government policies in Austria", "page": "as well as Germany. It rapidly expanded through digital communication and established itself as an important platform for coordinating protests and voicing dissent against political decisions and pandemic containment strategies (Holzer 2021).\"", "url": "https://spir.aoir.org/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/13931", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German-speaking countries (Austria and Germany) on social media platforms (Telegram, Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2023 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic)"}, {"title": "“THEY WILL DESTROY TELEGRAM”–NARRATIVES OF PLATFORM CENSORSHIP IN THE GERMAN-SPEAKING COVID-19 CONSPIRACY COMMUNITY ON …", "author": "R Drüeke, C Peil, C Spencer-Smith", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The 'Querdenken' movement actively discusses, interprets, and often misconceptualizes content moderation practices as censorship, forming narratives about platform restrictions and developing proposed resistance strategies to circumvent or oppose these measures.", "quote": "Our study addresses this gap by investigating how conspiracy communities – the “Querdenken” movement – on Telegram discuss and (mis-)conceptualize content moderation practices across platforms.", "page": "2", "url": "https://spir.aoir.org/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/13931", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Telegram, Germany and Austria", "when": "early 2020s (2021-2023)"}]}, {"name": "Quilliam Foundation", "aliases": ["Quilliam Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "counter-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engages in counter-narrative activities against violent extremism, though its motives and impact have been questioned due to government funding, implying a direct role in shaping counter-extremist discourse.", "quote": "...it has still impacted on organisations, such as the Radical Middle Way and the Quilliam Foundation, which at various times have had their motives and impact questioned due to the fact that they have been in receipt of government funding for their activities.58", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}, {"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Argued against a \"no-platform policy\"\" for the British National Party (BNP)", "quote": "effective strategies to combat extremism.", "page": "Others, such as Quilliam Foundation co-founder Ed Husain, flatly countered that “a no-platform policy for the BNP has failed.”", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Quotidienne", "aliases": ["Quotidienne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Printed blank spaces in its issues to indicate where censors had forbidden material to appear, thereby making a silent protest against censorship while technically complying with the law.", "quote": "For example the August 9, 1821 issue of Quotidienne appeared with the signature of an author at the end of a completely blank column, and on September 29, 1821 the same journal published the title 'Paris' at the head of a blank article.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}, {"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Used blank spaces in its columns and articles to indicate where censors had forbidden material to appear, thereby protesting censorship in a legally compliant yet subversive manner.", "quote": "For example the August 9, 1821 issue of Quotidienne appeared with the signature of an author at the end of a completely blank column, and on September 29, 1821 the same journal published the title 'Paris' at the head of a blank article.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "r/ainbow (subreddit)", "aliases": ["r/ainbow (subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community governance", "community self-regulation", "content sensitivity", "deliberation", "free speech", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Safe Spaces: How Moderation Policies Shape Online Discussion Spaces", "author": "Gibson, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'free speech zone' with light moderation, primarily relying on community members to downvote offensive posts and comments, and upvote constructive content, rather than moderator removal.", "quote": "This subreddit is a free speech zone... It is also lightly moderated, which means that it's up to you the community to downvote offensive posts and comments, and upvote constructive content.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119832588", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2016–2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Safe Spaces & Free Speech: Effects of Moderation Policy on Structures of Online Forum Discussions", "author": "Gibson, Anna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Its volunteer moderators enforce a 'free speech zone' policy, generally refraining from removing comments. Instead, it relies on the community's upvoting and downvoting mechanisms to filter offensive or constructive content, thus promoting user-driven regulation of discourse.", "quote": "[C]omments are generally not removed .... This subreddit is a free speech zone ...which means that it's up to you the community to downvote offensive posts and comments, and upvote constructive content.", "page": "3", "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41439", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "r/ChangeMyView", "aliases": ["r/ChangeMyView"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": ["civility", "productive discourse", "public discourse", "rational discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Designing recommender systems to depolarize", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators within this online community set and enforce norms to foster productive discussion on polarized topics, including moderating posts and accounts.", "quote": "volunteer moderators are able to set and enforce norms that lead to a productive discussion of polarized topics, as a study of the r/ChangeMyView subreddit shows (Jhaver, et al., 2017).", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, Global (with focus on USA)", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Served as a resource for persuasion analysis by leveraging existing human data from the subreddit to measure model persuasiveness and argumentative reasoning.", "quote": "We leverage existing human data from r/ChangeMyView, a popular subreddit with 4 million members that is an established and reputable resource for persuasion analysis[33].", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "r/lgbt (subreddit)", "aliases": ["r/lgbt (subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "anti-hate speech", "civility", "harm reduction", "inclusion", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Safe Spaces: How Moderation Policies Shape Online Discussion Spaces", "author": "Gibson, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Enforces moderation policies to maintain a 'safe space,' requiring trigger warnings and removing comments or users for violations of its rules to prevent hurtful or insensitive language.", "quote": "This is a safe space... /r/lgbt requires trigger warnings, and removes comments and users for violations of their rules, which are detailed in their FAQ.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119832588", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2016–2017 platform era"}, {"title": "Safe Spaces & Free Speech: Effects of Moderation Policy on Structures of Online Forum Discussions", "author": "Gibson, Anna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Its volunteer moderators enforce a 'safe space' policy by actively removing comments and potentially banning users for content deemed 'hate speech,' 'ignorantly prejudiced,' or 'unintentionally triggering.' This policy also guides users on appropriate speech, tone, trigger warnings, and sensitivity to individual and minority identities.", "quote": "This is a safe space. Anyone can make a mistake and accidentally say something hurtful or triggering. If you find yourself corrected for making this error, please try to learn from it.", "page": "3", "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/10125/41439", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "r/TheRedPill", "aliases": ["r/TheRedPill", "r/theredpill"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "free speech", "gender discrimination", "male supremacy", "misogyny"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Propagates misogyny and male supremacy within Reddit's 'toxic technocultures', contributing to a culture where women are viewed as sexual objects or interlopers.", "quote": "Indeed, subreddits such as r/TheRedPill, r/MGTOW (men going their own way), and the recently banned r/braincels (involuntary celibates) promote misogyny and male supremacy.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as an online hub for alt-right communities, promoting the 'Red Pill' philosophy and misogynistic worldviews through discussions and content sharing.", "quote": "a hub for the alt-right and related communities (i.e. r/KotakuInAction, r/mensrights, r/theredpill, r/The_Donald, etc.) which ‘share misogynistic worldviews and believe that “political correctness” is stifling free speech’.", "page": "94", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Radicalisation Awareness Network", "aliases": ["Radicalisation Awareness Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-radicalization", "anti-terrorism", "critical thinking", "minority rights", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A network of practitioners contributing to the steering committee, sharing knowledge and participating in discussions on radicalisation awareness, supported by the European Commission.", "quote": "Alexander Ritzmann is a member of the steering committee of the Radicalisation Awareness Network of the European Commission (DG HOME)...", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}, {"title": "Censor Them at Any Cost: A Social and Legal Assessment of Enhanced Action against Terrorist Content Online", "author": "N Klompmaker", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The network brings together practitioners from around Europe to prevent radicalisation and terrorism by providing skills to be sceptical of extremist content, supplying alternative opinions, developing counter-narratives, dismantling extremist messages, and fostering discussions with radicalising individuals.", "quote": "Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN), that brings practitioners from around Europe together to prevent radicalisation.", "page": "9", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/amslawf11&section=17", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, online platforms", "when": "late 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN)", "aliases": ["Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "public safety", "social cohesion", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The network connects practitioners, academics, and policymakers across Europe to facilitate knowledge exchange and develop approaches to prevent and counter violent extremism and terrorist content.", "quote": "Il network mette in contatto gli operatori di prima linea di tutta Europa... per agevolare lo scambio di conoscenze, esperienze e approcci diretti a prevenire e contrastare l'estremismo violento in tutte le sue forme, compresa quella terroristica.", "page": "12", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Facilitates the exchange of best practices and expertise in online counter-radicalisation, fostering partnerships between civil society and the private sector to develop and disseminate effective counter-messaging strategies, including 'crowd-out' techniques.", "quote": "The Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) was established by European Commission in 2011 as an umbrella network of practitioners and local actors involved in countering violent radicalisation within the European Union. The RAN@ Working Group on the Internet and Social Media (RAN@) is focused specifically on the issue of online radicalisation.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Rainforest Alliance", "aliases": ["Rainforest Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "environmental protection", "ethical consumption", "quality standards", "social justice", "sustainability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONTENT MODERATION: THE ID CONTENT SYSTEM AND COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON THE YOUTUBE PLATFORM", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a self-regulatory agency through a system of competition, offering quality seals for products that meet specific environmental and ethical standards.", "quote": "E o terceiro modelo é de competição entre agências de autorregulação, como os selos de qualidade ambiental Certified Rainforest Alliance e o Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, Brazil, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Inteligência artificial e moderação de conteúdo: o sistema CONTENT ID ea proteção dos direitos autorais na plataforma Youtube", "author": "IA Hartmann, LA da Silva", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Offers environmental quality certifications as part of a competitive self-regulation model, influencing market standards and consumer choices towards sustainable practices.", "quote": "E o terceiro modelo é de competição entre agências de autorregulação, como os selos de qualidade ambiental Certified Rainforest Alliance", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.revistasuninter.com/iusgentium/index.php/iusgentium/article/view/503", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube platform, Brazil, United States", "when": "Post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia de la Ciudad de Cádiz", "aliases": ["Real Academia de la Ciudad de Cádiz"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "El Arte vigilado* (Sobre la censuro estética de la Inquisición española en el siglo XVIII)", "author": "Gacto, Enrique", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Through its Maestro Director, the Academy provided expert certificates and opinions on the decency and artistic quality of various artworks (estampas), influencing the Inquisition's decisions regarding their confiscation or allowance, thereby participating in aesthetic censorship.", "quote": "D. Domingo Albarez, Maestro Director de la Pintura de la Real Academia de la Ciudad de Cádiz y Pensionista que ha sido por Su Magestad en la de Roma.- Certifico que de orden del Santo Ofi- cio... formó el juicio de que teniendolas Su Santidad en su mismo palacio y com- prandolas en Roma todos los Príncipes Christianos para llevarlas a sus Cortes, por consiguiente pueden traerse a esta ciudad y tener- se por qualquiera persona en su casa.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}, {"title": "El arte vigilado (sobre la censura estética de la Inquisción española en el siglo XVIII)", "author": "EG Fernández", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Provides expert opinions and dictamina on the decency or indecency of artworks, which are then used by the Inquisition to make censorship decisions regarding confiscated items.", "quote": "D. Domingo Albarez, Maestro Director de la Pintura de la Real Academia de la Ciudad de Cádiz y Pensionista que ha sido por Su Magestad en la de Roma.- Certifico que de orden del Santo Oficio... presedido el juramento... para su reconocimiento...", "page": "39", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/251607.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Redalyc)", "aliases": ["Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal (Redalyc)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Mexico", "Spain"], "media": ["internet forums"], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "non-profit research", "open access", "scientific communication", "scientific information access"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "CONSIDERACIONES EN TORNO AL “CONOCIMIENTO EFECTIVO” DEL TITULAR DE LA PÁGINA WEB EN EL ÁMBITO DE LOS GRANDES FOROS DE …", "author": "LDELASH VIVES", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates a non-profit scientific information system and network of academic journals, thereby acting as a gatekeeper for scholarly content by selecting and hosting publications, and promoting open access to shape information availability.", "quote": "Sistema de Información Científica Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4275/427539914031.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, European Union, internet forums", "when": "early 21st century (2000-2014)"}, {"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operates as a non-profit academic project focused on open access, thereby influencing the dissemination and availability of scientific information by promoting an alternative model to traditional, potentially restrictive, publishing practices.", "quote": "Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Red Periodistas con Visión de Género", "aliases": ["Red Periodistas con Visión de Género"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "professional body"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "gender equality", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed letters to Mark Zuckerberg, advocating for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Son signatarias latinoamericanas Fundación Karisma (Colombia)... Red Periodistas con Visión de Género (Argentina), Forum of Argentine Journalism (Argentina), Fundamedios (Ecuador).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg urging platforms to adhere to the Santa Clara Principles.", "quote": "Son signatarias latinoamericanas Fundación Karisma (Colombia)... Red Periodistas con Visión de Género (Argentina)...", "page": "19", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit community moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit community moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["anti-fraud", "anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "civility", "community standards", "community values", "harm reduction", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Multilingual content moderation: A case study on Reddit", "author": "M Ye, K Sikka, K Atwell, S Hassan…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators on Reddit monitor user-generated content, enforcing community-specific and platform-wide rules by removing improper comments and suspending users. Their decisions, however, can be influenced by individual biases.", "quote": "Several platforms employ human moderators to monitor user content to prevent the spread of misinformation, adverse effects of hateful speech, fraud, etc (Geiger and Ribes, 2010; Dosono and Semaan, 2019; Wang et al., 2022; Jhaver et al., 2017).", "page": "1", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2023.eacl-main.276/", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Human-ai collaboration via conditional delegation: A case study of content moderation", "author": "V Lai, S Carton, R Bhatnagar, QV Liao…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Reddit moderators manually configure an AutoModerator bot to set rules for reporting or deleting comments that contain certain words. This rule-based approach helps them manage the massive scale of incoming comments and enforce community policy.", "quote": "For instance, Reddit moderators can configure an AutoModerator bot to set rules for reporting or deleting all comments that contain certain words.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3491102.3501999", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Reddit, Wikipedia)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Volunteer Moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit Volunteer Moderators", "Reddit volunteer moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["accountability", "community welfare", "cultural development", "free speech", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Future Challenges for Online, Crowdsourced Content Moderation: Evidence from Twitter’s Community Notes", "author": "Wirtschafter, Valerie; Majumder, Sharanya", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reddit volunteer moderators enforce content policies, create new ones for subreddits, and perform extensive unpaid work, collectively amounting to significant labor in content moderation.", "quote": "For example, it is estimated that on average volunteer moderation teams across Reddit do over 450 hours of work a day, amounting to around $3.4 million in free labor a year (Stokel-Walker 2022).", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/139", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Reddit, Wikipedia)", "when": "2020s"}, {"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators create, support, and control public discourse by enforcing community policies, recruiting new moderators, mediating conflicts, and engaging in collective action (like strikes) against the platform.", "quote": "Volunteer moderators create, support, and control public discourse for millions of people online, even as moderators' uncompensated labor upholds platform funding models.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Religious groups", "aliases": ["Religious groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Middle East", "United States", "Western democracies"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "nationalism", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious revival", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderación"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Ambiguities and Imperatives of Market Censorship: The Brief History of a Critical Concept", "author": "Jansen, Sue", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "They produce backlash against commercially driven sensationalism and make demands for direct censorship when they perceive content as morally depraved or harmful, especially to children.", "quote": "produce backlash from religious groups, parents, educators and opportunistic politicians, including demands for direct censorship in response to the perceived moral depravity (sinfulness) of unrestrained materialism", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/146/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with broader references to Western democracies and international contexts)", "when": "17th-21st century, with emphasis on post-Cold War neoliberalism"}, {"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These groups founded schools and printed books, contributing to a cultural and nationalist awakening in the Middle East, which indirectly shaped public discourse and norms by disseminating particular ideas.", "quote": "Los diversos grupos religiosos fundaron escuelas, imprimieron libros y contribuyeron al auge cultural nacionalista de la época.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Religious organizations", "aliases": ["Religious Organizations", "Religious organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community governance", "community representation", "cultural preservation", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "early modern to mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mentioned as examples of 'democratically governed civil organizations' that could represent communities and administer platform accounts to support coherence.", "quote": "democratically governed civil organizations (like some unions and religious organizations), most will likely have other governance structures...", "page": "24", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}, {"title": "Censure et société", "author": "Burgelin, Olivier", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "As part of the 'censoring groups' (groupes censurants), they exert pressure on the State and its censorship commissions to ensure cultural production aligns with their perspectives, influencing the diffusion of messages.", "quote": "La Censure fondamentale est, dans les sociétés modernes, soutenue et parfois apparemment imposée par un certain nombre de groupes clairement identifiables (ligues familiales, églises, ligues de moralité...) que nous appellerons les groupes censurants.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1134", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western democracies, France", "when": "Early modern to mid-20th century, with a focus on mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism", "aliases": ["Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["foundation / learned/scientific society", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "disinformation understanding", "empirical research", "journalistic independence", "journalistic standards", "public trust", "quality information"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fragmentación normativa y retos éticos en la moderación de desinformación en redes sociales: Un análisis desde la Unión Europea y España", "author": "PB San Blas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports, such as the Digital News Report España 2023, which analyze public trust in journalism and the challenges posed by new information environments, influencing public debate and policy recommendations.", "quote": "Digital news report España 2023: El periodismo afronta el reto de la confianza ante los nuevos referentes. Instituto Reuters para el Estudio del Periodismo.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/432090", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union and Spain, social media platforms, AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "De los medios a las plataformas. Del control del gatekeeping a la conversación descontrolada", "author": "DM Vivas", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts empirical research to measure the reach of 'fake news' and online disinformation on platforms, providing data that diagnoses the scope of content circulation issues and informs discussions on journalistic credibility.", "quote": "como comprobó empíricamente una investigación del Instituto Reuters (2017), que abordó el alcance de los sitios identificados como emisores de contenidos engañosos en Francia y en Italia.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5706/570660792007/570660792007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital platforms, Western societies (US, UK, France, Italy, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Revista de Occidente", "aliases": ["Revista de Occidente"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural development", "cultural discourse", "european identity", "intellectual inquiry", "liberal values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A literary and philosophical magazine founded by Ortega y Gasset, serving as a platform for intellectual discourse, but facing criticism from nationalist circles for its perceived foreign influence.", "quote": "Cruz y raya, de 1933, uno de los primeros vehículos (por vía de poemas) del personalismo filosófico, y la Revista de Occidente, creada en 1923 por Ortega y Gasset.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}, {"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A prominent intellectual journal associated with liberal thought, it was criticized by Falangists for its perceived 'foreign influence' and intellectual stance, representing a pole of cultural opposition within the broader Francoist context.", "quote": "Otro polo de la escisión cultural española tenía por nombre europeismo y por palenque la 'Revista de Occidente'. Había en él información copiosa y actualidad formal en lo científico; pero sus gentes no supieron hermanarlas con el ser de España...", "page": "129", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Rita Allen Foundation", "aliases": ["Rita Allen Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter", "online news comment sections"], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "journalism", "public discourse", "public understanding", "scientific innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "(Re)Claiming Our Expertise: Parsing Large Text Corpora With Manually Validated and Organic Dictionaries", "author": "Muddiman, Ashley; McGregor, Shannon C.; Stroud, Natalie Jomini", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the research, contributing to the development of a new content analysis method for political communication.", "quote": "This work was supported by the Democracy Fund, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Solutions Journalism Network.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1517843", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, social media (Twitter)", "when": "2007-2016"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Credibility Coalition", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "Provides grants and fellowships (Rita Allen Scholars, Civic Science Fellows), funds civic science and media projects, and convenes leaders to shape public understanding and practice around science and civic engagement.", "quote": "The Foundation funds civic science, media, and civic engagement initiatives (e.g., Civic Science Fellows, Civic Science Media) that touch on misinformation and public trust but platform governance is not a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "http://ritaallen.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Robert Wood Johnson Foundation", "aliases": ["Robert Wood Johnson Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1972, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Detoxifying Language Models Risks Marginalizing Minority Voices", "author": "Xu, Albert; Pathak, Eshaan; Wallace, Eric; Gururangan, Suchin; Sap, Maarten; Klein, Dan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a report, 'Discrimination in America: Experiences and views,' which highlighted that many toxic comments are directed towards marginalized groups. This report is cited in the paper to explain sampling bias in toxicity datasets, which subsequently affects AI model moderation (detoxification techniques).", "quote": "Sampling bias occurs because many toxic comments are directed towards marginalized groups (RWJF, 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.06390", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems, social media (Twitter), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "RWJF shapes debates by funding research and grantees, publishing briefs and insights, and using grantmaking to direct attention and resources toward health and AI equity policy discussions.", "quote": "RWJF's core mission is health equity; it funds research and storytelling about AI and equity and informs policy debates, indicating occasional engagement with platform/AI governance issues rather than a primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rwjf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Samaritans", "aliases": ["Samaritans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "national charity / mental health and suicide prevention organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "harm reduction", "user safety", "user wellbeing", "vulnerable user protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Exploring mental health content moderation and well-being tools on social media platforms: Walkthrough analysis", "author": "Z Haime, L Biddle", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Samaritans provides best practice guidelines and an advisory service to online sites and platforms to help them safely and sensitively manage self-harm and suicide content, aiming to minimise harm and maximise support opportunities for users.", "quote": "These guidelines provide a framework of best practice principles to support platforms to manage self-harm and suicide content in a safe and sensitive way, allowing users to access the benefits from the online environment whilst minimising potential for harm.", "page": "3", "url": "https://humanfactors.jmir.org/2025/1/e69817", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms hosting user-generated content, primarily UK context", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "Samaritans publishes research and media guidance, runs public campaigns and partnerships, and calls on government to mandate training—shaping media practice and policy debates around online suicide-related content.", "quote": "Samaritans' core mission is suicide prevention, but they publish 'The internet and suicide' guidance and 'Samaritans' Media Guidelines' and offer online-safety recommendations that engage platform content practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.samaritans.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Samizdat", "aliases": ["Samizdat", "samizdat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Russia", "South Africa", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "dissent", "free speech", "political independence", "public access to information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "CENSORSHIP AS A FACTOR OF INFORMATION WARFARE", "author": "Agapova, E.A.; Grishechko, E.G.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Samizdat served to disorder state mechanisms by circulating independent, uncensored materials, thereby challenging state control and acting as a form of underground publishing and information sharing.", "quote": "For example, such phenomena as Samizdat and the Soviet rock music served the purpose of disordering state mechanisms.", "page": "2", "url": "http://rulb.org/wp-content/uploads/wpem/pdf_compilations/3(7)/3(7).pdf#page=44", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on Soviet Union, Europe, and Russia", "when": "Modern era (20th-21st century)"}, {"title": "Emerging from Censorship", "author": "JM Coetzee", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Samizdat refers to the self-publication and underground circulation of texts, typically in carbon-paper copies, which allowed authors to bypass official state censorship and disseminate their work through word of mouth and clandestine networks.", "quote": "The master's word (as we know very well from Russian history) can spread by word of mouth, or from hand to hand in carbon-paper copies ('samizdat', literally self-publication)", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40548685", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, Soviet Union, early modern Europe", "when": "16th century to mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Senhoras de Santana", "aliases": ["Senhoras de Santana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)", "20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This social movement exercised public pressure by clamoring for censorship, thus reinforcing conservative social norms and influencing the state's moral censorship agenda.", "quote": "...contaram, na sequência, com o respaldo de movimentos sociais, como os das Senhoras de Santana, em 1980, que clamava pela censura...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Initiated a crusade against perceived immorality in media, particularly TV soap operas, gathering hundreds of thousands of signatures on petitions to demand stricter moral control.", "quote": "Segundo as chamadas “Senhoras de Santana”, suas listas e abaixo-assinados contra uma suposta pornografia nos meios de comunicação, sobretudo na TV, tinham o apoio de cem mil pessoas espalhadas por quinze estados brasileiros.", "page": "247", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Sexual Health: 24 Hours A Day", "aliases": ["Sexual Health: 24 Hours A Day"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "European Union", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["access to services", "healthcare quality", "public health", "sexual health"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as an online sexual and reproductive health service, offering free home testing for STIs and contraception. It creates social media content for educational purposes without using cryptic words.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called Sexual Health: 24 Hours A Day (@sh24_nhs) is an online sexual and reproductive health service that has been rated “outstanding” by the Care Quality Commission (CQC).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An online sexual and reproductive health service, in partnership with the NHS, providing free testing for STIs, contraception, and support. Disseminates information via its Instagram profile.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called Sexual Health: 24 Hours A Day (@sh24_nhs) is an online sexual and reproductive health service that has been rated “outstanding” by the Care Quality Commission (CQC). The service is in partnership with the National Health Service (NHS)...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy", "aliases": ["Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Apple", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["market efficiency", "regulatory expertise"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Between regulation, pressure and collaboration: the public–private entanglement in content moderation", "author": "M Fasel, S Weerts", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Shorenstein Center has advocated for the establishment of a specialized regulatory agency to enhance understanding and oversight of the economics of digital markets, contributing to policy discussions on platform governance.", "quote": "Prior calls for a specialized agency—for example, by the... Shorenstein Center... have identified the need for greater regulatory proficiency in understanding the economics of digital markets", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596125001211", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Dominant digital platforms (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, Apple), USA, Europe", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "MIDDLEWARE FOR DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS: A TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY", "author": "Fukuyama, Francis; Richman, Barak; Goel, Ashish; Katz, Roberta R; Melamed, A Douglas; Schaake, Marietje", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in policy advocacy by making prior calls for the establishment of a specialized agency to improve regulatory oversight of digital markets.", "quote": "Prior calls for a specialized agency—for example, by the Stigler Center, the Shorenstein Center, and a high-profile report submitted to the United Kingdom's Competition and Markets Authority—have identified the need for greater regulatory proficiency in understanding the economics", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Dominant Digital Platforms (USA and Europe)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sierra", "aliases": ["Sierra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed τ²-bench, an evaluation that measures an agent’s ability to interact with simulated human users and programmatic APIs while following domain-specific policies consistently.", "quote": "τ²-bench is an evaluation from Sierra that measures 'an agent’s ability to interact with (simulated) human users and programmatic APIs while following domain-specific policies in a consistent manner'.", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed τ2-bench, an evaluation that measures an agent’s ability to interact with simulated human users and programmatic APIs while consistently following domain-specific policies.", "quote": "τ2-bench is an evaluation from Sierra that measures “an agent’s ability to interact with (simulated) human users and programmatic APIs while following domain-specific policies in a consistent manner”.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Sikhs for Justice", "aliases": ["Sikhs for Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook"], "norms": ["non-discrimination", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "LA MODERATION PAR LES PLATEFORMES PORTE-T-ELLE ATTEINTE A LA LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION ? REFLEXIONS A PARTIR DES APPROCHES ETATS- UNIENNE (ZHANG V BAIDU.COM, 2014) ET ITALIENNE (CASAPOUND CONTRO FACEBOOK, 2019)", "author": "Auriel, Pierre; Lyon, Université Jean Moulin; de Lyon, Philosophiques; Unger, Mathilde", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Contested Facebook's blocking of its pages in India through litigation in US courts, arguing that Facebook, acting as an editor, should be held accountable for content removal under certain legal frameworks.", "quote": "Sikhs for Justice³³, une association de défense des droits humains basée à New York, conteste le blocage par Facebook de plusieurs de ses pages en Inde.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Baidu, Facebook), USA, Italy", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific cases from 2014 and 2019"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Alleged that Facebook blocked its page without explanation, claiming discrimination based on religious identity, and pursued legal action, highlighting issues of transparency and non-discrimination in content moderation.", "quote": "Sikhs for Justice (SFJ) in India. SFJ alleged that Facebook took such action without explanation, \"'on its own or on the behest of the Government of India", "page": "' because of discrimination against Plaintiff and Plaintiffs members on the grounds of race", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "Sikhs for Justice, Inc.", "aliases": ["Sikhs for Justice, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["equality", "human rights", "self-determination"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Deplatformed: Social Network Censorship, The First Amendment, and the Argument to Amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act", "author": "LoNigro, John A", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sued Facebook after the platform blocked access to its page in India, alleging discrimination and potential collusion with the Indian government to suppress its activism, thereby challenging platform censorship practices.", "quote": "In Sikhs for Justice, Inc., the plaintiff sued Facebook when it blocked access to its page in India. Sikhs for Justice, Inc., 144 F. Supp. 3d at 1090. The plaintiff's Facebook page was used to “organize[] a number of political and human rights advocacy campaigns, including promoting the right to self-determination for the Sikh people in Punjab and opposing the forced conversions of religious minorities to Hinduism that have allegedly taken place in India . . . .", "page": "44", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States (social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018-2021)"}, {"title": "La modération par les plateformes porte-t-elle atteinte à la liberté d'expression? Réflexions à partir des approches états-unienne (Zhang v Baidu. com, 2014) et …", "author": "P Auriel, M Unger", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Contested the blocking by Facebook of several of its pages in India through litigation, arguing that Facebook should be held responsible as an editor for its content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Dans une affaire de 2015, Sikhs for Justice³³, une association de défense des droits humains basée à New York, conteste le blocage par Facebook de plusieurs de ses pages en Inde.", "page": "10", "url": "https://egalibex.univ-lyon3.fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/P.-Auriel-et-M.-Unger-Conflits-internes-Egalibex.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Italy, social media platforms, search engines", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Skeptics Society", "aliases": ["Skeptics Society", "The Skeptics Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-pseudoscience", "critical thinking", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Contributes to and influences Wikipedian discussions of 'pseudoscience', acting as popular defenders of scientific method and critical thinking.", "quote": "Thus, one finds the opinions of people and periodicals associated with the Southern California-based ‘Skeptics Society’ carrying significant weight in Wikipedian discussions of pseudoscience.", "page": "170", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a local group, it launched a nationally distributed magazine, *The Skeptic*, which serves as a platform for skeptical inquiry and promotes the broader skepticism movement.", "quote": "One local group, the Skeptics Society in Pasadena, California, has launched a nationally distributed magazine, The Skeptic, so currently there are two journals for skepticism in the United States.", "page": "3", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Skinhead Forum", "aliases": ["Skinhead Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["cultural identity", "group identity", "social norms"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Discussants continuously patrolled and scrutinized each other, and appointed 'moderators' censored posts or expelled users, to uphold the community's identity and norms.", "quote": "discussants continuously patrolled and scrutinized each other in order to uphold the 'authentic' skinhead identity. Transgressors of these boundaries were reprimanded and flamed.", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Discussants continuously patrolled and scrutinized each other to uphold the 'authentic' skinhead identity, with appointed moderators having the power to censor posts or expel users.", "quote": "discussants continuously patrolled and scrutinized each other in order to uphold the 'authentic' skinhead identity. Transgressors of these boundaries were reprimanded and flamed. Ultimately the blog's appointed ‘moderators' could censor their posts or expel them altogether", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Small Media", "aliases": ["Small Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "research lab and information design studio"], "countries": ["Iran", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and online resources, provides training and capacity-building for advocates, and uses information design to shape narratives and tools that affect information flows and platformed expression.", "quote": "Works to support free flow of information, freedom of expression, online safety and capacity-building for human rights defenders, directly engaging with information flows and online tools in restrictive environments.", "page": "", "url": "https://smallmedia.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on media and internet censorship in Iran, highlighting its social and humanitarian consequences.", "quote": "The Iran Media Research program [21] and Small Media [37] have each issued reports on media censorship in Iran, emphasizing its social and humanitarian impacts.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Social movements", "aliases": ["Social Movements", "Social movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "inclusion", "policy influence", "social cohesion", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation In An Islamic Perspective: Literature Review And Recent Research Developments", "author": "Azis, Saipul; Samad, Duski", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Encouraging inclusion, unity, and cooperation between religious communities, and holding inter-religious dialogue activities, inter-group meetings, and public campaigns to promote the values of moderation in Islam.", "quote": "Finally, social movements also make an important contribution to promoting religious moderation. Movements that encourage inclusion, unity and cooperation between religious communities play a crucial role in building a more tolerant and harmonious society.", "page": "11", "url": "https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/moderatio/article/view/9353", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "2014-2023 (post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Used Facebook pages to engage in discursive disputes over abortion criminalization, expressing arguments and contributing to public debate.", "quote": "Nas discussões informais, foram identificadas as páginas que abordam o tema de diferentes atores sociais: movimentos sociais, Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs), ativistas, veículos de mídia, especialistas, celebridades e representantes políticos.", "page": "122", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Social Organizations", "aliases": ["Social Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Denmark", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["online fora"], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Their activities and reputation, when subject to criticism, are considered by censors based on their 'institutional affinity' to the Party, indicating that information related to them may be moderated.", "quote": "Government agencies are closer than social organizations.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Moderation in Government-Run Online Fora:", "author": "Edwards, Arthur; Wright, Scott", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Social organizations participate in government-run online discussions by initiating topics, providing information, and engaging as participants. They are also involved in project groups, supervisory teams, or editorial groups that organize and manage these discussions, bridging communication between government and citizens.", "quote": "The position of social organizations deserves particular attention. Social organizations can figure in various roles, for instance as initiators of a discussion, as information providers, or as participants.", "page": "4", "url": "http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch428", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Government-run online fora in Western democracies (e.g., UK, Denmark, Germany, USA)", "when": "1990s – 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico", "aliases": ["Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural understanding", "religious community interests", "religious education", "religious outreach", "religious proselytization"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Congratulated the course, providing a global endorsement of its educational methodology and content, thus contributing to norm-setting and validation within the broader Muslim community.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As the largest Muslim NGO, its felicitations provided significant international recognition and legitimacy to the course, implicitly sanctioning its curriculum and the moderated environment for online debate.", "quote": "Asimismo, el curso ha recibido felicitaciones de la Liga de Ulemas y de la Asociación del Dawa Islámica, de la Conferencia Islámica Latinoamericana, de la Federación Musulmana Europa y la Sociedad Mundial del Dawa Islámico (la mayor ONG musulmana del mundo).", "page": "14", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "intellectual freedom", "professional autonomy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Proposed at a national theatre congress that censorship should be carried out by intellectuals or artists, highlighting its role in advocating for different approaches to content control.", "quote": "A SBAT (Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais), em um dos fóruns de debates promovidos pelo Congresso, apresentou uma proposta para que a censura fosse feita por intelectuais ou artistas.", "page": "11", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria for theatrical works.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "property rights", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "An extreme-right organization that acted as 'censors of the censors', supporting and demanding more rigorous government actions and interfering with censorship decisions to combat perceived communist influence.", "quote": "A censura estendia-se também pelo terreno religioso, contando com o apoio de algumas organizações de extrema-direita, tais como a TFP (Tradução, Família e Propriedade) que atuavam muitas vezes como censores dos censores.", "page": "16", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a Catholic movement, it actively promoted and defended conservative positions, likely through public discourse and pressure, thereby supporting and influencing moral censorship efforts.", "quote": "...ou os protagonizados pela TFP, Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade, movimento católico fundado em 1960.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Eugênica de São Paulo", "aliases": ["Sociedade Eugênica de São Paulo"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["eugenics", "racial determinism", "racial purity"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promoted eugenic ideals and racial discourse during a historical period, influencing social perceptions and, indirectly, the content of classic literature like Monteiro Lobato's, which contained racial stereotypes.", "quote": "Vale a pena observar, também, que Monteiro Lobato foi membro da Sociedade Eu gênica de São Paulo e adepto dos ideais eugênicos de melhoramento da raça.", "page": "347", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promoted eugenic and racial ideals in the early 20th century, contributing to the historical context of normalized racist narratives in Brazilian literature, which later became subject of public and educational debate.", "quote": "Vale a pena observar, também, que Monteiro Lobato foi membro da Sociedade Eugênica de São Paulo e adepto dos ideais eugênicos de melhoramento da raça.", "page": "347", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Society of Professional Journalists", "aliases": ["Society of Professional Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "print media"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "professional interests", "professional standards", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship", "media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Exploring the magnitude and effects of media influence on Reddit moderation", "author": "H Habib, R Nithyanand", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This organization seeks input from stakeholders to develop guidelines and best practices for journalists reporting on toxic online content and communities, thereby influencing journalistic norms.", "quote": "institutions of journalism such as the Society for Professional Journal-ists...have sought input...to de-velop guidelines or “best practices\" for these reports.\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19291", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2015–2020"}, {"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Cited as an example of a professional and self-regulating association in the US, serving as a model for the recommended development of a similar indigenous journalist association in Pakistan.", "quote": "The American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA) and the American Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) are two examples of associations in the US.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques", "aliases": ["Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "creator support", "cultural development", "economic interests", "free speech", "intellectual property", "professional honour", "social order"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias", "modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1777, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports the podcast sector, particularly fiction podcasts, by awarding annual prizes and funding, thereby shaping its development.", "quote": "Le soutien de la SACD (Société des auteurs et compositeurs dramatiques) au secteur du podcast se concentre d’ailleurs sur les fictions sonores, avec l’attribution annuel du prix SACD du podcast de fiction et de la dotation du Fonds Podcast originaux de fiction, en partenariat avec France Culture.", "page": "256", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}, {"title": "La Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs dramatiques, pour ou contre la censure? En un combat douteux...", "author": "Krakovitch, Odile", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "The SACD was founded to defend authors' interests against directors and censors. It engaged in active resistance against censorship by drafting protests, petitioning the government, proposing alternative regulatory frameworks, and organizing 'strikes of writing' where members refused to submit or withdrew plays. Over time, its focus shifted to corporate interests and management, becoming less politically active against censorship.", "quote": "La Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs dramatiques (la SACD) fut fondée par Beaumarchais en 1777, dans le but très précis de défendre les intérêts des auteurs face à l'âpreté et aux pouvoirs excessifs des di- recteurs, en particulier de la Comédie Française.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/23533312", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1777–1906"}]}, {"name": "Solidarity", "aliases": ["Solidarity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "trade association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "social solidarity", "transparency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Expanded independent publishing through branch libraries and underground publications, insisted on legal regulation of censorship, and partly dismantled state censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "The creation of the Solidarity trade union in August 1980 massively expanded the second circulation's reach. Solidarity set up branch libraries in many factories, which contained not only the union's own bulletins but many underground publications as well.", "page": "157", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Expanded independent publishing, insisted on legal regulation of censorship, and initially challenged arbitrary censorship, but later exerted psychological pressure and blacklisted those not aligned with its collectivist ethos.", "quote": "The creation of the Solidarity trade union in August 1980 massively expanded the second circulation’s reach. Solidarity set up branch libraries in many factories, which contained not only the union’s own bulletins but many underground publications as well.", "page": "144", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Solidarność", "aliases": ["Solidarność"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "Poland", "Soviet Union", "Western Europe", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censeur", "censorship"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)", "Cold War"], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La chute du censeur dans le cinéma polonais (Wojciech Marczewski et Krzysztof Zanussi)", "author": "Szcepański, Tadeusz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a trade union and social movement, it mobilized workers to demand freedom of expression and political independence, forcing the state to ease its censorship criteria and challenging the totalitarian system.", "quote": "ouvriers des chantiers navals de Gdańsk à inclure la liberté d'expression dans leurs vingt et une revendications lors de la grève d'août 1981, qui a donné naissance au syndicat Solidarność.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rechtrav/512", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Poland, USSR", "when": "1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)"}, {"title": "Censorship/Self Censorship", "author": "Kis, Danilo", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Challenged state control and its monopoly on information through its independent existence and activities; was a primary target for state censorship, with its outlawing being a form of suppression of dissenting voices and actions.", "quote": "At the height of the events in Poland, just at the time when the trade union Solidarność was being outlawed, I received a letter stamped NIE CENZUROWANO.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064228608534021", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Eastern and Western Europe, specifically Poland and Yugoslavia, in the context of Cold War censorship", "when": "Mid-late 20th century (Cold War era)"}]}, {"name": "SOS Racisme", "aliases": ["SOS Racisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-racism"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Attempted to classify behaviors and formulated the \"Iceberg dell'odio\"\" to describe hate speech", "quote": "Combating discrimination, anti-racism", "page": "Nel 2017 l'associazione SOS Racisme e l'Institut de Detrs Humans de Cataluya, con il finanziamento del Municipio di Barcellona, compiendo un'operazione simile a quella di Allport, ha tentato di classificare alcuni comportamenti utili per descrivere i discorsi d'odio.", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}, {"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Campaigns against Far-Right misinformation and works to challenge Far-Right extremism both online and offline.", "quote": "campaigns against Far-Right misinformation. Both work to challenge Far-Right extremism online and offline.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Soviet Writers' Union", "aliases": ["Soviet Writers' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Soviet Union", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural standards", "political conformity", "state ideology"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries", "20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia: A case study in productive censorship", "author": "Baer, Brian James", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The Soviet Writers Union functioned as a state-controlled gatekeeper, regulating who could be officially recognized as a 'writer' and thus gain access to publishing opportunities. This directly controlled literary production, acting as a form of indirect censorship by limiting permissible content and creators.", "quote": "In the very difficult year of 1934, Kuzmin was admitted to the Soviet Writers Union not as a writer but as a translator, thanks in large part to the intervention of his friend, the renowned translator Samuil Marshak.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781700.2011.528680", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Russia", "when": "20th century (Soviet era)"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a state-affiliated professional body, it was a forum where demands for censorship discussion were directed, indicating its role in managing and legitimizing literary output within the censorial system.", "quote": "When Alexander Solzhenitsyn, in May 1967, addressed an open letter to the fourth congress of the Soviet Writers’ Union in which he demanded that censorship be discussed at the conference...", "page": "20", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Spencer Foundation", "aliases": ["Spencer Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "private foundation; research funder"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "educational development", "educational research", "societal understanding"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "BROADENING THE DEBATE: COMMENTS ON MICHAEL J. FEUER'S MODERATING THE DEBATE", "author": "E Robertson", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Sponsored academic conferences and research, thereby shaping the scholarly discourse and evidence base that informs educational policy debates and influences the norms of educational scholarship.", "quote": "paper presented at the thirtieth anniversary conference of the Spencer Foundation, 'Traditions of Scholarship in Education,' Chicago, Illinois, January 24-25, 2002.", "page": "7", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2009.00334.x", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "Spencer funds and shapes education research through grants, fellowships, and initiatives (including AI and Education), influencing research agendas and public discourse rather than directly engaging platform governance.", "quote": "Spencer funds education research and runs an 'AI and Education Initiative' but its core mission is education research rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.spencer.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Squadbox", "aliases": ["SquadBox", "Squadbox"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "community standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A tool designed to help recipients of email harassment recruit friends to shield them from future attacks by facilitating friendsourced moderation activities.", "quote": "Mahar et al. [144], for example, explored the idea of friendsourced moderation by presenting Squadbox, a tool to help the recipients of email harassment recruit friends to shield them from future attacks.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}, {"title": "Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-based System to Assist Reddit Moderators", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Gandhi, Chaitrali; Mustelier, Matthew Wortley; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "SquadBox offers a tool that utilizes 'friendsourced moderation' to address and combat email harassment, functioning as a non-AI-backed moderation system.", "quote": "Though moderation systems have been developed in the past, they are either completely proprietary... or they are not supported by AI (e.g., Twitter Blocklists [27], The Coral Project⁵, HeartMob [8], and SquadBox [47]).", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359276", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2018-2019"}]}, {"name": "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe", "aliases": ["Standing Rock Sioux Tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation", "social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "equality", "indigenous rights", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participated in the expansion of political parties and movements facilitated by social media.", "quote": "Internet has assumed an important role in the expansion of multiple political parties, candidates and movements, from the Tea Party to Black Lives Matter, going through the Standing Rock Sioux.", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}, {"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in peaceful demonstrations and resistance to extractive industries, informed federal government about conflicts with sacred areas, issued calls for international observers, and filed requests for precautionary measures to defend their lands, resources, and culture.", "quote": "On September 2, 2016, Standing Rock tribal officials informed the federal government and Dakota Access construction managers that the proposed pipeline construction was in direct conflict with traditional sacred areas and burial grounds.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Stanford University", "aliases": ["Stanford University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ibero-America", "United States"], "media": ["LMOOCs", "MOOCs"], "norms": ["educational access", "educational innovation"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "LMOOCs: reflexões preliminares para o desenvolvimento de MOOCS comunicativos.", "author": "MV Liessem Fontana, VJ Leffa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Played a foundational role in the widespread adoption of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) by bringing the Coursera platform to the public, thereby influencing the initial design and pedagogical norms of online language education.", "quote": "Com base na filosofia inaugurada por Siemens e Downes, em 2011, a Universidade de Stanford trazia ao público a plataforma Coursera, totalmente voltada para o oferecimento de MOOCs.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/be5f/0a0e439a392c32c699209572a5f50a3c8327.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global online education platforms, focusing on MOOCs/LMOOCs offered by universities in the US, Europe, and Ibero-America.", "when": "Post-2008 platform era (MOOCs up to 2017)"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed Terminal-Bench 2.0, a benchmark for evaluating AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments, contributing to AI capability assessment.", "quote": "Terminal-Bench 2.0, developed by researchers at Stanford University and the Laude Institute, tests AI models on real-world tasks within terminal or command-line environments.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Stationers' Company of London", "aliases": ["Stationers' Company of London"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["England", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright", "economic interests", "professional interests", "self-governance", "state control", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries", "16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1720, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Press, 1580-1720, Volume 1", "author": "G Kemp, J McElligott, C Susan, J Raven", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Stationers' Company received a royal charter in 1557, granting it a monopoly over printing in London and its suburbs. They were empowered to regulate the printing trade, enforce copyrights, search for and seize/burn illegal books and presses, and imprison offenders, acting as implementers and beneficiaries of state and ecclesiastical censorship.", "quote": "The charter conferred on the Company of Stationers privileges and practices common among the older guilds, including property ownership, self-governance and the right to conduct searches to protect against 'foreigners' (non-members) and poor workmanship.", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003552338/censorship-press-1580-1720-volume-1-james-raven-jason-mcelligott-cyndia-susan-geoff-kemp", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "1580–1720"}, {"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "As an English guild, it had established procedures for handling confiscated printing materials from convicted printers, acting as a point of comparison for French attempts to regulate the printing industry.", "quote": "In England a printer who was convicted might have his type and press confiscated, not for the benefit of the Stationers' Company, but to be 'defaced, melted, sawed in pieces, broken or battered at the smith's forge'.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Stiftung Neue Verantwortung", "aliases": ["Stiftung Neue Verantwortung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic legitimacy", "minority rights", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a digital policy think tank, its co-director publicly supported NetzDG, emphasizing its alignment with German constitutional traditions and public opinion during the law's debate.", "quote": "NetzDG's proponents included Stefan Heumann, co-director of the digital policy think tank Stiftung Neue Verantwortung, who emphasized Germany's constitutional tradition of minority protection, the rule of law online, and German public support.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes studies on disinformation, contributing to the understanding of its spread and effects in Germany.", "quote": "The recently published study by the Neue Verantwortung [New Responsibility] Foundation introduces the category 'poor journalism' in addition to the term 'fake news'...", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State", "aliases": ["Stigler Center for the Study of the Economy and the State"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Apple", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["market efficiency", "regulatory expertise"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Between regulation, pressure and collaboration: the public–private entanglement in content moderation", "author": "M Fasel, S Weerts", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Stigler Center has advocated for the establishment of a specialized regulatory agency to enhance understanding and oversight of the economics of digital markets, contributing to policy discussions on platform governance.", "quote": "Prior calls for a specialized agency—for example, by the Stigler Center... have identified the need for greater regulatory proficiency in understanding the economics of digital markets", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596125001211", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Dominant digital platforms (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Twitter, Apple), USA, Europe", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "MIDDLEWARE FOR DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS: A TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY", "author": "Fukuyama, Francis; Richman, Barak; Goel, Ashish; Katz, Roberta R; Melamed, A Douglas; Schaake, Marietje", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in policy advocacy by making prior calls for the establishment of a specialized agency to improve regulatory oversight of digital markets.", "quote": "Prior calls for a specialized agency—for example, by the Stigler Center, the Shorenstein Center, and a high-profile report submitted to the United Kingdom's Competition and Markets Authority—have identified the need for greater regulatory proficiency in understanding the economics", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Dominant Digital Platforms (USA and Europe)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stop Hate UK", "aliases": ["Stop Hate UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community standards", "discourse quality", "factual accuracy", "hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Generating Counter Narratives against Online Hate Speech: Data and Strategies", "author": "Tekiroğlu, Serra Sinem; Chung, Yi-Ling; Guerini, Marco", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Stop Hate UK provided expert operators who participate in the final validation and post-editing phase of generated counter-narratives, ensuring the quality and suitability of the responses against online hate speech within an author-reviewer framework.", "quote": "We are grateful to Stop Hate UK that provided us with the experts for the evaluation.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.110", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, UK/EU context", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "CONAN - COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech", "author": "Chung, Yi-Ling; Kuzmenko, Elizaveta; Tekiroglu, Serra Sinem; Guerini, Marco", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Stop Hate UK provided trained expert operators who participated in data collection sessions to compose counter-narratives against online hate speech for the CONAN dataset, applying their expertise to de-escalate conversations.", "quote": "We are grateful to the following NGOs and all annotators for their help: Stop Hate UK, Collectif Contre l'Islamophobie en France, Amnesty International (Italian Section - Task force hate speech).", "page": "8", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1271", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, United Kingdom, France, Italy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "StopNCII.org", "aliases": ["StopNCII.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "privacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Develops proactive strategies and tools to prevent the non-consensual sharing of intimate images online (NCII), aiding survivors.", "quote": "(Examples of this kind of work include StopNCII.org, and the Google/Apple work to help users of either OS detect the presence of unwanted Bluetooth trackers.)", "page": "238", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Develops proactive strategies and tools to prevent non-consensual intimate image sharing and other forms of gender-based violence.", "quote": "Examples of this kind of work include StopNCII.org, and the Google/Apple work to help users of either OS detect the presence of unwanted Bluetooth trackers.", "page": "265", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Student movements", "aliases": ["Student movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "youth/student association"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Brazil", "China", "Cuba", "Global South", "Iran", "United States", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of access to information", "political dissent", "political freedom"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cooperative Dynamics of Censorship, Misinformation, and Influence Operations: Insights from the Global South and U.S", "author": "Hakami, Zaid; Feng, Yuzhou; Carbunar, Bogdan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "In Bangladesh, strong student movements played a role in counteracting government efforts to impose information cocoons through internet shutdowns. Their collective action prevented the invisibility of censorship and false information.", "quote": "efforts in Bangladesh to impose information cocoons through total Internet shutdowns [58] were only temporarily effective, due to strong student movements [87] and proximity to countries with greater Internet freedom [29] that prevented the invisibility of censorship and false information.", "page": "22", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17933", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South (Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela) and U.S., social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically March-October 2024 for the study period"}, {"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized passeatas (marches), greves (strikes), and occupations of universities and streets to manifest opinions, directly opposing state repression and censorship.", "quote": "A juventude era contrária ao golpe e como forma de manifestarem suas opiniões, realizavam passeatas, greves além de ocuparem universidades e ruas de grandes centros urbanos.", "page": "19", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}]}, {"name": "Sunlight Foundation", "aliases": ["Sunlight Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonpartisan nonprofit organization; civic tech advocacy", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocated for greater transparency in political advertising by promoting FCC rules to expand transparency for political ads.", "quote": "Libby Watson, 'FCC Votes to Expand Transparency for Political Ads,' Sunlight Foundation, January 28, 2016, https://sunlightfoundation.com/2016/01/28/fcc-votes-to-expand-transparency-for-political-ads/.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Sunlight builds civic tech tools, monitors government web content (Web Integrity Project), publishes reports and analysis, and advocates legal reforms to increase online transparency and government accountability.", "quote": "Primary mission is open government and transparency; it uses civic tech and monitoring (Web Integrity Project, Open Cities) that touch platformized information flows but does not focus primarily on consumer-facing platform moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://sunlightfoundation.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sydney Gay Writers Collective", "aliases": ["Sydney Gay Writers Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "community empowerment", "free expression", "lgbtq+ rights", "political empowerment"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Had a political mission to produce and publish openly gay works, including booklet collections of prose and poetry, to overcome repression and encourage gay writers to express themselves.", "quote": "With both men and women members, the collective had a political mission to produce and publish openly gay works, to overcome repression and encourage gay writers to express themselves.", "page": "208", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published openly gay works like 'InVersions 1 and 2' and 'Edge City on Two Different Plans', aiming to overcome repression and encourage gay writers' expression.", "quote": "The collective also published the first openly homosexual anthology in Australia, Edge City on Two Different Plans, in 1982, with Sargent one of the editors.", "page": "197", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Tea Party movement", "aliases": ["Tea Party movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement", "social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-abortion", "anti-equality", "fiscal responsibility", "limited government", "national identity", "national sovereignty", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Emerged as a populist movement after 2008, mobilizing around issues of taxation and, implicitly, racial resentment, framing its activities as patriotic and rooted in civic duty.", "quote": "the rise of the Tea Party after the 2008 election of Barack Obama as president... the “political discussion of taxes” was easy to “mobilize around racial resentment and bias”", "page": "85", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Dilemas e desafios de republicanos e democratas após 2018", "author": "T Teixeira", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Instrumentally inserted itself into the Republican Party, mobilizing its base to contain policies promoted by Obama (especially healthcare reform) and facilitating the candidacy and victory of Donald Trump, based on an anti-establishment and anti-big government agenda.", "quote": "o Tea Party é lembrado como um grupo bastante importante para a contenção das políticas promovidas por Obama, especialmente sua reforma da Saúde, assim como um facilitador das condições que tornaram possíveis e palatáveis a candidatura e a vitória do magnata republicano (Bannon, 2018).", "page": "4", "url": "https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/9824/1/Tempo%20do%20Mundo_v5_n1_dilemas_e_desafios.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States", "when": "post-2016, focusing on 2018-2020"}]}, {"name": "Teatro de Arena", "aliases": ["Teatro de Arena"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech", "political dissent", "political freedom", "political resistance"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A professional theatre group that demonstrated support and solidarity for an amateur group by offering its venue for a censored play, intending it as an act of civil disobedience against the military censorship.", "quote": "O Teatro de Arena, na época sob a direção de Augusto Boal, manifestou seu apoio e solidariedade, cedendo o espaço da consagrada sala de espetáculos para que apresentássemos, ainda que à revelia da censura, a nossa montagem em uma clara demonstração de desobediência civil.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}, {"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Offered its stage to an amateur group whose anti-dictatorship play had been censored, as a demonstration of civil disobedience, but police occupation prevented the performance.", "quote": "O Teatro de Arena, na época sob a direção de Augusto Boal, manifestou seu apoio e solidariedade, cedendo o espaço da consagrada sala de espetáculos para que apresentássemos, ainda que à revelia da censura, a nossa montagem em uma clara demonstração de desobediência civil.", "page": "255", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Popular Universitario", "aliases": ["Teatro Popular Universitario"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era", "Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Un clásico difícil. Censura y adaptación escénica de <i>La Celestina</i> bajo el franquismo", "author": "Bastianes, María", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Staged an adaptation of 'La Celestina' (Lluch's version) which had previously undergone state censorship, thereby circulating a text shaped by moderation efforts within the university theatre circuit.", "quote": "En 1955 el Teatro Popular Universitario (TPU) llevará nuevamente a las tablas la adaptación de Lluch, bajo la dirección de Salvador Salazar.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682737.2018.1444417", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1940–1969"}, {"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Staged theatrical works that faced prohibition by state censorship, indicating their role in producing and disseminating content that challenged the regime's acceptable narratives.", "quote": "En el año 1953, como queda dicho, fue estrenada por el Teatro Popular Universitario, en el teatro María Guerrero de Madrid. A la tercera representación la obra fue prohibida por la censura bajo la presión...", "page": "19", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "TEDIC - Tecnología y Comunidad", "aliases": ["TEDIC - Tecnología y Comunidad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group", "advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms, signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms, and advocates for transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; signatory of a letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tell MAMA", "aliases": ["Tell MAMA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["victim support and monitoring project (national project of Faith Matters CIC)", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "anti-muslim hostility", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "minority protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "International Network Against Cyberhate", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Tell MAMA collects and publishes incident data and reports to inform government policy, offers training and casework for victims, challenges harmful narratives publicly, and operates an online reporting portal and mobile app used to document platform-hosted abuse.", "quote": "Tell MAMA's core work records and analyses anti-Muslim incidents including online harassment and explicitly receives reports via social media, directly engaging with platformized content and moderation outcomes.", "page": "", "url": "https://tellmamauk.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports highlighting issues of anti-Muslim hate crime and its impact, aiming to reduce abuse and support the Muslim community.", "quote": "a report by Tell MAMA in 2018 highlighted the issue of Muslims managing their Muslim identity online and offline with the aim of reducing future abuse...", "page": "391", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Terça Livre TV", "aliases": ["Terça Livre TV"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-democratic sentiment", "conservative ideology", "conservative values", "democratic integrity", "political skepticism", "pro-government agenda"], "topics": ["moderação", "modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a self-proclaimed major conservative YouTube channel, used for propagating political content, including narratives of electoral fraud.", "quote": "“Terça Livre TV” (autointitulado o maior canal conservador do país)", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}, {"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operating as a self-described 'largest conservative channel', it disseminates content that promotes electoral distrust and other narratives aligned with the radical right, acting as a pro-government influencer.", "quote": "...“Terça Livre TV” (autointitulado o maior canal conservador do país);...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "The Block Bot", "aliases": ["Block Bot", "The Block Bot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-harassment", "decentralized moderation", "harm reduction", "social justice", "transparency", "user control", "user safety", "vulnerable group protection"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A socially curated third-party Twitter application where volunteer moderators collectively identify and block accounts deemed 'block-worthy' (e.g., harassers, GamerGate supporters, transphobes), using categories of offensiveness and maintaining a public list.", "quote": "Block Bot was the first blocklist implemented on Twitter. It is a socially curated blocklist where a small group of moderators coordinate with one another and make complex decisions about which Twitter users to put on a shared list of blocked accounts.", "page": "76", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates as a socially curated blocklist on Twitter, where a small group of volunteer moderators coordinate to identify and preemptively block accounts perceived as harassers, allowing subscribers to avoid unwanted interactions. It also includes an appeals process for blocked users.", "quote": "Block Bot was the first blocklist implemented on Twitter. It is a socially curated blocklist where a small group of moderators coordinate with one another and make complex decisions about which Twitter users to put on a shared list of blocked accounts.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}]}, {"name": "The Carter Center", "aliases": ["The Carter Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["democratic process", "electoral integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s", "21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts international election observation missions, reporting on the fairness and conduct of elections and providing evidence to counter allegations of electoral fraud.", "quote": "Missões internacionais de observação de eleições, como a Organização dos Estados Americanos e o Carter Center, relataram que não havia provas concretas de fraude e que a eleição havia sido conduzida de forma livre e justa, apesar das pressões de um eleitorado altamente polarizado.", "page": "102", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}, {"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Promotes human rights and advocates for international treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, thereby influencing global norms related to freedom of expression that can impact internet governance.", "quote": "Jimmy Carter, U.S. Finally Ratifies Human Rights Covenant, CARTER CTR. (June 28, 1992), https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1369.html", "page": "116", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "The CommuniTree Group", "aliases": ["CommuniTree Group", "The CommuniTree Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["CommuniTree", "Facebook Groups", "Reddit", "Slashdot", "Twitch", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "fairness", "objectivity", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Metaphors in moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Kaufman, Geoff; Chancellor, Stevie", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established and operated the CommuniTree Bulletin Board System, one of the first public online communities, and articulated a philosophy for moderation, known as 'Fairwitness', to guide user behavior.", "quote": "In a technical manual for the CommuniTree Bulletin Board System, founded in 1978 as one of the first public online communities, writer and engineer Dean Gengle discussed his philosophy for what he called a “Fairwitness”.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820964968", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (Facebook Groups, Reddit, Twitch, Wikipedia, Slashdot, CommuniTree)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Established an early online bulletin board system (BBS) and structured online conversation with an initial 'anti-censorship' philosophy, aiming for self-governing social interaction.", "quote": "Built from the CommuniTree Group's idea to structure online conversation in threaded, tree-style structures based around core “conference” topics, it was the most successful entry into the very new space of online social spaces", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "The Community Collective", "aliases": ["The Community Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "community support", "professional development", "startup support"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A community management organisation specifically serving startups in Australia, dedicated to supporting community builders.", "quote": "The Community Collective – was launched in Australia in 2021.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}, {"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Community management organization specifically serving startups in Australia.", "quote": "and a community management organisation specifically serving startups – The Community Collective – was launched in Australia in 2021.", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "The Education Trust", "aliases": ["The Education Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "education quality", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "(Re)setting the racial narrative: Antiblackness and educational censorship", "author": "Bridgeforth, James; O'Neal, Desiree", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Education Trust, through its state director, publicly opposed educational censorship policies like HB3979, arguing that such bills prevent schools from addressing discrimination and hinder students' ability to grapple with societal challenges.", "quote": "Jonathan Feinstein, Texas state director of the Education Trust, explained: Not talking about racism and other forms of injustice won't make them go away. This unnecessary bill—like others introduced across the country—prevents schools from proactively addressing harmful acts of discrimination...", "page": "12", "url": "https://epaa.asu.edu/index.php/epaa/article/view/7926", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "K-12 schools in the United States, specifically Texas and North Dakota", "when": "post-2020"}, {"title": "(Re) Setting the Racial Narrative: Antiblackness and Educational Censorship.", "author": "JC Bridgeforth, D O'Neal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The organization's state director issued public statements criticizing proposed censorship bills, explaining that such legislation hinders efforts to address racism and injustice effectively.", "quote": "Jonathan Feinstein, Texas state director of the Education Trust, explained: Not talking about racism and other forms of injustice won't make them go away.", "page": "12", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1425370", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "K-12 schools, Texas, North Dakota, USA", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada", "aliases": ["Evangelical Fellowship of Canada", "The Evangelical Fellowship of Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association", "religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "hate speech"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exhorted the Canadian federal government to take action against online hate, contributing to public pressure for new legislation or regulation.", "quote": "des organismes religieux tels que le Centre consultatif des relations juives et israéliennes et l'Alliance évangélique du Canada ont exhorté le gouvernement fédéral à agir contre la haine en ligne.", "page": "12", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}, {"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in government consultations, advocating for action to address online hate.", "quote": "Before the Committee, a number of groups urged measures that would allow more aggressive use of the Criminal Code provisions targeting the promotion of hatred, including through increased resources for law enforcement, greater international collaboration in the prosecution of hate crimes, and repeal of the provision requiring the Attorney General's consent to institute proceedings.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}]}, {"name": "The Inquisition", "aliases": ["The Inquisition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["digital platforms", "scientific publishing"], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries", "21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La nueva censura: restricción del pensamiento en tiempos de progreso", "author": "C Gil Higuera", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Persecution of heretical ideas and censorship of scientific progress by a powerful religious institution, often acting with state backing.", "quote": "la persecución de ideas heréticas por la Inquisición, o incluso la censura del progreso científico y de figuras como Galileo Galilei³.", "page": "10", "url": "https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/92076", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}, {"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Encountered Galileo's work with objections, which the paper suggests represented a review by Galileo's learned peers, albeit with the use of coercion. This historical body acted as a censor of scientific ideas.", "quote": "Although Galileo is a scientific luminary, in his time he encountered problems with peer review by the Inquisition. Objections from church-appointed reviewers were not merely dogmatic.", "page": "1273", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Israeli Council for the Well-Being of Children", "aliases": ["The Israeli Council for the Well-Being of Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Bosnia", "France", "Hong Kong", "Israel", "Poland", "Spain", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "group cohesion", "reputation management"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Self‐Censorship as a Socio‐Political‐Psychological Phenomenon: Conception and Research", "author": "Bar‐Tal, Daniel", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This organization acts as an ingroup recipient of information about human rights violations. Its existence and role influence individuals' self-censorship decisions, as informing this ingroup body is perceived less negatively than informing an outgroup one, thereby shaping the social reception and potential 'moderation' of disclosed information within society.", "quote": "...participants viewed ingroup members who informed a non-Israeli organization (UNICEF) about ingroup immoral acts more negatively than when they informed an Israeli organization (The Israeli Council for the Well-Being of Children).", "page": "19", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12391", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Mainly Israel (Israeli-Palestinian conflict); also France (Algerian War), Spain (Franco era), Turkey (Armenian genocide), Hong Kong, USA (War on Terror, climate change reporting), Poland, Bosnia", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1940s-2010s)"}, {"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Served as an ingroup recipient of information about human rights violations, where individuals were less willing to self-censor compared to an outgroup organization (UNICEF), indicating its role as a trusted internal channel.", "quote": "It was found that the participants viewed more negatively ingroup members who informed a non-Israeli organization (UNICEF) about ingroup immoral acts than when they informed an Israeli organization (The Israeli Council for the Well-Being of Children).", "page": "172", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "The Lantern Project", "aliases": ["The Lantern Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of access to information", "internet freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention", "author": "Frolov, Sergey; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Implements censorship circumvention using various protocols, including TLS as a transport, leveraging a randomized Lampshade pluggable transport to help users bypass internet censorship.", "quote": "Lantern uses several protocols to circumvent censorship, mainly relying on the randomized Lampshade pluggable transport [43].", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_03B-2-1_Frolov_paper.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with focus on censorship circumvention", "when": "2017–2018 (Post-2010 platform era)"}, {"title": "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?", "author": "Chen, Yuyu; Yang, David Y.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Aims to provide a stable internet connection that bypasses censorship to citizens in authoritarian regimes, passively supplying access to uncensored internet.", "quote": "The Lantern Project, funded by the US State Department, aims to provide a stable internet connection that bypasses censorship at a relatively low cost.", "page": "37", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171765", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Beijing university students)", "when": "2015–2017"}]}, {"name": "The Markup", "aliases": ["The Markup"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "transparency"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Recruits a panel of users for a 'citizen browser' program to audit the behavior of platform algorithms, providing independent scrutiny of how platforms moderate and filter information.", "quote": "The Markup is taking a different approach, recruiting a panel of representative users to power their 'citizen browser' program, auditing the behavior of platform algorithms (The Markup, 2020).", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Markup produces investigative reports, publishes datasets and open-source tools (Blacklight, Citizen Browser) that document platform behavior, prompting policy attention and platform changes.", "quote": "The Markup conducts data-driven investigations and builds tools (e.g., Blacklight, Citizen Browser) that expose platform practices and influence policy and public scrutiny of platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://themarkup.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Pew Charitable Trusts", "aliases": ["The Pew Charitable Trusts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation", "independent public policy research and grantmaking organization"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "informed public", "journalism", "public debate"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios", "NetGov directory"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1948, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Funds research projects, such as the one at Columbia University, that analyze the development and evolution of journalism, indirectly influencing the discourse and standards of the field by enabling such studies.", "quote": "El sitio web The State of the News Media...un Proyecto para la Excelencia del Periodismo de la Columbia University y el Pew Charitable Trusts que analiza el desarrollo y evolución del periodismo americano...", "page": "3", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1948", "mechanism": "Pew produces widely cited research, surveys, and policy recommendations (via Pew Research Center and trust reports) that shape policymaker debate and public understanding of AI, media, and technology-related issues.", "quote": "Pew produces nonpartisan research (via Pew Research Center) on AI and related social impacts that inform policymakers and public debate, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.pewtrusts.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Sex Ed Initiative", "aliases": ["The Sex Ed Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "European Union", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["education", "education quality", "public health", "student empowerment", "youth empowerment"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Empowers students in sex education and advocates for improved standards. It creates social media content to raise awareness but notably refrains from using cryptic words.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called The Sex Ed Initiative (@thesexed_initiative) is an Illinois-based youth organization that focuses on empowering students in the field of sex education.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Manages an Instagram profile to empower students and advocate for better sex education standards, actively creating and disseminating educational content on social media.", "quote": "An Instagram profile called The Sex Ed Initiative (@thesexed_initiative) is an Illinois-based youth organization that focuses on empowering students in the field of sex education.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Theological Faculty of the Sorbonne", "aliases": ["Theological Faculty of the Sorbonne"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore", "moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries", "early modern"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Il Dio “Ragione” e la Dea “Natura”: la censura romana del De admirandis naturae di Giulio Cesare Vanini", "author": "GL D'Errico", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This theological faculty provided ecclesiastical approval (approbazione ecclesiastica) for publications, functioning as a gatekeeper of theological orthodoxy and an initial censor before a work's publication.", "quote": "L'opera, dedicata al maresciallo François de Bassompierre, già regio consigliere e comandante delle milizie germaniche, veniva così pubblicata con approvazione ecclesiastica siglata da due dottori della facoltà teologica della Sorbona, Edmond Corradin, frate minorita, e Claude Le Petit, dottore reggentes.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/64113577/06%20-%20129-138%20Id.%2029%20Gian%20Luca%20D'Errico%2010%20(1).pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Rome, Europe", "when": "17th century, early modern"}, {"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Redacted and published lists of prohibited books (indexes), banning numerous works deemed problematic.", "quote": "sei indici parigini redatti dalla facoltà teologica della Sorbona dal 1544 al 1556, con i quali venivano bandite 528 opere.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Trade union", "aliases": ["Trade Union", "Trade union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Finland", "Spain", "Western Europe"], "media": ["television debates"], "norms": ["equality", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["censura", "television moderator"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "early modern to present"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Irony in political television debates", "author": "P Nuolijärvi, L Tiittula", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The chairman, acting as a special guest in a public debate, engaged in public criticism of a political candidate, which contributed to public pressure and influenced the narrative of the debate.", "quote": "This may refer to a prior sequence in which Niinistö was vehemently criticised by some special guests, especially by the chairman of a trade union.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216610000329", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Finnish television debates", "when": "2006"}, {"title": "Tabú y lenguaje: las palabras vitandas y la censura lingüística", "author": "PJC Domínguez", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Publicly adopts politically correct and gender-neutral language in discourse, serving as a norm-setting and self-censorship mechanism for political figures to achieve social acceptance and avoid rejection.", "quote": "«Compañeras y compañeros: nuestro mayor patrimonio somos nosotros y nosotras, cuadros y cuadras sindicales...»", "page": "1", "url": "https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/themata/article/view/599", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western Europe, with a focus on Spain for contemporary examples", "when": "Early modern to contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Traditionalist Worker Party", "aliases": ["Traditionalist Worker Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial supremacy", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its secretary and an organizer of the Charlottesville march, Matthew Heimbach, maintained an active and violent presence at Trump presidential election rallies and pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct, demonstrating the group's direct involvement in inciting violence.", "quote": "Defendants include the leader of the Traditionalist Worker Party... Defendant Matthew Heimbach, secretary of the white supremacist Traditionalist Workers' Party and an organizer of the Charlottesville march, maintained an active and violent presence at Trump presidential election rallies and pled guilty to disorderly conduct after assaulting protestors at a Trump rally in Louisville, Kentucky in 2016.", "page": "115", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}, {"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in offline rallies (Charlottesville) to publicly demonstrate far-right ideology and strength.", "quote": "Right rally in Charlottesville... attended by Richard Spencer, David Duke, the Klan, League of the South, Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, Daily Stormer clubs, Traditionalist Worker Party...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Transatlantic High Level Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["Transatlantic High Level Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "transatlantic working group / high-level commission (academic project)"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "content moderation", "free speech", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Analyzes content moderation laws and their implications for freedom of expression, producing working papers based on discussions and insights from its meetings.", "quote": "During a first meeting at Ditchley Park, UK (February 28-March 3, 2019), the Transatlantic Working Group (TWG) analyzed NetzDG based on an earlier draft of this document.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Produces research and final recommendations, convenes high-level officials and industry experts across the Atlantic, and publicly urges adoption of transparency and accountability frameworks for platforms.", "quote": "The TWG explicitly assesses laws, initiatives and voluntary corporate/multistakeholder measures to reduce hate speech, violent extremism and misinformation while protecting freedom of expression and issues recommendations to platforms and policymakers.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ivir.nl/twg/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "TrollBusters", "aliases": ["TrollBusters", "Trollbusters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "European Union", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "online safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites ...TrollBusters...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'super-flagger' organization, an authorized alert group that identifies and reports offensive content to social media platforms for rapid resolution.", "quote": "Tal es el caso de Women Action, Heartmob, Trollbusters y Crash Override.", "page": "43", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)", "aliases": ["Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Governmental/Hybrid (with civil society involvement)", "other"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "justice", "reconciliation", "truth"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Established to uncover the truth about past human rights abuses, facing resistance from former military generals who refused to testify, indicating its role in challenging a culture of silence.", "quote": "In South Africa following the conclusion of the border wars, former senior generals of the South African Defence Force (SADF) denied allegations of mass murders and refused to testify before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (Baines, 2007).", "page": "146", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}, {"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Operated at arm's length from state authority to promote engagement and reflection across racial and ethnic lines, collecting stories from victims and perpetrators of apartheid and contributing to reconciliation and a rethinking of identity in the public sphere.", "quote": "Engagement and reflection were promoted by Archbishop Desmond Tutu's 1995-98 Truth and Reconciliation Commission-which operated at arm's length from the coercive authority of the sovereign state (and withstood legal challenges from both former apartheid President F. W. de Clerk and the African National Congress).", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Moderation Research Consortium", "aliases": ["Twitter Moderation Research Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Russia", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content moderation research", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation", "moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Blackbox of Social Media Content Moderation A first look into a novel Twitter dataset", "author": "Kubli, Maël; Hoes, Emma; Umansky, Natalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established by Twitter to provide researchers with access to data on deleted accounts, specifically those violating the Platform Manipulation and Spam Policy. Its aim is to prioritize transparency and facilitate academic study of content moderation practices.", "quote": "In response, Twitter established the 'Twitter Moderation Research Consortium' (TMRC) in September 2022, allowing researchers to access data on accounts deleted for violating its Platform Manipulation and Spam Policy.", "page": "1", "url": "https://osf.io/3x9az_v1", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, various global regions", "when": "2016–2022"}, {"title": "Knowledge-informed Disinformation Mining: From Fact-Checking to Content Moderation", "author": "V La Gatta", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in collaborations with social media platforms as a 'platform-specific initiative' to enhance understanding of moderation strategies and mitigate disinformation.", "quote": "Moreover, collaborations with platform-specific initiatives, like the Twitter Moderation Research Consortium4 and Meta’s Integrity and Transparency Reports5, are crucial.", "page": "37", "url": "http://www.fedoa.unina.it/15648/1/LaGatta_Valerio_36.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitter, YouTube, Facebook), US, global geopolitical contexts (including Ukraine-Russia conflict)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Trust & Safety Council", "aliases": ["Twitter Trust & Safety Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body", "community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-abuse", "anti-hate speech", "child safety", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights", "online safety", "public health", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura", "moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Composed of diverse organizations and specialists, it provides thematic consultations to Twitter on critical areas such as online safety, human and digital rights, mental health, and content governance.", "quote": "Em um projeto similar, o Twitter possui também o Conselho de Trust & Safety, formado por diferentes organizações e especialistas, que atua por meio de grupos de consultoria temáticos em áreas como “segurança e assédio online, direitos humanos e digitais, saúde mental e prevenção do suicídio, exploração sexual de menores e desumanização”, além da própria governança de conteúdo.", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}, {"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created by Twitter, this council works to ensure users feel safe expressing themselves on the network and helps establish new policies for removing abusive and hateful content.", "quote": "A empresa criou o próprio Conselho de Confiança e Segurança para garantir que as pessoas se sintam seguras ao se expressarem na rede social.", "page": "16", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}]}, {"name": "Tygodnik Powszechny", "aliases": ["Tygodnik Powszechny"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of expression", "religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Insisted on indicating censorship interventions in its articles, acting as a watchdog to expose the state's censorship practices.", "quote": "Although all newspapers were entitled to indicate censorship interventions, in practice only the Catholic press insisted on this right.", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}, {"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a leading Catholic newspaper, it uniquely insisted on indicating censorship interventions in its articles, challenging the state's efforts to conceal censorship and promote transparency.", "quote": "Although all newspapers were entitled to indicate censorship interventions, in practice only the Catholic press insisted on this right.", "page": "152", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "UK AI Security Institute", "aliases": ["UK AI Security Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5"], "norms": ["ai safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Performed external third-party testing and preliminary exploration of Claude Sonnet 4.5's propensities and capabilities relevant to misalignment threat models, including evaluation awareness and self-preservation.", "quote": "UK AISI was given access to [an early snapshot of Claude Sonnet 4.5] on September 22nd, and performed a preliminary exploration of [the snapshot]’s propensities and capabilities relevant to misalignment threat models.", "page": "63", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted independent pre-deployment testing and red-teaming for Claude Opus 4.6, assessing behaviors relevant to misalignment risk and potential sabotage of AI safety research in internal deployment settings.", "quote": "pre-deployment testing of Claude Opus 4.6 was conducted by the US Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI) and the UK AI Security Institute (UK AISI). UK AISI tested... specific behaviours relevant to misalignment risk...", "page": "204", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "UK Safer Internet Centre", "aliases": ["UK Safer Internet Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "partnership of charities; online safety coalition"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "child safety", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and resources, runs Trusted Flagger and hotlines that trigger content removal (information/accountability), organises Safer Internet Day to shape public debate (symbolic), and operates reporting infrastructure used by platforms (techno-infrastructure).", "quote": "Core mission is promoting safe/responsible use of technology for young people, operating hotlines, Trusted Flagger schemes and removing harmful content in coordination with platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://saferinternet.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}, {"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Involved in reporting and removing child sex abuse images online, contributing to internet safety efforts.", "quote": "Such as UK Safer Internet Centre (2018) for reporting and removing child sex abuse images online", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "United Nations (UN)", "aliases": ["United Nations (UN)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights", "information society development", "internet governance", "multilateral cooperation", "social peace"], "topics": ["moderação", "moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio nas redes sociais: entre a proteção constitucional ea responsabilidade digital", "author": "BV de Sousa, BCP Leal, CA de Oliveira Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Recognizes and emphasizes that hate speech is a concrete threat to democracy, social peace, and harmonious coexistence, thereby contributing to global norm-setting and advocacy against harmful online content and for the protection of individuals and communities.", "quote": "Organizações internacionais, como a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), reconhecem que o discurso de ódio representa uma ameaça concreta à democracia, à paz social e à convivência harmônica entre diferentes grupos sociais.", "page": "6", "url": "https://ojs.revistadcs.com/index.php/revista/article/view/4991", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988 Brazilian constitutional era, digital platform era"}, {"title": "Moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais: uma análise a partir da Medida Provisória nº 1068/2021", "author": "Ribeiro, Liara Maria Knaack Farah; Favero, Sabrina", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sponsored the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and recommended the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to foster multilateral political dialogue on internet governance, which includes discussions on moderation practices.", "quote": "Como consequência, a ONU patrocinou a Cúpula Mundial sobre a Sociedade da Informação (CMSI ou World Summit on the Information Society – WSIS), que, entre outras medidas, recomendou o estabelecimento de um Fórum de Governança da Internet (IGF), com a finalidade de viabilizar instrumento de diálogo político multilateral sobre o tema.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.periodicos.unc.br/index.php/acaddir/article/view/4373", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Human Rights Council", "aliases": ["United Nations Human Rights Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state", "Other"], "subtypes": ["intergovernmental organization", "other"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "privacy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocates for human rights principles by requesting states to avoid prohibiting encryption, considering it essential for freedom of expression in the digital age.", "quote": "le Conseil des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies demande aux États d'éviter à tout prix d'interdire l'utilisation du cryptage (Myers West, 2018, p. 11).", "page": "27", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}, {"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Received an open letter from NGOs urging it to consider serious concerns about 'countering and preventing violent extremism' initiatives that could undermine human rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "In March 2016, the NGO Article 19, along with 58 human rights organizations and NGOs, wrote an open letter to the UN Human Rights Council, urging them to consider serious concerns about certain initiatives around countering and preventing violent extremism.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Universities", "aliases": ["Universities"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "factual accuracy", "knowledge sharing", "public education", "rationality", "religious orthodoxy", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-21st centuries", "16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La post-verità come volto di una nuova inquisizione", "author": "A Zanotti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Acted as centers for knowledge transmission, debate, and the evaluation of scholarship. Some notable universities historically contributed to the creation of catalogs of forbidden books.", "quote": "nell'ambito delle università il metodo di studio caratterizzato dal dialogo e dalla reciproca comunicazione fra i partecipanti alle lezioni... alcune delle università di fama (come la Sorbona) contribuirono alla stesura di questi cataloghi.", "page": "4", "url": "https://aibstudi.aib.it/article/view/11835", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western culture/Europe", "when": "13th century to present"}, {"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exercised preventive censorship by possessing the right to judge theses, playing an important role in controlling the dissemination of ideas.", "quote": "Sin dal medioevo le università possedevano il diritto di giudicare delle tesi, e anche nel periodo più acuto della minaccia protestante, dopo la metà del XVI secolo, continuarono ad avere un ruolo importante.", "page": "7", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "University of Coimbra", "aliases": ["University of Coimbra"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thought", "empirical knowledge", "rationalism", "religious purity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries", "16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Implemented policies explicitly prohibiting access to medical education for Jews and New Christians, acting as a gatekeeper for professional entry based on religious and ethnic criteria.", "quote": "A partir de 1604, é explicitamente proibido o acesso ao ensino da medicina na Universidade de Coimbra, a única do reino, aos judeus e cristãos-novos (judeus convertidos)192.", "page": "70", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Underwent reforms to prioritize natural and exact sciences, introducing new teaching methods. Its academic community was a center for intellectual debates, sometimes questioning religious dogma and engaging with prohibited books.", "quote": "Pombal... reformou a Universidade de Coimbra, entre 1770 e 1772, imprimindo-lhe uma orientação que privilegiava as ciências naturais e a experimentação, procurando com isso criar uma nova elite cultural...", "page": "120", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Unión General de Trabajadores", "aliases": ["Unión General de Trabajadores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic reform", "social justice", "socialist ideals", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Called for a general strike by signing a pact with other labor organizations to demand political change and address social problems.", "quote": "Los componentes que rubicran este acuerdo son por un lado Besteiro, Largo Caballero y Barrios por la U. G. T., Salvador Seguí y Angel Pestaña por la C.N.T y Angel Lacort por el Centro Obrero de Zaragoza que propició la reunión. Allí mismo se decidió el principio de una huelga general", "page": "2", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}, {"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "As a major trade union, it joined the coalition that formed the Frente Popular, playing a role in political alignment and coalition building to influence governmental power and policy.", "quote": "a este núcleo se sumaron más tarde el Partido Socialista Obrero Español, la Unión General de Trabajadores, la Federación Nacional de Juventudes Socialistas y el reducido Partido Co- munista...", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK)", "aliases": ["Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry self-regulatory body / certification authority", "self-regulation body / trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Regulatory compliance", "anti-hate speech", "child safety"], "topics": ["NetGov directory", "moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "USK issues legally recognized age ratings and maintains a Prüfdatenbank, certifies youth protection officers, and works directly with major platform and game companies to implement age-labeling and youth-protection processes.", "quote": "USK issues age ratings for games, advises companies on youth protection and streaming, and operates procedures (IARC) that affect online distribution and moderation of games and apps.", "page": "", "url": "https://usk.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}, {"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts prior verification of all electronic games sold in Germany and assigns age ratings. In cases of doubt about content legality, it can activate a Review Panel to make decisions.", "quote": "O órgão alemão de autorregulação de software de entretenimento (USK) foi criado por uma associação voluntária da indústria de videogames no ano de 1994... com sua sede em Berlim, seu corpo técnico é formado por dez funcionários permanentes, assessorado por oito juízes e por cinquenta especialistas ligados à proteção de crianças e adolescentes282.", "page": "82", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "USENIX Association", "aliases": ["USENIX Association"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "knowledge dissemination", "technological development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Balboa: Bobbing and Weaving around Network Censorship", "author": "Rosen, Marc B; Parker, James; Malozemoff, Alex J", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Hosts and sponsors academic symposia and proceedings (like the 30th USENIX Security Symposium) where research on censorship circumvention systems like Balboa is presented and made open access, thereby facilitating knowledge dissemination in the field.", "quote": "Open access to the Proceedings of the 30th USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX.", "page": "1", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet / Network communication", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}, {"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Organizes conferences and publishes research in advanced computing systems, including security aspects, providing a platform for discussions on Internet measurement and defense mechanisms.", "quote": "In: Proc. USENIX FOCI 2013 (2013)", "page": "161", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Ushahidi", "aliases": ["Ushahidi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / community/collective", "watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "Morocco", "North America", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "civic participation", "election transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Mobilizes real-time crowdsourced input from dispersed users to spatially map collectively relevant data, helping humanitarian groups mobilize and target relief efforts. It structures and presents user-generated data for action.", "quote": "Ushahidi mobilizes real-time input from dispersed users to spatially map collectively relevant data... providing a map that helped humanitarian groups mobilize and target relief.", "page": "10", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An international group monitoring election transparency; its Moroccan site (marsad.ma) enabled anonymous reporting, contributing to public scrutiny and anti-corruption efforts.", "quote": "Ushahidi, an international group that monitors election transparency, launched their Moroccan site in 2011, marsad.ma, but the experiment was short-lived.", "page": "171", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Vals AI", "aliases": ["Vals AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Assesses AI model performance on tasks expected of an entry-level financial analyst, conducting external analyses to evaluate capabilities.", "quote": "FinanceAgent is an evaluation from Vals AI that assesses a model’s performance on 'tasks expected of an entry-level financial analyst'.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}, {"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Published the Finance Agent benchmark to assess models' performance on financial research using SEC filings, and conducted an evaluation of Claude Opus 4.6 on this benchmark.", "quote": "Finance Agent is a public benchmark published by Vals AI that assesses a model’s performance on research on the SEC filings of public companies. Vals AI conducted an evaluation of Claude Opus 4.6 on this benchmark...", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Vanguard Think Tank", "aliases": ["Vanguard Think Tank"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO (think tank)"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published a report on the role of social media in Chinese protests, highlighting how platforms facilitate social movements and, implicitly, the challenges for content moderation in politically sensitive contexts.", "quote": "Federica Cidale, 'The Role of Social Media in Chinese Protests' (Vanguard Think Tank, 2022) <https://vanguardthinktank.org/the-role-of-social-media-in-chinese-protests>", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}, {"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published research on the role of social media in Chinese protests, informing the understanding of how platforms are used and potentially moderated in political contexts.", "quote": "Federica Cidale, 'The Role of Social Media in Chinese Protests' (Vanguard Think Tank, 2022)", "page": "3", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}]}, {"name": "Vem Pra Rua", "aliases": ["Vem Pra Rua", "Vem pra Rua"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "anti-politics", "economic conservatism", "political partisanship"], "topics": ["moderador censor", "moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in and led conservative and liberal political movements, often organizing manifestations based on anti-corruption and anti-PT sentiments.", "quote": "o maior protagonismo dos movimentos políticos conservadores e liberais através de organizações como o Vem para a Rua, o Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) e os Revoltados On-line (ROL).", "page": "72", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}, {"title": "Guerras culturais e formações imaginárias da polarização política brasileira: Um estudo discursivo", "author": "MFC de Souza", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This group mobilizes public manifestations, acting as a cohesive factor for the new right-wing populism. By organizing these demonstrations, it exerts public pressure and promotes specific narratives, influencing and moderating the public political debate.", "quote": "Esse último apresentou-se como o grande fator de coesão do novo populismo de direita que surge em torno do impeachment da presidente Dilma Rousseff e que continua mobilizando manifestações públicas como, por exemplo, o Partido Novo, o Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) e o Vem para a Rua.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revista.unitins.br/index.php/humanidadeseinovacao/article/view/640", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2014-2018 Brazilian political context"}]}, {"name": "Volkswagen Foundation", "aliases": ["Volkswagen Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "diffusion of knowledge", "knowledge advancement", "public welfare", "scientific inquiry", "scientific research", "societal understanding"], "topics": ["modération", "modération des médias"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Personalization up to a Point: Why Personalized Content Moderation Needs Boundaries, and How We Can Enforce Them", "author": "E Moscato, T Hu, M Orlikowski, P Röttger…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Funds research projects related to the societal impact of artificial intelligence, specifically the \"Bots Building Bridges (3B)\"\" project under the \"\"Artificial Intelligence and the Society of the Future\"\" programme. This contributes to understanding and guiding the responsible development of AI.\"", "quote": "Matthias Orlikowski's research was funded by Volkswagen Foundation as part of the \"Bots Build-ing Bridges (3B)\"\" project under the \"\"Artificial Intelligence and the Society of the Future\"\" pro-gramme.\"", "page": "10", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1726/", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, European Union, AI systems", "when": "Contemporary"}, {"title": "Resolving content moderation dilemmas between free speech and harmful misinformation", "author": "Kozyreva, Anastasia; Herzog, Stefan M.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hertwig, Ralph; Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp; Leiser, Mark; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides grant funding for academic research, including studies focused on artificial intelligence and its societal implications.", "quote": "The study was funded by the grant of the Volkswagen Foundation to R.H., S.L., and S.M.H. (Initiative \"Artificial Intelligence and the Society of the Future\"\").\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210666120", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "USA, global online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Wasat Party", "aliases": ["Wasat Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Morocco", "Palestine", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["ideological diversity", "political moderation", "religious orthodoxy", "social inclusion", "social learning"], "topics": ["debate moderation", "moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century", "20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The emergence and moderation of the Wasat Party are attributed to a combination of inclusion in the political system and social learning, where its middle-generation Islamist leaders' interactions with people of diverse convictions were a key factor in their moderation.", "quote": "Wickham uses a combination of inclusion-moderation and social learning hypotheses to explain the emergence of the Wasat Party in Egypt, emphasizing middle-generation Islamist leaders' interactions with people from ‘other' convictions and ideologies as a key factor in their moderation.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}, {"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Formed by former Muslim Brotherhood members in Egypt as a centrist Islamist party. Its emergence is seen as an example of political inclusion elevating moderate actors and providing alternative voices to discourage radicalism.", "quote": "This insight is relevant to thinking about cases such as that of the Wasat party in Egypt, a moderate group that includes former members of the Muslim Brotherhood who allied with other actors to form a centrist Islamist party (though it has yet to be granted a licence to operate legally).", "page": "4", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Wellcome Trust", "aliases": ["Wellcome Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charitable foundation / research funder", "foundation"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Mental health", "Others (public health", "collective knowledge", "evidence-based policy", "expert authority"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its head of public relations penned 'The Geek Manifesto', advocating for a re-evaluation of scientific authority based on evidence to improve collective intelligence and policy.", "quote": "Consider The Geek Manifesto, a widely discussed call to arms, penned by Mark Henderson (2012), head of public relations for the Wellcome Trust, Britain’s largest science-based private foundation.", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}, {"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1936", "mechanism": "Wellcome funds research and publishes reports, runs policy labs and global monitoring (Wellcome Global Monitor) and uses grantmaking and partnerships to shape health research agendas and policy debates.", "quote": "Wellcome is a global health research funder and advocacy actor (policy lab, advocacy and partnerships) whose core mission is health, but it occasionally engages in evidence and policy work that touches on information, misinformation, and public communication relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://wellcome.ac.uk/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "West Virginia Council of Churches", "aliases": ["West Virginia Council of Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "institutional integrity", "religious freedom", "youth development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century", "1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Organized a coalition of ministers from various denominations who issued a joint statement supporting the textbooks and advocating for open discussion of controversial topics.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books that read in part: Any treatment, especially in the schools, of questions like war and peace, racism - black and white - religion and patriotism, is bound to raise dis agreements and stir emotional response. We are convinced, however, that these matters must be discussed openly if our students are to be exposed to the great variety of issues that characterize our modern society.", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}, {"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Aligned with the pro-textbook faction, opposing attempts to impose religious ideas on public institutions as against the fundamental concept of religious freedom.", "quote": "Wesi Virginia Council of Churches, alSwalignedwith. the pr(/ -textbook faction, learned against any attempt':to impose religons,. ideas on public institutions as against the fundarricntat:: concept of religious freedom.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Westboro Baptist Church", "aliases": ["Westboro Baptist Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderador censor"], "languages": ["English", "Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducting pickets with offensive messages at public events, such as military funerals, to express religious and political views, leading to lawsuits for causing emotional distress and testing free speech limits.", "quote": "Los protagonistas eran un grupo religioso, fundado en 1955 y denominado “Iglesia Bautista de Westboro”, que había decidido protestar través de toda la nación norteamericana en forma de piquetes contra el gobierno.", "page": "132", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}, {"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Known for spreading hateful views online (e.g., via Twitter), providing a real-world example of extremist speech that was eventually countered by online discussions.", "quote": "In 2009, Phelps-Roper, a member of the Westboro Baptist Church, developed a considerable following tweeting hateful views about LGBT individuals.", "page": "28", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL)", "aliases": ["The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL)", "Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Usenet", "bulletin board systems", "web forums"], "norms": ["community cohesion", "community identity", "community standards", "diversity", "free speech", "risk management"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation", "author": "ST Roberts", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in direct and visible moderation actions, such as temporary user bans, to manage community interactions and define the community's character, from rule-bound to anarchic.", "quote": "the Bay Area-based online community the WELL famously banned only three users in its first six years of existence, and then only temporarily (Turner 2005, p. 499).", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities and social media platforms, global", "when": "Early internet to mid-2010s"}, {"title": "Norm Maintenance in Online Communities: A Review of Moderation Regimes", "author": "Lackaff, Derek", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As an early electronic community (BBS), WELL members engaged in informal social interaction, including conflict resolution and norm reinforcement through discussion, which Rheingold describes as relying on 'love' to manage diversity and free expression. This represented a form of social moderation.", "quote": "We kept concluding that simple, corny, all-powerful love was the only way to make a community work when it is diverse, thus guaranteeing friction, and at the same time committed to free expression, which can and does get out of hand (Rheingold 114).", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, early bulletin board systems, Usenet, web forums (USA, UK)", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Wikibooks", "aliases": ["Wikibooks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["operational efficiency", "quality control"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Accepted a content reviewing system quietly and smoothly since 2008, indicating established moderation practices for quality control of its educational texts.", "quote": "Remarkably enough, in some other Wikimedia projects reviewing seems to have been accepted quietly and has been functioning smoothly ever since 2008: English Wikibooks (http://en.wikibooks.org) and German Wiktionary...", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operates a content reviewing system which was accepted quietly and functions smoothly, implying a form of moderation or quality control.", "quote": "in some other Wikimedia projects reviewing seems to have been accepted quietly and has been functioning smoothly ever since 2008: English Wikibooks", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Wikinews", "aliases": ["Wikinews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community standards", "information quality"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formally introduced reviewing where 'articles have to be formally checked according to several news criteria by appointed 'reviewers', before they can be published on the main page', and 'arbitrators' punish disruptive editors.", "quote": "Reviewing was formally introduced in August 2008 (in the English version): articles have to be formally checked according to several news criteria by appointed 'reviewers', before they can be published on the main page.", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Disruptive editors are punished by 'arbitrators'. Appointed 'reviewers' formally check articles against news criteria before they can be published on the main page, to guarantee accuracy.", "quote": "disruptive editors can be punished by 'arbitrators'. Reviewing was formally introduced in August 2008 (in the English version): articles have to be formally checked according to several news criteria by appointed 'reviewers', before they can be published on the main page.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Arbitrators", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Arbitrators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective", "community/collective, professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community standards", "dispute resolution", "information accuracy", "neutrality", "rule of law", "social order"], "topics": ["debate moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer arbitrators on Wikipedia maintain order and enforce policies on the platform, contributing to the self-governance of the online encyclopedia.", "quote": "Many online social systems fundamentally rely on volunteers... Wikipedia arbitrators (Menking & Erickson, 2015), and reddit moderators.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}, {"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Resolve disputes, enforce community policies, manage content, and maintain neutrality in the online encyclopedia.", "quote": "Volunteer moderators have played a fundamental role in social life online for over 40 years, from librarians in 1970s Berkeley looking after local message-boards (3) to today's Facebook group administrators (25), Wikipedia arbitrators (32), and reddit moderators.", "page": "2", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Editing Communities", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Editing Communities", "Wikipedia editing communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "democracy", "knowledge production", "openness", "self-governance", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment to present", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news no contexto de pandemia e emergência social: os deveres e responsabilidades das plataformas de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo online entre …", "author": "IA Hartmann, J Iunes", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These communities engage in self-regulation and content moderation through collaborative editing practices, upholding norms of openness and collective knowledge production within their platform.", "quote": "the pursuit of radical transparency by open source programming collectives (Kelty, 2008), and Wikipedia editing communities (Tkacz, 2015), the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013)", "page": "5", "url": "https://portal.idp.emnuvens.com.br/direitopublico/article/view/4607", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Algorithmic systems, digital platforms, historical examples from Sweden, France, and the US", "when": "Enlightenment era to present (focus on post-2010 algorithmic era)"}, {"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Enacts democratic ideals through open collaboration and transparency in content creation and moderation processes, making system workings visible.", "quote": "Wikipedia editing communities (Tkacz, 2015), the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013)", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Wiktionary", "aliases": ["Wiktionary"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["operational efficiency", "quality control"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Accepted a content reviewing system quietly and smoothly since 2008, indicating established moderation practices for quality control of its dictionary entries.", "quote": "Remarkably enough, in some other Wikimedia projects reviewing seems to have been accepted quietly and has been functioning smoothly ever since 2008: English Wikibooks (http://en.wikibooks.org) and German Wiktionary...", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}, {"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as 'essentially contested'bureaucratic rules", "author": "PB de Laat", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operates a content reviewing system which was accepted quietly and functions smoothly, implying a form of moderation or quality control.", "quote": "in some other Wikimedia projects reviewing seems to have been accepted quietly and has been functioning smoothly ever since 2008: ... and German Wiktionary", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Wikipedia (English, German, French versions) and other Wikimedia projects (Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary), alongside other online user-generated content communities (Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "post-2000 platform era (specifically 2006–2011 for Wikipedia debates)"}]}, {"name": "Woman's Christian Temperance Union", "aliases": ["Woman's Christian Temperance Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "family welfare", "free speech", "public morals", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1867, "when_max": 1966, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Was part of a group that 'enjoyed taking a shot at Comstock,' implying they were critical of or opposed to his specific methods or his broader anti-obscenity crusades, despite being generally aligned with moral reform.", "quote": "Reading Werbel's book, one gets the sense that numerous others would have enjoyed taking a shot at Comstock, including Walt Whitman, Thomas Eakins, Margaret Sanger, the Art Students League of New York, the better part of the New York defense bar, and the collective membership of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journalpanorama.org/article/lust-on-trial/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 19th - early 20th century (1867-1915)"}, {"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Screened books for libraries, protested the sale of 'prurient billboards' and pressured theater owners to close 'immoral' films. They also created alternative children's literature and radio programs to promote their moral ideals.", "quote": "WCTU members screened books for libraries, protested the sale of Police Gazette and the posting of prurient billboards, and pressured theater owners to close down 'immoral' films...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}]}, {"name": "Women Against Pornography", "aliases": ["Women Against Pornography"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group", "social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-violence", "equality", "public morals", "user safety", "women's rights"], "topics": ["136.0", "moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century", "1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Founded to fight against pornography through conferences, publications, legal advice, and social activism, arguing that pornography harms women.", "quote": "Adscritas principalmente al llamado «feminismo radical», la organización madre bajo la que actuaron fue Women Against Pornography (WAP), fundada en 1979 en los Estados Uni dos. Dicha organización se dedicó, entre otras tareas, a la celebración de conferencias, la publicación de libros —su primer volumen colectivo fue Take Back the Night (Lederer, 1980)— y de artículos académicos, el asesoramiento jurídico, y el activismo social a través de la celebración de manifestaciones como la famosa marcha de 1979 en Times Square, en la que Dworkin y Robin Morgan lograron congregar a siete mil participantes.", "page": "194", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}, {"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Submitted an amicus brief supporting the Indianapolis ordinance, aiming to suppress pornography based on perceived harms to women.", "quote": "The Women Against Pornography (W.A.P.) amicus brief, in particular, totally mischaracterizes content analy-ses of pornography.", "page": "33", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action, and the Media (WAM!)", "aliases": ["Women, Action, and the Media (WAM!)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO", "NGO, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "harm reduction", "platform governance", "transparency", "user agency", "user safety"], "topics": ["debate moderator", "moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "WAM! supported people experiencing harassment on Twitter by reviewing reports and advocating cases to Twitter, engaging in capacity-building for harassment receivers and maintaining a public voice on company policies.", "quote": "I began asking these questions after leading a team to study efforts by Women, Action, and the Media (WAM!), a non-governmental organization (NGO) that was supporting people experiencing harassment on Twitter", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}, {"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Offers support to people experiencing harassment on Twitter, reviews harassment reports, advocates cases to Twitter, and manages its relationship with Twitter to influence policies.", "quote": "I came to this research just after leading a team to study efforts by Women, Action, and the Media (WAM!), an NGO offering support to people experiencing harassment on Twitter (31).", "page": "3", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)", "aliases": ["World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association / professional body", "professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["online news comment sections"], "norms": ["economic stability", "free speech", "journalistic independence", "journalistic integrity", "public discourse integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century", "21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Who will intervene to save news comments? Deviance and social control in communities of news commenters", "author": "Watson, Brendan R; Peng, Zhao; Lewis, Seth C", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This organization documents and reports on trends and challenges faced by news organizations regarding online commenting, including the elimination of comment features due to issues like abusive content. Their reports highlight industry-wide problems related to comment moderation and social control.", "quote": "NPR, CNN, The Verge, Toronto Star, and Reuters are among major news organizations that have eliminated comment features at the end of their news articles (Finley, 2015; World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, 2016).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819828328", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, USA", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}, {"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reported on how state actions (potential receipt or denial of state advertising) created environments where journalists practice self-censorship, thereby documenting and highlighting mechanisms that enforce self-censorship in media.", "quote": "According to a report by WAN-IFRA, the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, the potential receipt or denial of state advertising and other contracts creates environments in which journalists practice self-censorship even at media companies not captured by partisan political interests (2015).", "page": "226", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "World Council of Churches", "aliases": ["World Council of Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Angola", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["decolonization", "human rights", "racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship", "moderação"], "languages": ["English", "Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a symposium to protest the Cunene Plan, advocating for Western companies to withdraw and pressuring financial institutions to divest, thereby using public pressure against colonial projects.", "quote": "em Março de 1972, o Conselho Ecuménico das Igrejas organiza, por intermédio do seu Programa de Luta Contra o Racismo, um simpósio sobre o Cunene", "page": "547", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}, {"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "This organization was a member of the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV) and aided its efforts to distribute propaganda to the foreign press, indirectly supporting the German revisionist campaign.", "quote": "It was aided in these endeavors not only by the Hamburg Board of Trade (Max Warburg, Wilhelm Cuno), but also by the World Council of Churches, and the Vereine des Auslandsdeutschtums.", "page": "22", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "World Federation of Advertisers (WFA)", "aliases": ["World Federation of Advertisers (WFA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["EU", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["English", "Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "SPECIAL ISSUE: GOVERNING THE DIGITAL SPACE", "author": "Busch, Christoph", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched the 'Global Alliance for Responsible Media' to develop industry-wide definitions and standards regarding different types of harmful online content, facilitating cross-platform cooperation.", "quote": "In June 2019, the World Federation of Advertisers launched the “Global Alliance for Responsible Media,” which aims to develop a set of industry-wide definitions and standards regarding different types of harmful online content.", "page": "40", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and global digital space", "when": "2020-2022"}, {"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation, committing to its principles and measures for tackling disinformation in advertising.", "quote": "Tra i firmatari figurano Adobe, Associazione europea delle agenzie di comunicazione (EACA), Google, IAB Europe (Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe), Meta, Microsoft, Reporter senza frontiere (RSF), TikTok, Twitch, Twitter, Vimeo e Federazione mondiale degli inserzionisti (WFA). Ciascuno di essi ha firmato gli impegni in un documento, pubblicamente accessibile, che prevede le misure pertinenti per i propri servizi.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "World Islamic CALL Society", "aliases": ["World Islamic CALL Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "cultural exchange", "cultural promotion", "interfaith dialogue", "international relations", "religious promotion", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderación", "moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provided support for the online course, thus endorsing its aims of fostering cultural integration and dialogue consistent with the idea of an 'alliance of civilizations'.", "quote": "Enseguida llegaron los apoyos de [...] la World Islamic CALL Society y otros muchos organismos, asociaciones, etc. que intuyeron que el curso podría ser un buen primer paso en la puesta en práctica de lo que se ha dado en llamar en círculos políticos “alianza de civilizaciones”.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}, {"title": "Más allá del modelo Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificaciín y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MD Castrillo de Larreta Azelaín, JC García Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This society provided support to the online course, implicitly endorsing its pedagogical approach and moderation strategies. This support helped enable the course's operation and legitimacy within the broader academic and religious community.", "quote": "Enseguida llegaron los apoyos de la Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia (Ministerio de Justicia), la World Islamic CALL Society y otros muchos organismos, asociaciones, etc. que intuyeron que el curso podría ser un buen primer paso en la puesta en práctica de lo que se ha dado en llamar en círculos políticos “alianza de civilizaciones”.", "page": "7", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56561", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "UNED online course (Spain)", "when": "2005-2007"}]}, {"name": "World Wide Web Foundation", "aliases": ["World Wide Web Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation", "NGO / foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital rights", "human rights", "information access", "open internet"], "topics": ["moderation censorship", "modération censure"], "languages": ["English", "French"], "when_periods": ["21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed a global plan of action for the web, focusing on access, openness, privacy, data rights, and stakeholder responsibilities; advocated for an open, interconnected internet.", "quote": "Through his World Wide Web Foundation, Berners-Lee has proposed a Contract for the Web as a global plan of action with themes of access and openness, privacy and data rights, positive tech and public action...", "page": "83", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}, {"title": "Romain Badouard, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure", "author": "P Brouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Initiating a 'Contract for the Web' to establish fundamental principles that signatories commit to respecting, aiming to maintain an open, decentralized, and interoperable web.", "quote": "Mentionnons l'initiative, sous l'impulsion de la World Wide Web Foundation (dont l'un des créateurs n'est d'autre que Tim Berners-Lee, l'inventeur du web), d'un « “contrat pour le web”, qui expose neuf principes fondamentaux que les signataires s'engagent à respecter pour conserver un web ouvert, décentralisé et interopérable » (p. 103).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/2049", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, Europe (with global context)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical legal context"}]}, {"name": "Writers and Artists for Change movement", "aliases": ["Writers and Artists for Change movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "democracy", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "political dissent", "political reform"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries", "18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Stressed the historical role of Egyptian writers and artists as agitators for political change, demanding the end of censorship and advocating for the democratization of the political system.", "quote": "This is evident in the establishment of the Writers and Artists for Change movement in 2005, when various high-profile writers and artists gathered to hear Nigm deliver the movement’s founding statement, which stressed the long-standing role of Egyptian writers and artists as agitators for political change. The statement called for an array of reforms, including the democratization of the political system, and linked this to the movement’s demand for the end of censorship practiced against writers, artists and academics.", "page": "224", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}, {"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocated for political reforms and an end to censorship against writers, artists, and academics, emphasizing the historical role of Egyptian artists as agitators for change.", "quote": "This is evident in the establishment of the Writers and Artists for Change movement in 2005, when various high-profile writers and artists gathered to hear Nigm deliver the movement’s founding statement, which stressed the long-standing role of Egyptian writers and artists as agitators for political change.", "page": "224", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Yale University", "aliases": ["Yale University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific", "Other"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society", "other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public safety", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century", "late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Bad language", "author": "Cappelen, Herman; Dever, Josh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This university sets rules regarding sexual activity on its campus, requiring explicit, affirmative, and continuous consent, which establishes and enforces specific behavioral norms.", "quote": "Under Yale’s policies, sexual activity requires affirmative consent, which is defined as positive, unambiguous, and voluntary agreement to engage in specific sexual activity throughout a sexual encounter. Consent cannot be inferred from the absence of a ‘no’;", "page": "199", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "General, with emphasis on contemporary Western societies, US political discourse, and academic philosophy of language.", "when": "20th-21st century, with some historical context from philosophy and social practices."}, {"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed diversity-informed guidelines for renaming campus structures and spaces, influencing how historical names and symbols are moderated on campus.", "quote": "To address these tensions, Yale University developed diversity-informed guidelines for the renaming of campus structures and spaces. The Yale report states: 'In its building names and its campus symbols, the University communicates values, confers honor, and expresses gratitude to those who have contributed to its mission. ... One of the values the University rightly communicates is the importance of genuine inclusiveness...'", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Yale University Press", "aliases": ["Yale University Press"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other", "non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other", "other (publisher)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a publisher, Yale University Press engaged in public self-censorship by declining to publish the Danish cartoons due to perceived external threats of violence, prioritizing safety and security for its staff.", "quote": "Yale University Press... declined to publish the cartoons on the stated grounds of safety and security. ... Theirs is a response to a perceived external censor, which in this case consists of some members of a community who threatened violence.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2005–2010"}, {"title": "Censorship and Two Types of Self-Censorship", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Declined to publish the Mohammed caricatures in a book on the incident, exercising public self-censorship driven by pragmatic concerns for safety and security in response to perceived external threats from the Muslim community.", "quote": "Yale University Press, the publisher of Jytte Klausen's The Cartoons that Shook the World, declined to publish the cartoons on the pragmatic ground of safety and security.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1575662", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2006-2010"}]}, {"name": "Young Women's Christian Association", "aliases": ["Young Women's Christian Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["personal development", "progressive values", "public morals", "racial equality", "religious orthodoxy", "social control", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s", "19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1873, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Advocated for specific forms of \"womanhood\"\" and \"\"fitness\"\" based on character building and religious observance. It also became a site for internal struggle as local communities maneuvered to avoid implementing official racial integration policies.\"", "quote": "Michelle Busby brings the story forward into the 1960s showing how local communities maneuvered to avoid implementing racial integration after it became the official policy of the national YWCA in 1966.", "page": "1", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}, {"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Supported the choice of textbooks in the Kanawha County dispute.", "quote": "The local NAACP and YWCA supported the choice of books along with the West Virginia Human Rights Commission.", "page": "15", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)", "aliases": ["Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-globalization", "indigenous rights", "land rights", "self-determination", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century", "post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 2, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in early digital activism by using online platforms for organizing and information dissemination, combined with offline actions such as occupying physical spaces, to protest against the North American Free Trade Agreement.", "quote": "The protests of indigenous Zapatista activists in Mexico against the North American Free Trade Agreement in the mid-1990s and the global justice movement pro tests against the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle were notable early examples of activism that included both online and offline practices...", "page": "49", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}, {"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Used alternative media (communiques) to publicize their struggle for land and legal rights against colonial and economic exploitation, becoming a 'first informational guerrilla movement'.", "quote": "The Zapatistas were the peasant guerrilla movement (most of them Indians, but with the support of urban intellectuals such as their spokesperson, Subcomandante Marcos) active in the Mexico of the 1990s...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "!Hispahack", "aliases": ["!Hispahack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group mentioned in a joint statement defining hacktivism, contributing to the discourse around cyber-activism and its goals.", "quote": "A joint statement by 2600, the Chaos Computer Club, the Cult of the Dead Cow, !Hispahack, LOpht Heavy Industries, Phrack, and Pulhas. http://www.hacktivism.org (13 February 1999).", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "\"", "aliases": ["\""], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["A Million Voices Against FARC"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["political activism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "social movement", "quote": "anti-FARC sentiment, social change, political mobilization", "page": "In a prominent example, a Facebook group, \"A Million Voices against FARC", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "\"BITS Against Empire\"\" Bulletin Board System (BBS)\"", "aliases": ["\"BITS Against Empire\"\" Bulletin Board System (BBS)\""], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for its members who were accused of \"subversive association with intent to subvert the democratic order\"\" by Italian authorities", "quote": "Subversion of the democratic order (as alleged by authorities, implying anti-state/anti-establishment values).", "page": "One good example was the March 1995 Carabinieri Anti-Crime Special Operations Group raid on the Italian \"BITS Against Empire\"\" BBS whose members were accused of \"\"subversive association with intent to subvert the democratic order\"\".\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "\"For a Free Internet!\"\" campaign\"", "aliases": ["\"For a Free Internet!\"\" campaign\""], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free internet access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Monitored bills in the Uzbek parliament that aimed to extend government censorship, acting as a watchdog against restrictive legislation.", "quote": "The Uzbek \"For a Free Inter-net!\"\" campaign", "page": "for example", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "#aquídeputacomosiempre", "aliases": ["#aquídeputacomosiempre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Initiated a protest on Twitter where hundreds of women uploaded nude or semi-nude photos using the hashtag in response to accusations of being 'putas' (whores) for posting such content.", "quote": "El resultado: cientos de tweets de mujeres subiendo fotos desnudas o semidesnudas usando el hashtag #aquideputacomosiempre a modo de protesta²⁰.", "page": "22", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "#Blacklivesmatter movement", "aliases": ["#Blacklivesmatter movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["police violence resistance", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses online campaigns and hashtags to resist police violence against the African American community, challenging racial injustice and status quo.", "quote": "The #MeToo movement calling out sexual misconduct in media industries, and the #Blacklivesmatter matter movement began as online campaigns (Tynes et al. 2016) demonstrating the potential for digital technologies to be used to effectively challenge the status quo.", "page": "28", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "#BlackOutTuesday", "aliases": ["#BlackOutTuesday"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Users across the globe shared black squares on Instagram feeds to raise awareness of racial injustice, symbolically co-constructing meaning and protest discourse during the Black Lives Matter movement.", "quote": "This genre of performative engagement was particularly manifest during #BlackOutTuesday, as users across the globe shared black squares on their Instagram feeds in an effort to raise awareness of racial injustice (Monckton, 2020; Speare-Cole, 2020).", "page": "349", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "#BlackTechFutures Research Institute", "aliases": ["#BlackTechFutures Research Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research institute / advocacy-focused nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produces the Black Tech Ecosystem Index (data-driven tool used by policymakers), convenes the Black Joy AI Summit and HBCU Responsible Computing Network, and issues city reports and public-interest tech reports to shape local policy and capacity building.", "quote": "Publishes the Black Tech Ecosystem Index, runs the Black Joy AI Summit and HBCU Responsible Computing Network, and produces city reports to guide policymakers on digital justice and responsible computing.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.blacktechfutures.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "#EleNão social movement", "aliases": ["#EleNão social movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crimes virtuais e direitos humanos: uma análise jurídica no contexto brasileiro", "author": "RF Dropa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Utilizes social media platforms to organize and fight for rights, serving as an example of how the population mobilizes and gives visibility to social causes.", "quote": "Movimentos como o #EleNão e o #VidasNegrasImportam são exemplos de como a população está utilizando essas plataformas para se organizar e lutar por seus direitos.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/conversasecontroversias/article/view/45087", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#EveryBODYVisible campaign", "aliases": ["#EveryBODYVisible campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "community standards", "diversity", "fairness", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched an anti-censorship campaign, encouraging users to share censored content and tag Instagram/Facebook chiefs, and experimented with algorithm 'tricks' to boost visibility for affected communities.", "quote": "On October 29 2019, @everybodyvisible launched its #EveryBODYVisible campaign, encouraging censored people around the world to share either its logo or a picture of them that had been censored, tagging the chiefs of Instagram and Facebook such as Instagram CEO Adam Mosseri and Facebook's Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg with the message: WE WANT: Clear guidelines, equally-applied 'community standards', right of appeal, and an urgent review into algorithmic bias disproportionately affecting the visibility of women, femme-presenting people, LGBTQIA folx, People of Color, sex workers, dancers, athletes, fitness fans, artists, photographers & body-positive Instagram users (@everybodyvisible 2019).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#FairPayForFreelancers", "aliases": ["#FairPayForFreelancers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functions as a campaign or movement to advocate for fair pay for freelance journalists, exerting public pressure and setting norms for compensation in the platform economy.", "quote": "c) sindicatos de trabalhadores freelancer, como Freelancers Union, Canadian Freelance Union, ações sindicais de jornalistas freelancer na Suécia, além do #FairPayForFreelancers.", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "#FixTheFeed campaign", "aliases": ["#FixTheFeed campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical advertising", "harmful content", "hateful content", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in public pressure campaigns, similar to #StopHateForProfit, to influence platforms' policies and advertiser behavior regarding harmful content.", "quote": "...and that's part of our strategy at Change the Terms for the coming cycle through our #FixTheFeed campaign.", "page": "9", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#FreeTheNipple", "aliases": ["#FreeTheNipple"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["cultural freedom", "free speech", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched global online and offline protests to challenge Instagram's censorship policies, specifically regarding the ban on pictures of female nipples.", "quote": "artists, performers, activists and celebrities after bans of pictures of female but not male nipples, which caused global online and offline protests such as #FreeTheNipple (Tarleton Gillespie 2018; Instagram n.d.b).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#FreeTheNipple movement", "aliases": ["#FreeTheNipple movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content moderation", "gender equality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Aimed to raise awareness about the absurdity of certain moderation rules by using artistic and social campaigns, gaining media coverage to pressure Facebook to change its policy on nudity.", "quote": "Le mouvement vise à susciter une prise de conscience de l'absurdité de certaines règles de modération en maniant habilement l'absurde: des artistes lancent par exemple un concours de retouches de photographies de femmes à la poitrine dénudée en remplaçant leurs tétons par des tétons masculins, qui eux sont autorisés.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "#HandsUpDontShoot", "aliases": ["#HandsUpDontShoot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "racial justice", "right to protest", "solidarity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Used as a hashtag accompanying images of people with their hands in the air, serving as a visual shorthand for surrender and solidarity with protests against police killings of unarmed African Americans, bringing attention to systemic racism.", "quote": "participants on sites like Instagram and Twitter began posting pictures of themselves with their hands in the air, filed under the hashtag “#HandsUpDontShoot.” The visual shorthand for surrender—something Brown was reportedly doing as he was killed—was not limited to participatory media.", "page": "142", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "#HateBreach", "aliases": ["#HateBreach"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "rational discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An online campaign that offers resources and advice to individuals who wish to counter hate speech and promote more objective discussion.", "quote": "an online campaign that primarily works by offering resources and advice for people who want to counter hate speech and initiate more objective discussion.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "#ichbinhier (German activist group)", "aliases": ["#ichbinhier (German activist group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech prevention", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in friendly counterspeech to deescalate incivility and hate speech in online discussions, aiming to restore civil discourse.", "quote": "With regard to hate speech and incivility, a good example of a high-threshold OCI is the activist community associated with the German hashtag #ichbinhier. This group attempts to deescalate incivility and hate speech in discussions through the use of friendly counterspeech (Ley, 2018).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#jagärhär (Swedish activist group)", "aliases": ["#jagärhär (Swedish activist group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech prevention", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Similar to #ichbinhier, this activist group intervenes against disruptive online behavior, contributing to a more civil and reasoned public debate.", "quote": "In addition to interventions by activist groups such as #ichbinhier and #jagärhär (German and Swedish groups, which both translate to #Iamhere), individual users also react by flagging, reporting, or counterarguing uncivil, hateful, or relativistic postings.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#jagärhär / #ichbinhier (I am here)", "aliases": ["#jagärhär / #ichbinhier (I am here)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["online news comment sections"], "norms": ["community cohesion", "hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do “Good Citizens” fight hate speech online? Effects of solidarity citizenship norms on user responses to hate comments", "author": "Kunst, Marlene; Porten-Cheé, Pablo; Emmer, Martin; Eilders, Christiane", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This hashtag activist group attempts to collectively fight hate speech online through polite counterspeech, which is considered a high-threshold form of online civic intervention.", "quote": "An example of high-threshold OCI in the case of hate speech is a hashtag activist group known as #jagärhär _[#iamhere] in Sweden and #ichbinhier in Germany, which attempts to collectively fight hate speech through polite counterspeech (Ley, 2018).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2020.1871149", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comment sections, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#Jesuislà", "aliases": ["#Jesuislà"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "humanist values"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Mobilizes thousands of internauts to report problematic content on Facebook and organizes 'raids' to counteract hateful comments with positive, humanist discourses, aiming to delegitimize hate speech.", "quote": "Le collectif « #Jesuislà » par exemple, qui importe en France une initiative suédoise, compte plusieurs milliers d'internautes qui se signalent les contenus problématiques sur Facebook afin de mener des manifestations positives visant à diffuser des discours humanistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "#KeepItOn coalition", "aliases": ["#KeepItOn coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition; civil society campaign"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Civic engagement", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Maintains the STOP dataset documenting shutdowns (information/tech infrastructure), runs global advocacy and petition campaigns and Election Watch (symbolic/accountability), and partners with industry, governments and NGOs to pressure for policy change (leverage).", "quote": "Core mission documents and fights internet shutdowns globally, producing the STOP dataset and running advocacy campaigns to keep people online and establish rights-respecting norms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.accessnow.org/campaign/keepiton/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "#MuteRKelly movement", "aliases": ["#MuteRKelly movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement/advocacy group"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "child safety", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Led by Black women activists, this movement aimed to financially and professionally isolate R. Kelly due to sexual abuse allegations, encouraging boycotts of his music, performances, and collaborations.", "quote": "The #MuteRKelly movement was posted, preceding Milano’s first #MeToo tweet by three months. The movement, led by two Black women, Oronike Odeleye and Kenyette Barnes, aimed to withdraw financial and other support of Kelly’s musical career...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "#NazisAgainstNazis", "aliases": ["#NazisAgainstNazis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Generates donations for EXIT Germany based on the distance marched during Far-Right demonstrations, converting extremist activity into fundraising for counter-extremism.", "quote": "generates donations for EXIT Germany based on metres marched", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "#NichtEgal", "aliases": ["#NichtEgal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "respectful dialogue"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This anti-hate speech initiative, co-founded with governmental and media organizations, works online and offline to strengthen positive voices, promote respectful exchange of opinions, and increase student awareness about online hate speech.", "quote": "an anti-hate speech initiative that works to counter various forms of extremism, both online and offline. It encourages its audience to engage in a respectful exchange of opinion in social media...", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "#NOPEGIDA", "aliases": ["#NOPEGIDA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "religious tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A campaign established to undermine the anti-Islam movement Pegida.", "quote": "set up with the exclusive aim of undermining the anti-Islam movement, Pegida", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "#NotInMyName (initiative of Active Change Foundation)", "aliases": ["#NotInMyName (initiative of Active Change Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An initiative of the Active Change Foundation, listed as an example of counter-extremism initiatives.", "quote": "the #NotInMyName initiative of the Active Change Foundation", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "#NousToutes", "aliases": ["#NousToutes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The paper discusses the technophile imaginaries of its founders in using platforms like WhatsApp, TypeForme, and Canva to facilitate change and mobilization, implying self-moderation or strategic communication.", "quote": "Irène Despontin-Lefèvre : WhatsApp, TypeForme et Canva pour changer le monde. L’imaginaire technophile des fondatrices de #NousToutes »", "page": "531", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "#SEOLesbienne collective", "aliases": ["#SEOLesbienne collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "diversity and inclusion", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'IA DANS LA MODÉRATION: CENSURE DES CONTENUS LGBT SUR TIKTOK ET TWITTER ET TERREAU DE NOUVELLES FORMES SÉMIOTIQUES", "author": "T Grison, V Julliard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This collective takes action to address and combat the mis-referencing of the word 'lesbienne' (lesbian) on the internet, where search algorithms frequently associate it with pornographic content.", "quote": "Pour plus de détails sur cet enjeu autour du référencement du mot lesbienne, nous renvoyons aux actions menées par le collectif français #SEOLesbienne.", "page": "452", "url": "T Grison, V Julliard", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "TikTok, Twitter (X), France", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "#StopHateForProfit campaign", "aliases": ["#StopHateForProfit campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical advertising", "harmful content", "hateful content", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Uses public pressure campaigns, specifically targeting advertisers, to create reputational and financial risk for platforms that do not adequately address hateful and harmful content.", "quote": "I actually want to convince advertisers that there's too much of a reputational risk for them to advertise on certain platforms. That was a core goal of the #StopHateForProfit campaign...", "page": "9", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#VidasNegrasImportam social movement", "aliases": ["#VidasNegrasImportam social movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crimes virtuais e direitos humanos: uma análise jurídica no contexto brasileiro", "author": "RF Dropa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Utilizes social media platforms to organize and fight for rights, serving as an example of how the population mobilizes and gives visibility to social causes.", "quote": "Movimentos como o #EleNão e o #VidasNegrasImportam são exemplos de como a população está utilizando essas plataformas para se organizar e lutar por seus direitos.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/conversasecontroversias/article/view/45087", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "#WhyIDidntReport", "aliases": ["#WhyIDidntReport"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "social justice", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Emerged as a top trending topic on Twitter, allowing thousands of sexual violence survivors to share their stories and explain why they didn’t report, creating a means of collective acknowledgment.", "quote": "Within hours of Trump’s tweet, #WhyIDidntReport became the top trending topic on Twitter. Thousands of survivors from all over the United States participated in this movement to tell their stories and disclose why they didn’t report their sexual violence experiences.", "page": "116", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "#WorldChildrensDay: Vi overser børns digitale rettigheder ...", "aliases": ["#WorldChildrensDay: Vi overser børns digitale rettigheder ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and advocacy organisation on children and digital media"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analytical articles and reports framing children's rights online, critiques platform practices, and highlights policy proposals (e.g., age-appropriate design) to influence policymakers and public debate.", "quote": "The site publishes analysis and advocacy on children's digital rights, platform design, data practices, and regulatory responses (e.g., age-appropriate design/code proposals).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techandchildhood.com/news/worldchildrensday-vi-overser-brns-digitale-rettigheder", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "#YesAllWomen", "aliases": ["#YesAllWomen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-violence", "dissent", "gender equality"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A hashtag that connected women sharing stories of discrimination and violence in the wake of a mass shooting, serving as a platform for counterpublic contestation of misogyny and amplifying marginalized voices.", "quote": "Whitney Phillips and I (forthcoming) discuss how Twitter’s #YesAllWomen hashtag connected women sharing stories of discrimination and violence in the wake of a 2014 misogynistic shooting spree near the University of California, Santa Barbara.", "page": "142", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "'Stå upp för Sverige' (Stand up for Sweden)", "aliases": ["'Stå upp för Sverige' (Stand up for Sweden)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Sweden"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "political accountability", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Anti-immigration and racist discourse in social media", "author": "Ekman, Mattias", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a large, open Facebook group, 'SufS' facilitates the circulation of anti-immigration and racist sentiments. Although it officially forbids racism, its moderators oversee user-generated content, which has led to legal scrutiny and conviction for hate speech.", "quote": "Posts in the group frequently come under scrutiny for violating hate speech legislation, and recently the group’s moderator was convicted of hate speech because of comments published by other users (Rapp, 2019). However, according to the group’s own description, it forbids racism (Merrill and Åkerlund, 2018).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119886151", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Sweden", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "'Ukraine Without Kuchma' movement", "aliases": ["'Ukraine Without Kuchma' movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Organized mass protests, initially demanding an investigation into the disappearance of journalist Heorhii Gongadze, directly challenging government censorship and repression.", "quote": "The ‘Ukraine Without Kuchma' movement of 2000-01 began when a group of journalists and activists started demanding an investigation into the disappearance of the journalist Gongadze.", "page": "19", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "(Mis)informed", "aliases": ["(Mis)informed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media and journalism training organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1975, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1975", "mechanism": "Poynter produces research, training, networks (IFCN, MediaWise) and public-facing content (podcasts, newsletters) that shape fact-checking practices and public debate about misinformation and platform content.", "quote": "Poynter's core mission is journalism training and fact-checking (MediaWise, IFCN), and it engages with platform content issues (misinformation, fact-checking) without being primarily a platform governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.poynter.org/news/were-launching-podcast-about-fact-checking-and-misinformation", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "(Neue) Grenzen der Zivilgesellschaft | ZiviZ", "aliases": ["(Neue) Grenzen der Zivilgesellschaft | ZiviZ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic engagement support organisation; research and consultancy"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ZiviZ produces representative surveys and studies (ZiviZ-Survey, Monitor Unternehmensengagement), advises policymakers and stakeholders, and runs multi-stakeholder projects to shape engagement policy.", "quote": "ZiviZ conducts research, advice and capacity-building on civic and digital engagement but does not focus primarily on platform content governance; it engages with digital engagement topics relevant to platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ziviz.de/neue-grenzen-der-zivilgesellschaft", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "(various unnamed individuals/groups)", "aliases": ["(various unnamed individuals/groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Their function as 'public watchdogs' is recognized by the ECHR, granting them protection for freedom of expression akin to traditional press.", "quote": "Haciendo referencia a la esencial función de la prensa como control y vigilante del poder político (public watchdog), el TEDH ha declarado en reiteradas ocasiones que «[...] la función de los bloggers y de los usuarios populares de los medios de comunicación social puede asimilarse también a la de public watchdogs en lo que se refiere a la protección otorgada por el artículo 10»", "page": "180", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "15-M / Indignados Movement", "aliases": ["15-M / Indignados Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human dignity", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Mobilizes public forms of creative resistance and uses networked culture to demand recognition for marginalized peoples and challenge social antagonism.", "quote": "Think of groups such as Black Lives Matter (BLM), Occupy Wall Street (OWS) the Indignados in Spain, or the so-called Arab Spring and other self-organized forms of resistance", "page": "189", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "15-M movement", "aliases": ["15-M movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democratic participation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de 'Ley Wert'", "author": "C Perales", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This movement initiated social mobilization in Spain to activate debate towards a more participatory democracy, influencing subsequent protests and citizen engagement, including those related to the 'Ley Wert'.", "quote": "Las protestas sociales se han ido sucediendo en España través de diversas plataformas desde el movimiento 15-M (Santamaría, 2011), surgido en marzo de 2011, y que tenían como objetivo la movilización social para activar el debate hacia una democracia más participativa (Cabal, 2011).", "page": "3", "url": "https://repositori.uvic-ucc.cat/handle/10854/3329", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "May 2013"}]}, {"name": "15Mpedia", "aliases": ["15Mpedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "neutrality", "open access", "social movement documentation"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Wikiperiodismo o periodismo colaborativo:¿ tiene futuro?", "author": "EC Gutiérrez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Operates as a free, collaborative encyclopedia for documenting the 15-M social movement, allowing users to upload articles which are then moderated to maintain a neutral point of view, thus ensuring content quality and preventing misinformation.", "quote": "En la 15MPedia cualquiera puede subir un artículo para documentar alguna de las actividades surgidas al calor de las protestas de Mayo de 2011... los textos no se van a restringir (aunque sí a moderar). Se busca, como en la original, un punto de vista neutro...", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5235/523552850002.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on Spain, Peru, and Argentina", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "16pages", "aliases": ["16pages"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["democratization of content", "open access", "self-expression"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Renders public the link to autonomously and freely print PDFs, thereby enabling self-publishing and alternative, free distribution of content, bypassing traditional commercial gatekeepers.", "quote": "Kermesse del collettivo belga 16pages il quale rende pubblico il link per stampare autonomamente e gratuitamente il PDF", "page": "6", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "17th Ontario Universities Computing Conference", "aliases": ["17th Ontario Universities Computing Conference"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["COM", "CoSy"], "norms": ["academic research", "professional development"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Effective moderation of computer conferences—notes and suggestions", "author": "MG Brochet", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Served as a forum for the publication and dissemination of research and suggestions related to computer conferencing moderation, contributing to the development and professional understanding of moderation practices.", "quote": "This material was published in the Proceedings of the 17th Ontario Universities Computing Conference (June 1986)", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/324239.324323", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Computer conferencing systems (e.g., CoSy, COM), particularly at the University of Guelph, Canada, and with European participation", "when": "Mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "2 Live Crew and Salt-N-Pepa", "aliases": ["2 Live Crew and Salt-N-Pepa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value", "free speech", "social critique"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Excitable speech: a politics of the performative", "author": "Butler, Judith", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Produce sexually graphic music and lyrics (rap) that become subjects of legal debate and censorship efforts, thus participating in and shaping public discourse on 'obscenity' and 'offensive conduct'.", "quote": "certain kinds of sexually graphic aesthetic representations, such as those produced and performed by the rap groups, 2 Live Crew or Salt n Pepa, are debated in legal contexts on the question of whether they fall under the rubric of 'obscenity' as defined by Miller v. California (1973).", "page": "85", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s)"}]}, {"name": "20 organisationer i fælles debatindlæg: Vi skal modstå amerikansk ...", "aliases": ["20 organisationer i fælles debatindlæg: Vi skal modstå amerikansk ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's rights council; advocacy body"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes høringssvar and policy materials, co-signs public debate pieces with 20 organisations to shape government and EU stance on platform regulation and enforcement.", "quote": "Publishes policy submissions and a joint op-ed urging Denmark to back EU digital services regulation (DSA) to better protect children and other groups online.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.boerneraadet.dk/vores-viden/2025/nyheder/20-organisationer-i-faelles-debatindlaeg-vi-skal-modstaa-amerikansk-pres-og-fortsaette-kampen-for-bedre-beskyttelse-online/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "20seconds Magazine", "aliases": ["20seconds Magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "economic independence", "intellectual freedom", "media diversity", "quality content"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent German magazine for experimental art and music, created in response to 'sponsor-centric' and low-quality social media content, operating through self-funding from sales and follower donations, thereby demonstrating and advocating for alternative, non-commercial media survival.", "quote": "20seconds è un magazine indipendente tedesco di arte e musica sperimentale che nasce in risposta ai social e ai contenuti 'sponsor-centrici' e di bassa qualità... è soprattutto autofinanziandosi solo ed unicamente con le vendite dei magazines o con le donazioni dei propri seguaci.", "page": "16", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "2600 (Hacking group)", "aliases": ["2600 (Hacking group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group whose web site provides a list of recently hacked sites, demonstrating a form of cyber-activism, including politically motivated actions like defacing the kkklan.com site.", "quote": "The contents of this debate can be seen on the hacktivism.org web site, where the statements of hacking groups such as 2600, Chaos Computer Club, Cult of the Dead Cow, LOpht Heavy Industries, and Phrack are posted.", "page": "179", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "324.cat", "aliases": ["324.cat"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Catalonia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Audiencias activas y modelos de participación en los medios de comunicación españoles", "author": "P Masip, J Suau", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "324.cat manages a dedicated space called 'ElMeu324' where user-generated content, primarily videos, is published only after undergoing a moderation process. This represents a clear pre-publication gatekeeping mechanism.", "quote": "Regarding 324.cat, there is 'ElMeu324', a space where previously moderated user-generated content (mainly videos) is admitted to be published", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/download/274308/364480", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Catalonia", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "38 Degrees", "aliases": ["38 Degrees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic accountability", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Uses platforms to aggregate information, observations, and experiences, contributing to collaborative network activities like identifying poor journalistic practices.", "quote": "Collaborating: Using platforms to aggregate information, observations, experiences; Environmental sensing; churnalism, identifying poor journalistic practices; 38 Degrees; bribery websites", "page": "288", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "3F (United Federation of Danish Workers)", "aliases": ["3F (United Federation of Danish Workers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["dispute resolution", "social welfare", "worker safety", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Negotiated the first collective agreement with a digital platform, covering issues like the transition from independent contractor status to employee status, insurance coverage, and conflict resolution; actively protects food delivery workers.", "quote": "Au Danemark, le syndicat 3F, qui a pour objectif d’assurer de meilleurs salaires et de meilleures conditions de travail à ses membres, a signé en avril 2018 le premier accord collectif avec une plateforme numérique de travail, couvrant des sujets comme la transition du statut d’indépendant à celui de salarié, la couverture en matière d’assurance et la résolution des conflits. 3F s’est montré également actif pour protéger les livreurs de produits alimentaires au Danemark.", "page": "91", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)", "aliases": ["3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["technical standards", "technological development"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops specifications for mobile telecommunications (e.g., 5G), defining critical technical standards that impact Internet architecture and addressing.", "quote": "The possible interactions of traditional models with 3GPP 5G specifications is network slicing.", "page": "95", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "4chan's /b/ (Random) board", "aliases": ["4chan's /b/ (Random) board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender bias", "hostility"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A popular and notorious board on 4chan that serves as a \"memetic crucible\"\" for birthing texts", "quote": "and explicit \"\"subcultural boundary policing\"\" through phrases like \"\"Tits or GTFO.\"\"\"", "page": "anonymity, shock value, offensive humor, subcultural capital, male dominance.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "4chan's /co/ (Comics and Cartoons) board", "aliases": ["4chan's /co/ (Comics and Cartoons) board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community participation", "creative expression"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A board on 4chan dedicated to \"Comics and Cartoons\"\" where participants contribute annotated \"\"monster\"\" images", "quote": "shared interest in comics/cartoons, creative annotation, community norms.", "page": "For instance, figure 2.8 samples a 2012 collection of annotated “monster” images which were created for a thread on 4chan’s /co/ (“Comics and Cartoons”) board.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "5Rights Foundation", "aliases": ["5Rights Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's digital rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "5Rights produces research, toolkits and policy responses, convenes youth ambassadors, partners with academic centres (LSE) and informs regulatory processes (Ofcom, Age Appropriate Design Code) to push 'safe by design' obligations on platforms and regulators.", "quote": "Core mission and published policy responses directly address platform design, regulation and trust & safety (e.g., Age Appropriate Design Code, Ofcom consultation, research on AI classroom apps).", "page": "", "url": "https://5rightsfoundation.com", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "7-11 email list", "aliases": ["7-11 email list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Served as an early autonomous community for discussing and shaping \"pure network aesthetics\"\" in Internet art", "quote": "Network aesthetics, art, community, web specificity.", "page": "The Internet’s early autonomous communities were the first space where pure network aesthetics (Web site specificity) emerged— email lists like 7-11, Nettime, recode, Rhizome, and Syndicate.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "7amleh (The Arab Center for Social Media Advancement)", "aliases": ["7amleh (The Arab Center for Social Media Advancement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who should set the Standards? Analysing Censored Arabic Content on Facebook during the Palestine-Israel Conflict", "author": "Magdy, Walid; Mubarak, Hamdy; Salminen, Joni", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documented and reported violations of Palestinians' digital rights by Facebook during the conflict, contributing to the perception of bias and spurring activist campaigns.", "quote": "One of the initial reports on the topic was by the Arab Center for Social Media Advancement, recording some 500 violations of Palestinians' digital rights during this conflict event in May 2021 [75]", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3713150", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Middle East, Palestine-Israel conflict", "when": "May 2021 onwards"}]}, {"name": "7amleh (The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media)", "aliases": ["7amleh (The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "North Africa", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "pro-Palestine advocacy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on online censorship, reach reduction, and bias against pro-Palestine content, actively advocating for digital rights and pressuring social media companies for accountability.", "quote": "as most recently documented and recorded by 7amleh, users posting pro-Palestine content noted their audiences' views and reach was decreased.", "page": "3", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "7amleh – The Arab Center for Social Media Advancement", "aliases": ["7amleh – The Arab Center for Social Media Advancement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "moderation transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di espressione e moderazione dei contenuti online: profili costituzionali.", "author": "Canton, Gaia Dal", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "7amleh documents and reports on cases of content moderation violations on digital platforms, highlighting the lack of transparency in removal decisions, particularly affecting Palestinian users.", "quote": "l'organizzazione 7amleh ha documentato 55 casi di violazione su Twitter ed ha rilevato che nel 96% di essi gli utenti non avevano ricevuto alcuna motivazione per l'azione adottata dalla piattaforma.", "page": "31", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, Italy, Global Digital Platforms (focus on content moderation)", "when": "Contemporary digital era, focusing on post-2010 platform developments"}]}, {"name": "8chan", "aliases": ["8chan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for Gamergate supporters after 4chan bans, facilitating the continued spread of extreme content and harassment campaigns.", "quote": "After 4chan’s founder Christopher Poole banned discussions of Gamergate from the site, the campaign’s supporters migrated to the more extreme 8chan (Southern Poverty Law Center NDc).", "page": "53", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "@killtheRoR", "aliases": ["@killtheRoR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-defamation", "platform responsibility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engaged in online activism and public pressure campaigns, primarily through social media, to draw attention to and oppose Ripoff Report's policies and content.", "quote": "For instance, no Twitter accounts equivalent in fervor to “@killtheRoR” turned up for other platforms in this research (Almon, 2016).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}]}, {"name": "@mubadalah.id", "aliases": ["@mubadalah.id"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["gender equality", "religious tolerance", "social cohesion", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Social Media in Strengthening Religious Moderation Amidst Digital Politics in Indonesia", "author": "L Ramadhani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conveys a gender-fair, inclusive, and humanistic perspective on Islam through its Instagram account, attracting followers and addressing issues of moderation, tolerance, and equality.", "quote": "One example of good practice is the use of the Instagram account @mubadalah.id, which conveys a gender-fair, inclusive, and humanistic perspective on Islam. This account has attracted thousands of followers with content that consistently raises issues of moderation, tolerance, and equality.", "page": "4", "url": "http://journal.goresearch.id/index.php/sij/article/view/214", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "@notmyrobots", "aliases": ["@notmyrobots"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collects and highlights problematic AI images on Twitter to raise awareness about the frequent mixing of reality and science fiction in AI visualizations, promoting understanding of AI as a product of complex social negotiations.", "quote": "L’initiative a été lancée par quatre chercheurs affiliés à deux universités allemandes [...]. Une grande partie de l’activité de @notmyrobots consiste à collecter des images d’IA considérées problématiques souvent suggérées par des abonnés au compte Twitter.", "page": "172", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "A beginner's guide to digital rights - The Space", "aliases": ["A beginner's guide to digital rights - The Space"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["arts and cultural intermediary"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guidance, handbooks and codes of practice for arts organisations to navigate digital distribution and rights, shaping how cultural producers interact with platforms.", "quote": "Provides guidance and a Digital Rights Code of Practice to arts organisations about publishing and distributing work via online platforms (YouTube, Facebook) and references online-safety/regulatory issues, but its core mission is arts support rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thespace.org/resource/a-beginners-guide-to-digital-rights/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "A Different Light Bookstore", "aliases": ["A Different Light Bookstore"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Operates as a gay and lesbian bookstore, distributing literature and contributing to the cultural sphere for sexual minorities, which could be suppressed by censorship laws.", "quote": "NORMAN LAURILA co-owns and manages a gay and lesbian bookstore in New York called \"A Different Light", "page": "which also has a branch in Los Angeles.\"", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "A Galeria Illustrada (newspaper/magazine)", "aliases": ["A Galeria Illustrada (newspaper/magazine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "good governance", "independence", "journalistic integrity", "justice"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1840, "when_max": 1889, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A IMPRENSA DO SEGUNDO REINADO NO PROCESSO POLÍTICO-CONSTITUCIONAL: FORÇA MORAL E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA THE SECOND REIGN PRESS …", "author": "JL Lobo, LFL Pereira", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This republican satirical periodical used lithographs and critical commentary to attribute 'moral responsibility' to the Gazeta Paranaense and the provincial president, criticizing their subservience to arbitrary conservative administration actions.", "quote": "Nós.....a «Gazeta Paranaense», etc e tal pontinhos, entregamos-lhe este pastel, declarando nos submissos a vossa administração, arrolaremos as nossas boccas; e pedindo-lhe perdão, prestamos-lhe illimitada confiança e inteira adhesão.»", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/63050224/impresa_do_segundo_reinado20200422-75122-jb0zgt.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Paraná province, Curitiba)", "when": "19th century, Second Reign (1840-1889)"}]}, {"name": "A Guide to Content Moderation for Policymakers - Cato Institute", "aliases": ["A Guide to Content Moderation for Policymakers - Cato Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["libertarian public policy think tank / advocacy research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Produces research and policy analyses aimed at lawmakers and the public arguing against regulation of platform moderation, shaping policy debates and leveraging relationships with policymakers and media.", "quote": "Publishes policy analyses directly addressing content moderation and advising policymakers that government regulation of platform content moderation is harmful.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/guide-content-moderation-policymakers", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "A Guided Tour of Disinformation Policy: Content Moderation - GDIL", "aliases": ["A Guided Tour of Disinformation Policy: Content Moderation - GDIL"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research lab / policy research initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Content moderation", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GDIL publishes analytical guides and a policy database to inform debates on disinformation and content moderation, shaping policy discussions and scholarship on platform governance.", "quote": "GDIL produces research and a Global Disinformation Policy Database and analysis directly addressing content moderation, self-/co-/direct regulation, and platform transparency.", "page": "", "url": "https://gdil.org/a-guided-tour-of-disinformation-policy-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "A Manhã (newspaper)", "aliases": ["A Manhã (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-corruption", "free press", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published investigative reports on public health and corporate malpractices, positioning itself as an independent voice. Faced legal processes for calúnia and injúria under new censorship laws, and used its own pages for defense, actively participating in and reacting to censorship efforts.", "quote": "O artigo se aprofunda no caso do jornal A Manhã, que seguiu na Justiça e na página dos jornais.", "page": "1", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Content Moderation Policy", "aliases": ["A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Content Moderation Policy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; policy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "R Street authored and published a report proposing a multi-stakeholder framework, funded by the Knight Foundation, recommending voluntary standards and NTIA engagement to shape platform content-moderation practices.", "quote": "R Street published a report and commentary proposing a multi-stakeholder process and concrete proposals for online content management and moderation policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rstreet.org/commentary/a-multi-stakeholder-approach-to-content-moderation-policy/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "A Palestinian advocacy group", "aliases": ["A Palestinian advocacy group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Honduras", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Syria", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "platform transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Leveraged its connections to mediate with a regional Facebook office on behalf of contacts whose accounts had been removed, appealing moderation decisions.", "quote": "A Palestinian advocacy group mediated between a regional Facebook office and a dozen contacts whose accounts had been removed.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "A Rohingya activist", "aliases": ["A Rohingya activist"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Honduras", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Syria", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "information access"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Leveraged contacts at Facebook to appeal numerous removed accounts and translated posts into English for them, and requested account verification to prevent future removals.", "quote": "A Rohingya activist leveraged his contacts at Facebook to appeal numerous removed accounts and translated posts into English for them, while also requesting that his own account be “verified” to prevent its removal in the future.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "A Syrian crowdmapping platform", "aliases": ["A Syrian crowdmapping platform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Honduras", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Syria", "Yemen"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disappearing acts: Content moderation and emergent practices to preserve at-risk human rights–related content", "author": "Banchik, Anna Veronica", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Relies on anonymous eyewitness reports and user-generated content for its work, but frequently experiences content removal, impacting its ability to access and utilize crucial information.", "quote": "The founder of a Syrian crowdmapping platform estimated that as many as a third of videos linked in anonymous eyewitness reports submitted to the site were removed by the time researchers tried accessing them.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912724", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) in human rights contexts (e.g., Syria, Libya, Myanmar, Honduras, Yemen)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "A Voz do Pastor", "aliases": ["A Voz do Pastor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious media"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A Catholic weekly newspaper that published texts condemning a theatre play ('A Promessa') as 'indecent' and 'unworthy of Christian audiences,' initiating public controversy and demanding censorship.", "quote": "O semanário católico A Voz do Pastor publicou dois textos que nos indicam o teor das crônicas veiculadas pela Rádio Renascença. (...) o Teatro Experimental do Porto resolveu levar à cena uma peça indecorosa e indigna de plateias cristãs.", "page": "241", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "A-ya", "aliases": ["A-ya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["East Germany", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in the Soviet Bloc", "author": "Wallach, Amei", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Published and circulated the work of Soviet 'outsider artists' internationally, using smuggled materials, thereby circumventing official state censorship and providing an alternative platform for suppressed art.", "quote": "In 1984, in Paris, the magazine A-ya began publishing the work of the Soviet outsider artists, using photographs smuggled out of the USSR. There were immediate repercussions: artists were subjected to knocks on the door, questioning; some were forced to sign documents incriminating them-selves. They were told to forbid A-ya to publish their work. Officially they caved in, but many published anyway. A-ya ceased publication in 1987.", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791465", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Bloc (USSR, East Germany)", "when": "1930s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "a.f.r.i.k.a group", "aliases": ["a.f.r.i.k.a group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "social equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Participates in online discussions (e.g., nettime mailing list) by posting critical statements that highlight social inequalities and challenge dominant narratives, acting as a voice against systemic issues.", "quote": "As the a.f.r.i.k.a group put it in a posting to the mailing list nettime, ‘Everybody knows that the Ozone belt is fading away. Everybody knows that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer …’", "page": "137", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "A21 Thailand", "aliases": ["A21 Thailand"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["anti-trafficking non-profit / NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Human rights", "Legal aid and litigation", "Online harm", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "A21 runs global awareness campaigns and training (Global Freedom Summit, prevention curricula, hotlines) and partners with law enforcement to identify victims and prompt investigations, using information provision and public campaigning to pressure enforcement and platforms to act.", "quote": "A21's primary mission is ending human trafficking and providing hotlines, prevention training and victim support; it addresses online child sexual exploitation and reporting but its core work is service provision and advocacy rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.a21.org/content/thailand/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business)", "aliases": ["AACSB International (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education quality", "employability skills", "innovation", "practical application"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Accredits business schools, thereby setting and enforcing standards for business education and influencing curriculum design and quality to ensure graduates are equipped with relevant skills.", "quote": "The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) currently accredits 890 business schools in 58 countries with an additional 189 specialized accounting programs.", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee", "aliases": ["Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This international committee provides recommendations on the organization of public meetings, including the use of virtual means. It monitors compliance with the Aarhus Convention, thereby influencing the modalities and effectiveness of public participation in environmental decision-making.", "quote": "À noter que d'après le Comité d'examen du respect des dispositions de la Convention d'Aarhus (Compliance Committee), il est possible d'organiser des réunions publiques par visioconférences ou par tout autre moyen virtuel, v. Compliance Committee, Recommendations with regard to request for advice ACCC/A/2020/2 by Kazakhstan, 1er juill. 2020", "page": "4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Aarhus University Research Foundation", "aliases": ["Aarhus University Research Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "knowledge advancement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Are We Exposed to the Same “News” in the News Feed?: An empirical analysis of filter bubbles as information similarity for Danish Facebook users", "author": "Bechmann, Anja; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The foundation provided financial support for this academic study, which examines algorithmic content curation (filter bubbles) on Facebook, thereby indirectly contributing to the public discourse and understanding of online moderation.", "quote": "The study was generously funded by Aarhus University Research Foundation (grant number AUFF-E-2015-FLS-8-55) and part of the research was performed while K.L. Nielbo was visiting the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM), which is supported by the National Science Foundation.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1510741", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark, Facebook", "when": "2014"}]}, {"name": "abbr: “PGI”)\"", "aliases": ["abbr: “PGI”)\""], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia (Communion of Churches in Indonesia)"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "limited government", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia", "author": "Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "religious association", "quote": "Religious freedom, human rights, opposition to state overreach, promoting Christian theological perspectives.", "page": "The Communion of Churches in Indonesia (Ind: \"Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/exch/52/3/article-p220_4.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Abolitionist Feminists", "aliases": ["Abolitionist Feminists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-sexual exploitation", "anti-violence", "public morals", "women's rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Lobbied for censorship and abolition of pornography and prostitution, advising on censorship laws (specifically in Canada), based on the belief that pornography is a tool of oppression and violence against women.", "quote": "Con la puesta en marcha de algunas censuras, sobre todo en Canadá, bajo el asesoramiento de las feministas “anti-sexo” (...) afectará únicamente a las representaciones de sexos lésbico y sado-masoquista.", "page": "4", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "AboutWomen (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["AboutWomen (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators apply significant effort to maintain a high standard of comment quality, filter out 'shitty contrary opinions,' and protect the community from external 'brigading,' often through bans.", "quote": "The AboutWomen moderator listed the common types of bad behavior which derive from the visible and polarizing nature of the community, which makes the community an easy target for collective forms of bad behavior: “Being a sub that caters to women's opinions opens us up to brigading from the shittier parts of Reddit.", "page": "7", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Academia Brasileira de Letras", "aliases": ["Academia Brasileira de Letras"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria for literary works.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL)", "aliases": ["Academia Brasileira de Letras (ABL)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural freedom", "free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Expressed strong adverse reactions against the establishment of prior censorship for books and publications, asserting its authority in defending cultural and intellectual freedom.", "quote": "A reação adversa de editores, escritores, intelectuais e associações da sociedade civil – entre elas a Associação Brasileira de Imprensa, Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil e a Academia Brasileira de Letras – foi grande", "page": "27", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Academia de Derechos Humanos", "aliases": ["Academia de Derechos Humanos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1895, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Census, censor, censura", "author": "Almanza, Luis Alejandro Astorga", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Undertakes investigations into sterilization practices, implicitly acting as a watchdog or critical voice against practices that may violate human rights.", "quote": "Se trata sin duda de un fenómeno a investigar detalladamente en México por antropólogos, sociólogos, feministas e instituciones como la Academia de Derechos Huma-nos...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3540655?origin=crossref", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1895-1990"}]}, {"name": "Academia de la Televisión y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España", "aliases": ["Academia de la Televisión y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["Twitter", "broadcast television"], "norms": ["knowledge sharing", "media literacy", "public debate"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La evolución del debate televisivo como herramienta de comunicación política. Análisis del caso español: de la televisión a Twitter", "author": "FJR Del Olmo, JB Díaz", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Academy, through its journal, provides research and data on television audiences, including social media engagement during political debates, contributing to the analysis of political communication.", "quote": "los datos sobre las audiencias en Twitter se han obtenido a partir de Twitter España, y de varias fuentes secundarias como la medidora de audiencias Kantar Insights (MARTÍN, 2015), La Revista de la Academia de la Televisión de España (GÓMEZ, 2011)...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/54258881/La_evolucion_del_debate_televisivo.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, on television and Twitter", "when": "1993-2016"}]}, {"name": "Academia de Letrán", "aliases": ["Academia de Letrán"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual discourse", "literary expression", "national identity"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Its members contributed to literary works and engaged in discussions, playing a role in shaping national identity and literary expression during the 19th century.", "quote": "Por su parte José María Lacunza, miembro como Rodríguez de la-Academia de Letrán, quien en 1844 sostiene por medio del periódico El siglo XIX, una discusión epistolar con el Conde de la Cortina...", "page": "21", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Academia de Televisión (y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España)", "aliases": ["Academia de Televisión (y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "public discourse"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las elecciones generales españolas de 2008:\" bipolarización antagónica\"\" fomentada por intereses político-mediáticos y las nuevas tecnologías\"", "author": "V Sampedro, FS Pérez", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The Academia de Televisión played a mediating role in political communication by emitting an open television signal for the candidate debates, which was then retransmitted by RTVE and several private stations, after political parties failed to agree on primary private channels.", "quote": "Al final, la Academia de Televisión emitió una señal abierta de televisión en directo, que fue retransmitida simultáneamente por RTVE y tres de las cinco estaciones privadas con alcance estatal.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/8kHkS9xDc7LJ3jVvnXDnDht/?lang=es", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "2004-2008 electoral period"}]}, {"name": "Academia de Televisión y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España", "aliases": ["Academia de Televisión y de las Ciencias y Artes del Audiovisual de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales,¿ el último reducto frente la mediatización? Un estudio de caso de las elecciones generales españolas de 2015", "author": "G López-García, G Llorca-Abad, L Valera-Ordaz…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized one of the key televised 'cara a cara' debates between major political party candidates, thereby structuring a significant forum for political discourse during the election campaign.", "quote": "el cara a cara entre Mariano Rajoy (PP) y Pedro Sánchez (PSOE) de La Academia de la TV emitido el 14 de diciembre", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-82852018000300772&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "2015"}]}, {"name": "Academia dos Singulares", "aliases": ["Academia dos Singulares"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Its members engaged in intellectual exchange and collaborated on scientific works, operating within the broader intellectual and publishing landscape influenced by censorship norms.", "quote": "o autor louva, entre outros, o “De peste” de Athanásio Kircher... e agradece a Henrique de Quental Vieira, membro da Academia dos Singulares, em Lisboa, pela sua ajuda.", "page": "132", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Academia Latina Matritense", "aliases": ["Academia Latina Matritense"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual rigor", "scholarly integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Identified as one of the cultural institutions whose members were involved in the evaluation of texts for censorship.", "quote": "A éstas habría que añadir, a la vista de la documentación cuatro instituciones más: la Academia Latino-Matritense, el Colegio de Abogados de Madrid570 y los Reales Estudios de San Isidro571", "page": "310", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Academia.edu", "aliases": ["Academia.edu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "open access", "scientific information access"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a social platform for researchers to publish and read academic works, create profiles, and follow academic topics and users.", "quote": "Academia.edu es una plataforma social donde los investigadores pueden publicar sus trabajos y leer los publicados por otros... Permite crear de forma gratuita un perfil propio de investigador, además de seguir y ser seguido por otros investigadores.", "page": "124", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Academic and Civil Society Experts", "aliases": ["Academic and Civil Society Experts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "child safety", "hate speech prevention", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Model-Card-Claude-2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Builds relationships with these experts to red team Trust and Safety abuse verticals, including misinformation, hate and discrimination, and child safety.", "quote": "We will continue to build relationships with experts across academia and civil society to red team all our Trust and Safety abuse verticals, including misinformation, hate and discrimination, and child safety.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude AI systems", "when": "post-2022"}]}, {"name": "Academic collectives", "aliases": ["Academic collectives"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["algorithmic diversity", "content moderation", "diversity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocate for greater diversity in content moderation rules and algorithmic curation on social networks.", "quote": "Ce pluralisme dans les approches de la modération est d’ailleurs soutenu par des collectifs de chercheur·se·s, qui plaident pour une plus grande diversité dans l’application des règles de modération", "page": "52", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Academic Freedom Alliance", "aliases": ["Academic Freedom Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship", "author": "Kaufmann, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Records incidents of no-platforming or dismissal related to academic freedom in the US and UK, functioning as a watchdog to document challenges to free speech on campus.", "quote": "Based on the total number of incidents recorded by US and UK databases (FIRE, AFAM) divided by the number of academics employed.", "page": "16", "url": "cspicenter.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US, Canada, UK (Anglophone countries)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Academic institutions", "aliases": ["Academic institutions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual quality", "scholarly standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern to present"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exercise authority and regulation over what can and cannot be said within their scholarly fields, contributing to canon-formation and the setting of intellectual norms that shape discourse.", "quote": "One line of inquiry has focused on how non-state actors like literary critics, academic institutions, and corporations exercise authority over what can and cannot be said within their respective fields.", "page": "17", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Academics", "aliases": ["Academics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic values", "moderation", "national values", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participate in research, promote moderate thinking, support de-radicalization programs, and engage in public discourse, with some expressing skepticism or rejection of government-initiated moderation programs, thus influencing norm-setting.", "quote": "Primary data consists of in-depth interviews with local intellectuals, including academics, religious scholars, and community leaders.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Academics and civil society organizations behind Santa Clara Principles", "aliases": ["Academics and civil society organizations behind Santa Clara Principles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SPECIAL ISSUE: GOVERNING THE DIGITAL SPACE", "author": "Busch, Christoph", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed and updated principles for transparency and accountability in content moderation, providing best practices and guidelines for user-facing platforms regarding content removals and account suspensions.", "quote": "In 2018, a group of academics and civil society organizations developed the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation.", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and global digital space", "when": "2020-2022"}]}, {"name": "Academics and Feminist Activists (pro-Greer)", "aliases": ["Academics and Feminist Activists (pro-Greer)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Feminist Sense of No-Platforming", "author": "O'Keefe, Theresa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to The Guardian protesting the petition against Germaine Greer's talk, implicitly arguing against no-platforming in this context.", "quote": "a letter appeared in The Guardian signed by over one hundred academics and activists, including many prominent feminists, protesting the petition against her talk.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2016.7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK universities, specifically Cardiff University", "when": "Mid-2010s (focus on 2015-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Academy of Arts", "aliases": ["Academy of Arts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["East Germany", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in the Soviet Bloc", "author": "Wallach, Amei", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Revived by the government, it became the only route for aspiring artists to pursue a career, and defined the acceptable artistic style as Socialist Realism, enforcing conformity.", "quote": "The Academy's definition of true art was Socialist Realism. At the first All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers in August 1934, Socialist Realism became the single acceptable style for all the arts throughout the USSR.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791465", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Bloc (USSR, East Germany)", "when": "1930s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’ Division on Victimology", "aliases": ["Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’ Division on Victimology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized Walter S. DeKeseredy with awards for his research in victimology, supporting studies on the impacts of violence and hate.", "quote": "Criminal Justice Sciences’ (ACJS) Section on Critical Criminal Justice, and in 2015, he received the Career Achievement Award from the ASC’s Division on Victimology (DOV).", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’ Section on Critical Criminal Justice", "aliases": ["Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences’ Section on Critical Criminal Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized Walter S. DeKeseredy for his work, contributing to the academic validation and dissemination of research on critical criminal justice.", "quote": "Criminal Justice Sciences’ (ACJS) Section on Critical Criminal Justice, and in 2015, he received the Career Achievement Award from the ASC’s Division on Victimology (DOV).", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Academy of Management", "aliases": ["Academy of Management"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a professional body where Professor Rice was an officer, it supports academic discourse relevant to organizational and management theory, which can intersect with online hate.", "quote": "Ronald E. Rice has been an officer in both the International Communication Association and the Academy of Management and was elected president (2006–2007) and fellow (2010) of the International Communication Association (ICA).", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk", "aliases": ["Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["dissent", "intellectual freedom", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Functioned as a decentralized center for intellectual dissent, fostering autonomous communities and an environment that facilitated the circulation of samizdat and alternative ideas.", "quote": "negli anni Settanta e Ottanta nascono nuovi spazi, nuove riserve, dove si coltiva il dissenso intellettuale: luoghi di studio decentrati (l’Accademia delle Scienze a Novosibirsk, l’università di Tartu), ‘strutture informali’, ‘microuniversi’, ‘spazi di microautonomia’, che generano una nuova opinione pubblica.", "page": "21", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Académie anglaise de Liège", "aliases": ["Académie anglaise de Liège"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Its president, Gilles Légipont, actively participated in the campaign against 'philosophisme' through his writings, reflecting the collective stance of the Academy in shaping public discourse and countering condemned ideas.", "quote": "Gilles Légipont, curé de la populeuse paroisse Saint-Georges à Liège, examinateur synodal et président de l'Académie anglaise sous le règne de Velbruck.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres", "aliases": ["Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "historical preservation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1730, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "Bignon revitalized this academy, expanding its focus from royal commemoration to historical and literary research, requiring members to devote full time to research and report findings in formal papers.", "quote": "Each academician was expected to devote his full time to serious research and to report his findings to the membership in formal papers.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Académie des Sciences (French Academy of Sciences)", "aliases": ["Académie des Sciences (French Academy of Sciences)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Soviet Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SCIENCE ET LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION: SCIENCE CENSUREE, SCIENCE CENSEUR", "author": "C Gerini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The President of the Academy of Sciences makes declarations emphasizing the inherent freedom and independence of scientific research, thereby articulating and defending norms against censorship in scientific discourse.", "quote": "« La recherche est, par essence, libre », déclarait, le 4 janvier 2003, le Professeur Etienne-Emile Beaulieu, Président de l'Académie des Sciences, dans son allocution de rentrée", "page": "3", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00359466/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, USA, USSR, with global implications for scientific discourse", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Académie des technologies", "aliases": ["Académie des technologies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Expected to publish a report on \"EdTech\"\" (educational technology)", "quote": "Analysis, guidance, improvement of education through technology.", "page": "Nous attendons avec impatience le rapport du groupe de travail “EdTech” de l’Académie des technologies sur ce sujet.", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "Académie Royale de Musique", "aliases": ["Académie Royale de Musique"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Benefited from a particular censorship regime where its own members (peers) typically reviewed its works, rather than external royal censors, providing a form of self-regulation for its publications.", "quote": "À l’exception de l’Académie Royale de Musique, les académies bénéficient aussi d’un régime particulier, puisque les ouvrages sont le plus souvent censurés par les pairs et non par les censeurs royaux...", "page": "23", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Accademia dei Lincei (Academy of Lynxes)", "aliases": ["Accademia dei Lincei (Academy of Lynxes)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific inquiry", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published scientific works, including Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius and Istoria e Dimostrazioni, thereby supporting the dissemination of new scientific findings and observations.", "quote": "Nel marzo 1613 venne stampata a Roma l’Istoria e Dimostrazioni intorno alle Macchie Solari a cura dell’Accademia dei Lincei, naturalmente provvista dell’imprimatur", "page": "103", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Accademia dell'Arcadia", "aliases": ["Accademia dell'Arcadia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1733, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Thomas Burnet e la censura pontificia (con documenti inediti)</i>", "author": "Black, Christopher F", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Members of the Accademia dell'Arcadia, including censors Gianfrancesco Baldini and Diego de Revillas, were prelates who attended the Congregation of the Index's sessions to hear and approve censor's reports, thus participating in the formal censorship process.", "quote": "many were members of the Academy, Gli Arcadi, (as were Baldini and Revillas), which took much interest in English scientific contributions.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1353/ren.2008.0458", "topic": "censura", "language": "English", "where": "Papal States / Catholic Church (Rome)", "when": "Early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Accademia di Agricoltura, Scienze e Lettere di Verona", "aliases": ["Accademia di Agricoltura, Scienze e Lettere di Verona"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "scientific knowledge"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Accademia was involved in promoting agricultural and industrial development, notably by organizing exhibitions in the region, reflecting its focus on scientific knowledge and economic progress.", "quote": "si parla dell'Esposizione agricola e industriale, organizzata dall'Accademia di Agricoltura nel settembre del 1868", "page": "175", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Accademia Fisico-matematica", "aliases": ["Accademia Fisico-matematica"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'INDEX AT-IL UN STYLE? REMARQUES SUR LA CENSURE ROMAINE COMME PRATIQUE PERFORMATIVE, XVIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES", "author": "MP Donato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This academy, promoted by Giovanni Giusto Ciampini, facilitated scientific discussion and its members participated in the intellectual evaluation of books, implicitly contributing to the standards and considerations for censorship within the Roman Curia.", "quote": "Giovanni Giusto Ciampini, prélat connaisseur des antiquités chrétiennes, historien des institutions curiales, passionné de physique expérimentale, promoteur de l'académie Fisico-matematica et collaborateur du Giornale de' Letterati", "page": "9", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7c8ba5cb4cfa3a4b0ead22f6be4cd07/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Rome, Italy", "when": "17th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Accademia Parteniana", "aliases": ["Accademia Parteniana"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This academy, founded by Count Adriano di Spilimbergo, promoted humanistic and Erasmian studies. Its library contained \"suspect\"\" books", "quote": "which contributed to its eventual failure after the founder's death.\"", "page": "humanism, Erasmian thought, intellectual freedom", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Accademia Virgiliana di Mantova", "aliases": ["Accademia Virgiliana di Mantova"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned / scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "public good"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1769, "when_max": 1788, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle", "author": "Cerf, Madeleine", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "Indirectly shapes intellectual discourse by proposing prizes for essays on specific topics (e.g., causes and prevention of crimes), encouraging the production of works that may later be subject to censorship.", "quote": "L'auteur annonce qu'il n'a entrepris son ouvrage qu'au sujet d'un prix que l'Académie de Mantoue proposa: pour assigner les causes des crimes, indiquer les moyens de les détruire, s'il est possible, ou d'en prévenir les effets...", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1126", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1769–1788"}]}, {"name": "Access Now Europe", "aliases": ["Access Now Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy organization (regional office of global NGO)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Freedom of expression", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Access Now produces policy agendas and reports, operates a 24/7 Digital Security Helpline, participates in EU consultations and RightsCon, and runs advocacy campaigns (e.g., #KeepItOn, Transparency Reporting Index) to hold platforms and regulators accountable.", "quote": "Access Now's core mission includes 'Content governance' and 'Rights-based approaches to online content' and it actively produces EU policy agendas and participates in DSA-related consultations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.accessnow.org/profile/access-brussels-office/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Acció Catòlica (Catholic Action)", "aliases": ["Acció Catòlica (Catholic Action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As a lay organism explicitly subject to the Catholic hierarchy, it played a prominent role in shaping public life according to Catholic principles, benefiting from and acting within the state recognition provided by the Franco regime.", "quote": "L'associacionisme religiós posterior a la guerra civil és diferent del de les dècades anteriors, si més no per un fet important que és el protagonisme declarat de l'Acció Catòlica, organisme seglar sotmès a la jerarquia catòlica.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Acción Católica", "aliases": ["Acción Católica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Served as a channel for lay participation in hierarchical apostolate, advocating for Catholic principles in social and political life, later criticized for perceived ineffectiveness and passive approach.", "quote": "Según el verbo pontificio, la Acción Católica es una participación de los seglares en el apostolado jerárquico. Acción Católica es, en consecuencia, una acción humana apostólica y seglar: una consagración al apostolado de la actividad humana, de 'todo' el hombre, dirigida también al hombre entero.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Acción Católica Mexicana (Mexican Catholic Action)", "aliases": ["Acción Católica Mexicana (Mexican Catholic Action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Integrated the Legion of Decency under its tutelage, developed strategies to monitor and censor public spectacles, press, and customs, and advocated for the Episcopate to issue concrete moral norms.", "quote": "en septiembre de 1938, la Legión Mexicana de la Decencia fue incorporada a la Acción Católica Mexicana, lo cual significaba que formalmente quedaba establecida bajo la tutela de la jerarquía católica.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Acción Nacional", "aliases": ["Acción Nacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A moderate and possibilist political group formed by Angel Herrera Oria, aiming to unite Catholics and influence the Republic's policies, later changing its name to Acción Popular.", "quote": "Hacía falta un órgano político estricto y con la proclamación de la república en 1931 formó Herrera la Acción Nacional, posibilista y moderada, que cambió su nombre por Acción Popular (el populismo del que hablaban los falangistas) por exigencias del Gobierno.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Acción Popular", "aliases": ["Acción Popular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A political group that emerged from Acción Nacional, representing a possibilist and moderate Catholic stance, later contributing to the formation of CEDA.", "quote": "Hacía falta un órgano político estricto y con la proclamación de la república en 1931 formó Herrera la Acción Nacional, posibilista y moderada, que cambió su nombre por Acción Popular (el populismo del que hablaban los falangistas) por exigencias del Gobierno.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Acción Zapatista de Austin (Texas)", "aliases": ["Acción Zapatista de Austin (Texas)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["solidarity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Manages the Chiapas95 list and its archives, serving as a hub for collected information regarding the Zapatista uprising and related struggles.", "quote": "Such is Chiapas95 which is managed by Accion Zapatista de Austin (Texas). Information on Chiapas95 and access to its archives can found at gopher eco.utexas.edu mailinglists/Chiapas95 or http://www.eco.utexas.edu:80/Homepages/Faculty/Cleaver/chiapas95.html", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Accredited Researchers", "aliases": ["Accredited Researchers"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["data security", "independence", "public good", "scientific rigor", "understanding systemic risks"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques ou Digital Services Act", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Granted access to data from Very Large Online Platforms and Search Engines (VLOPs/VLOSEs) to conduct research. Their work aims to detect, identify, and understand systemic risks within the European Union, contributing to public knowledge and effective oversight.", "quote": "l'accès aux données » devra être donné à des chercheurs agréés « à la seule fin de procéder à des recherches contribuant à la détection, au recensement et à la compréhension des risques systémiques dans l'Union ».", "page": "16", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554097/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union (online platforms and search engines)", "when": "post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Accumunet / Content Moderated Network (CoMoNet)", "aliases": ["Accumunet / Content Moderated Network (CoMoNet)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["content authenticity", "content moderation", "content quality", "decentralization"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Accumunet: moderazione di un mercato/sistema CDN basato su peer-to-peer", "author": "Zulian, Manuel; Migliardi, Mauro; Merlo, Alessio", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Accumunet (and its fork CoMoNet) extends Twister to incorporate content moderation in a distributed marketplace. It uses cryptographic accumulators stored on the Bitcoin blockchain to efficiently verify group membership for content providers, which can be updated through a multi-signature inspired mechanism.", "quote": "La motivazione fondamentale di Accumunet era la creazione di un mercato distribuito ma che contenesse anche un elemento di moderazione... Per arrivare a questo obbiettivo è stata impiegata la costruzione degli accumulatori crittografici.", "page": "15", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Distributed online platforms and peer-to-peer networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Accuracy in Media (AIM)", "aliases": ["Accuracy in Media (AIM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "corporate interests", "political interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "AIM harasses media organizations and exerts pressure to align them with a corporate agenda and right-wing foreign policy. It attacks perceived media deficiencies and creates expectations of negative repercussions for deviating from right-wing standards of bias.", "quote": "The function of AIM is to harass the media and put pressure on them to follow the corporate agenda and a hard-line, right-wing foreign policy.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Acholinet", "aliases": ["Acholinet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "political participation", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Functions as an e-mail discussion forum for the Ugandan diaspora, facilitating communication and the recreation of socio-political bonds, implying self-governance of community communication.", "quote": "This research seeks to analyse this local-global dialectic through case studies of Acholinet and Acoliforum, which are key Ugandan diaspora e-mail discussion forums.", "page": "395", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "ACLU Foundation", "aliases": ["ACLU Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "fairness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting principles for transparency and accountability in content moderation, including detailed appeal procedures and reporting requirements for platforms.", "quote": "According to the Santa Clara Principles (ACLU Foundation et al., 2018), appeal procedures include: “i) human review by a person or panel of persons that was not involved in the initial decision; ii) an opportunity to present additional information that will be considered in the review; iii) notification of the results of the review, and a statement of the reasoning sufficient to allow the user to understand the decision”", "page": "22", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "ACLU Foundation of Southern California", "aliases": ["ACLU Foundation of Southern California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the review process for the Santa Clara Principles to elaborate new transparency provisions.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones coautoras de los principios estan R3D y InternetLab... ACLU Foundation of Southern California, ARTICLE 19...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ACLU of Florida Statement on Gov. DeSantis Signing Social Media ...", "aliases": ["ACLU of Florida Statement on Gov. DeSantis Signing Social Media ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties/state affiliate of national ACLU"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1965, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1965", "mechanism": "ACLU of Florida issues public statements and press releases, files lawsuits, advocates in legislatures, and mobilizes members to challenge laws affecting online speech and privacy.", "quote": "Public statement explicitly opposing Florida HB 3—a law regulating social media use—and the organization litigates and advocates on free speech and privacy issues affecting platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclufl.org/press-releases/aclu-florida-statement-gov-desantis-signing-social-media-censorship-bill-law/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency", "aliases": ["ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["AI accountability", "AI transparency", "algorithmic fairness"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Let Community Rules Be Reflected in Online Content Moderation", "author": "Xin, Wangjiaxuan; Wang, Kanlun", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serves as a forum for scholarly work on fairness, accountability, and transparency in socio-technical systems, influencing ethical considerations and design principles for content moderation and AI.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency", "page": "10", "url": "arxiv.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2022"}]}, {"name": "ACM Special Interest Group on Computers and Society (SIGCAS)", "aliases": ["ACM Special Interest Group on Computers and Society (SIGCAS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["social responsibility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and social responsibility, contributing to professional discourse.", "quote": "professional ethics advocates such as Donald Gotterbarn...—and organizations such as ...the Special Interest Group on Computing and Society (SIGCAS) of the ACM—spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "ACM Special Interest Group on Computing and Society (SIGCAS)", "aliases": ["ACM Special Interest Group on Computing and Society (SIGCAS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsibility.", "quote": "organizations such as ... the Special Interest Group on Computing and Society (SIGCAS) of the ACM—spearheaded developments relevant to computing and professional responsi bility.", "page": "40", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Acoliforum", "aliases": ["Acoliforum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "political participation", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Functions as an e-mail discussion forum for the Ugandan diaspora, facilitating communication and the recreation of socio-political bonds, implying self-governance of community communication.", "quote": "This research seeks to analyse this local-global dialectic through case studies of Acholinet and Acoliforum, which are key Ugandan diaspora e-mail discussion forums.", "page": "395", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "ACON (AIDS Council of New South Wales)", "aliases": ["ACON (AIDS Council of New South Wales)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Misgendered During Moderation: How Transgender Bodies Make Visible Cisnormative Content Moderation Policies and Enforcement in a Meta Oversight Board Case", "author": "Mayworm, Samuel; Albert, Kendra; Haimson, Oliver L.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for LGBTQIA+ individuals by creating and sharing HIV prevention content, and critically observes how content moderation systems disproportionately target and remove their content, hindering their advocacy efforts on social media platforms.", "quote": "PC-10550, representing ACON (an Australian LGBTQIA+ HIV advocacy organization), described how ACON's HIV prevention content centering gender-diverse populations is frequently 'targeted [for removal] due to imagery or messaging deemed to be sexual solicitation or nudity,' despite ACON's posts 'never including nudity or sexual solicitation.'", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630106.3658907", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Meta Platforms (Instagram, Facebook), Oversight Board, global social media", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Acquis Group", "aliases": ["Acquis Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal certainty", "legal harmonization"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Contributes to the unification of law (specifically for trusts) in the European Union, influencing legal frameworks and norm-setting through its work.", "quote": "One of the groups, the Acquis Group, deals, among other things, with the unification of the law applicable to trusts, and its work resulted in the creation of the Draft Common Frame of Reference", "page": "75", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "ACT for America", "aliases": ["ACT for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Pakistan", "Singapore", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "religious tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participates in the Islamophobia network by organizing demonstrations and events, contributing manpower to spread misinformation and amplify hate spin.", "quote": "Single-issue organisations such as ACT! for America and Stop Islamization of America provide the manpower for demonstrations and other events, together with sympathetic Religious Right organisations, such as Eagle Forum.", "page": "18", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power)", "aliases": ["ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Engages in confrontational tactics to advocate for the gay community and raise awareness about the AIDS crisis, with its methods implicitly compared to the provocative nature of Mapplethorpe's art in challenging social norms.", "quote": "Like the confrontational tactics of gay political groups such as \"ACT UP\"\" and \"\"Queer Nation", "page": "these photographs call on the viewer to recognize the gay community and its needs...\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "ACT | The App Association", "aliases": ["ACT | The App Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Competition policy", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs, joint memoranda to Congress, public statements on DMA and platform law, and spotlights member companies to shape regulatory debate and mobilize stakeholders.", "quote": "Regularly publishes policy positions, memos and commentary on platform regulation (e.g., DMA), competition, encryption, and platform-related laws representing app developers.", "page": "", "url": "https://actonline.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Act-Up", "aliases": ["Act-Up"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "health education", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in militant actions to raise awareness and defend the rights of people affected by HIV/AIDS, publishing press releases and interacting with political figures to influence legislation.", "quote": "Le mouvement militant contre la sérophobie, en partie impulsé par Act up dès 1989, prend de l’importance avec des mobilisations qui marqueront l’histoire de l’épidémie et plus largement du militantisme queer", "page": "107", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "ActBlue", "aliases": ["ActBlue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political fundraising platform; nonprofit civic tech"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Political fundraising", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "ActBlue supplies fundraising infrastructure, A/B testing and optimization (multi-armed bandit) tools that shape donor behavior and campaign reach, enabling large-scale grassroots fundraising and integrations with campaign toolchains.", "quote": "ActBlue operates a fundraising platform and optimization tools (A/B testing, traffic allocation) that shape political mobilization and information flows, but its core mission is payment/fundraising infrastructure rather than platform content moderation or governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://secure.actblue.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Action démocratique du Québec (Democratic Action of Quebec)", "aliases": ["Action démocratique du Québec (Democratic Action of Quebec)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["partisan interests", "political control"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Participates in negotiations with broadcasters to influence the debate format and rules, and uses public relations to frame its leader's image and performance in the media.", "quote": "Comme à l'habitude, beaucoup de tractations se sont déroulées entre les partis et le consortium des diffuseurs à propos de la forme du débat.", "page": "39", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Action for Primates", "aliases": ["Action for Primates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy group for non-human primates"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes action alerts and news documenting primate harms and research alternatives to inform and mobilize public support; uses social media channels to amplify campaigns.", "quote": "Core mission is primate advocacy but site references social media and uses action alerts and platform channels to report and mobilize around primate harms (e.g., trade, labs), indicating incidental engagement with platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://actionforprimates.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Action on Smoking and Health", "aliases": ["Action on Smoking and Health"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["accurate information", "harm reduction", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Call that Censorship", "author": "M Cloonan", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provides data and advocates for public health, influencing public understanding and policy on tobacco by detailing harmful components and reinforcing messages about health risks, thereby contributing to norm enforcement against smoking.", "quote": "Table 1 Some constituents of tobacco smoke (http://www.ash.org.uk/)", "page": "4", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DlBzEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA13&dq=censorship&ots=64DKRdirPc&sig=6raglDehG7IVwIu2-r0TEMbyhOE", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK dental community", "when": "early 21st century (2006)"}]}, {"name": "Activision Blizzard Employees (collective)", "aliases": ["Activision Blizzard Employees (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Employees within Blizzard Entertainment protested their company's decision to sanction blitzchung by taping over company values at headquarters and staging a walkout.", "quote": "\"\"Every Voice Matters\"\")", "page": "opposition to censorship", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Activist and Rights Advocacy Groups", "aliases": ["Activist and Rights Advocacy Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["accountability", "challenging narratives", "equitable discourse", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Efficiency of community-based content moderation mechanisms: A discussion focused on birdwatch", "author": "C Wang, P Lucas", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They participate in challenging platform control and advocating for public discourse integrity by receiving and potentially disseminating leaked information to scrutinize platform decisions, and by highlighting how moderation policies impact their ability to perform their functions.", "quote": "necessitate those with access 'leaking' it to researchers, activist and rights advocacy groups, and regulators, in other geographical contexts.", "page": "8", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10726-024-09881-1", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, global/US context", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Activista", "aliases": ["Activista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reconfigured Facebook as a form of alternative activist media to voice non-mainstream views and share news about social issues like mining and water contamination.", "quote": "For instance, Harlow (2016), in her ethnography of the Salvadoran group Activista and its Todos Somos Agua campaign, demonstrated that online social media – Facebook in particular – were reconfigured as a form of alternative activist media in El Salvador.", "page": "319", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "ActivityPub", "aliases": ["ActivityPub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["data control", "decentralization", "transparency", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "ActivityPub is a decentralized social media protocol that, along with platforms like Mastodon, PeerTube, and Pixelfed, offers greater transparency and control over user data. However, the text also notes it can intensify self-selected echo chambers due to a lack of centralized accountability.", "quote": "iniciativas como o Mastodon e outras redes como ActivityPub, PeerTube e Pixelfed, oferecem maior transparência e controle sobre os dados, ainda que enfrentem desafios de escalabilidade e adoção (Votis et al., 2024).", "page": "181", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Ad Fontes Media", "aliases": ["Ad Fontes Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google Search"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides media bias and reliability scores, which are used by researchers to analyze the partisan leanings of news sources and their potential impact on public trust in elections.", "quote": "We employed the media bias and media reliability scores from Ad Fontes Media (version 6.0) (Ad Fontes Media 2020)—a choice based on recent research that also needed interpreting media bias of online news sources...", "page": "18", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}]}, {"name": "Ada Lovelace Institute", "aliases": ["Ada Lovelace Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent research institute / policy think tank"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy briefings, runs public engagement and events, and was established in collaboration with major research and policy institutions to shape AI policy and governance.", "quote": "Core mission is to ensure data and AI work for people and society and the institute publishes research, policy briefings and runs public engagement on AI governance and evaluation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Adam Smith Institute", "aliases": ["Adam Smith Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Save Online Speech Coalition", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Produces policy papers, briefings and polling and engages media and policymakers to promote free-market reforms; occasionally comments on digital policy (e.g., digital ID) though platform governance is not a core focus.", "quote": "Primarily an economic policy think tank whose core mission is market-oriented public policy, but publishes commentary touching on digital policy (e.g., 'Concerns about Digital ID cards') and broader tech-related topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.adamsmith.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Adbusters Quarterly", "aliases": ["Adbusters Quarterly"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information literacy", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Specializes in 'subvertising' by designing and publishing parodies of advertisements to unmask corporate hypocrisy and critique advertising's influence on public education and culture.", "quote": "Adbusters Quarterly specializes in designing and publishing parodies of current major advertising cam paigns. It is especially well known for its versions of Calvin Klein's Obsession and Absolut Vodka...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Addressing Algorithms in Disinformation - CREST Research", "aliases": ["Addressing Algorithms in Disinformation - CREST Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research centre / academic hub"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CREST produces empirical research and policy-facing analysis (e.g. CREST Security Review articles) aimed at shaping regulatory responses like the DSA and informing policymakers and the public.", "quote": "CREST conducts research directly on algorithmic drivers of disinformation and frames findings to inform policy responses such as the EU Digital Services Act.", "page": "", "url": "https://crestresearch.ac.uk/comment/addressing-algorithms-in-disinformation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Adelaide Rape Crisis Centre", "aliases": ["Adelaide Rape Crisis Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "victim support"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children's contemporary lives", "author": "KH Robinson", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provided training in sexual assault and child sexual abuse, equipping crisis workers with knowledge and skills to address these issues, thereby contributing to child protection and implicitly challenging societal silence or inadequate knowledge on these topics.", "quote": "As a crisis worker, I undertook training in the area of sexual assault and child sexual abuse, run by the Adelaide Rape Crisis Centre in South Australia.", "page": "15", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203117538&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Developed countries (Australia, USA, UK)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (post-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Adil Soz Foundation", "aliases": ["Adil Soz Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation (watchdog/transparency)"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Conducted independent reviews of legal disputes against journalists in Kazakhstan, concluding that many lawsuits targeted opinions rather than factual reports, thereby exposing the abuse of defamation laws.", "quote": "A panel of experts at the Justice Ministry ruled that five of the seven were not factual reports but opinion pieces, and the Public Centre for Independent Review at the Adil soz Foundation reached the same conclusion in respect of six.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Adiscuola.it", "aliases": ["Adiscuola.it"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "critical thinking", "education", "skill development"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Enseigner le débat en classe de LE", "author": "A Renson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides online educational resources, including materials on argumentative debate, which guide teachers and students on structuring and moderating discussions, thereby setting norms for interaction.", "quote": "(voir Cecchinato, Il dibattito argomentativo sur Adiscuola.it)", "page": "9", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/257627", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (survey context); global context for educational resources and debate pedagogy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Adjuntía en Derechos Humanos de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires", "aliases": ["Adjuntía en Derechos Humanos de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Conducted an investigation titled 'Represión y cultura' based on documents found in archives, contributing to the historical understanding of cultural repression and censorship during the dictatorship.", "quote": "Hernán Invernizzi (2005) realizó una exhaustiva investigación basada en documentos del Archivo Banade... en el marco de una investigación titulada “Represión y cultura”, dependiente de la Adjuntía en Derechos Humanos, de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "ADL (Anti-Defamation League)", "aliases": ["ADL (Anti-Defamation League)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights advocacy organization; anti-hate NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1913, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1913", "mechanism": "ADL publishes research and reports, advises companies and governments, convenes stakeholders, runs public campaigns and develops tools and trainings to shape platform policies and enforcement.", "quote": "ADL conducts sustained advocacy, research, and policy engagement on online hate, extremism, misinformation, and platform safety, advising platforms and regulators and campaigning for content moderation reforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.adl.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AdNauseam", "aliases": ["AdNauseam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["user privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies", "author": "Kulynych, Bogdan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Troncoso, Carmela; Gürses, Seda", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "AdNauseam is a browser extension designed to flood ad networks with false information by clicking on all served ads, thereby reducing their utility and countering surveillance. Its effectiveness relies on collective action from users.", "quote": "AdNauseam [54], for example, reduces the utility of ad networks by clicking all ads served to the user, flooding the network with false information. Without a critical mass of users, however, AdNauseam's effect would not be observable.", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02711", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, France, digital systems/platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Adobe Inc.", "aliases": ["Adobe Inc."], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Adhered as a signatory to the EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation, committing to measures against misinformation and disinformation, thereby participating in collective norm-setting for online content.", "quote": "Como iniciativa mais recente e contando com a adesão de 34 signatários, dentre eles a Adobe, Avaaz, Google, Microsoft, Meta, TikTok, Twitter, a União Europeia promoveu uma revisão do Código de Conduta de 2018, com a edição do Código de Conduta Reforçado Sobre Desinformação.", "page": "83", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}]}, {"name": "Adoro Gatos (Felinos)", "aliases": ["Adoro Gatos (Felinos)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["animal welfare", "information control", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Práticas Vernaculares de Moderação Online em Grupos do Facebook", "author": "TR da Silva", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The administrators of this Facebook group enforce 17 explicit rules that dictate acceptable content and behavior, including strong stances on controversial topics like cat castration and outdoor access for cats, prohibiting discussion of opposing views that conflict with their established beliefs, and advising members on veterinary consultation for animal health issues.", "quote": "[o] grupo é a favor da castração, pois a castração evita doenças, acaba com a agressividade, com os borrifamentos territoriais, e as ninhadas indesejadas!", "page": "10", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/paradoxos/article/download/53624/29363", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook groups, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Adversary Lab", "aliases": ["Adversary Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation / community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Sudan", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship resistance", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducts preliminary work on developing a standard environment to evaluate censorship resistance systems against flow fingerprinting adversaries, aiming to provide a benchmark for assessing system resilience.", "quote": "Adversary Lab [82] has done some preliminary work on developing a standard environment to evaluate systems resistant to flow fingerprinting by subjecting them to a range of adversaries.", "page": "18", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "Advertisers' associations", "aliases": ["Advertisers' associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association/guild"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cookies and content moderation: affective chilling effects of internet surveillance and censorship", "author": "E Stoycheff", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Signed a code of conduct with digital platforms, committing to behaviors and policies designed to counteract disinformation through self-regulation.", "quote": "a code signed by digital platforms and advertisers' associations, which committed subscribers to behaviors and policies that could counteract this phenomenon.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2022.2063215", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (digital ecosystems and public discourse)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Advertisers' trade associations", "aliases": ["Advertisers' trade associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Signed the Code of Good Practices against Disinformation, committing to incorporating safeguards for advertising and increasing transparency regarding political advertisements.", "quote": "Em outubro de 2018, o Facebook, o Google, o Twitter e o Mozilla, além de representantes do setor de anunciantes, assinaram um código de boas práticas para combater a desinformação", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Advertising industry associations", "aliases": ["Advertising industry associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SPECIAL ISSUE: GOVERNING THE DIGITAL SPACE", "author": "Busch, Christoph", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Voluntarily committed to minimize the spread of online disinformation by signing the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation, adapting measures to avoid placing advertisements next to disinformation content.", "quote": "The CPD is conceived as a self-regulatory framework under which the signatories (including Facebook, Google, Twitter, TikTok, and several advertising industry associations) voluntarily commit to take measures to minimize the spread of online disinformation.", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and global digital space", "when": "2020-2022"}]}, {"name": "Advertising Research Foundation (ARF)", "aliases": ["Advertising Research Foundation (ARF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Awarded Cambridge Analytica for its creative use of big data in political targeting, thereby implicitly endorsing advanced data-driven influence techniques.", "quote": "Yet tellingly, Cambridge Analytica had received a major award for its creative use of big data on the Trump campaign from the Advertising Research Foundation, a top US trade association.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Advisory Body for Internet Hate Speech (proposed)", "aliases": ["Advisory Body for Internet Hate Speech (proposed)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Proposed to be created by ISPs, this arm's-length body would provide expert opinions on whether specific online content constitutes unlawful hate speech, informing ISP decisions to remove such material.", "quote": "A possible solution to this dilemma is the establishment of an advisory body that, while created by the ISPs, operates at arm's length and gives its opinion as to whether a particular website or posting on a site hosted by an ISP breaches either section 13 of the CHRA or section 319(2) of the Criminal Code.", "page": "46", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "Advisory Council from the publishing industry", "aliases": ["Advisory Council from the publishing industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["war effort"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governmental Censorship in War-Time", "author": "Price, Byron", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The Council was consulted by the Office of Censorship to codify wartime restrictions, participating in the creation and issuance of the 'Code of War-time Practices for the American Press' which guided voluntary self-censorship by media outlets.", "quote": "In consultation with interested government officials and an Advisory Council from the publishing industry, the Office of Cen- sorship prepared and issued a Code of War-time Practices for the American Press.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400046451/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "American Revolution – World War II (1942)"}]}, {"name": "Advisory groups on data protection", "aliases": ["Advisory groups on data protection"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Are intended to advise the European Board for Digital Services on data protection matters, helping to ensure that the regulatory system established by the Digital Services Act is responsive to the needs of data privacy specialists.", "quote": "a proposta prevê a possibilidade do Board for Digital Services [...] cooperar com outros órgãos governamen-tais e organizações da sociedade civil, mencionando expressamente “grupos de aconselhamento com responsabilidades em campos como [...] o da proteção de dados”35", "page": "18", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Advisory Service for Squatters", "aliases": ["Advisory Service for Squatters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["housing rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functions as an activist-run organization providing advice and support to squatters, contributing to advocacy within alternative media contexts.", "quote": "Squall can hardly be said to rely on such people as main contributors, except where the organization is less a bureaucracy and more an activist-run organization (such as the Advisory Service for Squatters).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Advocacy Coalitions", "aliases": ["Advocacy Coalitions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "problem solving"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilize the expertise of their members to provide 'interpretive packages' (information and data) to decision-makers, highlighting policy issues and proposing solutions, thereby shaping the public policy agenda.", "quote": "É bastante comum que as coalizões, se valendo da expertise de seus membros, forneçam a eles “pacotes interpretativos”54 (FUKS, 1998, p.6) – isto é, informações ou dados que demonstram a insuficiência dos marcos legais vigentes e sugerem formas de enfrentar o problema", "page": "149", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Advocacy groups", "aliases": ["Advocacy groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research", "author": "Humprecht, Edda; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Actively use social media platforms (such as Twitter and Facebook) to disseminate information and reach a broader audience, which can contribute to a skewed representation of viewpoints and influence the diffusion of online disinformation.", "quote": "Studies show that advocacy groups—that is, groups of activists ranging from large unions and lobbying organizations to small citizen groups—actively use Twitter and Facebook to reach a broader audience (Chalmers & Shotton, 2016).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "18 Western democracies (including Northern, Western, and Southern European countries, Canada, and the U.S.)", "when": "2010s (digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Advocacy Initiative for Development", "aliases": ["Advocacy Initiative for Development"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["development NGO / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "AID conducts advocacy and program delivery across Africa, leverages consultative UN ECOSOC status and memberships in international networks to advance human-rights and development agendas, and promotes ICT use for sustainable development.", "quote": "Primary mission is community development, human rights and youth/women/child welfare, but site states it seeks to \"promote the use of Information & Communications Technologies (ICTs) for sustainable development,\" indicating some engagement with digital/ICT issues relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aidonline.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Advocacy Institute", "aliases": ["Advocacy Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional interpretation", "progressive values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Circulated a memorandum outlining a rhetorical strategy to discredit a Supreme Court nominee (Robert Bork) by labeling him with negative terms, influencing public perception and debate.", "quote": "The strategy was spelled out with remarkable candor in a memorandum circulated among anti-Bork interest groups: \"To offset the White House's emphasis on Bork's intellectual quali-fications", "page": "opponents need to imprint his non-judicious turn of mind with such labels as: closed minded", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Advocates for Youth", "aliases": ["Advocates for Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "education", "sexual health"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Launches public awareness campaigns (like the the Great American Condom Campaign) and directly urges platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, etc.) to cease censoring sex education content, thereby directly confronting content moderation policies affecting youth access to information.", "quote": "the Great American Condom Campaign, launched by the organization Advocates for Youth, was denied by the platform for violating guidelines about “adult content.”", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Advokatrådet - NET", "aliases": ["Advokatrådet - NET"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / bar council"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Legal aid and litigation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Submitted formal written consultation responses to the Danish Competition and Consumer Authority advising on legal definitions, procedural safeguards, and implementation timelines that directly shape national platform regulation.", "quote": "Submitted formal høringssvar on Denmark's Proposed Law on Regulation of Social Media, addressing content-removal timelines, definitions of illegal content, and procedural safeguards affecting platforms and users.", "page": "", "url": "https://prodstoragehoeringspo.blob.core.windows.net/4ce08481-f8c9-43d6-b69e-598968a2e200/Samlede%20h%C3%B8ringssvar.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Aemilian Gens", "aliases": ["Aemilian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["political power"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Contended for control over the Senate's leadership positions, including the *princeps senatus* and censor, indicating their significant role in the political moderation landscape of Rome.", "quote": "il controllo del senato nei 111 anni dal 199 all'88 fosse contesa tra i Cornelii¹¹ (41 anni) e gli Emilii¹² (54 anni)", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Afghan Voices", "aliases": ["Afghan Voices"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["voice amplification"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A radio program on RRN where Afghan refugees discuss issues like paperwork, asylum procedures, and access to integration services, organize workshops for camp residents to identify common problems, and advocate for their rights.", "quote": "“Afghan Voices is a 30-minute talk show for Afghan refugees to give them a voice and allow them to participate in public debate.”", "page": "154", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Afghanistan Independent Journalist Association", "aliases": ["Afghanistan Independent Journalist Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Its operational costs are used as a benchmark to estimate the minimum annual funding required for a professional journalist association in Pakistan, implying a role in organizing and supporting journalists.", "quote": "Based on the costs incurred by the newly formed Afghanistan Independent Journalist Association (AIJA) and the costs of security training seminars run by AKE Limited and Centurion (Alms n.d.; IFJ 2004), an association in Pakistan would cost a minimum of about $1,200,000 per year.", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "AFP Factuel", "aliases": ["AFP Factuel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Facebook Messenger", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "Reddit", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "Twitch", "WhatsApp", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La mésinformation sur les plateformes de médias sociaux et dans différents pays", "author": "S Boulianne, S Belland, C Tenove, K Friesen", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Identifies and labels false or misleading information ('faux reportages') circulating on social media, particularly in the European context. The study utilized its identified false reports for survey questions.", "quote": "Pour sélectionner des reportages, nous avons consulté deux sites Web de vérification des faits : ... l'organisation française AFP Factuel.", "page": "11", "url": "https://roam.macewan.ca/bitstreams/80141aee-096d-4884-a35f-afad5973709a/download", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, France, Royaume-Uni (UK), et États-Unis (USA), social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, Snapchat, Reddit, Facebook Messenger, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitch, TikTok)", "when": "2019–2021 (with references to post-2016 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Africa Check", "aliases": ["Africa Check"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do Not Use This Hashtag: Fat Acceptance (Mis)information and Discursive Boundary-Work as Content Moderation on Instagram", "author": "Zimdars, Melissa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acts as a third-party fact-checker that partners with Instagram to rate and label false content, providing conclusions on factual inaccuracies and more information to counter misinformation.", "quote": "Fact-Checker: Africa Check. Conclusion: False. More Information: Incorrect: No, 5 inches of fat won't stop bullet hitting vital organs", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "African Declaration Coalition", "aliases": ["African Declaration Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "internet freedom", "internet rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations to promote internet rights and freedoms, influencing global and local discussions.", "quote": "Celeste et al. (2024) argue that the African Declaration of Internet Rights and Freedoms and the Feminist Principles of the Internet serve as key advocacy tools in two ways: first, they aim to influence global and local discussions, raising awareness of critical issues and expanding the networks of support for the values they promote.", "page": "10", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "African Freedom of Expression Exchange", "aliases": ["African Freedom of Expression Exchange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Reports on the state of freedom of expression and journalist safety in Africa, highlighting cases of journalist killings and violations.", "quote": "According to the African Freedom of Expression Exchange (AFEX, 2018), 11 journalists were killed in different countries in Africa in 2018.", "page": "193", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "African Information Ethics Conference", "aliases": ["African Information Ethics Conference"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "indigenous rights", "information ethics", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized a conference to address challenges and foundations of African information ethics, promoting indigenous knowledge and socio-political inclusion.", "quote": "The first African Information Ethics Conference was held in Pretoria/Tshwane, South Africa, February 5–7, 2007... devoted to fundamental ethical challenges such as the foundations of African information ethics, the issue of cultural diversity and globalization.", "page": "655", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "African Media Development Initiative", "aliases": ["African Media Development Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["media development", "media independence", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports on media landscapes in various African countries, highlighting issues like self-censorship and media independence as part of broader development goals.", "quote": "Alobwede, C.E. (2006) Cameroon: Research Findings and Conclusions, Report for African Media Development Initiative, London: BBC World Service Trust.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "African Network for Information Ethics (ANIE)", "aliases": ["African Network for Information Ethics (ANIE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Created to foster intercultural exchange and develop African information ethics.", "quote": "creation of the African Network for Information Ethics (ANIE, 2007). A Reader on Africa Information Ethics is in preparation.", "page": "655", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "African Union", "aliases": ["African Union"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "international cooperation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Proposed as a grounding for an Information Intervention Council, contributing to oversight and standards for content moderation in times of conflict.", "quote": "As greater self-moderation by large corporations remains a distant prospect, an Information Intervention Council (De Gregorio and Stremlau, 2021), operating within a human rights framework and ideally grounded in the UN or supranational organizations such as the African Union, is one of the few ways to effectively address online hate and disinformation in times of war and conflict.", "page": "267", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "African-American activists", "aliases": ["African-American activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione automatizzata e discriminazione algoritmica: il caso dell’hate speech", "author": "Dunn, Pietro", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "They experience algorithmic discrimination, where their content, particularly when discussing racism, is frequently sanctioned as \"hate speech\"\" or \"\"toxic\"\" by AI moderation systems on platforms like Meta", "quote": "Discussing racism, freedom of expression, non-discrimination.", "page": "tra gli attivisti afro-americani, è rapidamen- te invalso il ricorso al neologismo \"zucked\"\" a indicare le frequenti sanzioni loro imposte dalle piattaforme di Meta ogniqualvolta essi pubblichino contenuti che discutano il tema del razzismo\"", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0064", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2017-2021"}]}, {"name": "Afriforum NPC", "aliases": ["Afriforum NPC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION AND LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE", "author": "Davis, Tara", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation (Afriforum v Pienaar) that contributed to the extension of principles of freedom of the press and other media to social media platforms by the Western Cape High Court.", "quote": "In Afriforum v Pienaar, the Western Cape High Court extended the freedom of the press and other media to social media platforms...", "page": "17", "url": "wiredspace.wits.ac.za", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Afrikaanse Skrywerskring (Afrikaans Writers' Circle)", "aliases": ["Afrikaanse Skrywerskring (Afrikaans Writers' Circle)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural interests", "cultural representation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Represented at international literary meetings, participating in broader discussions and advocacy for Afrikaans writers and their literary interests, which indirectly contributes to norm-setting and professional standards.", "quote": "Hoewel Van Wyk Louw in 1951 die Afrikaanse Skrywerskring op 'n vergadering van die PEN SA in Lausanne verteenwoordig het", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Afrikaner Broederbond", "aliases": ["Afrikaner Broederbond"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "nationalism", "political influence"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Apartheid era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences", "author": "PD McDonald", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a secret Afrikaner organization with influential members, it played a significant role in shaping the cultural and political norms of Afrikaner nationalism, indirectly influencing the environment and policies related to censorship during the apartheid era.", "quote": "McDonald maak op p. 28 melding van Van Wyk Louw se lidmaatskap van die Broederbond en van sy 'unqualified admiration' vir die Nazi's (McDonald 2009: 28).", "page": "7", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1960s-1990s (Apartheid era)"}]}, {"name": "Afropress Agência de Notícias", "aliases": ["Afropress Agência de Notícias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["equity", "racial justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages in online communication via its portal to debate policies like the Lei de Cotas and represent the interests of the black movement.", "quote": "Na pesquisa desenvolvida por Alicianne Gonçalves de Oliveira (2017), é feita uma comparação de quatro experiências de comunicação online relacionadas ao debate sobre a Lei de Cotas e produzidas por entidades e ativistas da causa negra: portal Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra, Instituto de Mídia Étnica (Correio Nagô), portal Afropress Agência de Notícias e blog Humberto Adami.", "page": "188", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Afsaran-e Jang-e Narm (Officers of the Soft War)", "aliases": ["Afsaran-e Jang-e Narm (Officers of the Soft War)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["national loyalty", "national security", "political ideology"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Islamic Republic: Two Modes of Regulatory Measures for Media in Iran", "author": "Rahimi, Babak", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This student group utilizes social networking platforms like Facenama to promote the 'soft war' concept as a rhetorical tool. They mobilize a virtual online community to counter perceived foreign threats by actively engaging in social network operations and shaping narratives favorable to the state.", "quote": "Afsaran-e Jang-e Narm (literally, the Officers of the Soft War), a student group devoted to the cause of \"soft war", "page": "” maintains profiles on the Persian-language social networking site Facenama. The group exemplifies the type of organization that both uses the concept of \"\"soft war\"\" as a rhetorical device and the basis of a social mobilization", "url": "https://mej.mei.edu/lookup/doi/10.3751/69.3.12", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "1979–2015"}]}, {"name": "Against Malaria Foundation", "aliases": ["Against Malaria Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["effective altruism"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Serves as a highly recommended charity for effective altruists, influencing philanthropic decisions and resource allocation based on evidence-based impact.", "quote": "The current consensus, for instance, is the Against Malaria Foundation (AMF); when the respected charity evaluator GiveWell was considering how to allocate their $4.7 million discretionary fund in early 2019, they decided to give every single penny of it to the AMF.", "page": "304", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Against Violent Extremism", "aliases": ["Against Violent Extremism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A global network that connects former extremists, survivors, and experts to create high-impact counter-narrative projects, facilitates engagement with private sector resources for support, and amplifies credible messengers' reach.", "quote": "The global Against Violent Extremism (AVE) network helps to plug this gap, facilitating and streamlining engagement between individuals and organisations working to counter extremist messages.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "AgainstHateSubreddits", "aliases": ["AgainstHateSubreddits"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Draws attention to Reddit's contributions to radicalization by linking to examples of toxic content from other subreddits, aiming to pressure for better moderation.", "quote": "AgainstHateSubreddits: describes its primary goal as “drawing attention to reddit’s contributions to the growing problem of radicalization.” Links to toxic content to highlight issues.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Age Check Certification Scheme", "aliases": ["Age Check Certification Scheme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["certification and conformity assessment body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "E-governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; TSPA EMEA Summit 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates UKAS-accredited certification and testing services for age verification and identity systems, producing test reports, certifications and standards adherence that platforms adopt to demonstrate compliance.", "quote": "Provides testing and UKAS-accredited certification for age verification, identity and GDPR compliance that directly shape how platforms implement age checks and identity verification.", "page": "", "url": "https://accscheme.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Agence des Professionnels de la Communication d'Aquitaine", "aliases": ["Agence des Professionnels de la Communication d'Aquitaine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["public health"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Was the source for an image from the \"Campaña de Le cáncer du sein", "quote": "let's talk about it!) in 2012", "page": "which implicitly participated in the broader discussion around censorship of the female body for health awareness.\"", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "Agence universitaire de la Francophonie", "aliases": ["Agence universitaire de la Francophonie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diffusion of knowledge", "scientific inquiry", "social equity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Participates in actions to promote free scientific journals, particularly in the Global South, contributing to the movement for open access to knowledge.", "quote": "créer des journaux scientifiques financés à la source et diffusés gratuitement (aide de la Fondation Soros, et demande d'aide des États, notamment pour favoriser les journaux scientifiques au Sud - l'Agence universitaire de la francophonie participe à ce type d'action).", "page": "5", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Agencia Efe", "aliases": ["Agencia Efe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["news agency"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "national security"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Its director protested an agreement between the Francoist regime and a German news agency, which was seen as a move to monopolize information and subject Spain to Nazi propaganda.", "quote": "Vicente Gállego -sigue el historiador-, director de la Agencia Efe, protestó. Todo el grupo de periodistas que con él trabajaban en la revista Mundo se preparó para estorbar la aplicación del acuerdo.", "page": "239", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Agents of the Five Regiments of Horse (New Model Army)", "aliases": ["Agents of the Five Regiments of Horse (New Model Army)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Represented the radical rank and file of the New Model Army, drafting a democratic constitution and advocating for inalienable rights in the Putney Debates.", "quote": "radicals had drafted a constitution, the first ever in history, intended to establish something like a democratic form of government based on a conception of inalienable rights...", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Agitation and Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (Agitprop TsK)", "aliases": ["Agitation and Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (Agitprop TsK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (party organ with regulatory function)"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural control", "ideological conformity", "political control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Weimar"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1928, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Glavlit, censorship and the problem of party policy in cultural affairs, 1922–28", "author": "Fox, Michael S.", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Deeply involved in recommending literature for publication and determining print runs, thus influencing the availability and distribution of cultural content. It also intervened in screening foreign literary imports.", "quote": "The Central Committee's Agitprop was deeply involved in recommending literature for publication and determining the number of copies to be published.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668139208412065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USSR", "when": "1922–1928"}]}, {"name": "Agos", "aliases": ["Agos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Media organization (community/collective)"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech", "truth-telling"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Its editor, Hrant Dink, was attacked and convicted for 'insulting Turkishness' after addressing the Armenian Genocide, demonstrating pressure that can lead to self-censorship within media.", "quote": "The most famous who were attacked were the Turkish novelist, Orhan Pamuk; the editor of the Turkish Armenian newspaper Agos (Furrow), Hrant Dink; the novelist Elif S¸afak; and the publisher, Ragıp Zarakolu.", "page": "100", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Agrupación al Servicio de la República", "aliases": ["Agrupación al Servicio de la República"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Formed by intellectuals to support the Republic, later dissolved when it failed to gain sufficient traction, and its members explored other political avenues, reflecting a shift in intellectual engagement during a period of political crisis.", "quote": "...en octubre, disuelve la Agrupación al Servicio de la República con un manifiesto en el que se repite lo mismo y se da fe de la existencia de iniciativas paralelas que los de la Agrupación no desean estorbar...", "page": "82", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Agrupación de Asociaciones Familiares de Sidón (Grouping of Family Associations of Sidon)", "aliases": ["Agrupación de Asociaciones Familiares de Sidón (Grouping of Family Associations of Sidon)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "political action"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Created to unite 20 family organizations and mobilize voters for parliamentary elections, leveraging family influence for political gain.", "quote": "Por ejemplo, en marzo de 2007 Bahia Hariri, creó la Agrupación de Asociaciones Familiares de Sidón, que reunía a veinte organizaciones y seguía la estela de su hermano Rafiq que en 1997 restableció la Federación de Asocia ciones Familiares de Beirut que se utilizó para movilizar a aproximadamente el 20% de los votantes potenciales de la ciudad en las elecciones parlamentarias del año 2000.", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Agrupação Os Amigos de Durruti (The Friends of Durruti Group)", "aliases": ["Agrupação Os Amigos de Durruti (The Friends of Durruti Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["social change", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An oppositional anarchist group formed by those dissatisfied with the CNT leadership's collaborationist policies, calling for a deeper social revolution and criticizing state compromises.", "quote": "Tal agrupação foi formada a partir de anarquistas insatisfeitos com os rumos que a revolução e as organizações libertárias estavam tomando, principalmente após a militarização das milícias.", "page": "426", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Agudas Israel", "aliases": ["Agudas Israel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "An important Jewish organization in London and New York that received cables from Isaac Sternbuch and made demands for bombing the death camps in Poland.", "quote": "Via the Polish Legation, Sternbuch sent cables to Agudas Israel, an important Jewish organization, in London and New York. The Jewish Agency’s Isaac Gruenbaum made similar demands, but also asked for the death camps in Poland to be bombed.", "page": "249", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Agència de Qualitat d'Internet (IQUA)", "aliases": ["Agència de Qualitat d'Internet (IQUA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "consumer protection", "content quality", "intellectual property", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Created to promote self-regulation on the Internet, developing a code of conduct and offering a quality seal for compliant web pages.", "quote": "L'Agència de Qualitat d'Internet fou creada l'octubre de l'any 2002 amb la intenció, entre altres objectius, de promocionar i fomentar l'autoregulació a Internet. Una de les seves primeres tasques ha estat l'elaboració d'un codi de conducta a la xarxa...", "page": "9", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Agência Aos Fatos", "aliases": ["Agência Aos Fatos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated a bot on Twitter (and later WhatsApp) to fact-check news and identify false information to combat disinformation.", "quote": "A agência Aos Fatos possuía um robô no Twitter que checava notícias e apresentava quais eram falsas, mas, atualmente, atua apenas pelo Whatsapp", "page": "209", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Agências de checagem de fatos", "aliases": ["Agências de checagem de fatos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information accuracy", "transparency", "veracity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade informacional na mídia digital: o conceito de responsabilidade informacional aplicado ao contexto das plataformas de mídia digital", "author": "S Mari Junior, FC Paletta", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partner with digital media platforms to perform fact-checking, signal or add labels to potentially misleading publications, and thereby combat disinformation.", "quote": "Ainda, pode ser realizada por meio da associação com outras práticas, como a criação de comunidades de supervisão e a parceria com agências de checagem de fatos (fact checking).", "page": "13", "url": "https://repositorio.usp.br/item/003286307", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital media platforms (globally, with examples from EU, Australia, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2010s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Ah ma non è Lercio", "aliases": ["Ah ma non è Lercio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "artistic expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An Italian satirical website that uses ironic articles to make fun of sensational journalism and misinformation, thereby challenging false narratives.", "quote": "For instance, Ah ma non è Lercio, an Italian satirical website and Facebook page that features fictional news in order to make fun of contemporary sensational journalism, released in 2014 a provocative article entitled ‘Anziano muore in un incidente stradale, la famiglia: ‘L’ha ucciso il vaccino’’", "page": "512", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Ahlusunnah Waljamaah (Aswaja) Group", "aliases": ["Ahlusunnah Waljamaah (Aswaja) Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious intolerance", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Strengthens its influence to exclude other madhhabs, caused expulsion of Islamic studies (accusing of Wahabi), demanded specific formats for Friday sermons, and was involved in burning a Muhammadiyah mosque foundation, actively enforcing its religious interpretations and suppressing dissent.", "quote": "the strengthening of those who call themselves Aswaja (ahli sunnah wal jamaah) closes the opportunity for other madhhabs to exist in the land of Serambi Mekkah. Moreover, this group received support from the Aceh government, causing the expulsion of Islamic studies at various points with accusations of Wahabi and so on.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "AI & Democracy Foundation", "aliases": ["AI & Democracy Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI alignment", "civic participation", "democratic integrity", "pluralism", "public trust"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops and evolves frameworks, such as the Democracy Levels Framework, for democratic AI governance and alignment, and supports associated working groups.", "quote": "This framework will continue to be evolved by the AI & Democracy Foundation (AIDF) and associated working groups at democracylevels.org.", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "AI Collaborative", "aliases": ["AI Collaborative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic initiative / policy advocacy initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and policy work, funds and partners with civil society and policy actors, and positions itself to drive funding and convene stakeholders to shape AI governance and accountability.", "quote": "Core mission is to govern AI in the public interest, advancing transparency, accountability, participation and shaping policy and infrastructure for AI — directly relevant to platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://collaborative.ai", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AI Disclosures Project (SSRC)", "aliases": ["AI Disclosures Project (SSRC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Project produces research and policy proposals on AI disclosures, engages companies and policymakers to create disclosure standards, and is funded by major philanthropic foundations to shape governance practices.", "quote": "Project develops standardized AI disclosure and auditing frameworks to shape corporate transparency and governance of AI systems used in consumer-facing contexts.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ssrc.org/programs/ai-disclosures-project/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AI for Good Foundation", "aliases": ["AI for Good Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit foundation / AI for social impact"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Develops and deploys public platforms (Witness Ukraine, Eureka), publishes policy and data resources (AI+SDG library), and partners with governments, universities and major funders to scale AI solutions.", "quote": "AI for Good focuses on deploying AI for humanitarian and policy impact and crafts technology-driven policy solutions; it operates platforms (e.g. Witness Ukraine, Eureka) but its core mission is broader SDG and humanitarian impact rather than platform governance per se.", "page": "", "url": "https://ai4good.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AI Incident Database", "aliases": ["AI Incident Database"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "ai safety", "harm reduction", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Global Perspectives of AI Risks and Harms: Analyzing the Negative Impacts of AI Technologies as Prioritized by News Media", "author": "Allaham, Mowafak; Kieslich, Kimon; Diakopoulos, Nicholas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The AI Incident Database is an initiative that organizes, reports, and monitors observed risks and harms of AI technologies post-deployment by documenting incidents based on undesirable consequences of AI systems as articulated in news media.", "quote": "These databases document incidents based on the undesirable consequences of AI systems and technologies as articulated in news media (e.g, AI Incident Database, and OECD AI Incidents Monitor).", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14040", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (27 countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America, Oceania)", "when": "January 2022 – October 2024"}]}, {"name": "AI Now Institute", "aliases": ["AI Now Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent research and advocacy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "AI Now publishes influential reports (e.g., Artificial Power), provides expert testimony to legislatures and the UN, joins civil society coalitions, and publicly names corporate power dynamics to shape policy debates.", "quote": "AI Now’s core mission is to study the social implications and political economy of AI and to shape AI governance through research, reports, testimony, and participation in global policy fora.", "page": "", "url": "https://ainowinstitute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AI Objectives Institute", "aliases": ["AI Objectives Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched the 'Talk to the City' project, processing citizen audio submissions to cluster opinions and provide interactive interpretations for 'broad listening' in political campaigns.", "quote": "Talk to the City project launched in 2023 by the AI Objectives Institute - processes audio submissions from citizens discussing a public issue by first clustering their responses into topics or arguments...", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "AI Red Team", "aliases": ["AI Red Team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Generative AI"], "norms": ["ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized and sponsored a large-scale, gamified red-teaming event at DEF CON, involving thousands of attendees to crowdsource the identification of harmful outputs from generative AI models.", "quote": "At the August 2023 Generative Red-Teaming event at DEF CON in Las Vegas, thousands of attendees at the notorious hacker conference were invited to participate in a gamified version of red-teaming sponsored by federal agencies, AI accountability nonprofits, and major AI developers (AI Red Team 2023).", "page": "3", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "AIDES (Association de lutte contre le sida)", "aliases": ["AIDES (Association de lutte contre le sida)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["content moderation", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter: Étude de cas sur l’invisibilisation des contenus LGBT et TDS en ligne", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie; Alié, Félix; Ecrement, Victor", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This association experienced difficulties in publishing content on social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, as their use of certain keywords (\"pute\"\"", "quote": "Fighting against HIV and viral hepatitis, advocating for the rights and visibility of LGBT and TDS (sex workers) communities, promoting freedom of expression.", "page": "c'est lors d'un entretien exploratoire avec une militante de AIDES⁶ le 24 juillet 2021 que nous apprenions que les membres de STRASS⁷ et d'AIDES rencontraient les mêmes difficultés à publier des contenus comportant certains mots clés comme « pute » et « pd » sur leurs comptes Facebook et Twitter", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-reseaux-2023-1-page-119.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "AIDES (French association)", "aliases": ["AIDES (French association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for access to rights for vulnerable populations living with HIV/AIDS, engaging in public awareness and policy discussions.", "quote": "Chloé Le Gouez, en charge des plaidoyers pour l’accès aux droits des populations vulnérables ou vivant avec le VIH/SIDA chez AIDES", "page": "132", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "AIDS Activist Collectives", "aliases": ["AIDS Activist Collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Formed part of a broader struggle against abolitionist feminism and state regulation of sexual practices, advocating for sexual liberation and challenging restrictive norms imposed by the state.", "quote": "diversos colectivos activistas contra el SIDA, lesbianas activistas radicales y practicantes sado-masoquistas, que conformarán una lucha contra el feminismo abolicionista y contra la regulación del Estado de las diversas prácticas sexuales.", "page": "25", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP)", "aliases": ["AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Employed disruptive public demonstrations and participated in state-sponsored congressional hearings to critique federal responses to the AIDS epidemic, advocate for drug access, and influence policy.", "quote": "ACT UP came to be known as an activist group that employed disruptive, unruly, and highly performative modes of protest in public spaces, invading seemingly apolitical or restricted sites to challenge the state.", "page": "87", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "AK Distribution", "aliases": ["AK Distribution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "anarchism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functions as an anarchist distributor, providing an alternative channel for the distribution of anarchist publications within the alternative public sphere.", "quote": "the 1990s saw the rise of a number of specifically anarchist distributors such as DS4A, Slab-o-Concrete and the largest, AK.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Akademie der Künste (East Berlin)", "aliases": ["Akademie der Künste (East Berlin)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "autonomy", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Met to formulate responses to cultural turmoil, criticized the state's over-bureaucratic approach to cultural control, and initiated a committee to review cultural problems.", "quote": "On the evening of 17th June 1953, members of the Academy of the Arts met, undoubtedly in a state of shock, to formulate a response to the turbulent events of the day.", "page": "101", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Akademie der Künste Berlin", "aliases": ["Akademie der Künste Berlin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / cultural institution"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "literary tradition"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Preserved historical records of publishers like Volk und Welt, implicitly contributing to the documentation and understanding of literary production and censorship in the GDR.", "quote": "Volk und Welt’s records, now held at the Akademie der Künste Berlin, reveal the volume’s backstory", "page": "152", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "AKSHUN collective", "aliases": ["AKSHUN collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Organized an auction of exhibition time in a gallery space, effectively acting as a curatorial body or gatekeeper for artistic content and influencing its display.", "quote": "In a similar intervention, the AKSHUN collective at the California In stitute of the Arts in Valencia auctioned off a block of time in the school’s main gallery space to the highest bidder.", "page": "235", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Aksie Morele Standaarde (Action for Moral Standards)", "aliases": ["Aksie Morele Standaarde (Action for Moral Standards)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Apartheid era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences", "author": "PD McDonald", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Engaged in public shaming and norm enforcement by 'type-casting' (labeling) writers and their works based on moral standards, influencing public perception and contributing to a climate where certain literary content was deemed objectionable.", "quote": "I was type-cast by Aksie Morele Standaarde. In a certain sense I was also type-cast by Peter Wilhelm who wrote an excellent article on the banning of Magersfontein...", "page": "7", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1960s-1990s (Apartheid era)"}]}, {"name": "Aksie Morele Standaarde (Action Moral Standards)", "aliases": ["Aksie Morele Standaarde (Action Moral Standards)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Exerted pressure on writers by 'type-casting' them according to certain moral standards, thus acting as a social arbiter of acceptable literary content.", "quote": "I was type-cast by Aksie Morele Standaarde.", "page": "7", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Aktionskreis gegen Produkt- und Markenpiraterie e.V.", "aliases": ["Aktionskreis gegen Produkt- und Markenpiraterie e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / anti-counterfeiting non-profit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Others (Intellectual property / Anti-counterfeiting"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes press releases and studies, organises seminars and public projects, and leverages industry membership and cooperation with DPMA and customs to influence brand-protection practices on online marketplaces.", "quote": "Core mission is anti-counterfeiting and brand protection; it engages with platform actors (e.g., seminars on 'Brand Protection bei Meta') but platform governance is not its primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://apm.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Al Arabiya", "aliases": ["Al Arabiya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (media outlet)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["foreign policy interests", "national interests"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Launched by Saudi Arabia and UAE to counter Al Jazeera's narrative, acting as a tool for information control and promoting a specific political agenda in the Arab world.", "quote": "Arabia Saudí y EAU que no dudaron en 2003 lanzar su propia plataforma mediática Al Arabiya, con el intento de hacer frente a la narrativa qatarí.", "page": "160", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Al Jami'iyatul Washliyah", "aliases": ["Al Jami'iyatul Washliyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Al Jazeera", "aliases": ["Al Jazeera"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "press freedom", "public information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Theory of State Censorship", "author": "Shadmehr, Mehdi; Bernhardt, Dan", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "By uncovering and reporting politically-relevant news, Al Jazeera acts as an active media organization that makes state censorship more difficult for authoritarian rulers, influencing how citizens update their beliefs in the absence of news and impacting the likelihood of revolution.", "quote": "by the entry of a media organization such as Al Jazeera that uncovers more news.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=2027052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Authoritarian states", "when": "n/a"}]}, {"name": "Al Jazeera Media Network", "aliases": ["Al Jazeera Media Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (media outlet)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "national interests"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Used as a tool to influence the Tunisian electorate and disseminate Qatari ideas by covering protests and giving voice to the opposition, thus acting as a gatekeeper and amplifier of information.", "quote": "Doha intenta constantemente influir sobre el electorado tunecino por medio de sus medios de comunicación (por ejemplo, Al Jazeera) y de la financiación de grupos social-religiosos como la Unión de los Ulemas Musulmanes.", "page": "73", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Adl wal-Ihsane (Justice and Spirituality)", "aliases": ["Al-Adl wal-Ihsane (Justice and Spirituality)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acts as an opposition force outside the political system, with significant capacity for social mobilization against the regime.", "quote": "la oposición al régimen político se localiza en partidos y movimientos fuera del sistema político, principalmente, el movimiento islamista al-Adl wal-Ihsane (Justicia y Espiritualidad) y el izquierdista an-Nahj ad-Dimocrati (Vía Democrática), el primero de ellos con una significativa capacidad de movilización social.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Ahrâm", "aliases": ["Al-Ahrâm"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire; its director appealed to French diplomatic channels for distribution.", "quote": "the director of the Arabic journal Al-Ahram appealed, in his letter to Ambassador Constans dated January 16, 1900. The director complained that the French Post Office categorically refused to distribute their journals, which were published 'under French influence.'", "page": "17", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "al-Amal al-Gedid Party", "aliases": ["al-Amal al-Gedid Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that competed within the Islamist political marketplace, putting pressure on other Salafi parties like Hizb al-Nour and implicitly on the Muslim Brotherhood's stance.", "quote": "It was itself constrained by other Salafi parties (al-Amal al-Gedid, al-Fadilah, al-Shaab, and al-Islami) which threatened its monopoly over Salafi Islamism.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "al-Asalah Party", "aliases": ["al-Asalah Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that entered the Islamist political marketplace, contributing to the competitive environment among Islamist groups and forming part of the 'Islamist Alliance' to challenge the Muslim Brotherhood.", "quote": "the Islamist marketplace was soon contended by other parties, such as al-Asalah, al-Gamaah al-Islamiyah's Construction and Development Party. Even worse news reached Ikhwan when these parties formed the 'Islamist Alliance', for which al-Nour left Ikhwan's ‘Democratic Alliance.’", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Azhar University and Mosque", "aliases": ["Al-Azhar University and Mosque"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Serves as a main center for teaching and upholding traditional Sunni Islamic interpretations, thereby shaping religious doctrine and norms.", "quote": "The traditional reading of Islam, which is dominant among Muslim clerics, is based on three fundamental beliefs. The main centres for teach ing this interpretation are Al-Azhar (for Sunnis) and Najaf and Qum (for the Shi’as).", "page": "25", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Cerîde", "aliases": ["Al-Cerîde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire.", "quote": "in 1902 the governor of Beirut sent to the Sublime Porte a report listing the papers banned from entering the empire... Some of these papers were Al-Hayât, Al-Ahrâm, Al-Hakim, Al-Cerîde, and Al-Mü'eyyed in Arabic, and Journal de Caire and Le Figaro in French.", "page": "11", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "al-Fadilah Party", "aliases": ["al-Fadilah Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that competed within the Islamist political marketplace, putting pressure on other Salafi parties like Hizb al-Nour and implicitly on the Muslim Brotherhood's stance.", "quote": "It was itself constrained by other Salafi parties (al-Amal al-Gedid, al-Fadilah, al-Shaab, and al-Islami) which threatened its monopoly over Salafi Islamism.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Hakim", "aliases": ["Al-Hakim"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire.", "quote": "in 1902 the governor of Beirut sent to the Sublime Porte a report listing the papers banned from entering the empire... Some of these papers were Al-Hayât, Al-Ahrâm, Al-Hakim, Al-Cerîde, and Al-Mü'eyyed in Arabic, and Journal de Caire and Le Figaro in French.", "page": "11", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Al-Hayât", "aliases": ["Al-Hayât"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire.", "quote": "in 1902 the governor of Beirut sent to the Sublime Porte a report listing the papers banned from entering the empire... Some of these papers were Al-Hayât, Al-Ahrâm, Al-Hakim, Al-Cerîde, and Al-Mü'eyyed in Arabic, and Journal de Caire and Le Figaro in French.", "page": "11", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "al-Islami Party", "aliases": ["al-Islami Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that competed within the Islamist political marketplace, putting pressure on other Salafi parties like Hizb al-Nour and implicitly on the Muslim Brotherhood's stance.", "quote": "It was itself constrained by other Salafi parties (al-Amal al-Gedid, al-Fadilah, al-Shaab, and al-Islami) which threatened its monopoly over Salafi Islamism.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Ittihadiyah", "aliases": ["Al-Ittihadiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyyah", "aliases": ["Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["non-violence", "public order"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "After a history of anti-systemic violence, it gradually disarmed under a state policy of 'repentance' and transitioned to a role as 'defenders of social peace', influenced by state taming efforts.", "quote": "The notorious al-Jama’ah al-Islamiyyah (the Islamic Group)—along with Islamic Jihad, the Takfeer wa al-Higra (Excommunication and Emigration)—which up to the late 1990s fought the state and targeted state symbols, including tourism as a Westernizing facet and activity—have gradually laid down their arms under a policy of ‘tawbah’ (repentance).", "page": "94", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Karama Coalition", "aliases": ["Al-Karama Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "anti-western sentiment", "populism", "religious conservatism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Gained political weight as a populist, religiously conservative alternative to Ennahda, challenging the traditional political elite and influencing the discourse of political Islam through its messages.", "quote": "la recién creada coalición Al-Karama, de orientación salafista. El mensaje «virgen» de Al-Karama podría resultar más atractivo que la actitud de compromiso perseguida por Ennahda.", "page": "66", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Mü'eyyed", "aliases": ["Al-Mü'eyyed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire and suspension of importation.", "quote": "For instance, an article published in al-Mu'ayyad by Azimzâde Refik on February 18, 1913, was brought to the attention of the Grand Vezirate on February 24, and the Meclis-i Vükelâ's decision suspending the importation of al-Mu'ayyad, based on the thirty-fifth article of the Press Law, was issued on February 26, 1913.", "page": "30", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Daesh (ISIS)", "aliases": ["Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Daesh (ISIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Malaysia"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "public safety", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in Islam: A comparative case study on perceptions of international students in Malaysia", "author": "M Ebrahimi, K Yusoff…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These groups promote and enforce extremist ideologies through violence and suppression, which the paper identifies as being profoundly ignorant of authentic Islamic moderation. Their actions represent a rejection of moderation and can be seen as a form of extreme norm enforcement and censorship of dissenting Islamic views and non-Muslim societies.", "quote": "Al Qaeda, Taliban and Daesh extremists have demonstrated profound ignorance of Islamic values and principles. ...They ignore fundamental Islamic principles and archetypal Muslim characteristics thus they completely ignore Islam's path of moderation.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.umt.edu.pk/index.php/JITC/article/view/2171", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Malaysia, among international students (West Asian and other Asian)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Al-Sakina Campaign", "aliases": ["Al-Sakina Campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-violence", "religious moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engages users online through one-on-one dialogue to counter violent extremist ideologies, staffed by religious scholars, psychologists, and academics who sow seeds of doubt and offer alternative perspectives within extremist forums, and maintains an online database of educational resources.", "quote": "The Al-Sakina (Tranquillity) initiative is an independent, non-governmental organisation supported financially by the Saudi Arabian government.91 In 2008, it was reported that the programme had 60-70 volunteers, including religious and academic scholars, sociologists, former violent extremists, psychiatrists and technology experts.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "al-Shaab Party", "aliases": ["al-Shaab Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that competed within the Islamist political marketplace, putting pressure on other Salafi parties like Hizb al-Nour and implicitly on the Muslim Brotherhood's stance.", "quote": "It was itself constrained by other Salafi parties (al-Amal al-Gedid, al-Fadilah, al-Shaab, and al-Islami) which threatened its monopoly over Salafi Islamism.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Alabama clergymen", "aliases": ["Alabama clergymen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authority", "rule of law", "social order"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "They used the label 'extremist' to criticize Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his mass activism, attempting to marginalize him from the local community, re-establish their own authority, and encourage adherence to legal channels over protests.", "quote": "Central to the clergymen's criticism was the charge that Dr King was an extremist outsider and they called for those attracted to his project to revert to using the courts to redress the wrongs of segregation.", "page": "1", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Alcoholics Anonymous", "aliases": ["Alcoholics Anonymous"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious belief"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Provides a framework, through testimonials and accepting a 'higher power,' for individuals to admit 'sins' and develop inner discipline and direction toward salvation.", "quote": "Testimonials by former criminals and drug addicts make up an important part of evangelical services or jamborees of the Billy Graham sort, as they do of Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. These examples enable the distraught to admit their own 'sins' and to accept a 'higher power,' and this performs a valuable psychological service.", "page": "198", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Alexander von Humboldt Foundation", "aliases": ["Alexander von Humboldt Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic development", "scientific research"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Resolving content moderation dilemmas between free speech and harmful misinformation", "author": "Kozyreva, Anastasia; Herzog, Stefan M.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Hertwig, Ralph; Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp; Leiser, Mark; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Offers research awards and financial support to scholars, facilitating international academic collaboration and research endeavors.", "quote": "S.L. was supported by a Research Award from the Humboldt Foundation in Germany while this research was conducted.", "page": "11", "url": "https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210666120", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "USA, global online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Alfred P Sloan Foundation", "aliases": ["Alfred P Sloan Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation / grantmaker"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Academic", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1934", "mechanism": "The Foundation shapes research agendas via grantmaking (e.g., funding AI disclosure and LLM attribution research) and partners with other major funders to launch initiatives that influence scholarly communication and AI policy debates.", "quote": "The Foundation funds research and projects (e.g., A.I. Disclosures Project; research on LLM attribution) that touch platform and AI governance, but its core mission is broad scientific grantmaking rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://sloan.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Algorithmic Justice League", "aliases": ["Algorithmic Justice League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "diversity", "ethical ai"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays a key role in holding AI developers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "quote": "Independent watchdogs (Algorithmic Justice League; Black in AI; Center for Humane Technology) play a key role in holding AI devel opers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "page": "253", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Algorithmic Transparency Institute", "aliases": ["Algorithmic Transparency Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research program / transparency initiative (program of National Conference on Citizenship)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ATI produces datasets and monitoring tools (Junkipedia, CandiData), publishes research and reports, and supplies data and analysis used by journalists, researchers, and civil society to scrutinize platform behavior and civic discourse.", "quote": "ATI builds tools, collects social media data, and produces research to increase transparency of digital platforms' impacts on civic discourse.", "page": "", "url": "https://ati.io/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Algoritmernes spil - et skolebesøg omkring digitale rettigheder", "aliases": ["Algoritmernes spil - et skolebesøg omkring digitale rettigheder"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["educational outreach / school service"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Delivers teaching materials and school workshops to build students' understanding of AI and digital rights, shaping public understanding rather than directly influencing platform policy.", "quote": "Provides school visits and teaching materials about AI, digital rights, and ethics—engages platform governance topics through education rather than policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.skoletjenesten.dk/tilbud/algoritmernes-spil-et-skolebesoeg-omkring-digitale-rettigheder", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Algospeak og skadesreduktionskonsekvenserne af ... - Talking Drugs", "aliases": ["Algospeak og skadesreduktionskonsekvenserne af ... - Talking Drugs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media / drug policy advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative and explanatory articles highlighting how algorithmic moderation and visibility decisions suppress harm-reduction content and calls for expert engagement and regulatory or community pressure to change platform practices.", "quote": "Publishes analysis on how platform moderation (algorithms, visibility) affects harm-reduction discourse and calls for platform engagement with harm-reduction experts, but core mission is drug policy and harm reduction rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.talkingdrugs.org/da/algospeak-harm-reduction-consequences-of-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AlgoTransparency", "aliases": ["AlgoTransparency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic transparency", "public understanding", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Regularly captures video recommendations from web interfaces to trace what is being suggested to users, providing empirical evidence to investigate questions like the existence of filter bubbles.", "quote": "Projects like AlgoTransparency 19, run by former YouTube employee Guillaume Chaslot, regularly capture video recommendations from the web interface to trace what is being suggested to users.", "page": "17", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Alianza Anticomunista Argentina", "aliases": ["Alianza Anticomunista Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political freedom", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Employed violence, assassinations, and terror against political militants and opponents, contributing to the broader climate of cultural repression and censorship by physical elimination.", "quote": "Finalmente, se instituyó el estado de sitio y comenzó el accionar de la Triple A (Alianza Anticomunista Argentina).", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Alianza Cívica", "aliases": ["Alianza Cívica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "open discussion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Involved in public discourse and information circulation related to negotiations and the EZLN Plebiscite, contributing to the broader democratic reform movement.", "quote": "...a third, with 21 lines on the negotiations in San Andres Larrainzar (October 1995) --with a reference to the EZLN Plebiscite that gives the impression that it originated with the Allianza Civica.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Aliança Democrática", "aliases": ["Aliança Democrática"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The AD coalition engaged in both positive and negative campaigning, with a slight predominance of positive appeals in debates (51%), focusing on economic proposals and character promotion, while also heavily utilizing character attacks against adversaries (49% negative appeals in debates, 41% of which were character attacks). On Facebook, their communication was overwhelmingly positive (93.7%).", "quote": "economic policy", "page": "and candidate competence", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Aliança Nacional Libertadora", "aliases": ["Aliança Nacional Libertadora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political organization / social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a left-wing political organization, its activities were deemed 'subversive' by the state, leading to the approval of the National Security Law specifically to repress it, marking it as a significant target of censorship and state control.", "quote": "No ano seguinte, 1935, compõe-se a Aliança Nacional Libertadora, organização política de esquerda... Foi pretexto para a aprovação da Lei de Segurança Nacional... formulada para reprimir atividades consideradas subversivas.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "All Lives Matter", "aliases": ["All Lives Matter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["law enforcement", "racial justice"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discursos racistas na web e nas mídias sociais", "author": "T Silva", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Uses linguistic resources like hashtags to counter #BlackLivesMatter, defending police and attacking groups victimized by public security, creating an \"us vs. them\"\" framework and hijacking hashtags to undermine public debate.\"", "quote": "Entretanto os contramovimentos são frequentes, usando recursos linguísticos como o enquadramento do #AllLivesMatter para defender policiais e atacar a defesa dos grupos vitimados pela segurança pública em um enquadramento “nós contra eles” incluindo o sequestro de hashtags para minar a confiança dos participantes no debate público [14].", "page": "6", "url": "https://assets.pubpub.org/fqstwwlp/406b711d-82b6-4de5-a243-92349c0b3651.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and USA (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "All Pakistan Newspaper Society", "aliases": ["All Pakistan Newspaper Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["economic interests", "trade monopoly", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Creates a monopoly in the newspaper industry, preventing smaller newspapers from entering the market. It refuses to implement wage and job security legislation for journalists, thereby exploiting them and inducing self-censorship to align with owners' and government's interests.", "quote": "The largest newspaper and journal owners have united in the All Pakistan Newspaper Society (APNS) dominated by the three major groups of newspapers in Pakistan: the Jang, Dawn, and Nawa-i-Waqt groups. These major newspaper publishers have unchecked power; because of their market influence, APNS has been able to create a monopoly by preventing smaller newspapers from establishing themselves.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "All Right - UNICEF Danmark", "aliases": ["All Right - UNICEF Danmark"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national child rights NGO / UNICEF national committee project"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and analyses, runs Det Digitale Værksted workshops and e-learning for clubs and influencers, and runs awareness campaigns funded by TrygFonden to shape practice and norms around children’s online safety.", "quote": "Project explicitly targets children’s rights online, trains influencers and moderators, and produces research on online harms and platform practices affecting children.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.unicef.dk/national/allright/?srsltid=AfmBOorv9CKlxquEDAjcSChBMo7eqPQiZHvW9oRuO_thJxb_yJJpp6xP", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "All Things in Moderation conference", "aliases": ["All Things in Moderation conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A global conference dedicated exclusively to moderation and governance practice within online community management, and a newsletter analyzing content moderation developments.", "quote": "She is the co-founder of the long-running community management conference Swarm, and the founder of All Things in Moderation...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "All Together Now", "aliases": ["All Together Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "fair representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports monitoring mainstream media's race-related reporting, highlighting negative portrayals of Muslims through stereotypes and linking to crime and violence, challenging biased media narratives.", "quote": "A 2017 report also highlighted how 60% of opinion articles portrayed Muslims negatively, linking to crime and violence, published mainly in News Corp Australia outlets (All Together Now 2017).", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Abuse", "aliases": ["All-Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Abuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-violence", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as a parliamentary forum that discusses police classifications of hate crimes, influencing policy and public discourse on domestic abuse.", "quote": "a classification subsequently discussed in a meeting of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Domestic Abuse.", "page": "122", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "All-Union Agency for Copyrights (Vsesojuznoe Agenstvo po Avtorskim Pravam)", "aliases": ["All-Union Agency for Copyrights (Vsesojuznoe Agenstvo po Avtorskim Pravam)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic control", "intellectual property", "national image"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Officially established to protect copyrights, it effectively served as a state filter and censor, controlling the flow of Soviet authors' works to foreign publishers and vice versa.", "quote": "Lo scopo ufficiale di questo organo, nato il 20 settembre del 1973, era la difesa dei diritti d’autore, secondo le norme della convenzione internazionale. In realtà la VAAP fungeva da filtro tra gli autori sovietici e gli editori stranieri, esercitando una chiara funzione censoria.", "page": "97", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "All-Union Artists' Unions", "aliases": ["All-Union Artists' Unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["East Germany", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["national development", "political conformity", "state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in the Soviet Bloc", "author": "Wallach, Amei", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "The Soviet government organized all artists into these unions, making them the sole source of commissions, sales, exhibitions, housing, studio space, and art supplies, thereby controlling all artistic output and careers.", "quote": "Instead, the government organized all artists into central artists' unions, which became the sole source of commissions, sales, and exhibitions—and also of housing, studio space, paint, canvas, printing presses, foundries.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791465", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Bloc (USSR, East Germany)", "when": "1930s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin", "aliases": ["All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist principles", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On the Beneficence of Censorship", "author": "Loseff, Lev", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "As an emblematic detail in official Soviet propaganda texts (e.g., Kharms's 'A Million'), the Young Pioneers were used as a screen. The routine illustration of children toting drums and banners camouflaged the poem's underlying satirical content, which was revealed through exaggerated mathematical equations and illogical narrative elements.", "quote": "when it appears on the printed page, attended by the routine illustration of a troop of Young Pioneers toting drums and banners, the poem does not at first glance distinguish itself from the great bulk of Pioneer songs and verse.", "page": "220", "url": "https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/67107", "topic": "", "language": "German", "where": "Russia, Soviet Union", "when": "18th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Alleanza Italiana per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile", "aliases": ["Alleanza Italiana per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "digital literacy", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media e democrazia: trasformazioni della comunicazione politica nell'Italia digitale.", "author": "A MIELE", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It advocates for fostering conscious and responsible digital citizenship, which enables individuals to identify manipulation and misleading content, recognize authoritative sources, and distinguish facts from opinions, thus contributing to a healthier online public discourse.", "quote": "Secondo ASviS (2025), per massimizzare i benefici e ridurre i rischi associati alle piattaforme digitali è fondamentale favorire una cittadinanza digitale consapevole e responsabile, in grado di individuare manipolazioni o contenuti ingannevoli, riconoscere fonti autorevoli e distinguere i fatti dalle opinioni.", "page": "49", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/98502", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era (with data up to 2024-2025)"}]}, {"name": "Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence", "aliases": ["Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to research and development of multilingual safety moderation tools for LLMs by authoring and publishing this academic paper.", "quote": "Allen Institute for AI", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI)", "aliases": ["Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital inclusion"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coined and defined the concept of 'meaningful connectivity' as a standard for internet access, advocating for its adoption in digital inclusion policies.", "quote": "No idioma original, meaningful connectivity, o termo “conectividade significativa” – em tradução livre – foi cunhado pela Alliance for Affordable Internet como um estado em que está presente um conjunto mínimo de aspectos de acesso à internet.", "page": "110", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Alliance for Alt-Tech", "aliases": ["Alliance for Alt-Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by alt-right sympathizers, this group develops alternative technology platforms to host extreme-right content without moderation, aiming to 'replatform' their ideology.", "quote": "Em 2017, desenvolvedores simpatizantes da alt-right formaram a Alliance for Alt-Tech, visando replataformizar as ideias de extrema-direita criando as próprias plataformas sem moderação.", "page": "6", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Alliance for Securing Democracy (a program of the German Marshall Fund of the United States)", "aliases": ["Alliance for Securing Democracy (a program of the German Marshall Fund of the United States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research and conceptualizes foreign interference in democratic processes, contributing to strategies for protecting democracies from external influence.", "quote": "Berzina, K. e Soula, E. (2020), Conceptualizing foreign interferen ce in Europe, in “Alliance for Securing Democracy”...", "page": "134", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Alliance for True Democracy (Hong Kong)", "aliases": ["Alliance for True Democracy (Hong Kong)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This group campaigns for universal suffrage in Hong Kong, and information related to their activities became more viewed by Chinese users who gained access to blocked websites.", "quote": "Largest increases in views ... Alliance for True Democracy", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Alliance générale contre le racisme et pour le respect de l’identité Française (AGRIF)", "aliases": ["Alliance générale contre le racisme et pour le respect de l’identité Française (AGRIF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "public morals", "racial equality", "religious equality", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Launched legal actions to ban theatre plays deemed blasphemous or 'christianophobic,' attempting to exert censorship and influence public policy on art and literature.", "quote": "l’Agrif – Alliance générale contre le racisme et pour le respect de l’identité Française – a lancé des actions en justice pour obtenir la déprogrammation et l’interdiction des deux pièces, mais elle a été à chaque fois déboutée.", "page": "91", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française", "aliases": ["Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "national development", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1930s"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 1934, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure des films en France et la crise politique de 1934", "author": "Pithon, Rémy", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "It received and processed complaints from local family associations concerning the perceived immorality and flagrant nature of certain films, thereby exerting public pressure on censorship authorities.", "quote": "l'Alliance nationale pour l'accroissement de la population française avait été « à maintes reprises saisie par des associations de pères de familles nombreuses ainsi que par plusieurs Commissions départementales de la Natalité, de plaintes contre la diffusion de certains films dont l'immoralité est flagrante, parfois dans la forme, plus souvent encore dans le fond »¹.", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40952568", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1934"}]}, {"name": "Alliance of Civic Technologists (ACT)", "aliases": ["Alliance of Civic Technologists (ACT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["decentralized network of civic technology volunteer organizations"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ACT convenes and amplifies civic tech organizations through mailing lists, social channels, and membership to share practices and local project stories.", "quote": "ACT convenes and supports civic tech volunteer organisations and amplifies local digital projects, but site content shows no core mission focused on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.civictechnologists.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Alliance of Democracies Foundation", "aliases": ["Alliance of Democracies Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic principles", "electoral integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Founded the Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity (TCEI) in collaboration with Microsoft and the Canadian Government, to address disinformation and interference in electoral processes.", "quote": "A TCEI é uma iniciativa da Alliance of Democracies Foundation, fundada por Anders Fogh Rasmussen em 2017, numa parceria entre a Microsoft e o Governo do Canadá (Paris, 2018).", "page": "67", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}]}, {"name": "Alliance of Independent Press Councils of Europe (AIPCE)", "aliases": ["Alliance of Independent Press Councils of Europe (AIPCE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["ethical standards", "media accountability", "professional development"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A loose network of independent content regulators that provides a forum for its representatives to discuss current issues, exchange ideas, and offer/receive advice on media accountability.", "quote": "A AIPCE é “uma rede solta de reguladores de conteúdo independentes tanto para imprensa como para mídia de transmissão. Suas conferências anuais oferecem um fórum para os representantes dos Media e Press Council para discutir questões atuais, trocar idéias e oferecer e receber conselhos.", "page": "45", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party", "aliases": ["Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Similar to the European People's Party, this federation of liberal parties was observed to be slower and less categorical in dictating conduct for its member parties regarding interactions with extremist groups.", "quote": "...counterparts on the center-right in the European People’s Party as well as the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party were slower to respond and far less categorical in dictating what national parties could or could not do.", "page": "83", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Alliance to Counter Crime Online", "aliases": ["Alliance to Counter Crime Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy coalition / civil society alliance"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Security", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech", "trafficking"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ACCO produces research reports, testifies to lawmakers and regulators, coordinates strategic litigation against online harms, and frames platform liability to pressure legal and policy change.", "quote": "ACCO's core mission is reforming laws and platform practices to remove predators, fraudsters and organised crime from social media; it conducts research, advocacy, testimony to regulators and strategic litigation targeting platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.counteringcrime.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Allied Media Conference", "aliases": ["Allied Media Conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media justice network; fiscal sponsor"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "AMP convenes the Allied Media Conference, provides fiscal sponsorship to 120+ projects, and publishes guides and toolkits (e.g., A People's Guide to AI) to shape narratives and practices around media and tech.", "quote": "AMP's core mission is media for liberation and network-building, but it produces tech-focused resources (e.g., A People's Guide to AI, Consentful Tech) and convenes events that touch on platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.alliedmedia.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Alpha Phi Omega", "aliases": ["Alpha Phi Omega"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Created as an inclusive alternative debate fraternity, open to all students regardless of race, to challenge discriminatory practices and promote broader participation in debate.", "quote": "Tolson decise di creare una sua confraternita chiamata Alpha Phi Omega, aperta a tutti gli studenti delle università e dei college per ragazzi di colore.", "page": "20", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Alt-Light", "aliases": ["Alt-Light"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a loosely defined political movement that disseminates right-wing views online, opposing mainstream conservatism and influencing public discourse.", "quote": "the Alt-Light are referred to as a loosely defined political movement consisting of various politically motivated groups, activists and commentators with right-wing views who oppose mainstream conservatism.", "page": "393", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative of the University of Amsterdam", "aliases": ["Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative of the University of Amsterdam"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on alt-right online subcultures and their linguistic peculiarities to understand how collective identities are formed around fringe ideologies.", "quote": "Researchers at the Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative of the University of Amsterdam conducted an analysis of three billion Reddit comments, illustrating the linguistic peculiarities of the alt-right's different online subcultures.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Alt-Tech Alliance", "aliases": ["Alt-Tech Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A group of engineers and tech professionals advocating for free speech and building alternative technology infrastructure to counter perceived censorship in mainstream tech.", "quote": "“The Free Speech Tech Alliance is a passionate group of brave engineers, product managers, investors and others who are tired of the status quo in the technology industry. We are the defenders of free speech, individual liberty, and truth.”", "page": "57", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Alt-Tech movement", "aliases": ["Alt-Tech movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Creates and maintains its own technological infrastructure to provide 'censorship-free' platforms for far-right communities, bypassing mainstream content moderation.", "quote": "Its aim is to provide a self-sufficient safe haven for right-wing communities to freely express their opinions, as a response to what they consider the unjust censorship of their right to free speech by mainstream providers.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Alt-Tech-Alliance", "aliases": ["Alt-Tech-Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Actively builds its own 'censorship-free' online infrastructure to circumvent mainstream platform moderation, framing anti-hate speech interventions as attacks on freedom of speech.", "quote": "“This is war,” claimed the so-called “Alt-Tech-Alliance,” which self-identifies as 'a passionate group of brave engineers, product managers, investors and others who are tired of the status quo in the technology industry' in an announcement published in August 2017, following Charlottesville. “The Free Speech Tech revolution has begun,” they said.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "alt.current-event.usa (Usenet newsgroup)", "aliases": ["alt.current-event.usa (Usenet newsgroup)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["community self-governance", "public deliberation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a 'lower moderation' Usenet group, it lacks formal rules, registration censorship, and active moderators. Discussions are shaped by the collective behavior of participants and informal community standards.", "quote": "The four Google groups [...] scored zero on the moderation index, having no written rules or registration censorship. No moderators were listed.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "alt.politics.democrats (Usenet newsgroup)", "aliases": ["alt.politics.democrats (Usenet newsgroup)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic process", "open discussion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This Usenet newsgroup operates with 'lower moderation', implying a lack of formal rules, registration censorship, or active moderators. Its moderation, if any, relies on informal community norms and self-governance among participants.", "quote": "The four Google groups [...] scored zero on the moderation index, having no written rules or registration censorship. No moderators were listed.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "alt.politics.republican (Usenet newsgroup)", "aliases": ["alt.politics.republican (Usenet newsgroup)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["community autonomy", "free speech", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Characterized by 'lower moderation', this Usenet group lacks formal rules, registration censorship, or listed moderators, indicating that discussions are primarily regulated by informal community norms rather than explicit external control.", "quote": "The four Google groups [...] scored zero on the moderation index, having no written rules or registration censorship. No moderators were listed.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "Alter-globalization movement", "aliases": ["Alter-globalization movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["G1 news site"], "norms": ["civic engagement"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in political debate and civic engagement by forming a transnational public sphere, indicating a common link between social media and political engagement.", "quote": "Movimentos políticos diretos como \"Ocupar Wall Street\"\"", "page": "\"\"Primavera Árabe\"\"", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Alternatiba", "aliases": ["Alternatiba"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Members of this ecological organization were present at the assemblies, contributing to the political and ideological diversity of the Yellow Vest movement and potentially influencing discussions on environmental issues within the broader social justice framework.", "quote": "Enfin, cinq répondants ont cité des organisations écologiques (3 membres d'Alternatiba, 1 de Greenpeace, 1 du parti Les Verts).", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Alternative for Germany (AfD)", "aliases": ["Alternative for Germany (AfD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["discrimination", "patriarchal norms", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses online and offline communication (speeches, adverts, micro-aggressions) to spread anti-feminist views and ethnicized sexism, aiming to normalize these ideas and influence gender politics.", "quote": "Lynn Berg presents a damning assessment of the anti-feminist views and standards expressed by Germany’s far-right AfD party through speeches, adverts and constant micro-aggressions online.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Alternative für Deutschland (Alternative for Germany, AfD)", "aliases": ["Alternative für Deutschland (Alternative for Germany, AfD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Mobilized its supporters to engage in 'trolling' and 'spamming' on other parties' Facebook pages by repeatedly posting the same political messages, disrupting discussions and forcing other parties to implement moderation measures.", "quote": "Pour gagner le plus d'électeurs indécis possible, le parti a mobilisé des personnes qui ont promu le message politique du parti sur d'autres pages de partis politiques (akwe, 2014, s.p.). Pour ce faire, ils perturbent de façon continue les échanges en repostant le même message contenant un slogan ou un point du programme politique de l'AfD plusieurs fois d'affilée.", "page": "21", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Alternative Informatics Association (Alternatif Bilişim Derneği)", "aliases": ["Alternative Informatics Association (Alternatif Bilişim Derneği)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Offers support for Internet users in Turkey who are opposing censorship.", "quote": "blocked websites can sometimes still be accessed, as well as the support the Alternative Informatics Association offers for Internet users opposing censorship.", "page": "18", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Alternativets Unge", "aliases": ["Alternativets Unge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth political organization (party youth wing)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes 'Debatdogmer' to shape political discourse and uses social media, Discord and meme tools to mobilize and frame youth political engagement.", "quote": "Primary mission is youth political activism with some attention to debate culture and IT/persondata topics, and active use of social platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://alternativetsunge.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Altersgrenze für Social Media gefordert - RheinMain4Family", "aliases": ["Altersgrenze für Social Media gefordert - RheinMain4Family"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["family interest advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The DFV issues public demands and frames policy proposals (age limits, network filters) to pressure lawmakers and platform operators to adopt technical and regulatory measures protecting children online.", "quote": "DFV explicitly advocates for social?media age limits, network?level filters and technical age verification by platform operators — direct interventions in platform content governance and child-safety policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rheinmain4family.de/news/show/ratgeber/altersgrenze-fuer-social-media-gefordert-was-familien-jetzt-wissen-sollten.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Altright.com", "aliases": ["Altright.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public discourse", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a media platform associated with white nationalism, Altright.com hosts podcasts (like Richard Spencer's) to popularize and broadcast \"alt-right\"\" ideology", "quote": "alt-right, white nationalism", "page": "Richard Spencer is an American white nationalist leader and celebrity who popularized the term “alt-right.” He hosts a filmed podcast from his YouTube channel Altright.com.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Alumbrados", "aliases": ["Alumbrados"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Developed and promoted new spiritual sensibilities, emphasizing internal prayer and direct experience of God, which challenged established forms of religiosity and led to their repression.", "quote": "C'est le cas du mouvement spécifique des alumbrados ou des protestants de la péninsule, lesquels, du fait du contrôle de l'Inquisition et de l'encadrement religieux, avaient circonscrit les thèses défendues dans la sphère publique...", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Alvara Research Centre", "aliases": ["Alvara Research Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "societal stability"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE AND ITS APPLICATION IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA", "author": "Rahmadi, Rahmadi; Hamdan, Hamdan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and research that investigate the exposure of students to radicalism, providing data that informs public discourse and policy on religious moderation in educational institutions.", "quote": "Some studies and research, both by BIN, BNPT, Alvara Research Centre, and PPIM UNI Jakarta, discovered that students, especially in public education institutions, have been exposed to radicalism at a threatening level.", "page": "2", "url": "http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/khazanah/article/view/8487", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic educational institutions", "when": "21st century, post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Amalgamated Food Employees Union", "aliases": ["Amalgamated Food Employees Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "right to protest", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a picket that led to a Supreme Court case protecting the right to protest peacefully on private property open to the public, setting precedents for expressive activities.", "quote": "Il s’agissait d’un piquet tenu par les membres d’un syndicat, extérieurs aux commerces, devant un supermarché qui avait ouvert avec un personnel entièrement non syndiqué.", "page": "81", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "AMARC Europe", "aliases": ["AMARC Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Represents European community radio stations, facilitating their connection and participation in broader networks and acting as a collective body for community radio initiatives.", "quote": "I conducted a survey of 300 European community radio stations, all of which are members of AMARC Europe, and 12 European refugee and migrant radio projects...", "page": "96", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "AMARC-Europe", "aliases": ["AMARC-Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "democracy", "information access"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes conferences and produces reports that articulate principles and advocate for specific communication rights and democratic media roles within Europe.", "quote": "AMARC-Europe (1994) One Europe – many voices. Democracy and access to communication. Conference report AMARC-Europe Pan-European conference of community radio broadcasters. Ljubljana, Slovenia, 15–18 September 1994.", "page": "52", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Amaze", "aliases": ["Amaze"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dedicated to providing information on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality, likely through online resources and content creation.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Amaze.org", "aliases": ["Amaze.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spreads global awareness and provides dedicated content on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality education through online platforms.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Amazon Mechanical Turk workers (as a crowdsourced fact-checking group)", "aliases": ["Amazon Mechanical Turk workers (as a crowdsourced fact-checking group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information integrity"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detecting Fake News: Two Problems for Content Moderation", "author": "Stewart, Elizabeth", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Employed as crowdsourced fact-checkers in a research project (Credbank) to rate the credibility of social media content and create a training dataset for algorithms.", "quote": "Credbank, researchers employed Amazon Turk workers as fact checkers to overcome this chal-lenge (Mitra and Gilbert 2015). Researchers collected 60 million tweets and divided the tweets into 1049 events. Amazon Turk workers, after looking at tweets related to a given event, rated each event as credible or not.", "page": "15", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-021-00442-x", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on discussions within USA and EU contexts", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Ambassadører for bekæmpelse af mobning, Diana-prisen", "aliases": ["Ambassadører for bekæmpelse af mobning, Diana-prisen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth-focused charity / anti-bullying programme"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance and resources for schools and parents, runs national campaigns (#FreeTheShoulders) and trains Anti-Bullying Ambassadors to change school culture and promote reporting of online harms.", "quote": "The Diana Award's Anti-Bullying Programme provides cyberbullying resources, workshops and guidance touching on platform-related harms (catfishing, online reporting) but its core mission is youth anti-bullying rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.antibullyingpro.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ambiente Colaborativo para o Trabalho Integrado e Virtual da UFRJ", "aliases": ["Ambiente Colaborativo para o Trabalho Integrado e Virtual da UFRJ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Web 2.0 platforms"], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "academic trust", "information sharing", "knowledge quality"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Recop: Um modelo para reputaçao em comunidades de prática", "author": "CCP Cruz, CLR Motta…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "An academic social network for professionals and students at UFRJ, where the ReCoP model is being implemented to manage reputation within its communities of practice. It allows users to consult evaluations of artifacts and provide meta-feedback, supporting trust networks and ensuring appropriate information sharing.", "quote": "O ReCoP está sendo implementado no ambiente ActivUFRJ – Ambiente Colaborativo para o Trabalho Integrado e Virtual da UFRJ [Hidelbrand 2005], que representa uma rede social entre profissionais e estudantes da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, onde são criadas comunidades de prática sobre diferentes assuntos de interesse acadêmico.", "page": "8", "url": "http://milanesa.ime.usp.br/rbie/index.php/sbie/article/viewFile/560/546", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Communities of Practice and Web 2.0 platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ambivalent Users of #fatacceptance", "aliases": ["Ambivalent Users of #fatacceptance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["public health", "scientific consensus"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do Not Use This Hashtag: Fat Acceptance (Mis)information and Discursive Boundary-Work as Content Moderation on Instagram", "author": "Zimdars, Melissa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engage in unofficial content moderation through discursive boundary-work, claiming earnest users are misunderstanding/misusing information or spreading misinformation. They try to convince others that fat acceptance is illogical, promotes unhealthiness, and is based on faulty information.", "quote": "Ambivalent users typically try to convince earnest users of the #fatacceptance hashtag of what they consider to be common sense: Fat acceptance is illogical or unreasonable; it promotes unhealthiness...", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "America Online (AOL) volunteers", "aliases": ["America Online (AOL) volunteers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["social good"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation", "author": "ST Roberts", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Carried out content moderation duties on the America Online platform, sometimes receiving non-monetary compensation like free or reduced-fee access to services.", "quote": "in others, moderators received non-monetary compensation, such as free or reduced-fee access to online services, e.g., AOL (Postigo, 2003).", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities and social media platforms, global", "when": "Early internet to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "America Online Volunteers", "aliases": ["America Online Volunteers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Provided extensive unpaid labor as chat hosts, which was seen as exploitative, leading to some volunteers asking for a Department of Labor investigation into back wages.", "quote": "In early 1999, seven of the 15,000 ‘volunteers’ of America Online rocked the info-loveboat by asking the Department of Labor to investigate whether AOL owed them back wages for the years of playing chat hosts for free.", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "America PAC", "aliases": ["America PAC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["conservative values", "partisan politics", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a Super PAC, receiving substantial financial contributions from individuals (like Elon Musk) and deploying them for independent expenditures to support Republican candidates (especially Donald Trump) and oppose Democratic candidates through propaganda and digital promotion.", "quote": "Con un investimento superiore ai 100 milioni di dollari nel Super PAC \"America PAC\"\"", "page": "destinato a sostenere la campagna di Donald Trump e di altri candidati repubblicani", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "America's Future", "aliases": ["America's Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "A textbook review organization that referred Alice Moore to the Gablers for their reviews of disputed books, thereby contributing to the censorship campaign.", "quote": "Mrs. Moore was referred to the Gablers by a textbook review organization in New Rochelle, New York, called America's Future.", "page": "14", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "America's Future, Inc.", "aliases": ["America's Future, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides literature that critics of secular humanism use to support censorship efforts based on anti-secular humanist views.", "quote": "America's tit kiwi!, Inc. 342 Main Street New Rochelle, N.V. 10802", "page": "116", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "America.gov/conspiracy_theories", "aliases": ["America.gov/conspiracy_theories"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An educational material/website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "educational material (On_te_manipule.fr in France or America.gov/conspiracy_theories in the U.S.A.) engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "American Academy of Forensic Sciences", "aliases": ["American Academy of Forensic Sciences"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["forensic quality control", "scientific rigor"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Founded to support forensic research communities and related peer-reviewed journals, contributing to quality assurance mechanisms for scientific evidence in the legal system.", "quote": "1948 saw the foundation of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Soon dedicated, peer-reviewed journals began to emerge that catered for these forensic research communities, such as the Journal of Forensic Sciences, which has been published since 1948 by the AAFS.", "page": "228", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "aliases": ["American Association for the Advancement of Science"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["beneficence", "human subject protection", "justice", "research ethics"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized workshops and issued reports detailing ethical problems in internet research, thereby establishing guidelines and norms for scientific conduct in online studies.", "quote": "The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), in acknowledging the increasing use of the internet for research purposes and associated problems, organised a special workshop on the ethical and legal aspects of internet research. The resulting report (Frankel and Siang, 1999) provides an extensive treatment of the ethical issues related to internet research.", "page": "277", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "American Association of Political Consultation", "aliases": ["American Association of Political Consultation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Challenging a law that regulated the content of 'robotcalls' (automated calls) related to debt collection and political messages, on free speech grounds.", "quote": "en Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultation, una mayoría de estos jueces y juezas concurren con el decreto de inconstitucionalidad de una ley que reglamentaba el contenido que debían exhibir las llamadas a celulares generadas por computadoras o “robotcalls”.", "page": "241", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "American Association of School Librarians", "aliases": ["American Association of School Librarians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Publishes a \"Library Bill of Rights\"\" and advocates for school library/media programs", "quote": "Intellectual freedom, school library standards", "page": "American Associatiog of School Librarians: Library Bill of Rights to; School LibraryiNfedia Programs. clticaqp:',111e Associatioq, 1969.", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Association of Teachers of French", "aliases": ["American Association of Teachers of French"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Publishes academic literature, including articles on censorship, contributing to scholarly discourse and dissemination of research in the field.", "quote": "Published by: American Association of Teachers of French", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "American Association of University Professors (AAUP)", "aliases": ["American Association of University Professors (AAUP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors;", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Bar Association (ABA) Working Group on Electronic Contracting Practices and Electronic Commerce Subcommittee", "aliases": ["American Bar Association (ABA) Working Group on Electronic Contracting Practices and Electronic Commerce Subcommittee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["privacy", "rule of law", "transparency", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed strategies and guidelines to ensure the validity of online contracts, specifically 'click-wrap' agreements, by addressing aspects like opportunity to review terms, clear display, acceptance/rejection, error correction, and record-keeping, to guarantee proper user consent.", "quote": "ABA, desenvolveu algumas medidas83 para serem observadas ao se contratar on-line, a fim de garantir a validade dos click-wrap agreements, as quais foram agrupados nas seguintes estratégias", "page": "57", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "American Bar Association Center for Human Rights", "aliases": ["American Bar Association Center for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Myanmar", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and provides recommendations on mitigating risks of violence from online hate speech, particularly concerning human rights defenders.", "quote": "AM. BAR ASS'N CTR. FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, INVISIBLE THREATS: MITIGATING THE RISK OF VIOLENCE FROM ONLINE HATE SPEECH AGAINST HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS IN GUATEMALA (2019)", "page": "957", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}]}, {"name": "American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Communications", "aliases": ["American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Communications"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["efficiency", "public interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Through its chairman (and first general counsel of the FRC), Louis Caldwell, it rationalized the FRC's broad powers over radio content, arguing that the technical and dynamic nature of broadcasting necessitated wide administrative discretion.", "quote": "Louis Caldwell, the FRC's first general counsel and chairman of the American Bar Association's standing committee on communications, wrote that the technical nature of radio regulation and the speed with which technology changed necessitated wide administrative discretion.", "page": "46", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "American Birth Control League (later Planned Parenthood Federation of America)", "aliases": ["American Birth Control League (later Planned Parenthood Federation of America)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["free speech", "public discourse"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sought access to broadcasting for debates about birth control, but had its requests rejected by NBC and appeals to the NBC Advisory Council denied, highlighting limitations on controversial content.", "quote": "In the late 1920s, the American Birth Control League (ABCL), which would become the Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942, sought access to broadcasting to cover debates about birth control.", "page": "50", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern California", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Employs attorneys like Joan W. Howarth to defend civil liberties, including freedom of speech, potentially engaging in litigation or advocacy against censorship.", "quote": "JOAN W. HOWARTH is currently the police practices attor-ney for the ACLU Foundation of Southern California.", "page": "26", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "civil liberties", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Structure of Censorship Attitudes", "author": "Lambe, Jennifer L.", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The Oregon ACLU acts as an advocacy group, challenging state laws that it believes restrict free expression, such as a law making it a crime to furnish sexually explicit material to a child.", "quote": "But opponents contend the law could result in charges against people providing sex education materials or fictional materials with some controversial sexual content.", "page": "19", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10811680802388923", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Civil Liberties Union’s Criminal Law Reform Project", "aliases": ["American Civil Liberties Union’s Criminal Law Reform Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Raises concerns about the rapid adoption and potential biases of big-data risk assessment tools in the criminal justice system.", "quote": "closed by quoting the director of the ACLU’s Criminal Law Reform Project saying, “I think we are kind of rushing into the world of tomorrow with big-data risk assessment.”", "page": "62", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "American College of Sexologists", "aliases": ["American College of Sexologists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Betty Brooks, a co-signer, is a member, representing engagement with the scientific study of sexuality, implicitly contributing to a more nuanced understanding of sexual matters than censorship allows.", "quote": "BETTY BROOKS, Ed. D., is the Director of the Southern California Rape Hotline Alliance Self-Defense Certification Pro-gram, a member of the American College of Sexologists...", "page": "23", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "American Committee on Religious Rights and Minorities", "aliases": ["American Committee on Religious Rights and Minorities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Intervened as amicus curiae in the Edmondson case, urging the court to dismiss criminal charges against a hate-monger to safeguard free speech and prevent the extension of criminal law.", "quote": "These briefs, while denouncing the defendant's act, nevertheless in order to safeguard free speech and free press asked the court to dismiss the charges. These groups pointed out that it is wiser to bear with the hatemonger than to extend the criminal law so that in future it might become too oppressive.", "page": "755", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "American Earth First! Journal", "aliases": ["American Earth First! Journal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "open discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as an intellectual repository and source of reprints for the Earth First! movement, disseminating radical environmentalist ideas and acting as an unchallenged source of information.", "quote": "Judi Bari, whose article on 'the feminization of Earth First!' is reprinted from the American Earth First! Journal in the second issue of Do or Die. The US journal is used elsewhere in Do or Die as a source of reprints and its status as an intellectual repository for the movement is unchallenged...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Enterprise Institute", "aliases": ["American Enterprise Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; public policy research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1938, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1938", "mechanism": "AEI produces research reports, op-eds, and events and its scholars provide policy advice and commentary that shape public and legislative debates on technology, speech, and regulation.", "quote": "AEI conducts research and policy analysis on platform content moderation (Digital Platforms and American Life project) and its scholars participate directly in governance fora (e.g., Oversight Board membership).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aei.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "American Enterprise Institute (AEI)", "aliases": ["American Enterprise Institute (AEI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "right-wing ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This right-wing think tank is funded by corporations (e.g., GE) to support intellectuals and research that produce business-friendly viewpoints, thereby influencing public discourse and media content toward specific 'sound views'.", "quote": "GE has contributed to the funding of the American Enterprise Institute, a right-wing think tank that supports intellectuals who will get the business message across.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "American Express Company", "aliases": ["American Express Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial regulation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Accesses the \"MATCH\"\" list to inform decisions about granting merchant accounts and enforces a blanket prohibition on transactions relating to escort services", "quote": "online adult entertainment", "page": "and prostitution.\"", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)", "aliases": ["American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political opposition", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Canceled Donald Trump’s planned tour of the U.S.-Mexico border, an action interpreted as a repudiation of Trump by the union, showcasing an early instance of 'cancel' language applied institutionally.", "quote": "a July 23, 2015 article on the conservative 1776 Coalition news site about Donald Trump’s planned tour of the U.S.-Mexico border being nixed by the AFL-CIO union (which represents U.S. Border Patrol agents), was captioned “AFL-CIO-NBPC to Trump: You’re cancelled,”", "page": "60", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)", "aliases": ["American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of association", "union representation", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Involved in a Supreme Court case where a state law permitting mandatory retention of union fees from public employees was challenged as violating freedom of expression and association.", "quote": "En Janus v. American Federation of State, County and Mun. Employee, el TSEU declaró inconstitucional una ley estatal que permitía la retención obligatoria de cuotas de todo empleado público por parte del patrono en un taller de trabajo cerrado...", "page": "260", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "American Federation of Teachers (AFT)", "aliases": ["American Federation of Teachers (AFT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Keeps track of state legislation and legislators' opinions, providing information to its members on issues related to intellectual freedom.", "quote": "National Edt alio]) Assoc.iation. American Federation of Teach- ers. Those groups keep track of state legislation. !laid legis at rs' opinions.", "page": "174", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American First Amendment Lawyers Association", "aliases": ["American First Amendment Lawyers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Specializes in First Amendment cases, likely providing legal defense and advocacy for intellectual freedom.", "quote": "LAWYERS: American Association. First, Amendment Lawyer's Association.", "page": "174", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Forensic Association", "aliases": ["American Forensic Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "ethics"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Develops a series of rules to prevent unethical behaviors such as fabrication, distortion, and plagiarism of evidence in competitive debate contexts, aiming to safeguard the educational character of debate.", "quote": "L‟American Forensic Association, ad esempio, per salvaguardare il carattere educativo della sua attività ha elaborato una serie di regole per evitare la fabbricazione, la distorsione e il plagio delle prove cui i contesti competitivi facilmente inducono (Perry, 2003).", "page": "44", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "American Friends Service Committee", "aliases": ["American Friends Service Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "peace", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This nonprofit organization provides a challenging voice to official narratives (e.g., those of the Pentagon) through public information, press releases, and conferences. However, its significantly smaller resources limit its media access and ability to counter dominant sources.", "quote": "The AFSC's main office information-services budget in 1984-85 was under $500,000, with eleven staff people. Its institution-wide press releases run at about two hundred per year...", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "American Historical Association", "aliases": ["American Historical Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "research integrity", "researcher welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Sought to relax the application of IRB regulations to oral history research, arguing against the broad application of licensing to historical inquiries.", "quote": "For example, in 2003, in the most recent agitation against IRBs, oral historians in the American Historical Association and the Oral History Association sought to relax the grip of IRBs on oral history—history done through taped interviews.", "page": "83", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "American Humanist Association", "aliases": ["American Humanist Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Formerly a broader movement that encompassed Secular Humanism, but this philosophical faction broke away in 1980 to form its own distinct organization.", "quote": "Secular Humanism, which asserts that atheism is secular and is a view that scientific evidence tends to support, broke with the American Humanist Association in 1980 and formed the Council for Secular Humanism.", "page": "2", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "American Invitational Mathematics Examination", "aliases": ["American Invitational Mathematics Examination"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides questions from a prestigious high school mathematics competition to evaluate AI models on mathematical reasoning.", "quote": "The American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME) features questions from a prestigious high school mathematics competition.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME)", "aliases": ["American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "problem-solving skills"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Hosts a national mathematics competition (AIME) which is used as a benchmark for evaluating the mathematical reasoning abilities of LLMs.", "quote": "American Invitational Mathematics Examination 2024 (AIME 2024) (MAA, 2024).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "American Islamic Congress", "aliases": ["American Islamic Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Iran", "Tunisia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google Reader", "Sina Weibo", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["civil rights", "freedom of information", "social change"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media activism and state censorship", "author": "T Poell", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Developed and implemented an integrated media strategy, using social media as one component alongside traditional media, to facilitate information sharing and mobilization, particularly through global diaspora networks.", "quote": "One of the interviewees in this research project, Nasser Weddady, the civil rights outreach director for the American Islamic Congress, explains that the use of social media is one component in an integrated approach...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315764832-13/social-media-activism-state-censorship-thomas-poell", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "MENA region (Tunisia, Egypt, Iran) and China, on social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Sina Weibo, YouTube, Google Reader)", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2009-2015)"}]}, {"name": "American Law Institute", "aliases": ["American Law Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1964, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of obscenity: the developing constitutional standards", "author": "WB Lockhart, RC McClure", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Proposed definitions of obscenity, such as \"prurient interest", "quote": "which influenced Supreme Court decisions and contributed to the development of constitutional standards for obscenity censorship.\"", "page": "Legal clarity, legal reform, public morals (through legal definitions).", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/mnlr45&section=13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Mid-20th century (late 1950s, early 1960s)"}]}, {"name": "American Legal Foundation", "aliases": ["American Legal Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "corporate interests", "media accountability", "media ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Organized to produce 'flak,' this institution specializes in Fairness Doctrine complaints and libel suits to assist 'media victims,' generating negative responses and legal pressure to discipline media reporting perceived as undesirable.", "quote": "The American Legal Foundation, organized in 1980, has specialized in Fairness Doctrine complaints and libel suits to aid “media victims.”", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "American Legislative Exchange Committee", "aliases": ["American Legislative Exchange Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate interests", "industry interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Pushes 'critical infrastructure' bills aimed at criminalizing nonviolent civil disobedience against extractive industries, acting on behalf of industry interests.", "quote": "And, these bills are being pushed by industry connected groups, including the American Legislative Exchange Committee (ALEC).", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)", "aliases": ["American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "education policy", "public policy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Publishes booklets with model legislative bills for conservative state legislators on various topics, including education, to influence state laws.", "quote": "The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), whose *board of directors includes the last three presidents of the Heritagc Foundation,23 publishes a booklet intended for conservative state legislators throughout the nation. The booklet includes, word for word, legislative bills that can be introduced on .a number- of -topics, including education:", "page": "97", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "American Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Round Table", "aliases": ["American Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Round Table"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship in Selection of LGBT-Themed Materials", "author": "Antell, Karen; Strothmann, Molly; Downey, Jennifer", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Awards the Stonewall Book Award for adult, children's, and young adult literature, and produces the Rainbow List and Over the Rainbow List bibliographies to guide librarians in developing high-quality LGBT collections.", "quote": "Each year, the ALA's GLBT Round Table awards the cov- eted Stonewell Book Award to one adult literature book, one adult nonfiction book, and one children's or young adult book.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3458", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table", "aliases": ["American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "diversity", "public good"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship in Selection of LGBT-Themed Materials", "author": "Antell, Karen; Strothmann, Molly; Downey, Jennifer", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Collaborates with the GLBT Round Table to produce the Rainbow List and Over the Rainbow List, bibliographies of recommended books, influencing collection development to ensure social responsibility.", "quote": "The GLBT Round Table also joins forces with ALA's Social Responsibilities Round Table to produce the Rainbow List, an annual bibliography of recommended books for children and teens...", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3458", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Library Association, Office of Intellectual Freedom", "aliases": ["American Library Association, Office of Intellectual Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Compiles and publishes lists of the most banned and challenged books, drawing attention to censorship efforts within libraries and schools.", "quote": "According to the ALA, in 2021, the most banned and challenged book was Gender Queer: A Memoir by Maia Kobabe (OIF 2022).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "American National Election Studies", "aliases": ["American National Election Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["longitudinal academic research project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1948, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1948", "mechanism": "ANES produces long-running, high-quality survey datasets used by academics, journalists, and policymakers to shape understanding of public opinion, media effects, and misinformation-related debates.", "quote": "ANES's core mission is producing survey data on public opinion, elections and voting behavior; its datasets are used in research on topics that touch platform governance (e.g., misinformation, media effects) but platform governance is not a primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://electionstudies.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "American National Standards Institute", "aliases": ["American National Standards Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["consensus building", "individual autonomy", "integrity", "quality standards", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Aggregates and coordinates the standards creation process in the United States, verifying that standards developers follow rules designed to keep the process open and equitable.", "quote": "ANSI, formerly called the American Standards Association, is respon sible for aggregating and coordinating the standards creation process in the United States.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - Information Sciences", "aliases": ["American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - Information Sciences"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standards body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information preservation", "quality of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Sets minimum requirements for the permanence of paper used in printed library materials, influencing publishing standards.", "quote": "The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.", "page": "6", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "American Opinion Bookstore", "aliases": ["American Opinion Bookstore"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "educational policy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Printed and distributed fliers with alleged excerpts from textbooks to fuel protests, serving as an outlet for John Birch Society materials.", "quote": "Candor-Chandler noted that this flier was printed as a public service by the American Opinion Bookstore in Reedy, West Virginia. In its list of outsiders supporting the protest, the NEA confirms that the 'store's manager has printed excerpts from the disputed textbooks and other handouts for the protesters,' and it describes the store as 'one of the out lets for the John Birch Society materials.'", "page": "108", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "American Orthodox Jewish Rescue Committee (Va’ad Ha Hatsala)", "aliases": ["American Orthodox Jewish Rescue Committee (Va’ad Ha Hatsala)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Received urgent messages from the Jewish Underground in Slovakia and pressed British military attachés to bomb railway tracks to Auschwitz as a rescue effort.", "quote": "This message reached Isaac Sternbuch of the American Orthodox Jewish Rescue committee, Va’ad Ha Hatsala, on 19 May. Sternbuch travelled immediately to the British military attaché in Bern, Switzerland, to press for the tracks to Auschwitz on the Kosice–Presov route to be bombed.", "page": "249", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "American Parliamentary Debate Association", "aliases": ["American Parliamentary Debate Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "intellectual development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Sets rules and protocols for parliamentary debate formats, influencing the structure and temporal constraints of argumentative exchanges in educational settings.", "quote": "L‟American Parliamentary Debate Format (APD) concede alla squadra che apre il dibattito di interpretare la questione stabilendo vincoli spazio-temporali (Time-Space Cases).", "page": "44", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "American Political Science Association", "aliases": ["American Political Science Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "research ethics"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The negative consequences of informing voters about deepfakes: evidence from two survey experiments", "author": "J Ternovski, J Kalla, P Aronow", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The American Political Science Association sets ethical standards and guidance for human subjects research, effectively serving as a form of self-regulation and norm enforcement for academics conducting political science studies.", "quote": "The authors affirm that this article adheres to the APSA's Principles and Guidance on Human Subjects Research.", "page": "15", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/28", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "American Red Cross", "aliases": ["American Red Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governmental Censorship in War-Time", "author": "Price, Byron", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The American Red Cross was permitted to transmit short messages of a personal nature to relatives or friends in enemy-occupied lands, acting as an exception to the general censorship rules on communication with enemy territory.", "quote": "the American Red Cross will transmit short messages of a personal nature to relatives or friends in occupied lands.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400046451/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "American Revolution – World War II (1942)"}]}, {"name": "American Registry for Internet Numbers", "aliases": ["American Registry for Internet Numbers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["regional internet registry; member-based non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance", "Security"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "ARIN publishes policies, operates critical internet number registry infrastructure (RPKI, Whois), provides abuse reporting channels, and convenes bottom-up public policy meetings that shape operational norms affecting platforms.", "quote": "ARIN's core mission is IP address and ASN administration and routing security (RPKI), but it runs network abuse reporting, liaises with law enforcement/public safety, and participates in internet governance processes that touch platform infrastructure and abuse handling.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.arin.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "American Sexual Health Association", "aliases": ["American Sexual Health Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes Big Tech for \"systematic inappropriate labeling\"\" and censorship of public health content", "quote": "unbiased sexual health information\"\" and launching campaigns to raise awareness and counter platform policies.\"", "page": "accurate sexual health information, public health, access to information", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "American Society for Information Science and Technology", "aliases": ["American Society for Information Science and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Iraq", "Nazi Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["integrity", "public awareness", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libraries and the Ethics of Censorship", "author": "Duthie, Fiona", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This professional organization has a code that urges its members to be aware of the social, economic, cultural, and political impacts of their actions and to inform employers of conflicts of interest, offering a milder, more generalized approach to ethical conduct regarding censorship.", "quote": "In contrast to the Intellectual Freedom Manual, the professional code delivered by the American Society for Information Science and Technology is markedly mild and moderate, if overly generalised.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049670.2010.10735994", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Libraries, Australia, America, Iraq, Communist China, Nazi Germany", "when": "Centuries to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)", "aliases": ["American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "ethics"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Hosts annual meetings where research on values, ethics, and participatory policymaking in online communities is presented, contributing to the academic discourse around content moderation governance.", "quote": "In Proceedings of the 79th ASIS&T Annual Meeting: Creating Knowledge, Enhancing Lives through Information & Technology. American Society for Information Science, 58.", "page": "27", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}]}, {"name": "American Society for Microbiology", "aliases": ["American Society for Microbiology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Co-published the \"Statement on Scientific Publication and Security\"\" with other journals and societies", "quote": "Scientific integrity, reproducibility, national security, public health.", "page": "In February 2003, a joint \"Statement on Scientific Publication and Security\"\" of the \"\"Journal Editors and Authors Group\"\" was simultaneously published by Science", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ASPCC)", "aliases": ["American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (ASPCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-sexual exploitation", "child safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Charged an artist with producing 'kiddie porn,' leading to an investigation by social services and contributing to the artist losing a university position and facing a lawsuit.", "quote": "In 1979 she was investigated by the department of social services for alleged child abuse, after the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children charged her with producing kiddie porn.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "American Society for Training & Development Certification Standard Committee", "aliases": ["American Society for Training & Development Certification Standard Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / standards body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform quality", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Corso di Specializzazione per esperti di tutoraggio on-line e moderatori/animatori della comunicazione", "author": "I Marenzi, D Peraldo, V Turelli, R Turri, A Ziletti", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "This committee establishes certification standards for asynchronous web-based and multimedia e-learning courseware, thereby defining quality requirements and influencing the content and delivery of online educational materials.", "quote": "Elearning Courseware Certification per corsi asincroni web-based e multimediali. Questi standard sono stati messi a punto dall'ASTD Certification Standard Committee.", "page": "26", "url": "https://www.comunedasa.it/elearning/download/lavoro_gr4.pdf", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, focusing on distance learning and online education", "when": "early 2000s (circa 2004)"}]}, {"name": "American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology & Social Justice", "aliases": ["American Society of Criminology’s Division on Critical Criminology & Social Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic inquiry", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized Walter S. DeKeseredy with awards for critical criminology and social justice, supporting research that helps understand social problems like online hate.", "quote": "In 1995, he received the Critical Criminologist of the Year Award from the ASC’s Division on Critical Criminology & Social Justice (DCCSJ), and in 2008, the DCCSJ gave him the Lifetime Achievement Award.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime", "aliases": ["American Society of Criminology’s Division on Women and Crime"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research", "gender equality", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized Walter S. DeKeseredy for his work on violence against women, promoting scholarly research in this area which is relevant to online misogyny.", "quote": "He also jointly received the 2004 Distinguished Scholar Award from the American Society of Criminology’s (ASC) Division on Women and Crime and the 2007 inaugural UOIT Research Excellence Award.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "American Society of Journalists and Authors", "aliases": ["American Society of Journalists and Authors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["professional interests", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Cited as an example of a professional and self-regulating association in the US, serving as a model for the recommended development of a similar indigenous journalist association in Pakistan.", "quote": "The American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA) and the American Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) are two examples of associations in the US.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "American Sociological Association", "aliases": ["American Sociological Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["social cohesion", "social good"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Its president and prominent members attempted to censure a sociologist, James Coleman, for publishing research findings (on White flight due to busing) that were considered politically 'incorrect' or against communal norms.", "quote": "Sociologist James Coleman... recalls that in 1976 the president and a number of prominent members of the American Sociological Association (ASA) tried to have him censured for the 'crime' of discovering, and announcing, that citywide busing for school desegregation purposes caused White flight.", "page": "25", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "American Television Alliance", "aliases": ["American Television Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["television markets"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on retransmission disputes and blackouts in the United States, implicitly advocating for policies that might reduce the frequency or impact of such conflicts for its members (likely distributors).", "quote": "According to the American Television Alliance (2017) the number of blackouts in the United States has increased from 8 to 193 between 2010 and 2015", "page": "134", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "American University Hearthstone Collegiate Championship team", "aliases": ["American University Hearthstone Collegiate Championship team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "They publicly displayed a sign advocating for \"Free Hong Kong\"\" and \"\"Boycott Blizz\"\" during an esports championship", "quote": "to protest Blizzard's actions and support the broader movement.\"", "page": "Free Hong Kong, opposition to hypocrisy in punishing players.", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "American Youth Commission", "aliases": ["American Youth Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["evidence-based policy", "social understanding", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducted social research (study on youth sex education sources), providing empirical data that challenged the foundational assumptions of censorship laws regarding the corrupting influence of books, thus contributing to arguments against such laws.", "quote": "The American Youth Commission's study of the conditions and attitudes of young people in Maryland between the ages of sixteen and twenty-four, which has recently come off the press under the title Youth Tell Their Story, is even more enlightening.", "page": "35", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)", "aliases": ["Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "individual liberty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media and Political Polarization", "author": "Prior, Markus", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This organization publishes ideological scores for members of Congress, which serves as a benchmark for measuring political ideology and coherence. This indirectly influences public discourse by defining and tracking partisan alignment.", "quote": "In 1999, only 3 out of 100 senators had ideological (Americans for Democratic Action) scores between 33 and 67 on a 0–100 scale (Groseclose & Milyo 2005, p. 1,216).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, post-1970s", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Americans for Prosperity", "aliases": ["Americans for Prosperity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal responsibility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Ran an ad campaign targeting a Democratic candidate for governor, using specific figures and phrases to influence voter perception and sway electoral action.", "quote": "Gillespie himself uttered the same figure during a formal kickoff to his campaign, accusing Ralph Northam of squandering “$1.4 million in taxpayers' money on a Chinese company with a fake website” (Cain 2017).", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Americans for Truth About Homosexuality", "aliases": ["Americans for Truth About Homosexuality"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of belief"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“The Books Will Still Be in the Library”: Narrow Definitions of Censorship in the Discourse of Challengers", "author": "Knox, Emily", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Endorses and advocates for the inclusion of \"ex-gay\"\" materials", "quote": "influencing content selection in libraries by challenging materials that portray homosexuality as normal.\"", "page": "conservative Christian values, heteronormativity", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/552025", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "West Bend, Wisconsin, USA (public libraries)", "when": "post-2009 platform era"}]}, {"name": "AmericasNLP", "aliases": ["AmericasNLP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic equality"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This collective of language-specific NLP researchers works to digitize and build tools for low-resource Indigenous languages of the Americas, addressing the gaps in training and testing data for content moderation.", "quote": "Collectives such as ... AmericasNLP (Indigenous languages of the Americas) (Mager et al. 2021) ... often have deep knowledge of where the largest gaps are in their language's specific research but sorely lack the funds necessary to address them.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Amicus Brief: Mississippi's Social Media Censorship Law Threatens ...", "aliases": ["Amicus Brief: Mississippi's Social Media Censorship Law Threatens ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public interest legal advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "CIR uses litigation and amicus briefs to shape legal precedents on digital speech and privacy, providing legal analysis to courts and aligning with platform actors (NetChoice) to challenge state regulations.", "quote": "CIR filed an amicus brief in NetChoice v. Fitch challenging Mississippi HB 1126, directly engaging in litigation over social media regulation and digital speech/privacy rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://cir-usa.org/cases/amicus-brief-mississippis-social-media-censorship-law-threatens-free-speech-and-user-privacy-online/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Amnesty Decoders (an Amnesty International initiative)", "aliases": ["Amnesty Decoders (an Amnesty International initiative)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "human rights", "research integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A large-scale crowdsourced analysis of abuse against women journalists and politicians on Twitter", "author": "Delisle, Laure; Kalaitzis, Alfredo; Majewski, Krzysztof; Berker, Archy de; Marin, Milena; Cornebise, Julien", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Amnesty Decoders is a micro-tasking platform engaging digital volunteers to label tweets for problematic or abusive content, thereby crowd-sourcing data crucial for Amnesty International's human rights research on online abuse.", "quote": "Amnesty Decoders, the micro-tasking platform based on Hive [8] and Discourse [9] where Amnesty International engages digital volunteers (mostly existing members and supporters) in human rights research.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.03093", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (UK and US politicians and journalists)", "when": "2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Amnesty International (Italian Section)", "aliases": ["Amnesty International (Italian Section)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community cohesion", "factual accuracy", "free speech", "hate speech", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CONAN - COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech", "author": "Chung, Yi-Ling; Kuzmenko, Elizaveta; Tekiroglu, Serra Sinem; Guerini, Marco", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The Italian Section of Amnesty International, through its 'Task force hate speech,' contributed to the CONAN dataset by supplying trained expert operators to compose appropriate, fact-bound counter-narratives against online hate speech in Italian.", "quote": "We are grateful to the following NGOs and all annotators for their help: Stop Hate UK, Collectif Contre l'Islamophobie en France, Amnesty International (Italian Section - Task force hate speech).", "page": "8", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1271", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, United Kingdom, France, Italy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Amnistía Internacional", "aliases": ["Amnistía Internacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on crimes against women in conflict zones and advocates for justice and reparations for victims.", "quote": "Cfr. AMNISTÍA INTERNACIONAL. Vidas rotas. Crímenes contra mujeres en situaciones de conflicto. Editorial Amnistía Internacional (EDAI). Madrid, 2004, pp. 9-10.", "page": "113", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Amsterdam’s public Digital City", "aliases": ["Amsterdam’s public Digital City"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "community building", "digital commons"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Described as a community network that was 'pulled apart by powerful economic forces,' highlighting the struggle of public, non-commercial online initiatives against commercialization.", "quote": "and other classic examples of community networks being pulled apart by powerful economic forces, such as Howard Rheingold’s Electric Mind, Amsterdam’s public Digital City project and the famous net-art list ‘rhizome’.", "page": "69", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "An Phoblacht/Republican News", "aliases": ["An Phoblacht/Republican News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community autonomy", "free speech", "national identity", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as a key source of alternative news for the Republican community, acting as an agent of national identity and publicizing their political causes, resisting state attempts to suppress it.", "quote": "Such sources as the weekly republican paper An Phoblacht/Republican News and the nationalist weekly Andersonstown News were and continue to be key sources.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "An-Nahj ad-Dimocrati (Democratic Way)", "aliases": ["An-Nahj ad-Dimocrati (Democratic Way)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acts as an opposition force outside the political system, mobilizing against the regime.", "quote": "la oposición al régimen político se localiza en partidos y movimientos fuera del sistema político, principalmente, el movimiento islamista al-Adl wal-Ihsane (Justicia y Espiritualidad) y el izquierdista an-Nahj ad-Dimocrati (Vía Democrática), el primero de ellos con una significativa capacidad de movilización social.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Analyst Institute", "aliases": ["Analyst Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and training nonprofit (civic engagement)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Runs hundreds of experimental tests and disseminates findings through trainings, publications, and an Analyst Group network to shape civic engagement practice.", "quote": "Provides research, training, and guidance for civic engagement programs and includes explicit rules about sharing materials with AI systems, showing some engagement with platform/AI-related practices though not a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://analystinstitute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Anarchists", "aliases": ["Anarchists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocating for direct democracy and a shift of administrative and political power to amateurs, which Weber critiques as a naive approach to influencing policy-making and public life.", "quote": "Parmi ces partisans, on trouvait des oiseaux au plumage variable: des communistes, des socialistes, des anarchistes, des syndicalistes et des corporatistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Anaza tribe", "aliases": ["Anaza tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (tribal)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["opposition to asad regime", "tribal interests"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed a confederation with other tribes (Shammar) and joined the 'Syrian National Council of Tribus Sirias' to seek alliances with the opposition and Syrian revolution forces.", "quote": "Asimismo, confederaciones de tribus como las de Shammar y Anaza se unieron al Consejo Nacional de Tribus Sirias, que se reunió en Omán y, más tarde, en Estambul para buscar posibles alianzas en el seno de la Coalición Nacional para las Fuerzas de la Oposición y la Revolución Siria.", "page": "136", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Andersonstown News", "aliases": ["Andersonstown News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "self-determination", "social welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as a key source of alternative news for the nationalist community, acting as an agent of national identity and publicizing their political causes.", "quote": "Such sources as the weekly republican paper An Phoblacht/Republican News and the nationalist weekly Andersonstown News were and continue to be key sources.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Andrei Bely Prize", "aliases": ["Andrei Bely Prize"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural representation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Established by the samizdat magazine 'Časy' as an alternative to state awards, it ironically recognized unofficial prose, poetry, and criticism, acting as a counter-institution to state-controlled literary validation.", "quote": "infine il Premio “Andrej Belyj”260, ad opera della rivista “Časy” nel 1978, dedicato alla prosa, alla poesia ed alla critica non ufficiali, in contrapposizione ai premi Stalin e Lenin261.", "page": "129", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Andrew W. Mellon Foundation", "aliases": ["Andrew W. Mellon Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["private foundation; philanthropic grantmaker"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1969", "mechanism": "Mellon shapes public knowledge and cultural agendas through large-scale grantmaking, funds organizations working on free expression and libraries, and convenes scholars and grantees to influence discourse and practice related to public knowledge and digital preservation.", "quote": "Mellon’s core mission is arts, culture, and the humanities, but it funds organizations (e.g., PEN America, libraries, digital archives) and initiatives that touch on free expression, public knowledge, and digital preservation relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://mellon.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Aneks", "aliases": ["Aneks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Poland", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of information", "transparency"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La chute du censeur dans le cinéma polonais (Wojciech Marczewski et Krzysztof Zanussi)", "author": "Szcepański, Tadeusz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As an émigré publisher, Aneks revealed the extent of state censorship by clandestinely publishing secret documents containing instructions for censors, exposing the regime's control mechanisms.", "quote": "La publication de ces textes par l'éditeur de l'émigration polonaise de Londres Aneks² a révélé l'ampleur des dégâts de la censure et a conduit les ouvriers des chantiers navals de Gdańsk...", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rechtrav/512", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Poland, USSR", "when": "1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)"}]}, {"name": "Anglican Church", "aliases": ["Anglican Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "recreational freedom", "religious authority", "state authority"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Under the English monarchy, it aimed to allow 'lawful sports and honest exercises' on Sundays after religious services, directly opposing Puritan attempts to prohibit such activities. It sought to mediate social conflicts over leisure by asserting royal and ecclesiastical authority.", "quote": "(...) repreender alguns puritanos e determinadas pessoas; e tomamos a ordem de que a prática desonesta de punição proibitiva e ilegal não devesse ser usada por nenhum deles, daqui em diante, contra nossas boas pessoas, ao usarem suas recreações legítimas e exercícios honestos aos domingos e outros dias santos, depois do sermão ou serviço da tarde.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}]}, {"name": "ANI Charity Foundation Deutschland e.V / Somalia", "aliases": ["ANI Charity Foundation Deutschland e.V / Somalia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages the Somali community in producing radio content and related initiatives, implicitly supporting their participation in public discourse through resource provision and coordination.", "quote": "founded the ANI Charity Foundation Deutschland e.V / Somalia in 2022 to engage the Somali community in producing its content.", "page": "158", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Anilleros", "aliases": ["Anilleros"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "political moderation", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "This conservative moderate liberal tendency advocated clandestinely for a new constitution to replace the Cadiz Constitution, promoting bicameralism and a balanced government, and operating in secret due to constitutional restrictions.", "quote": "esta postura, que patrocinaron los “anilleros”, tendencia más conservadora de los moderados, se tuvo que diseñar en secreto precisamente por la intangibilidad constitucional.", "page": "24", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Animal Legal Defense Fund", "aliases": ["Animal Legal Defense Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Zoo Town"], "norms": ["animal welfare"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identity, resistance and moderation in an online community of zoosexuals", "author": "PR Kavanaugh, RJ Maratea", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This organization advocates for laws that prohibit human-animal sex, contributing to the criminalization and social marginalization of zoosexual practices through legal sanctions and definitions of animal abuse.", "quote": "Human-animal sex is presently illegal in 37 US states, felonious in 18, with laws enacted most recently in Colorado (2007), Alaska (2010), and Florida (2011) (ALDF, 2012).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363460715583585", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forum (Zoo Town), global, with focus on US/Canada/Europe", "when": "2004–2013"}]}, {"name": "Anime fans (otaku)", "aliases": ["Anime fans (otaku)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of Anime in Italian Distribution", "author": "Parini, Ilaria", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "They document and complain about the alteration of anime programs in dedicated websites or forums, exerting public pressure on distributors regarding censorship practices.", "quote": "...the only documented reports that can be found regarding this extremely common phenomenon are usually provided by anime fans (the so-called otaku), who complain about the alteration of these programmes in dedicated websites or forums.", "page": "4", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013948ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "1970s–2012"}]}, {"name": "Anindilyakwa Land Council", "aliases": ["Anindilyakwa Land Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being", "cultural preservation", "cultural promotion", "education", "indigenous knowledge"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Confucian look at Internet censorship in China", "author": "Y Kou, B Semaan, B Nardi", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Requested a digital noticeboard to support communication and promote literacy, oversees moderation, and is responsible for implementing community directives regarding culture and land. They also fund the project.", "quote": "As mentioned above the digital noticeboard was initially developed in response to a request coming from the community Elders and local Land Council1 for a tool that could foster communication of upcoming events, support educational activities and gather cultural information.", "page": "422", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-67744-6_25", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Groote Eylandt, Australia", "when": "contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Anistia Internacional (Amnesty International)", "aliases": ["Anistia Internacional (Amnesty International)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Generated significant public mobilization and sent numerous letters protesting the arrest of Renato Tapajós, demonstrating international pressure against political repression.", "quote": "a Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado de São Paulo recebeu um grande número de cartas (treze em português, duas em espanhol e 25 em inglês) especialmente de membros da organização Anistia Internacional, protestando contra a prisão de Tapajós", "page": "80", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Anna's Archive", "aliases": ["Anna's Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as an aggregation and indexing project for various 'shadow libraries', moving their content, including books from Z-Library, to IPFS to ensure decentralized access.", "quote": "At ③, Anna's Archive, an aggregation and indexing project for multiple shadow libraries and knowledge collections, announced they moved the contents of Z-Library, a shadow library recently taken down, to IPFS [28, 29].", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Annales School", "aliases": ["Annales School"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "historical understanding"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocated for a historical approach that considers everyday life and material culture, emphasizing the importance of studying attitudes towards objects and goods, thus influencing the study of consumption.", "quote": "La lezione delle Annales è stata fondamentale per far sì che si iniziasse a cogliere il peso reale del quotidiano e fornirne una storia a ciò che sembrava non averne.", "page": "81", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Annenberg Public Policy Center", "aliases": ["Annenberg Public Policy Center"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Global", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "due process", "public discourse", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participates in research projects, such as the Transatlantic Working Group, to develop recommendations and best practices for online content regulation.", "quote": "Um projeto do Annenberg Public Policy Center, da Universidade da Pensilvânia, em parceria com The Annenberg Foundation Trust, em Sunnylands e o Institute for Information Law, da Universidade de Amsterdam.", "page": "38", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania", "aliases": ["Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "APPC publishes peer-reviewed research, operates FactCheck.org, releases public data sets and interactive tools (e.g., SCIMaP), and convenes speaker series and events to shape public understanding and hold information actors to account.", "quote": "APPC conducts research on communication, misinformation, fact-checking (FactCheck.org), and publishes studies and datasets about online information flows and public trust, directly informing platform content and information governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "AnonGhost", "aliases": ["AnonGhost"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in cyber-attacks, such as 'defacement' of Israeli websites, as a form of digital disruption and censorship to advance an Islamist agenda. It also 'helped to shutdown many isis twitter accounts and websites'.", "quote": "But Anonghost helped to shutdown many isis twitter accounts and websites ?? Then why they doing this :/", "page": "183", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "AnonHQ", "aliases": ["AnonHQ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["intellectual property", "political neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Accused of being a 'fake Anonymous' and a 'dangerous threat' by 'distracting attention of the masses away from real anons' and generating money, which illustrates its participation in manipulating discourse and being subjected to norm enforcement and social shaming by other Anons.", "quote": "AnonHQ (http://www.anonhq.com), a website vigorously accused as being a dangerous threat to the real Anonymous. To all, please watch this video concerning AnonHQ's fake Anonymous attempt to distract attention of the masses away from real anons. AnonHQ is a false flag created by the government.", "page": "192", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Anonymous (#OpKKK campaign)", "aliases": ["Anonymous (#OpKKK campaign)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["hacktivist"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-racism", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A hacktivist collective that aimed to reveal the identities of Ku Klux Klan members through hacking and public disclosure to combat racist beliefs.", "quote": "Anonymous’ #OpKKK campaign to reveal the identities of Ku Klux Klan members; the display of racist speech found on Facebook, posted with the author’s identity on the Zlovenija Tumblr page", "page": "266", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Anonymous (hacktivist collective)", "aliases": ["Anonymous (hacktivist collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan"], "norms": ["entertainment", "free speech", "information access", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "4chan and /b/: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community", "author": "Bernstein, Michael; Monroy-Hernández, Andrés; Harry, Drew; André, Paul; Panovich, Katrina; Vargas, Greg", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Members, including some from 4chan, participate in highly visible off-site activities, including protests and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks against targeted organizations. These actions exert public pressure and disrupt services, functioning as a form of norm enforcement and punishment.", "quote": "Anonymous has executed highly visible protests of the Church of Scientology (Coleman 2011) and DDoS attacks against Mastercard and Paypal in support of Wikileaks (Mackey 2010).", "page": "1", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14134", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "4chan and /b/ imageboard, broader Internet culture", "when": "post-2000s, early 2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ansvarligt skærmforbrug: Vi bør genoverveje vores relation til de ...", "aliases": ["Ansvarligt skærmforbrug: Vi bør genoverveje vores relation til de ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political youth organisation (local chapter)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Local DSU leadership uses opinion pieces to call for legislative action limiting algorithmic influence on youth, leveraging party affiliation to press policymakers and shape public debate.", "quote": "Local DSU chair authors an opinion calling for legal limits on algorithms and regulation of major platforms, showing engagement with platform governance though not as core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://piopio.dk/ansvarligt-skaermforbrug-vi-boer-genoverveje-vores-relation-til-de-sociale-medier", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Antagonistic Turkish Countryball fans", "aliases": ["Antagonistic Turkish Countryball fans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["nationalism"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Sense of Facebook’s Content Moderation: A Posthumanist Perspective on Communicative Competence and Internet Memes", "author": "Procházka, Ondřej", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This group abuses Facebook's report function to attack other Countryball pages that satirize their views, leading to suspensions and content removal, thereby acting as an informal moderator of content that clashes with their nationalist agenda.", "quote": "Kebabs (antagonistic Turkish Countryball fans), for fomenting a rogue Countryball community appropriating the format to promote nonludic nationalism and, likewise, abusing the report function in the course of attacking other Countryball pages that satirize it.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S232644890000146X/type/journal_article", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook", "when": "2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Anti Project Lev Protiv (VK page community)", "aliases": ["Anti Project Lev Protiv (VK page community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online community on VK (Russian social network) created to criticize and mobilize against vigilante groups like Lev Protiv.", "quote": "and “Anti Project (Proekt) Lev Protiv”, gathered around 600 at the same date.", "page": "117", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Bullying Alliance", "aliases": ["Anti-Bullying Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition of organisations and individuals united against bullying"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ABA organises Anti-Bullying Week and Odd Socks Day to shape public discourse, provides training and resources for schools, and publishes policy 'asks' for political parties while partnering with major education/media organisations.", "quote": "ABA's core mission is bullying prevention in schools and youth settings but it produces resources and campaigns addressing online bullying and runs Stop Speak Support, engaging indirectly with platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://anti-bullyingalliance.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Anti-Cyber Hate Working Group", "aliases": ["Anti-Cyber Hate Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "online abuse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Brought together tech companies, advocates, and academics to discuss best practices for dealing with online abuse and hate speech, aiming to devise common standards.", "quote": "Beginning in 2010, the Anti-Cyber Hate Working Group (of which I was a member) brought together tech companies, advocates, and academics to discuss best practices regarding hate speech.", "page": "15", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Defamation League Center for Technology & Society", "aliases": ["Anti-Defamation League Center for Technology & Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Colombia", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["DTube", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community standards", "hate speech", "user safety"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust and safety on social media: Understanding the impact of anti-social behavior and misinformation on content moderation and platform governance", "author": "A Gruzd, FB Soares, P Mai", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and surveys on online hate and harassment, providing data that informs public and policy discussions on anti-social behavior on social media.", "quote": "the percentage of adults (above 18 years of age) in the United States who have reported being harassed online has sharply increased from 23% in 2022 to 33% in 2023 (ADL Center for Technology & Society, 2023).", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20563051231196878", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, DTube), with focus on issues in the US, Europe (Italy), Brazil, and Colombia.", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020-2023 events and trends."}]}, {"name": "Anti-Defamation League's Center on Technology and Society", "aliases": ["Anti-Defamation League's Center on Technology and Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "hate speech", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Acts as an advisory board, with its members (like the author of the paper) advising social media companies on speech and safety issues, including those related to hate speech.", "quote": "I am a member of Twitter's Trust and Safety Council and part of a small group advising Facebook on its nonconsensual pornography policies. I do not receive compensation for my work with Twitter and Facebook (or any other company that I advise).", "page": "5", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Anti-democratic and semi-clandestine clubs (Athens)", "aliases": ["Anti-democratic and semi-clandestine clubs (Athens)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "These groups, composed of rich young men, were suspected of affiliating with oligarchic movements and were linked to coups d'état, indicating their implicit suppression or fear by democratic authorities.", "quote": "ces jeunes gens riches étaient soupçonnés d'être affiliés à ces « clubs » antidémocratiques et semi-clandestins qui furent à l'origine des deux coups d'Etat oligarchiques de 411 et de 404.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Anti-extremist user community on Usenet", "aliases": ["Anti-extremist user community on Usenet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Usenet", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-misinformation", "civil discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Banned and belligerent: Historical perspectives on real and imagined moderation practices online", "author": "de Keulenaar, Emillie; Peeters, Stijn", "year": "", "mechanism": "In the absence of strong centralized moderation, these communities deployed various discursive tactics to counter extremist narratives. These included engaging in debate, developing 'cancelbots' to automatically remove content, and 'counterspamming' far-right groups to drown out their messages.", "quote": "In the absence of strong centralized moderation (which was often lacking on Usenet), a number of discursive tactics were deployed to counter extremist narratives. ... develop a typology of countertactics, including engaging in debate; the development of “cancelbots” that would automatically ban or remove content matching certain keywords (Leonard, 1997); and counterspamming of far-right groups to drown out their messages.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Usenet, 4chan, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter, YouTube), primarily USA-focused", "when": "1990s–2020s"}]}, {"name": "Anti-fascist Committees (Antifa)", "aliases": ["Anti-fascist Committees (Antifa)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945–1949", "author": "Hartenian, Larry", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As a burgeoning movement seeking radical democratic reorganization, their activities and participation were actively repelled and excluded from the US occupation's process of transforming German society, constituting a form of censorship by exclusion.", "quote": "The Anti-fascist Committees that emerged included people who were anxious to participate in a radical, democratic reorganization of German society. The \"Antifa", "page": "however", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "US Zone of occupied Germany", "when": "1945–1949"}]}, {"name": "Anti-lynching campaign (led by Ida B. Wells)", "aliases": ["Anti-lynching campaign (led by Ida B. Wells)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "political participation", "racial equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Acted as an advocacy campaign that fought against lynching, a violent form of social control, enhancing Black lives and advancing political discourse and strategy.", "quote": "Some of these achievements, such as Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign, enhanced the lives of all Blacks and advanced Black political discourse and strategy.", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Maidan Collectives", "aliases": ["Anti-Maidan Collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["political stability", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in confrontations in Russia to defend the regime against perceived revolutionary threats, using methods that sometimes involved violence.", "quote": "and the creation of Anti-Maidan collectives, eager to come to blows to defend the regime against the risk of revolution in all its forms.", "page": "123", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Anti-NAFTA Movement (or Network)", "aliases": ["Anti-NAFTA Movement (or Network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "social justice", "trade justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Established working relationships through regular meetings and the internet to organize resistance to the North American Free Trade Agreement, discussing interrelationships of issues and coordinating strategies.", "quote": "The most directly relevant struggle in which the power of such international linkages began to become apparent in the period before January 1994 was in the organization of resistance to the North American Free Trade Agreement.(18) Coalitions of dozens of groups of workers, farmers, women, students, environmentalists, and the indigenous concerned with the threats posed by the neo-liberal strategy of \"free trade\"\" were able to establish working relationships --periodically through meetings and regularly through The Net.\"", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Anti-piracy organizations", "aliases": ["Anti-piracy organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducted illegal DDoS attacks against 'piraterijwebsites' (piracy websites) to shut them down, enforcing copyright.", "quote": "Eind 2010 verspreidde de informatie dat de anti-piraterijorganisaties illegale DDoS-aanvallen gebruikten om piraterijwebsites uit te schakelen zich als een virus op image boards, forums en IRC-kanalen.", "page": "15", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "Anti-Security (AntiSec)", "aliases": ["Anti-Security (AntiSec)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["corporate accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a branch of Anonymous, it targeted the internet security industry, challenging its practices and norms through contentious actions.", "quote": "‘AntiSec’ (Anti-Security): a branch, which refers to a preexisting 1990s movement, which has targeted the internet security industry;", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "anti-vaccination activists", "aliases": ["anti-vaccination activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Use emotional language to persuade, thereby contributing to the spread of misinformation and influencing public perceptions.", "quote": "For example, anti-vaccination activists frequently use emotional language.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Anti-vaccination movement", "aliases": ["Anti-vaccination movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "North America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mapping the anti-vaccination movement on Facebook", "author": "Smith, Naomi; Graham, Tim", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The anti-vaccination movement utilizes public Facebook pages as online spaces to foster, strengthen, and popularize its discourses. It mobilizes individuals for collective protest against vaccination practices, spreading information and reinforcing beliefs through user interactions like comments and shares, thereby acting as a counter-norm enforcement group against public health vaccination campaigns.", "quote": "parental protective instincts", "page": "bodily autonomy", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1418406", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (anti-vaccination public pages), Australia and North America", "when": "2013–2016"}]}, {"name": "antichildporn.org", "aliases": ["antichildporn.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Uses hacker skills to track down child pornography and passes information to law enforcement authorities, acting as a counter-measure.", "quote": "Natasha Grigori...has now founded and runs antichildporn.org, where hackers’ skills are used to track down child pornography and pass the information to law enforcement authorities.", "page": "614", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "AntiPhishing Working Group", "aliases": ["AntiPhishing Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["cybersecurity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Acts as a global initiative for combating cybercrime, specifically phishing, and contributes to lists of phishing URLs used by Web2 Anti-Phishing Services, which are integrated into IPFS content moderation efforts.", "quote": "This platform compiles lists of phishing URLs by combining data from OpenPhish [17], PhishTank [18], URLhaus [21], and the AntiPhishing Working Group (APWG) [1].", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Antiunionist clergy and monks", "aliases": ["Antiunionist clergy and monks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / dissident network"], "countries": ["Byzantine Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious orthodoxy", "state control"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["14th–15th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'usage de la censure dans l'exercice du pouvoir impérial à l'époque paléologue: la politique ecclésiastique", "author": "MH Blanchet", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Subjected to imperial censorship, this collective of clergy and monks either claims freedom of expression (parrhesia) in opposition to pro-Union policies or, more commonly, practices self-censorship by avoiding direct confrontation with imperial will and refraining from publicly labeling Latins as heretics. This often leads to the clandestine circulation of anti-Latin views.", "quote": "Les antiunionistes de la période paléologue, malgré leur exaltation du courage intrinsèque du fidèle orthodoxe face au pouvoir... ne font pas toujours le choix de s'exposer frontalement à la colère impériale, si bien qu'on peut repérer dans les textes des phénomènes d'intériorisation de l'interdit qui produisent d'une part de l'autocensure, et nourrissent d'autre part une littérature plus ou moins clandestine violemment antilatine.", "page": "4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-03738978/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Byzantine Empire", "when": "Palaiologan period (14th-15th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Anxiety UK", "aliases": ["Anxiety UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "VK", "WeChat", "Weibo", "YouTube"], "norms": ["mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The COVID-19 Mental Health Content Moderation Conundrum", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides mental health support services; as a mental health charity, it highlights the growing demand for mental health support, contributing to societal pressure on social media companies to address online harms.", "quote": "calls to mental health charities like SANE and Anxiety UK were up by 200% at the start of May 2020", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948186", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Weibo, WeChat, VK), with specific focus on the UK", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Apache Software Foundation", "aliases": ["Apache Software Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "community engagement", "modularity", "open source"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops open-source software projects relying on volunteer labor, illustrating a modular approach that can reduce development costs for middleware services.", "quote": "Many online community services—particularly open-source projects such as Linux, Tor, Wikipedia, and Apache—rely heavily on volunteer labor.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Aparato de Apoyo para la Estabilización (Support Apparatus for Stability)", "aliases": ["Aparato de Apoyo para la Estabilización (Support Apparatus for Stability)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group exerting local control)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["local governance", "national security", "societal stability"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Renamed from Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim, this armed group continued to exert control over Tripoli as part of the 'Cuarteto de Trípoli', influencing political decisions and public life.", "quote": "Las más beneficiadas han sido, no obstante, las agrupaciones del conocido como Cuarteto de Trípoli (la Brigada Nawasi, las Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión, el Batallón de los Revolucionarios de al-Ta jouri y la Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim comandada por al-Kikli, más tarde renombrada como Aparato de Apoyo para la Estabilización).", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Apartheid Archives Project", "aliases": ["Apartheid Archives Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["amplifying marginalized voices", "historical memory"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Examining ordinary South Africans’ experiences of racism to provide individual narratives and counter grand narratives disseminated by elites.", "quote": "The Apartheid Archives Project in South Africa examines the nature of ordinary South Africans’ experiences of racism in the apartheid period and its continued effects in the present.", "page": "103", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Apex Moderation Team", "aliases": ["Apex Moderation Team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["GitHub"], "norms": ["accountability", "community well-being", "professional standards", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nip it in the Bud: Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots", "author": "Hsieh, Jane; Kim, Joselyn; Dabbish, Laura; Zhu, Haiyi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This formal team conducts moderation for the Apex project, addressing misconduct, ensuring self-moderation from internal collaborators, and managing its own operations, including onboarding and preventing burnout.", "quote": "The Apex moderation team, for example, consisted of “8 to 10 people, 5-6 who are regularly active” (P13).", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07427", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Open Source Software Projects on GitHub", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Apollo Research (AI safety research lab)", "aliases": ["Apollo Research (AI safety research lab)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in academic safety research and evaluations of AI systems.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "406", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Appeals Centre Europe", "aliases": ["Appeals Centre Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["Brazil", "EU"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulatory intermediaries in content moderation", "author": "K Beatriz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides an out-of-court dispute settlement mechanism for users to appeal content moderation decisions made by large platforms, as mandated by the Digital Services Act (DSA). It operates independently and is certified by member states.", "quote": "In October 2024, Ireland's Digital Services Coordinator, the Coimisiún na Meán, announced the certification of Appeals Centre Europe (ACE), an out-of-court dispute settlement body for content moderation disputes (Coimisiún na Meán, 2024).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315581", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "EU, Brazil", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Arab and other regional nationalist movements", "aliases": ["Arab and other regional nationalist movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These movements advocated for real independence, modernization, nationalizing resources, and challenging existing monarchies. The US viewed them as pro-Soviet and either pressured or intervened against them to prevent their rise.", "quote": "Se entiende por nacionalismos regionales tanto aquellas revoluciones árabes que llegaron al poder en las décadas de los 50 y 60... como también diversos grupos -los movimientos palestinos, libaneses e iraníes, etc.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Arab Reform Initiative", "aliases": ["Arab Reform Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Elaborates regional democracy indices (Arab Democracy Index) which analyze the state of democracy in Arab countries, contributing to the evaluation and shaping of political systems.", "quote": "Existe un índice elaborado por la Arab Reform Initiative, el Arab Democracy Index, cuya última versión es la 5 publicada en 2017 que se basa en una encuesta realizada en 2015.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Arab Socialist Nasserist Party", "aliases": ["Arab Socialist Nasserist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "democracy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 1994, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As part of the left-wing political opposition, it defends the freedom of creation against both Islamic moral order tenets and a closed political system, participating in advocacy and public debate.", "quote": "et enfin tous ceux, engagés ou non dans l'opposition politique de gauche (Parti du Rassemblement, Parti nassérien), pour qui la défense de la liberté de créer doit se faire tout autant contre les tenants de l'ordre moral islamique (qu'ils se trouvent au-dedans ou au-dehors des institutions) que contre un système politique qui reste globalement fermé.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "Arbeitsausschuss Deutscher Verbände (ADV)", "aliases": ["Arbeitsausschuss Deutscher Verbände (ADV)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Founded by the Foreign Ministry, it conducted mass propaganda campaigns, organized events, and distributed literature to spread the official German view on war guilt, extensively penetrating the daily press and schools.", "quote": "The Working Committee chose as its first president Legation Secretary Kurt von Lersner, a former head of the Foreign Office's legal section; he was succeeded in 1925 by Dr. Heinrich Schnee, the former governor of German East Africa. A special business office in Berlin, initially managed by Wilhelm von Vietsch and from 1923 until 1937 by Hans Draeger (who joined Joseph Goebbel's Propaganda Ministry in 1933), conducted the day-to-day business operations of the ADV.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online Forschung e.V. (AGOF)", "aliases": ["Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online Forschung e.V. (AGOF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["online newspapers"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media standards"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comment sections as targets of dark participation? Journalists' evaluation and moderation of deviant user comments", "author": "L Frischlich, S Boberg, T Quandt", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "AGOF provides standardized statistics on unique users of German websites. These statistics are used by researchers, like the authors of this paper, to define and select 'mainstream' media organizations for study, thus implicitly setting industry standards for how online media reach is measured and categorized in public life.", "quote": "newspapers with more than 100,000 unique visitors in the first quarter of 2016 following the working group for online research (AGOF 2016)", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1556320", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "German online newspapers", "when": "mid-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "ARBML", "aliases": ["ARBML"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic equality"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This collective of language-specific NLP researchers works to digitize and build tools for low-resource Arabic dialects, addressing the gaps in training and testing data for content moderation.", "quote": "Collectives such as ... ARBML (Arabic dialects) (Alyafeai and Al-Shaibani 2020) often have deep knowledge of where the largest gaps are in their language's specific research but sorely lack the funds necessary to address them.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "ARC Evals", "aliases": ["ARC Evals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "functions as an academic safety lab involved in AI system alignment, safety, evaluation, or deployment governance.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "ARC Evals (AI safety research lab)", "aliases": ["ARC Evals (AI safety research lab)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in academic safety research and evaluations of AI systems.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "406", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Arcadia (Academy)", "aliases": ["Arcadia (Academy)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "literary norms", "social norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This academy initially played a very active role in literary life. Although it later declined into a purely social convention, it was a recognized institution that integrated men of letters.", "quote": "En décembre 1786, il fut proclamé «pasteur» de l'Arcadie, une académie qui, entre la fin du dix-septième siècle et le début du dix-huitième, avait eu un rôle très actif, mais qui, à partir des années 1720, avait subi «un déclin irrépressible qui l'avait momifiée en une pure convention sociale, en une pratique mondaine, liée à un goût littéraire vain et décidément dépassé».", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Archbishop of Canterbury", "aliases": ["Archbishop of Canterbury"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "state order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Appointed two men to assist the Master of the Revels in reading and licensing plays, aiming to control content for 'Divinitie and State' and ensure conformity to moral and religious standards.", "quote": "Two men appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the mayor of London were to assist the Master of the Revels in the business of reading and licensing plays.", "page": "39", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Archdiocese of Porto Alegre", "aliases": ["Archdiocese of Porto Alegre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["decency standards", "family values", "moral values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Lobbied the Minister of Justice, expressing concerns and questioning government plans for a 'new Republic' that seemed to 'destroy values' and 'disaggregate society' by liberalizing 'pornographic films' and 'explicit sex'.", "quote": "A carta, destinada ao ministro da Justiça, foi encaminhada ao diretor da DCDP para prestar esclarecimentos. Na missiva, o monsenhor questionava os planos de construção da “nova República” baseados na destruição de valores e desagregação da sociedade?269", "page": "67", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Architectural Association School of Architecture (London)", "aliases": ["Architectural Association School of Architecture (London)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["architectural modernism", "local adaptation", "urban planning"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Disseminated modernist architectural and urban planning solutions that influenced colonial policies in Portuguese Africa, specifically on how to adapt to local climates, geographies, and peoples.", "quote": "aplicou as soluções divulgadas pela Associação de Arquitetura de Londres (sob a tutela de Maxwell Fry e Otto Koenigsberger) na África portuguesa", "page": "279", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Archive of the Historical Institute of the Peasant Movement", "aliases": ["Archive of the Historical Institute of the Peasant Movement"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "historical research"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Holds papers including radio messages sent from Warsaw to London, minutes of Stanisław Kot's meetings with Jewish representatives, and radio monitoring reports, contributing to the understanding of information flow.", "quote": "The Archive of the Historical Institute of the Peasant Movement... holds the papers of Stanisław Kot. These papers include a collection of radio messages sent from Warsaw to London...", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Archives du christianisme", "aliases": ["Archives du christianisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A journal launched by Protestants during the Restoration to defend Protestant values and religious liberty against mounting pressures from resurgent Catholicism.", "quote": "Protestants responded to these pressures by launch ing such journals as the Archives du christianisme and the Revue protestante.", "page": "318", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Archivio Magazine", "aliases": ["Archivio Magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural preservation", "historical preservation", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes monographic issues that carefully select and re-present historical elements from archives with an original and sometimes unpublished perspective, acting as a curator and re-interpreter of cultural heritage outside mainstream narratives.", "quote": "Archivio, che mette al centro fotografie, documenti, manifesti di archivi di tutto il mondo per documentare e rappresentare e discutere di elementi del passato.", "page": "15", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Arcola Theatre", "aliases": ["Arcola Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial viability", "political sensitivity", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Exhibited self-censorship in its publicity by using an innocuous email subject line for Penny Arcade's controversial play 'Bitch! Dyke! Faghag! Whore!' to avoid offending subscribers.", "quote": "Possibly with a sense of irony, or perhaps unsure whether their subscribers might be offended by the mailshot, the theatre offered a decidedly innocuous email Subject line, which merely read: ‘Arcola – Censored’.", "page": "29", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "ARD Faktenfinder", "aliases": ["ARD Faktenfinder"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The fact-checking arm of a public broadcaster, actively involved in clarifying fake news in Germany.", "quote": "In particular the fact finders of the ARD (http://faktenfinder.tagesschau.de/), the non-profit research centre Correctiv [...] were or are concerned with clarification of fake news in Germany.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ARD Tagesschau", "aliases": ["ARD Tagesschau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "deliberative discourse"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments", "author": "M Ziegele, P Jost, M Bormann…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Journalists from ARD Tagesschau publicly respond to uncivil comments on their Facebook page, engaging in various moderation styles (discursive, regulative, sociable, confrontational) to guide discussions.", "quote": "Journalistic engagement was rarely observable in the discussions on the Facebook pages of the media outlets investigated (see Table 3): only 8,497 of the 2,112,897 comments in our corpus stemmed from the media outlets themselves and replied to other comments (0.40%).", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-525.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Ardis Publishers", "aliases": ["Ardis Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "cultural heritage", "cultural value"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A US-based publishing house that printed Russian classics and contemporary authors in Russian, serving as a critical channel for tamizdat (literature banned in the USSR but published abroad) and counteracting Soviet censorship.", "quote": "Il tamizdat vanta case editrici famose come “Ardis” che, collocata nella cittadina universitaria americana di Ann Arbor (Massachusset) e fondata nel 1971 da Carl Proffer, è frutto dell’impulso editoriale provocato dalla terza ondata migratoria. “Ardis” pubblica in lingua russa classici del XX secolo, come V. Nabokov, ed autori contemporanei, come A. Bitov, I. Brodskij, S. Dovlatov.", "page": "133", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Arktos Media", "aliases": ["Arktos Media"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alt-right", "anti-democratic ideology", "european new right"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes 'European New Right and Alt-Right material' in multiple languages, serving as a key purveyor of far-right works that challenge liberal democracy.", "quote": "In 2009, Friberg formed the publishing company Arktos in Sweden, which has evolved into “the most important purveyor of European New Right and Alt-Right material, publishing works by the likes of de Benoist and Dugin.”", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Armed Forces Movement", "aliases": ["Armed Forces Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-colonialism", "democracy", "peace"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Initiated the democratic transition by toppling the dictatorship; its lower ranks later organized a movement for democratization, contributing to internal conflicts and purges that shaped the provisional governments and the transition process.", "quote": "The middle-ranking officers who toppled the dictatorship engineered the most extensive purges... A dramatic breakdown in discipline occurred in the lower ranks when radicalized enlisted men organized a movement for the democratization of the armed forces in September 1975.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Arminianism", "aliases": ["Arminianism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious toleration"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formed a loosely structured network of religious reformers that advocated for ecumenical theology and religious toleration across North-West Europe, contributing to moderation of inter-confessional conflict.", "quote": "It centred on Dutch Arminian scholar-theologians such as Le Clerc and Philip van Limborch, as well as avowed Socinians such as Samuel Crell.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "Arminians (Remonstrants)", "aliases": ["Arminians (Remonstrants)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free will", "religious toleration", "state supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Represented the regents' faction, supporting policies of limited religious toleration and viewing the public Church as a partner to civil government.", "quote": "Remonstrants came to represent the faction of the regents, particularly in Holland, with its view of the public Church as a partner with, if not a subordinate to, civil government.", "page": "120", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "ARPANET’s mailing list MSGGROUP", "aliases": ["ARPANET’s mailing list MSGGROUP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Brokered connections, focused interactions, moderated risks, and troubleshooted obstacles for group purpose.", "quote": "Around 1975, computer researcher Einar Stefferud was stepping up to be the “man behind the curtain” of Arpanet’s mailing list MSGGROUP, brokering connections, focusing interactions, moderating risks and troubleshooting obstacles to group purpose", "page": "72", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Arsenic2 asbl", "aliases": ["Arsenic2 asbl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Co-produces the documentary play and jointly develops associated festivals, thereby amplifying the play's message about diverse agricultural models and contributing to public discourse and norm-setting around agricultural practices.", "quote": "Notre spectacle est également en lien avec les festivals Nourrir l'Humanité développé conjointement avec Arsenic2 asbl.", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Art Not Oil", "aliases": ["Art Not Oil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group, social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic independence", "corporate accountability", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Campaigns to expose the influence of the oil industry and pressure cultural institutions to end fossil fuel sponsorship, which is a form of public pressure and norm enforcement within the arts sector.", "quote": "Art Not Oil: Shedding Light and Shadow on the Oil Industry (and Beyond) Since 2004.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Art Students League of New York", "aliases": ["Art Students League of New York"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1867, "when_max": 1915, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lust on Trial: Censorship and the Rise of American Obscenity in the Age of Anthony Comstock", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Resisted censorship by Anthony Comstock who targeted the League and other cultural institutions for their promotion of 'the nude in art,' viewing it as obscene.", "quote": "Comstock took aim at the prestigious M. Knoedler & Co. art gallery in 1887 and the Art Students League of New York in 1906, evidence of his rejection of “the idea that wealth was an inoculant to the ‘disease’ of the nude in art” (180).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journalpanorama.org/article/lust-on-trial/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 19th - early 20th century (1867-1915)"}]}, {"name": "Arte Nuevo", "aliases": ["Arte Nuevo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "political dissent", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Founded as a theatrical movement to express dissent and challenge the prevailing cultural and political norms of the time.", "quote": "Sastre se había señalado ya en 1945 con la fundación Arte Nuevo, sobre la cual dirá más tarde que surgió como una forma, quizá tumultuosa y confusa, de decir “no” a lo que nos rodeaba.", "page": "17", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Artemisia Gallery", "aliases": ["Artemisia Gallery"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "gender equality", "political expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Sponsored 'The Critical Messages Show,' an exhibition of political posters that was cut in half by the Chicago Transportation Authority and the media due to 'controversial public issues,' illustrating external censorship pressures on art spaces.", "quote": "'The Critical Messages Show,' on Chicago public transportation, was sponsored by Artemisia Gallery, funded by the NEA, curated by Anita David and Nicole Ferentz—and cut in half by the Chicago Transportation Authority and the media.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "ARTICLE 19 (Freedom of Expression and Information)", "aliases": ["ARTICLE 19 (Freedom of Expression and Information)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Brazil", "Colombia", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Syria", "Thailand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-censorship", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Tate-space on YouTube: Ambient ideology and the limits of platform moderation", "author": "B Rieder, B August, B Latil", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides expert analysis and public comments on content moderation policies, advocating for human rights standards to guide restrictions on freedom of expression, particularly concerning 'hate speech' and 'disinformation'. It also produces reports and toolkits on these issues.", "quote": "ARTICLE 19 provided public comments submitting that any restriction on freedom of expression on Facebook should be guided by human rights standards, that policies providing for restrictions of content on the basis that it might incite terrorist activity need to operate with narrowly defined terminology...", "page": "20", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448251409209", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on social media platforms and examples from various countries (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, USA, Germany, Italy, Thailand, Syria, UK, Brazil)", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "ARTICLE 19 (Global campaign for free expression and information)", "aliases": ["ARTICLE 19 (Global campaign for free expression and information)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "North Africa", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages with platform governance by submitting formal positions to bodies like the Facebook Oversight Board, advocating for freedom of expression principles in content moderation policies.", "quote": "ARTICLE19, \"Turkey: ARTICLE 19's Submission to the Facebook Oversight Board", "page": "ARTICLE19", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Article 19 (human rights organization)", "aliases": ["Article 19 (human rights organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs on prohibiting incitement to discrimination, hostility, or violence, focusing on defining key terms in international human rights law.", "quote": "In its policy brief, U.K.-based NGO Article 19 (2012) focuses on the kind of “hate speech” described in article 20(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights...", "page": "147", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Article 19 (organization)", "aliases": ["Article 19 (organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for the protection of freedom of expression and human rights, highlighting issues such as government conditioning of platform operations on compliance with censorship orders.", "quote": "a Article 19, instituição para a proteção da liberdade de expressão, aponta que o governo chinês condiciona a autorização para funcionamento em território nacional ao cumprimento de ordens abrangentes de censura e monitoramento, em violação a compromissos mínimos com direitos humanos", "page": "81", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Article 19 Brazil and South America", "aliases": ["Article 19 Brazil and South America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international free expression NGO; regional office"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "ARTICLE 19 monitors violations, raises cases with the Inter-American Special Rapporteur, publishes reports and podcasts, provides legal opinions and training, and engages in advocacy to influence policy and hold authorities accountable.", "quote": "ARTICLE 19 works on freedom of expression online, monitors violations, produces analysis on bills threatening privacy and online rights, and produces work on harmful online content and resilience.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.article19.org/regional-office/brazil-and-south-america/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ARTICLE 19 Mexico and Central America", "aliases": ["ARTICLE 19 Mexico and Central America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqual-tune Lab (Brasil), Art.19 México y Centroamérica...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ARTICLE 19 México y Centroamérica", "aliases": ["ARTICLE 19 México y Centroamérica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC, Aqualtune Lab (Brasil), Art.19 México y Centroamérica...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Article 19 Senegal/West Africa", "aliases": ["Article 19 Senegal/West Africa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international freedom of expression NGO; regional office"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "ARTICLE 19 produces reports and regional analysis, runs campaigns and public advocacy, and uses legal/policy interventions to hold states and platforms to account on freedom of expression and platform practices.", "quote": "ARTICLE 19's regional office focuses on freedom of expression, civic space and platform-related issues (e.g. reporting on Meta/Nigeria) and engages in law, policy and campaign work affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.article19.org/regional-office/senegal-and-west-africa/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Article 29 Working Party (WP29)", "aliases": ["Article 29 Working Party (WP29)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided a definition of social media platforms as online communication platforms, contributing to the conceptualization and norm-setting for data protection in the digital space.", "quote": "Una definición similar es la propuesta por el Grupo de Trabajo del Artículo 29, entendiéndolas como plataformas de comunicación en línea que permiten a los individuos crear redes de usuarios que comparten intereses comunes, de tal manera que pueden crear contenido y generar un perfil en el que alojar datos personales (2009).", "page": "42", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Article-14", "aliases": ["Article-14"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["access to justice", "anti-abuse", "harm reduction", "legal rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A legal advocacy group that reported on online auction scandals targeting Muslim women, bringing these incidents to public attention.", "quote": "The online auction scandal in 2021, with which we began this chapter, first came to public knowledge when journalists and members of Article-14, a legal advocacy group, reported about a “tool” called “Sulli Deals” on GitHub...", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Artificial Analysis", "aliases": ["Artificial Analysis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed GDPval-AA, an independent evaluation framework that tests AI models on economically valuable, real-world professional tasks, and independently ran the evaluation.", "quote": "GDPval-AA, developed by Artificial Analysis, is an independent evaluation framework that tests AI models on economically valuable, real-world professional tasks.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "Artificial Intelligence Center -Group-", "aliases": ["Artificial Intelligence Center -Group-"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research center within a nonprofit R&D organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Surveillance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1966", "mechanism": "AIC produces AI research, prototypes and licensed technologies (e.g., Siri), provides tools for surveillance/intelligence customers, and partners with universities and government agencies to shape applied AI capabilities.", "quote": "AIC's core mission is AI research and engineering (robotics, vision, machine learning) but it has conducted studies of online behavior and developed technologies (e.g., text/speech/video understanding) that touch platform content and moderation adjacent capabilities.", "page": "", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150216224405/http://www.sri.com/about/organization/information-computing-sciences/aic", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Artisanal Guilds (Florence)", "aliases": ["Artisanal Guilds (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Played a significant political role in Florence, contributing to its cultural richness and climate of competitive achievement and consumption.", "quote": "...as in the Florentine republic, artisanal guilds played a major political role.", "page": "46", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Artisans Cooperative", "aliases": ["Artisans Cooperative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a cooperative marketplace for artisans, structured with member ownership and democratic governance, aiming to support creative work and improve artists' livelihoods.", "quote": "A Artisans Cooperative é uma cooperativa formalizada no Estado de Oregon, nos Estados Unidos, que funciona como um marketplace cooperativo para artistas que desenvolvem trabalhos artesanais. Definem-se como Um mercado artesanal online para uma rede inclusiva de criativos. Somos uma cooperativa de propriedade de membros, administrada por membros e beneficiada por membros.", "page": "91", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Artistas e Técnicos em Espetáculos de Diversões Públicas", "aliases": ["Artistas e Técnicos em Espetáculos de Diversões Públicas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria for public performances.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Artistas Unidos", "aliases": ["Artistas Unidos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Commissioned a new translation of 'À Espera de Godot' in 2000, contributing to its ongoing theatrical interpretation and public access, following previous censorship issues.", "quote": "a tradução de texto dramático para palco caracteriza-se pela maior efemeridade, como se pode verificar pela peça À espera de Godot, que só no ano 2000 foi traduzida duas vezes, uma delas por José Maria Vieira Mendes para os Artistas Unidos", "page": "73", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Artistic Unions (general term, including Union of Soviet Writers)", "aliases": ["Artistic Unions (general term, including Union of Soviet Writers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "ideological conformity", "political control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Controlled and managed the entire artistic life of the country, performing strong censorship functions by enforcing party directives on artistic production and sanctioning non-compliant artists.", "quote": "In questo spirito erano nate le Unioni artistiche che controllavano e gestivano l’intera vita artistica del paese, espletando forti funzioni censorie.", "page": "39", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Artists Against Censorship", "aliases": ["Artists Against Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "OnlyFans", "TikTok"], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic Censorship of Art: A Proposed Research Agenda", "author": "Riccio, Piera; Oliver, Jose Luis; Escolano, Francisco; Oliver, Nuria", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publicly denouncing algorithmic censorship of art on social media and raising public awareness about its anthropological and sociological consequences.", "quote": "In recent years, artistic movements have emerged to publicly denounce the issue, such as Don't Delete Art and Artists Against Censorship.", "page": "2", "url": "computationalcreativity.net", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, OnlyFans)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Artists' Club", "aliases": ["Artists' Club"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural promotion"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Fostering artistic activity and bringing artists together, contributing to the arts, before its transformation into a state ministry.", "quote": "Nel 1964 il Club degli Artisti, creato nel 1946, si trasformò in Ministero delle Arti e delle Culture, accogliendo artisti di tutti i campi.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)", "aliases": ["Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "factual accuracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Funded projects like \"Information Quality Standards and their Challenges\"\" to advance research and understanding of information quality.\"", "quote": "This volume is the outcome of a project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, under the title “Information Quality Standards and their Challenges”, during the academic years 2011–2013.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Arts Council England", "aliases": ["Arts Council England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural diversity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes and supports creative freedom in the UK across various artistic mediums, nurturing a diverse and vibrant creative sector, which indirectly works against rigid censorship by establishing norms of free expression.", "quote": "It has also benefitted from various institutions that promote and support creative freedom, such as the Arts Council of England, Creative Scotland, Arts Council of Wales, and Arts Council of Northern Ireland.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Arts Council of Northern Ireland", "aliases": ["Arts Council of Northern Ireland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural diversity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes and supports creative freedom in the UK across various artistic mediums, nurturing a diverse and vibrant creative sector, which indirectly works against rigid censorship by establishing norms of free expression.", "quote": "It has also benefitted from various institutions that promote and support creative freedom, such as the Arts Council of England, Creative Scotland, Arts Council of Wales, and Arts Council of Northern Ireland.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Arts Council of Wales", "aliases": ["Arts Council of Wales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural diversity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes and supports creative freedom in the UK across various artistic mediums, nurturing a diverse and vibrant creative sector, which indirectly works against rigid censorship by establishing norms of free expression.", "quote": "It has also benefitted from various institutions that promote and support creative freedom, such as the Arts Council of England, Creative Scotland, Arts Council of Wales, and Arts Council of Northern Ireland.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Artículo 19", "aliases": ["Artículo 19"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "press freedom"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on the deaths of journalists in Mexico, advocating for their safety and press freedom, and raising awareness about the risks faced by media professionals.", "quote": "Del año 2000 hasta dicha fecha, Artículo 19 (asociación defensora de los periodistas en México) contaba con 161 registros de muertes de periodistas provocadas durante el ejercicio de su profesión.", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "arXiv", "aliases": ["arXiv"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Online academic platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "efficiency", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "research quality"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On arXiv moderation system", "author": "Silagadze, Z. K.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates a preprint server that initially aimed for open scientific communication but later introduced an endorsement and moderation system for quality control, which the paper suggests has become less democratic.", "quote": "The need for quality control prompted arXiv to unfortunately introduce the endorsement system [18], a very serious step backwards from democracy, albeit a forced one since there was a danger that pseudo-scientific and near-scientific materials would flood arXiv.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11791", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online academic platforms and the scientific community", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Aryan Nations and Ku Klux Klan", "aliases": ["Aryan Nations and Ku Klux Klan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "anti-semitism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech", "author": "Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "They actively leveraged early internet technologies like email and bulletin boards to circumvent existing social, physical, and legal restrictions on expressing racist and antisemitic views, thereby propagating their ideology and organizing activities in an unmoderated space.", "quote": "Early adopters of email and bulletin board technology – organizations such as the Aryan Nation and the Ku Klux Klan – saw great possibilities for using networked communication technology to circumvent social, physical and legal restrictions on the expression of racism and antisemitism.", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "post-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Aryan White Resistance", "aliases": ["Aryan White Resistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-democratic ideals", "discrimination", "racial supremacy"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized virtual forums and independent blogs on the internet to organize, communicate, and propagate anti-democratic and discriminatory ideas, thereby expanding their influence.", "quote": "organizações extremistas como o Ku Klux Klan e a Resistência Branca Ariana há muito se estabeleceram em fóruns virtuais de discussão e blogs independentes, onde permanecem divulgando suas ideias antidemocráticas", "page": "49", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Arzobispado-Obispado de Madrid-Alcalá", "aliases": ["Arzobispado-Obispado de Madrid-Alcalá"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1894, "when_max": 1894, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura de los libros de Saturnino Calleja", "author": "LR Llorente", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "As the ecclesiastical government of the Diocese, it initiated and oversaw the censorship of 266 books from Saturnino Calleja's editorial, forming a special commission to review the content and issue a decree with classifications and mandated corrections.", "quote": "el decreto emanado del obispado de Madrid. Desearía que se leyera desde la serenidad, pero no encuentro modo de impedir que cada lector ponga la carga de asombro contenido, o de indignación vehemente ante la lectura de la larga exposición que sigue.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistas.agustinosvalladolid.es/index.php/estudio/article/download/332/314", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Madrid, Spain; with influence in Mexico", "when": "late 19th century (1894)"}]}, {"name": "Arzt und Podcaster Paul Brandenburg: Wildgeworden | nd-aktuell.de", "aliases": ["Arzt und Podcaster Paul Brandenburg: Wildgeworden | nd-aktuell.de"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["individual; podcaster/public figure"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces a widely followed podcast and posts on social platforms to spread conspiracy claims and frame platform moderation as censorship.", "quote": "Not primarily focused on platform governance, but publicly criticises platforms as 'Zensurplattform' and uses YouTube/X to evade moderation and amplify content.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/1187939.verschwoerungsideologie-arzt-und-podcaster-paul-brandenburg-wildgeworden.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Asamblea de Mujeres Periodistas de Sevilla", "aliases": ["Asamblea de Mujeres Periodistas de Sevilla"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes workshops on gender equality for journalists.", "quote": "la Asociación de la Prensa de Sevilla también había organizado talleres junto con la Asamblea de Mujeres Periodistas de Sevilla y provincia...", "page": "345", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asamblea Nacional de Maestros", "aliases": ["Asamblea Nacional de Maestros"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child education", "educational improvement"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1894, "when_max": 1894, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura de los libros de Saturnino Calleja", "author": "LR Llorente", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Saturnino Calleja convened this assembly, indicating an effort to influence educational standards and practices, which relates to the content and moderation of educational materials.", "quote": "Igualmente convocó una Asamblea Nacional de Maestros, en 1891.", "page": "11", "url": "https://revistas.agustinosvalladolid.es/index.php/estudio/article/download/332/314", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Madrid, Spain; with influence in Mexico", "when": "late 19th century (1894)"}]}, {"name": "ASH (alt.suicide.holiday)", "aliases": ["ASH (alt.suicide.holiday)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["self-harm"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A discussion group that formed a pro-suicide community, allowing users to share suicidal ideas and develop a shared language around suicide, thereby normalizing and facilitating harmful content.", "quote": "One of the most well-known examples of pro-suicide communities is ASH (alt.suicide.holiday), a discussion group in the Usenet platform during the early 1990s...", "page": "92", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School", "aliases": ["Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts academic research and publishes studies that analyze the impact of celebrity influence on political participation and the functioning of government, thereby informing public and policy discourse.", "quote": "Secondo l'Harvard University's Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, vi è una «prova rigorosa che le voci [delle celebrità] sono incredibilmente potenti» nello spostare il peso elettorale (Spillane, 2024, p. 3).", "page": "7", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "Ashoka Foundation", "aliases": ["Ashoka Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global network of social entrepreneurs / fellowship organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "Ashoka convenes and funds fellows, publishes reports and guides, and leverages a global network to influence social innovation agendas rather than direct platform governance policy.", "quote": "Ashoka's core mission is social entrepreneurship and changemaking; it occasionally supports initiatives touching journalism, inclusion, and digital civic projects but does not primarily focus on platform/content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ashoka.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Asiallista Keskustelua Maahanmuutosta", "aliases": ["Asiallista Keskustelua Maahanmuutosta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "constructive dialogue", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A Facebook group explicitly established to create a 'civilised conversation' about immigration by enforcing a 'strict set of guidelines' that prohibited aggressive, hateful, and disrespectful speech, aiming to facilitate a less toxic online culture.", "quote": "This third group, Asiallista Keskustelua Maahanmuutosta (a civilised conversation about immigration), established a strict set of guidelines on what type of speech was tolerated in order to facilitate a less toxic online culture (see Section 3.4).", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Asil tribes (Noble tribes)", "aliases": ["Asil tribes (Noble tribes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (tribal)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural norms", "political opposition"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Maintained a position closer to the opposition and its regional supporters, influencing the political landscape through their collective stance and traditional codes.", "quote": "Para la autora es indicativo el hecho de que las tribus nobles (asil) mantuvieran una posición más próxima a la oposición y a sus apoyos regionales, entre ellos, Arabia Saudí, mientras que las tribus no nobles (shwaya) proclamaran su apoyo al régimen de Asad.", "page": "137", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "AskQuestions (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["AskQuestions (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators work to maintain a 'carefully curated academic space' by enforcing a very high standard of comment quality and extensive codified norms, requiring 'focused effort'.", "quote": "“We have a higher standard of comment quality. Most subreddits follow, generally, a free-speech type standard, which allows for things like a circlejerk, whereas we want our subreddit to be a carefully curated academic space. [That's a huge] effort [with] over 300,000 people.” (AskQuestions Mod.)", "page": "7", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Asociación agraria de jóvenes agricultores (ASAJA)", "aliases": ["Asociación agraria de jóvenes agricultores (ASAJA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development", "rural development", "youth development"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides advice and support to young agrarian women.", "quote": "Un 31,2% recibían asesoramiento de COAG (Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos) y un 6,2% de ASAJA (Asociación agraria de jóvenes agricultores).", "page": "860", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación al Servicio de la República", "aliases": ["Asociación al Servicio de la República"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A political society formed to serve the Republic, eventually dissolving or encouraging its members to join other political forces when its goals were not met.", "quote": "En octubre, disuelve la Agrupación al Servicio de la República con un manifiesto en el que se repite lo mismo y se da fe de la existencia de iniciativas paralelas que los de la Agrupación no desean estorbar", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia", "aliases": ["Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supports the advancement of science and recognizes scientific contributions.", "quote": "En 1975 fue elegida para la Academia Austriaca de las Ciencias, en 1985 para la Academia Bávara de las Ciencias y también fue miembro de la Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia en 1991.", "page": "588", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Argentina de Humanidades Digitales (AAHD)", "aliases": ["Asociación Argentina de Humanidades Digitales (AAHD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "diffusion of knowledge", "professional development"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The 'Docentes en línea' project collaborates with AAHD in diffusing activities, and members of Del present papers at AAHD's international congress, indicating mutual support and contribution to the discourse and practices in digital humanities.", "quote": "Colaboración con la Asociación Argentina de Humanidades Digitales (AAHD): se continuará con la colaboración en la difusión de las actividades de las dos instituciones.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Católica de Jóvenes", "aliases": ["Asociación Católica de Jóvenes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Constituted by a Jesuit priest, it served as a 'vivero de iniciativas' and a leading force for Catholic influence, acting as a precursor to broader Catholic political movements.", "quote": "En 1909 el jesuita Angel Ayala había constituido una Asociación Católica de Jóvenes Propagandistas (luego ACNP) que paulatinamente se había convertido en un poderoso vivero de iniciativas, impulsos y también dirigentes de los más diversos sectores de la vida española.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Ciudadana del Magisterio", "aliases": ["Asociación Ciudadana del Magisterio"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational policy", "institutional interests", "political influence"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Participated in the creation of the political party Partido Nueva Alianza (PANAL) alongside the SNTE, thereby influencing political representation and educational policy through a formal political structure.", "quote": "El Partido Nueva Alianza fue creado por el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores del Estado (SNTE), por medio de un grupo político conocido con el nombre de Asociación Ciudadana del Magisterio.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Bancos Argentinos", "aliases": ["Asociación de Bancos Argentinos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and promoting a narrative of 'Paz', thus contributing to public pressure and norm enforcement.", "quote": "Asociación de Bancos Argentinos... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983 (meses antes de que asumiera el gobierno democráticamente electo de Raúl Alfonsín), una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Bibliotecarios Graduados de la República Argentina", "aliases": ["Asociación de Bibliotecarios Graduados de la República Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "human rights", "justice", "professional honour"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized a national meeting where human rights and access to information were discussed, leading to the formation of a commission to commemorate disappeared librarians, actively working to counter the historical effects of censorship.", "quote": "En la Reunión Nacional de Bibliotecarios organizada por ABGRA (Asociación de Bibliotecarios Graduados de la República Argentina) del año 2001, se presentaron tres ponencias relacionadas con la problemática de los Derechos Humanos y el acceso a la información.", "page": "72", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Desarrollo Comunal", "aliases": ["Asociación de Desarrollo Comunal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["labor rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes works related to domestic work and its formalization.", "quote": "Trabajo doméstico: Un largo camino hacia la formalización. Asociación de Desarrollo Comunal, Lima.", "page": "100", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos", "aliases": ["Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and promoting the regime's narrative of national peace and order.", "quote": "Asociación de Industriales Metalúrgicos... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Internautas (Spanish Internet Users Association)", "aliases": ["Asociación de Internautas (Spanish Internet Users Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Was involved in a civil liability case concerning defamatory content hosted on websites it managed, leading to judicial interpretation of 'effective knowledge' regarding intermediary responsibility for third-party content.", "quote": "Este primer caso conoció de la responsabilidad civil derivada de una intromisión ilegítima en el derecho al honor, imputada a la Asociación de Internautas, que alojaba dos páginas web donde estaban contenidas declaraciones ilícitas conforme a la LO 1/1982, de 5 de mayo.", "page": "198", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Internet MX", "aliases": ["Asociación de Internet MX"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Una mirada a la plataformización en México: Desde las transformaciones económicas hacia las socioculturales", "author": "GE Sued", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Gathers and publishes statistical data on internet usage and user habits in Mexico, providing essential context for understanding the spread and impact of platformization.", "quote": "Durante el año 2020, el 89% de los usuarios de Internet dedicaron más de cuatro horas, de un total de ocho diarias, a conectarse a redes sociales (Asociación de Internet MX, 2020).", "page": "13", "url": "https://gmjmexico.uanl.mx/index.php/GMJ_EI/article/view/470", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de la Librería de España", "aliases": ["Asociación de la Librería de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural enrichment", "professional honour", "public education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1894, "when_max": 1894, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura de los libros de Saturnino Calleja", "author": "LR Llorente", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Saturnino Calleja co-founded this association, demonstrating an interest in dignifying the bookselling profession and implicitly contributing to the establishment of industry standards for publications.", "quote": "También estuvo interesado en la dignificación de la profesión de libreros, que se plasmó en la fundación de la Asociación de la Librería de España.", "page": "11", "url": "https://revistas.agustinosvalladolid.es/index.php/estudio/article/download/332/314", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Madrid, Spain; with influence in Mexico", "when": "late 19th century (1894)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid", "aliases": ["Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "journalistic quality"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and recommendations urging future communicators to combat disinformation, influencing academic training to develop verification skills for journalism's survival.", "quote": "las recomendaciones de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid (APM, 2019), que, en su último Informe Anual de la Profesión Periodística, insta a los futuros comunicadores a combatir la desinformación, ya que la supervivencia del Periodismo depende, en gran medida, de cómo los medios de comunicación orienten su lucha contra los bulos y los contenidos inexactos o engañosos (APM, 2019).", "page": "393", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid (Madrid Press Association)", "aliases": ["Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid (Madrid Press Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["access to information", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "professional honour"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La nueva censura: restricción del pensamiento en tiempos de progreso", "author": "C Gil Higuera", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publicly warned about the severe politicization of media in Spanish society, which undermines journalistic credibility and freedom of the press.", "quote": "la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid ya advirtió en 2023 sobre la fuerte politización de los medios, cada vez más contaminados por la polarización ideológica que impera en la sociedad española.", "page": "33", "url": "https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/92076", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Maestros Católicos de Orense", "aliases": ["Asociación de Maestros Católicos de Orense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional autonomy", "religious freedom", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A professional organization for Catholic teachers that raised concerns about censorship and advocated for Catholic education, indicating its role in defending specific educational norms against state interference.", "quote": "el presidente de la Asociación de Maestros Católicos de Orense entrega en mano al cardenal sendos ejemplares de la hoja semanal Magisterio católico español de 28 de octubre y 4 de noviembre, que han sido maltratados por la censura", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Mujeres Juristas Themis", "aliases": ["Asociación de Mujeres Juristas Themis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides tools and decalogues for the use of non-sexist language, promoting gender equality in communication.", "quote": "La Consejería de Educación, en colaboración con el Instituto Andaluz de la Mujer, brinda el Decálogo de Uso del Lenguaje No Sexista y el Analizador online de lenguaje sexista de la Asociación de Mujeres Juristas Themis, entre otros.", "page": "187", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Radio y Televisión Perú", "aliases": ["Asociación de Radio y Televisión Perú"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Managed the national broadcast of a presidential debate, providing a platform for candidate confrontation.", "quote": "El evento se transmitió por una cadena nacional a cargo de la Asociación de Radio y Televisión Perú.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Radiodifusoras Privadas Argentinas", "aliases": ["Asociación de Radiodifusoras Privadas Argentinas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "market stability"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in lobbying efforts that influenced the government to transform a specific decree (Decreto 527) into a general benefit for all licensed media operators, by suspending the ten-year license computation.", "quote": "el decreto 527 pensado originalmente para salvar la delicada situación de Canal 9 y América (en convocatoria de acreedores) se transformó, mediante el lobby de organizaciones patronales de medios como ATA y ARPA, en un beneficio para el conjunto de los operadores que contaran con licencias.", "page": "2", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Rehabilitación del Niño Lisiado", "aliases": ["Asociación de Rehabilitación del Niño Lisiado"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, lending its name to support the military regime's narrative and justification for its actions against 'subversion'.", "quote": "Asociación de Rehabilitación del Niño Lisiado... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Teleradiodifusoras Argentinas", "aliases": ["Asociación de Teleradiodifusoras Argentinas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "market stability"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in lobbying efforts that influenced the government to transform a specific decree (Decreto 527) into a general benefit for all licensed media operators, by suspending the ten-year license computation.", "quote": "el decreto 527 pensado originalmente para salvar la delicada situación de Canal 9 y América (en convocatoria de acreedores) se transformó, mediante el lobby de organizaciones patronales de medios como ATA y ARPA, en un beneficio para el conjunto de los operadores que contaran con licencias.", "page": "2", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Trabajadores de la Universidad de La Plata", "aliases": ["Asociación de Trabajadores de la Universidad de La Plata"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "political activism", "solidarity", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Maintained an important library for its members, which was destroyed during an intervention by the military government, and its leaders were persecuted, demonstrating direct cultural repression.", "quote": "La intervención durante el gobierno de Isabel Perón (después del cruento asesinato de los funcionarios de la Universidad Carlos Miguel y Rodolfo Achem) destruyó la biblioteca. Mi máquina de escribir portátil rota a culatazos fue un símbolo de la infamia y del odio.", "page": "79", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Asociación de Universitarias Argentinas", "aliases": ["Asociación de Universitarias Argentinas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "labor rights", "political rights", "social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized the First International Feminist Congress to demand juridical, social, labor, political, and educational reforms, challenging existing patriarchal norms and legal restrictions on women.", "quote": "El Primer Congreso Femenino Internacional surgido a propuesta de la Asociación de Universitarias Argentinas, fue organizado por las feministas que reivindicaban derechos y buscaban reformas sociales, laborales, políticas y educativas.", "page": "129", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Ecuatoriana de Canales de Televisión", "aliases": ["Asociación Ecuatoriana de Canales de Televisión"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a presidential debate broadcast nationally, with support from another broadcasting association.", "quote": "Fue emitido en cadena nacional por Telecentro Canal 10 y fue organizado por la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Canales de Televisión con el apoyo de la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión (AER)4.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión (AER)", "aliases": ["Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión (AER)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided support for the organization of a nationally broadcast presidential debate.", "quote": "Fue emitido en cadena nacional por Telecentro Canal 10 y fue organizado por la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Canales de Televisión con el apoyo de la Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión (AER)4.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Española de Genética Humana (Spanish Association of Human Genetics)", "aliases": ["Asociación Española de Genética Humana (Spanish Association of Human Genetics)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "scientific accuracy"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión vs. censura: una mirada crítica a la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "C Ortega Giménez", "year": "", "mechanism": "It provides authoritative scientific information and explanations (e.g., on mRNA vaccines and DNA) to counter scientific misinformation circulated online, acting as a reliable expert source.", "quote": "Asociación Española de Genética Humana. Las vacunas de ARNm no cambian el ADN, disponible en https://aegh.org/las-vacunas-de-arnm-no-cambian-el-adn/[última fecha de consulta: 23 de enero de 2025].", "page": "19", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/38223", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital media ecosystems, with a focus on social media and AI regulation in the European Union and Spain", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Española de la Economía Digital", "aliases": ["Asociación Española de la Economía Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "professional standards", "user trust"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributed to the 'Código de Confianza Online' (Online Trust Code), establishing good practices and standards for digital services.", "quote": "Precisamente de Autocontrol, junto con Adigital, cabe mencionar también el Código de Confianza Online (2002)", "page": "117", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Interamericana de Empresas de Telecomunicaciones", "aliases": ["Asociación Interamericana de Empresas de Telecomunicaciones"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital inclusion", "economic development", "universal access"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Highlights challenges in Internet access during the pandemic, advocating for robust telecommunication networks as crucial for economic growth in increasingly digitized societies.", "quote": "Pandemia reveló dificultades para acceder a Internet. Economías y sociedades más digitalizadas tuvieron menor impacto económico. Las redes de telecomunicaciones son clave para la economía.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Interamericana de Prensa (Inter American Press Association)", "aliases": ["Asociación Interamericana de Prensa (Inter American Press Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publicly protested against the Colombian government's censorship policies and demanded the restoration of press freedom.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Interamericana de Radiodifusión (Inter-American Association of Broadcasting)", "aliases": ["Asociación Interamericana de Radiodifusión (Inter-American Association of Broadcasting)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publicly protested against the Colombian government's censorship policies and advocated for freedom in broadcasting.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Internacional de Corresponsales de Prensa de Chile", "aliases": ["Asociación Internacional de Corresponsales de Prensa de Chile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "information integrity", "press freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reported that its platform, which critically informed English-speaking audiences about human rights violations in Chile, was subjected to digital harassment campaigns from political opponents.", "quote": "como lo informó la Asociación Internacional de Corresponsales de Prensa de Chile en su cuenta de Twitter @corresChile. Los partidarios del rechazo al cambio constitucional y los grupos de extrema derecha han sido particularmente hostiles hacia esta plataforma que informaba críticamente para el público de habla inglesa sobre la gravedad de las violaciones de derechos humanos en Chile...", "page": "12", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Internacional de Universidades La Salle", "aliases": ["Asociación Internacional de Universidades La Salle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Funciones y formación del moderador/gestor de redes de gestión de conocimiento", "author": "J Gairín Sallán, D Rodríguez Gómez…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The 'red de gestores de la AIUL' (network of AIUL managers) provides a collaborative platform for knowledge network managers, implying an role in standardizing practices and fostering collaboration in knowledge creation and management processes, thus influencing the moderation and governance of these networks.", "quote": "Trabajar colaborativamente con el coordinador de redes y gestores de conocimiento, para ello formará parte de la red de gestores de la AIUL.", "page": "8", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/56558", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Knowledge management networks (Redes de Conocimiento) within academic/educational contexts, specifically referring to the Accelera project.", "when": "Early 21st century (2003-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Ixchen", "aliases": ["Asociación Ixchen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collaborates with state agencies to provide victim-assistance care for women suffering from gender violence.", "quote": "La muestra está formada por 38 trabajadoras de los distintos organismos que atienden a mujeres víctimas de violencia de género en León, Nicaragua: Comisaría de la Mujer y la Niñez (12 participantes) y en otros centros alternativos que colaboran estrechamente con la CMN: Asociación Ixchen (7), Mary Barreda (13)...", "page": "103", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Judicial Francisco de Vitoria", "aliases": ["Asociación Judicial Francisco de Vitoria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["fundamental rights", "judicial review", "legal clarity", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Judicial association advocating for a 'Ley de Pandemias' to clarify authority, minimum requirements, and allow judicial review of restrictions, particularly those applied to healthy individuals.", "quote": "desde la AJFV tal Ley de Pandemias hubiera sido muy necesaria ya que permitirá identificar quien es la Autoridad, quien adopta cada medida, los requisitos mínimos para aplicarla y los ciudadanos podrían acudir a los TSJ a revisión ya que según Fernández Vaquero su portavoz, tales leyes ahora usadas no se crearon para aplicar a personas sanas", "page": "60", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Matemática de América", "aliases": ["Asociación Matemática de América"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic recognition", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Awards prizes and supports mathematical studies, especially for women, and recognizes contributions to mathematics.", "quote": "En 1971, la Asociación Matemática de América la galardonó con el Premio Ford por su artículo sobre la suma de los cuadrados. Más adelante, en 1985, fue vicepresidenta de esta asociación.", "page": "588", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Mundial de Radios Comunitarias América Latina y el Caribe (AMARC ALC)", "aliases": ["Asociación Mundial de Radios Comunitarias América Latina y el Caribe (AMARC ALC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "community media rights", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: Asociación Mundial de Radios Comunitarias América Latina y el Caribe (AMARC ALC), El Instituto Panameño de Derecho y Nuevas Tecnologías (IPANDETEC)...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Musical de la Facultad de Derecho", "aliases": ["Asociación Musical de la Facultad de Derecho"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s-1970s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y represión a los músicos españoles y portugueses en las décadas de 1960 y 1970", "author": "Fiuza, Alexandre Felipe", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Organized a musical event at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid in 1976 which was criticized for its political nature, with audience members raising fists and shouting political slogans, prompting official observation and criticism.", "quote": "un espectáculo musical en el campus de Cantoblanco de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, organizado por la Asociación Musical de la Facultad de Derecho, contando con la participación de músicos de España y de Portugal, de este último país los cantantes Fausto y Vitorino, y con un público de 20 mil personas.", "page": "3", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "1960s and 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Nacional de Abogados", "aliases": ["Asociación Nacional de Abogados"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["checks and balances", "constitutional rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación judicial como legado constitucional autoritario: el Supremo Tribunal Federal brasilero y las facultades legislativas presidenciales", "author": "Arguelhes, Diego Werneck", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The ANA challenged presidential legislative actions by filing demands of abstract control of constitutionality (ADIs) before the Supreme Federal Tribunal (STF). This mechanism sought to enforce constitutional limits on emergency decrees, thus acting as a check on executive law-making power.", "quote": "La Asociación Nacional de Abogados (ANA) presentó una demanda de control abstracto de constitucionalidad (ADI-MC 162) arguyendo que un cambio tan drástico en el procedimiento penal no podía ser considerado 'urgente' y requería debates legislativos más extendidos.", "page": "19", "url": "https://revistas.uns.edu.ar/disc/article/view/2208", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "late 20th and early 21st century (1964-2019)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación", "aliases": ["Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Comunicación"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["Spanish Television Channels"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las cadenas de televisión españolas frente al debate del 13J: estrategias de programación y audiencia social", "author": "M Saavedra-Llamas…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "AIMC conducts and publishes the 'Estudio General de Medios' (General Media Study), which provides data on media consumption trends and audience profiles. This information is utilized by media channels and political parties to strategize their communication and programming, thereby indirectly influencing how political messages are tailored and distributed to different audience segments.", "quote": "Como indica el Estudio General de Medios (2017), la televisión impacta principalmente en un target de 45 a más de 65 años y, en cambio, Internet tiene más fuerza en el segmento poblacional de 14 a 44 años.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4426465&publisher=FZ5922", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Spanish Television Channels)", "when": "2016 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Profesional de la Magistratura", "aliases": ["Asociación Profesional de la Magistratura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Judicial association advocating for greater legal security in pandemic management to reduce disparities in judicial decisions, especially regarding the validation of restrictions by Autonomous Public Administrations.", "quote": "Diversas asociaciones judiciales reclamaban mayor seguridad jurídica que reduciría la disparidad, en concreto, desde APM comentan que evitaría la dispersión de decisiones por parte de las AAPP y de los TSJ que deben validarlas", "page": "60", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi", "aliases": ["Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair competition", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed a claim against Uber Systems Spain SL, alleging unfair competition, which prompted a legal classification of transportation network company services by the CJEU.", "quote": "In short, a professional association of taxi drivers in Barcelona (Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi) filed a claim against Uber Systems Spain SL before the Barcelona Commercial Court (Juzgado de lo Mercantil no. 3 de Barcelona).", "page": "59", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII)", "aliases": ["Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia (APJII)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["informed public"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media Content Moderation Challenges for Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Tiktok Indonesia", "author": "Wismashanti, Rizky Amalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The association conducts surveys on internet penetration, providing data on digital literacy levels in Indonesian society. This data is relevant to understanding the digital literacy challenges faced by content moderators.", "quote": "Even though at the same time, Indonesia is included in a fairly high internet penetration rate according to the Internet Service Users Association (APJII) through a survey conducted in 2023, where the number of people connected to the internet reaches 215.62 million people out of a total population of 275.77 million people.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eduvest.greenvest.co.id/index.php/edv/article/view/893", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Tiktok, Indonesia", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Aspen Cyber Summit", "aliases": ["Aspen Cyber Summit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy conference / program of Aspen Digital (Aspen Institute)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Convenes senior government, industry, and civil society leaders in high-profile panels and keynotes to shape cyber and platform-related policy debates.", "quote": "Summit convenes policymakers, industry, and civil society to discuss privacy, consumer protection, and 'information disorder', engaging platform governance topics though its core focus is cybersecurity policy convening.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspencybersummit.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Aspen Tech Policy Hub Fellowship Program", "aliases": ["Aspen Tech Policy Hub Fellowship Program"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy incubator / fellowship program (part of The Aspen Institute)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The Hub builds and disseminates policy-relevant research via fellows, places trained technologists into policymaking networks, and leverages Aspen Institute convening power to influence tech and platform policy debates.", "quote": "The Hub trains STEM experts in policy, produces practical policy outputs, and explicitly focuses on technologies such as social media and AI, engaging with platform governance debates via fellowship projects and policymaker engagement.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspentechpolicyhub.org/#/fellowship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Aspiration Developers Summit", "aliases": ["Aspiration Developers Summit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["capacity-building nonprofit; event facilitator"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Aspiration convenes recurring DevSummits, produces session notes and trainings, and leverages partnerships and sponsor relationships to shape nonprofit technology practices and tool adoption.", "quote": "Aspiration convenes nonprofit software developers and provides training and resources (including sessions on eAdvocacy platforms, APIs, and digital security) that touch on how organizations use and interact with consumer-facing platforms, but its core mission is broader tech capacity for social justice.", "page": "", "url": "https://aspirationtech.org/events/devsummit16", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Assassination Information Bureau", "aliases": ["Assassination Information Bureau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency", "truth-seeking"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A citizens’ initiative dedicated to informing the public about hidden aspects of American politics and challenging official narratives.", "quote": "a citizens’ initiative known as the Assassination Information Bureau that dedicated itself to informing the public about the seedy underbelly of American politics.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Assemblée des assemblées (des Gilets Jaunes)", "aliases": ["Assemblée des assemblées (des Gilets Jaunes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "democracy", "political independence", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "It acts as a coordinating body for hundreds of Yellow Vest groups, employing direct democracy through elected delegates to review the movement's progress and future. It organizes debates, sets agendas, and drafts common appeals, aiming to structure the movement's political direction and moderate its 'left wing' while balancing militant ideals with broad appeal.", "quote": "L'« Assemblée des assemblées » a réussi à coordonner des centaines de groupes de Gilets jaunes, selon une logique de démocratie directe : l'élection, par des assemblées locales, de délégués qui se réunissent pendant deux ou trois jours pour dresser le bilan et les perspectives de la mobilisation.", "page": "2", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Assemblée des électeurs", "aliases": ["Assemblée des électeurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["political debate", "public interest", "representative governance"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1789, "when_max": 1790, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comment les Français voyaient l'Administration en 1789: Jacques Peuchet et la\" burocratie\"\"\"", "author": "G Thuillier", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "Peuchet dedicated his dictionary of police to this body of elected representatives, indicating its role in the public sphere and its potential influence on policies related to police and administration.", "quote": "Il dédie son dictionnaire de police à l'Assemblée des électeurs le 11 juillet 1789 la dédicace fut acceptée « après un vif débat» (cf. ch. I. CHASSIN, ouvrage cité, t. IV, p. 484).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40778376", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (1789-1790)"}]}, {"name": "Assemblées de Dieu du Burkina Faso", "aliases": ["Assemblées de Dieu du Burkina Faso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of religion"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This large evangelical church uses print media (magazine 'Flamme') and Facebook pages for national and local congregations to disseminate church activities, special events, and sermons from its main pastors. Its digital communication, while less centralized than CIE, focuses on promoting internal cohesion and evangelization.", "quote": "C'est surtout sur ce réseau social que les AD sont actives, avec une page pour l'Église nationale et des pages pour les principales églises locales de la capitale (église centrale, église Zone pilote I, église de Gounghin, section jeunesse de l'église d'Antenne-Ville).", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Assemblées du clergé", "aliases": ["Assemblées du clergé"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Expressed its political role through remonstrances to the king, exercising a right of oversight on the circulation of ideas in France, alongside the monarchy and parlements.", "quote": "les assemblées du clergé de faire des remontrances au roi... Par ses dénonciations, l’Église manifeste son rôle politique : elle dispose d’un droit de regard sur la circulation des idées...", "page": "61", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Assessing Civic Tech: Additional Tools & Resources", "aliases": ["Assessing Civic Tech: Additional Tools & Resources"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consultancy / network development nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Civic tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Network Impact produces guides, toolkits and evaluations and advises funders and civic-tech projects, moving research and evaluation practices into program and funder decision-making.", "quote": "Network Impact advises on civic technology, online community design, and evaluation—engaging with digital communications and civic tech projects but not primarily focused on platform governance or content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.networkimpact.org/civictechresources/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Assessment Capacities Project", "aliases": ["Assessment Capacities Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["humanitarian aid", "information management"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Human-is-the-Loop Approach for Semi-Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Link, Daniel; Hellingrath, Bernd", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "ACAPS's best practices for humanitarian assessment, emphasizing that information needs should precede data collection and that experienced analysts are central, informed the design principles of the human-is-the-loop content moderation workflow.", "quote": "This runs contrary to best practices in humanitarian assessment, where experienced analysts are at the heart of the analysis process and the definition of information needs precedes data collection (ACAPS, 2015).", "page": "2", "url": "idl.iscram.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media (Twitter), Disaster Management, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associació Catòlica de Tècnics Mercantils (Catholic Association of Commercial Technicians)", "aliases": ["Associació Catòlica de Tècnics Mercantils (Catholic Association of Commercial Technicians)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional authority", "professional ethics", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As a 'professional Catholic group of hierarchical obedience,' it organized various activities for its members, operating within a framework of hierarchical control to align professional life with Catholic principles.", "quote": "agrupacions catòliques d'obediència jeràrquica, de tipus professiona, com l'Associació Catòlica de Tècnics Mercantils. Aquesta associació, presidida per Josep Cervera, muntava activitats diverses, amb 325 associats el novembre de 1968.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Associació d'Intel·lectuals Catòlics (Association of Catholic Intellectuals)", "aliases": ["Associació d'Intel·lectuals Catòlics (Association of Catholic Intellectuals)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Its failure to gain legal recognition demonstrated the hierarchy's control over intellectual associations, particularly those perceived as deviating from the prevailing national-Catholic or anti-communist orthodoxy.", "quote": "Una agrupació d'intel·lectuals catòlics no feixistes no va ser aprovada. Els promotors de l'Associació d'Intel·lectuals Catòlics es van reunir algun cop a l'Acadèmia de Ciències, però en fracassar les seves gestions per a la legalització, la iniciativa no va passar de l'any 1950.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Association #SEOLesbienne", "aliases": ["Association #SEOLesbienne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-discrimination", "lgbtq+ rights", "representation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Mobilized against algorithmic discrimination on platforms and search engines (Facebook, Google) to ensure better referencing of 'lesbienne' and prevent its assimilation to pornography, leading to modification of referencing.", "quote": "Ce référencement a été modifié depuis, grâce à la mobilisation de l’association #SEOLesbienne fondée par Fanchon", "page": "5", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Association catholique de la jeunesse française (ACJF) or similar Catholic youth association", "aliases": ["Association catholique de la jeunesse française (ACJF) or similar Catholic youth association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 1847, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Action pastorale et problèmes sociaux chez Mgr d'Astros, archevêque de Toulouse, censeur de La Mennais", "author": "J Vidalenc", "year": "1956", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'œuvres' (works or associations) focused on the moral and religious formation of youth, reinforcing Catholic values and norms within the younger generation.", "quote": "Les encouragements aux œuvres, qu'il s'agisse de celle des bons livres, des conférences ecclésiastiques ou de l'Aa, n'apportent non plus aucune innovation", "page": "353", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40950479", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Toulouse", "when": "19th century (1830-1847)"}]}, {"name": "Association de la langue allemande (German Language Association)", "aliases": ["Association de la langue allemande (German Language Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Austria-Hungary", "Germany", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["linguistic purity", "national identity"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1915, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Leo Spitzer censeur militaire", "author": "Kahn, Robert", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The association attempted to enforce linguistic norms by advocating for the removal of foreign words from the German language, a form of linguistic 'cleansing' or moderation of public discourse and usage.", "quote": "puissante « Association de la langue allemande » de « nettoyer » ces impuretés que représentent les emprunts à des langues étrangères ?", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110642018-042/html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Austria-Hungary, Italian prisoner of war camps, German-speaking world", "when": "First World War (1915–1918), early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Association des Bibliothécaires de France", "aliases": ["Association des Bibliothécaires de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "copyright", "free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Analyzed and communicated on the European directive regarding copyright, highlighting its implications for libraries, and organized debates on censorship in youth libraries.", "quote": "la directive européenne sur l'harmonisation de certains aspects du droit d'auteur et des droits voisins dans la société de l'information, résumée ainsi par l'ABF : « À la demande des ayants droit, on s'achemine vers une généralisation de la perception de revenus liés, non plus ou non seulement, à la vente d'un document, mais à son utilisation.", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Association des Directeurs de Bibliothèques Universitaires", "aliases": ["Association des Directeurs de Bibliothèques Universitaires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation", "information access", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Issued a joint communiqué advocating for specific exceptions to copyright law, seeking to balance author rights with public access to information, documentation, and culture.", "quote": "Un communiqué commun à l'ADBS, l'ABE, l'ADBU et l'ADBDP vient d'être rendu public. J'en extrais ces lignes : « Il va de soi qu'il ne s'agit pas pour nous de remettre en cause le droit d'auteur mais de l'équilibrer par le droit du public à l'information, à la documentation, à la culture (...).", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Association des Directeurs des Bibliothèques Départementales de Prêt", "aliases": ["Association des Directeurs des Bibliothèques Départementales de Prêt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation", "information access", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Issued a joint communiqué advocating for specific exceptions to copyright law, seeking to balance author rights with public access to information, documentation, and culture.", "quote": "Un communiqué commun à l'ADBS, l'ABE, l'ADBU et l'ADBDP vient d'être rendu public. J'en extrais ces lignes : « Il va de soi qu'il ne s'agit pas pour nous de remettre en cause le droit d'auteur mais de l'équilibrer par le droit du public à l'information, à la documentation, à la culture (...).", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Association des Femmes Journalistes", "aliases": ["Association des Femmes Journalistes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Genre et médias à l'épreuve de l'affaire DSK. Réflexions sur le commentaire en ligne, nouvel espace de construction de l'inégalité des sexes", "author": "MJ Bertini", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducts national (French) surveys and studies to understand the representation of gender issues within the media landscape.", "quote": "Les enquêtes indispensables menées depuis plusieurs années par le GMMP (Global Media Monitoring Project) à l'échelle mondiale, européenne et nationale, comme par l'AFJ (Association des Femmes Journalistes) à l'échelle hexagonale, ont permis aux chercheur-e-s de tous horizons et de toutes disciplines de comprendre de quelle manière la problématique du Genre façonne et questionne l'ensemble de nos médias d'information.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/sds/2146", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010-2012"}]}, {"name": "Association des professionnels de l'information et de la documentation", "aliases": ["Association des professionnels de l'information et de la documentation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation", "information access", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Issued a joint communiqué advocating for specific exceptions to copyright law, seeking to balance author rights with public access to information, documentation, and culture.", "quote": "Un communiqué commun à l'ADBS, l'ABE, l'ADBU et l'ADBDP vient d'être rendu public. J'en extrais ces lignes : « Il va de soi qu'il ne s'agit pas pour nous de remettre en cause le droit d'auteur mais de l'équilibrer par le droit du public à l'information, à la documentation, à la culture (...).", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Association des Professionnels de la Presse en Ligne (Appel-Mali)", "aliases": ["Association des Professionnels de la Presse en Ligne (Appel-Mali)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "journalistic ethics", "media independence", "professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Does not recognize 'vidéomans' as legitimate press, highlighting issues of professional standards. It plays a crucial role in elaborating and implementing regulations for online media to promote accuracy, reliability, and fairness of information.", "quote": "La Haute autorité de la communication (HAC) et l'Association des Professionnels de la Presse en Ligne (Appel-Mali) jouent des rôles cruciaux dans l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces réglementations, visant à promouvoir l'exactitude, la fiabilité et l'équité de l'information (Appel-Mali, 2023 ; HAC, 2023).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Association des relationnistes du Québec (Quebec Public Relations Association)", "aliases": ["Association des relationnistes du Québec (Quebec Public Relations Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "professional standards"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Formed to represent public relations specialists in Quebec, it contributes to professional standards and practices that shape political communication strategies and media engagement.", "quote": "Le début des années 1970 marque la naissance de la première organisation québécoise de relationnistes, l'Association des relationnistes du Québec.", "page": "73", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Association des services solidaires (AMUSSOL)", "aliases": ["Association des services solidaires (AMUSSOL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "social protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'virtual employer' under the CASC to register informal workers with the national social security system, ensuring their access to health, accident, and pension benefits.", "quote": "l’AMUSSOL agit en tant qu’«employeur virtuel afin d’assurer l’immatriculation des travailleurs au sein du système de sécurité sociale». (OIT 2022). Les affiliés paient une cotisation mensuelle à l’AMUSSOL qui la transmet au trésor public. Ensuite, les affiliés deviennent assurés du SDSS et bénéficient des assurances couvrant la santé familiale et les accidents du travail ainsi que de l’accès au fonds de pension.", "page": "93", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Association Droit et Commerce", "aliases": ["Association Droit et Commerce"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "scholarly discourse"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques (DSA): quand la liberté d'expression en ligne rencontre le droit de la compliance", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This association serves as a forum for scholarly and professional discourse on commercial law, which now intersects with platform regulation and compliance. By hosting discussions like this paper's presentation, it contributes to norm-setting and understanding within its field.", "quote": "Permettez-moi tout d'abord d'adresser mes plus vifs remerciements à l'association Droit et commerce, ainsi qu'au directeur scientifique de cette session, le professeur Bruno Dondero, pour m'avoir convié à évoquer devant vous le règlement européen sur les services numériques...", "page": "2", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554005/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Association du personnel de l’économie des plateformes numériques (APP)", "aliases": ["Association du personnel de l’économie des plateformes numériques (APP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair working conditions", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes platform workers into a union, advocates for the rights of delivery workers, and normalization of their employment relations within the platform economy.", "quote": "Par exemple, en Argentine, l’Association du personnel de l’économie des plateformes numériques (APP), premier syndicat des travailleurs des plateformes dans la région, organise ces derniers au sein d’un nouveau syndicat affilié aux principales fédérations syndicales du pays. L’APP se bat en faveur des droits des livreurs, notamment pour la normalisation de leurs relations de travail.", "page": "91", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Association for Civil Rights in Israel", "aliases": ["Association for Civil Rights in Israel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes papers questioning the state's democratic status and highlighting systematic human rights violations, thereby implicitly countering self-censorship and promoting transparency and accountability.", "quote": "In a paper titled “Is it really a democracy?,” the Association for Civil Rights in Israeli, Israel’s leading human rights organization, questions whether Israel is a democracy. The paper highlights systematic human rights violations...", "page": "229", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI)", "aliases": ["Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publicly questions the state's democratic nature and highlights human rights violations, implicitly challenging self-censorship by seeking transparency and accountability.", "quote": "In a paper titled “Is it really a democracy?,” the Association for Civil Rights in Israeli, Israel’s leading human rights organization, questions whether Israel is a democracy.", "page": "241", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Data Communication", "aliases": ["Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Data Communication"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Sponsors and publishes academic research in data communication and networking, promoting scientific discourse and advancements in the field through workshops and proceedings.", "quote": "In: Proc. ACM SIGCOMM, pp. 195–206 (2010)", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and its divisions/interest groups", "aliases": ["Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and its divisions/interest groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "academic research", "diversity and inclusion", "education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combating the Digital Spiral of Silence: Academic Activists Versus Social Media Trolls", "author": "Carter Olson, Candi; LaPoe, Victoria", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Facilitated academic research by providing access to marginalized academic communities (women, minorities, LGBTQ individuals) for a study on online harassment and digital silencing, thereby contributing to understanding and addressing these issues within the academic sphere.", "quote": "The authors sent solicitations for participants to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC)'s Commission on the Status of Women, Minorities and Communication Division, and LGBTQ Interest Group.", "page": "281", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_14", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA, academic institutions", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Association for Historical Dialogue and Research", "aliases": ["Association for Historical Dialogue and Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "diversity of perspectives", "educational reform", "social reconciliation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developing and publishing multi-perspective supplementary teaching materials, offering teacher training, and creating forums for dialogue to promote transformative history teaching and reconciliation in Cyprus.", "quote": "The pioneering approach of AHDR2 has been one that deals with both non-controversial social history... and controversial issues like approaching the issue of the missing people... by applying a multiperspectivity approach.", "page": "9", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Association for Preserving Liberty and Property Against Republicans and Levellers", "aliases": ["Association for Preserving Liberty and Property Against Republicans and Levellers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "patriotism", "property rights", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1790, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in the Lyrical Ballads: Wordsworth and the Ballad Debates of the 1790s", "author": "Newman, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Attempted to suppress seditious balladry by threatening landlords who hosted radical meetings; also actively engaged in counter-revolutionary loyalist indoctrination by printing and distributing 'Common Ballads' and employing ballad singers to promote sound moral principles and national loyalty.", "quote": "John Reeves's Association for Preserving Liberty and Property Against Republicans and Levellers, for example, attempted to silence seditious balladry partly by threatening to revoke the licenses of landlords who permitted radical meetings in their alehouses, but this did not mean they were against all ballad singing.", "page": "11", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/740454", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "1790s"}]}, {"name": "Association for Psychological Science", "aliases": ["Association for Psychological Science"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": ["academic publishing"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-discrimination"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process", "author": "Strauss, Dana; Gran-Ruaz, Sophia; Osman, Muna; Williams, Monnica T.; Faber, Sonya C.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The APS responded swiftly to a 2022 scandal involving racial bias by editors/reviewers from its journal, leading to an editor's resignation, which serves as a positive example of mitigating discrimination.", "quote": "The swift response of the Association for Psychological Science (APS) in addressing the 2022 scandal involving racial bias against an African American tenured Professor at Stanford... serves as a positive example", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120938/full", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary academic publishing in psychology, primarily USA and Canada", "when": "Contemporary (recent incidents, within 1.5 years of article publication)"}]}, {"name": "Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)", "aliases": ["Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "educational quality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Co-sponsored a nationwide survey on book censorship, indicating concern about challenges to independent thought in education.", "quote": "Incoming battle reports include a nationwide survey made public April 30 by its sponsors, the Association of American Publishers, the American Library Association, and the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.", "page": "188", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)", "aliases": ["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM", "MLLM"], "norms": ["ai safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MULTIGUARD: An Efficient Approach for AI Safety Moderation Across Languages and Modalities", "author": "S Verma, K Hines, J Bilmes, C Siska…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Hosts a prominent conference where academic research on AI safety, including the evaluation of Large Language Model (LLM) toxicity in multilingual scenarios, is presented and disseminated, contributing to the establishment of benchmarks and best practices.", "quote": "Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence", "page": "10", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.819/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "LLMs and MLLMs", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Association for the Protection of Race and Religion (MaBaTha)", "aliases": ["Association for the Protection of Race and Religion (MaBaTha)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "national identity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crime as Cognitive Constraint: Facebook's Role in Myanmar's Incitement Landscape and the Promise of International Tort Liability", "author": "Domino, Jenny", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Spreading hateful rhetoric and engaging in aggressive lobbying that led to the passage of controversial laws targeting Muslim cultural practices. Facebook later banned this group from its platform.", "quote": "Ashin Wirathu, a member of the MaBaTha (“Association for the Protection of Race and Religion\" renamed “The Buddha Dhamma Charity Foundation\"\"59)", "page": "was the most outspoken monk responsible for spreading hateful rhetoric.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2016-2020 events"}]}, {"name": "Association française des Victimes du Terrorisme (AfVT)", "aliases": ["Association française des Victimes du Terrorisme (AfVT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "governance legitimacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An association that supports victims of terrorism and amplifies their stories through conferences, debates in schools and prisons, and videos, to deliver alternative narratives that counter extremist claims and prevent radicalisation.", "quote": "By amplifying the stories of the victims of terrorism, the initiative aims to deliver an alternative set of narratives around such attacks, one that counters the claims made by extremists.", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-être Familial", "aliases": ["Association Ivoirienne pour le Bien-être Familial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["family planning", "sexual health"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides medical advice and services related to sexual health, influencing individual choices and practices regarding condom use and STI prevention.", "quote": "« Moi avant quand j’utilisais ça me donnais des infections, je suis même venu à l’AIBF ici on m’a donné des pommades, donc mainte nant j’accepte l’utilisation du préservatif »", "page": "174", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Association Le Mouvement Social", "aliases": ["Association Le Mouvement Social"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical research", "scholarly inquiry"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1871, "when_max": 1914, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Communication: Censure, théatre, et Commune (1871-1914)", "author": "J Parrain", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Publishes an academic journal dedicated to social history, including studies on censorship, thereby contributing to scholarly understanding and critical analysis of moderation practices.", "quote": "Published by: Editions l'Atelier on behalf of Association Le Mouvement Social", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3806929", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1871–1914"}]}, {"name": "Association Nationale des Entreprises du Marketing", "aliases": ["Association Nationale des Entreprises du Marketing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "professional training"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Publishes a professional journal discussing trends in marketing, including Web 2.0, thereby shaping professional discourse and practices within the marketing industry.", "quote": "REVUE FRANÇAISE DU MARKETING - Juillet 2008 - N° 218 - 3/5", "page": "1", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Association of Alternative ISPs", "aliases": ["Association of Alternative ISPs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "fair competition"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Represents small and medium-sized ISPs, mobilizes antitrust bodies, and files collective complaints to contest the prices and economic realities of SORM (System for Operative Investigative Activities) equipment.", "quote": "\"We try to show that the price of this equipment is too heavy", "page": "we will file a collective complaint to contest the price of SORM", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Association of British Insurers", "aliases": ["Association of British Insurers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "Represents industry members to government and regulators through consultation responses and policy outputs; provides tools and guidance (e.g., Cyber Safety Tool) to influence practice.", "quote": "Primary mission is insurance and long-term savings but engages in policy consultations, publishes consultation responses and runs a 'Cyber Safety Tool for SMEs', touching on platform-adjacent issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.abi.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Association of Catholic Schools of Ontario", "aliases": ["Association of Catholic Schools of Ontario"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["narrative control", "religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Removed and burned 4500 books, including popular children's series, from their libraries. This was justified as a 'gesture of reconciliation' due to perceived negative representations of indigenous peoples.", "quote": "Una asociación de escuelas católicas canadienses de Ontario retiró de sus bibliotecas 4500 libros, entre ellos Asterix por ejemplo, por ser ofensivos con los pueblos “indígenas”. Como “gesto de reconciliación”.", "page": "13", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Association of Exhibitors", "aliases": ["Association of Exhibitors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "economic development", "free speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Partnered with the People's Institute to establish the National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures (later NBR) as a self-regulatory body to review film content and prevent government censorship.", "quote": "in 1909, the People's Institute and the association of exhibitors set up the New York Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures, renamed the National Board of Review in 1916.", "page": "39", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges", "aliases": ["Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes guidelines concerning freedom of speech on campus, influencing institutional policies and practices for university leaders.", "quote": "Freedom of Speech on Campus: Guidelines for Governing Boards and Institutional Leaders by the Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges (2017).", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Heads of Independent Schools", "aliases": ["Association of Heads of Independent Schools"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "community values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Lobbied and advocated for government regulation, supporting the use of criminal sanctions against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content, based on concerns about media content's impact on young people.", "quote": "Composed of the Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department... and interest groups with wider concerns about the media content (especially pornography and violence and its impact on young people; Van Luyn 1995:3), this coalition advocated the use of criminal sanction against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content (MacDonald 1995:2).", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Human Rights Supporters of Isfahan", "aliases": ["Association of Human Rights Supporters of Isfahan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Defending human rights and civil liberties, facing government repression for their activism.", "quote": "Secondo il rapporto annuale (2010) si Amnesty International, si legge che: ‘...e interferendo e minacciando gruppi indipendenti della società civile, come l’Associazione dei sostenitori dei diritti umani Esfahan.’", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Association of Internet Researchers", "aliases": ["Association of Internet Researchers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional conduct", "research ethics"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established an Ethics Working Committee and issued a final report with ethical guidelines for internet research, providing a framework for responsible online studies.", "quote": "The Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR), at its very first conference in 2000, installed an Ethics Working Committee. In this chapter we review and comment on initiatives to establish ethical guidelines for internet research.", "page": "275", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Working Committee", "aliases": ["Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Working Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consent", "ethical research", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides ethical guidelines and recommendations for internet research, particularly regarding privacy and consent when dealing with visual representations and digital content.", "quote": "Annette Markham, Elizabeth Buchanan, and the Association of Internet Researchers Ethics Working Committee are mindful of the blurry line between “personal and private” and “public and freely available” content in internet research (2012, 9).", "page": "233", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Association of Israeli Journalists", "aliases": ["Association of Israeli Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Established a voluntary board, the Israeli Press Council, along with editors and newspaper publishers, to safeguard press freedom, journalistic quality, and professional ethics, in response to strict military censorship.", "quote": "In 1963 the association of Israeli journalists, together with the editors' Committee and the association of Israeli newspaper publishers, established a voluntary board called moetzet ha'itonut [Israeli Press Council], which aimed at 'safeguarding freedom of the press and the right of the public to know, maintaining good journalistic quality and enhancing professional ethics'", "page": "21", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Israeli Newspaper Publishers", "aliases": ["Association of Israeli Newspaper Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Established a voluntary board, the Israeli Press Council, along with journalists and editors, to safeguard press freedom and journalistic quality, and signed the Censorship Agreement with the IDF.", "quote": "In 1963 the association of Israeli journalists, together with the editors' Committee and the association of Israeli newspaper publishers, established a voluntary board called moetzet ha'itonut [Israeli Press Council], which aimed at 'safeguarding freedom of the press and the right of the public to know, maintaining good journalistic quality and enhancing professional ethics'", "page": "21", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Journalists of El Salvador", "aliases": ["Association of Journalists of El Salvador"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Presents legislative proposals for the creation and implementation of protection mechanisms for journalists in cases of aggression and threats, advocating for their safety.", "quote": "Association of Journalists of El Salvador (APES) presented to the Salvadoran National Assembly a legislative proposal for the creation and implementation of protection mechanisms in cases of aggression and threats against journalists.", "page": "33", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Association of Librarians and Documentalists of French Education (or similar)", "aliases": ["Association of Librarians and Documentalists of French Education (or similar)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation", "information access", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Issued a joint communiqué advocating for specific exceptions to copyright law, seeking to balance author rights with public access to information, documentation, and culture.", "quote": "Un communiqué commun à l'ADBS, l'ABE, l'ADBU et l'ADBDP vient d'être rendu public. J'en extrais ces lignes : « Il va de soi qu'il ne s'agit pas pour nous de remettre en cause le droit d'auteur mais de l'équilibrer par le droit du public à l'information, à la documentation, à la culture (...).", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Association of National Advertisers (ANA)", "aliases": ["Association of National Advertisers (ANA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched the Alliance for Inclusive & Multicultural Marketing, an initiative aimed at promoting diversity and inclusion in marketing practices and discourse, thereby influencing industry standards and norms.", "quote": "Examples include the Association for National Advertisers launching the Alliance for Inclusive & Multicultural Marketing (ANA, 2018); brands like Microsoft and Salesforce offering trainings on inclusive marketing.", "page": "383", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "Association of Paroling Authorities International", "aliases": ["Association of Paroling Authorities International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sets professional standards for parole decisions, advocating for the use of research-based risk assessment instruments as 'accepted best practice'.", "quote": "as the Association of Paroling Authorities International’s 2003 Handbook for New Parole Board Members put it, 'In this day and age, making parole decisions without benefit of a good, research-based risk assessment instrument clearly falls short of accepted best practice.'", "page": "61", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Association of Polish Journalists", "aliases": ["Association of Polish Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Published reports on the state of publishing and its censorship, influencing discourse on media freedom; later dissolved by the authorities due to its stance.", "quote": "The use of the term ’second circulation’ appears to date from the Association of Polish Journalists’ February 1982 Report on the State of Publishing in Poland under Martial Law...", "page": "141", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Association of Professional Futurists (APF)", "aliases": ["Association of Professional Futurists (APF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / nonprofit membership body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Trade", "algorithmic or platform governance", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "APF publishes blogs and Compass magazine, convenes events and professional networks, and provides professional development to shape foresight practice and discourse (including on AI).", "quote": "APF's core mission is advancing professional foresight; it occasionally publishes and convenes on AI and futures topics that touch on platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.apf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Association of Proletarian Writers (VAPP)", "aliases": ["Association of Proletarian Writers (VAPP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "political ideology", "political propaganda"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Weimar"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1928, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Glavlit, censorship and the problem of party policy in cultural affairs, 1922–28", "author": "Fox, Michael S.", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Provided detailed reports to the Politburo on various literary groups, influencing party policy and regulatory decisions by offering evaluations and intelligence.", "quote": "the Politburo received detailed reports from the association of proletarian writers, VAPP, on every major literary group, and prominent party members frequently wrote similar reports on their own fields.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668139208412065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USSR", "when": "1922–1928"}]}, {"name": "Association of Public Internet Access Providers", "aliases": ["Association of Public Internet Access Providers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "internet access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Strenuously protested government measures in India, such as searching cybercafes without warrants and blocking sites, arguing they would lead to closures of businesses.", "quote": "The Indian cybercafé association, the Association of Public Internet Access Providers, strenuously pro-tested against the measures, which it said would lead to the closure of most of the country's 3,000 or so cybercafés.", "page": "13", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Association of Sudanese Professionals (APS)", "aliases": ["Association of Sudanese Professionals (APS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Organized and led widespread street demonstrations, connecting revolutionary committees using social media, to articulate and channel popular grievances, ultimately contributing to the overthrow of the president.", "quote": "ce groupement constitué de huit corps de métiers initialement réuni autour de motifs économiques a fini par porter des revendications politiques et réclamer le départ du président. L'APS a su organiser une contestation puissante et inédite dans un pays où les syndicats indépendants sont interdits et les partis d'opposition réprimés.", "page": "3", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Association pour la Sauvegarde et la Promotion de la Culture Guidar (GUMA-ASPROCG)", "aliases": ["Association pour la Sauvegarde et la Promotion de la Culture Guidar (GUMA-ASPROCG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "heritage preservation"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promotes and safeguards the Guidar culture and heritage, playing a role in local cultural policy and events, and influencing community identity and values.", "quote": "1Association pour la Sauvegarde et la Promotion de la Culture Guidar - GUMA ASPROCG.http://www.guma-asprocg.org/index.php consulté le 10 juin 2016.", "page": "253", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (ATTAC)", "aliases": ["Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (ATTAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public discourse"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Parler politique en ligne. Une revue des travaux français et anglo-saxons", "author": "Greffet, Fabienne; Wojcik, Stéphanie", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Members use electronic discussion lists for communication and debate, a practice that, while intended to foster reflection, can also lead to disinhibited and polemical speech due to anonymity and online mediation.", "quote": "Dans son étude des usages des outils électroniques (notamment les listes de discussion) par les militants d'ATTAC, Flore Trautmann explicite précisément les tensions qui sous-tendent la communication en ligne.", "page": "13", "url": "http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=12210", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "online platforms (French and Anglo-Saxon contexts)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Association pour une Électronique Libre", "aliases": ["Association pour une Électronique Libre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["Internet platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital commons"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie parlementaire à l'heure des plate-formes participatives et des réseaux sociaux sur Internet", "author": "C Lejeune", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This association is specialized in monitoring ('veille') and raising awareness ('sensibilisation') concerning 'numérique democracy.' It informs the parliament about relevant actions, promoting specific technological choices (free electronics) and advocating for policies in digital governance.", "quote": "D'autres initiatives méritent notre attention et notre soutien : CommunesPlones, l'Association pour une Électronique Libre (AEL) ou PourEVA, par exemple. Elles sont trop nombreuses pour être toutes citées. En outre, ces associations spécialisées dans la veille et la sensibilisation en matière de « démocratie numérique » regroupent des portes paroles informés susceptibles d'instruire le parlement sur la pertinence des actions à mener.", "page": "9", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/73298/1/lejeune_2010g.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Wallonia, Belgium, and Internet platforms", "when": "Early 21st century (with historical context from 1930s)"}]}, {"name": "Association québécoise des Nord-Africains pour la laïcité", "aliases": ["Association québécoise des Nord-Africains pour la laïcité"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["immigrant integration", "laïcité", "secularism"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its representatives, Farid Chikhi and Ali Kaidi, testified before the parliamentary commission against religious signs, asserting their expertise as 'endo-orientalists'.", "quote": "Le 7 mai: Leila Lesbet (avec Diane Guilbault) au nom de Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec), Djamila Benhabib (avec Louise Mailloux) au nom du Collectif citoyen pour l’égalité et la citoyenneté, et Farid Chikhi et Ali Kaidi au nom de l’Association québécoise des Nord-Africains pour la laïcité.", "page": "211", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Association Tunisienne de Défense des Valeurs Universitaires", "aliases": ["Association Tunisienne de Défense des Valeurs Universitaires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "justice", "university values"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Interpellated public authorities and the Ministry of Higher Education to demand an investigation following denunciations of sexual harassment.", "quote": "La médiatisation numérique et la viralité des réseaux sociaux couplées à la mobilisation des étudiantes ont entrainé le soutien de la Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme et de l’Association Tunisienne de Défense des Valeurs Universitaires qui ont interpellé les pouvoirs publics et le ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et ont exigé l’ouverture d’une enquête.", "page": "16", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Association Écrans Noirs", "aliases": ["Association Écrans Noirs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural promotion", "economic development"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes a major film festival to promote and valorize African cinema, acting as a platform for artistic expression and influencing cultural norms and industry standards.", "quote": "le plus grand festival du cinéma de l’Afrique centrale fondé en 1997 par l’association Ecrans Noirs", "page": "214", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "associations de policiers", "aliases": ["associations de policiers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA CENSURE PAR LA MOYENNE", "author": "Noël, Bernard", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "These associations exerted pressure on local authorities, specifically a mayor, to prevent a theatre performance by threatening to invoke legal provisions ('circonstances locales') typically used for public order, effectively lobbying for censorship of artistic work.", "quote": "Récemment, le maire socialiste de Chambéry, interpellé par des associations de policiers, menaça d'invoquer les fameuses “circonstances locales\" contre une mise en scène de Roberto Zucco", "page": "pièce de Bernard-Marie Koltès...\"", "url": "e.wallon.free.fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Associations féministes françaises", "aliases": ["Associations féministes françaises"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Google", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "internet forums"], "norms": ["anti-gender violence", "fair moderation", "feminist issues", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadow ban: l'invisibilisation des contenus en ligne", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These associations initiated legal action against Instagram, accusing the platform of shadowbanning their accounts after they posted content related to violence against women, while allowing misogynistic content. They sought an explanation for Instagram's moderation practices.", "quote": "Plus récemment, au printemps 2021, plusieurs associations féministes françaises ont assigné Instagram en justice pour avoir invisibilisé les comptes de militantes qui avaient posté la phrase «Comment faire pour que les hommes arrêtent de violer? ».", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2111_0075?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Baïdu) with specific examples in USA, France, and China; also early bulletin board systems and internet forums.", "when": "1980s to early 2020s, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Associations of family parents", "aliases": ["Associations of family parents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Exerted 'undue interference' on censorship decisions, particularly concerning moral and public spectacle issues, acting as an external pressure group.", "quote": "o poder dos censores oficiais foi-se amainando, da mesma forma que a ingerência indébita, mas consentida, de facções raciais, políticas, religiosas (especialmente estas), além de inefáveis associações de pais de família.", "page": "14", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Antigone", "aliases": ["Associazione Antigone"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Concepts and conditions of penal moderation: Penal policy, public philosophy, and political ideologies. Theoretical reflections from Italy (2010–2018)", "author": "Z Gallo", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on prison conditions, contributing data to public and academic discourse on penal policy, thus influencing debates around penal moderation and overcrowding.", "quote": "imprisonment rates crept upwards to 90 in 2016 and 99 in 2018 (WPB), with a knock-on effect on overcrowding, back up to 119% in 2018 (Antigone, 2018).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13624806241302785", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "2010–2018"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Carta di Roma", "aliases": ["Associazione Carta di Roma"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "newspapers"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La “crisi migratoria” e la crisi della sfera pubblica", "author": "D Lucchesi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The organization promotes ethical guidelines (the 'Carta di Roma' code of conduct) for journalists regarding the portrayal of migrants, refugees, and minorities. It monitors media compliance through annual reports, influencing journalistic self-regulation and the framing of news that subsequently shapes public debate.", "quote": "Si sono consultati i rapporti di fine anno (2016; 2017; 2018) dell'Associazione Carta di Roma.", "page": "6", "url": "http://ojs.cimedoc.uniba.it/index.php/eco/article/view/1135", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Facebook, Italy (comments on Italian newspaper pages)", "when": "2016–2018"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Difesa Anime & Manga Italia (ADAM)", "aliases": ["Associazione Difesa Anime & Manga Italia (ADAM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of Anime in Italian Distribution", "author": "Parini, Ilaria", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Founded by Italian fans, this association actively protests against the manipulation and censorship of Japanese animation through internet campaigns and engagement with experts, aiming to influence distribution practices.", "quote": "For many years, Italian fans have been protesting in various ways against the manip- ulative editing of anime and in 1997 a group of them founded the association ADAM (Associazione Difesa Anime & Manga Italia – Italian Association for the Defence of Anime & Manga).", "page": "10", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013948ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "1970s–2012"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Italiana di Psicologia (AIP)", "aliases": ["Associazione Italiana di Psicologia (AIP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["professional ethics", "psychology ethics", "research integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media Literacy e Social Media: un Intervento Sperimentale per proteggere dai contenuti idealizzati online", "author": "M MUSSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The association establishes and disseminates a Code of Ethics for psychological research in Italy, guiding researchers on responsible practices and contributing to the self-regulation of the profession.", "quote": "In accordo con l’Articolo 2 del Codice Etico della Ricerca in Psicologia (Associazione Italiana di Psicologia, 2015).", "page": "37", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/96159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Global (with a focus on Western societies)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Italiana Formatori", "aliases": ["Associazione Italiana Formatori"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "professional training", "quality assurance"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Corso di Specializzazione per esperti di tutoraggio on-line e moderatori/animatori della comunicazione", "author": "I Marenzi, D Peraldo, V Turelli, R Turri, A Ziletti", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The association serves as a key reference point for trainers in Italy, influencing professional standards and best practices for online moderation and tutoring by disseminating theories and guidelines, such as Gilly Salmon's e-moderation framework.", "quote": "(associazione italiana formatori). Sito di riferimento per i formatori italiani... AIF [...] elenca la sua teoria dei 5 punti tratta dal volume E-moderator", "page": "26", "url": "https://www.comunedasa.it/elearning/download/lavoro_gr4.pdf", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, focusing on distance learning and online education", "when": "early 2000s (circa 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Italiana Studiosi di Diritto dell'Unione Europea", "aliases": ["Associazione Italiana Studiosi di Diritto dell'Unione Europea"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La proposta di Digital Service Act per la regolazione dei servizi e delle piattaforme online nel diritto dell'Unione europea", "author": "G Caggiano", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes academic discourse on the regulation of digital services and platforms, contributing to the legal and policy debate around censorship, moderation, and fundamental rights online in the EU.", "quote": "I Post di AISDUE, III (2021), aisdue.eu Focus \"Servizi e piattaforme digitali\"\"", "page": "n. 1", "url": "https://www.aisdue.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Post-Giandonato-Caggiano-DSAfinale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2000 EU legislative period"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Nazionale Magistrati", "aliases": ["Associazione Nazionale Magistrati"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di espressione e moderazione dei contenuti online: profili costituzionali.", "author": "Canton, Gaia Dal", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The association supports a legal journal that publishes academic articles interpreting constitutional law, including on freedom of expression, thereby contributing to legal discourse and professional understanding.", "quote": "F. Cortesi, L'art. 21 della Costituzione, in La Magistratura Rivista a cura dell'associazione nazionale magistrati, 7 marzo 2022.", "page": "7", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, Italy, Global Digital Platforms (focus on content moderation)", "when": "Contemporary digital era, focusing on post-2010 platform developments"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Parole O_stili", "aliases": ["Associazione Parole O_stili"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Germany", "Italy", "Poland", "Spain", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "digital literacy"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Analisi dell'odio online in una prospettiva ecologica", "author": "S PAVESI", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts social projects focused on sensitisation against violent language and collaborates with academic institutions on research regarding social media use among adolescents to promote responsible online communication.", "quote": "l'associazione “Parole O_stili” (che nasce come un progetto sociale di sensibilizzazione contro l'uso violento delle parole)", "page": "6", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/33978", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, primarily in Europe (Italy, Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Spain)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associazione per lo Sviluppo dell'Industria nel Mezzogiorno", "aliases": ["Associazione per lo Sviluppo dell'Industria nel Mezzogiorno"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "regional development", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on the economy and society of Southern Italy, highlighting economic decline and its social consequences, implicitly advocating for policies to address regional disparities and inform public debate.", "quote": "Svimez (2019), Rapporto Svimez. L’economia e la società del Mezzogiorno, il Mulino, Bologna.", "page": "91", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Franco Selvaggi", "aliases": ["Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Franco Selvaggi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL", "author": "DF SELVA, F SELVAGGI, NCO SELVAGGI", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The association implements its own social media policy to moderate content on its official online channels, reserving the right to remove spam, off-topic, or offensive messages. It also sets a code of conduct for its members (coaches, staff, and collaborators) regarding their personal social media use to safeguard the association's image and interests.", "quote": "La FRANCO SELVAGGI è presente sul social media con l'obiettivo di facilitare la diffusione del brand e della policy aziendale, legate a temi come integrazione, rispetto delle regole, fairplay, lotta ad ogni forma di razzismo ed inclusione.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.scuolacalciofrancoselvaggi.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Social-Media-POLICY.pdf", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, online social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram)", "when": "2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Associazione Torino Internazionale", "aliases": ["Associazione Torino Internazionale"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La democrazia in un ambiente ostile: un quasi-esperimento deliberativo", "author": "P Isernia, L Bobbio, I Fiket, AR Manca, N Podesta", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provided logistical support for the organization of a deliberative polling event, thereby indirectly facilitating a structured and moderated public debate on contentious issues.", "quote": "L'associazione Torino Internazionale ha svolto un compito di sostegno logistico per l'organizzazione dell'evento.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1425/28363", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Province of Turin, Italy", "when": "2007"}]}, {"name": "Associação ambiental BioLiving", "aliases": ["Associação ambiental BioLiving"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "environmental protection", "free speech", "innovation"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The association manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Rádio e Televisão (ABERT)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Rádio e Televisão (ABERT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political discourse"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Da cortesia à descortesia: análise linguístico-interacional de um debate político televisivo", "author": "IV Dalinghaus", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "ABERT, representing radio and television companies, successfully filed a writ of mandamus with the Superior Electoral Court to allow political debates to proceed even without the presence of all candidates, influencing the rules of electoral debate participation.", "quote": "A ABERT – Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Rádio e Televisão, em nome de seus associados, impetrou mandado de segurança no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, que decidiu que o debate poderia acontecer mesmo sem a presença de todos os candidatos.", "page": "44", "url": "https://repositorio.ufms.br/handle/123456789/2985", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, broadcast television (political debate)", "when": "2014"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Software (ABES), Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e Eletrônica (Abinee), Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (Brasscom)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira das Empresas de Software (ABES), Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e Eletrônica (Abinee), Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (Brasscom)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "regulatory clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Opposed Anatel's nomination as a supervisory body for digital platforms, advocating for the National Data Protection Authority's (ANPD) continued centrality in data protection matters.", "quote": "Em sentido semelhante, as entidades de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação, incluindo ABES, Abinee e Brasscom, também se opuseram à nomeação da Anatel e se posicionaram favoráveis a manter a centralidade da Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados (ANPD) no tema.", "page": "50", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Bebidas (ABRAPE)", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Bebidas (ABRAPE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["advertising standards", "alcohol regulation adherence"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed representations (complaints) to CONAR regarding advertising, thereby participating in the self-regulation process for alcoholic beverages.", "quote": "Os anunciantes - o cantor Gusttavo Lima e a fabricante Better Drinks - foram alvo de duas representações do Conselho em virtude das denúncias feitas pelo Ministério Público Federal e pela Associação Brasileira de Bebidas (ABRAPE)227.", "page": "70", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Cineastas", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Cineastas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Expressed satisfaction regarding changes in censorship leadership, indicating its role in advocating for policies favorable to cinematic freedom.", "quote": "Geraldo Sobral Rocha, Associação Brasileira de Cineastas, festejou a saída de Solange.", "page": "66", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Educação", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Educação"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["education standards", "public health"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema e censura no Brasil: uma discussão conceitual para além da ditadura", "author": "MRL Lucas", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Association influenced state censorship by nominating an educator to the national censorship commission established in 1932, thereby contributing to the composition and likely the criteria applied by the state apparatus.", "quote": "e) de uma educadora, indicada pela Associação Brasileira de Educação”.", "page": "6", "url": "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/20186", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "late 19th to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Juristas pela Democracia", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Juristas pela Democracia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech", "justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized events and legal actions to defend democratic principles and freedom of expression against attempts at censorship within universities.", "quote": "organizamos, junto com a Associação Brasileira de Juristas pela Democracia, o evento “Moro Mente” e o então Ministro da Educação, Abraham Wientraunb sugeriu à reitoria proibir o evento...", "page": "97", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed a Mandado de Injunção to the Supreme Court to address legislative omission regarding the criminalization of homotransphobia, and participated as amici curiae in related cases, advocating for expanded legal protections.", "quote": "O MI foi proposto pela Associação de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais – ABGLT, em 10 de maio de 2012, e alegava haver omissão do poder legislativo em preencher lacuna referente à criminalização de atos de discriminação em razão de orientação sexual e identidade de gênero (homofobia e transfobia).", "page": "108", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Comunicação e Política", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Comunicação e Política"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic excellence", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Awards prizes for theses and dissertations in political communication, influencing academic standards and research within this specific subfield.", "quote": "Também recebeu menção honrosa no Prêmio Compolítica de Teses e Dissertações (2013-2014) da Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em Comunicação e Política (Compolítica).", "page": "317", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Associação Brasileira de Rádio e Televisão", "aliases": ["Associação Brasileira de Rádio e Televisão"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["crime prevention", "good faith", "objectivity", "regulatory balance"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Suggested a duty of care based on the principle of objective good faith, supporting the model proposed by PL 2630/20, particularly Article 11, which lists crimes to be prevented and mitigated under a duty of care regime.", "quote": "Aislan Vargas Basílio, da Associação Brasileira de Rádio e Televisão (Abratel), sugeriu similarmente um dever de cuidado baseado no princípio da boa-fé objetiva, como também proposto por Estela Aranha. A ABERT também apoiou o modelo proposto pelo Projeto de Lei 2630 (id nº 920), elogiando particularmente o Artigo 11 do projeto, que lista os crimes a serem prevenidos e mitigados no âmbito do regime de dever de cuidado.", "page": "10", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Central Abolicionista", "aliases": ["Associação Central Abolicionista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocated for the abolition of slavery and disseminated debates on the issue.", "quote": "Nos anos de 1880 foi criada tanto a Sociedade Brasileira Contra a Escravidão por Joaquim Nabuco e outros abolicionistas, bem como a Associação Central Abolicionista.", "page": "72", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Associação cultural d'Orfeu", "aliases": ["Associação cultural d'Orfeu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["artistic development", "community engagement", "cultural development", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The association manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Cultural SCOCS (Sport Club Operário de Cem Soldos)", "aliases": ["Associação Cultural SCOCS (Sport Club Operário de Cem Soldos)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "cultural development", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The association manages its social media presence for the festival by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Associação das Mães Cristãs", "aliases": ["Associação das Mães Cristãs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "religious morality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the Movimento por um Mundo Cristão to lobby for stricter censorship of media content deemed morally offensive, particularly films.", "quote": "...o MMC conseguiu articular-se a uma série de outras entidades, entre elas a Associação das Mães Cristãs, a Federação dos Trabalhadores Cristãos de Minas Gerais e o Círculo Operário de Belo Horizonte...", "page": "232", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Data Privacy Brasil", "aliases": ["Associação Data Privacy Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "free speech", "surveillance limits"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Critiqued legislative proposals, specifically PL 2630/2020, arguing that traceability mechanisms requiring monitoring and data storage could increase risks rather than benefits, influencing the legislative debate on content moderation.", "quote": "A Associação Data Privacy Brasil teceu críticas a respeito dos mecanismos de rastreabilidade no sentido de que imposição de medidas que exigem o monitoramento e armazenamento de dados de mensagem podem gerar mais riscos do que benefícios.", "page": "35", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Data Privacy Brasil de Pesquisa", "aliases": ["Associação Data Privacy Brasil de Pesquisa"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede, a coalition advocating for legal norms of accountability for social media.", "quote": "Entre las cuales están Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, InternetLab... Associação Data Privacy Brasil de Pesquisa, Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade - IRIS.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação de Delegados de Polícia do Estado de São Paulo", "aliases": ["Associação de Delegados de Polícia do Estado de São Paulo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "public morals", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Sent letters to the Minister of Justice, linking media content (soap operas) that caricatured police figures to a communist strategy of moral degradation, urging intervention against such publications.", "quote": "Assim, para a Associação de Delegados de Polícia do Estado de São Paulo, por exemplo, o conselho vinha de Mao Zedong a cultura revolucionária é uma poderosa arma revolucionária para as grandes massas populares.", "page": "257", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação de desenvolvimento turístico da Rede Aldeias Históricas de Portugal", "aliases": ["Associação de desenvolvimento turístico da Rede Aldeias Históricas de Portugal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "content quality", "economic development", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The association manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively responds to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions. Notably, this initiative does not permit direct user publications on its Facebook page, thereby exercising more direct content control.", "quote": "Observou-se que, de todos os casos selecionados, apenas uma iniciativa (J) não permite a publicação direta na sua página Facebook.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Associação de Docentes da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande", "aliases": ["Associação de Docentes da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech", "university autonomy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Was a target of judicial orders for search and seizure of materials deemed electoral propaganda, demonstrating its role as a collective voice of academics in political discourse.", "quote": "foi determinada a busca e apreensão na Associação de Docentes da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (ADUFCG), materiais de campanha eleitoral denominados como \"Manifesto em defesa da democracia e da Universidade Pública” e outros favoráveis ao candidato a Presidente da República Fernando Haddad.\"", "page": "88", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Associação de Ex-combatentes do Brasil", "aliases": ["Associação de Ex-combatentes do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Protested media content deemed disrespectful to national symbols and military figures, linking perceived moral degradation to anti-patriotic and 'subversive' actions.", "quote": "...a Associação de Ex-combatentes do Brasil se manifestou pedindo medidas punitivas contra tal “falta de respeito” .", "page": "252", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação de Municípios de Urubupungá", "aliases": ["Associação de Municípios de Urubupungá"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "community values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Approved and forwarded a manifesto from a mayor to censorship authorities, protesting the proliferation and public display of erotic and pornographic publications.", "quote": "...numa manifestação que, formulada pelo prefeito de Andradina, foi aprovada pela Associação de Municípios de Urubupungá (AMRU). Utilizando-se de uma ironia bastante provocativa, com o intuito de denunciar que as medidas tomadas pelas autoridades governamentais não estavam surtindo o efeito desejado...", "page": "202", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação de Professores de Filosofia", "aliases": ["Associação de Professores de Filosofia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "critical thinking", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organizes thematic cycles and edits publications to promote philosophical work and discussions on contemporary issues, including artificial intelligence, media literacy, and disinformation.", "quote": "Comunicação realizada no âmbito do ciclo temático “O trabalho filosófico 2025: Filosofia, Inteligência Artificial num mundo em crise” Organização: Associação de Professores de Filosofia Edição: Associação de Professores de Filosofia", "page": "2", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Associação de solidariedade social Centro Comunitário da Gafanha do Carmo", "aliases": ["Associação de solidariedade social Centro Comunitário da Gafanha do Carmo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "free speech", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The association manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Democrática Feminina", "aliases": ["Associação Democrática Feminina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-communist indoctrination campaigns, contributing to the broader mobilization of conservative women's groups in the early 1960s.", "quote": "Entre eles destacam-se a Liga das Mulheres Democráticas, em Belo Horizonte, a Cruzada Democrática Feminina, em Recife, e a Associação Democrática Feminina, em Porto Alegre.", "page": "234", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação dos Juízes de Menores do Brasil", "aliases": ["Associação dos Juízes de Menores do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content regulation", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Lobbied government authorities to collaborate on censorship matters, particularly regarding content for minors, and explored options for material and financial support for their objectives.", "quote": "Existe uma Associação dos Juízes de Menores do Brasil, que deverá ser prestigiada pelo governo federal e incentivada a colaborar no setor.", "page": "55", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Associação dos Magistrados Brasileiros (AMB)", "aliases": ["Associação dos Magistrados Brasileiros (AMB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["dispute resolution", "judicial integrity", "legal certainty"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated in a study with academic institutions (FGV, IDP) to analyze decisions of the Superior Tribunal of Justice on content moderation, contributing to the legal discourse and understanding of digital relations.", "quote": "No estudo realizado em parceria pela Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV, Instituto Brasiliense de Ensino, Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa - IDP e Associação dos Magistrados Brasileiros - AMB, foram analisados 37 Recursos Especiais em trâmite perante o Superior Tribunal de Justiça.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}]}, {"name": "Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores (First International / International Workingmen's Association)", "aliases": ["Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores (First International / International Workingmen's Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["political autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized workers internationally, serving as a platform for revolutionary tactics and discussions, with internal divisions influencing later syndicalist movements.", "quote": "Esta organização foi o ponto culminante de diversas experiências dos trabalhadores naquele período histórico, tendo surgido como uma necessidade prática do ascendente movimento operário.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Médica Brasileira", "aliases": ["Associação Médica Brasileira"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ingerência privada das mídias sociais no debate público: o caso de remoção de tweet do Ministério da Saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19", "author": "MCP Garcia", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides recommendations and sets professional medical standards which are considered by social media platforms (like Twitter) when formulating their content moderation policies regarding health information, thus influencing private moderation decisions.", "quote": "Esse posicionamento estaria em conformidade com as orientações da OMS e da própria Associação Médica Brasileira.", "page": "12", "url": "https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/15770", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Twitter, Brazil", "when": "2020–2021 (COVID-19 pandemic)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional de História (ANPUH)", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional de História (ANPUH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Historical Negationism and the Emergence of the Far Right The Crisis of the Modern Regime of Historicity in Brazil (2019-2022)", "author": "Maia, Tatyana De Amaral", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The organization strongly repudiates historical negationism from state actors, specifically condemning the presidential directive to celebrate the military dictatorship. It calls on its members to actively counter false narratives by promoting historical truth through educational activities like lectures, debates, and social media posts, thereby engaging in norm enforcement and public education.", "quote": "The ANPUH-Brazil strongly repudiates the decision of the presidency of the Republic to determine 'appropriate celebrations' for the Military Dictatorship that began on March 31, 1964... ANPUH-Brazil calls on its members to, starting from April 1, hold lectures, roundtable discussions, film debates, and social media posts that depict torture, lack of democracy, violence, and inhumanity committed by the state, which marked the 21 years of military dictatorship in Brazil.", "page": "18", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-87752023000300007&tlng=en", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2022"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ)", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["economic regulation", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Manifested in public hearings against the current system of intermediary liability (Article 19 MCI), arguing for stricter responsibility for platforms.", "quote": "Os representantes da Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão (Abert) e da Associação Nacional de Jornais (ANJ) manifestaram se em sentido contrário, opinando pela necessidade de maior rigor na responsabilidade dos intermediários.", "page": "144", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional de Juristas Evangélicos", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional de Juristas Evangélicos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF), likely advocating for the protection of religious freedom in the context of homotransphobia debates.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; a Associação Nacional de Juristas Evangélicos – ANAJURE; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderador"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Grupo focal na ciência da informação: papel do moderador", "author": "MAV Vitoriano, KCGD Gasque", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "ANCIB organizes the National Meeting for Research in Information Science (ENANCIB), which serves as a scientific society that congregates Brazilian researchers and graduate programs. This event acts as a forum for debates and reflections on Information Science topics, thereby contributing to norm-setting and gatekeeping within the academic discourse of the field.", "quote": "O ENANCIB é um evento organizado pela Associação Nacional de Pesquisa em Ciência da Informação (ANCIB), sociedade científica que congrega pesquisadores e programas de pós-graduação brasileiros, para fins de debates e reflexões sobre temas da Ciência da Informação.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8934308", "topic": "moderador", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Information Science research, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional de Travestis e Transexuais", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional de Travestis e Transexuais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "transgender rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF) concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, advocating for the rights and protection of transvestites and transsexuals.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] a Associação Nacional de Travestis e Transexuais – ANTRA [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Censores da Polícia Federal", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Censores da Polícia Federal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public service integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Formed by federal censors to protect their professional interests and benefits as public servants, organizing in response to proposed reforms that threatened their roles.", "quote": "Para se proteger das mudanças em curso, os técnicos de censura criaram uma entidade de representação chamada Associação Nacional dos Censores da Polícia Federal (ANACEN) que reuniu mais 70% dos censores, tem sede em Brasília e é atuante até hoje.", "page": "69", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["access to information", "cultural freedom", "free speech", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ingerência privada das mídias sociais no debate público: o caso de remoção de tweet do Ministério da Saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19", "author": "MCP Garcia", "year": "", "mechanism": "Acted as the petitioner in a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 4.815/DF) before the Supreme Federal Court, contributing to the legal debate and interpretation of constitutional principles such as freedom of expression and privacy in the context of civil law.", "quote": "Requerente: Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros - ANEL. Relatora: Min. Cármen Lúcia, 10 de junho de 2015.", "page": "35", "url": "https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/15770", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Twitter, Brazil", "when": "2020–2021 (COVID-19 pandemic)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros (ANEL)", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros (ANEL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "free speech", "freedom of the press", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed an Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court to interpret Civil Code articles related to the publication of biographies, successfully advocating for the dispense of prior authorization to prevent prior censorship.", "quote": "As temáticas da liberdade de expressão, censura e direito de informação também provocaram o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade n. 4815, movida pela Associação Nacional dos Editores de Livros – ANEL a fim de interpretar os artigos 20 e 21 do Código Civil relativos à divulgação de escritos, à transmissão da palavra, à produção, publicação, exposição ou utilização da imagem da pessoa biografada.", "page": "75", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público (CONAMP)", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Membros do Ministério Público (CONAMP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e criminalidade virtual: o papel das redes sociais e os desafios jurídicos no combate aos crimes cibernéticos", "author": "LR Jaroszewski", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CONAMP, as a national association of public prosecutors, highlights challenges and advocates for international cooperation in investigating digital crimes, influencing policy and practice in the combat against cybercrime.", "quote": "Em relação à cooperação internacional em crimes cibernéticos, Segovia destacou que atualmente há apenas um único instrumento disponível, que é a Convenção de Budapeste. Esse tratado aborda questões relacionadas à discriminação, xenofobia e cibercrime, e é o principal instrumento utilizado para englobar sistemas de cooperação internacional nessa área (Segovia apud CONAMP, 2024).", "page": "9", "url": "https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/17873", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Profissionais de Privacidade de Dados (ANPPD)", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Profissionais de Privacidade de Dados (ANPPD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cyber security", "data privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Published alerts about increasing data breaches, highlighting the risks for e-commerce companies and users, and advocating for data privacy and security measures.", "quote": "Outro exemplo que se verifica foi publicado pela Associação Nacional dos Profissionais de Privacidade de Dados (ANPPD). Afirma-se que o Biden Cash, mercado da chamada “dark web”, publicou em 2023 cerca de 2,1 milhões de dados de cartões de crédito e débito de usuários de e-commerce.", "page": "280", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação", "aliases": ["Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic excellence", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Awards prizes for theses and dissertations in communication, thereby setting academic standards and influencing research directions within the field.", "quote": "Sua tese foi considerada a melhor tese na área de Comunicação defendida no ano de 2014 pela Associação Nacional dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação (Compós) e recebeu o Prêmio Compós de Teses e Dissertações Eduardo Peñuela (2015).", "page": "317", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Associação Não Partilhes", "aliases": ["Associação Não Partilhes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["non-consensual intimate imagery", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os Direitos de autor como proteção às vítimas de assédio sexual online na União Europeia", "author": "NJF Pedro", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Acts against the non-consensual sharing of intimate images, raising awareness and highlighting victim testimonies about perpetrators often being close to the victim, thereby exerting public pressure and promoting norm enforcement.", "quote": "A associação, criada por Inês Marinho em 2019, atua contra a partilha não consentida de imagens íntimas e frequentemente destaca, nos seus \"highlights\"\" de testemunhos", "page": "que os agressores tendem a ser pessoas próximas da vítima\"", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/29a0e4f9-7905-452a-93fc-84a2097b9c46", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union, United States (for comparison)", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Paulista de Críticos Teatrais", "aliases": ["Associação Paulista de Críticos Teatrais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Through its president (Coelho Neto), it was involved in representing the interests of amateur theatre groups and participated in debates about how censorship should be conducted, advocating for censors with a higher cultural level.", "quote": "Seus contatos com a classe teatral levaram-no à presidência da APCT (Associação Paulista de Críticos Teatrais), envolvendo-se diretamente com a recém-formada Comissão Estadual de Teatro, para representar os interesses dos grupos amadores do Estado de São Paulo que, na época, eram muitos.", "page": "11", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Associação Paulista de Críticos Teatrais (Paulista Association of Theatre Critics)", "aliases": ["Associação Paulista de Críticos Teatrais (Paulista Association of Theatre Critics)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic interests", "cultural authority", "cultural representation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its president became involved with the state theatre commission to represent the interests of amateur theatre groups and proposed a course to raise the cultural level of censors, aiming to moderate censorship practices.", "quote": "Seus contatos com a classe teatral levaram-no à presidência da APCT (...), envolvendo-se diretamente com a recém-formada Comissão Estadual de Teatro, para representar os interesses dos grupos amadores do Estado de São Paulo (...).", "page": "260", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Associação pelo Documentário", "aliases": ["Associação pelo Documentário"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["professional practice"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A vice-president of Apordoc is mentioned, indicating its role as a professional body that advocates for documentary filmmaking, which shapes narratives and influences content production.", "quote": "Foi vice-presidente da Apordoc – Associação pelo Documentário.", "page": "13", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Portuguesa das Empresas Ultramarinas", "aliases": ["Associação Portuguesa das Empresas Ultramarinas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["colonialism", "imperial interests"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in public relations and lobbying in the US to promote Portuguese imperial interests and counter anti-colonial criticisms, including negatively influencing the perception of critical scholars.", "quote": "A APEU, entidade representativa dos grandes grupos económicos portugueses no ultramar, tornou-se cliente de consultoras norte-americanas que faziam a propaganda semi-oculta do imperialismo português junto da opinião pública e do Congresso dos EUA.", "page": "76", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Associação Portuguesa de Imprensa", "aliases": ["Associação Portuguesa de Imprensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Signed a co-regulation agreement with the national media regulator (ERC) and the Journalists' Union regarding the classification of publications.", "quote": "No âmbito da co-regulação, a ERC assinou ainda com a API, Associação Portuguesa de Imprensa e o SJ, Sindicato de Jornalistas, um acordo que diz respeito à classificação de publicações.", "page": "36", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia", "aliases": ["Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["empirical knowledge", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Coordinates a section on Science and Technology, contributing to the institutional framework for sociological research and implicit norm-setting within the scientific community.", "quote": "faz parte da equipa coordenadora da Secção Conhecimento Ciência e Tecnologia da Associação Portuguesa de Sociologia.", "page": "11", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Associação Profissional dos Professores do Amazonas", "aliases": ["Associação Profissional dos Professores do Amazonas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "political participation", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized teachers' movements and strikes, including a hunger strike, to negotiate for better working conditions, salaries, and direct elections for school directors, acting as a key player in the democratization process.", "quote": "Aloysio Nogueira de Melo, um dos entrevistados nesta pesquisa, foi um personagem importante no processo de fortalecimento do movimento docente, sendo o primeiro presidente da Associação Profissional dos Professores do Amazonas (APPAM) em 1979.", "page": "452", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Associações da Magistratura (Magistracy Associations)", "aliases": ["Associações da Magistratura (Magistracy Associations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Telegram", "Twitter", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "judicial integrity", "public information"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news: Entre a censura ea liberdade de expressão", "author": "ABV Alevi, GM de Souza, MF de Moraes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partnered with the National Council of Justice and the press to launch a 'Painel de Checagem de Fake News' (Fake News Fact-Checking Panel) to verify the veracity of news and information circulating in the media.", "quote": "A fim de combater o fenômeno da desinformação, o Conselho Nacional de Justiça, em parceria com os tribunais superiores, associações da magistratura e a imprensa, lançaram o Painel de Checagem de Fake News, onde os órgãos parceiros, em conjunto, checam notícias e informações que repercutem na mídia, constatando tratar-se, ou não, de uma fake news.", "page": "11", "url": "https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/sortuz/article/view/2267", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2016 onwards"}]}, {"name": "Associações de Críticos Cinematográficos e Produtores de Filmes", "aliases": ["Associações de Críticos Cinematográficos e Produtores de Filmes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria for cinema.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Asswat Nissa", "aliases": ["Asswat Nissa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Created a Facebook group to provide a community of listening and support for victims of sexual violence and harassment, extending the online activism of #EnaZeda.", "quote": "L’engagement féminin des anonymes et des activistes via le #EnaZeda, pousse des associations féministes à créer un groupe Facebook du même nom afin de former une communauté d’écoute et de soutien pour les victimes de violences et de harcèlement sexuels.", "page": "15", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Astraea Foundation CommsLabs", "aliases": ["Astraea Foundation CommsLabs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grantmaking foundation; LGBTQI and feminist justice organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Astraea funds and trains grassroots groups (CommsLabs), providing resources and communications capacity that influence public narratives and advocacy strategies related to LGBT and feminist justice, potentially affecting platformized content governance indirectly.", "quote": "Astraea is a grantmaking and capacity-building foundation (including a 'CommsLabs' program) that supports LGBTQI and feminist groups in communications and advocacy, which can touch on platform content and online expression though it is not a core focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.astraeafoundation.org/about-us/commslabs/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Astréa", "aliases": ["Astréa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political stability", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles expressing opposition views, criticized the administration, and engaged in 'polemicas odiosas' (hateful polemics) that áulicos considered revolutionary and aimed at subverting order.", "quote": "“A Astréa quer ter o nome de papel da opposição”, mas que “há muito tempo porém que abandonou o importante e honrosa tarefa de analisar e, censurar os Actos da Administração entregando-se a polemicas odiosas,traducções regicidas, proprias só de quem quer preparar huma revolução”", "page": "24", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Atalante", "aliases": ["Atalante"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civic engagement", "group identity", "national security", "nationalism", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec", "author": "M Potvin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Atalante uses its public Facebook page to disseminate hate propaganda and employ strategic communication techniques, such as agenda setting, framing, and priming, to influence public opinion, mobilize its members, recruit new followers, coordinate events, and spread false news, often operating discreetly to avoid legal repercussions.", "quote": "Cet article exploratoire vise à cerner les principaux éléments de « propagande haineuse » utilisés par trois groupes populistes identitaires (Atalante, La Meute, la Fédération des Québécois de souche) sur leurs pages Facebook publiques [...] Ils mènent des activités de propagande sur une diversité de plateformes publiques mais surtout privées afin de se mettre à l'abri des poursuites pour propagande haineuse.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/du/2017-v17-du03767/1047977ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Québec, Canada, Facebook", "when": "2017"}]}, {"name": "Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho o Tsukuru Kai (Society for the Making of New School Textbooks in History)", "aliases": ["Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho o Tsukuru Kai (Society for the Making of New School Textbooks in History)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "Japan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity"], "topics": ["censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States", "author": "Conrad, Sebastian; Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "This group was founded to promote a specific 'liberal view of history' by editing and publishing best-selling history textbooks, challenging the prevailing narratives and attempting to 'correct' what they perceived as a 'masochist' perspective on Japanese history.", "quote": "Fujioka and his followers founded the 'Society for the Making of New School Textbooks in History' (Atarashii Rekishi Kyōkasho o Tsukuru Kai) and have edited a number of best-selling volumes on Japanese history...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2668259?origin=crossref", "topic": "censor", "language": "English", "where": "Japan, Germany, United States", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Ateneo de Madrid", "aliases": ["Ateneo de Madrid"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "intellectual freedom", "national unity", "political education", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Served as a forum where prominent figures like Pacheco and Donoso Cortés delivered lectures that, by not addressing political parties, implicitly contributed to the theoretical neglect of pluralistic political organization.", "quote": "no mencionan a los partidos ni Joaquín María López en el curso que impartió en la Sociedad de Instrucción Pública de Madrid, ni Pacheco o Donoso Cortés en las Lecciones pronunciadas en el Ateneo de la capital española.", "page": "40", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Ateneu Cultural Libertário de Sans (Libertarian Cultural Ateneo of Sans)", "aliases": ["Ateneu Cultural Libertário de Sans (Libertarian Cultural Ateneo of Sans)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "social services"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operated as a community hub, providing collective kitchens and organizing services, demonstrating the link between cultural organizations and revolutionary social welfare.", "quote": "se deu conta que o Ateneu Cultural Libertário de Sans e o Sindicato Único da Arte Fabril e Têxtil se instalaram no antigo Centro Liberal Regionalista de Hostanfranchs, onde funcionava também uma cozinha coletiva que servia umas trezentas comidas diárias", "page": "84", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Atheism+ movement", "aliases": ["Atheism+ movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "freedom of belief", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online social movement that advocated for progressive social justice issues within atheism. It indirectly influenced content moderation by identifying targets for blocking tools like Block Bot due to opposition to its views.", "quote": "Atheism+ is a movement that originated in August 2012 by blogger Jen McCreight. It encouraged progressive atheists to cater to issues other than religion, such as social justice, feminism, racism and homophobia (RationalWiki, 2016).", "page": "96", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Atheist and Agnostic Group (on MySpace)", "aliases": ["Atheist and Agnostic Group (on MySpace)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["agnosticism", "atheism", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Experienced censorship when its content was twice deleted by the social network website MySpace, first following an organized campaign by conservative Christian users and later due to an attack by Christian hackers, highlighting internal pressures for platforms to censor.", "quote": "Myspace twice deleted its 35,000-member “Atheist and Agnostic Group,” the first time after an organized campaign from conservative Christian users who op-posed the group, and the second time following an attack by Christian hackers who deleted the group's material and renamed it 'Jesus is Love.'", "page": "12", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab", "aliases": ["Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-manipulation", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Identified technical means to detect manipulative actions by bots or users hidden behind pseudonyms in online information campaigns.", "quote": "As argued by the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab (2017: paragraph 19) regarding the campaign for Catalan independence: When the ‘atmosphere [is] as heated as Catalonia’s, nuance matters’.", "page": "138", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Atlantic Council, Digital Forensic Research Lab", "aliases": ["Atlantic Council, Digital Forensic Research Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank program; research lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research; Freedom Online Coalition; OSA-related public consultation; Global Network Initiative", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "DFRLab publishes investigative reports and briefs, documents and exposes disinformation campaigns, provides evidence used to pressure platforms and policymakers, and develops tooling and case studies to improve digital resilience.", "quote": "DFRLab operationalizes study of disinformation, exposing falsehoods and fake news, documenting human rights abuses, and building digital resilience—directly engaging in platform-relevant information integrity and AI-adjacent investigations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/programs/digital-forensic-research-lab/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Atomwaffen Division", "aliases": ["Atomwaffen Division"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neo-nazism", "political violence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Combines online propaganda (via IronMarch.org, 4chan, social media) with offline tactics (flyposting, combat training) and violence to promote neo-Nazism.", "quote": "the neo-Nazi group Atomwaffen Division combined online activity on IronMarch.org... with offline tactics, such as flyposting on university campuses, and violence.", "page": "56", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "ATTAC (Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières pour l'Aide aux Citoyens)", "aliases": ["ATTAC (Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières pour l'Aide aux Citoyens)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A virtual European public sphere? The Futurum discussion forum", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Operates an online mailing list that functions as a forum, facilitating political debate and contributing to the formation of an emerging transnational public sphere, implying a role in managing or moderating discussions.", "quote": "Cammaerts and van Audenhove (2005) undertook three case studies of online fora (ATTAC mailing list, LabourStart forum and an Indymedia Forum) and concluded that online fora can contribute to an emerging transnational public sphere.", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760701656403", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Futurum discussion forum)", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Attorney Grievance Committee of New York", "aliases": ["Attorney Grievance Committee of New York"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publicly censured Aaron Schlossberg for his abusive and racist actions, demonstrating a professional consequence beyond online condemnation for problematic behavior.", "quote": "Schlossberg was eventually publicly censured for his actions by the Attorney Grievance Committee of New York in December 2020", "page": "70", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "ATX political hackathon", "aliases": ["ATX political hackathon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political hackathon / civic tech event"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Convenes technologists and political actors to produce campaign tools (information/technical prototypes) and leverages partnership with the Texas Democratic Party to support progressive electoral goals.", "quote": "Organiser convenes technologists to build digital tools for progressive campaigns and voter mobilization, engaging with platformed political communication without focusing on platform governance or moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20180828060141/https://www.atxpoliticalhackathon.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Aufheben", "aliases": ["Aufheben"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "political ideology", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A class struggle anarchist journal that offers 'revolutionary perspectives' by critiquing and theorizing protests from a blend of situationism, Italian autonomia, and Marx, aiming to develop theory for effective participation.", "quote": "Aufheben characterizes itself as a 'class struggle anarchist' journal that offers 'revolutionary perspectives' (according to the footer on its front cover) and straddles the radical environmentalist and anarchist movements.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Aufstehen Gegen Rassismus", "aliases": ["Aufstehen Gegen Rassismus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Counters Far-Right activism through online and offline campaigning, including distributing bin bags next to right-wing campaigners for immediate flyer disposal.", "quote": "a group that counters Far-Right activism by campaigning online and offline, through things like handing out bin bags next to right-wing campaigners so passers-by can immediately discard the extremist flyers they may have been handed", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Augustins de l'Assomption", "aliases": ["Augustins de l'Assomption"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["information sharing", "religious communication"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This religious congregation contributes to the modernization of Catholic communications by establishing and managing Catholic media outlets, such as the monthly newspaper \"Duc in altum.\"\" They support the centralized communication strategy of the archdiocese.\"", "quote": "Associé au SEPAFAR, on retrouve la communauté des Augustins de l'assomption... L'une de leurs principales attributions est l'implantation de médias catholiques, la congrégation étant propriétaire de la maison d'édition Bayard.", "page": "5", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Aurora Fluminense", "aliases": ["Aurora Fluminense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political change", "public participation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles criticizing government actions and calling for the replacement of state officials, including ministers and provincial presidents, deemed 'discolos e impopulares'. It participated in public debates, including on the 'Noites das Garrafadas'.", "quote": "Quando a Aurora Fluminense, jornal moderado, clama pela substituição dos Chefes de Estado e autoridades, como os ministros do governo e os presidentes de Província, chamando-os de discolos e impopulares...", "page": "36", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Aurora Fluminense (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Aurora Fluminense (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in public debate and criticism, acknowledged to sometimes 'invectivar' rather than 'argumentar', reflecting and shaping the polemical style of early Brazilian press.", "quote": "Evaristo da Veiga e o Aurora Fluminense, Cipriano Barata e suas Sentinelas da Liberdade.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "AussieCossack", "aliases": ["AussieCossack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Gab", "Telegram"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political ideology", "social exclusion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Far-right populism in alt-tech: A challenge for democracy?", "author": "Dowling, Melissa-Ellen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Actively engaging in political communication and discussing democratic ideas on alt-tech platforms, which allows for the articulation of non-mainstream and far-right populist views without significant content moderation, thereby creating spaces to bypass mainstream censorship and foster alternative information sharing.", "quote": "The communities drawn from for the dataset include the top news-related communities: Reignite Democracy Australia (Telegram), AussieCossack (Telegram) and Australia (Gab).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448231205889", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia, Telegram and Gab platforms", "when": "2021–2022"}]}, {"name": "Australian activists against online violence against women", "aliases": ["Australian activists against online violence against women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Collectively drew attention to online violence against women on social media, leading to legal consequences for perpetrators through public pressure.", "quote": "Moreover, activists in Australia have collectively drawn attention to online violence against women on social media, resulting in legal consequences for one of the perpetrators (Jane, 2017).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Australian Computer Society (ACS)", "aliases": ["Australian Computer Society (ACS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["minimal government intervention", "rule of law", "technical feasibility"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Promoted minimal intervention in online content, arguing that existing legislative safeguards were sufficient, and provided technical expertise to policy discussions.", "quote": "This coalition was concerned with promoting either minimal intervention in online content... or held the view that existing legislative safeguards... and criminal law... were sufficient to deal with crimes that may occur online.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Australian Flexible Learning Network", "aliases": ["Australian Flexible Learning Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["Higher Education Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)"], "norms": ["e-learning effectiveness", "student experience"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Student and tutor perspectives of on‐line moderation", "author": "Packham, Gary; Jones, Paul; Thomas, Brychan; Miller, Christopher", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The network provides guidance and makes arguments about what constitutes critical practices for effective e-moderation, specifically emphasizing the management of the student's learning experience.", "quote": "The Australian Flexible Learning Network (AFLN) (2003) argues that managing the student's learning experience is critical to achieving effective moderation.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.emerald.com/et/article/48/4/241-251/89303", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Wales, Higher Education Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)", "when": "2004-2005"}]}, {"name": "Australian Human Rights Commission", "aliases": ["Australian Human Rights Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI safety", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Proposed AI regulation in its Human Rights and Technology Final Report 2021, strongly inspired by the European AI Act proposal.", "quote": "Sono emerse alcune proposte a livello mondiale per l’adozione di una regolazione dell’intelligenza artificiale modellata all’AI Act, come nel caso dello Human Rights and Technology Final Report 2021 della Australian Human Rights Commission – fortemente ispirato alla Proposta europea sull’intelligenza artificiale97", "page": "173", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Australian Information Industry Association", "aliases": ["Australian Information Industry Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "moderate regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Aligned with the light regulation coalition, advocating for industry-friendly regulatory approaches and participating in government consultations.", "quote": "The success of the light coalition remains consistent with their view on government policy from 1997 onwards, and the position of the two national industry associa-tions (the IIA and the Australian Information Industry Association) and the ACS in this coalition lent weight by their marketplace and industrial power.", "page": "17", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Australian Institute of Computer Ethics", "aliases": ["Australian Institute of Computer Ethics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Created an institute and organized an international computer ethics conference to foster research and discussion.", "quote": "the Australian scholars John Weckert and Chris Simpson created the Australian Institute of Computer Ethics (see aice.net.au) and organized AICEC99 (Melbourne, Australia), which was the first international computer ethics conference south of the equator.", "page": "41", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Australian Institute of Computer Ethics (AICE)", "aliases": ["Australian Institute of Computer Ethics (AICE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "tech ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Created and organized AICEC99, the first international computer ethics conference south of the equator, helping spread interest in computer ethics.", "quote": "In 1999, with assistance from Bynum and Rogerson, the Australian scholars John Weckert and Chris Simpson created the Australian Institute of Computer Ethics (see aice.net.au) and organized AICEC99...", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Australian Library and Information Association", "aliases": ["Australian Library and Information Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Iraq", "Nazi Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libraries and the Ethics of Censorship", "author": "Duthie, Fiona", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This professional body issues a code of conduct that mandates librarians to avoid censorship, upholding intellectual freedom and the free flow of information. It also conducts surveys regarding internet access in public libraries, influencing policy discussions.", "quote": "According to the professional code of the Australian Library and Information Association, all professional librarians must avoid censorship at all times; they should be 'committed to intellectual freedom and the free flow of ideas and information'.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049670.2010.10735994", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Libraries, Australia, America, Iraq, Communist China, Nazi Germany", "when": "Centuries to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Australian Muslim Advocacy Network", "aliases": ["Australian Muslim Advocacy Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["genocide prevention", "international law", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on extremist content, particularly dehumanizing discourse, to inform extremism classification frameworks and advocates for transparency in moderation decisions to uphold international human rights law.", "quote": "While the Australian Muslim Advocacy Network (AMAN) supports transparency for why certain groups or content is downweighed, it believes that downweighing of dehumanization should be avoided in any regional context by platforms to uphold the overarching obligation under international law not to contribute to the incitement of genocide.", "page": "58", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence", "aliases": ["Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On algorithmic content moderation", "author": "E Prem, B Krenn", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Developed and deployed algorithmic content moderation systems (Foromat for pre-moderation, De-Escalation Bot for post-moderation) for online newspapers to manage user-generated content and improve discussion climate.", "quote": "In pre-moderation, derStandard.at has been using a decision tree-based system (Foromat, developed by OFAI) since 2005. While before the implementation of the system human editors had to manually inspect the incoming posts and decide which ones could go online, Foromat significantly reduced the amount of posts that needed to be manually inspected.", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_30", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with focus on Austria, Europe, USA)", "when": "21st century platform era (primarily post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "AutAngel", "aliases": ["AutAngel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its code of conduct, specifically designed for an autistic community, was used as a key reference during the AutSPACEs moderation workshop to inform and shape their own moderation approach.", "quote": "Participants in that session were presented with existing codes of conduct – from ... AutAngels (AutAngel 2019), which was designed by and for an autistic community.", "page": "6", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "Authenticity Party", "aliases": ["Authenticity Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender roles", "religious conservatism", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A Salafi party that drew members from GI circles, participating in the 2011/12 elections and securing 3 seats. It joined and later withdrew from the Anti-Coup Alliance, but failed to secure seats in the 2015 elections, indicating strategic participation without substantial ideological reform.", "quote": "Similar to the BDP is al-Asala; although the party is not directly linked to the GI, it drew members from it's circles. Both parties show similarities with al-Nour in their post-Spring political trajectory. ...al-Asala secured 3 seats.", "page": "14", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Authorized Public Opinion", "aliases": ["Authorized Public Opinion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Condemned and rejected voices that challenged established norms regarding freedom of speech, influencing what was publicly acceptable.", "quote": "respinte dai poteri politici e religiosi e dalla maggioranza dell’opinione pubblica autorizzata; prudentemente scelgono di pubblicare le loro opere in merito all’estero", "page": "21", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Authors Guild of America", "aliases": ["Authors Guild of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer choice", "fair competition", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contemporary Issues and Concerns Primer", "author": "Caplan, Robyn; Boyd, Danah", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Advocates for authors' rights and interests, including challenging perceived monopoly power of large platforms like Amazon over content distribution and pricing.", "quote": "the Authors' Guild of America is currently advocating the American Department of Justice to make an anti-trust complaint against Amazon. This challenge is framed as a move against Amazon's monopoly power in setting book pricing.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online public sphere in democracies, with a focus on US, UK, and EU", "when": "post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Authors' societies", "aliases": ["Authors' societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1848, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure en France à l'ère démocratique", "author": "O Forcade", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "These societies played a role in 'grands procès littéraires' (major literary trials), indicating their involvement in legal proceedings related to published works, likely either defending authors or influencing legal outcomes concerning literary expression.", "quote": "des grands procès littéraires au rôle des sociétés d'auteurs, d'une censure littéraire qui frappe Genet et Nabokov à l'autocen- sure de Flaubert et d'Aragon", "page": "138", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3771270", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1848–present day"}]}, {"name": "Autistica", "aliases": ["Autistica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["disability rights", "inclusion", "scientific research"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Autistica is an institutional partner in facilitating the AutSPACEs project, co-organizing focus groups and providing funding, thereby supporting the participatory development of content moderation policies tailored for the autistic community.", "quote": "AutSPACEs is facilitated with the help of a wide range of institutional partners (The Alan Turing Institute; Autistica; Open Humans)", "page": "4", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "Autocontrol de la Publicidad", "aliases": ["Autocontrol de la Publicidad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "ethical conduct"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed a code of conduct regarding data processing in advertising, which promotes good practices and self-regulation in the advertising industry.", "quote": "se unen al de Autocontrol sobre el tratamiento de datos en la actividad publicitaria, publicado en el año 2020.", "page": "117", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Automating NYC", "aliases": ["Automating NYC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic education and advocacy project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes explanatory resources and case studies (e.g., SNAP fraud, NYPL ESP) to inform and mobilize NYC residents to engage with city ADS governance and the ADS Task Force.", "quote": "Site educates NYC residents about automated decision systems and the ADS Task Force, aiming to empower public advocacy and influence city-level ADS governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://automating.nyc/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh (ACE)", "aliases": ["Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh (ACE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-authoritarianism", "community solidarity", "cultural identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provided a 'free space' and forum for alternative cultural, economic, political, and social activities, including an alternative Citizens Advice Bureau, reading room, and distribution point for publications, embodying an anti-authoritarian ethos.", "quote": "In sum, the infoshop provides a forum for alternative cultural, economic, political and social activities. Its typical range is described in a flyer circulated by the Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh (ACE) to announce its founding in 1996...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Autonomous Corporate Bodies", "aliases": ["Autonomous Corporate Bodies"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "power consolidation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Maintained a prominent role in political life, often by resisting the centralizing tendencies of monarchies and asserting their own power and privileges.", "quote": "Lords and autonomous corporate bodies did, to be sure, continue to play a prominent role; but centralizing monarchies – especially in England, France and the Iberian peninsula – were now taking centre stage...", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Autores de Radiodifusão", "aliases": ["Autores de Radiodifusão"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented civil society institutions within the Conselho Superior de Censura, contributing to the definition and application of censorship criteria for broadcasting.", "quote": "(...) sete representantes de instituições não-governamentais (ABI, da ABL, do SBAT, das associações de críticos cinematográficos e produtores de filmes, dos artistas e técnicos em espetáculos de diversões públicas e dos autores de radiodifusão).", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Autorité indépendante d'examen des plaintes en matière de radio-télévision (AIEP)", "aliases": ["Autorité indépendante d'examen des plaintes en matière de radio-télévision (AIEP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["free speech", "media integrity", "pluralism", "public interest", "public morals"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The AIEP serves as an independent authority that processes complaints regarding broadcast content and refusals of program access. It ensures compliance with legal provisions (Art. 4, 5, 5a LRTV) and international law, and supervises the mediation bodies of broadcasters. It can require diffuseurs to remedy violations.", "quote": "traiter les plaintes concernant le contenu des publications rédactionnelles et le refus d'accorder l'accès au programme ou aux autres services journalistiques de la SSR; instituer et surveiller les organes de médiation.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "AutSPACEs project (Autism research into Sensory Processing for Accessible Community Environments)", "aliases": ["AutSPACEs project (Autism research into Sensory Processing for Accessible Community Environments)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["community needs", "disability rights", "inclusion", "user safety", "well-being"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "AutSPACEs is an online citizen science platform that co-creates its content moderation policies directly with its autistic user community through participatory design, ensuring policies are tailored to community needs and promote safety.", "quote": "we used a community-based and participatory approach to co-design a content moderation solution that would fit the preferences, priorities and needs of its autistic user community.", "page": "1", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "Ação Catalã (Catalan Action)", "aliases": ["Ação Catalã (Catalan Action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "nationalism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Catalan nationalist political party, participated in anti-fascist committees and government bodies.", "quote": "Pey Poch, da Ação Catalã125", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Ação Popular", "aliases": ["Ação Popular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in opposition groups against the military regime, contributing to political resistance during a period of intense censorship and repression.", "quote": "Fernando participou de grupos de oposição ao regime militar como: a Ação Popular (AP) e Ação Popular Marxista Leninista (APML)", "page": "51", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Ação Popular Marxista Leninista", "aliases": ["Ação Popular Marxista Leninista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "anti-communism", "political freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in opposition groups against the military regime, contributing to political resistance during a period of intense censorship and repression.", "quote": "Fernando participou de grupos de oposição ao regime militar como: a Ação Popular (AP) e Ação Popular Marxista Leninista (APML)", "page": "51", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Açık Radyo", "aliases": ["Açık Radyo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "political dissent"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Functioned as a powerful alternative media during the Gezi Park mobilizations by merging with social media to amplify radical political discourses and supporting activist networks.", "quote": "The Italian scholar studied the role played by Açık Radyo, the only independent and listener-supported radio station based in Istanbul during the Gezi Park mobilizations.", "page": "318", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "B'nai Brith Canada", "aliases": ["B'nai Brith Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["antisemitism", "historical truth", "social justice"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Actively pursued legal action and demanded legislative amendments to prevent Holocaust deniers from disseminating their messages online.", "quote": "Le B'naï B'rith du Canada qui pourchasse Zundel en tous ses retranchements depuis des années exigeant un amendement immédiat au Code criminel pour empêcher un Zundel de sévir sur Internet", "page": "33", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories", "aliases": ["B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Exposes human rights information, but faces sanctions as formal and informal institutions use them to silence such NGOs for challenging official narratives.", "quote": "formal and informal institutions and organizations use sanctions to silence them, as, for example, is done with NGOs such as Betzelem, Shovrim Shtika, or Yesh Din.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "BABL AI Online Courses", "aliases": ["BABL AI Online Courses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai governance", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Offers AI auditing courses for T&S practitioners, contributing to professional development in the AI auditing field.", "quote": "Practitioners can also explore AI auditing courses (BABL, n.d.), certifications (National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies, n.d.), and professional associations (Matsakis, 2023), for deeper dives into how the AI auditing field is growing and learning.", "page": "268", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Bacchic Mystery Cult", "aliases": ["Bacchic Mystery Cult"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "public safety", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "This foreign mystery cult, due to its ecstatic behaviors and large gatherings, was seen as a 'conspiracy' and threat to public order by the Roman ruling class, leading to a vast police operation and executions to suppress it throughout Italy.", "quote": "D'origine grecque, le culte à mystères de Bacchus... La classe dirigeante romaine prit peur : le Sénat et les consuls organisèrent une vaste opération de police pour extirper ce culte non seulement de Rome, mais de toute l'Italie...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Back to Africa movement", "aliases": ["Back to Africa movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Serves as a destination and source of belonging for people of African descent moving back to Africa, implying a collective identity and purpose.", "quote": "At the same time, people of African descent living in major European and American cities are also moving back to Africa in search of a sense of belonging, with Ghana and Gambia popular destinations for the Back to Africa movement (Richards, 2020).", "page": "31", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Bad Attitude (Quarterly)", "aliases": ["Bad Attitude (Quarterly)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist expression", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A publication listed among works that could be suppressed by the ordinance, indicating its role in providing alternative, potentially sexually explicit, content.", "quote": "The following are among the works which could fall within the scope of the ordi-nance's definition and thus be suppressed pursuant to the trafficking cause of action: [...] Bad Attitude (Quarterly, Boston);", "page": "55", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Bad For People (Facebook campaign/page)", "aliases": ["Bad For People (Facebook campaign/page)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["defamation", "platform accountability", "social responsibility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated a Facebook campaign to advocate for Google to adopt greater social responsibility by changing its algorithm to de-index or treat Ripoff Report content differently in search results.", "quote": "Roberts' Facebook page for his 'Bad For People' campaign, for instance, describes how its 'primary objective is to force Google to demonstrate the social responsibility clearly implied in the same law [Section 230] that gives them immunity for the republication of defamatory statements and other word crimes'", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}]}, {"name": "Baháʼí Faith association/missionaries", "aliases": ["Baháʼí Faith association/missionaries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Held religious meetings in villages, which were subjected to surveillance and reporting by state authorities (sub-prefect), indicating a form of state control and moderation over their activities.", "quote": "Par exemple, il me chargea de faire un « petit rapport » pour lui sur les personnes qui assistaient aux réunions que des missionnaires bahai organisaient dans les villages.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Baku Media Rights Institute", "aliases": ["Baku Media Rights Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO (watchdog/transparency)"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Reported on instances where 'special squads' acting on orders from state officials assaulted street vendors and confiscated opposition publications in Azerbaijan, demonstrating illegal pressure tactics.", "quote": "Force has also been used against private newspaper distributors in Azerbaijan, according to the Baku Media Rights Institute. As an example, it reports that in May 2003 ‘special squads' acting on the orders of senior state officials assaulted street vendors and confiscated and destroyed opposition publications.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Balatarin", "aliases": ["Balatarin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "critical discourse", "free speech", "political voice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "National Web Studies: Mapping Iran Online", "author": "Rogers, Richard; Weltevrede, Esther; Niederer, Sabine; Borra, Erik", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operates as a crowd-sourced platform where users recommend and vote on URLs, making visible content that is often critical of the regime, and serving as an indicator of an active Internet censorship circumvention culture.", "quote": "Blocked yet blogging portions of the Iranian web show strong indications of an active Internet censorship circumvention culture.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Ban Toxics!", "aliases": ["Ban Toxics!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental justice", "environmental protection", "international accountability"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital refuse: Canadian garbage, commercial content moderation and the global circulation of social media's waste", "author": "ST Roberts", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engages in public advocacy and utilizes social media to call for the repatriation of illegal waste dumped in the Philippines, exerting pressure on governments and entities responsible.", "quote": "Dirty adult diapers, hospital hazardous refuse and other garbage of Canadian origin rots and pours out of shipping containers impounded by Customs in Manila, Philippines, as environmental advocacy group Ban Toxics! calls for repatriation of the mess.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/51959948/wi_journal_10.1.1_roberts.pdf", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Philippines, Global North/South, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bank of England", "aliases": ["Bank of England"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic growth", "economic stability", "private property rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Emerged as a financial institution catering to investment by the landed capitalist class, culminating in unique banking developments that supported the English capitalist property regime.", "quote": "The foundation of the Bank of England – Pocock’s revolutionary moment – was a result of their victory, particularly the greatest among them, the Whigs who had led the Revolution of 1688 and were its main beneficiaries.", "page": "280", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Baptist Churches", "aliases": ["Baptist Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open discourse", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Some Baptist ministers supported the textbooks as part of the West Virginia Council of Churches coalition, while other Baptist pastors organized opposition, stating the books contained 'immoral and indecent' materials.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books... To counter this show of strength, another coalition of ministers orga nized by one Baptist pastor endorsed a statement that while there was 'much good' in the textbooks, 'there is also much that is immoral and indecent and thus, we object to their being used in our school system.'", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Barbijaputa (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["Barbijaputa (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "political freedom", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account to promote ciberfeminism, political activism, and denounces machismo, fostering debate and information dissemination.", "quote": "Barbijaputa (297 K) https://twitter.com/Barbijaputa ... Ciberfeminismo; activismo político; reivindicación; asociacionismo.", "page": "341", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Barnardos", "aliases": ["Barnardos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's charity; advocacy and service provider"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network; Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1866", "mechanism": "Barnardo's produces policy recommendations, campaigns and public communications to influence law and practice for children's safety, and participates in official safety networks (e.g., Online Safety Act Network, Meta Safety Partners) to engage platforms and policymakers.", "quote": "Barnardo's core mission is child welfare but it conducts policy and influencing work on online safety and participates in networks related to platform safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.barnardos.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Barons (England)", "aliases": ["Barons (England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["limited government", "political rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Asserted specific rights and privileges, as seen in Magna Carta, against royal authority, though not claiming jurisdiction over other free men.", "quote": "when Magna Carta claimed the rights of the barons to be tried by their peers, it did not assert their rights of jurisdiction over other free men.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Batalhão de Voluntários de Ouro Preto", "aliases": ["Batalhão de Voluntários de Ouro Preto"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "regional loyalty", "social stability"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1831, "when_max": 1842, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Esmagando a Hydra da discórdia: o enquadramento do pensamento exaltado pela moderação mineira", "author": "Silva, Wlamir", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This volunteer corps, supported by the moderate government, engaged in the physical suppression of political dissent, acting as a military force to combat 'anarchists' and 'esmagar a Hydra da discórdia'.", "quote": "Na sua fala ao corpo de voluntários formado em Ouro Preto, o comandante do Batalhão exaltava a “fidelidade Mineira” para “esmagar a Hydra da discórdia”.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-90742006000200011&lng=pt&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Minas Gerais, Brazil", "when": "1831–1842 (Brazilian Regencial period)"}]}, {"name": "Batallón de los Revolucionarios de al-Tajouri", "aliases": ["Batallón de los Revolucionarios de al-Tajouri"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group exerting local control)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["local autonomy", "revolutionary ideals"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerted control over Tripoli as part of the 'Cuarteto de Trípoli', influencing political decisions and public life.", "quote": "Las más beneficiadas han sido, no obstante, las agrupaciones del conocido como Cuarteto de Trípoli (la Brigada Nawasi, las Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión, el Batallón de los Revolucionarios de al-Ta jouri y la Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim comandada por al-Kikli, más tarde renombrada como Aparato de Apoyo para la Estabilización).", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Batallón Raffalah al-Sahati", "aliases": ["Batallón Raffalah al-Sahati"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group with political role)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "An Islamist armed group that participated in political life by assisting in the organization of legislative elections, influencing political processes during a period of state fragility.", "quote": "Otro bloque dentro de la ciudad era el del islamismo político, desde posiciones más moderadas, como el Batallón Raffalah al-Sahati, que había ayudado a celebrar las elecciones legislativas de 2014", "page": "88", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Battersea Dogs & Cats Home", "aliases": ["Battersea Dogs & Cats Home"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1860, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1860", "mechanism": "Battersea uses public campaigns, corporate partnerships, fundraising and informational materials (newsletters, advice) to shape public opinion and animal-welfare policy at local and national levels.", "quote": "Primary mission is animal rescue, rehoming and welfare campaigning; any engagement with platform content governance is incidental to broader campaigning and communications.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.battersea.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bavarian Institute for Digital Transformation", "aliases": ["Bavarian Institute for Digital Transformation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Funded research projects on online misogyny, digital transformation, and strategies to mitigate politically active hate.", "quote": "Oeendrila Lahiri Gerold is a postdoctoral researcher in the online misogyny project funded by the Bavarian Institute for Digital Transformation (BIDT) at the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "BBB National Programs", "aliases": ["BBB National Programs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry self-regulation / nonprofit accountability organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "1971", "mechanism": "Runs NAD challenges, issues DAAP political ads and COPPA guidance, and operates third-party accountability programs and certification to monitor and enforce advertising and privacy practices.", "quote": "Operates multiple self-regulatory programs (NAD, CARU, DAAP, COPPA Safe Harbor, Data Privacy Framework) that directly shape advertising, privacy, child-protection and platform-related content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://bbbprograms.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BBC Editorial Complaints Unit", "aliases": ["BBC Editorial Complaints Unit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["content quality", "fairness", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Receives and investigates public complaints about content that has already been broadcast or published, including instances where hate speech is perceived to have contravened editorial standards.", "quote": "In the case of the BBC, for example, once content has been broadcast people can make a complaint to the Editorial Complaints Unit, including in instances where they perceive that a hate speech has been broadcast in contravention of the standard on portrayal.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "BBC Editorial Standards Committee", "aliases": ["BBC Editorial Standards Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["content integrity", "fairness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hears appeals from decisions made by the Editorial Complaints Unit, providing a further level of review for public complaints about BBC broadcast content.", "quote": "If the decision does not go in their favour they can then appeal to the Editorial Standards Committee (ESC) which is operated under the auspices of the BBC Trust.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "BBC Media Action (formerly BBC World Service Trust)", "aliases": ["BBC Media Action (formerly BBC World Service Trust)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on media landscapes and press freedom, including issues of self-censorship, often in collaboration with other organizations focused on media development.", "quote": "Alobwede, C.E. (2006) Cameroon: Research Findings and Conclusions, Report for African Media Development Initiative, London: BBC World Service Trust.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "BBC News", "aliases": ["BBC News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Solicited and published images from readers, taken with digital cameras and camera-equipped cell phones, to cover anti-war protests when professional photographers were insufficient.", "quote": "Antes de la guerra de Irak, la BBC supo que no podría desplegar suficientes fotógrafos para cubrir las marchas de millones de personas del mundo contra la guerra. Para extender su audiencia, la BBC News pidió a sus lectores que enviaran imágenes tomadas con cámaras digitales y teléfonos celulares con cámaras integradas, y publicó las mejores en su sitio Web.", "page": "9", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "BBC World Service Trust", "aliases": ["BBC World Service Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Bangladesh"], "media": ["Television"], "norms": ["public discourse"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Television talk shows in Bangladesh: Public sphere challenges", "author": "ZR Arman, R Karim", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Directly implemented and introduced media programs, such as the 'Songlap' radio talk show, in Bangladesh to facilitate public discussion on various topics, thereby establishing a platform for public discourse.", "quote": "In 2008, BBC World Service Trust introduced “Songlap”, a radio talk show program in Bangladesh (Page, 2008).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahedur-Arman/publication/320298183_Television_Talk_Shows_in_Bangladesh_Public_sphere_challenges/links/59dc76b8458515e9ab4c6250/Television-Talk-Shows-in-Bangladesh-Public-sphere-challenges.pdf", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Television talk shows, Bangladesh", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "bbcwatch.com", "aliases": ["bbcwatch.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A group that emerged to ensure the BBC adheres to its statutes, which promise impartial and exhaustive journalism, acting as an external monitor.", "quote": "En Inglaterra, donde la BBC es financiada por dineros de los impuestos, grupos como bbcwatch.com han surgido para asegurarse de que la organización permanece fiel a sus estatutos, que prometen un periodismo imparcial y exhaustivo.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Beacon for Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["Beacon for Freedom of Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Taxonomy of Internet Censorship and Anti- Censorship", "author": "Leberknight, Christopher S; Chiang, Mung", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Cited as a source for historical information on censorship, indicating its role in collecting and disseminating knowledge about the evolution and impact of information control.", "quote": "[2] \"History of Censorship.\"\" The Long History of Censorship.Mette", "page": "Newth. July 2001. Beacon for Freedom of Expression. 15 Mar. 2009 http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/about_project/history.html.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on authoritarian regimes (especially China) and US policy", "when": "1993-2010"}]}, {"name": "Beat", "aliases": ["Beat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Pinterest", "Tumblr"], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public health"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation: Social media’s sexist assemblages", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel; Thornham, Helen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an organization providing statistics and information on eating disorders, Beat contributes to the societal concern and discourse around the issue, which in turn influences social media platforms to enact content moderation policies with the aim of 'protecting' vulnerable individuals, particularly young women.", "quote": "...paternalistic desire to 'protect' young women who are the likeliest gender to experience an eating disorder (among others, ANAD – National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2019; Beat, 2019)...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912540", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, Pinterest, Tumblr)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Beat Eating Disorders", "aliases": ["Beat Eating Disorders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "VK", "WeChat", "Weibo", "YouTube"], "norms": ["mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The COVID-19 Mental Health Content Moderation Conundrum", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides support services for individuals with eating disorders; as a mental health charity, it highlights the growing demand for mental health support, contributing to societal pressure on social media companies to address online harms.", "quote": "the Beat Eating Disorders (2020) charity saw a 50% increase in requests for its services since the nation-wide lockdown was first enforced", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948186", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Weibo, WeChat, VK), with specific focus on the UK", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Beberuhi", "aliases": ["Beberuhi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published satire ridiculing the Sultan and his administration, contributing to the 'mind-confusing' publications that the state sought to suppress.", "quote": "A conversation between Beberuhi and Karagöz in the satire magazine Beberuhi: ... Karagöz: Get out, Beberuhi, you're kidding! The Sultan could not have lost what he does not have to begin with.", "page": "7", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Begriffswelten Islam", "aliases": ["Begriffswelten Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A web video campaign cited as an example of counter-extremism initiatives.", "quote": "the web video campaign Begriffswelten Islam (Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2015)", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "bei der Nutzung Sozialer Medien des DKSB1,2", "aliases": ["bei der Nutzung Sozialer Medien des DKSB1,2"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection NGO / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "Publishes binding social-media code used to moderate its communities, issues Stellungnahmen and positions as part of lobbying activities, and instructs moderators to delete unlawful or harmful content and refer criminal content to authorities.", "quote": "The DKSB issues a 'Digitaler Verhaltenskodex' for social media, defines moderation and deletion rules, and conducts lobbying and position-taking on issues affecting children online.", "page": "", "url": "https://kinderschutzbund.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Social_Media_Digitaler_Verhaltenskodex_NutzerInnen.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Beida Weimin BBS (Peking University)", "aliases": ["Beida Weimin BBS (Peking University)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "national interest", "political participation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VIRTUAL CENSORSHIP IN CHINA: KEEPING THE GATE BETWEEN THE CYBERSPACES", "author": "Qiu, Jack Linchuan", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for 'zealot political discussions' and mobilized a nationalist protest movement, leading to its closure by the Chinese authorities as a form of censorship against the collective online activities.", "quote": "This BBS, formerly renown for zealot political discussions, has been closed for nearly three years since September 1996 when it mobilized a nationalist protest movement against Japan regardless of official objection.", "page": "16", "url": "ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Beijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance", "aliases": ["Beijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["ai safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safety instincts: Llms learn to trust their internal compass for self-defense", "author": "G Shen, D Zhao, H Tong, J Li, F Zhao…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engaged in the discovery of intrinsic safety signals within LLMs and the development of the Safety Instincts Reinforcement Learning (SIRL) framework to enhance LLM safety.", "quote": "Ensuring Large Language Model (LLM) safety remains challenging due to the absence of universal standards and reliable content validators, making it difficult to obtain effective training signals.", "page": "1", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01088", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Large Language Models (LLMs)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Beijing Key Laboratory of Safe AI and Superalignment", "aliases": ["Beijing Key Laboratory of Safe AI and Superalignment"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["AI safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safety instincts: Llms learn to trust their internal compass for self-defense", "author": "G Shen, D Zhao, H Tong, J Li, F Zhao…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts fundamental research in AI safety and superalignment, contributing to the identification of intrinsic safety signals and the creation of self-reinforcing safety mechanisms.", "quote": "Our work demonstrates that effective alignment can emerge from within, paving the way for more autonomous and robust AI safety mechanisms that scale without extensive human oversight.", "page": "1", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01088", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Large Language Models (LLMs)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Being Liberal", "aliases": ["Being Liberal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishing partisan news content and influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In the USA... partisan websites (eg Breitbart, the Blaze, the Daily Caller, Occupy Democrats, Being Liberal) grew rapidly ahead of the 2016 election...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Belarusian American Association", "aliases": ["Belarusian American Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Its promotional blog content was removed by a U.S.-based hosting company due to misinterpretation of U.S. Treasury regulations, making it a victim of intermediary censorship.", "quote": "Yaraslau Kryvoi, a Belarusian activist based in Washington, DC, saw his blog, promoting the Belarusian American Association, taken down by BlueHost.", "page": "6", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Belfast Area Domestic & Sexual Violence and Abuse Partnership", "aliases": ["Belfast Area Domestic & Sexual Violence and Abuse Partnership"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["partnership/coalition"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Produces resources, runs training and events, coordinates local agencies and lobbies for interventions and perpetrator accountability; funded project work (Belfast PCSP) produced an online awareness tool.", "quote": "Primary mission is victim support and prevention, but site references online/virtual/online abuse and links to an online tool, indicating some engagement with platform-related harms and online safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://belfastdvp.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Belgian Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism", "aliases": ["Belgian Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-racism", "equality"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Functions as a watchdog against racism and discrimination, setting up a site (Cyberhate.be) to report hate speech online and influencing public debate on acceptable discourse.", "quote": "The Belgian Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism (CGKR) was also established. The Centre functions as a kind of watchdog opposing all forms of racism and discrimination (see http://www.diversiteit.be/). The CGKR also set-up Cyberhate.be, a site where incidences of racism and hate speech online can be reported.", "page": "143", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Belgian Radio and Television (Flemish public broadcaster)", "aliases": ["Belgian Radio and Television (Flemish public broadcaster)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Flanders"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access", "political discourse"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Politique, télévision et spectacle: le cas de la Flandre", "author": "D Biltereyst, L Desmet", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "As the public broadcaster, it was subject to political influence but also sought to provide balanced information by aiming for a \"politically correct dosage\"\" and equitable party representation", "quote": "Objective information, democratic role of media, equitable representation, accessibility, comprehension.", "page": "Le service public a toujours cherché à offrir un dosage politique- ment correct. En raison de cette représentation équitable des partis, la politique de programmation politico-culturelle dans son ensemble a dû et doit encore respecter une répartition précise de son temps d'antenne.", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49723/47923", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Flanders", "when": "1953-2006"}]}, {"name": "Bella Lewitsky Dance Foundation", "aliases": ["Bella Lewitsky Dance Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "constitutional rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a pledge requirement imposed by the NEA for federal grant recipients, resulting in the federal court declaring the requirement unconstitutionally vague.", "quote": "One such suit was resolved in January 1991 when the federal district court in Los Angeles held the pledge requirement unconstitutionally vague. Bella Lewitsky Dance Found. v. Frohnmayer, 1991 U.S. Dist. Lexis 332, No. 90-3616 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 9, 1991).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "Belltower (Amadeu Antonio Foundation Platform)", "aliases": ["Belltower (Amadeu Antonio Foundation Platform)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An anti-hate speech platform managed by the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, initially monitoring neo-Nazi campaigns but expanding its focus to include populism and misanthropy.", "quote": "an anti-hate speech platform called Belltower, which started out as a monitoring platform for evaluating neo-Nazi campaigns, but has since broadened its focus to include populism and misanthropy too.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Belltower.News", "aliases": ["Belltower.News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a watchblog for the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, monitoring and reporting on hate speech and extremist activities to raise awareness.", "quote": "Simone Rafael is the editor-in-chief of Belltower.News, the watchblog of the Amadeu Antonio Foundation.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc.", "aliases": ["Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur", "aliases": ["Benedictine Congregation of St. Maur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical research", "scholarly standards", "theological orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Edited and published the definitive edition of Saint Augustine's works, setting scholarly standards for theological texts which implicitly regulated the interpretation of Augustine's theology.", "quote": "This 'Maurist' Augustine had become the definitive edition: based on scrupulous study of early editions, it also cross-referenced with the three key sixteenth-century editions", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "Benedictine monastery (from 'O nome da rosa')", "aliases": ["Benedictine monastery (from 'O nome da rosa')"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["14th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura: o (des) controle social da informação", "author": "MJP de Andrade", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The abbey maintained a library containing an 'índex' (list) of books considered forbidden by its Catholic order, controlling access to these works to preserve the 'word of God' and prevent the spread of perceived 'works of the Devil'.", "quote": "Nela [na abadia] há um índex, isto é, uma lista de livros considerados proibidos pelo catolicismo daquela ordem, cuja finalidade é preservar a palavra de Deus.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revista.uepb.edu.br/racin/article/view/4062", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Benedictine monastery (14th century Italy), early modern European states", "when": "14th century to early modern period"}]}, {"name": "Benedictine Order", "aliases": ["Benedictine Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La teoría de la censura en el Theotimus de Putherbeus", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Members of the Benedictine Order, such as Gabriel Du Puyherbault, contributed to censorship by authoring influential dialogues that advocated for the prohibition and expurgation of books deemed morally corrupt or heterodox.", "quote": "Cuando a principios de 1548 el benedictino Gabriel Du Puyherbault¹ entregó al impresor Jean de Roigny el manuscrito de su diálogo en latín Theotimus sive de tollendis et expungendis malis libris, Francia estaba liderando la guerra contra la circulación impresa de ideas heterodoxas.", "page": "1", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe, focusing on France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Benton Institute for Broadband & Society", "aliases": ["Benton Institute for Broadband & Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public interest communications and broadband advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy guides, operates data tools (ACP Tool) used by states and communities, and curates a widely distributed nonpartisan digest to shape broadband policy discussions.", "quote": "Benton focuses on broadband access, digital equity, and communications policy and produces research/tools that touch on platform access and democratic information flows but its core mission is broadband policy rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.benton.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bereaved Families for Online Safety", "aliases": ["Bereaved Families for Online Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["campaigning bereaved families' advocacy group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "BFfOS supplies lived-experience testimony to MPs and Ofcom, runs public campaigns and media outreach, and members develop tools (e.g., R;pple) while demanding enforcement and data access from platforms.", "quote": "The group campaigns directly on online safety law and platform accountability, helped push for the UK Online Safety Act, meets MPs and Ofcom, and demands enforcement and data access from tech companies.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bereavedfamiliesforonlinesafety.info/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Berghof Foundation", "aliases": ["Berghof Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["peacebuilding NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "1971", "mechanism": "Publishes research and toolkits, runs trainings and dialogue processes, and maintains high-level channels of communication with parties to conflicts (e.g., Yemen), enabling mediation and influence over information environments.", "quote": "Primary mission is conflict transformation and peacebuilding; engages with platformized-content-governance through Digital.Truth workshops addressing misinformation and conspiracy theories.", "page": "", "url": "https://berghof-foundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Berkeley Counter-Power Lab", "aliases": ["Berkeley Counter-Power Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Impact of Media Censorship: 1984 or Brave New World?", "author": "Chen, Yuyu; Yang, David Y.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collects and categorizes censorship commands issued by the Chinese Communist Party’s Propaganda Department, publishing them via China Digital Times, thereby providing uncensored information.", "quote": "(source: China Digital Times, collected by the Berkeley Counter-Power Lab)", "page": "22", "url": "https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20171765", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Beijing university students)", "when": "2015–2017"}]}, {"name": "Berkeley Librarians (1970s)", "aliases": ["Berkeley Librarians (1970s)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "These volunteers looked after local message boards, providing early forms of online content moderation and community management.", "quote": "Many online social systems fundamentally rely on volunteers, from librarians in 1970s Berkeley looking after local message-boards (Bruckman, 1998)", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Berkeley Project on Bioscience & Society", "aliases": ["Berkeley Project on Bioscience & Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "An academic project that engages with the societal implications and scientific debates around bioscience, potentially fostering critical examination of established scientific theories and contributing to alternative perspectives.", "quote": "Frank Rothschild (Project Dir., Berkeley Project on Bioscience & Society, CA);", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Berkman Center for Internet & Society", "aliases": ["Berkman Center for Internet & Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "An academic research center where the authors are affiliated, contributing to the study and understanding of Internet censorship and related policy issues.", "quote": "Robert Faris is the research director, Stephanie Wang is a fellow and John Palfrey is executive director of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School. This paper draws upon the work of the OpenNet Initiative (ONI)...", "page": "1", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society (at Harvard University)", "aliases": ["Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society (at Harvard University)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic inquiry", "free speech", "internet governance", "social values"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on internet governance and content moderation, informing policy discussions related to online speech and social values.", "quote": "Clark, Justin... Content and Conduct: How English Wikipedia Moderates Harmful Speech. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, 2019.", "page": "31", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Berlin Tagesspiegel", "aliases": ["Berlin Tagesspiegel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945–1949", "author": "Hartenian, Larry", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The US Military Government permitted this licensed German newspaper to actively publish content opposing the Soviet-manipulated merger of the KPD and SPD, demonstrating its role in early anticommunist messaging within the US Zone media.", "quote": "It was also in early 1946 that the US-licensed Berlin Tagesspiegel was permitted to engage its pages against the Soviet-manipulated merger of the KPD and SPD in the Soviet Zone of occupation and in Berlin.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "US Zone of occupied Germany", "when": "1945–1949"}]}, {"name": "Bersih (Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections)", "aliases": ["Bersih (Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "electoral reform", "human rights", "political moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocates for electoral reform and draws international attention to the state of democracy and human rights in Malaysia.", "quote": "Maria Chin Abdullah, Chairman of the NGO Bersih (which focuses on electoral reform), cautioned President Obama that despite the assuring pronouncements of government leaders, ‘Malaysia is not moderate and democratic’.", "page": "179", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Bertelsmann Stiftung", "aliases": ["Bertelsmann Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political participation", "political reform", "political stability", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Evaluates and ranks political regimes based on democracy indices, influencing public discourse and providing a reference for political leaders and academics on the state of political freedoms and rights. This contributes to norm-setting and evaluation of political moderation.", "quote": "El uso de índices de democracia, como los elaborados por instituciones como Freedom House (FH), The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS) o el instituto Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), está muy extendido por parte de académicos, así como por analistas y periodistas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Bertelsmann Stiftung (Bertelsmann Foundation)", "aliases": ["Bertelsmann Stiftung (Bertelsmann Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Southeast Asia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic development", "political governance"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, internet, companhias tecnológicas ea disrupção silenciosa da democracia", "author": "LOR Freitas", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes an index that measures the status of development and governance of political and economic transformation processes in developing and transitional countries, thereby acting as a watchdog for democratic quality.", "quote": "o índice criado pela fundação alemã Bertelsmann, cujo estudo recentemente publicado demonstrou um crescimento do número de países submetidos a distorções na política, e com líderes cujo foco seria apenas fomentar e consolidar o próprio poder", "page": "10", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/3646", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global democracies and digital environments, with specific examples from Brazil, USA, Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000), drawing historical parallels to the 1930s"}]}, {"name": "Best Gore", "aliases": ["Best Gore"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Curates and publishes graphic images and videos depicting extreme violence and death, such as beheadings, murders, and self-mutilation, serving as a platform for disseminating harm-advocating content.", "quote": "Best Gore website contains gory images and videos and depictions of (but not limited to): death, including beheadings, executions, suicides, murders, electrocution, stoning, torching, drowning", "page": "95", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Beta Phi Mu", "aliases": ["Beta Phi Mu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Philippines", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "BEHIND THE SCREEN: THE HIDDEN DIGITAL LABOR OF COMMERCIAL CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Roberts, Sarah T", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provided a dissertation fellowship, which supported the fieldwork for this study, thereby indirectly contributing to the scholarly understanding of commercial content moderation.", "quote": "To Beta Phi Mu and the Garfield Dissertation Fellowship, for the prize that helped to support my fieldwork, and for the recognition that the receipt of the fellowship connoted.", "page": "11", "url": "search.proquest.com", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (primarily Western countries and their outsourced locations like India, Philippines) on social media platforms and online services", "when": "2000s-2010s social media era"}]}, {"name": "BetaNYC hack nights", "aliases": ["BetaNYC hack nights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech non-profit / community organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "BetaNYC produces tools (Urban Heat Portal, Batch Geocoder), runs RADAR data helpdesk, organizes events like CityCamp and Open Data Week, and partners with city open-data teams to influence civic technology practice.", "quote": "BetaNYC focuses on civic tech, open data, and data literacy and engages with public programs and city stakeholders, occasionally informing platform-related practices but not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://beta.nyc/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Betriebsrat der Ruhrlandklinik (Works Council of Ruhrlandklinik)", "aliases": ["Betriebsrat der Ruhrlandklinik (Works Council of Ruhrlandklinik)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair working conditions", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Cited in a CJEU case, reflecting its role as a works council in the legal interpretation of labor laws concerning working time and employee conditions, particularly in Germany.", "quote": "Cfr. Betriebsrat der Ruhrlandklinik, 07-11-2006, C-216/15, §27.", "page": "257", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "Better Business Bureau", "aliases": ["Better Business Bureau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Could associate labels with commercial sites to indicate good or bad business practices, allowing users to screen sites based on reputation.", "quote": "The Better Business Bureau could associate labels with commercial sites that had especially good or especially bad business practices.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Better Giving Studio", "aliases": ["Better Giving Studio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic initiative / program"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and develops open-source toolkits (Giving Commons, Empathy Library) to shape how giving platforms integrate donations and serve donors, backed by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.", "quote": "Develops tools, reports, and open-source concepts to influence design and practices of digital giving platforms but does not focus on content moderation or platform speech governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://bettergivingstudio.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Better Images of AI", "aliases": ["Better Images of AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "public awareness"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Aims to address the lack of variety and inaccuracy in visual representations of AI by providing alternative images and promoting critical discussion, to prevent public ignorance and foster deeper understanding of AI.", "quote": "Better Images of AI est une initiative qui compte trois membres fondateurs : BBC Research & Development, We and AI et le Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence. L’initiative part du constat que les représentations visuelles de l’IA que l’on trouve aujourd’hui dans divers contextes manquent de « variété » et que « l’inexactitude est pratiquement inévitable ».", "page": "171", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Better Reykjavik", "aliases": ["Better Reykjavik"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "political freedom", "public trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A municipal participation platform that enables citizens to propose, discuss, and prioritize municipal policy, with its success tied to direct citizen access to political power and their ideas being seriously considered.", "quote": "The platform's success depended on citizen access to political power... city councilors were willing to seriously consider ideas generated by the platform. The sense that influence was real fed back to reinforce the desire to participate.", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Betting and Gaming Council", "aliases": ["Betting and Gaming Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; standards body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Advertising regulation", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "BGC leverages representation of major operators to set and enforce a voluntary Code of Conduct, promotes an industry levy and data?sharing commitments, publishes guidance and runs Safer Gambling Week to shape industry and public standards.", "quote": "BGC's core mission is industry standards for gambling, but it actively sets voluntary digital marketing, age-gating, data?sharing and self?exclusion standards that touch platform content/advertising governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://bettingandgamingcouncil.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BEUC (The European Consumer Organisation)", "aliases": ["BEUC (The European Consumer Organisation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer choice", "consumer protection", "fairness", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides definitions and frameworks, such as 'digital asymmetry,' to highlight consumer disadvantages in data-driven services and advocate for policies that protect fairness and consumer choice.", "quote": "According to BEUC, the European Consumer Organisation, “Digital asymmetry is a term to describe how modern data-driven services put consumers at an unprecedented disadvantage.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}]}, {"name": "Beyond Engagement: Aligning Algorithmic Recommendations With ...", "aliases": ["Beyond Engagement: Aligning Algorithmic Recommendations With ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["multi-stakeholder non-profit / coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "PAI publishes research and convenes multi-stakeholder workshops that produce technical proposals (metrics, controls, feed-design) and guidance intended to shape platform recommender design and policy.", "quote": "PAI convenes workshops of researchers, platform product managers, policy experts and civil society and publishes research on aligning recommender systems with prosocial goals, directly addressing platform content-selection and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://partnershiponai.org/beyond-engagement-aligning-algorithmic-recommendations-with-prosocial-goals/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BGP gGmbh - Berlin Governance Platform", "aliases": ["BGP gGmbh - Berlin Governance Platform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["governance convening non-profit (gGmbH)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Public services", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Convenes multi-stakeholder trialogues and municipal councils, develops data-driven pilot projects (Re:Match) and partnerships with public bodies (e.g., Federal Foreign Office) to shape local and transnational governance practices.", "quote": "Core mission is strengthening democratic governance and participatory processes; some projects (e.g., Re:Match data-driven matching, digital citizen participation) engage with digital tools and platform-like processes but platform governance is not a primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.governance-platform.org/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bharatiya Janata Party Women's Wing", "aliases": ["Bharatiya Janata Party Women's Wing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["India"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national security", "public morals", "women's safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 1993, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What Is Behind Film Censorship? The Khalnayak Debates", "author": "Mehta, Monika", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The Women's Wing engaged in public pressure and lobbying by writing letters to the Central Board of Film Certification and Members of Parliament, advocating for the censorship of the song 'Choli ke peeche kya hai' due to concerns about public morals and women's safety.", "quote": "'Choli ke peeche kya hai' is an obscene song and as a result of which new anti-social elements have got the excuse of singing this song on seeing girls. Many incidents of eve-teasing have occurred. The film song singers only just to earn money are shamelessly singing such type of songs which are against the public interest.", "page": "6", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India", "when": "1993"}]}, {"name": "Bible Believers", "aliases": ["Bible Believers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech prevention", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This evangelical group engaged in provocative speech, including carrying severed pig's heads and offensive placards, which had previously prompted public disorder and was evaluated for its likelihood to provoke an 'average person'.", "quote": "In Bible Believers, the Sixth Circuit held that carrying a severed pig's head on a stick and placards stating that the Prophet Muhammed is a fraud and a pedophile was not speech “likely to provoke the average person.” ...the Bible Believers group ratcheted up their religious baiting at the 2012 cultural festival by parading with placards that expressed even more offensive insults about the prophet Muhammed and by carrying a severed pig's head on a stick.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}]}, {"name": "Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil", "aliases": ["Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["community development", "critical thinking", "cultural preservation", "education", "non-violence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A large and active popular library that was intervened by the military government, its activities curtailed, and its extensive book collection (including books considered 'ideologically incorrect') subjected to control and destruction.", "quote": "Todo esto fue posible hasta el día 25 de febrero de 1977, cuando alrededor de las 10 de la mañana la policía provincial irrumpió con armas largas junto con funcionarios del gobierno provincial que tomaron posesión de las instalaciones de la Biblioteca Vigil (decreto de intervención Nº 942-77).", "page": "45", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Bibliothèque de la paroisse Ste-Anne", "aliases": ["Bibliothèque de la paroisse Ste-Anne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual edification", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Promoted 'good' books and reading material, ensuring conformity to religious dogmas and morality, acting as a means of countering 'bad books' and 'bad reading.'", "quote": "One parish library’s catalogue stated that this local institution had an important social and moral role: [the library] must be a place of moral preservation, a place of intellectual edifi cation, and moral recreation.", "page": "104", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Big Brother Watch", "aliases": ["Big Brother Watch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties campaign group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Save Online Speech Coalition", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Big Brother Watch produces investigations and reports, runs media and public campaigns (e.g., against digital ID and facial recognition), provides legal support and publishes free software to challenge surveillance, combining research, public pressure, and litigation to influence platform and government practices.", "quote": "Core mission centers on rolling back surveillance, challenging facial recognition, digital IDs, and monitoring of social platforms—directly engaging platformized governance and AI-enabled surveillance practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Big Data for Gender Challenge UN", "aliases": ["Big Data for Gender Challenge UN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["initiative hosted by UN Foundation; gender data advocacy and research funder"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Runs grant competitions that fund research using digital data to fill gender data gaps, partners with major foundations to amplify results, and requires open dissemination of methods and findings to inform policy and monitoring (SDG) efforts.", "quote": "Data2X focuses on improving gender data using big data and funds research projects that use digital data sources, but its core mission is gender data/SDG monitoring rather than platform content governance or moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20180528125827/http://www.data2x.org:80/big-data-gender-challenge/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Big Sister", "aliases": ["Big Sister"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "BIG SiSTER provides youth-facing online resources and local programme delivery through partner organisations (Women in Sport, Places Leisure), using co-produced content to influence girls' activity and wellbeing.", "quote": "BIG SiSTER is a girls' physical-activity programme and resource hub; it does not focus on platformized-content-governance and only tangentially touches online content via its youth-facing resources.", "page": "", "url": "https://big-sister.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Big tech should protect free speech and resist state censorship ...", "aliases": ["Big tech should protect free speech and resist state censorship ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["literary and freedom of expression NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1921, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1921", "mechanism": "PEN International publishes joint statements with major rights organizations to publicly pressure platforms and governments, framing issues as human rights violations and calling for legal challenges, transparency and coordinated corporate responses.", "quote": "PEN International issues joint statements urging social media platforms to resist state censorship, increase transparency about government removal requests, and protect users' freedom of expression during elections.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.pen-international.org/news/trkiye-big-tech-should-protect-free-speech-and-resist-state-censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BigScience", "aliases": ["BigScience"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["model evaluation", "quality standards", "research scalability", "scientific collaboration"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation of generative AI prompts", "author": "P Pardhi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "BigScience is an open scientific collaboration that defines evaluation benchmarks and tasks (referred to as 'ext' tasks in this paper) for large language models. Their work helps establish standards for assessing model performance and behavior, contributing to the broader field of AI alignment and evaluation.", "quote": "Our evaluation setup is inspired by the one used by the architecture and scaling group of Big Science (Scao et al., 2022b).", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-025-03864-y", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Web data", "when": "Post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "BILETA (British and Irish Law, Education and Technology Association)", "aliases": ["BILETA (British and Irish Law, Education and Technology Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["academic association / professional membership organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "BILETA produces research and publications, hosts conferences, and submits written responses to policy consultations to shape technology law and platform governance.", "quote": "BILETA promotes research on technology law and policy and 'make[s] representations on technology and law to policy consultations', indicating direct engagement with platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bileta.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bilibili Disciplinary Committee", "aliases": ["Bilibili Disciplinary Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Bilibili"], "norms": ["community standards", "user agency"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shifting platform governance: examining participatory content moderation on a Chinese platform Bilibili", "author": "Z Shang", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This user-centred moderating organization mobilizes users to review comment violations and foster a positive community ambiance through a jury-verdict system, identifying content violations and making collective decisions on reported content. Members also contribute data for machine learning and provide feedback for improving the platform's moderation system.", "quote": "Bilibili established a Disciplinary Committee (风纪委员会, DC) to engage its users in assessing reported content violations and general danmu atmosphere through a jury-verdict system.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2520004", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Bilibili, China", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Birdwatch (Twitter's community-based fact-checking system)", "aliases": ["Birdwatch (Twitter's community-based fact-checking system)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community governance", "content quality", "democratic integrity", "user agency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contestability For Content Moderation", "author": "Vaccaro, Kristen; Xiao, Ziang; Hamilton, Kevin; Karahalios, Karrie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A community-based approach where users contribute to addressing misinformation by adding context notes to tweets, embodying a civics-oriented model for content moderation.", "quote": "Our work finds a growing demand for representative moderation, or a form of content moderation where users are empowered to have a say in how policies are made and how decisions are carried out. In recent months, platforms have introduced approaches in this spirit [21]", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3476059", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr), USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Birdwatch community", "aliases": ["Birdwatch community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality", "objectivity", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation", "author": "Wojcik, Stefan; Hilgard, Sophie; Judd, Nick; Mocanu, Delia; Ragain, Stephen; Hunzaker, M. B. Fallin; Coleman, Keith; Baxter, Jay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Birdwatch contributors collaboratively add 'notes' to Tweets to call out errors or omissions, or to add additional context. Other contributors then rate these notes as 'Helpful', 'Not helpful', or 'Somewhat helpful'.", "quote": "Birdwatch allows users to collaboratively add 'notes,' or contextual 'annotations,' to Tweets. Contributors may seek to call out errors or omissions they identify as misleading, or add helpful context for understanding the issues.", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2021-2022"}]}, {"name": "Bishopric of Beja", "aliases": ["Bishopric of Beja"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious education", "religious institution administration", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Its library was a beneficiary of licenses for prohibited books, indicating its function as a regional center for religious learning and acquisition of theological materials.", "quote": "Entre 1772 e 1777, assim, foram beneficiadas com licenças de tipo 1, graças a requerimentos de reitores, priores, provinciais ou procuradores da mitra, as livrarias dos seguintes colégios, congregações, mosteiros ou dioceses: ... e, por fim, a mitra de Beja", "page": "260", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Bitches With Problems", "aliases": ["Bitches With Problems"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Culture, rap music,“bitch,” and the development of the censorship frame", "author": "CJ Schneider", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a rap group, they used their music and lyrical content to attempt to counter negative media narratives and misogynistic rhymes associated with other rap artists, trying to reframe terms like 'bitch' as empowering.", "quote": "Examples include Queen Latifah's 'Ladies First' and the creation of what has been dismissed as 'nov-elty' rap groups such as B.W.P. (Bitches With Problems) boasting such songs as 'Two Minute Brother' and 'We Want the Money'...", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764210381728", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Bitcoin Miners", "aliases": ["Bitcoin Miners"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["data integrity", "network integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Accumunet: moderazione di un mercato/sistema CDN basato su peer-to-peer", "author": "Zulian, Manuel; Migliardi, Mauro; Merlo, Alessio", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Bitcoin miners collect and verify transactions, then bundle them into blocks by solving a cryptographic proof-of-work puzzle. This process validates the state of the blockchain, ensuring transactional integrity and preventing fraud like double-spending.", "quote": "I miner raccolgono le transazioni e le inseriscono nel blocco che stanno cercando di generare. Per la generazione di un blocco, bisogna generare una proof-of-work.", "page": "23", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Distributed online platforms and peer-to-peer networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bitkom - Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft, Telekommunikation und neue Medien e.V.", "aliases": ["Bitkom - Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft, Telekommunikation und neue Medien e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of this industry association, participating in the broader industry discourse and norm-setting for information technology, telecommunications, and new media.", "quote": "Bitkom - Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft, Telekommunikation und neue Medien e.V. (which do not have an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Bitkom - German Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media", "aliases": ["Bitkom - German Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["economic development", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of Bitkom, an industry association. While it doesn't have an internal complaints service, membership implies participation in industry discussions, advocacy, and potentially shaping policy and self-regulatory frameworks for information technology and new media.", "quote": "Bitkom - Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft, Telekommunikation und neue Medien e.V. (which do not have an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "Bitkom e.V.", "aliases": ["Bitkom e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a statement on the government's draft Internet Enforcement Act (NetzDG), providing an industry perspective on legislation affecting online content.", "quote": "Bitkom (2017) Bitkom statement on the government draft of an Internet Enforcement Act.", "page": "63", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bits of Freedom", "aliases": ["Bits of Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "user rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Conducted an experiment to test whether ISPs would defend user rights against copyright infringement complaints, revealing the ease with which content can be taken down.", "quote": "Sjoera Nas and the Dutch nonprofit Bits of Freedom wondered whether Netherlands ISPs would defend user rights against complaints of copyright infringement, so they mounted an experiment.", "page": "9", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Black artists' collectives", "aliases": ["Black artists' collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provides spaces for Black artists to express themselves, fulfilling cultural functions for Black collectives not met by mainstream venues, and fostering Black identity.", "quote": "The continued presence of independent Black media, Black artists' collectives, Black fraternal organizations, and other \"Black-only\"\" spaces and media fulfill functions for Black collectives that mainstream public arenas", "page": "institutions", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black church", "aliases": ["Black church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "community building", "minority rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as a key organizational base for the Civil Rights Movement, fostering discussions about Black rights and interests and countering White supremacist rule.", "quote": "He describes the importance of various Black institutions to the success of the past Black public sphere, such as the Black press, popular music, and the church (p. 210).", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black Coalition Against COVID-19", "aliases": ["Black Coalition Against COVID-19"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health equity", "public health", "vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborates with social media platforms to develop and promote video series that address key questions and concerns about COVID-19 and vaccines within the Black community.", "quote": "...and the Black Coalition Against COVID-19 and Black Doctor Org video series to help answer top questions from the Black community about COVID and vaccines.", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Black Coalition of Quebec", "aliases": ["Black Coalition of Quebec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "public education", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its president suggests that the N-word can be used in a pedagogical context to educate on systemic racism, attempting to shape the debate on academic freedom and acceptable language use in universities.", "quote": "Max Stanley Bazin, président de la Ligue des noirs du Québec, explique qu'il faut comprendre le contexte dans lequel le terme a été employé et que si le but est pédagogique, alors il n'est pas un problème de l'utiliser :", "page": "16", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Black Community Coalition Germany", "aliases": ["Black Community Coalition Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["anti-racism"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Acts as a focal point for anti-racist activists and the Black movement, participating in empowerment workshops to produce audio content for social change, drawing public attention to problems faced by Black artists.", "quote": "The Migrantpolitan is also a focal point for anti-racist activists and the Black movement, exemplified by organizations like the Non-white artists, a self-organized group, and Black Community Coalition Germany.", "page": "164", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Black debate societies", "aliases": ["Black debate societies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "public deliberation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Created safe, independent spaces for free African Americans during the antebellum era to foster public speaking skills, debate opinions, and develop campaigns against racist treatment.", "quote": "Through Black newspapers, reading rooms, and debate societies, free African Americans provided themselves with safe spaces to develop campaigns to protest against slavery, disfranchisement, and the racist treatment they faced daily from Whites.", "page": "14", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black Doctor.org", "aliases": ["Black Doctor.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health equity", "public health", "vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with social media platforms to produce and disseminate video content aimed at answering questions from the Black community regarding COVID-19 and vaccines.", "quote": "...and the Black Coalition Against COVID-19 and Black Doctor Org video series to help answer top questions from the Black community about COVID and vaccines.", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Black Flag (Chernyj Flag) initiative", "aliases": ["Black Flag (Chernyj Flag) initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized from below by an ordinary person after an accident to seek justice, gathering other witnesses and supporters to act upon an important public issue.", "quote": "One such example was the Black Flag (Chernyj Flag) initiative organized from below by an ordinary person who was an accidental witness to an automobile accident in St Petersburg involving a police car.", "page": "359", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Black fraternal organizations", "aliases": ["Black fraternal organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provides \"Black-only\"\" spaces that fulfill community and self-determination functions for Black collectives", "quote": "Black interests, community, self-determination.", "page": "The continued presence of independent Black media, Black artists' collectives, Black fraternal organizations, and other \"Black-only\"\" spaces and media fulfill functions for Black collectives that mainstream public arenas", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black Humour News Agency", "aliases": ["Black Humour News Agency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "minority rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Operated as a virtual news agency, creating and disseminating false news that mimicked official media to act as a voice for minority groups and engage in social criticism and public agitation.", "quote": "Wang-xiao-shan... formed Black Humour News Agency (BHNA), a virtual news agency active between 1999 and 2001 that spread false news mimicking official news media, so as to be the voice of minority groups.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Black in AI", "aliases": ["Black in AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "diversity", "ethical ai"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays a key role in holding AI developers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "quote": "Independent watchdogs (Algorithmic Justice League; Black in AI; Center for Humane Technology) play a key role in holding AI devel opers and companies to account, advocating for more representative approaches to system creation and use.", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Black Laundry", "aliases": ["Black Laundry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-occupation", "queer rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-occupation activism and public protest, challenging the state's narrative of 'gay-friendliness' and advocating for queer rights within the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "quote": "Amalia Ziv (2010) highlights the work of Black Laundry, a queer group in Israel committed to anti-occupation activism and ‘No Pride in Occupation'", "page": "5", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Black Law Students' Association at the University of Ottawa", "aliases": ["Black Law Students' Association at the University of Ottawa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "social justice", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Through its vice-president, it raises awareness about micro-aggressions and the hostile environment faced by Black students on campus, advocating for recognition of racial harm and challenging justifications for the N-word's use.", "quote": "Hannan Mohamud, étudiante en droit et vice-présidente de la défense des droits de l'Association des étudiants noirs en droit à l'Université d'Ottawa, aborde l'enjeu des micro-agressions – subies par les personnes noires sur le campus universitaire et souligne que : la plus violente de ces micro-agressions est le mot qui commence par N.", "page": "12", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Black Lives Matter (affiliated group)", "aliases": ["Black Lives Matter (affiliated group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google News", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content moderation", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Making Middleware Work", "author": "Keller, Daphne", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Could provide a 'racial-justice-oriented lens' for middleware services to curate content on platforms like YouTube, offering an alternative moderation and ranking perspective to users.", "quote": "Users might choose a racial-justice-oriented lens on YouTube from a Black Lives Matter-affiliated group, layer a fact-checking ser- vice from a trusted news provider on top of Google News, or browse a G-rated version of Facebook from Disney.", "page": "2", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797795", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google News), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Black market for books", "aliases": ["Black market for books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "alternative media", "anti-censorship"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union", "author": "Stelmakh, V. D", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Developed as a \"shadow\"\" system to circulate forbidden and hard-to-find literature", "quote": "Demand for diverse literature, access to forbidden texts, market-driven distribution.", "page": "A characteristic feature of this period was the development of \"shadow", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18888", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (USSR)", "when": "1960s-1980s (Cold War)"}]}, {"name": "Black newspapers (antebellum)", "aliases": ["Black newspapers (antebellum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "racial justice", "self-determination", "voting rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provided safe spaces for free African Americans during the antebellum era to develop and disseminate campaigns protesting slavery, disfranchisement, and racist treatment, countering dominant white narratives.", "quote": "Through Black newspapers, reading rooms, and debate societies, free African Americans provided themselves with safe spaces to develop campaigns to protest against slavery, disfranchisement, and the racist treatment they faced daily from Whites.", "page": "14", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black press", "aliases": ["Black press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "minority rights", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provides institutions for conversations about Black publicity, rights, and interests, transforming them into strategies to counter White supremacist rule and challenge dominant stereotypes.", "quote": "He describes the importance of various Black institutions to the success of the past Black public sphere, such as the Black press, popular music, and the church (p. 210).", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black press (general)", "aliases": ["Black press (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "racial equality", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Served as a voice for dissent and positive racial identity, critiquing racist policies, advocating for northern migration, and organizing campaigns against discrimination, often facing state censorship and intimidation.", "quote": "Black newspapers vigorously exercised their right to speak against racism and racist policies to both Black and white audiences. Their bold rhetoric from these Black public sphere institutions drew the attention of the state.", "page": "112", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Black radio", "aliases": ["Black radio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community interests", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through talk show hosts, Black radio bolstered the reception of allegations and became 'forums for discussion,' lending credence to charges among African Americans.", "quote": "Black radio, through talk show hosts, bolstered the reception of allegations, becoming 'forums for discussion' and lending credence to charges among African Americans.", "page": "141", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Black reading rooms", "aliases": ["Black reading rooms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["black interests", "discourse promotion", "oppression resistance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provided safe, hidden spaces for free African Americans during the antebellum era to gather, discuss, and develop strategies against oppression and racist treatment.", "quote": "Through Black newspapers, reading rooms, and debate societies, free African Americans provided themselves with safe spaces to develop campaigns to protest against slavery, disfranchisement, and the racist treatment they faced daily from Whites.", "page": "14", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Black unions (general)", "aliases": ["Black unions (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Emerging and growing as new political organizations, likely engaged in advocacy for workers' rights within the Black public sphere.", "quote": "New political organizations such as the NAACP and Black unions emerged and grew.", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Black women's activist group (2014)", "aliases": ["Black women's activist group (2014)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misogyny", "anti-racism", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Uncovered and fought a coordinated harassment campaign targeting them on Twitter, organizing and sharing block lists to prevent further harm when the platform failed to provide adequate support.", "quote": "In 2014, for example, a group of Black women uncovered and fought a coordinated harassment campaign targeting them. ... The women organized and shared block lists and helped prevent other Black women from being driven off the platform...", "page": "7", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "BlackRock", "aliases": ["BlackRock"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["esg", "financial performance", "responsible investing", "standardized reporting"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Institutional investor that pushed for standardized reporting frameworks to support better long-term investment decisions, influencing sustainability metrics.", "quote": "Institutional investors, such as BlackRock, began viewing the lack of reliable data as a barrier to responsible investing and pushed for standardized reporting frameworks to support better long-term investment decisions.", "page": "287", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Block Together", "aliases": ["Block Together"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "user autonomy", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A web application developed by volunteers that serves as a 'centralized clearinghouse' for blocklists. It enables users to share and subscribe to lists of blocked accounts and offers features like automatically blocking new or low-follower accounts to combat online abuse.", "quote": "Block Together is a web application that serves as a “centralized clearinghouse” for many blocklist curators and subscribers (Geiger, 2016). Like Block Bot, Block Together is a Twitter application that was developed by volunteers...", "page": "77", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Blockchain Council", "aliases": ["Blockchain Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["technological innovation"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation in (decentralised) metaverses", "author": "Bovenzi, Gian Marco", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes information and analysis on decentralized digital networks, contributing to the understanding of their differences and implicitly influencing norms and standards in the blockchain space, which is relevant to decentralized content moderation.", "quote": "A. Bhalla, 'Decentralized vs. Decentralized Digital Networks: Understanding the differences' (Blockchain Council, 10 May 2024)", "page": "11", "url": "catedrametaverso.ua.es", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Digital Services Act framework), global decentralized platforms and metaverses", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era) and future challenges"}]}, {"name": "Blockchain4Europe", "aliases": ["Blockchain4Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic innovation", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for specific regulatory frameworks for decentralized finance (DeFi) and crypto assets, pushing for a narrower scope of regulation to focus on financial purposes.", "quote": "Blockchain4Europe highlighted the missing regulation of decentralised finance and asked for narrowing the scope only to crypto assets with financial purposes.", "page": "32", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "BlockTogether.org", "aliases": ["BlockTogether.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "decentralized moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bot-based collective blocklists in Twitter: the counterpublic moderation of harassment in a networked public space", "author": "Geiger, R. Stuart", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "BlockTogether.org provides a centralized service that standardizes the computational infrastructure for blocklists. It allows curators to share their blocklists, and subscribers can automatically update their personal blocklists on Twitter through the site's bots.", "quote": "Today, the BlockTogether.org site (which was launched in August 2014), serves as a centralized clearinghouse for blocklist curators and subscribers. Curators share their blocklists with BlockTogether.org, and the site’s bots update subscribers blocklists on their behalf.", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1153700", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2012-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Blocky", "aliases": ["Blocky"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors website censorship in China, as part of large-scale projects tracking GFW blocklist changes.", "quote": "To monitor website censorship in China, several large-scale projects have been developed, including the GreatFire Analyzer [35], Blocky [36], GFWatch [3], and GFWeb [9].", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Bloco de Esquerda", "aliases": ["Bloco de Esquerda"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "economic justice", "social justice", "social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The BE's campaign in debates had a slight predominance of negative appeals (55.1%), heavily focused on criticizing housing and economic policies of other parties, alongside significant character attacks, especially against CHEGA. On Facebook, they also showed a higher negativity than average (20%).", "quote": "Mariana Mortágua, do BE, teve um predomínio da negatividade nos debates eleitorais, por alguma margem. Contabilizámos 350 apelos negativos (55,1%) contra 286 (44,9%) positivos.", "page": "82", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Blogosfera (Blogosphere)", "aliases": ["Blogosfera (Blogosphere)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge sharing", "public debate"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As mídias sociais ea esfera pública: mudanças de paradigma na comunicação contemporânea", "author": "L Rabelo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "It functions as a significant forum for debate and is rapidly establishing itself as an autonomous social field, creating its own internal mechanisms for defining relevance and standards of control within its discourse.", "quote": "A blogosfera é hoje, talvez, a maior fomentadora de um debate sobre si mesma. Ela está se constituindo rapidamente num campo social autônomo, segundo o padrão constitutivo de qualquer outro campo social autônomo. Ou seja, está criando seus próprios mecanismos internos de definição de relevância e padrões de controle.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/regionais/centrooeste2010/resumos/R21-0338-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms, USA (as an example of political campaigns)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Bloomberg Philanthropies Government Innovation program", "aliases": ["Bloomberg Philanthropies Government Innovation program"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic program; city data alliance"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Delivers technical assistance, upskilling, and a $60M City Data Alliance investment to help cities adopt data analytics and AI for public-service delivery; convenes city networks and expert partnerships.", "quote": "Program promotes municipal use of data, analytics, and AI to improve public services but does not primarily engage in platform content moderation or platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bloomberg.org/program/government-innovation/#overview", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Blue Cross", "aliases": ["Blue Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Others (animal welfare"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Blue Cross runs public campaigns, fundraising and awareness activities, provides veterinary and rehoming services, and partners with corporate donors to fund operations and public-facing programs.", "quote": "Blue Cross focuses on pet welfare, rehoming, veterinary services and public fundraising; the website contains no material indicating work on platformized-content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bluecross.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Blue Star Contemporary Art Center", "aliases": ["Blue Star Contemporary Art Center"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "institutional autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Hosted an exhibition ('Loaded') that was entirely defunded and denounced by the gallery and its sponsors just before opening, leading to a visible act of self-censorship where the gallery papered over its donor list.", "quote": "'Loaded,' a 1989 exhibition at Blue Star Gallery in San Antonio, was entirely defunded and denounced by the gallery and its sponsors just before the opening. The exhibition remained, but a wall that listed the gallery donors was papered over to announce the decision.", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Bluesky Public Benefit Corporation", "aliases": ["Bluesky Public Benefit Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community governance", "free speech", "open internet", "user agency", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A protocol-based social network experimenting with user agency over content moderation by allowing the sharing of blocklists and labeling frameworks for content types, and customizing how labeled content appears in feeds. Functions as a Public Benefit Corporation.", "quote": "Bluesky, for example, has begun to experiment with giving users greater agency over content moderation in a Twitter-like environment.53 Its main instance, bsky.social, has top-level moderation standards that address spam and other significant issues.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Bodleian Libraries, Oxford", "aliases": ["Bodleian Libraries, Oxford"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "historical preservation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Act as a fundamental support for democracy by conserving knowledge, especially in contexts where state actors attempt to destroy documents and suppress voices.", "quote": "las bibliotecas son una parte importante de la educación pública en la conservación del conocimiento. Entre muchos ejemplos cita su papel en Sudáfrica tras la caída del régimen del apartheid, para recuperar las voces que formaban parte de la memoria colectiva", "page": "5", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Body & Data", "aliases": ["Body & Data"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research center"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital literacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducted research on internet usage among urban young people in Nepal, highlighting their reliance on social media for information.", "quote": "The most concerning issue is the lack of access to mainstream media by the vulnerable people – either by choice such as in youth who are increasingly following social media-based information outlets as primary source of information (Body & Data, 2021)", "page": "171", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Bold Creative", "aliases": ["Bold Creative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "digital literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Developed the 'Digital Disruption' programme, which uses co-creation workshops with vulnerable youth to investigate misinformation online, produce films promoting critical thinking, and train educators and youth workers in digital literacy to inoculate against propaganda.", "quote": "A digital communications agency which specialises in youth engagement, Bold Creative launched its Digital Disruption programme in 2008. Presently a separate non-profit entity run with project partners... the project has been activated to raise the ability of young people to critically engage with the content they consume, create and share online.", "page": "57", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Boletín de Información de la CNT-FAI (Information Bulletin of the CNT-FAI)", "aliases": ["Boletín de Información de la CNT-FAI (Information Bulletin of the CNT-FAI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "revolutionary order", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued by the CNT-FAI's Propaganda and Information Office, published in multiple languages, serving as a primary source of information, propaganda, and directives for the anarchist and syndicalist movements.", "quote": "Além desses, utilizamos o Boletín de Información de la CNT-FAI, que era emitido pela Oficina de Informação e Propaganda do Comitê Regional da Catalunha da CNT-FAI, e que fora publicado em diversas línguas.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Bollandists (Society of Jesus)", "aliases": ["Bollandists (Society of Jesus)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Portugal", "Rome", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I Bollandisti e la censura di Roma. Cinque memoriali del 1696 nell'Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede", "author": "M Palumbo", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Actively defended their scholarly work, *Acta Sanctorum*, against censorship by submitting multiple memorials and supplications to the Roman Congregations (Index, Sant'Uffizio) and the Pope. They offered to correct errors, argued for factual distinctions between their works to prevent blanket prohibitions, and publicly challenged the Spanish Inquisition's decree, even using a printed pamphlet.", "quote": "Daniele Papebrochio, e suoi Compagni della Compagnia di Giesù, scrittori delle Vite de Santi, hanno in più memoriali presentati à questa Sacra Congrega-tione, supplicato l'Eminenze Vostre à degnarsi di permettere, che potessero essi medesimi correggere tutto ciò, che fusse giudicato degno di Censura...", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.brepolsonline.net/content/journals/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102095", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Early Modern Europe (centred on Rome, involving Spain and Portugal)", "when": "Late 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires", "aliases": ["Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and promoting a narrative of national unity under the regime.", "quote": "Bolsa de Comercio de Buenos Aires... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Bolsheviks", "aliases": ["Bolsheviks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Consolidated support by strategically appealing to popular demands (\"bread", "quote": "and peace\"\") during a revolutionary situation", "page": "effectively mobilizing challengers to overthrow the state", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Bolsonarist WhatsApp groups", "aliases": ["Bolsonarist WhatsApp groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Telegram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-establishment", "anti-science", "political interests"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Desinformação, plataformas, pandemia: Um panorama e novos desafios de pesquisa.", "author": "C d'Andréa, R Henn", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Disseminate information and misinformation, reinforcing specific narratives and challenging scientific authority, particularly regarding the pandemic and vaccines. They also selectively use 'sources of legitimacy' to strengthen their arguments.", "quote": "A análise de 908 mensagens das dezenas de milhares associadas ao discurso anticientífico identificou que 'pelo menos 31% das mensagens traziam alguma manifestação evidente de descrédito a instituições científicas', por exemplo através do questionamento de procedimentos utilizados no desenvolvimento e na validação de vacinas.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/83253031/60748715.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Digital Platforms (YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020–2021)"}]}, {"name": "Bolsonaro Supporters' Groups/Pages", "aliases": ["Bolsonaro Supporters' Groups/Pages"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["political interests"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These political groups and pages on Facebook are used to disseminate links from disinformation websites, selecting content to share in pro-Bolsonaro spaces, potentially without direct coordination.", "quote": "O caráter periférico de comunidades políticas sugere que simpatizantes e apoiadores selecionam esses links para divulgar em grupos pró-Bolsonaro, talvez sem coordenação direta com a estratégia dos websites.", "page": "11", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Booknode Forum Community", "aliases": ["Booknode Forum Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Booknode"], "norms": ["collective knowledge", "discourse quality", "mutual respect", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le forum de discussion: entre activités éditoriales et expertises spontanées", "author": "É Sotto", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The participants of the Booknode forum, including a subgroup referred to as 'éditeurs' (editors), collectively organize and regulate their discussions. They ensure the coherence and understanding of the evolving 'document' (the forum's content), prevent thematic dispersion, and foster the construction of 'profane knowledge' through reasoned opinions and shared experiences. This self-regulation occurs spontaneously and without active intervention from official moderators.", "quote": "Nous soutenons que le forum constitue un espace documentaire coopératif autogéré par une myriade d'auteurs éclairés et quelques éditeurs assurant une fonction de régulateur.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/1070", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Booknode forum, online platforms", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Booksellers (as a collective trade/profession)", "aliases": ["Booksellers (as a collective trade/profession)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial viability", "information access", "public morals", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Booksellers (as a class) engage in self-censorship and filtering of content (books) to avoid legal liability, thereby affecting the public's access to reading material.", "quote": "Every bookseller would be placed under an obligation to make himself aware of the contents of every book in his shop. ... The bookseller's self-censorship, compelled by the State, would be a censorship affecting the whole public...", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Booksellers' Guild / Company", "aliases": ["Booksellers' Guild / Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "commercial interests", "media diversity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El «donoso y grande escrutinio» o las caras de la censura", "author": "Peña, Manuel", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Booksellers were affected by censorship practices such as the impoundment and retention of books, leading to their criticism and complaints against such decisions. They also played a role as cultural intermediaries in the book trade.", "quote": "Al calificar el Espejo de caballerías, Cervantes se hizo eco de una de las decisiones más comunes y criticadas por libreros y lectores: «que este libro y todos los que se hallaren que tratan destas cosas de Francia se echen y depositen en un pozo seco, hasta que con más acuerdo se vea lo que se ha de hacer dellos».", "page": "12", "url": "https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/127", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Booksellers' Guild / Trade Association of Booksellers", "aliases": ["Booksellers' Guild / Trade Association of Booksellers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "regulatory clarity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Los criterios inquisitoriales en la censura de libros en los siglos XVI y XVII", "author": "Cárcel, Ricardo García; Rincón, Javier Burgos", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "They engaged in protests and made specific demands to the authorities (Inquisition) to reduce the economic harm caused by book censorship. They advocated for expurgation (removing problematic parts) instead of outright prohibition, and sought clarity on censorship rules to protect their inventory and trade.", "quote": "Otrosí, digo que... si se quitasen podrían ser en lo demás los dichos libros provechosos... para que mis partes y yo no perdamos tanta cantidad de nuestro caudal y para que podamos usar, ejercer nuestro trato...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40340313", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Boris For (VK page community)", "aliases": ["Boris For (VK page community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["legal rights", "rule of law", "self-defense"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online community on VK (Russian social network) that provides instructions and legal rights to counter vigilante groups like Lev Protiv.", "quote": "The VK page “Boris For30” (Boris Za), with around 2,800 subscribers in January 2019, gives “instructions for communicating with activists” and explains the rights of the activists and of their targets.", "page": "117", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Born Free Foundation", "aliases": ["Born Free Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Public health", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "Born Free runs public campaigns, publishes resources and reports, mobilises donors and public petitions, and leverages philanthropic and partner relationships to pressure policy and commercial actors regarding animal captivity and wildlife trade.", "quote": "Born Free's core mission is wildlife conservation and animal welfare; it does not focus on platformized-content-governance though it uses online channels for campaigns.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bornfree.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Botanical Garden", "aliases": ["Botanical Garden"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific development", "scientific research"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Created in Rio de Janeiro as part of Dom João's policy to stimulate scientific research and educational development in the Colony, specifically in natural sciences.", "quote": "Em seguida, já no Rio de Janeiro, instalou uma segunda escola de Medicina; abriu a Academia Real Militar... criou o Jardim Botânico;", "page": "145", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "BotSentinel", "aliases": ["BotSentinel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plandemic Revisited: A Product of Planned Disinformation Amplifying the COVID-19 “infodemic”", "author": "Nazar, Shahin; Pieters, Toine", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "BotSentinel acts as a web application that screens Twitter accounts for unusual social media behavior, such as those that might be bots. By providing scores indicating potential inauthentic activity, it helps users and researchers identify and flag accounts contributing to misinformation spread.", "quote": "Every account was screened through BotSentinel, a webapp that checks for unusual social media behavior, and those with a score of 80% or above were manually marked as bots.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649930/full", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Bougainville Interim Peace Office", "aliases": ["Bougainville Interim Peace Office"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "peace", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Its representative used alternative media (Do or Die) to publicize demands for political self-determination and oppose economic exploitation in Bougainville.", "quote": "The only attributed article, written by Martin Miriori of the Bougainville Interim Peace Office, discusses Bougainville in the Solomon Islands and examines the islanders' demands for political self-determination in the face of continuing eco nomic exploitation.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Boulevard Voltaire", "aliases": ["Boulevard Voltaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "far-right ideology", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "«La loi Avia muselle la liberté d'expression»: stratégies numériques discursives et médiatiques de l'extrême droite", "author": "V Lambert, C Bouzereau…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes opinion and information articles as part of the far-right's media ecosystem, using a critical and often hyperbolic discourse to reinforce collective identity, legitimize their agenda, and frame laws like the Avia law as attempts to 'muzzle' free speech.", "quote": "Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur trois médias : ... 2. Boulevard Voltaire (BV), site d'opinion et d'information créé en 2012 par Pierre Ménard", "page": "4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05012460/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, online media", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Bourgeoisie (France)", "aliases": ["Bourgeoisie (France)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "equal opportunity", "equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Primarily sought to preserve and enhance their access to state office and wealth, promoting an ideology of 'careers open to talent' against aristocratic privilege.", "quote": "The revolutionary bourgeoisie – typically consisting precisely of those office-holders, professionals and intellectuals – was less concerned with breaking the shackles impeding the development of capitalism... than with preserving and enhancing their access to the highest state office, ‘careers open to talent’.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "boxit.vn", "aliases": ["boxit.vn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "environmental protection", "government accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "An antibauxite blog that gained popularity and acted as a platform for dissenting views, contributing to online activism against government policies and attracting government antipathy, including hacking attacks.", "quote": "Two editors in Ho Chi Minh City affirmed that moderation was intended to offset the growing popularity of antibauxite blogs, particularly boxit.vn, while retaining credibility as a factual paper balancing both sides (Anonymous Editor 2011a, 2011b).", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Boxun News (博讯)", "aliases": ["Boxun News (博讯)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access", "political dissent", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Bo News operates as a dissident news network based in the U.S. that provides information censored in mainland China, becoming a source accessed by newly enabled Chinese users.", "quote": "Largest increases in views ... Bo News (dissident Chinese news network, located in U.S.)", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Boy Scouts", "aliases": ["Boy Scouts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["England", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania"], "media": [], "norms": ["child development", "social norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Served as an institution that, through physical culture, transmitted values aligned with group interests in North American society, aiming at the moral, intellectual, and physical development of young people. This exemplifies a later manifestation of rationalized physical activity influenced by the Protestant ethic.", "quote": "Boy Scouts, também conhecido como escoteiros mirins, é uma instituição fundada pelo inglês Robert Baden-Powell na Inglaterra em 1907. Tinha como propósito educacional o desenvolvimento moral, intelectual e físico de jovens, através de atividades ligadas à natureza e que resgatassem a masculinidade na juventude inglesa (Pryke, 1998).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}]}, {"name": "BoycottBlizzard consumer movement", "aliases": ["BoycottBlizzard consumer movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a consumer boycott through social media, including subscription cancellations and game uninstallations, to hold Blizzard accountable for perceived censorship and pressure for free speech.", "quote": "A consumer movement seeking to hold Blizzard accountable through market mechanisms such as loss of capital (i.e., boycotts, canceling subscriptions) and reputational tarnishing (i.e., associating Blizzard's brand with illiberal values) formed and gained support from industry insiders and outsiders.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Boys and Girls Club of America", "aliases": ["Boys and Girls Club of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth-focused non-profit organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Education", "Human rights", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1906, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1906", "mechanism": "BGCA delivers educational and social programs to youth, indirectly influencing online engagement and digital learning practices.", "quote": "The organization focuses on youth development and education; any engagement with platform governance is indirect via digital learning initiatives.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.bgca.org/Pages/index.aspx", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BR24", "aliases": ["BR24"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "deliberative discourse"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments", "author": "M Ziegele, P Jost, M Bormann…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Journalists from BR24 publicly respond to uncivil comments on their Facebook page, engaging in various moderation styles (discursive, regulative, sociable, confrontational) to guide discussions.", "quote": "Relatively speaking, the radio channel hr-info moderated the highest share of user comments on its Facebook site (4.05%, 354 of 8,748 comments), followed by the radio channel BR24 (2.55%, 717 of 28,114 comments).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-525.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Brainbox Institute", "aliases": ["Brainbox Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "content moderation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Commissioned research assessing content moderation measures introduced by platforms, indicating a high likelihood of mitigating future objectionable content.", "quote": "Research commissioned from Brainbox Institute (2021) concluded that measures introduced by the platforms since the Christchurch terrorist attack, particularly through GIFCT (Sect. 1.3.1), have a high likelihood of significantly mitigating the scale of future objectionable content...", "page": "233", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "BrainCog Lab, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences", "aliases": ["BrainCog Lab, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["AI research", "AI robustness", "scientific advancement"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safety instincts: Llms learn to trust their internal compass for self-defense", "author": "G Shen, D Zhao, H Tong, J Li, F Zhao…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An academic research lab that contributes scientific expertise to the study of AI models, including their internal mechanisms and behaviors related to safety and alignment.", "quote": "Our work demonstrates that effective alignment can emerge from within, paving the way for more autonomous and robust AI safety mechanisms that scale without extensive human oversight.", "page": "1", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01088", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Large Language Models (LLMs)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brandenburg Institute for Society and Security", "aliases": ["Brandenburg Institute for Society and Security"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides scientific assistance and conducts research related to society and security, contributing expert insights to inform policy on radicalisation.", "quote": "Alexander Ritzmann is [...] a scientific assistant and senior research fellow at the Brandenburg Institute for Society and Security.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brasil 200", "aliases": ["Brasil 200"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "BUSCADORES E REDES SOCIAIS: LIMITES DA MODERAÇÃO E DA LIBERDADE EDITORIAL DOS PROVEDORES DE APLICAÇÕES NA INTERNET", "author": "Pinheiro, Alexandre Pereira; Pinheiro, Guilherme", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Had its pages removed by Facebook during the 2018 Brazilian election, alongside MBL, indicating its involvement in the broader controversy over platform content moderation and alleged bias.", "quote": "Dentre as páginas removidas estavam as de integrantes do Movimento Brasil Livre, do Brasil 200, entre outras.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.estudosinstitucionais.com/REI/article/view/520", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States, Brazil, European Union, Global Internet Platforms", "when": "mid-1990s to 2020"}]}, {"name": "Brasil Paralelo Entretenimento e Educação S/A", "aliases": ["Brasil Paralelo Entretenimento e Educação S/A"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "anti-marxism", "national identity", "parental rights", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as a content production, streaming, and online education platform, explicitly aiming to 'rescue good values, ideas, and sentiments' by offering alternative, ideologically aligned content and critiquing formal educational institutions.", "quote": "A produtora “Brasil Paralelo” foi fundada por Filipe Valerim, Henrique Viana e Lucas Ferrugem. (...) “resgatar os bons valores, ideias e sentimentos no coração de todos os brasileiros”.", "page": "8, 11", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Brasilien gegen Big Tech - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung", "aliases": ["Brasilien gegen Big Tech - Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation; think tank; civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "The foundation produces analyses and publications, convenes public hearings and debates, and frames regulatory proposals to shape public and policymaker opinions on platform governance.", "quote": "The foundation publishes analysis and commentary on platform harms (disinformation, moderation conflicts) and promotes regulation and public hearings on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rosalux.de/news/id/53169/brasilien-gegen-big-tech", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Braver Angels", "aliases": ["Braver Angels"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["deliberative democracy", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborates with social media platforms (like Minds) to promote constructive dialogue and reduce polarization.", "quote": "So far, Minds has collaborated with Tech Against Terrorism, Parallel Networks, Braver Angels, Light Upon Light, Daryl Davis, Tasman AI, and CulturePulse...", "page": "56", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Brazil, Elon Musk, X, and Censorship: What You Need to Know", "aliases": ["Brazil, Elon Musk, X, and Censorship: What You Need to Know"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal advocacy organization; conservative civil liberties group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "ADF uses legal filings and international human-rights petitions (Information/Accountability), public campaigns and open letters to shape public narratives (Symbolic), and leverages networks of attorneys, religious organizations, and political allies to exert pressure (Leverage).", "quote": "ADF International rapidly filed a petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and ran an open letter defending X and opposing Brazil's suspension, directly engaging in platform-related free-speech disputes.", "page": "", "url": "https://adflegal.org/article/brazil-elon-musk-x-and-censorship-what-you-need-know/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Black Consciousness Movement", "aliases": ["Brazilian Black Consciousness Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Exposing Silence as Cultural Censorship: A Brazilian Case", "author": "Sheriff, Robin E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "These organizations are explicitly directed toward the exposure of and struggle against racism, identifying the cultural censorship surrounding racism as a significant obstacle to anti-racist activism in Brazil.", "quote": "Political movements that are explicitly directed toward the exposure of, and struggle against, racism have a long but highly disjointed history in Brazil.", "page": "12", "url": "https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.114", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazil", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Forum of Public Security", "aliases": ["Brazilian Forum of Public Security"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EFEITO DE IMITAÇÃO E CONTÁGIO DA VIOLÊNCIA: MÍDIA, REDES DIGITAIS EA REPRODUÇÃO DE CRIMES NA SOCIEDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA", "author": "GAL de Oliveira, JL de Oliveira, KR de Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes data on public security, including violence against women, thereby highlighting the prevalence of these crimes and influencing public debate and policy to address them.", "quote": "Enquanto pesquisas do Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública (2025), demonstram a persistência de índices elevados de violência contra mulheres, registrando em 2024, que 1.492 mulheres foram assassinadas apenas por serem mulheres (maior número de casos registrados desde 2015).", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.revistacj.com.br/index.php/cjur/article/view/221", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Internet Steering Committee", "aliases": ["Brazilian Internet Steering Committee"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "internet governance", "net neutrality", "privacy", "user rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulatory intermediaries in content moderation", "author": "K Beatriz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a multi-stakeholder body with oversight responsibilities, including developing studies, issuing opinions, suggesting codes of conduct for platform compliance, issuing guidelines, validating codes, and analyzing systemic risk assessment reports for platforms under Brazil's proposed Bill 2630/2020.", "quote": "Among other responsibilities related to developing studies and debates, the bill seeks to task CGI.br with duties related to supervising the proposed law's hybrid system of governance. Article 51 of the bill grants CGI.br specific powers, including issuing guidelines for social media providers, search engines, and instant messaging platforms to develop codes of conduct, and validating these codes after they have been drafted by the platforms.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315581", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "EU, Brazil", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Labour Party", "aliases": ["Brazilian Labour Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura", "author": "SRC Martins", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Filed a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI n. 2.404) to challenge a provision of the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA) that allowed punishment for broadcasting outside authorized hours, arguing it violated freedom of expression.", "quote": "A ADI n. 2.404 foi proposta em 6 de fevereiro de 2001, pelo Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB) para impugnar o art. 254 da Lei n. 8.069/90 (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente)...", "page": "19", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/rfdusp/article/view/149534", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1824-2016"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Microtask Worker Collectives (Facebook and WhatsApp groups)", "aliases": ["Brazilian Microtask Worker Collectives (Facebook and WhatsApp groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["mutual aid", "transparency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Heteromação e microtrabalho no Brasil", "author": "MV Braz", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These online groups serve as vital communication hubs for Brazilian microtask workers, enabling them to share strategies for task execution, exchange information on platforms, express grievances, and organize collective responses (including boycotts) to perceived injustices, thereby influencing their working conditions and remuneration.", "quote": "Ao longo dos sete meses de realização da netnografia, acompanhamos sucessivas reclamações e movimentos de boicote às plataformas.", "page": "152", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/soc/a/wVd58kNBf4rN4NQxYWk6FtB/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian National Newspapers Association", "aliases": ["Brazilian National Newspapers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political oversight", "political reform"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil", "author": "De Albuquerque, Afonso", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Its president articulated a stance that the media had a 'moral duty' to function as a de facto opposition party against the government, thereby actively participating in political discourse and shaping narratives about appropriate political leadership.", "quote": "the president of the Brazilian National Newspapers Association, Maria Judith Brito sustained that the media have a moral duty to work as a de facto opposition party, in face of the weakness of the formal political opposition (Farah, 2010).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917738376", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "Brazilian Union of Composers", "aliases": ["Brazilian Union of Composers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Excluded an associate from its ranks without observing due process, which led to a legal challenge at the STF.", "quote": "a exclusão de associado dos quadros da União Brasileira de Compositores (doravante, UBC), sem que tenham sido observadas as garantias do devido processo legal, do contraditório e da ampla defesa", "page": "60", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Breastfeeding is Not Obscene\"\"\"", "aliases": ["Breastfeeding is Not Obscene\"\"\""], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Hey Facebook, Breastfeeding is Not Obscene"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["community building", "user advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "community/collective", "quote": "Right to share breastfeeding experiences; opposition to censorship of such images.", "page": "She started the Facebook group “Hey Facebook, Breastfeeding is Not Obscene”, which became a place for other mothers to congregate who had experienced the same issue (Belkin, 2008).", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Breck Foundation", "aliases": ["Breck Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety charity / advocacy NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Runs school sessions and Breck Ambassador training, publishes resources/news, and partners with corporate sponsors to shape awareness and practices around online child safety.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on online grooming, exploitation and digital abuse of children and delivers education, policy and advocacy on online safety and AI impacts affecting platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.breckfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BREIN", "aliases": ["BREIN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a copyright organization, it enforces copyright through various means, including legal actions or takedowns against perceived infringement, acting as a form of content restriction.", "quote": "...pedofielenbelangenorganisatie Martijn, en anti-piraterij.nl (een initiatief van copyrightorganisatie BREIN).", "page": "18", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "Breitbart News Network", "aliases": ["Breitbart News Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti mainstream media", "far right ideology"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operated as a far-right media outlet, positioned as a counter to mainstream media bias, and used social media to build audiences and seed content.", "quote": "Alternative right-wing media, such as InfoWars, Breitbart... played an important role in the lead up to the 2016 election, positioning themselves as counters to mainstream media bias...", "page": "9", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "BRIC (Behavioral Research Innovation Center)", "aliases": ["BRIC (Behavioral Research Innovation Center)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research infrastructure non-profit / consulting"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Develops open-source tools (Search Historian, Passive Data Kit) and publishes research and infrastructure (e.g., moderation systems) used to measure and shape understanding of platform behavior and content moderation.", "quote": "BRIC's core mission is building research infrastructure, but it develops tools (e.g., Search Historian, Passive Data Kit) and a 'Simple Moderation' system that engage directly with content moderation and platform measurement.", "page": "", "url": "https://bric.digital/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Brigada Nawasi", "aliases": ["Brigada Nawasi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group exerting local control)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interest", "local autonomy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerted control over Tripoli, including economic and political aspects, and violently dispersed citizen protests, acting as an informal authority and enforcer of order.", "quote": "A mediados de 2020, una protesta ciudadana contra las milicias fue violentamente disuelta por los combatientes de Qara y la Brigada Nawasi, lo que movió a al-Sarraj a anunciar un toque de queda con el pretexto de hacer frente a la pandemia de COVID-19.", "page": "95", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Bright Blue", "aliases": ["Bright Blue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Wrote progressive songs with symbolic lyrics that bypassed censors and gained airplay on state radio, conveying protest messages about living in a repressive society.", "quote": "Some musicians successfully wrote progressive songs in a symbolic manner. For example, Bright Blue by-passed the SABC’s strict controls with their song ’Weeping’ which contained symbolic lyrics about a man living in fear within a heavily repressive society.", "page": "190", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)", "aliases": ["British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media regulator / film classification body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1912, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1912", "mechanism": "BBFC issues legally recognised age ratings and content advice used by distributors and VOD services, publishes classification decisions and runs public/industry consultations to shape content guidance.", "quote": "BBFC's core mission is film and video classification and content advice, including classifications for VOD/streaming, which touches platform content governance though it is primarily a content classification regulator.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bbfc.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)", "aliases": ["British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "cultural representation", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Employs a system of prior self-restraint through its 'Editorial Guidelines' to prevent content, including hate speech, from being broadcast or published by making editorial decisions before airing.", "quote": "the BBC operates under its own ‘Editorial Guidelines' and these include the following guideline on ‘Portrayal’... ‘Content may reflect the prejudice and disadvantage which exist in societies worldwide but we should not perpetuate it.'", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "British Broadcasting Corporation News", "aliases": ["British Broadcasting Corporation News"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "newspapers"], "norms": ["content standards", "public participation", "public service media"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operated a user-generated content section called 'Have your say' which initially involved manual pre-moderation and later utilized software to manage and filter reader contributions to news discussions.", "quote": "Em 2007, a BBC News tinha uma seção de conteúdo gerado pelo usuário batizada como “Have your say” (Dê sua opinião, em tradução livre), que, por ser toda pré-moderada, consumia o tempo da equipe para ler, analisar e editar os e-mails enviados.", "page": "102", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "British Broadcasting Corporation World Service", "aliases": ["British Broadcasting Corporation World Service"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Arab World", "Israel"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "reputation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and state control of the press in the Arab world", "author": "J Khazen", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "The BBC, when partnering with Orbit Communications to launch an Arabic-service television, insisted on maintaining full editorial control and journalistic freedom, leading to a clash when Orbit sought to impose content restrictions based on 'Islamic sensitivities' in the region.", "quote": "When Orbit entered into a partnership with the BBC World Service in 1994 to set up an Arabic-service television, the BBC, anxious not to jeopardize its reputation, insisted on editorial control.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1081180X99004003007", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Arab World, Israel", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "British Brothers League", "aliases": ["British Brothers League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "national identity", "racial equality"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Fomented anti-Semitic statements and actions among the wider population, contributing to a discursive environment that impacted policies on immigration and news dissemination.", "quote": "anti-Semitic statements and actions by the wider population, often fomented by the proto-fascist British Brothers League, were not infrequent.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "British Chartists", "aliases": ["British Chartists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-radicalization", "organizational autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Engaged in internal debate over the strategic choice between \"physical versus moral action", "quote": "Political rights (Chartism), debate on methods of contention", "page": "Within the British Chartists, there was a long debate about the virtues of physical versus moral action.", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "British Dental Journal / British Dental Association", "aliases": ["British Dental Journal / British Dental Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial integrity", "professional standards", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Call for censorship", "author": "Stillman-Lowe, C", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The Editor of the British Dental Journal (published by the British Dental Association) exercises editorial control over submitted content, including letters, to maintain standards of 'taste and decency.' This acts as a form of pre-publication review and norm enforcement for the professional journal.", "quote": "However, in the interests of taste and decency could you in future censor letters (BDJ 2005; 199: 485) describing both the author (E. Kidd of Surbiton) and yourself, the Editor, as naked?", "page": "62", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/4813180", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "British Diabetic Association", "aliases": ["British Diabetic Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["healthcare quality", "patient safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sets requirements for automated patient referral systems, influencing the development and deployment of medical AI to ensure patient safety and healthcare standards.", "quote": "the Tübingen researchers found that they had, without specifically aiming to, met and exceeded the requirements of the NHS and the British Diabetic Association for automated patient referral", "page": "285", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "British Ecological Society", "aliases": ["British Ecological Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental understanding", "scientific advancement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a prominent scientific body, its chair (Arthur Tansley) introduced the term 'ecosystem,' shaping scientific discourse in ecology, which the paper then uses as an analogy for understanding media interactions.", "quote": "chair of the British Ecological Society and founding editor of the Journal of Ecology, Tansley's opinions carried great weight in scientific societies, and especially around the complex and 'polymorphic science' (Cooper, 1957) of ecology (McIntosh, 1986).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "British Film Institute", "aliases": ["British Film Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays an important role in nurturing creative expression and preserving cultural heritage in the UK, thereby fostering a climate that values artistic freedom and implicitly counteracts undue censorship.", "quote": "Other bodies, such as the British Film Institute, the National Theatre, and the British Library, also play an important role in nurturing creative expression and preserving cultural heritage.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "British Film Society - IMCine", "aliases": ["British Film Society - IMCine"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "cultural analysis"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Contributed to film studies and the discourse around national cinemas through its publications and translations, influencing critical perspectives on film.", "quote": "Monsiváis, Carlos, 'Mithology' Mexican Cinema. Paulo Antonio Paranaguá. Trad. Ana M. López. London: British Film Society-IMCine, 1995. pp. 115-128.", "page": "251", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "British Muslim community", "aliases": ["British Muslim community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Indian subcontinent"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious respect"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Engaged in public demonstrations and protests to express outrage and demand respect in response to perceived insults to the Prophet Mohammed and Islam.", "quote": "Show some respect: British Muslims demonstrate against Danish cartoons", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "British Retail Consortium", "aliases": ["British Retail Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Other", "Regulatory compliance", "Telecommunication policy", "payments"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "BRC lobbies government, publishes market intelligence and represents major retailers to influence regulatory outcomes and consultations impacting online commerce and platform rules.", "quote": "Primary mission is retail representation and lobbying; engages on digital transformation and regulatory consultations (e.g., OSA-related public consultation) that touch platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://brc.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "British Standards Institution", "aliases": ["British Standards Institution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "technical neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Functions as a national standards body and is part of the federation of over 140 national standards bodies that contribute to international standardization efforts led by ISO.", "quote": "Based in Geneva, but a federation of over 140 national standards bodies in cluding the American ANSI and the British Standards Institution (BSI), its goal is to establish vendor-neutral technical standards.", "page": "129", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "British theatre circles", "aliases": ["British theatre circles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "community values", "social order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translation and censorship", "author": "Merkle, Denise", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This group exerted pressure to acculturate English-language translations of theatrical works, specifically Václav Havel's, by emphasizing political aspects and neutralizing his original poetics to increase ticket sales.", "quote": "British theatre circles exerted pressure to acculturate the English-language translations of his theatrical works by emphasising politics at the cost of neutralizing Havel's poetics", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317219491/chapters/10.4324/9781315621289-16", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (historical and contemporary overview)", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era (c. 5th century BCE – 2018 CE)"}]}, {"name": "British Union of Fascists", "aliases": ["British Union of Fascists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "fascist ideology", "national identity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Tapped into and propagated anti-immigrant and anti-Semitic sentiment in the 1930s, influencing public discourse and contributing to an oppressive environment for Jews.", "quote": "Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists, which sought to tap into British anti-immigrant and anti-Semitic sentiment. In his 1936 publication ‘Fascism: 100 questions asked and answered’, Mosley articulated the standard anti-Semitic trope of the period...", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board", "aliases": ["Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["television markets"], "norms": ["market integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides official television audience measurement data, which serves as a standard currency for advertising and helps assess viewing trends and market shifts in the UK.", "quote": "Television audience measurement acts as the official standard for the industry and provides the shared currency for advertising. In the United States, the time spent viewing long-form online video is increasing at the expense of traditional viewing.", "page": "57", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Broadcasting Authority of Ireland", "aliases": ["Broadcasting Authority of Ireland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supporting research on digital news, informing its regulatory role as a public body.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Brookings Institute", "aliases": ["Brookings Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Moderation Processes: Contractors, Algorithms, Expert Panels, and Digital Juries", "author": "Pan, Christina A.; Yakhmi, Sahil; Iyer, Tara P.; Strasnick, Evan; Zhang, Amy X.; Bernstein, Michael S.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposes policy frameworks and recommendations related to platform governance and content moderation.", "quote": "policy proposals by the Cato Institute and the Bookings Institute [102, 118].", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.06393", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Brooklyn Museum of Art", "aliases": ["Brooklyn Museum of Art"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for \"Bad\"\" Speech\"", "author": "Richards, Robert D; Calvert, Clay", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Exhibits controversial artwork and resisted attempts by the City of New York and Mayor Giuliani to censor it by cutting government subsidies, filing a motion in federal court to protect its First Amendment rights.", "quote": "The Museum, however, filed a motion in federal court to en-join the action, claiming that it amounted to a government-imposed penalty against the valid exercise of First Amendment rights.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (Missouri, New York, multi-state campaigns)", "when": "late 20th century to 2000"}]}, {"name": "Brooklyn Teen Pregnancy Network", "aliases": ["Brooklyn Teen Pregnancy Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health education", "public health", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing teen pregnancy, which involves providing information and education about sexuality, potentially countering moralistic views that support censorship of sexual content.", "quote": "...and of the board of the Brooklyn Teen Preg-nancy Network.", "page": "28", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Brujas Feministas (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["Brujas Feministas (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ rights", "gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account to promote ciberfeminism and LGTBI content, engaging both men and women in feminist activism.", "quote": "Brujas Feministas (19,7 K) https://twitter.com/search?q=brujas%20feministas&src=ty pd ... Mujeres y hombres, es una página con contenido LGTBI. Siempre utiliza el femenino cuando se dirige a sus followers.", "page": "341", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "BSA| The Software Alliance", "aliases": ["BSA| The Software Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Copyright protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "BSA publishes substantive policy papers and government submissions, runs SAM certification, and mobilizes member CEOs in public campaigns to shape AI, standards, and platform-related policies globally.", "quote": "BSA publishes AI policy positions, government submissions, and recommendations on training data, takedown tools, standards, and AI accountability that shape platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bsa.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BSR", "aliases": ["BSR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["sustainable business network and consultancy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; IGF 2025; TrustCon2025; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "BSR publishes reports and insights, convenes and advises large corporate members (including major platforms), and runs collaborative initiatives and labs to shape corporate practices on sustainability and responsible technology.", "quote": "BSR's core mission is corporate sustainability and advisory work, but it publishes on and advises members about 'responsible technology' and 'Harnessing AI in Sustainability' and works with major platform companies, indicating occasional engagement with platform governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bsr.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "BTS Army", "aliases": ["BTS Army"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Staged strategic takeovers of #WhiteLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter hashtags on Twitter to counter white supremacist narratives, demonstrating digital activism.", "quote": "The BTS Army (the fandom of K-pop Superstars BTS) also staged a strategic takeover of #WhiteLivesMatter and #AllLivesMatter, and other allegedly white supremacist hashtags (Kanozia and Ganghariya, 2021).", "page": "175", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Buckingham Palace Library", "aliases": ["Buckingham Palace Library"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "royal protocol", "traditional authority"], "topics": ["80.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity: Studies in Text Transmission", "author": "D Rohmann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The palace library functions as a gatekeeper, controlling access to books for the Queen. Books are \"sequestered behind locked and gilded grilles", "quote": "Adherence to protocol, preservation of established order, control of information", "page": "though it was called the library and was indeed lined with books, a book was seldom if ever read there. Ultimatums were delivered there, lines drawn, prayer books compiled and marriages decided upon, but should one want to curl up with a book the library was not the place. It was not easy even to lay hands on something to read, as on the open shelves, so-called, the books were sequestered behind locked and gilded grilles.", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110486070/html", "topic": "80.0", "language": "", "where": "England", "when": "18th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Budapest Open Access Initiative", "aliases": ["Budapest Open Access Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "knowledge sharing", "research promotion"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Issued a declaration advocating for free access to scientific research, promoting open access publishing models to overcome economic barriers to knowledge.", "quote": "L'Initiative de Budapest pour le libre accès à la recherche est une déclaration en ce sens, qui vise à : laisser les auteurs de travaux scientifiques diffuser à leur volonté les publications qu'ils ont rédigées (serveurs de prépublications, normes d'échange dites « Open Archive Initiative ») ; créer des journaux scientifiques financés à la source et diffusés gratuitement (...).", "page": "5", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Building and Development Party", "aliases": ["Building and Development Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious conservatism", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The official political outlet of the Jama'a al-Islamiyya (GI), it participated in elections (e.g., 2011/12) for strategic reasons. It joined and later withdrew from the Anti-Coup Alliance, but failed to secure seats in the 2015 elections. Its participation is strategic, as its parent organization continues to view violent jihad as a potential option.", "quote": "As a party, the BDP was established in 2011 upon the initiative of the GI leadership. ... The BDP showed some modest success in this electoral contest where it won 10 seats...", "page": "14", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Buisson Ardent (Catholic Charismatic Renewal)", "aliases": ["Buisson Ardent (Catholic Charismatic Renewal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious growth", "religious proselytization"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This student organization actively uses its website, Facebook, and Twitter to publicize activities, and diffuse photo/video extracts of sermons and evangelization events, including reports of miraculous healings. This strategy helps attract new members and amplify its charismatic message.", "quote": "Par ailleurs, la page Facebook du Buisson Ardent est suivie par plus de 4 000 personnes¹⁶, nettement plus que toute autre organisation catholique burkinabè. Enfin, le groupe dispose d'un compte Twitter qui relaie ses activités¹⁷.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Bulletin Board System (BBS) communities", "aliases": ["Bulletin Board System (BBS) communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community loyalty", "due process", "speech diversity", "user satisfaction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Users' dependency for financial support created a feedback loop, ensuring sysops were deeply attuned to community needs and wants. Sysops often managed communities by constraining their authoritarian impulses and listening to users.", "quote": "This dependency on users for financial support created a feedback loop between users and sysops. A sysop who failed to listen to her users was unlikely to find support to expand her system.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France", "aliases": ["Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "information access", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Co-organized a debate on Internet filtering and censorship in libraries, and reported on the professional discourse surrounding these issues, acting as a platform for discussion and reflection.", "quote": "Organisé par le BBF et l'Enssib, le 25 mars dernier, dans le cadre du Salon du livre de Paris et à l'occasion de la publication de l'article de Jack Kessler *, le débat « Vous devez filtrer Internet. Quoique. » a réuni une assistance nombreuse et passionnée.", "page": "1", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Bumi Cendekia", "aliases": ["Bumi Cendekia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "human values", "peace", "tolerance"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides interfaith courses to re-educate tolerance and peace values, combining classical religious teachings with modern social approaches, targeting Muslim youths.", "quote": "Bumi Cendekia is one of the leading institutions in this regard. It is designed to develop an understanding of diversity by combining classical religious teachings with modern social approaches.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland)", "aliases": ["Bund (General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "An underground Jewish socialist party that gathered and disseminated reports about the mass murder of Jews in Poland, lobbying for publicization of this information to Allied governments.", "quote": "In May 1942 a report from the underground Jewish Socialist Party, the Bund, which had been carried by Sven Norrman to Stockholm, arrived in London. Shmuel Zygielbojm lobbied hard for the information to be disseminated...", "page": "97", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Community Management", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Community Management"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community management", "harm reduction", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Offers support and protection for online community management professionals.", "quote": "Also in 2008, Germany’s Bundesverband Community Management Association (BVCM) was established by community manager Tanja Laub, to offer the support and protection of a professional body for online community management.", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Community Management (Germany)", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Community Management (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community management", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Established to offer support and protection for online community management professionals in Germany.", "quote": "Also in 2008, Germany’s Bundesverband Community Management Association (BVCM) was established by community manager Tanja Laub, to offer the support and protection of a professional body for online community management.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Community Management Association", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Community Management Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Established to offer support and protection as a professional body for online community management in Germany.", "quote": "Germany’s Bundesverband Community Management Association (BVCM) was established... to offer the support and protection of a professional body...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Community Management e.V. (BVCM)", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Community Management e.V. (BVCM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community management", "professional standards"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Promotes the professionalization of community management across Germany and establishes different job profiles, which helps define standards and practices for online moderation and interaction.", "quote": "En Allemagne, le « Bundesverband Community Management e.V. (BVCM) », une association promotionnelle s'engageant pour la professionnalisation du métier à l'échelle nationale, affirme qu'il s'agit d'un métier qui varie très fortement dans ses fonctions et tâches dépendamment de la branche professionnelle (Gust, 2012, s.p.).", "page": "4", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft (BVDW) e.V.", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft (BVDW) e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "BVDW produces policy positions, codes of conduct and sector studies, convenes industry working groups and training (AI Officer) to shape industry practice and regulatory input.", "quote": "BVDW explicitly works on 'Digitalpolitik', 'Digital Responsibility', codes of conduct and AI governance training, running working groups and events that shape industry positions on platform and AI policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bvdw.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband E-Commerce und Versandhandel Deutschland e.V.", "aliases": ["Bundesverband E-Commerce und Versandhandel Deutschland e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces studies and policy positions, submits political statements and legal interventions (Streithelfer) to shape EU platform regulation and definitions that affect platform obligations.", "quote": "Actively engages on EU platform regulation (DSA/DMA), including acting as Streithelfer before the European Court to influence definitions that determine platform regulatory scope.", "page": "", "url": "https://bevh.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bundesverband Onlinehandel e.V. (BVOH)", "aliases": ["Bundesverband Onlinehandel e.V. (BVOH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Holds Trusted Flagger certification to report marketplace issues, publishes Stellungnahmen and news, and runs webinars/events to shape regulatory and platform practices on behalf of member retailers.", "quote": "Primary mission is representing online retailers, but the BVOH holds Trusted Flagger certification, runs marketplace takedown reporting and organizes webinars on AI/Regulation, engaging with platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "www.bvoh.de", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bureau de Vérification de la Publicité", "aliases": ["Bureau de Vérification de la Publicité"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "harm reduction", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure répressive et censure structurale : comment penser la censure dans le processus de communication ?", "author": "Martin, Laurent", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This body exemplifies a form of self-regulation or 'auto-régulation' for advertising, ensuring compliance with standards rather than acting as traditional censorship.", "quote": "le Bureau de vérification de la publicité (BVP) ou les comités de visionnage des chaînes de télévision en France sont autant d'instances bâties sur ce principe. Il n'y a plus de censure, il n'y a plus que de la « régulation », mieux, de l'« auto-régulation »", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/questionsdecommunication/461", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and other Western democracies (e.g., UK, US)", "when": "19th to 21st century (post-1848 democratic era)"}]}, {"name": "Bureau of Social Hygiene of New York City", "aliases": ["Bureau of Social Hygiene of New York City"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["evidence-based policy", "health education", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Conducted social research (questionnaires on sources of sex information), providing empirical data that challenged the assumption that 'immoral' books corrupt morals, indirectly contributing to the debate against censorship.", "quote": "Over ten years ago the Bureau of Social Hygiene of New York City sent questionnaires to ten thousand college and normal school women graduates.", "page": "35", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Burma Campaign UK", "aliases": ["Burma Campaign UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exerts public pressure on companies by maintaining a 'Dirty List' of firms with financial ties to the Myanmar military, aiming to sever these ties and influence corporate behavior regarding human rights.", "quote": "A human rights organisation called the Burma Campaign UK maintains a “Dirty List” consisting of the names of companies that have financial ties with the Tatmadaw.", "page": "166", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Business and Human Rights Lawyers Association", "aliases": ["Business and Human Rights Lawyers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association for commercial lawyers (business & human rights)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "BHRLA disseminates practice guidance, hosts conferences and training for commercial counsel, and leverages its membership of law firms to shape corporate legal practice on human rights issues.", "quote": "BHRLA promotes business & human rights practice among commercial law firms and hosts events on UNGPs and corporate due diligence, which can touch on platform responsibilities but not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bhrla.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Business and Professional People's Alliance for Better Textbooks", "aliases": ["Business and Professional People's Alliance for Better Textbooks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "deregulation", "economic freedom", "traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Took an active role under its founder Elmer Fike, publishing antibook ads and pamphlets, and providing speakers to promote the protest movement.", "quote": "During the period when the Textbook Review Committee was delib erating, the Business and Professional People's Alliance for Better Text books began taking an active role under the leadership of its founder and president, Elmer Fike, the owner of a small chemical company who pub lished antibook ads and pamphlets at his own expense and served as liai son with the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank.", "page": "21", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Business Executives' Move for Vietnam Peace", "aliases": ["Business Executives' Move for Vietnam Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "peace advocacy"], "topics": ["content regulation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Restrictions of Speech Because of Its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions", "author": "Stone, Geoffrey R.", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "This group challenged the refusal of broadcasters to sell advertising time for public issue discussions, specifically related to the Vietnam War, advocating for access to media platforms for anti-war advocacy.", "quote": "Business Executives' Move for Vietnam Peace v. FCC, 450 F.2d 642, 660, 661 (D.C. Cir. 1971), rev'd sub nom., CBS v. Democratic Nat'l Comm., 412 U.S. 94 (1973).", "page": "88", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599289?origin=crossref", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "Business for Social Responsibility (BSR)", "aliases": ["Business for Social Responsibility (BSR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducted an independent due diligence assessment on Meta's human rights impacts, specifically noting the adverse impact of over-enforcement of moderation policies on Palestinian users' freedom of expression.", "quote": "Business for Social Responsibility, 'Human Rights Due Diligence of Meta's Impacts in Israel and Palestine in May 2021' (2022) 4 <https://www.bsr.org/en/reports/meta-human-rights-israel-palestine>.", "page": "8", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}]}, {"name": "Business organizations", "aliases": ["Business organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of religious and secular politics, a country's “centre” and democratization", "author": "Somer, Murat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Backed a military-led public campaign against the government, exerting pressure on Islamist political actors and influencing the political landscape towards pro-secular moderation.", "quote": "The government resigned in 1997, following a military-led public campaign, backed by major pro-secular media, business and labour organizations.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.732069", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "1920s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Business Software Alliance", "aliases": ["Business Software Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Advocates for anti-piracy measures and reports on financial losses due to unlicensed software, pushing for stricter enforcement of intellectual property rights.", "quote": "To take one example, losses to the worldwide software industry caused by the use of unlicensed software were said to amount to US$10.97 billion in 2001, according to a report by the anti-piracy organisation Business Software Alliance (BSA).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Buy Nothing groups", "aliases": ["Buy Nothing groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social connection", "sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Members self-organize on social media platforms to offer goods and services for free, without direct reciprocation, thereby fostering social ties and generalized reciprocity within local communities.", "quote": "Finally, social media also creates alternative economies such as neighbourhood 'Buy Nothing' groups, recently rebranded by Facebook as \"neighborly gifting\"\"", "page": "in which members offer goods and services to their neighbours for free and without any direct reciprocation.\"", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Buzzfeed News Union", "aliases": ["Buzzfeed News Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor conditions", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organizes workers at Buzzfeed in the United States to address precarity and advocate for better labor conditions and more equitable treatment within the platform-driven media industry.", "quote": "b) sindicato dos trabalhadores do Buzzfeed nos Estados Unidos (Buzzfeed News Union), no contexto da emergência de sindicatos de trabalhadores de outras iniciativas em plataformas digitais, como The Union e Pitchfork;", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "BVDW - Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft e. V.", "aliases": ["BVDW - Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft e. V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of this industry association, engaging with industry standards and practices related to the digital economy.", "quote": "BVDW - Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft e. V. (which do not have an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "BVDW - German Association for the Digital Economy", "aliases": ["BVDW - German Association for the Digital Economy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["economic development"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of BVDW, an industry association. While it doesn't have an internal complaints service, membership implies participation in industry discussions and advocacy related to the digital economy, potentially influencing self-regulatory standards.", "quote": "BVDW - Bundesverband Digitale Wirtschaft e. V. (which do not have an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "Bábí movement", "aliases": ["Bábí movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "religious reform", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Preaching against the 'defects of the ulema' and advocating for better treatment of women and children, initiating conflict with established religious authorities.", "quote": "Nel maggio 1844 egli si dichiarò effettivamente Bab e cominciò a predicare contro i difetti degli ulema, egli reclamava un migliore trattamento per le donne, l’alleggerimento delle pene ed un migliore trattamento dei bambini. I babi si misero in conflitto diretto con gli ulema.", "page": "355", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Børns digitale liv - Algoritmer, Data og Demokrati", "aliases": ["Børns digitale liv - Algoritmer, Data og Demokrati"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research project; knowledge broker"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes interactive research on children's algorithmic exposure and partners with child-welfare NGOs and ADD network to inform debates and policymaking.", "quote": "Project investigates how algorithms, data and platforms shape children and youths' information environments, misinformation exposure, digital safety and competencies—directly engaging platform governance and AI impacts.", "page": "", "url": "https://algoritmer.org/boerns-digitale-liv/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Børns Vilkår", "aliases": ["Børns Vilkår"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child welfare NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Operates 24/7 helplines, publishes research reports and runs national campaigns (e.g. 'Stop svigt'), using evidence and public campaigns to push for child-protection reforms and guidance on online harms.", "quote": "Primary mission is child welfare but the organisation produces digital guidance (e.g. 'Skærmguiden'), online counselling (HØRT) and reports touching on online harms affecting children.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.bornsvilkar.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Bühnenvolkesbund", "aliases": ["Bühnenvolkesbund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-modernism", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Engineered fervent opposition campaigns against controversial music-theatre works, aligning with the Catholic Church and right-wing parties to pressure theaters into withdrawing performances.", "quote": "Mounting pressure from these organisations, which included a declaration of protest against Hindemith published in the Frankfurter Zeitung, forced the theatre onto the back foot.", "page": "66", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Alliance 90/The Greens)", "aliases": ["Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Alliance 90/The Greens)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Their community manager responds to user queries with neutral, informative links, a style criticized by some users as impersonal. The party also manages critical and sometimes violent comments, choosing not to delete most of them.", "quote": "Parti vert: « Salut, Martin, voici des conseils : www.gruene.de/endspurt. »... De fait, le parti a décidé de ne pas supprimer la plupart des commentaires critiques, même si ceux-ci étaient violents.", "page": "15", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Bürger bauen Technik - Civic Tech - Offene Kommunen.NRW", "aliases": ["Bürger bauen Technik - Civic Tech - Offene Kommunen.NRW"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech / open government network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes events (Barcamp, Open Data Day), publishes blog content and promotes civic tech tooling and capacity-building to enable public scrutiny and use of open data.", "quote": "Focuses on civic tech and open government, including tools, open data and civic capacity-building that touch on platform transparency and public-interest uses of digital platforms but not primarily on content moderation or platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://oknrw.de/buerger-bauen-technik-civic-tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "B’nai B’rith", "aliases": ["B’nai B’rith"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Part of a delegation of Jewish organizations that submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt outlining German genocidal policy and the fate of Jews in occupied countries.", "quote": "a delegation of representatives from Jewish organizations submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt... The organizations represented included... B’Nai B’rith...", "page": "159", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "CA/Browser Forum", "aliases": ["CA/Browser Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "data security", "legal compliance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Establishes formal certification processes and independent auditing to ensure compliance with industry standards, providing a model for establishing trust in middleware ecosystems.", "quote": "Another approach involves industry standards and formal certification processes, such as the WebTrust/CA Browser Forum or TrustArc, which can include independent auditing to ensure compliance.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Cab drivers' collective", "aliases": ["Cab drivers' collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "fair wages"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Blocks roads to protest low income and excessive company shares, using public disruption as a form of collective action that is typically censored to maintain social stability.", "quote": "A group of cab drivers block the road in front of People's Congress... protesting that their income is Weak... / the share paid to the cab companies should be cancelled.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Caballeros de Colón (Knights of Columbus)", "aliases": ["Caballeros de Colón (Knights of Columbus)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["content appropriateness", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Founded the Legión Mexicana de la Decencia in 1933 with the purpose of \"propugnar por el saneamiento del ambiente social de México", "quote": "Catholic faith, moral decency, social sanitation.", "page": "la Legión Mexicana de la Decencia, establecida en diciembre de 1933 por la Orden de los Caballeros de Colón, cuyo propósito era 'propugnar por el saneamiento del ambiente social de México, contra la indecencia...'", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Cabinets de lecture", "aliases": ["Cabinets de lecture"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Operated by booksellers, these establishments offered subscription-based access to books and journals (Italian and foreign) for reading at home or on-site, expanding public access to reading material.", "quote": "Quelques libraires ouvrirent dans les dernières décennies du siècle des «cabinets de lecture», en offrant à leurs clients un double service: le prêt à domicile et la lecture dans les locaux de la librairie.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Cable News Network (CNN)", "aliases": ["Cable News Network (CNN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "professional expertise", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Cahiers du Cinéma", "aliases": ["Cahiers du Cinéma"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "intellectual discourse", "political engagement"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Emerged as a rigorous and politically engaged film criticism project, developing methods to analyze films and their social context, and challenging dominant ideologies in culture.", "quote": "La revista cinematográfica Cahiers du Cinema emergió en el cargado ambiente social e intelectual de la Francia post-68. Cahiers representa una crítica muy rigurosa y políticamente implicada cuyo proyecto central era el de elaborar un método crítico con el que analizar las películas y su contexto social.", "page": "217", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "CAIDA IODA (Internet Outage Detection and Analysis)", "aliases": ["CAIDA IODA (Internet Outage Detection and Analysis)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detecting and Evading Censorship-in-Depth: A Case Study of Iran’s Protocol Filter", "author": "Bock, Kevin; Fax, Yair; Reese, Kyle; Singh, Jasraj; Levin, Dave", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Detects and analyzes internet outages, which can provide data relevant to the study of censorship and network interference.", "quote": "[6] CAIDA IODA: Internet Outage Detection and Analysis. https://ioda.caida.org/.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013-2020"}]}, {"name": "Calaisiens en colère", "aliases": ["Calaisiens en colère"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["community interests", "national security", "public morals", "public order"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Atténuer la radicalité: stratégies de communication de groupes vigilantistes anti-migrants", "author": "M Gardenier, A Monnier", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages in self-moderation of online content and rhetoric (denial of violence, censoring comments, using humor) to mitigate its radical image, avoid legal sanctions for incitement to hatred, and prevent the closure of its digital communication tools.", "quote": "Cependant, pour ne pas encourir de poursuites judiciaires ou risquer la fermeture de la page, les groupes incitent parallèlement à une activité de publication évitant certains mots trop clivants ou utilisant l'humour pour désamorcer partiellement la violence de certains propos.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/26737", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Calais, northern France", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Calendario del Corazón de Jesús", "aliases": ["Calendario del Corazón de Jesús"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association (publication)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious devotion", "traditional religious practices"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A traditional Catholic publication dedicated to devotion, which faced censorship that prevented its publication despite its long history, due to perceived ideological conflicts with the new state.", "quote": "[...] este año (¡el año de la Cruzada, el de la España nueva!) no ha podido publicarse el Calendario del C[orazón] de Jesús, verdadera institución en los hogares cristianos, gran propagandista en las familias y oficinas, el padre de los calendarios católicos españoles que nunca, en medio siglo largo que lleva de existencia, ha dejado de salir a luz, ni siquiera en lo ominosos tiempos de la República.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "California Coast Records Project", "aliases": ["California Coast Records Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Syria", "Turkey", "Uganda", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Resilience to Online Censorship", "author": "Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This project hosts and publishes information (photos) online. Its participation in censorship/moderation is indirect, as it was the target of a lawsuit to remove content, leading to the 'Streisand effect' where censorship attempts increased attention to the material.", "quote": "Barbra Streisand filed a lawsuit to remove photos of her mansion from a website owned by the California Coast Records Project. The lawsuit brought attention to the photos...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032837", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet and social media platforms, with prominent examples from China, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan, Uganda, Syria, and the US", "when": "21st century internet era"}]}, {"name": "California Voter Awareness Project", "aliases": ["California Voter Awareness Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Sent notifications including voting history and neighbors' records to residents to motivate voter turnout using social pressure, though these methods were criticized as harassment.", "quote": "The Los Angeles Times reported that some recipients of these letters felt harassed and violated.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Californias Friends of Dying Patients", "aliases": ["Californias Friends of Dying Patients"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["end of life rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Employed online resources to support state initiatives related to the right to die, demonstrating digital advocacy for policy change.", "quote": "More recently, groups such as Mainers for Death with Dignity (2000) and Californias Friends of Dying Patients (2000) employed on-line resources in their support of state initiatives.", "page": "202", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Cambodian Center for Independent Media", "aliases": ["Cambodian Center for Independent Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting principles for internet freedom in Cambodia.", "quote": "13. Cambodian Center for Independent Media. (2015). Statement of Principles for Cambodian Internet Freedom. http://www.cchrcambodia.org/media/files/press_release/573_201jsopfcife_en.pdf.", "page": "29", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cambridge Commission on the Status of Women", "aliases": ["Cambridge Commission on the Status of Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... Cambridge Commission on the Status of Women;", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Cambridge Free Information Network (CAMFIN)", "aliases": ["Cambridge Free Information Network (CAMFIN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralization", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A network that regularly prints and distributes copies of activist publications like SchNEWS from their originals, thereby extending alternative distribution channels.", "quote": "CAMFIN (Cambridge Free Information Network) regularly prints and distributes 200 copies from its original [SchNEWS].", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Campaign Against Pornography and Censorship", "aliases": ["Campaign Against Pornography and Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-violence", "equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Created to influence the adoption of laws regulating pornography in England, arguing that it harms women and perpetuates sexism.", "quote": "En Inglaterra, la Campaign Against Pornography and Censorship (CPC), grupo creado en 1989 con el fin de influir en la adopción de leyes que regulasen la pornografía, reclama ba, como los movimientos feministas radicales de Estados Unidos y otros países europeos, la regulación de la pornografía con el argumento de que daña a las mujeres.", "page": "194", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Campaign for Civil Disobedience", "aliases": ["Campaign for Civil Disobedience"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "democratic rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Mobilized online using platforms like Facebook and Twitter, switching to VPNs and censorship circumvention apps when access was restricted, to organize protests and provide access to information/discussion on democratic rights.", "quote": "Indeed, the resistance movement Campaign for Civil Disobedience (CCD) was able to mobilize online – at first on Facebook and then by switching to Twitter and using free virtual private networks (VPNs) and censorship circumvention applica tions (Rao and Atmakuri, 2021).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom", "aliases": ["Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["community media", "free press", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Advocated for interest-free loans to encourage the establishment of new newspapers by small local investors, community groups, and non-profit organizations in Canada, serving as a model for ownership reform in Pakistan.", "quote": "According to advocates of this model, interest-free loans will also encourage employee purchase of media properties to diversify ownership (CPBF 2002).", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Campaign for Women on Banknotes", "aliases": ["Campaign for Women on Banknotes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Led a popular campaign and petition to influence policy regarding representation on banknotes, and publicly complained to Twitter and organized a petition for review of its policies regarding online abuse.", "quote": "In July 2013, after a popular campaign, Caroline Criado-Perez convinced The Bank of England that more women should appear on banknotes. ... Criado-Perez complained to Twitter about the attacks, and noted that their complaint mechanism was inadequate for online abuse of such intensity. After a petition requesting a full review of Twitter's policies garnered more than 120,000 signatures...", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Campanha da Mulher pela Democracia", "aliases": ["Campanha da Mulher pela Democracia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "democracy", "religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Inspired by UCF, it engaged in activities like promoting rallies and distributing pamphlets with strong religious content, mobilizing against communism and atheism.", "quote": "Ela inspirou, ainda, o surgimento de outros grupos similares como a famosa Campanha da Mulher pela Democracia (CAMDE), entidade feminina católica cujas atividades se iniciaram, no Rio de janeiro, um mês após às suas.", "page": "233", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Campus Reform", "aliases": ["Campus Reform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "free speech", "political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports detailing alleged harassment and targeting of conservative students on college campuses, reinforcing the narrative that conservatives are \"under attack\"\" and need protection.\"", "quote": "On Campus Reform, a website that bills itself as “America's leading site for college news,” a reporter detailed how Trump stickers were defaced and removed and how students who supported Trump were harassed.", "page": "45", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Association of Broadcasters", "aliases": ["Canadian Association of Broadcasters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["broadcasting standards", "professional ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Established the CBSC to administer its Code of Ethics, thereby engaging in industry self-regulation and setting standards for broadcast content, including prohibitions against hate speech.", "quote": "The Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) is an independent, non-governmental organization created by the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) to administer standards established by its members, Canada's private broadcasters.", "page": "50", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Association of Internet Providers", "aliases": ["Canadian Association of Internet Providers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Promotes measures to ensure a safe Internet for its customers and assists police in dealing with illegal content, thus engaging in self-regulation through acceptable use policies and content filtering efforts.", "quote": "ISP industry representatives, such as the Canadian Association of Internet Providers (CAIP) have long promoted measures to ensure that the Internet is a safe place for their customers to learn and be entertained.", "page": "51", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Association of Journalists", "aliases": ["Canadian Association of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Governs Canadian Press through its Ethics Guidelines, setting standards for journalistic conduct, which indirectly influences content moderation and acceptable speech.", "quote": "Canadian Press are not subject to the Broadcasting Act; however, they are governed by the Canadian Association of Journalist’s Ethics Guidelines.", "page": "144", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Association of University Teachers (ACPU/CAUT)", "aliases": ["Canadian Association of University Teachers (ACPU/CAUT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Defines and guarantees academic freedom in its charter for Canadian universities, establishing standards for research, teaching, and discussion.", "quote": "Toutes les universités canadiennes ont dans leur charte une affirmation solennelle de la liberté académique qu'elles garantissent et définissent, dans les termes suggérés par l'association nationale des professeurs, l'ACPU/CAUT.", "page": "39", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Broadcast Standards Council", "aliases": ["Canadian Broadcast Standards Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "An independent, non-governmental organization created by the CAB, it adjudicates complaints from viewers regarding compliance with the CAB Code of Ethics, which prohibits abusive or discriminatory material in programming.", "quote": "The Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) is an independent, non-governmental organization created by the Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) to administer standards established by its members, Canada's private broadcasters.", "page": "50", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Société Radio-Canada", "aliases": ["Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Société Radio-Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Updated its deontological codes to include measures for social networking systems, thereby setting professional norms. It also took a direct moderation action by deactivating anonymous comments on its website.", "quote": "en 2016, la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) désactive les commentaires anonymes sur son site Web (Radio-Canada, 17 mars 2016 : En ligne).", "page": "103", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Centre for Child Protection", "aliases": ["Canadian Centre for Child Protection"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "An Overview of Perceptual Hashing", "author": "Farid, Hany", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Maintains a hash database of child sexual abuse material where each piece of content is triple-verified by independent expert examiners before inclusion, ensuring appropriateness for content moderation.", "quote": "At the Canadian Centre for Child Protec-tion (https://protectchildren.ca), for example, each piece of content is triple verified by independent expert examiners before its addition to the Centre's hash database.", "page": "17", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/24", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Reddit), global internet", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Citizens' Assembly on Democratic Expression", "aliases": ["Canadian Citizens' Assembly on Democratic Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issues reports and recommendations on democratic expression, highlighting the amplification and toleration of harmful online content.", "quote": "online expression of hatred, xenophobia, misogyny, racism, and misinformation have been exponentially amplified and tolerated to an extent that would never be permitted in other arenas.» (Canadien Citizens' Assembly on Democratic Expression, 2021, p. 31)", "page": "15", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Council of Muslim Women", "aliases": ["Canadian Council of Muslim Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "free speech", "pluralism", "political participation", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Seeded the 'Muslim Youth Canada' initiative to foster plural identities and civic engagement among young Canadian Muslims, providing leadership and communication skills training to counter discrimination and radicalization.", "quote": "'Muslim Youth Canada' or MY CANADA is an initiative seeded by the Canadian Council of Muslim Women and supported financially by the Citizenship and Immigration Canada's Multiculturalism Program.49 It aims to strengthen plural identities and increase civic engagement among young Canadian Muslims...", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Federation of University Women", "aliases": ["Canadian Federation of University Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "public interest", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided unsolicited support for government redress and legal reform to address hate speech, acting as an advocacy group influencing policy.", "quote": "As a result of this campaign, unsolicited support in the form of demands for government redress and legal reform came from across the country from church leaders, the Manitoba Bar Association, the Canadian Federation of University Women, the National Convention of the Royal Canadian Legion, and several municipal newspapers...", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Freelance Union", "aliases": ["Canadian Freelance Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organizes freelance workers in Canada to address precarity and advocate for fair pay and better conditions, contributing to collective action against exploitative platform labor models.", "quote": "c) sindicatos de trabalhadores freelancer, como Freelancers Union, Canadian Freelance Union, ações sindicais de jornalistas freelancer na Suécia, além do #FairPayForFreelancers.", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Human Rights Tribunal", "aliases": ["Canadian Human Rights Tribunal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Heard the first Section 13 complaint, ruling on hate speech cases and imposing cease and desist orders or other penalties for discriminatory messages.", "quote": "The first section 13 complaint and the first case heard by Canadian Human Rights Tribunal (CHRT) was that of long-time fascist and white supremacist, John Ross Taylor, and his Western Guard party for their pre-recorded telephone message...", "page": "145", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Islamic Congress", "aliases": ["Canadian Islamic Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "equality", "human dignity", "marginalized group protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint under Section 13 of the CHRA, challenging alleged hate speech in mainstream media's online edition, using legal avenues to moderate content.", "quote": "The Canadian Islamic Congress (CIC) v. Rogers Communications. The CIC filed a complaint alleging that an article written by Mark Steyn, and which appeared in the online edition of Maclean's magazine, exposed members of the Muslim community to hatred and contempt pursuant to section 13.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Library Association", "aliases": ["Canadian Library Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Issues statements on intellectual freedom, asserting citizens' fundamental right to access and express knowledge, and defining libraries' responsibility in upholding this freedom.", "quote": "The Canadian Library Association Statement on Intellectual Freedom refers to the Bill of Rights to argue that everyone in Canada has the fundamental right 'to have access to all expressions of knowledge, creativity and intellectual activity, and to express their thoughts publicly Libraries have a basic responsibility for the development and maintenance of intellectual freedom'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Race Relations Foundation", "aliases": ["Canadian Race Relations Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Commissioned a survey whose results showed strong public support for the regulation of online hate speech, thereby influencing public discourse and government policy considerations.", "quote": "un sondage mené par la firme Abacus Data pour le compte de la Fondation canadienne des relations raciales (FCRR) — une institution ayant pour mission la lutte contre le racisme au Canada — montrait que 60 % des Canadiens étaient en faveur d'une réglementation pour lutter contre «la diffusion de discours et de comportements haineux et racistes en ligne", "page": "13", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}]}, {"name": "Canadian Translation Industry Sectoral Committee", "aliases": ["Canadian Translation Industry Sectoral Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "regulation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["9th century to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Normes et censure : ne pas confondre", "author": "Brunette, Louise", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "This committee produced a report that documented the prevalence of utilitarian texts in translation and the regulated context of translation practice in Canada, thus contributing to the understanding and implicit shaping of professional norms.", "quote": "il est utile de rappeler, pour le Canada, cette donnée essentielle, tirée du rapport (1999) du Comité sectoriel sur l'industrie de la traduction : la proportion des textes utilitaires constituent 90 % et plus des écrits traduits.", "page": "5", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/007486ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on Canada (Québec)", "when": "9th century and late 20th/early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Canal Algérie", "aliases": ["Canal Algérie"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Algeria"], "media": ["Canal Algérie", "broadcast television"], "norms": ["commercial interests", "editorial independence", "journalistic ethics", "public information", "state control"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ecole Normale Supérieure Assia DJEBAR-Constantine ORCID iD: 0009-0001-1948-2519", "author": "L BOUTAMINE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a public broadcasting entity, Canal Algérie orchestrates and presents televised debates, influencing their structure, tone, and content through its adopted cultural and political ideology and state editorial line. It sets the ritual and staging of the debate and acts as a mediator of public discourse.", "quote": "Bien que la configuration apparente du programme suive les rituels conventionnels des débats télévisés, une investigation plus poussée de sa structure sous-jacente révèle une mise en scène complexe influencée par une idéologie culturelle et politique adoptée par l'instance de production et de diffusion, à savoir la chaîne Canal Algérie.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.revueakofena.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/29-M11v01-34-Boubekri-Bouba-BOUCHAIR-Leila-BOUTAMINE_339-354.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Algeria, broadcast television (Canal Algérie)", "when": "2009-2015"}]}, {"name": "Canary Mission", "aliases": ["Canary Mission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates a pro-Israel website that targets pro-Palestinian activists by publicly disclosing their personal information and online activities, often with defamatory claims, leading to stigmatization, harassment, and career repercussions.", "quote": "Nour (E2) évoque l’existence du site web pro-israélien Canary Mission qui cible des activistes propalestiniens et divulgue des informations à leurs sujets. Cette plateforme identifie ouvertement des activistes propalestiniens aux États-Unis et au Canada...", "page": "101", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}]}, {"name": "Candid", "aliases": ["Candid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["data and research nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Civil society support", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Candid supplies datasets, APIs, and research (Candid Insights) used by analysts, advocates, and policymakers to inform decisions; its technical data services enable integration into partner systems.", "quote": "Candid's core mission is collecting and providing nonprofit and grant data rather than platform governance, though it publishes research and guidance (including on AI adoption) that can touch platform policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://candid.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Capital Legal Foundation", "aliases": ["Capital Legal Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "reputation protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Acting as a vehicle for significant libel suits, such as Westmoreland's against CBS, this foundation generated 'flak' and legal pressure to discipline media organizations, deterring critical reporting by imposing substantial costs.", "quote": "The Capital Legal Foundation, incorporated in 1977, was the Scaife vehicle for Westmoreland's $120-million libel suit against CBS.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Carbonari", "aliases": ["Carbonari"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-monarchy", "national sovereignty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Secret society whose membership indicated political sympathies for national liberation and anti-monarchy sentiments.", "quote": "His political sympathies were quickly disclosed through membership of the most notorious of the secret societies of the Restoration period: the Carbonari.", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cardiff University Students", "aliases": ["Cardiff University Students"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "campus safety", "social inclusion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Feminist Sense of No-Platforming", "author": "O'Keefe, Theresa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Organised a petition calling for the cancellation of a lecture due to the speaker's 'trans-exclusionary feminist' views, and engaged in protest tactics like pickets, petitions, and boycotts to influence who speaks on campus.", "quote": "Cardiff students were unhappy with the invitation because of Greer's trans-exclusionary feminist views and subsequently organised a petition calling for the lecture's cancellation.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2016.7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK universities, specifically Cardiff University", "when": "Mid-2010s (focus on 2015-2016)"}]}, {"name": "CARE (Christian Action Research and Education)", "aliases": ["CARE (Christian Action Research and Education)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["faith-based public policy charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "CARE produces policy briefings and drafts speeches for politicians, runs a Leadership Programme placing interns in Parliament, and mobilises church networks and public campaigns to influence MPs and public debate.", "quote": "CARE campaigns on social issues including 'Freedom of Speech' and produces policy briefings and political advocacy that touch on platform content debates (e.g. social media free-speech incidents), but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://care.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Care-Arbeit für die Kommentarspalten. Was Community-Manager ...", "aliases": ["Care-Arbeit für die Kommentarspalten. Was Community-Manager ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research institute; civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Labour rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The institute publishes research and practical guides, runs trainings (Civic.net) to shape moderation practices, frames community-management as care-work and advocates for resource and policy changes to improve platform discourse.", "quote": "The publication analyzes community-management, moderation practices, and their role in online debate governance and offers trainings and resources (Civic.net) to strengthen moderation — directly engaging with platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.idz-jena.de/wsddet/wsd14-09", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Caribbean Cultural Center African Diaspora Institute (CCCADI)", "aliases": ["Caribbean Cultural Center African Diaspora Institute (CCCADI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, NGO, foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community representation", "cultural equity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Functions as a community cultural arts organization that engages in cultural production, advocacy, and preservation from an Afro-Latina diaspora perspective, thereby countering mainstream cultural gatekeeping and promoting specific cultural narratives and norms.", "quote": "Manjon, Sonia B., Dr., and Dr. Marta M. Vega. A Snap Shot: Landmarking Community Cultural Arts Organizations Nationally. New York: CCCADI, 2012. Print.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Carl McIntire's Christian Crusade", "aliases": ["Carl McIntire's Christian Crusade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan [...] Carl McIntire's Christian:Crusade [...] involved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Carmelite Convent of Murcia", "aliases": ["Carmelite Convent of Murcia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censurapolítica e Inquisición: la Historia Pontifical de Gonzalo de Illescas", "author": "GAGro, Enrique", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Participated in the censorship process by submitting books from its library for mandatory expurgation by the Holy Office, ensuring compliance with inquisitorial mandates.", "quote": "El ejemplar en cuestión perteneció al convento de Carmelitas de Murcia, lo que explica que fuera presentado en seguida al Santo Oficio para que sobre él se efectuara la operación de limpieza", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Papal States (Rome), with references to England and the Low Countries", "when": "16th to 18th century (specifically 1565–1790)"}]}, {"name": "Carmelite order", "aliases": ["Carmelite order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nostre Carme Mathieu De Landa, vie et mort d'un censeur", "author": "M Bouhaïk-Gironès, M Longtin", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Carmelite order, through its learned member Mathieu De Landa (a doctor of theology), provided expert censorship services to the Parlement of Rouen, specifically controlling dramatic texts performed by theater troupes.", "quote": "Mathieu De Landa est par ailleurs mentionné dans les registres du parlement de Rouen : on fait appel à lui pour contrôler les textes dramatiques de la troupe dirigée Pierre Carpentier dit Le Pardonneur.", "page": "1", "url": "https://classiques-garnier.com/export/pdf/encyclopedique-moyen-age-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-denis-hue-nostre-carme-mathieu-de-landa-vie-et-mort-d-un-censeur.html?displaymode=full", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Rouen, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Carnegie Corporation", "aliases": ["Carnegie Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to knowledge", "cultural enrichment"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the establishment of public libraries, influencing the development of library infrastructure.", "quote": "While communities in the rest of Canada were establishing libraries, many with the support of the Carnegie Corporation, only one city in Quebec – Westmount, a wealthy English-speaking enclave directly adjacent to Montreal – created a publicly-funded, free library.", "page": "104", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Encryption Working Group", "aliases": ["Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Encryption Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "oversight", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption", "author": "Scheffler, Sarah; Mayer, Jonathan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and articulates principles for encryption policy, particularly emphasizing the importance of accountability, oversight, and eventual transparency in actions related to accessing user data for law enforcement.", "quote": "The Carnegie principles and Abelson et al. [1, 112] detail the importance of the principle of 'Accountability: When a phone is accessed, the action is auditable to enable proper oversight, and is eventually made transparent to the user (even if in a delayed fashion due to the need for law enforcement secrecy)' [112].", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.03979", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (messaging, cloud storage, web traffic), USA, European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Carnegie UK", "aliases": ["Carnegie UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent foundation / policy charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1917", "mechanism": "Publishes research (Life in the UK index, reports) and submits responses to legislative consultations (e.g. Wellbeing and Sustainable Development (Scotland) Bill) to shape public policy and debate.", "quote": "Carnegie UK is an independent foundation focused on collective wellbeing and public policy and runs a 'Tackling Online Harms' programme and responds to policy consultations, indicating some engagement with platform governance though it is not the core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://carnegieuk.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Carnegie UK Trust", "aliases": ["Carnegie UK Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate crime", "harm reduction", "human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed a draft code of practice in response to public debate on online harms, with input from civil society, tech companies, and government.", "quote": "Against the background of public debate on the U.K.’s Online Harms White Paper and Online Safety Bill, the Carnegie UK Trust has developed a Draft code of practice in respect of hate crime and wider legal harms (Woods et al., 2021).", "page": "112", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Carrizo Comecrudo Tribe of Texas", "aliases": ["Carrizo Comecrudo Tribe of Texas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Fought against pipelines and related bills, with tribal members being detained and given 'criminal trespass warnings' for attending legislative votes, highlighting challenges due to lack of federal recognition.", "quote": "The Chairman and other Tribal members attended the vote on House Bill 3557 on May 7, 2019. They were detained and given a 'criminal trespass warning'.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Carte Blanche", "aliases": ["Carte Blanche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "censorship resistance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Submitted counterfeit lyric sheets for their songs, changing potentially offensive words to bypass the SABC censors and ensure airplay.", "quote": "Indeed Carte Blanche submitted counterfeit lyric sheets for the song ’Killer in the crowd’ when they sent the song to the SABC. They bizarrely changed the line 'I’m just a policeman, a martyr in blue' to 'I’m just a please man, a tomato in blue'.", "page": "188", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Carte des rassemblements (CDR) national Facebook group", "aliases": ["Carte des rassemblements (CDR) national Facebook group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-misinformation", "public image", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Styles de modération et relocalisation de la politique des groupes Gilets jaunes sur Facebook", "author": "L Michel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This national group employs a strict, systematic, and regulated moderation approach. It includes pre-approval of publications, detailed charters, keyword alerts, automatic blacklisting, and 'quality' control to filter out conspiracy theories, extreme political content, and parodic sites. The aim is to maintain a unified image and federate the national movement by ensuring content directly relates to social contestation.", "quote": "L'intégration des nouveaux modérateurs dans le groupe national, Carte des rassemblements (CDR), donne lieu à un accompagnement en plusieurs étapes en raison de la complexité accrue des tâches, due au nombre de membres inscrits (plus de 300 000) et au volume de contenus à modérer.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/reset/6717", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, France (Isère department, rural and urban) and national", "when": "2018-2025 (Yellow Vests movement)"}]}, {"name": "Carthusian Order", "aliases": ["Carthusian Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This religious order became prominent in the 15th century as major copyists and guardians of vernacular religious texts, thus shaping the post-Constitutions landscape of religious literature circulation.", "quote": "the rise both of Mount Grace itself and of the Carthusians as the fifteenth century's major copyers and guardians of vernacular religious texts dates from roughly this time.", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Casa dos Estudantes do Império", "aliases": ["Casa dos Estudantes do Império"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Angola", "Macau", "Mozambique", "Portugal", "Portuguese India", "São Tomé"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice", "student rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura salazarista e as colónias: um exemplo de abrangência", "author": "Melo, Daniel", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A student association whose headquarters and delegations were forcibly closed by the regime, leading to the suppression of editorial and literary activities by university students from the colonial territories.", "quote": "Teve impacto nas colónias a extinção forçada da Casa dos Estudantes do Império, por fecho da sede em Lisboa e da delegação de Coimbra em 10/1965 (Pimenta 2008: 260/1), levando ao esbatimento de actividades editoriais, literárias, etc., por universitários das várias colónias estudando na \"metrópole\"\".\"", "page": "12", "url": "https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_16_21", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese Colonial Empire (Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, São Tomé) and metropolitan Portugal", "when": "20th century, 1926-1974"}]}, {"name": "Casa Lamm Centro de Cultura", "aliases": ["Casa Lamm Centro de Cultura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "intellectual discourse"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Provides crucial support for cultural events like the Jornadas Metropolitanas de Estudios Culturales, facilitating intellectual gatherings and cultural exchange.", "quote": "pues el volumen cristaliza el éxito de las Jornadas Metropolitanas de Estudios Culturales que con el invaluable apoyo de Casa Lamm, de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco...", "page": "12", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "CasaPound", "aliases": ["CasaPound"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Colombia", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A political party that successfully challenged Meta's deactivation of its account in court, arguing for its right to free expression, thereby influencing legal interpretations of platform-user contractual relationships and content moderation limits.", "quote": "The Court of Rome dismissed Meta's (then Facebook's) appeal against a preliminary injunction ordering it to reactivate the account of the Italian far-right party CasaPound. Meta had deactivated the account without notice or explanation and argued before the court that its actions were legitimate on the grounds that the account included content which constituted ‘hate speech' and incitement to violence, in violation of Meta's Terms of Use.", "page": "21", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Cases Rebelles (Antiracist collective)", "aliases": ["Cases Rebelles (Antiracist collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "media ethics", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Denounces the circulation of violent images of Black people on social networks, advocating against their spread as it reproduces violence.", "quote": "Le collectif antiraciste Cases Rebelles pose notamment cette question pour dénoncer la circulation, dans les RSN, des images de personnes noires tuées sous les coups de la police.", "page": "283", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Catalan National Assembly (ANC)", "aliases": ["Catalan National Assembly (ANC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["national independence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An organization that had its representatives accused of sedition and imprisoned in relation to promoting Catalan independence, using social networks for solidarity.", "quote": "Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart, the presidents of the Catalan National Assembly (A.N.C.) and of Òmnium Cultural (O.C.), known as ‘the Jordis’, were accused of sedition as representatives of Catalan independence organisations, and imprisoned.", "page": "143", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Catalyst by Blue Ridge Labs", "aliases": ["Catalyst by Blue Ridge Labs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["incubator; fellowship program (Blue Ridge Labs / Robin Hood Foundation initiative)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Civic tech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Provides funding, fellowships and programmatic support to civic-tech startups and social-impact teams, shaping tools and projects that may affect platform-related practices at product level.", "quote": "Program focuses on supporting civic-tech/social-impact startups and run fellowship/incubator activities that sometimes touch on platformized-content issues (digital inclusion, product design) but not primarily dedicated to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.labs.robinhood.org/build/catalyst", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cathedral Chapter of Minas Gerais", "aliases": ["Cathedral Chapter of Minas Gerais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious law", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Its treasurer, a canon lawyer, was granted a license for prohibited books, demonstrating engagement with diverse intellectual currents within official church structures in the colony. He also acted as a denouncer to the Holy Office.", "quote": "o cônego João Luiz de Souza Sayão, então tesoureiro-mór da Sé de Minas Gerais, bacharel em Cânones — famigerado e exímio delator do Santo Ofício, como se mostrou no Capítulo 5 —, que obteve em 1792 licença pelo tempo de dez anos", "page": "265", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Action", "aliases": ["Catholic Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Maintained a degree of autonomy from the Fascist regime, providing an alternative space for social and cultural activities. Its publications and activities were subject to state control and censorship attempts, but it also functioned as a vehicle for non-Fascist ideas.", "quote": "Catholic Action, an organisation of Catholic lay people... Despite repeated attempts by the regime to absorb it into the Fascist system, Catholic Action maintained a degree of autonomy and continued to provide a space for non-Fascist social and cultural activities.", "page": "46", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Catholic associations (in Brazil)", "aliases": ["Catholic associations (in Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura", "author": "SRC Martins", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Acted as conservative forces opposing certain types of cinema content, contributing to the restriction of themes considered to violate public morals and good customs.", "quote": "cinema e o conservadorismo de associações católicas e burocratas medíocres. Outros temas também eram considerados proibidos tais como: o divórcio, o adultério, a nudez...", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/rfdusp/article/view/149534", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1824-2016"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church (clergy and institutions)", "aliases": ["Catholic Church (clergy and institutions)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA LITTÉRATURE PLAISANTE FACE À LA CENSURE : LE CHASSE-ENNUY DE LOUIS GARON ET LA RÉSERVE DE TOUT DIRE", "author": "Bărbunță, Cătălin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Condemning scandalous and indecent content, publishing indexes of forbidden books, and requiring pre-publication approval for texts to align with Christian precepts and norms of decency.", "quote": "Les recueils de facéties ne peuvent plus être publiés sans l'accord de l'Eglise, qui désigne des experts « qualifiés » pour les analyser et les approuver, à condition qu'ils ne dépassent pas les limites thématiques imposées.", "page": "5", "url": "ceeol.com", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Italy, France", "when": "Renaissance / early modern (14th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church (Episcopal Hierarchy in Portugal)", "aliases": ["Catholic Church (Episcopal Hierarchy in Portugal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura a que temos direito", "author": "A Caldeira", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Formalized censorship, prohibited and ordered the burning of books considered impious, and contributed to the enforcement of religious orthodoxy alongside state power.", "quote": "Em Portugal, naturalmente, foi a aliança entre o poder régio e o eclesiástico, designadamente episcopal, quem formalizou a censura, proibindo e mandando queimar livros considerados ímpios, geralmente oriundos do estrangeiro...", "page": "2", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-a-que-temos-direito.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "15th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church (Germany)", "aliases": ["Catholic Church (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious morality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Formed alliances with right-wing political parties to protest and suppress controversial modernist music-theatre works, raising issues in public and governmental bodies.", "quote": "Although the opera was received with enthusiasm in some quarters, the theatre was unable to stifle protests from the Church who had now formed an alliance with the right-wing parties DVP (Deutsche Volkspartei) and DNP (Deutschnationale Partei).", "page": "66", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church (in Spain)", "aliases": ["Catholic Church (in Spain)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["faith purity", "public morals", "religious dogma"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problemas historiográficos en el estudio de la censura literaria del último medio siglo", "author": "ABELLÁN, MANUEL L.", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "The Church asserted its obligation to safeguard the purity of faith and good morals, maintaining a monopoly on moral interpretation and seeking to limit moral damage from printed works through pre- or post-publication review.", "quote": "la Iglesia tenía la obligación de velar por la pureza de la fe y las buenas costumbres e insistir en la \"especial importancia que ha de crear en los fieles la conciencia de un peligro gravísimo", "page": "como el que amenaza a la fe desde las páginas impresas ...\"\"\"", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27762669", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (under Franco regime)", "when": "1939–1989"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church (institutions)", "aliases": ["Catholic Church (institutions)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-abortion", "family values", "national unity", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1975, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "APUNTS SOBRE LA CENSURA LITERÀRIA A CATALUNYA DURANT EL FRANQUISME", "author": "Abellan, Manuel L", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "These institutions significantly influenced the state censorship apparatus during Francoism, establishing moral, sexual, and ideological criteria that censors applied, thus shaping the content permitted for publication in Catalan literature.", "quote": "respectin la moral catòlica tradicional i l'Església integrista, no posar en qüestió la família, no defensar l'avortament ni la llibertat sexual i que no es defensin altres ideologies, socialistes o marxistes.", "page": "5", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Catalonia, Spain", "when": "Francoism (1939-1975), with focus on 1950-1970 for literary censorship data"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Church / Catholic Hierarchy", "aliases": ["Catholic Church / Catholic Hierarchy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious nationalism", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA COMO HISTORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "As a highly cohesive social and ideological group, the Catholic Church used its official spokespersons and unofficial intermediaries to criticize governmental censorship when it was perceived as too lenient, thus exerting pressure to uphold stricter moral and dogmatic controls and promote the re-Christianization of the country.", "quote": "siendo la Iglesia el grupo social de mayor cohesión política e ideológica y de mayor transparencia orgánica, fuera también y sobre todo a través de sus portavoces oficiales o de sus intermediarios oficiosos donde se perciben quejas y críticas contra la actuación de la censura gubernativa.", "page": "6", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Francoist era (1939-1976)"}]}, {"name": "Catholic clergy of Lower Canada", "aliases": ["Catholic clergy of Lower Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Promoted parish libraries as a means of controlling reading material and countering the perceived danger of Protestant or non-Orthodox printed works, thereby enforcing religious and moral censorship.", "quote": "Catholic clergy of Lower Canada [Quebec] seemed to fear that public education, and the increase in literacy that it would bring, would make French Canadians more vulnerable to a wide and sustained spread of Protestant or non-Orthodox printed material … For the Catholic clergy, a parish library appeared to be a means of countering this danger.", "page": "104", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Catholic faithful in France", "aliases": ["Catholic faithful in France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: La Littérature française du XIXe siècle mise à l'Index. Les Procédures. Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: Le Censeur critique littéraire. Les …", "author": "C Arnold", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The faithful in France initially showed 'Gallican reserve' regarding Roman book prohibitions, but later conformed to them. Many also actively sought dispensations from the book prohibitions from Rome, indicating engagement with, and adaptation to, the censorship system.", "quote": "Am Ende des Pontifikates von Leo XIII. kamen dann auch viele französische Leserinnen und Leser in Rom um Dispens vom Bücherverbot ein.", "page": "322", "url": "https://rjkg.de/ojs/index.php/rjkg/article/download/93057/92885", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Vatican", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Film Clubs", "aliases": ["Catholic Film Clubs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema e censura no Brasil: uma discussão conceitual para além da ditadura", "author": "MRL Lucas", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Catholic film clubs contributed to a broader censorial culture by being linked to the origin of early theoretical cinema magazines (like Revista de Cultura Cinematográfica), which published film criticism and evaluation from a religious perspective, influencing public discourse and indirectly state censorship criteria.", "quote": "Já a origem da RCC esteve ligada aos cineclubes católicos que, aliás, não eram privilégio das cidades mineiras, pois se espalhavam por todo o país.", "page": "7-8", "url": "https://repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/20186", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "late 19th to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Catholic Information Center", "aliases": ["Catholic Information Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Providing moral evaluations of literary works, influencing official perceptions and contributing to the criteria used in censorship decisions.", "quote": "El Centro de Información Católica, ha calificado moralmente la novela del escritor alemán Günter Grass con un 3, es decir, como apta sólo para adultos de alto nivel de educación.", "page": "15", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "Catholic lay apostolate organizations", "aliases": ["Catholic lay apostolate organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA COMO HISTORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These organizations were involved in conflicts with the minister Arias Salgado concerning freedom of the press, indicating their participation in the broader debate and pressures around censorship policies during a period of internal challenges to Francoism, particularly from the university sphere.", "quote": "los conflictos de las organizaciones del apostolado católico y el primer desbordamiento por el flanco más privilegiado del franquismo – el mundo universitario –...", "page": "7", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Francoist era (1939-1976)"}]}, {"name": "Catholic lobbies", "aliases": ["Catholic lobbies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Utilized new legal provisions to attack advertising and information related to contraceptives, enforcing their moral principles through legal means.", "quote": "Le nouvel article L-227-24 du Code pénal qui découle de la Loi Jolibois, est déjà utilisé par des lobbies catholiques pour attaquer la publicité et l'information sur les préservatifs.", "page": "22", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Catholic organizations", "aliases": ["Catholic organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organized massive religious boycotts of films, exerting significant pressure on the film industry to enforce Production Codes and align content with Catholic moral standards.", "quote": "Massive religious boycotts, especially by Catholic groups, exerted strong pressure to enforce Production Codes.", "page": "52", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "Catholics", "aliases": ["Catholics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1633, "when_max": 1682, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos ea busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682)", "author": "NA van Amstel, WM Júnior, RJ Sonoda-Nunes…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Maliciously criticized and slandered \"just and honorable procedures\"\" concerning lawful sports", "quote": "similar to the Puritans", "page": "in England.\"", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/FairPlay/article/view/375512", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "England and North American colonies (Pennsylvania)", "when": "1633–1682"}]}, {"name": "Cats Protection", "aliases": ["Cats Protection"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Media and journalism", "Political fundraising"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1927, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1927", "mechanism": "Cats Protection runs national campaigns, publishes the CATS report and annual reviews, and leverages volunteer and corporate partnerships to influence public policy on cat welfare.", "quote": "Primary mission focuses on cat welfare and rehoming; occasional campaigning and reports (e.g., CATS report) touch on public communication but do not center on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cats.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Caucus of Black, Indigenous, and Racialized Professors and Librarians at the University of Ottawa", "aliases": ["Caucus of Black, Indigenous, and Racialized Professors and Librarians at the University of Ottawa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "anti-hate speech", "human dignity", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publicly condemns the use of the N-word and the justification of its use via academic freedom, thus actively participating in norm-setting regarding acceptable language and academic responsibility.", "quote": "Dans une déclaration, le caucus des 24 professeur.e.s et bibliothécaires noir.e·s, autochtones et racisées de l'Université d'Ottawa « condamne sans équivoque l'utilisation du mot en \"n\"\" et la conversation autour de la liberté académique qui est utilisée pour justifier cette insulte raciste » (Change.org", "page": "2020).\"", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Caveau genevois", "aliases": ["Caveau genevois"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic elegance", "bourgeois humor", "style purity"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Un fabuliste romand: J.-A. Gaudy-Le Fort", "author": "G Parussa", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "As a prominent member, Gaudy-Le Fort served as a censor and moderator for his colleagues, and edited the annual publication 'Almanach genevois,' thereby influencing the selection and presentation of poetic works produced by the group.", "quote": "Gaudy-Le Fort [...] jouant le rôle de censeur, de modérateur de ses confrères, il fut l'éditeur de l'Almanach genevois, une publication annuelle qui parut de 1823 à 1829 et qui offrait un choix de la production poétique genevoise.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/rein.3.12par", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland (Geneva)", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "CBI", "aliases": ["CBI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; business membership organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1965, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1965", "mechanism": "CBI produces research and policy analysis, convenes business leaders and policymakers, and leverages member networks to influence UK government policy on economic and technology issues.", "quote": "CBI's core mission is business advocacy but it engages on technology and digital policy (e.g., UK–US Tech Prosperity Deal) and convenes firms and policymakers on tech-related regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cbi.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CCollection (Universidad de Andalucía)", "aliases": ["CCollection (Universidad de Andalucía)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["e-learning", "educational innovation", "knowledge sharing", "open access"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Described as a collaborative and open online community/catalog for educational innovation and good practices in e-learning, which 'Docentes en línea' was invited to integrate, indicating its role in curating and sharing educational content and fostering community.", "quote": "Y también publicamos información sobre nuestra Comunidad en CCollection, catálogo y comunidad en línea colaborativos y abiertos sobre innovación educativa y buenas prácticas en e-learning, un espacio de la Universidad de Andalucía que fuimos invitados a integrar en 2013.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "CDC Launches New Report Tackling Platform Governance ...", "aliases": ["CDC Launches New Report Tackling Platform Governance ..."], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research centre / university research project"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes co-designed reports and policy recommendations, convenes diverse affected users via TPDLs, and leverages academic and civil society partnerships to pressure platforms for transparency, appeals reform, and duty-of-care measures.", "quote": "Produces co-designed research and policy recommendations addressing de-platforming, malicious flagging, and platform governance inequalities and runs Tech Policy Design Labs with affected users and platform stakeholders.", "page": "", "url": "https://digitalcitizens.uk/blog/platform_governance_inequalities/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CEI Comments on Technology Platform Censorship", "aliases": ["CEI Comments on Technology Platform Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public policy think tank / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "CEI produces policy analysis and formal regulatory comments, hosts events, and publicly pressures agencies (FTC) to refrain from certain regulatory actions, framing them as First Amendment and statutory overreach.", "quote": "CEI submitted formal public comments to the FTC and hosted conferences directly addressing technology platform content moderation and alleged 'platform censorship.'", "page": "", "url": "https://cei.org/regulatory_comments/cei-comments-on-technology-platform-censorship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ceinture Alimentaire Liégeoise (Liege Food Belt)", "aliases": ["Ceinture Alimentaire Liégeoise (Liege Food Belt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "food security", "local economy"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Offers local expertise on short food supply chains and regional food systems, contributing to the play's discussion on alternative agricultural models and promoting norms around local food consumption and production.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... SOS Faim; Elisabeth Gruié et Christian Jonet pour la Ceinture Alimentaire Liégeoise", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "CELCIS, the Centre for Excellence for Childrens Care and Protection", "aliases": ["CELCIS, the Centre for Excellence for Childrens Care and Protection"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child welfare charity; knowledge and practice centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CELCIS produces research, toolkits and webinars to shape child protection practice and online safety guidance for practitioners and policymakers.", "quote": "CELCIS's core mission is children's care and protection but its work includes 'Online safety' and a 'Child Online Safety Partner Toolkit', indicating engagement with platform-related safety issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.celcis.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CEN/TC 428 ICT Professionalism and Digital Competences", "aliases": ["CEN/TC 428 ICT Professionalism and Digital Competences"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains the European e-Competence Framework (e-CF), a standard for ICT professionals, which defines competencies and influences quality assurance in educational and professional contexts.", "quote": "The e-CF is developed and maintained by “CEN/TC-428 ICT Professionalism and Digital Competences” and is used by organizations, individuals, and public authorities to assess, certify, and manage ICT competencies.", "page": "476", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Censored Patient Safety Research Must Return to Government ...", "aliases": ["Censored Patient Safety Research Must Return to Government ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization; legal advocacy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ACLU Massachusetts uses litigation and public advocacy to enforce First Amendment protections, restore censored content on government platforms, and shape public debate and policy on free speech and privacy.", "quote": "ACLU Massachusetts litigated to restore patient-safety research removed from a government-run website, directly addressing online content removal and viewpoint-based censorship.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclum.org/en/press-releases/censored-patient-safety-research-must-return-government-website-judge-rules", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Censored Planet Lab", "aliases": ["Censored Planet Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic research collective / watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship analysis"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops and hosts global Internet measurement projects (like 'Satellite' and 'Hyperquack') that use passive remote measurement techniques to detect DNS interference and application layer HTTP/HTTPS manipulation, making data available via a dashboard.", "quote": "Censored Planet Lab at the University of Michigan, USA, has created and hosted several global Internet measurement projects [141]. 'Satellite' [160] and 'Hyperquack' [145, 170] measure DNS interference and application layer HTTP/HTTPS manipulation, respectively.", "page": "4", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}]}, {"name": "Censores Qualificadores da Inquisição", "aliases": ["Censores Qualificadores da Inquisição"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Colonial America"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ARTE, PODER E POLÍTICA: UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE A CENSURA", "author": "Costa, Maria Cristina Castilho", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operated as censors linked to religious institutions, tasked with \"spying\"\" on anything deemed harmful to religion", "quote": "prohibiting the circulation of prints", "page": "and providing opinions on new publications.\"", "url": "adolescencia20172.pbworks.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Western world, with a focus on Brazil and Colonial America", "when": "Colonial period to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Censorship to defend democracy | CEPR", "aliases": ["Censorship to defend democracy | CEPR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / research network; policy platform"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1983", "mechanism": "CEPR produces empirical studies and discussion papers (VoxEU columns, working papers) that analyze effects of censorship and inform regulatory debates on platform governance.", "quote": "CEPR publishes empirical research and policy analysis on content moderation, censorship, misinformation, and regulatory responses (e.g., analysis of the EU ban on Russia Today and Sputnik).", "page": "", "url": "https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/censorship-defend-democracy", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Censorship | Tor Project | Support", "aliases": ["Censorship | Tor Project | Support"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["privacy and anonymity non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Develops and distributes Tor Browser, Snowflake, GetTor and extensive support documentation to circumvent censorship and protect user privacy worldwide; mobilizes volunteer-run proxies and relays to maintain access.", "quote": "Tor Project develops and deploys tools (Tor Browser, Snowflake, GetTor) and documentation that directly enable censorship circumvention, platform access, and privacy-preserving online expression.", "page": "", "url": "https://support.torproject.org/censorship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Censorstop", "aliases": ["Censorstop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Expressed concern that legal measures against art galleries for 'juvenile porn' would have an intimidating effect on artistic expression.", "quote": "Une organisation ontarienne, Censorstop, craint que ces mesures judiciaires n'aient un effet d'intimidation sur toutes les galeries d'art du pays.", "page": "31", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "CENTENARY ACTION", "aliases": ["CENTENARY ACTION"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["campaigning non-profit; APPG secretariat"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Centenary Action organises events, hosts the APPG secretariat, publishes research and campaigns (e.g. 'End online abuse', 'Mission 2028') to influence parliamentary actors and public debate on women's political participation.", "quote": "Centenary Action's core mission is gender-equal political representation, but it runs a campaign titled 'End online abuse' and supports parliamentary work (APPG) related to online harassment affecting political participation.", "page": "", "url": "https://centenaryaction.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS)", "aliases": ["Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["societal issues", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Supports projects dealing with social, political, economic, and cultural changes through digital transformation, hosts fellows researching digital age issues.", "quote": "CAIS was founded in 2017 and supports projects dealing with social, political, economic and cultural changes through digital transformation.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS) gGmbH", "aliases": ["Center for Advanced Internet Studies (CAIS) gGmbH"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lost in moderation: How commercial content moderation apis over-and under-moderate group-targeted hate speech and linguistic variations", "author": "D Hartmann, A Oueslati, D Staufer…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides research insights and support for studies on human-centered AI, contributing to the understanding of AI accountability and content moderation.", "quote": "...as well as the research group Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence at the Center for Advanced Internet Studies for their valuable insights and support.", "page": "16", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713998", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms and commercial content moderation APIs", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP)", "aliases": ["Center for AI and Digital Policy (CAIDP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / advocacy organization / research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces CAIDP Index and AI Policy Sourcebook, files formal regulatory complaints (FTC), provides congressional testimony, hosts international events and convenings, and issues public statements supporting international AI treaties and regulatory frameworks.", "quote": "CAIDP's core mission is AI and digital policy; it produces indexes and policy sourcebooks, files regulatory complaints (e.g., FTC complaint vs Zoom), testifies before Congress, and engages international fora on AI governance and platform-related policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.caidp.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for AI Safety", "aliases": ["Center for AI Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM-based guard models"], "norms": ["AI safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On calibration of LLM-based guard models for reliable content moderation", "author": "H Liu, H Huang, X Gu, H Wang, Y Wang", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and utilizes benchmarks, such as Harmbench, to evaluate the success rates of adversarial attacks and identify undesirable content in model outputs, thereby contributing to the safety and alignment of LLMs.", "quote": "Harmbench specifically fine-tuning LLama2 and Mistral to evaluate the success rate of adversarial attacks by identifying undesirable content in model outputs.", "page": "3", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10414", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / LLM-based guard models", "when": "contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "Center for an Urban Future", "aliases": ["Center for an Urban Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "CUF publishes actionable policy reports and holds forums that have influenced NYC and state officials (press notes cite uptake of CUF ideas such as SUNY Reconnect and city policy pilots).", "quote": "CUF is a NYC-focused policy think tank whose core mission is economic mobility and urban policy, but it has produced reports touching on tech education, AI and the digital divide rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://nycfuture.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis", "aliases": ["Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Tor"], "norms": ["network transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ScrambleSuit: a polymorphic network protocol to circumvent censorship", "author": "Winter, Philipp; Pulls, Tobias; Fuss, Juergen", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on Internet traffic characteristics, such as packet size distributions, which provides data and insights used by protocol designers to create more effective obfuscation techniques against traffic analysis.", "quote": "According to a study conducted by CAIDA [48], MTU-sized packets form a significant fraction of all observed packet lengths.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2517840.2517856", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Censoring countries and the Tor network", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Climate Change Communication", "aliases": ["Center for Climate Change Communication"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["climate education", "public understanding", "risk communication", "scientific accuracy"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "If they like you, they learn from you: How a brief weathercaster-delivered climate education segment is moderated by viewer evaluations of the weathercaster", "author": "AA Anderson, TA Myers, EW Maibach…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts research and collaborates with climate science and education experts to develop and evaluate climate education segments for TV weathercasts, aiming to inform the public about global warming and shape public understanding of climate risks.", "quote": "ASHLEY A. ANDERSON,* TERESA A. MYERS, AND EDWARD W. MAIBACH Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/5/4/wcas-d-12-00051_1.xml", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Carolina, United States (local broadcast television)", "when": "2012–2013"}]}, {"name": "Center for Constitutional Rights", "aliases": ["Center for Constitutional Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "constitutional rights", "lgbtq+ rights", "reproductive rights", "women's rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Litigated civil rights and women's rights cases, and challenged laws restricting birth control, abortion, and gay sexuality, actively defending freedom of expression and bodily autonomy.", "quote": "RHONDA COPELON is an Associate Professor of Law, City University of New York Law School at Queens College. For the past fifteen years, she has litigated civil rights and women's rights cases as an attorney with the Center for Constitutional Rights.", "page": "24", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Copyright Information", "aliases": ["Center for Copyright Information"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promulgated the voluntary 'Copyright Alert System' to address file-sharing copyright infringement through escalating remedies.", "quote": "PUBLIC INTELLIGENCE, MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING CREATING THE CENTER FOR COPYRIGHT INFORMATION (2011),", "page": "18", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2)", "aliases": ["Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "`` Discriminations algorithmiques ''? La modération des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme de la censure", "author": "Grison, Thibault", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and fosters a field of study focused on understanding how AI contributes to the reproduction of social inequalities (race, gender, class) within digital systems.", "quote": "Un champ de recherche visant à penser le rôle de l'IA dans la reproduction des rapports sociaux de race, de genre ou de classe s'est d'ailleurs développé au sein de l'université UCLA et, plus spécifiquement, du C2i2.", "page": "5", "url": "hal.science", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Digital social networks (Twitter, TikTok), France", "when": "2010s-present"}]}, {"name": "Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2) at UCLA", "aliases": ["Center for Critical Internet Inquiry (C2i2) at UCLA"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic inquiry", "digital rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research on algorithmic bias and online discrimination, particularly regarding marginalized populations and the impact of AI systems.", "quote": "Principalement focalisées sur des enjeux relatifs aux biais et discriminations algorithmiques, de nombreuses chercheuses alertent sur l’impact des systèmes d’IA sur les populations minorisées.", "page": "150", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Center for Data Innovation", "aliases": ["Center for Data Innovation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Produces research reports, regulatory filings, and public commentary used in policy debates (DSA/DSA-related consultations, AI policy discussions) to shape regulatory outcomes and public framing.", "quote": "Publishes reports, filings, and commentary on AI, platform policy, DMA/DSA and content-labeling mandates, directly engaging platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://datainnovation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Data, Ethics, and Society (Marquette University)", "aliases": ["Center for Data, Ethics, and Society (Marquette University)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and convenes events (AI Ethics Symposium) that bring together academics, industry (e.g., Meta), and policymakers, and participates in multi?institution initiatives like the Rome Call for AI Ethics and CITR reports.", "quote": "Center researches AI ethics, algorithmic bias, privacy and engages with platforms, regulators, and policy forums (e.g., hosted discussion at Meta's Dublin office; AI ethics symposia).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.marquette.edu/data-ethics-society/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Defense Information", "aliases": ["Center for Defense Information"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["defense policy critique", "informed public debate"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This group provides dissenting expert opinions on defense issues. It faces challenges like government agencies refusing to participate in media discussions if its experts are present, thereby limiting its access to mainstream media and moderating public debate.", "quote": "the Defense Department, for example, refused to participate in National Public Radio discussions of defense issues if experts from the Center for Defense Information were on the program", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT)", "aliases": ["Center for Democracy & Technology (CDT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech", "limited government", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Warns about the potential for industry databases to be co-opted by governments and private actors to suppress legitimate discourse across the web, advocating for robust protections against censorship creep.", "quote": "Como advierte la Directora de Libertad de Expresión del Centro para la Democracia y la Tecnología, EMMA LLANSÓ, la base de datos de la industria se convertirá en un objetivo para los gobiernos y actores privados que buscan suprimir el discurso en toda la web.", "page": "26", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in South-Eastern Europe", "aliases": ["Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in South-Eastern Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "social peace"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developing and disseminating Joint History Project teaching material to promote reconciliation, despite encountering resistance from local authorities and teachers.", "quote": "The Greek NGO Center for Democracy and Reconciliation in South-Eastern Europe, for example, still has problems to disseminate its Joint History Project teaching material in BaH...", "page": "257", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT)", "aliases": ["Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "democracy", "free speech", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted research on the limitations of automated social media content analysis and participated in the elaboration of the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation.", "quote": "Pesquisa desenvolvida pelo Center for Democracy and Technology em 2017 concluiu que: as ferramentas atuais para automatizar a análise de conteúdos em redes sociais possuem capacidade limitada para compreender o sentido matizado da comunicação humana...", "page": "63", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Center for Digital Pædagogik", "aliases": ["Center for Digital Pædagogik"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital pedagogy and youth wellbeing NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Center for Digital Pædagogik operates youth-facing platforms, publishes resources and runs workshops and events to shape digital literacy and policy debates; ministerial visits and collaborations with schools indicate policy influence and public visibility.", "quote": "Organization focuses on children's and youths' online lives, runs online platforms and interventions directly related to platformized content, moderation risks and digital civic formation.", "page": "", "url": "https://cfdp.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Digital Storytelling", "aliases": ["Center for Digital Storytelling"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "user agency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports individuals ('participants') in creating digital narratives, thereby influencing the production and shaping of user-generated content.", "quote": "organisations like the Center for Digital Storytelling support ‘their’ participants in the creation of digital narrations (see Lambert (2002)).", "page": "113", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Center for European Policy Studies", "aliases": ["Center for European Policy Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to justice", "informed public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocating for additional rules to improve accessibility in NetzDG complaint forms.", "quote": "The German Green Party, the Counter Extremism Project, and the Center for European Policy Studies are currently advocating for additional rules about accessibility in NetzDG complaint forms.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for Human Rights Sciences", "aliases": ["Center for Human Rights Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-based research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CHRS develops technical systems (Digital Evidence Vault, VERA, E-LAMP), publishes research and reports, and partners with NGOs to document abuses—enabling evidentiary claims, monitoring platform-hosted content, and supporting accountability processes.", "quote": "CHRS develops technical tools (machine learning, computer vision, NLP) and digital-evidence systems used by human-rights practitioners to document abuses and analyze social media and big data, directly engaging in AI and platform-relevant activities.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cmu.edu/chrs/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Indonesia Working Class Struggle (PPBI)", "aliases": ["Center for Indonesia Working Class Struggle (PPBI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Formed and led thousands of strikes in the 1990s, despite repression, contributing to labor mobilization against the state over economic conditions.", "quote": "Center for Indonesia Working Class Struggle (PPBI) formed and led thousands of strikes in the 1990s, despite repression, challenging the state over economic conditions and workers' rights.", "page": "247", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Information Technology and Society (UCSB)", "aliases": ["Center for Information Technology and Society (UCSB)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sponsored a conference on \"Social Processes of Online Hate\"\" and supported research into the impact of technology on society and communication.\"", "quote": "The event was sponsored by the Center for Information Technology and Society, the Bertelsen Presidential Chair in Technology and Society (Professor Joseph B. Walther)...", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Center for International Business and Human Rights, University of Oklahoma College of Law", "aliases": ["Center for International Business and Human Rights, University of Oklahoma College of Law"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The Center produces scholarship, hosts events, participates in multi-stakeholder initiatives (e.g., GNI), engages with UN mechanisms, and trains lawyers—providing research and expert input that shapes business practices and multi-party governance of ICT-related human rights issues.", "quote": "The Center focuses on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) companies and participates in multi-stakeholder initiatives (e.g., Global Network Initiative) addressing free expression and privacy, directly engaging platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://law.ou.edu/faculty-scholarship/center-for-international-business-human-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)", "aliases": ["Center for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposes alternative governance models for content moderation, such as social media councils, to promote more inclusive and diverse approaches to online regulation.", "quote": "Parmi celles-ci, les Conseils de médias sociaux (social media councils) en sont un exemple (Center for International Governance Innovation, 2019, p. 99).", "page": "53", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for International Media Assistance", "aliases": ["Center for International Media Assistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "legal clarity", "proportionality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione di contenuti illegali e social media scraping", "author": "Giglio, Flavia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Authored a report highlighting that legislative initiatives worldwide to combat disinformation can have a \"chilling effect on freedom of expression\"\" due to vague definitions of illegal content and disproportionate sanctions.\"", "quote": "As noted in a report of 2023 about legislative initiatives taken across the world to combat disinformation, such initiatives can have a chilling effect on freedom of expression, due to the vagueness of the definitions of illegal content and the sometimes disproportionate sanctions associated with its spread.42", "page": "6", "url": "https://i-lex.unibo.it/article/view/18870", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for Internet & Society at Stanford Law School", "aliases": ["Center for Internet & Society at Stanford Law School"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on internet regulation, including the implications of terrorist content regulation for expression restrictions.", "quote": "Daphne Keller, The EU's Terrorist Content Regulation: Expanding the Rule of Platform Terms of Service and Exporting Expression Restrictions from the EU's Most Conservative Member States, CTR. FOR INTERNET & SOC'Y (Mar. 25, 2019).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Center for Internet and Society (India)", "aliases": ["Center for Internet and Society (India)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}]}, {"name": "Center for Islamic and Community Studies (PPIM)", "aliases": ["Center for Islamic and Community Studies (PPIM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety", "religious harmony", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts", "author": "Afwadzi, Benny; Sumbulah, Umi; Ali, Nur; Qudsy, Saifuddin Z.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research on student radicalism and intolerance, producing findings that influence public discourse and highlight the urgency of promoting religious moderation in Indonesian universities.", "quote": "The research by the Center for Islamic and Community Studies (PPIM)... has led to conclusions that students in Indonesia exhibit tendencies of radicalism.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/9369", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Center for Media and Democracy", "aliases": ["Center for Media and Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides definitions and information on 'astroturf' groups, contributing to public understanding and scrutiny of deceptive political influence tactics.", "quote": "The Center for Media and Democracy, 'Astroturf,' SourceWatch, accessed September 24, 2018, https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Astroturf.", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for Media and Public Affairs", "aliases": ["Center for Media and Public Affairs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "factual accuracy", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This research institute publishes studies to demonstrate alleged 'liberal bias and anti-business propensities of the mass media.' It contributes to 'flak' by applying public pressure and shaping media content through its findings and prominent endorsements.", "quote": "The Center for Media and Public Affairs, run by Linda and Robert Lichter, came into existence in the mid-1980s as a “non-profit, non-partisan” research institute, with warm accolades from Patrick Buchanan, Faith Whittlesey, and Ronald Reagan himself...", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Media Justice", "aliases": ["Center for Media Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Contributes to the discourse on content moderation by raising concerns about digital harms and advocating for protective interventions in the design of moderation strategies.", "quote": "the concerns about growing networks of hate movements and enhanced online surveillance through targeted data harvesting – brought to the fore by groups like... Center for Media Justice... are taken into account.", "page": "28", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Media Research – Nepal", "aliases": ["Center for Media Research – Nepal"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research center"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "media transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organized discussions and discourses on misinformation; investigated the complex landscape of misinformation in Nepal; highlighted local media's role.", "quote": "The chapter is based on desk research as well as draws from studies and the authors’ interactions with various stakeholders during discussions and discourses on misinformation, organized by the Center for Media Research – Nepal, with which the authors are affiliated.", "page": "168", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Center for New Democratic Processes (formerly Jefferson Center)", "aliases": ["Center for New Democratic Processes (formerly Jefferson Center)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonpartisan civic engagement and deliberative democracy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces deliberative public assemblies that generate citizen recommendations used to inform policymakers and partners; partners with academic and policy institutions to amplify findings.", "quote": "Runs large-scale citizens' juries/assemblies on AI (e.g., U.S. Public Assembly on High Risk AI) and designs deliberative processes that inform AI and technology governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cndp.us/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Parents and Guardians", "aliases": ["Center for Parents and Guardians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "author": "Esberg, Jane", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided councilors to the Council for Cinematic Classification (CCC), who were appointed by the Ministry of Education and were more likely to vote to ban or restrict films based on conservative moral content.", "quote": "The council included censors from the MoE; members of the Center for Parents and Guardians, who were designated by the MoE; and university rectors, who were appointed by the MoE.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305542000026X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chile", "when": "1973–1990"}]}, {"name": "Center for Public Integrity", "aliases": ["Center for Public Integrity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["India", "OECD countries", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercial influence", "public integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media", "author": "Germano, Fabrizio; Meier, Martin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative reports, such as one on lobbying efforts in the healthcare reform debate, to expose the extent of commercial interests involved, thereby increasing transparency and public scrutiny of potential media biases.", "quote": "Eaton, J., Pell, M.B., and A. Mehta, \"Washington Lobbying Giants Cash in on Health Reform Debate", "page": "Center for Public Integrity", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272712001089", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily, with some reference to OECD countries and India)", "when": "Early 20th to early 21st century (with historical context from the American Republic)"}]}, {"name": "Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies/Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies", "aliases": ["Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies/Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith dialogue", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as an academic forum that actively promotes interfaith dialogue among young people, drawing inspiration from prominent figures.", "quote": "Muslim youths are involved in academic forums such as CRCS/ICRS (Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies/Indonesian Consortium for Religious Studies)", "page": "16", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Research and Evidence on Security Threats", "aliases": ["Center for Research and Evidence on Security Threats"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms"], "norms": ["national security", "public safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Analyzing large datasets of jihadist content published on digital platforms to understand propaganda, radicalization, and the impact of online activities related to terrorism.", "quote": "al report del Center For Research And Evidence On Security Threats (CREST), che ha analizzato un dataset contenente quasi otto milioni di contenuti jihadisti pubblicati su Telegram dal 2015", "page": "21", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Center for Social Research", "aliases": ["Center for Social Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["scholarly pursuits"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, providing a research perspective.", "quote": "More venerable organizations like... the Center for Social Research (CSR) in India waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)", "aliases": ["Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "foreign policy", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Funded by conservative foundations and corporations, CSIS provides 'experts' (often former government officials) who frequently appear in the media, thereby filling media space with views aligned with dominant political and corporate interests, especially on defense and terrorism.", "quote": "The largest number of appearances in the latter category was supplied by the Georgetown Center for Strategic and Inter-national Studies (CSIS), an organization funded by conservative foundations and corporations...", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Center for the Book in the Library of Congress", "aliases": ["Center for the Book in the Library of Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Endorses the ALA's Banned Books Resource Guide, lending institutional credibility and visibility to the resource and the broader anticensorship movement.", "quote": "Also available is the Banned Books Resource Guide, which likewise costs $40.00 and carries the endorsement of the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress as well as number of other nonprofit organizations.", "page": "15", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Center for the Cultivation of Technology", "aliases": ["Center for the Cultivation of Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fiscal sponsor / host organisation for Free Software projects"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Hosts and funds open-source projects, builds and collects open-source tools, and partners with major funders and organisations (e.g., Mozilla, Horizon 2020) to enable projects that can influence platform infrastructure and governance practices.", "quote": "Primary mission is fiscal sponsorship and backend services for open source projects but it builds/collects open-source tools and maintains privacy practices that touch infrastructural aspects of platformised content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://techcultivation.org/#page-top", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GMU Scalia Law School)", "aliases": ["Center for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GMU Scalia Law School)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes academic and policy analyses on internet governance and platform accountability, contributing to discussions about regulating 'Big Tech's power.", "quote": "See, e.g., Kevin Madigan, Will the EU Finally Hold Internet Giants Accountable?, CPIP (July 3, 2018) (describing online platforms as “the most powerful and wealthy entities in the world”)", "page": "4", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM)", "aliases": ["Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["nu.or.id portal"], "norms": ["religious tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation in Digital Media Discourse: A Study of the nu.or.id Portal from the Perspective of Communicative Rationality", "author": "I Wayan Salendra", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on religious comprehension in the digital realm, categorizing different religious narratives to inform public understanding and implicitly support moderation efforts.", "quote": "A study carried out by the Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) delineated five categories of religious comprehension within the digital realm.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/jf/article/view/4954", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on the nu.or.id portal and digital media", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Center for the Study of Organized Hate (CSOH)", "aliases": ["Center for the Study of Organized Hate (CSOH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research NGO; policy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CSOH publishes empirical datasets and reports documenting AI-generated hate and platform non-enforcement, used to publicly call out platform practices and inform policy discussions.", "quote": "CSOH's core mission is researching and informing policy on online hate, disinformation, and AI-generated imagery, producing empirical reports that assess platform amplification and moderation failures.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.csohate.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for the Study of Partisanship and Ideology", "aliases": ["Center for the Study of Partisanship and Ideology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech", "freedom from self-censorship", "political anti-discrimination", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship", "author": "Kaufmann, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports that investigate academic freedom, punishment, political discrimination, and self-censorship, thereby contributing to public discourse and norm-setting around these issues in academia.", "quote": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship Eric Kaufmann* Center for the Study of Partisanship and Ideology Executive Report March 1, 2021", "page": "1", "url": "cspicenter.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US, Canada, UK (Anglophone countries)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Center for the Study Partisanship and Ideology (CSPI)", "aliases": ["Center for the Study Partisanship and Ideology (CSPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors", "author": "Clark, Cory J.; Fjeldmark, Matias; Lu, Louise; Baumeister, Roy F.; Ceci, Stephen; Frey, Komi; Miller, Geoffrey; Reilly, Wilfred; Tice, Dianne; Von Hippel, William; Williams, Wendy M.; Winegard, Bo M.; Tetlock, Philip E.", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports that analyze the climate of academic freedom, documenting instances where academics support dismissal campaigns for scholars based on perceived harm from empirical conclusions.", "quote": "a report called Academic Freedom in Crisis by the Center for the Study Partisanship and Ideology found that many academics in the United States, United King- dom, and Canada supported dismissal campaigns", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916241252085", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Psychology Academia", "when": "2021"}]}, {"name": "Center for Third Space Thinking, University of Southern California", "aliases": ["Center for Third Space Thinking, University of Southern California"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research and training program"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Third Space influences students and media practitioners through training and research, indirectly shaping digital content practices.", "quote": "Third Space focuses on digital storytelling, collaboration, and media education; platform governance is not a primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://uscthirdspace.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for User Rights - GFF - Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte e.V.", "aliases": ["Center for User Rights - GFF - Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization / project center within GFF"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The Center uses strategic litigation and DSA complaints, policy submissions and public reporting to compel platform transparency and access to data, backed by major philanthropic funders.", "quote": "The Center explicitly focuses on enforcing user rights against online platforms via strategic litigation, DSA complaints, policy work and data-access advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://freiheitsrechte.org/themen/freiheit-im-digitalen/center-for-user-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center for Virtual Learning (CSEV)", "aliases": ["Center for Virtual Learning (CSEV)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["educational development", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collaborates on regional reports, such as the Horizon Report, to explore and forecast the impact of emerging technologies in higher education, contributing to discussions on virtual learning strategies and tools.", "quote": "Perspectivas Tecnológicas > Educación Superior en América Latina 2013-2018, un análisis regional del Informe Horizon del NMC, producto de la colaboración entre New Media Consortium (NMC), Centro Superior para la Enseñanza Virtual (CSEV) y Virtual Educa...", "page": "174", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "Center of Excellence on Social Media and Youth Mental Health - AAP", "aliases": ["Center of Excellence on Social Media and Youth Mental Health - AAP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association research and practice center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces evidence-based resources, runs a Q&A portal and Youth Advisory Panel that issues advice to tech companies and policymakers; funded by HHS enabling outreach and technical assistance.", "quote": "The Center explicitly provides evidence-based guidance, technical assistance, and Youth Advisory Panel advice for tech leaders and policymakers on social media design and youth mental health.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aap.org/en/patient-care/media-and-children/center-of-excellence-on-social-media-and-youth-mental-health/?srsltid=AfmBOopzQkAdF5-967F28BZOqGnlQoZ_Kv0ixxGqnT2wUj5XbUv-n3lu", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation", "aliases": ["Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counterterrorism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided critical analysis of the UN's counterterrorism strategy, noting its limitations and the potential for 'collaborative, holistic counterterrorism efforts' to be overlooked.", "quote": "As the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation noted ahead of the 2010 UN counterter- rorism review, the global strategy's potential to “provide for collaborative, holistic counterterrorism efforts is either unknown or largely overlooked...", "page": "31", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Centinel", "aliases": ["Centinel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops and deploys custom software for detailed measurement of Internet censorship, focusing on how censors implement blocking mechanisms, but has seen limited deployment due to recruitment challenges.", "quote": "Existing measurement tools include OONI [15], Centinel [8], and CensMon [42]. Both OONI and Centinel can be deployed on end hosts. These tools perform much more detailed analysis of how censors implement blocking...", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Central American Workers' Party (PRTC)", "aliases": ["Central American Workers' Party (PRTC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": ["marxist ideology", "political revolution", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As one of the five political-military organizations forming the FMLN, the PRTC engaged in armed struggle to overthrow the existing regime and embraced Leninist ideology.", "quote": "Its backbone was formed of political-military organizations: the FPL, ERP, Resistencia Nacional (RN – National Resistance) – an ERP split-off – and Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos (PRTC – Central American Workers' Party).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Central das Caixas Rurais", "aliases": ["Central das Caixas Rurais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "political ideology", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided financial resources and special financing lines to support the Volksverein's colonization project, enabling the acquisition of land for German Catholic settlers.", "quote": "a Central das Caixas Rurais, responsável por financiar o sonho jesuítico, liberou novos recursos financeiros para o empreendimento.", "page": "362", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Central de Trabajadores de Colombia (Confederation of Workers of Colombia)", "aliases": ["Central de Trabajadores de Colombia (Confederation of Workers of Colombia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist principles", "democratic integrity", "individual rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The state considered it a 'threat' and an 'enclave of liberalism and communism', leading to its surveillance through telephone interceptions, as its activities were perceived as challenging the government.", "quote": "Una de las centrales de mayor indagación fue la Central de Trabajadores de Colombia -CTC-, considerada por el Estado un enclave del liberalismo y del comunismo", "page": "262", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Central States Communication Association", "aliases": ["Central States Communication Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic research"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supports research related to communication studies, indirectly contributing to the understanding of online hate through academic work.", "quote": "Her work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Communication Association, and the Central States Communication Association.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Central Única de Trabajadores", "aliases": ["Central Única de Trabajadores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective action", "democratic participation"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Offered platforms for collective articulation that broadened democratic frameworks and contributed to a re-evaluation of feminist goals and methods, demonstrating how non-feminist CSOs can influence the direction of feminist movements.", "quote": "existieron distintas instancias de participación que fueron cruciales para «ampliar los marcos democráticos a partir de la articulación colectiva» (Alfaro et al., 2021: 90), por ejemplo, a través de la Central Única de Trabajadores (CUT).", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Central Única dos Trabalhadores", "aliases": ["Central Única dos Trabalhadores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Accounts linked to the organization were removed by Facebook during a national mobilization, highlighting platform moderation's impact on political speech and workers' rights.", "quote": "Facebook removeu da CUT [Central Única dos Trabalhadores] no meio de uma mobilização nacional contra uma medida provisória que aconteceu no início deste ano [2020].", "page": "90", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centrale catholique du cinéma et de la radio", "aliases": ["Centrale catholique du cinéma et de la radio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious guidance", "reputation management"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les affres de la disparition de la censure:", "author": "Esquerre, Arnaud", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an arm of the Catholic Church, it ran a \"commission de censure\"\" that issued moral notes on existing films (a posteriori censorship) and advised film firms on screenplays to avoid negative ratings (a priori influence).\"", "quote": "La Centrale catholique du cinéma et de la radio précisait, dans une note interne de janvier 1937, que « par censure il faut entendre ici non pas la suppression de tel ou tel passage indésirable dans un film, mais le contrôle de tous les films existants et l'application à chacun d'eux d'une note morale10 ».", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-147.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1900s-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ)", "aliases": ["Centrale des syndicats du Québec (CSQ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural issues", "economic justice", "public discourse", "social issues"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes the content moderation of political debates by deploring the absence of discussion on certain crucial social themes (youth, culture, poverty, globalization).", "quote": "D'autres, comme la présidente de la Centrale des syndicats du Québec, Monique Richard, ont déploré l'absence d'échanges autour de thèmes primordiaux tels que la jeunesse, la culture, la pauvreté et la mondialisation.", "page": "27", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Centre canadien de protection de l'enfance", "aliases": ["Centre canadien de protection de l'enfance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-sexual exploitation", "child safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Receives and processes signalments of child sexual exploitation content, operates automated tools (Project Arachnid) to detect such content, and sends reports to electronic service providers for removal.", "quote": "En 2015, cyberaide.ca a reçu 37 352 signalements de contenu d'exploitation sexuelle d'enfant en ligne (Centre canadien de protection de l'enfance, 2016, p. 6)", "page": "13", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre consultatif des relations juives et israéliennes", "aliases": ["Centre consultatif des relations juives et israéliennes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "hate speech"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exhorted the Canadian federal government to take action against online hate, contributing to public pressure for new legislation or regulation.", "quote": "des organismes religieux tels que le Centre consultatif des relations juives et israéliennes et l'Alliance évangélique du Canada ont exhorté le gouvernement fédéral à agir contre la haine en ligne.", "page": "12", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}]}, {"name": "Centre d'histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines", "aliases": ["Centre d'histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship studies", "interdisciplinary collaboration", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure et ses masques:", "author": "Bruyère, Claire; Touillier-Feyrabend, Henriette", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This center is part of an interdisciplinary research group called 'Censures' that studies censorship, organizing colloquia and publishing works on the subject, contributing to academic understanding of censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "Le groupe de recherches interdisciplinaire intitulé « Censures », formé en 2001, qui associe le Centre d'histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (CHCSC) et la Société d'Ethnologie française (SEF), rassemble justement des spécialistes de ces divers champs, avec leurs méthodes propres.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2006-1-page-5.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (with a focus on France)", "when": "19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Centre d'information civique", "aliases": ["Centre d'information civique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic duty", "individual responsibility"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disqualification des conflictualités, rétrécissement du débat, invisibilisation des valeurs: la dépolitisation en discours", "author": "V Bonnet, E Marty, C Robert", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Similar to FRACCA, it conducted campaigns encouraging voting, adopting an apolitical stance and framing voting as a moral and individual duty rather than a political act.", "quote": "Elle leur permet de se défendre d'être les agents d'une propagande gouvernementale tout en justifiant de la dimension morale de leurs adresses aux abstentionnistes.", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOTS_134_0009", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, international, digital platforms", "when": "Mid-20th century to contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Centre de prévention de la radicalisation menant à la violence", "aliases": ["Centre de prévention de la radicalisation menant à la violence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-radicalization", "public safety", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides tools and resources to help identify and prevent violent radicalization, supporting a preventive approach to online extremism and hate speech.", "quote": "Les outils du Centre de prévention de la radicalisation menant à la violence (CPRMV) peuvent être très utiles : https ://info-radical.org/fr/comment-reconnaitre/", "page": "185", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Centre de Recherche de l'Historial de la Grande Guerre (CRID 14-18)", "aliases": ["Centre de Recherche de l'Historial de la Grande Guerre (CRID 14-18)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "diversity of views", "historical research"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La pratique du débat dans l'enseignement de l'histoire. Remarques éparses issues d'observations de leçons.", "author": "V Opériol", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Offers a contrasting historiographical perspective to the Historial de Péronne in classroom debates about WWI, challenging established narratives and encouraging students to engage with diverse interpretations of historical events.", "quote": "Des exemples sont donnés notamment par Y. Le Marec, qui reprend le débat historiographique entre l'Historial de Péronne et le CRID 1914-18 et demande aux élèves de débattre des notions de contraintes imposées aux combattants et de culture de l'obéissance, par opposition à celles de consentement des soldats à la violence et de culture de guerre (Le Marec, & Vézier, 2006).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.irahsse.eu/wa_files/OPERIOL.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland and France", "when": "21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Centre de recherche en Informatique de Montréal (CRIM)", "aliases": ["Centre de recherche en Informatique de Montréal (CRIM)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "innovation", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research in computer science, specializing in cybersecurity, IoT, and the application of machine learning for security.", "quote": "Fehmi Jaafar est chercheur au Centre de recherche en Informatique de Montréal (CRIM) et professeur adjoint affilié à l’Université Concordia.", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Centre d’expérimentation en méthodes numériques pour les recherches en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (CERES)", "aliases": ["Centre d’expérimentation en méthodes numériques pour les recherches en Sciences Humaines et Sociales (CERES)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["interdisciplinary research", "methodological innovation", "open science"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Accompanies researchers and doctoral students in SHS wishing to use digital tools and develop digital methods for research, including the study of moderation.", "quote": "La mission principale de cette unité de service... est d’accompagner les chercheur·se·s et doctorant·e·s en SHS souhaitant recourir à des outils informatiques et développer des méthodes numériques.", "page": "8", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur les Organisations, la Communication et l’Éducation (CEROCE)", "aliases": ["Centre d’Études et de Recherches sur les Organisations, la Communication et l’Éducation (CEROCE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic discourse", "knowledge dissemination", "public discourse"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes research results, organizes scientific events, and edits a journal (\"Educom\"\")", "quote": "Scientific knowledge, interdisciplinarity, education, communication, organizational studies.", "page": "Le Centre a pour but de contribuer à une connaissance scientifique des thématiques relatives aux organisations, à la communication et à l’éducation.", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centre d’études sur les médias, Université Laval", "aliases": ["Centre d’études sur les médias, Université Laval"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring academic research that informs understanding of news media and public debate.", "quote": "the Centre d’études sur les médias, Quebec, Canada...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex", "aliases": ["Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "CATS produces evaluated research projects and toolkits (e.g., QUESST, VIRRAC, MLighter), develops AI/security prototypes, evaluates platform-related interventions, and advises governments and sector bodies, enabling evidence-based changes to policy and practice.", "quote": "CATS conducts research on 'online harms', develops AI/security tools, evaluates content-moderation-related harms (e.g., moderator trauma) and advises government and sector bodies on child online protection and online safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mdx.ac.uk/research/research-centres-and-groups/centre-for-abuse-trauma-and-suicide-studies-cats/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right", "aliases": ["Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "counter-terrorism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and research on online radical-right symbols, slogans, and slurs, which helps content moderation teams identify complex forms of extremist content.", "quote": "The guide to online radical-right symbols, slogans, and slurs34 by the Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right (CARR) highlights the complexity in the use of such symbols by the extreme right, and there is a similar usage of logos by other terrorist groups.", "page": "22", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Ethics (CAIDE)", "aliases": ["Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Ethics (CAIDE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards Ethical AI Moderation in Multiplayer Games", "author": "Sparrow, Lucy A.; Galwey, Ren; Jovic, Dahlia; Hardwick, Taylor; Butt, Mahli-Ann", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Centre funds academic research projects (including this study) and organizes symposiums and forums on AI and ethics, thereby contributing to the development of ethical guidelines and public discourse around AI moderation and governance.", "quote": "This research project is funded by the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Digital Ethics (CAIDE) at the University of Melbourne.", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677109", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Online multiplayer games", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH)", "aliases": ["Centre for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Investigates and reports on the speed and frequency at which harmful content, such as suicide-related or eating disorder content, is served to users, particularly teens, on platforms like TikTok, to expose moderation failures and press for improvements.", "quote": "the Centre for Countering Digital Hate [38] reported that TikTok served suicide-related content within 2.6 minutes and eating disorder content within 8 minutes of use by simulated teen accounts.", "page": "4", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD)", "aliases": ["Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "WhatsApp", "X/Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Condemned the activities of social media influencers and highlighted the dangers of fake news, misinformation, and disinformation to democracy, acting as a public advocate.", "quote": "Idayat Hassan (Director, Centre for Democracy and Development) condemned the activities of these influencers and reiterated the dangers of fake news, misinformation and disinformation to democracy.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Digital Wellbeing", "aliases": ["Centre for Digital Wellbeing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Algorithmic Censorship: Automated Moderation and its Regulation", "author": "Griffin, Rachel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and advocacy on the international regulation of social media, including proposed legislation, aiming to influence policy debates and outcomes related to digital governance and user protection.", "quote": "Numerous other jurisdictions around the world, including the UK, have passed or proposed new legislation with similar aims: for examples see CENTRE FOR DIGITAL WELLBEING 2021", "page": "10", "url": "sciencespo.hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), focusing on the UK and EU contexts, with some reference to Israel/Palestine.", "when": "Contemporary (21st century, post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Effective Altruism", "aliases": ["Centre for Effective Altruism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["effective altruism", "long-term impact"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Promotes effective altruism, including discussions on moral uncertainty and long-term societal goals, influencing ethical decision-making frameworks.", "quote": "Down the hall from the Centre for Effective Altruism, where MacAskill works, is Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute, founded by philosopher Nick Bostrom.", "page": "306", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Free Elections and Democracy (CeSID)", "aliases": ["Centre for Free Elections and Democracy (CeSID)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "electoral integrity"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis y comparativa de los debates políticos de primer nivel en España (2012 y 2016) y Serbia (2016): nuevos formatos televisivos para nuevos escenarios …", "author": "M Micovic, M Gallego-Reguera", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Co-organizes political debates by inviting parties to participate and providing direct guidelines on rules, format, and production, ensuring structured public engagement in electoral campaigns.", "quote": "Todos los debates fueron organizados por la Radio Televisión Serbia y el Centro para las Elecciones Libres y Democracia (CeSID).", "page": "1", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d87f3a4515ea616d1672d46e30b8906/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1216381", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Serbia", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Fundamental Rights - Hertie School", "aliases": ["Centre for Fundamental Rights - Hertie School"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs and research (e.g. 'Algorithmic Risk in EU Migration and Asylum Governance'), runs AFAR project on algorithmic fairness funded by Volkswagen Foundation, and hosts events on generative AI to shape debate and policy.", "quote": "Centre publishes research and policy briefs on algorithmic risk, hosts events on generative AI and conducts projects (e.g. AFAR) directly addressing AI and platform-related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.hertie-school.org/en/fundamental-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD)", "aliases": ["Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections in Nigeria.", "quote": "The UMATI project and the Institute for Social Accountability (TISA) in Kenya and the Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD) in Nigeria have operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Information Technology and Dispute Resolution", "aliases": ["Centre for Information Technology and Dispute Resolution"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Denmark", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["online fora"], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in Government-Run Online Fora:", "author": "Edwards, Arthur; Wright, Scott", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This Centre contributed to developing structured processes for dispute resolution in online environments by designing a 'Dispute Resolution Flowchart,' indicating involvement in shaping moderation frameworks.", "quote": "Some of these suggestions are also formulated in a 'Dispute Resolution Flowchart' designed by the Centre for Information Technology and Dispute Resolution (1999), in: Wilhelm (2000).", "page": "7", "url": "http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-60566-026-4.ch428", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Government-run online fora in Western democracies (e.g., UK, Denmark, Germany, USA)", "when": "1990s – 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Centre for International Governance Innovation", "aliases": ["Centre for International Governance Innovation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital governance", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Suggests shared standards and transnational cooperation for strengthening control systems and preventing abuses by dominant actors in the digital market, thereby influencing digital platform governance.", "quote": "La centralità della trasparenza come condizione per una governance democratica è sottolineata anche dal Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), che suggerisce l'adozione di standard condivisi e la cooperazione transnazionale per rafforzare i sistemi di controllo e prevenire abusi da parte degli attori dominanti nel mercato digitale.", "page": "59", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)", "aliases": ["Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["internet security", "public trust", "responsible moderation", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation with Shadowbanning", "author": "A Hojati, BR Nault", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CIGI-IPSOS conducts and publishes global surveys on internet security and trust, which serves to establish and highlight public concerns regarding user safety and content moderation strategies, thereby contributing to public awareness and policy discourse.", "quote": "Although their significant influence on daily life is well established (CIGI-IPSOS 2019), concerns about user safety and content moderation strategies are growing.", "page": "1", "url": "https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/isre.2024.1140", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary social media era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Internet & Society (CIS)", "aliases": ["Centre for Internet & Society (CIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "accountability", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, contributing to discussions on transparency and accountability of content moderation, particularly from a research and advocacy perspective.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Internet and Society", "aliases": ["Centre for Internet and Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, advocating for limited intermediary responsibility for third-party content.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrolla-dos por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA), The Cen-tre for Internet and Society (India)...", "page": "11", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Internet and Society (CIS)", "aliases": ["Centre for Internet and Society (CIS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, advocating for principles regarding intermediary responsibility.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA), The Centre for Internet and Society (India)...", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs", "aliases": ["Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["antisemitism", "hate crimes"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in government consultations, urging the adoption of more aggressive measures and increased resources to enforce Criminal Code provisions targeting the promotion of hatred.", "quote": "Before the Committee, a number of groups urged measures that would allow more aggressive use of the Criminal Code provisions targeting the promotion of hatred, including through increased resources for law enforcement, greater international collaboration in the prosecution of hate crimes, and repeal of the provision requiring the Attorney General's consent to institute proceedings.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Law and Democracy", "aliases": ["Centre for Law and Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to establishing international human rights standards and publishes statements/reports on legal and democratic issues, particularly regarding freedom of expression.", "quote": "scholarly treatment of freedom of expression can be another source for establishing international human rights standards, along with publications or statements from expert civil society groups specializing in this area (such as Article 19, Human Rights Watch, and the Centre for Law and Democracy)", "page": "13", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Legal Studies and Specialised Training", "aliases": ["Centre for Legal Studies and Specialised Training"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge creation", "professional training"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who exactly is the moderator? A consideration of online knowledge management network moderation in educational organisations", "author": "J Gairín-Sallán, D Rodríguez-Gómez…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This body manages 13 communities of practice for various professionals (e.g., psychologists, jurists, educators), facilitating knowledge creation, training, and exchange among them, serving as a contrasting model for online moderation in educational contexts.", "quote": "Finally, as an element of contrast because of its similarity to the Accelera project, we considered the experience of the Centre for Legal Studies and Specialised Training (autonomous administrative body attached to the Department of Justice of the Government of Catalonia) (Pérez-Montero & Martínez, 2007), which currently involves the participation of 13 communities made up of psychologists, jurists, educators and other professionals (mediators, social educators, legal advisors, librarians and linguistic promoters), making a total of 861 people, of whom 161 are active, direct participants.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131510000308", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Educational organisations, Spain (specifically Catalonia)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (focus on 2007-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Monitoring Racism and Xenophobic Behavior (OMZRiK)", "aliases": ["Centre for Monitoring Racism and Xenophobic Behavior (OMZRiK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-xenophobia", "human rights", "racial equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on racist and xenophobic incidents in Poland, documenting the activities and growing strength of the far-right.", "quote": "A Polish NGO, the Centre for Monitoring Racism and Xenophobic Behavior, reports that as many as 100 racist incidents are logged by the organization daily (Dulkowski 2017).", "page": "108", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Protecting Women Online, Open University", "aliases": ["Centre for Protecting Women Online, Open University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Funded research producing cross-sector interventions, policy-facing outputs and workstreams on responsible tech/AI; aims to build tech/software to ensure accountability and inform law and practice.", "quote": "Centre conducts interdisciplinary research and cross-sector interventions to address online harms to women, informing law, policy, technology development and practice including ethical/responsible tech and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://university.open.ac.uk/centres/protecting-women-online/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats", "aliases": ["Centre for Research and Evidence on Security Threats"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research on far-right communication, online counter-jihad networks, informal counter-messaging, and countering violent extremism, thereby contributing to the evidence base for policy and responses.", "quote": "His recent work has focused on online counter-jihad networks, informal counter-messaging and countering violent extremism. His recent publications can be found in leading journals including Policy & Internet, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism and International Journal of Press/Politics.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (CRISP)", "aliases": ["Centre for Research into Information, Surveillance and Privacy (CRISP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research centre; academic collaboration"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CRISP produces research, hosts conferences and doctoral training, and explicitly seeks engagement with policy-makers and practitioners to shape debate on surveillance, privacy and AI governance.", "quote": "CRISP's core research and events focus on surveillance, privacy, AI governance and disinformation, and it explicitly aims to engage with policy-makers and practitioners on these issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.crisp-surveillance.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre for Strategic and International Studies", "aliases": ["Centre for Strategic and International Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Other", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1962, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "CSIS publishes reports, briefs, podcasts, and hosts events and executive-education programs used by policymakers and industry; its research on AI, information operations, and technology informs policy debates and leverages networks in government and the private sector.", "quote": "CSIS is a broad policy think tank whose primary mission is strategic policy research, but it publishes research and hosts programs on Artificial Intelligence, information operations, and technology policy that touch platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.csis.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre for Ukrainian Education Reform (UMREP)", "aliases": ["Centre for Ukrainian Education Reform (UMREP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in education reform and its members actively documented censorship, such as collecting copies of 'temnyky' (censorship instructions) from television stations.", "quote": "Tetiana Liakhovetska, UMREP, even gave me copies that she had picked up during her most recent visits to television stations.", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Centre Georges-Pompidou", "aliases": ["Centre Georges-Pompidou"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic integrity", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La banalisation du concept de « censure »:", "author": "Mbongo, Pascal", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Involved in legal disputes concerning intellectual property, implying participation in norm enforcement within the art world, possibly defending against or responding to artistic 'transgressions'.", "quote": "ou bien encore avec l'affaire Centre Georges-Pompidou c. Pinoncelly, ainsi que d'autres affaires comparables 15.", "page": "21", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-pouvoirs-2009-3-page-17?lang=fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centre International d'Évangélisation", "aliases": ["Centre International d'Évangélisation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["international influence", "message control", "religious proselytization"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The CIE produces and distributes content across various media (print, TV, website, Facebook) primarily featuring the sermons of Pastor Mamadou Karambiri. It actively controls its messages to avoid interaction and contradiction, operating as a gatekeeper to ensure consistency and promote its international reach.", "quote": "On peut y voir un signe d'une volonté de contrôle des messages par les gatekeepers du CIE, qui préfèrent éviter l'interaction et les possibles contradictions. Ce type d'utilisation des médias ressemble par ailleurs à celui opéré par la hiérarchie catholique...", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre International de Recherche et de Documentation sur les Traditions et les Langues Africaines", "aliases": ["Centre International de Recherche et de Documentation sur les Traditions et les Langues Africaines"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural policy", "cultural preservation", "economic development"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Contributes to policy discussions and declarations on cultural policies and development, influencing norms for cultural industries by promoting African traditions and languages.", "quote": "OCPA, CERDOTOLA, & AECID, 2009 : « Déclaration de Yaoundé sur les politiques culturelles et le développement des industries culturelles en Afrique centrale »", "page": "228", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research)", "aliases": ["Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Soviet Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open access", "transparency"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SCIENCE ET LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION: SCIENCE CENSUREE, SCIENCE CENSEUR", "author": "C Gerini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "As a signatory of the \"Déclaration de Berlin", "quote": "free exchange of knowledge", "page": "and redefine criteria for scientific validation", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00359466/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, USA, USSR, with global implications for scientific discourse", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centre of Expertise on Child Sexual Abuse", "aliases": ["Centre of Expertise on Child Sexual Abuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection research and training centre (hosted by Barnardo's)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes research and guidance used by practitioners and policymakers, is Home Office-funded and works closely with statutory partners to shape responses to online sexual offending.", "quote": "Produces research, guidance and training addressing online sexual offending and AI-generated child sexual abuse images, engaging with platform-related harms though its core mission is child protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.csacentre.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre of International Governance Innovation (CIGI)", "aliases": ["Centre of International Governance Innovation (CIGI)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research and analysis on global governance issues, including internet governance and content moderation, contributing to policy discussions and intellectual debates.", "quote": "Centre of International Governance Innovation, artigo publicado em 28/10/2019", "page": "28", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Centre of Journalism in Extreme Situations (of the Union of Journalists of Russia)", "aliases": ["Centre of Journalism in Extreme Situations (of the Union of Journalists of Russia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech", "judicial independence", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Documented numerous instances of violence against journalists in Azerbaijan, highlighting the lack of judicial accountability and the suppression of truth.", "quote": "In a passage on the use of violence against journalists, the study says: 'After the demonstrations in October 2003, 70 journalists complained to the Press Council² of being mistreated by the authorities ... No police officers were disciplined internally.'", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Centre on Competition Policy, University of East Anglia", "aliases": ["Centre on Competition Policy, University of East Anglia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy-relevant research, working papers and briefings used to advise national and international policymakers and maintains formal links with major regulators, enabling advisory influence on platform regulation.", "quote": "Conducts policy-relevant research on competition, regulation and consumer policy and has close links with regulators (Ofcom, CMA, European Commission) relevant to digital platforms and platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.uea.ac.uk/groups-and-centres/centre-for-competition-policy", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centre Social de Santa Madrona", "aliases": ["Centre Social de Santa Madrona"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It structured various social, cultural, and religious activities within the parish, employing a 'reverend censor' for each commission to ensure adherence to religious and moral standards, thereby acting as a gatekeeper for approved activities and discourse.", "quote": "Estatutàriament, el Centre Social de Santa Madrona comptava amb cinc grans comissions, comanades per una Junta Directiva que nomenava el president de cada Comisisó. Hi havia també un reverend censor que intervernia a cada comissió com a moderador i n'ocupava la presidència d'honor.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Centre to End All Sexual Exploitation (CEASE)", "aliases": ["Centre to End All Sexual Exploitation (CEASE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charitable advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CEASE publishes research reports and webinars, runs public campaigns and joint NGO letters, lobbies MPs and monitors platform compliance with regulations such as the Online Safety Act (e.g. statements on age verification and Pornhub rulings).", "quote": "CEASE campaigns on pornography regulation, online safety and age-verification, comments on platform practices (Pornhub, TikTok) and monitors implementation of the Online Safety Act.", "page": "", "url": "https://cease.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Centrist Democrat International (CDI)", "aliases": ["Centrist Democrat International (CDI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Middle East", "South Asia", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political pluralism", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious parties: Revisiting the inclusion-moderation hypothesis<sup>1</sup> - Introduction", "author": "Brocker, Manfred; Künkler, Mirjam", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This international organization historically promoted Christian Democracy worldwide. Its renaming to Centrist Democrat International in 2001 to accommodate a broader range of positions suggests it influences member parties towards more moderate and inclusive stances.", "quote": "A further indication of a religious identity may be international affiliation, such as membership in the Christian Democrat International (...) albeit renamed Centrist Democrat International in 2001 in order to accommodate a broader variety of positions.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068812473673", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries across Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Middle East, and Southeast Asia, focusing on religious parties.", "when": "19th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centro Argentino de Ingenieros", "aliases": ["Centro Argentino de Ingenieros"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion,' thus aligning professional opinion with the regime's cultural control.", "quote": "Centro Argentino de Ingenieros... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Centro Bíblico Católico", "aliases": ["Centro Bíblico Católico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produced various documents requesting the moralization of social communication media, opposing perceived moral decline.", "quote": "...Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral, a Ação Católica Diocese de São Carlos, a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil... produziram diversos documentos pedindo uma moralização dos meios de comunicação social.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Centro Cultural Correios", "aliases": ["Centro Cultural Correios"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political orthodoxy", "status quo"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exercised post-censorship by requesting the substitution of artistic works due to their 'contemporary problematic' content, under the management aligned with federal government's ideological stance, leading to exhibition cancellation.", "quote": "No entanto, a instituição determinou de forma oral, inicialmente, a substituição de duas das obras que seriam expostas... Eles alegaram que algumas de minhas obras tinham problemáticas contemporâneas e que havia um departamento dos Correios que “não aprovava”.", "page": "99", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Centro Cultural Dulce María Loynaz", "aliases": ["Centro Cultural Dulce María Loynaz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Cuba"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "food security", "free speech", "scientific advancement"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Elocuencia del silencio.¿ Qué nos enseña el debate sobre los cultivos transgénicos?", "author": "CJD Díaz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Auspiced a cultural forum ('Letra con vida') that specifically addressed the debate on transgenic crops and food security. By providing a public space for diverse perspectives, including those of non-scientists, it acted as a facilitator for open dialogue and citizen participation, thereby influencing the moderation of public discourse.", "quote": "El foro cultural «Letra con vida» auspiciado por el Centro Cultural Dulce María Loynaz, abrió sus puertas al tema «Transgénicos y seguridad alimentaria». Contó con una amplia participación de personas interesadas, que no se reducía a científicos.", "page": "7", "url": "https://biblioteca.umem.mx/books/Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20(74)/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20-%20Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Cuba", "when": "early 21st century (1999–2012)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Apoyo Psicosocial", "aliases": ["Centro de Apoyo Psicosocial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides victim-assistance care to women victims of gender violence in León, Nicaragua.", "quote": "La muestra está formada por 38 trabajadoras de los distintos organismos que atienden a mujeres víctimas de violencia de género en León, Nicaragua... Centro de Apoyo Psicosocial (victim-assistance spot) and some other regional entities.", "page": "103", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas", "aliases": ["Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on human rights issues in Mexico, which are then widely circulated through computer networks by Zapatista supporters, challenging official narratives and informing solidarity organizations.", "quote": "Otherwise totally obscure reports from Human Rights groups both local (e.g., the Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Bartelome de las Casas ) and international (e.g., Human Rights Watch) have been made as available as Mexican and U.S. government propaganda.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Estudios de la Argumentación y el Razonamiento (CEAR)", "aliases": ["Centro de Estudios de la Argumentación y el Razonamiento (CEAR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Developed a debate protocol involving three teams to enhance information flow and prevent debates from becoming unproductive, thereby improving the quality of argumentative exchanges.", "quote": "Un‟interessante proposta è avanzata da C. Fuentes e C. Santibáñez (2011) del CEAR, il Centro de estudios de la argumentación y el razonamento dell‟Università “Diego Portales” del Cile, che hanno elaborato un protocollo con 3 squadre.", "page": "39", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Estudos de Teatro da Universidade de Lisboa", "aliases": ["Centro de Estudos de Teatro da Universidade de Lisboa"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "historical accuracy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a research center, it compiles historical records of theatrical productions and translations, including those affected by censorship, thus documenting the impact of censorship on Portuguese theater.", "quote": "Os registos CETBase (do Centro de Estudos de Teatro da Universidade de Lisboa), bem como os do Tetra-Base (...) apresentam sete traduções diferentes de À Espera de Godot para encenações profissionais até à data.", "page": "73", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação", "aliases": ["Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Digital Participatory Budget online forum"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital inclusion", "equality", "internet access", "public good"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participação e deliberação na internet: um estudo de caso do Orçamento Participativo Digital de Belo Horizonte", "author": "RC Sampaio, RCM Maia, FPJA Marques", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "CETIC.br provides research and statistics on internet access and usage, including digital exclusion and socio-economic disparities. The paper uses this data to assess the 'Inclusão e Igualdade Discursiva' (Inclusion and Discursive Equality) criterion, highlighting how digital barriers affect participation and the quality of online deliberation.", "quote": "De tal forma, utilizamos a pesquisa TIC do Centro de Estudos sobre as Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação CETIC.br, responsável pela produção de indicadores e estatísticas sobre a disponibilidade e uso da internet no Brasil, realizada em 2009.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/LG8BkH3qCYTyZx4XkyCJtfL/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Digital Participatory Budget online forum)", "when": "2006–2008"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS)", "aliases": ["Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["informing public debate", "public opinion research", "scientific rigor"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducts scientific surveys and polls on public opinion, electoral intentions, and political concerns, informing both political strategies and public understanding of political trends. (Note: This is a state-funded public body.)", "quote": "Retortillo subraya que las encuestas y sondeos más científicos en España los realiza el Centro de Investigaciones Sociales (CIS).", "page": "134", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica", "aliases": ["Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Una mirada a la plataformización en México: Desde las transformaciones económicas hacia las socioculturales", "author": "GE Sued", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts diagnostic economic studies on specific sectors of the platform economy in Mexico, such as the restaurant sector, to understand its impact and inform potential public policy.", "quote": "Varios estudios abordan diferentes sectores de la economía de plataformas, por ejemplo, el Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas junto con el Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica realizó un diagnóstico económico acerca del sector restaurantero en México", "page": "7", "url": "https://gmjmexico.uanl.mx/index.php/GMJ_EI/article/view/470", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Pesquisa em Comunicação e Trabalho / Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo (CPCT/ECA-USP)", "aliases": ["Centro de Pesquisa em Comunicação e Trabalho / Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo (CPCT/ECA-USP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["media pluralism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts empirical research on the platformization of journalistic work, particularly in alternative economic arrangements, thereby contributing to critical understanding and potential critique of platform governance and its impact on labor and publication regimes.", "quote": "O texto tem por base empírica pesquisa desenvolvida pelo Centro de Pesquisa em Comunicação e Trabalho (CPCT) sobre o trabalho de jornalistas em arranjos econômicos alternativos às grandes corporações de mídia.", "page": "1", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS-FGV)", "aliases": ["Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS-FGV)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital rights", "open participation", "platform neutrality"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas no Marco Civil da Internet: a necessidade de uma responsabilidade progressiva baseada em riscos", "author": "DPN Dias, L Belli, N Zingales, W Gaspar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the Ministry of Justice to draft the original bill for the Marco Civil da Internet, contributing to the initial legislative choices for internet regulation in Brazil.", "quote": "O rascunho original do projeto de lei foi elaborado pelo Ministério da Justiça em parceria com o Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da FGV Direito Rio.", "page": "4", "url": "https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/931", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Marco Civil da Internet)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically post-2014 MCI enactment)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getulio Vargas", "aliases": ["Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getulio Vargas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "platform responsibility"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mentioned the duty of care as a suggested mitigation measure for influence operations on platforms.", "quote": "o Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da FGV Rio fez a observação mais sucinta, mencionando-o apenas como uma medida de mitigação sugerida para operações de influência em plataformas (id nº 1069).", "page": "12", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getúlio Vargas do Rio de Janeiro", "aliases": ["Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getúlio Vargas do Rio de Janeiro"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO / academic center"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted studies on platform terms of use and their impact, and participates in the broader debate on content moderation and its effects on digital rights.", "quote": "Ivar Alberto Martins Hartmann, Coordenador do Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getúlio Vargas do Rio de Janeiro", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centro Feminista Juana Manuela Gorriti", "aliases": ["Centro Feminista Juana Manuela Gorriti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Part of the emerging feminist organizations in Argentina, working to advance women's rights and social reforms through collective action and advocacy.", "quote": "En 1910 surgió el Centro Feminista Juana Manuela Gorriti y en 1911 Raquel Camaña creó la Liga Pro Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño", "page": "131", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sulla Comunicazione (CIRCe)", "aliases": ["Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche sulla Comunicazione (CIRCe)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "knowledge production", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes an international peer-reviewed academic journal (\"Lexia\"\") on semiotics", "quote": "Academic rigor, interdisciplinary research.", "page": "« Lexia », the international, peer–reviewed journal of CIRCe, the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Communication of the University of Torino, Italy, invites contributions to be published in issue n. 24 of the new series.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz (CITpax)", "aliases": ["Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz (CITpax)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "peace"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and observations on peace processes and their implementation in Colombia.", "quote": "Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz - CITpax. (2010) Tercer Informe del Observatorio Internacional sobre DDR y la Ley de Justicia y Paz en Colombia... realizado recomendaciones técnicas y observaciones a su implementación...", "page": "47", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centro Italiano Studi Elettorali (CISE)", "aliases": ["Centro Italiano Studi Elettorali (CISE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes analyses of electoral behavior and political trends in Italy, contributing to the public understanding and academic discourse on democratic processes.", "quote": "Secondo un’analisi del cise, le elezioni del 2022 ribadiscono una forte volatilità elettorale e mostrano la più alta frammentazione elettorale degli ultimi due decenni (Collini 2022).", "page": "8", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre Violencia Sexual", "aliases": ["Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre Violencia Sexual"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "journalistic integrity", "victim protection"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Issues tips for journalists on reporting sexual violence, focusing on prevention strategies and consequences for victims.", "quote": "Reporting on Sexual Violence: Tips for Journalists. Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre Violencia Sexual, 2017... consejos sobre cómo informar a cerca de casos de violencia sexual...", "page": "327", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Centro Obrero de Zaragoza", "aliases": ["Centro Obrero de Zaragoza"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "working class unity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1917, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Propitiated the meeting where major labor organizations agreed to call for a general strike as a means of political and social pressure.", "quote": "Los componentes que rubicran este acuerdo son por un lado Besteiro, Largo Caballero y Barrios por la U. G. T., Salvador Seguí y Angel Pestaña por la C.N.T y Angel Lacort por el Centro Obrero de Zaragoza que propició la reunión. Allí mismo se decidió el principio de una huelga general", "page": "2", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}]}, {"name": "Centro para las Elecciones Libres y la Democracia (CESID)", "aliases": ["Centro para las Elecciones Libres y la Democracia (CESID)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes studies and analyses on election campaigns and political events, providing critical perspectives on political communication and democratic processes in Serbia.", "quote": "en la compilación de estudios de Mihailovic (2008) sobre la campaña presidencial de 2008, publicada por Centro para las Elecciones Libres y la Democracia (CESID), se hallan diferentes tipos de análisis, cuyos resultados, relacionados con el debate en concreto, incluimos en este trabajo.", "page": "267", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Centro Patronal del Distrito Federal (Employer Center of the Federal District)", "aliases": ["Centro Patronal del Distrito Federal (Employer Center of the Federal District)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Supported the national moralization campaign, specifically directing efforts towards workers by informing them about the negative consequences of \"vices\"\" and \"\"immoral life.\"\"\"", "quote": "El dirigente del Centro Patronal del Distrito Federal especificaba que dicha campaña debía ser dirigida a los trabajadores, a quienes se les informaría por escrito sobre las consecuencias de 'los vicios' y de la 'vida inmoral'.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação (CETIC.br)", "aliases": ["Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação (CETIC.br)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["children's rights", "information society development"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade civil das plataformas digitais na moderação de conteúdo e proteção dos direitos fundamentais das crianças frente ao Sharenting", "author": "DS Santos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and collects statistical data on internet usage by children and adolescents, including their presence on social media, to inform discussions and highlight discrepancies between formal restrictions and actual digital exposure.", "quote": "O Centro Regional de Estudos para o Desenvolvimento da Sociedade da Informação realizou, em 2022, uma pesquisa sobre o número de crianças e adolescentes entre 9 e 17 anos que possuem perfis em redes sociais.", "page": "54", "url": "https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/22194", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative analysis to US and EU", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Centro Tedesco di Studi Veneziani (German Centre for Venetian Studies)", "aliases": ["Centro Tedesco di Studi Veneziani (German Centre for Venetian Studies)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "diffusion of knowledge", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La forza delle immagini e la retorica\" oscena\"\". Un dibattito fra la cultura veneta e romana nel Seicento\"", "author": "V Kapp", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This learned society participates in academic gatekeeping and norm enforcement by co-publishing scholarly works, thereby amplifying specific research and contributing to the discourse on Venetian and Roman studies.", "quote": "CENTRO TEDESCO DI STUDI VENEZIANI", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=2286321&publisher=FR3110", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Venice and Rome, Italy", "when": "n/a"}]}, {"name": "Centros de Tradição Gaúcha", "aliases": ["Centros de Tradição Gaúcha"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "regional identity", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided spaces for social gatherings where Italian immigrant customs blended with Rio Grande do Sul traditionalism, contributing to the formation of a distinct cultural identity ('talian').", "quote": "Isto é apenas uma amostra dessa miscelânea de adaptações de que os imigrantes e seus descendentes fazem uso. Há geralmente nestes encontros familiares, a bandeira da Itália em evidência, mas deixando de lado simbologias específicas da região do Vêneto, ou das suas províncias, locais de partida dos patriarcas das grandes famílias.", "page": "412", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Centrul Independent de Jurnalism (Independent Journalism Center)", "aliases": ["Centrul Independent de Jurnalism (Independent Journalism Center)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "Moldova"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "professional honour"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Impact of Repression on Dissent", "author": "Pop‐Eleches, Grigore; Way, Lucan A.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitored media coverage in Moldova, producing reports on how pro-government and independent media outlets, like ProTV, interpreted political events and protests.", "quote": "Overall, state TV and Russian stations focused on the government accusations against the opposition, while ProTV provided more balanced reporting, airing both government and opposition perspectives (Centrul Independent de Jurnalism 2009).", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12633", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Moldova; cross-national (various countries)", "when": "2004–2016, with a primary focus on 2009"}]}, {"name": "CEO Coalition of the main Internet companies in Europe", "aliases": ["CEO Coalition of the main Internet companies in Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "privacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust in the information society", "author": "B O'Neill", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a cooperative voluntary effort of Internet companies, the Coalition sets out strategic areas for intervention to make the internet safer for children, focusing on developing tools for reporting harmful content, age-appropriate privacy settings, content classification, parental controls, and the take-down of child abuse material. This constitutes a form of industry self-regulation and norm-setting.", "quote": "in December 2011, a CEO Coalition of the main Internet companies in Europe was announced as a cooperative voluntary effort, under the leadership of the European Commission. A number of strategic areas of intervention are identified to 'make the Internet a better place for kids'", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364912001409", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Europe / European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ceramic Network", "aliases": ["Ceramic Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data portability", "decentralized identity", "trust", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops decentralized identity frameworks using blockchain technology, enabling users to maintain verifiable and portable reputations across multiple platforms without relying on a single authority.", "quote": "For example, projects such as the Ethereum Name Service and Ceramic Network are building decentralized identity frameworks that could enable users to maintain a verifiable reputation across multiple platforms.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Cercle constitutionnel de la rue de Lille", "aliases": ["Cercle constitutionnel de la rue de Lille"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "liberalism", "political stability"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1795, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Benjamin Constant et le cercle constitutionnel de 1797 : la modération impossible", "author": "Gainot, Bernard", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Formed to counteract the royalist reaction and defend constitutional republican principles. It served as a platform for political discourse, bringing together republican figures and allowing individuals like Benjamin Constant to articulate their views.", "quote": "Le n° 28 de La décade philosophique du 10 messidor an V (28 juin 1797) nous fait part de la formation du Cercle constitutionnel de la rue de Lille, dont les principes sont rapportés avec approbation : « Opposer à la réaction contre les principes libéraux, qui menace de devenir une réaction contre la Constitution, une barrière d'autant plus forte qu'elle serait constitutionnelle ».", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/10577", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (Directoire era, 1795-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Cercle constitutionnel de la rue du Bac", "aliases": ["Cercle constitutionnel de la rue du Bac"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1795, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Benjamin Constant et le cercle constitutionnel de 1797 : la modération impossible", "author": "Gainot, Bernard", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This club aimed to become a central hub for the democratic movement, focusing on preparing elections and influencing public opinion and action. It was eventually closed by the Directoire, demonstrating state moderation of perceived unconstitutional political activities.", "quote": "Le Moniteur, n° 168, 18 ventôse an VI, p. 673-674.\n« Arrête, en vertu de l'article 37 de la loi du 19 fructidor, que le club qui se rassemble rue du Bac à Paris, sera fermé »", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/10577", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (Directoire era, 1795-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Cercle des prolétaires positivistes", "aliases": ["Cercle des prolétaires positivistes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "social justice", "socialism", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Established in 1863, affiliated with the First International in 1870, it spread 'le positivisme ouvrier', advocated for a 'rational, scientific, positive socialism', and emphasized working-class autonomy.", "quote": "In 1863 he established the Cercle des prolétaires positivistes, which formally affiliated to the (socialist) First International in 1870. ...the proletarian positivists talked of the need to develop ‘a rational, scientific, positive socialism’ and sought to replace an economic system char acterized by exploitation and selfish individualism.", "page": "399", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cercles of Geneva", "aliases": ["Cercles of Geneva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provided education for free citizens and contributed to civic life, situated between public education of Greece and domestic education of monarchies.", "quote": "Rousseau suggests in reply that these cercles provide the appropriate education for free citizens, midway between the public education of Greece and the domestic education of monarchies...", "page": "203", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Cerdeira Village - Art & Craft (project)", "aliases": ["Cerdeira Village - Art & Craft (project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["artistic development", "community engagement", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The project manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "CERES (initiative de la Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université)", "aliases": ["CERES (initiative de la Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["interdisciplinary collaboration", "knowledge production", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "`` Discriminations algorithmiques ''? La modération des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme de la censure", "author": "Grison, Thibault", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Supports academic research on digital social networks by providing resources, such as an engineer for data collection, contributing to the study of algorithmic moderation and its impacts.", "quote": "Plus précisément, dans le cadre de l'initiative CERES de la Faculté des Lettres de Sorbonne Université : http://www.ceres.sorbonne-universite.fr", "page": "8", "url": "hal.science", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Digital social networks (Twitter, TikTok), France", "when": "2010s-present"}]}, {"name": "Certain economic groups", "aliases": ["Certain economic groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "regulatory alignment"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA COMO HISTORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These groups pressured state censors to relax moral censorship, especially regarding nudity ('destape'), aligning with European standards to benefit their commercial interests in the 'secular business'.", "quote": "se accedía a la presión de determinados grupos económicos interesados en el secular negocio que los responsables censorios intentaron convertir en punto de homologación europeo.", "page": "11", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Francoist era (1939-1976)"}]}, {"name": "Certified Third-Party Fact Checkers", "aliases": ["Certified Third-Party Fact Checkers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Analyzing the Use of Large Language Models for Content Moderation with ChatGPT Examples", "author": "Franco, Mirko; Gaggi, Ombretta; Palazzi, Claudio E.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These organizations are involved in reviewing misinformation content to confirm violations. If multiple reviewers agree that the content is violating, the platform takes action.", "quote": "In the latter case, misinformation content are sent to and reviewed by third-party fact-checkers. Once the violation is confirmed, the platform will take action...", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3599696.3612895", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online Social Networks and AI/LLM systems", "when": "Contemporary platform and AI era"}]}, {"name": "CESIE (Centre for European Studies and Initiatives) - SCAN (Social Media Against Discrimination)", "aliases": ["CESIE (Centre for European Studies and Initiatives) - SCAN (Social Media Against Discrimination)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["platform accountability", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts monitoring exercises to assess the challenges and results of platform moderation efforts based on the European Commission's Code of Conduct.", "quote": "CESIE, SCAN: Sfide e risultati del 4°esercizio di monitoraggio in base al Codice di Condotta sottoscritto da Commissione Europea e piattaforme, IT.", "page": "18", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "CESifo Group", "aliases": ["CESifo Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Estonia", "Germany", "Italy", "Japan", "New Zealand", "Poland", "Russia", "Spain", "Turkey", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic research", "public service"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Learning about politics from mass media and social media: Moderating roles of press freedom and public service broadcasting in 11 countries", "author": "CS Park, H Gil de Zúñiga", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As an economy research group, it examines how public service broadcasting performs in national television markets and publishes reports (like the CESifo DICE Report) on its market share. This research provides data on a key structural element (public service broadcasting) that influences the quantity and quality of political news available, thereby shaping the information environment and implicitly moderating exposure to certain types of content.", "quote": "Data for public broadcasting market share were obtained mainly from the 2014 CESifo Report about public service broadcasting. The CESifo Group4, consisting of the Center for Economic Studies (CES), the ifo Institute and the CESifo GmbH (Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research) is an economy research group.", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ijpor/article-abstract/33/2/315/6031067", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "11 countries (Estonia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, Spain, UK, US, Turkey)", "when": "mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Cesura Collective", "aliases": ["Cesura Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "artistic value", "community building"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A collective of Italian photographers that publishes fanzines featuring their collective work, often without a thematic thread beyond aesthetic value, and involves readers in an interactive process of cutting pages, fostering a unique and experiential form of artistic engagement.", "quote": "Cesura è un collettivo di fotografi nato nel 2008 dall'idea di un gruppo di reporter e artisti italiani, i quali, oltre a portare avanti ogniuno il proprio lavoro in maniera indipendente, si cimentano anche in lavori collettivi come art book di fotografia o fanzine (Cesura).", "page": "19", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "CFido (international amateur telnet-based BBS network)", "aliases": ["CFido (international amateur telnet-based BBS network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic governance", "fair moderation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Established and operated an amateur network of Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) to foster an indigenous \"civil information and electronic culture\"\" and free discussion", "quote": "civic virtue, free institutions outside the state, sincerity, reason, openness, free thought, free speech", "page": "CFidoNet, a branch of the international amateur telnet-based BBS network CFido... They wanted to build an indigenous 'civil information and electronic culture' (Luo, 1997).", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "CGNet Swara", "aliases": ["CGNet Swara"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["mobile voice forums"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-misinformation", "free speech", "journalistic integrity", "public morals"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sangeet swara: A community-moderated voice forum in rural india", "author": "A Vashistha, E Cutrell, G Borriello, W Thies", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operates as a voice forum for citizen journalism where users can report news. It employs a dedicated team of 10-15 full-time moderators to screen, categorize, tag, annotate, and manage user-submitted recordings, ensuring respectful, accurate, and high-quality content.", "quote": "For example, both CGNet Swara [19] and Gram Vaani [3] currently employ 10-15 full-time moderators. If these platforms were to grow by orders of magnitude, it would be very difficult to manage commensurate growth of the moderator team.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702191", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Rural and Urban India, mobile voice forums", "when": "mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "CGT Renault trade union", "aliases": ["CGT Renault trade union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The trade union provided a tract as evidence in a legal case, supporting an individual's claim of discrimination against a company. This action contributed to the legal process concerning content related to employment disputes and workers' rights.", "quote": "Cependant, le seul document qu'elle produit à ce titre est un tract émanant du syndicat CGT Renault sur le sujet de la parité.", "page": "50", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Chainworkers", "aliases": ["Chainworkers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["economic stability", "economic system reform", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Developed an iconic figure ('San Precario') as a 'meta-brand' to express an emergent identity and generate awareness around the condition of precarious workers, aiming to foster solidarity among fragmented struggles.", "quote": "the Italian collective Chainworkers developed an iconic figure named ‘San Precario’, a parody of a Catholic patron saint. The explicit aim was to express an emergent identity that could bring together the fragmented struggles against post-Fordist capitalism (Chainworkers 2006; Mattoni 2008).", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine", "aliases": ["Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["contractual obligations"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Certifies force majeure circumstances, acting as a gatekeeping and norm enforcement mechanism related to contractual obligations for businesses during crises.", "quote": "in accordance with Part 1 of Art. 141 of the Law of Ukraine: On the Chambers of Commerce and Industry in Ukraine, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine [...] certify force majeure circumstances", "page": "247", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Chambers of national and regional media owners", "aliases": ["Chambers of national and regional media owners"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "platform autonomy", "property rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Expressed strong rejection of the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual's provisions aimed at regulating media concentration, indicating opposition to the new content moderation and ownership restriction framework.", "quote": "Ha despertado tanto rechazo en las cámaras de propietarios de medios nacionales y regionales, como entusiasmo en las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.", "page": "8", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Chambers of Rhetoric (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Chambers of Rhetoric (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural life", "free speech", "humanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Played a major role in literary and cultural life, serving as a conduit for humanism and religious/political debate in the Dutch-speaking Netherlands.", "quote": "There were even ‘chambers of rhetoric’, which played a large part in literary and cultural life, especially in Holland, and in the 1520s and 1530s had served as a major conduit for humanism...", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Chambre syndicale des Imprimeurs-Libraires", "aliases": ["Chambre syndicale des Imprimeurs-Libraires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-counterfeiting", "economic protection"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in the enforcement of royal regulations by aiding in operations to seize counterfeit books and control the book market, thereby supporting the economic protection granted by royal privileges.", "quote": "Les imprimeurs-libraires participent d’ailleurs aux opérations de saisie et de contrôle, par le biais notamment de leur Chambre syndicale141.", "page": "56", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Chambre Syndicale des Libraires", "aliases": ["Chambre Syndicale des Libraires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional interests", "trade regulation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1769, "when_max": 1788, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle", "author": "Cerf, Madeleine", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "Registers approved books, enforces regulations, and defends the professional privileges of its members. It acts as a gatekeeper for the legal circulation of printed works after royal censorship.", "quote": "Ensuite, l'ouvrage est dûment enregistré dans les bureaux de l'administration royale puis à la Chambre Syndicale des Libraires, organisme corporatif de défense des privilèges de la profession.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1126", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1769–1788"}]}, {"name": "Chambres Syndicales", "aliases": ["Chambres Syndicales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Subjected to state regulation through centrally-paid inspectors, aiming to tighten control over the book trade and curb copyright piracy.", "quote": "The revenue raised would finance the appointment of a centrally-paid inspector for each of the country’s 20 Chambres Syndicales (guilds).", "page": "27", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chambres Syndicales (Printers' and Booksellers' Guilds)", "aliases": ["Chambres Syndicales (Printers' and Booksellers' Guilds)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "public order", "regime stability", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated within a government-controlled licensing system that regulated the book trade and ensured 'licenced loyalty' from printers and booksellers, making them agents of the censorship regime.", "quote": "The revenue raised would finance the appointment of a centrally-paid inspector for each of the country’s 20 Chambres Syndicales (guilds).", "page": "27", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Chan Zuckerberg Initiative", "aliases": ["Chan Zuckerberg Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "CZI builds large AI computing infrastructure, funds research and grants, and convenes partners—deploying technical resources and philanthropic leverage to shape research agendas and tools that can influence AI and platform technologies.", "quote": "CZI's core mission focuses on funding scientific research, education and AI for biomedical purposes rather than platform content governance, though it funds and builds AI infrastructure that can touch platform technologies.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.chanzuckerberg.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Change Minds Initiative", "aliases": ["Change Minds Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "civil discourse", "critical thinking", "free speech", "non-violence"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Proposes a methodology for inclusive dialogue on social media platforms like Minds to promote non-violence, critical thinking, creativity, and empathetic engagement, as an alternative to silencing opponents.", "quote": "The Change Minds Initiative is culled from multidisciplinary researchers and those with 'boots on the ground' experience, including former extremists, trolls, peacebuilders, activists, artists, and other professionals.", "page": "6", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Change the Terms (Coalition)", "aliases": ["Change the Terms (Coalition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A coalition of civil rights organizations that denounces social media platforms for hosting discriminatory content, mobilizes advertisers for boycotts, participates in civil rights audits, and lobbies for adjustments to content moderation rules.", "quote": "The coalition's mission is to denounce large social media platforms' hosting of various forms of discriminatory content.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Change the Terms coalition", "aliases": ["Change the Terms coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a network for resource sharing, expertise, and strategic planning among member organizations to advocate against hateful and harmful content on platforms, using lobbying and public pressure.", "quote": "...Rose Lang-Maso, a campaign manager with Free Press that co-leads the Change the Terms coalition focused on addressing hateful and harmful activities on platforms...", "page": "6", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Change.org petition (initiated by the pole dancing community)", "aliases": ["Change.org petition (initiated by the pole dancing community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["community rights", "free speech", "platform governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a petition with nearly 20,000 signatures to exert public pressure on Instagram, demanding an end to the censorship of pole dancing content.", "quote": "Following an uproar within the pole dancing community, a Change.org petition was started and signed by nearly 20,000 people, asking Instagram to stop censoring pole dance (Osborne 2019).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ChangeMyView (Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["ChangeMyView (Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A Reddit community that fosters civil conversations and encourages users to constructively challenge and potentially change their minds on controversial topics, supported by community-led content moderation.", "quote": "Reddit, which does allow for community-led content moderation, includes communities with very high levels of toxicity as well as communities such as ChangeMyView-a community that encourages its users to change their minds about controversial topics-that successfully support civil conversations.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "ChangeMyView subreddit", "aliases": ["ChangeMyView subreddit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["civil discourse", "community standards"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Removal as a Moderation Strategy: Compliance and Other Outcomes in the ChangeMyView Community", "author": "Srinivasan, Kumar Bhargav; Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian; Lee, Lillian; Tan, Chenhao", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The ChangeMyView subreddit (through its volunteer moderators) utilizes comment removal as a primary internal moderation strategy to enforce community rules. This action aims to improve the behavior of comment authors and maintain the community's standards for discussion.", "quote": "Users consider moderator intervention to be one of the key factors behind the quality of discussion in CMV [16, 17], and comment removal is the moderators'³ front-line strategy.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09563", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, ChangeMyView subreddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Changing Lives", "aliases": ["Changing Lives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Changing Lives states it \"influences policy and practice\" using research and lived experience from service users to drive change and inform systems and services.", "quote": "Changing Lives' core mission is social services (homelessness, addiction, domestic abuse) but they state they \"influence policy and practice\", indicating occasional engagement with platform-related governance issues is possible but not central.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.changing-lives.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Chaos Computer Club", "aliases": ["Chaos Computer Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital ethics", "information access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group mentioned in a joint statement defining hacktivism, engaging in debates about ethical hacking and expanding access to information.", "quote": "The contents of this debate can be seen on the hacktivism.org web site, where the statements of hacking groups such as 2600, Chaos Computer Club, Cult of the Dead Cow, LOpht Heavy Industries, and Phrack are posted.", "page": "179", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Chaos Computer Club - CCC", "aliases": ["Chaos Computer Club - CCC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties / hacker association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1981, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025; EDRi", "year": "1981", "mechanism": "CCC publishes technical analyses, runs high-profile events (39C3), supports litigation and public campaigns (open letters, petitions), operates anonymizing services and infrastructure, and publicly pressures government and vendors (e.g., Palantir) on surveillance and platform-related policy.", "quote": "CCC directly campaigns, litigates, and publishes analyses on surveillance, privacy, automated biometric screening, platform-derived data uses and related AI/governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ccc.de/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Chaoyang Masses (or Beijing Chaoyang Public Security Volunteers)", "aliases": ["Chaoyang Masses (or Beijing Chaoyang Public Security Volunteers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creative Language Encoding under Censorship", "author": "Ji, Heng; Knight, Kevin", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "These anonymous volunteer security patrols assist law enforcement by reporting drug-related crimes, which leads to arrests and exerts social pressure on individuals, particularly celebrities.", "quote": "朝阳群众 (The people of Chaoyang district) refers to anonymous volunteer security patrols in Beijing. They gained fame after being credited by police as leading to arrests of several celebrities involved in drug-related crimes.", "page": "4", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chinese social media and general Internet platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Charles F. Kettering Foundation", "aliases": ["Charles F. Kettering Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic research foundation; democracy nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1927, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1927", "mechanism": "Kettering produces research and public-facing programs (podcasts, fellowships, reports) to shape public understanding and convene leaders, and provides multiyear support to organizations like Freedom House, signaling informational and leverage-based influence.", "quote": "Kettering focuses on democratic information, journalism, and civic engagement and has produced research and public-facing programs that touch on misinformation, media, and public information environments but does not have platform governance as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.kettering.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Charles Koch Foundation", "aliases": ["Charles Koch Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Election fraud, YouTube, and public perception of the legitimacy of President Biden", "author": "J Bisbee, M Brown, A Lai, R Bonneau…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This foundation provides funding to support research on social media and politics. This indirectly contributes to understanding online moderation issues and informs public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "the Center for Social Media and Politics at New York University is supported by funding from... the Charles Koch Foundation", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/60", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, United States", "when": "Late 2020 – Early 2021"}]}, {"name": "Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals", "aliases": ["Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "social good"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in libraries", "author": "Oppenheim, Charles; Smith, Victoria", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "CILIP provides ethical guidelines and policies for its members on intellectual freedom and censorship, aiming to guide professional practice. It also operates a Freedom of Information Panel to advise on promoting public and user interests, though it is described as less active than its US counterpart.", "quote": "The basic consensus within the literature is that censorship should not be practiced and this is in line with the guidance given by both CILIP [42] and the ALA [43] in their codes of ethics.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/ISU-2004-24401", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Public libraries, UK and USA", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chartered Institute of Public Relations", "aliases": ["Chartered Institute of Public Relations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional membership body / industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Other"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CIPR produces research and policy guidance, runs high-profile awards and conferences that set professional norms and leverages its large corporate membership to influence industry practice.", "quote": "CIPR sets professional standards, issues policy guidance and runs research and events for PR practitioners, which can touch platform governance (e.g., communications ethics, misinformation) though platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cipr.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Chasse Pêche Nature Traditions", "aliases": ["Chasse Pêche Nature Traditions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen inquiry management", "party discourse"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party centralizes email management through a webmaster who redirects messages based on subject matter to the appropriate internal party services or communication responsible, acting as a gatekeeper and mediator.", "quote": "Le webmestre du site web de Chasse Pêche Nature Traditions permet d'illustrer la procédure de gestion des courriers électroniques envoyés sur l'adresse électronique du parti : «Tout est centralisé sur mon poste, et après je redirige les mails en fonction des sujets».", "page": "6", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Chatbot Arena (LMSYS Org)", "aliases": ["Chatbot Arena (LMSYS Org)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude"], "norms": ["ai performance", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Model-Card-Claude-2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "A public platform that provides Elo scores for various Large Language Models based on human preferences, enabling comparative performance evaluation.", "quote": "LMSYS Org recently launched a public Chatbot Arena [14] which works in a similar way and provides Elo scores for various Large Language Models (LLMs) based on human preferences.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude AI systems", "when": "post-2022"}]}, {"name": "Chayn", "aliases": ["Chayn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global survivor-led nonprofit; digital support services"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; TSPA EMEA Summit 2025", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Chayn publishes multilingual safety guides, runs the Bloom support platform, and produces podcasts and resources to shape survivor-facing practices around online safety and evidence collection.", "quote": "Chayn's core mission is survivor support and healing, but it produces guides and tools addressing online safety and technology-facilitated abuse, engaging with platform-related safety practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://chayn.co/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cheap Repository Tracts", "aliases": ["Cheap Repository Tracts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic loyalty", "education", "public morals", "religious values", "state legitimacy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1790, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in the Lyrical Ballads: Wordsworth and the Ballad Debates of the 1790s", "author": "Newman, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Published and distributed cheap, morally and religiously improving literature (tracts, songs) to directly counteract what they viewed as 'vulgar and licentious publications' and 'seditious print' among the lower classes, aiming to instil sound moral principles.", "quote": "Following the lead of John Reeves's Association, the Cheap Repository Tracts (CRT) to which More was a major contributor, began a campaign to expose persons of the lower class to religious and moral subjects.", "page": "12", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/740454", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "1790s"}]}, {"name": "Check Your Fact", "aliases": ["Check Your Fact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information accuracy", "veracity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides third-party fact-checks on social media content, applying veracity labels (e.g., 'False') and click-through barriers to inform users about inaccurate information.", "quote": "Figure 1 shows an example of a false information label on Facebook content with a third-party fact-check and a click-through barrier.", "page": "4", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "CHEGA", "aliases": ["CHEGA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["populist political party"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["government accountability", "immigration policy", "political opposition", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CHEGA predominantly used negative campaigning in debates (70.1%), with a very high number of character attacks (271 appeals), often involving personal insults and accusations. On Facebook, they also showed the highest percentage of negativity among all parties (23.8%), combining emotional appeals with criticism of the \"system\"\" parties.\"", "quote": "André Ventura, do CHEGA, teve uma comunicação baseada na negatividade na campanha para estas eleições legislativas. Com 620 apelos negativos (70,1%), uma média de 77,5 por debate, ultrapassou em muito o número de apelos negativos dos outros partidos", "page": "78", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Chequeado", "aliases": ["Chequeado"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information integrity", "journalistic quality"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Verifies information and combats disinformation, developing editorial and technological innovations, and serving as inspiration for other fact-checkers.", "quote": "Otros son verificadores consolidados, como Chequeado en Argentina o Maldita y Newtral en España, que contemplan la innovación editorial y tecnológica y son inspiración para el resto.", "page": "173", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe", "aliases": ["Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Resisted extractive industries, voiced opposition to legislation, and participated in public forums regarding pipeline construction, despite suffering from a lack of meaningful consultation.", "quote": "The Cheyenne River Sioux and the Sisseton Wahpeton tribes are voicing their opposition to the law and its impact on indigenous peoples' human rights.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Chi Hack Night", "aliases": ["Chi Hack Night"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech community organization / membership-based non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Runs weekly events, produces open-source civic projects and blog content, hosts community feedback sessions, and leverages sponsor/platform relationships to amplify civic-technology work and discussions about media, AI, and platform impacts.", "quote": "Primary mission is running weekly civic tech events and community projects; site shows occasional programming and discussions touching on social media impacts, AI and media topics rather than core platform governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://chihacknight.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Chicago Community Trust", "aliases": ["Chicago Community Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community foundation; philanthropic organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Other"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1915, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1915", "mechanism": "The Trust stewards a large endowment, makes regional grant investments (including funding local news), and convenes donors, nonprofits and civic leaders to shape policy and community initiatives.", "quote": "The Trust is a regional community foundation that funds and convenes organizations, including local news and policy initiatives, but its core mission is philanthropy rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://cct.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Chicago Debate League", "aliases": ["Chicago Debate League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic achievement", "student engagement"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized debate tournaments for urban high schools, serving as a platform for students to participate in competitive debate activities.", "quote": "la Chicago Debate League organizzò tornei di dibattito per le scuole dell‟area urbana di Chicago. I risultati, sebbene condizionati dall‟autoselezione, permisero di evidenziare questi dati...", "page": "56", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Chicago Federation of Labor", "aliases": ["Chicago Federation of Labor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neutrality", "public interest", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Owned a radio station whose application for a stronger signal was refused by the FRC, partly due to the station's views. This indicates content-based moderation affecting station operation.", "quote": "In Chicago Federation of Labor v. FRC... the FRC refused an application for permission to broadcast a stronger signal, by a radio station owned by a labor union, in part because of the station's views.", "page": "50", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc.", "aliases": ["Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "civil rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation challenging discriminatory advertisements on platforms, thereby influencing content moderation policies and practices related to civil rights.", "quote": "See Chi. Lawyers' Comm. for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc. v. Craigslist, Inc., 519 F.3d 666, 668 (7th Cir. 2008) (stating in this context that “any rule that forbids truth- ful advertising of a transaction that would be substantively lawful encounters serious problems under the first amendment”).", "page": "55", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chiha (underground study groups)", "aliases": ["Chiha (underground study groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-government", "national sovereignty", "political change"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Served as underground study groups and bases for vanguard demonstrations, often involving violent tactics like hurling gasoline bombs, contributing to high levels of popular mobilization during South Korea's transition.", "quote": "Underground study groups called chiha served as bases for vanguard demonstrations of 200 to 300 students that often involved the hurling of gasoline bombs.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Child and teenager online safety, gaming and social media", "aliases": ["Child and teenager online safety, gaming and social media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child welfare charity / parent support service"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1869, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1869", "mechanism": "Action for Children publishes guidance and campaigns to shape public understanding and policy on child online safety, and operates at scale with partnerships across local authorities and funders to influence practice.", "quote": "Primary mission is child welfare and parenting support but the site provides guidance and campaigns on online safety, social media risks, and coping with extreme views, engaging with platform-related harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://parents.actionforchildren.org.uk/home-family-life/technology/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Child and women's protection agencies", "aliases": ["Child and women's protection agencies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["child safety", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media Content Moderation Challenges for Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Tiktok Indonesia", "author": "Wismashanti, Rizky Amalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They collaborate with TikTok to provide diverse input and views on content moderation practices, helping to improve policies and practices that are proportional and effective for vulnerable groups.", "quote": "Here, TikTok can work with external parties, such as child and women's protection agencies, human rights organizations, and related community groups, to get diverse input and views on content moderation practices.", "page": "14", "url": "https://eduvest.greenvest.co.id/index.php/edv/article/view/893", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Tiktok, Indonesia", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Child Rights International Network (CRIN)", "aliases": ["Child Rights International Network (CRIN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["human rights / child rights NGO / network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CRIN publishes reports and briefings, issues public statements and joint letters with large NGO coalitions, and campaigns for policy reforms to protect children's rights, using research and coalition advocacy to influence international and regional policymaking.", "quote": "CRIN's core mission is children's rights but it publishes reports and public statements on counter-terrorism, climate and international policy and joins multi-NGO consultations (metadata notes DSA-related public consultation), indicating engagement with platform governance-adjacent issues such as child safety and regulatory responses.", "page": "", "url": "https://home.crin.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Child Study Association", "aliases": ["Child Study Association"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom, likely from a perspective of child development and welfare.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors; the National Coun- cil of Churches of Christ, the American Booksellers Association, the U.S. National Student Association, The Newspaper Guild; and the Child Study Association.", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Child Study Association of America", "aliases": ["Child Study Association of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child welfare", "education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provided expert testimony or public statements, cited by courts as evidence supporting the literary merit of a book (*God's Little Acre*) and countering obscenity charges, thereby influencing judicial outcomes against censorship.", "quote": "the court, not a whit abashed, plucked forth more such evidence from the president of the Child Study Association of America, from a professor of English, from a clergyman, and from an executive and director of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "ChildFund International", "aliases": ["ChildFund International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community development", "social action", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Supports projects using participatory photography (photovoice) with youth in vulnerable communities, empowering them to express concerns and influencing community development and public policy, thereby shaping narratives.", "quote": "No Brasil, desde 2011, a organizacção não-governamental ChildFund inseriu o projeto «Olhares em Foco» como uma das tecnologias sociais e metodologias de trabalho com juventude.", "page": "175", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Childhelp", "aliases": ["Childhelp"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates a 24/7 national hotline providing counseling and resources, issues guidance on online safety and reporting, and receives federal grant funding to deliver services.", "quote": "Primary mission is child abuse prevention and hotline support; site offers guidance about online privacy/safety but does not primarily focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childhelp.org/childhelp-hotline/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Childline South Africa", "aliases": ["Childline South Africa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partners with YouTube, focusing on child safety, by contributing expertise and reporting harmful content related to children.", "quote": "como Childline South Africa", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Childnet", "aliases": ["Childnet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child online safety charity / education organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Produces educational resources and research, runs national campaigns (Safer Internet Day), delivers school visits and training, and partners with policymakers and industry to shape platform safety measures and age-check/regulatory discussions.", "quote": "Childnet's core mission is online safety for children and young people, producing resources, guidance and programmes addressing platform risks (AI misuse, grooming, harmful content) and engaging with regulatory developments (Ofcom Children’s Codes).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childnet.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Childnet International", "aliases": ["Childnet International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "child safety"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os Direitos de autor como proteção às vítimas de assédio sexual online na União Europeia", "author": "NJF Pedro", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-produced a cross-country report on young people's experiences of online sexual harassment, contributing to the understanding and awareness of cyberviolence, which indirectly informs moderation efforts and norm-setting.", "quote": "Childnet International et al., Young People's Experiences of Online Sexual Harassment: A Cross-Country Report from Project deSHAME,.", "page": "18", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/29a0e4f9-7905-452a-93fc-84a2097b9c46", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union, United States (for comparison)", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Children First", "aliases": ["Children First"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national children's charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Children First operates a national support line, issues guidance and training, publishes reports and toolkits, and runs campaigns to shape practice and awareness around children's online safety and harmful content.", "quote": "Children First is Scotland's national children's charity focused on child protection and wellbeing and publishes guidance on online safety, parental controls, sexting, pornography and disturbing/extreme content.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childrenfirst.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Children of Paul's", "aliases": ["Children of Paul's"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Produced satirical plays that tested the limits of tolerance and often provoked controversy, contributing to public discourse and sometimes leading to direct intervention or closure.", "quote": "If we accept the theory that the first Paul’s Boys were dissolved because they performed satirical plays ridiculing Puritans, and recall that one of the last plays the second Paul’s Boys put on stage before they disappeared forever was also a satire on Puritans...", "page": "40", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Children of the Queen's Revels", "aliases": ["Children of the Queen's Revels"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Early Modern England"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Licensing, censorship and authorship in early modern England: Buggeswords", "author": "R Dutton", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "As an acting company, their plays were subject to licensing by officials like Samuel Daniel. The staging of their plays, such as 'Philotas', could lead to scrutiny and accusations of political analogy, requiring their licenser to account for the content to state bodies.", "quote": "Samuel Daniel's Philotas, had it not been for the fact that Daniel himself became licenser to the newly repatronised Children of the Queen's Revels in 1604 and imprudently allowed it to be staged.", "page": "13", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ki9-DAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=wTsRR21iCY&sig=wD2dsb5OOrV9m_uEO_9u8iGi2VQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Early Modern England", "when": "early modern"}]}, {"name": "Children's Community School", "aliases": ["Children's Community School"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teachers’ Self-Censorship of Children’s Literature in Texas—What’s Legislation Got to Do With It?", "author": "Lammert, Catherine; C. Godfrey, Vickie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for the discussion of race with young learners, countering deficit discourses that suggest elementary students are too young or innocent to engage with complex topics.", "quote": "young learners are inclined to question their worlds and that critical literacy teaching (Vasquez et al., 2019) is possible if students' questions are honored rather than minimized (Children's Community School, 2018; Cowhey, 2006; Dyson, 2015).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584231201814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Texas, USA", "when": "2021-2022"}]}, {"name": "Children's Rights Committee (UK)", "aliases": ["Children's Rights Committee (UK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["children's rights", "data privacy", "informed consent", "legal accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ANALISI DELL'ALGORITMO DI RACCOMANDAZIONE DEI CONTENUTI DI TIKTOK: POSSIBILI EFFETTI IN TERMINI DI DISCRIMINAZIONI E DISTURBI ALIMENTARI", "author": "F CASTELLAN", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Represents millions of children in the UK and EU in class action lawsuits against TikTok, alleging illegal and non-transparent collection of minors' personal data without consent, advocating for children's data privacy and accountability.", "quote": "Anne Longfield, membro del comitato per i diritti dell'infanzia nel Regno Unito, rappresenta milioni di bambini nel Regno Unito e nell'Unione Europea in class action contro la piattaforma.", "page": "36", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/62523", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok platform (global, with focus on US, Europe, Australia, China)", "when": "2014-2024"}]}, {"name": "Chilean protests (2019-2020)", "aliases": ["Chilean protests (2019-2020)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaging in public pressure and demonstrations in response to social inequality, which influenced media coverage and public trust.", "quote": "In Chile, which has seen regular demonstrations about inequality, the media has lost trust (-15) partly because it is seen as too close to the elites and not focusing its attention enough on underlying grievances.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Chilling Effects (now Lumen Database)", "aliases": ["Chilling Effects (now Lumen Database)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A collaborative database that collects and publishes legal requests for content removal online, aiming to provide transparency regarding content takedowns and their impact on free expression.", "quote": "See http://chillingeffects.org.", "page": "7", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "China Association of Performing Arts", "aliases": ["China Association of Performing Arts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body (state-affiliated)"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["media ethics", "national identity", "public morals", "socialist values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issued an official statement dictating the 'obligations' of performing artists to 'serve the people and socialism,' leading to widespread cancellations and industry boycotts of celebrities who violated these moral-political dictates.", "quote": "a February 2021 statement by the government organization, China Association of Performing Arts, that underscored the obligations of media (and fine arts) performers to ensure that their work “serve the people and socialism,”", "page": "148", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "China Consumers Association", "aliases": ["China Consumers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group (state-chartered)"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer rights", "economic stability", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Framed a consumer issue (Toshiba's disk drives) as a violation of consumer rights and explicitly discouraged 'overly nationalistic sentiments' to prevent nationalist protests from destabilizing economic relations.", "quote": "the state-run Chinese Consumers Association issued a state ment that “framed the Toshiba issue as a violation of consumer rights” rather than anything to do with Japan/China relations, and the associa tion’s general secretary explicitly “discouraged the overly nationalistic sentiments expressed by some media and consumers by calling them not conducive to resolution”", "page": "113", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "China Human Rights Defenders", "aliases": ["China Human Rights Defenders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Collaborated on a report documenting efforts to coordinate content censorship among Chinese Internet companies.", "quote": "A report by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and China Human Rights Defenders, released in October 2007, was compiled with the help of an anonymous technician...", "page": "3", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "China Internet Network Information Center", "aliases": ["China Internet Network Information Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "internet governance", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur?", "author": "Xu, Xueyang; Mao, Z. Morley; Halderman, J. Alex", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acts as China's national Internet registry, managing internet resources like domain names and IP addresses. The paper utilizes CNNIC's ASes in its network topology analysis and references CNNIC's statistical reports on internet development in China to inform its understanding of website distribution for probing censorship devices.", "quote": "The first three belong to CNNIC, the national Internet registry of China.", "page": "4", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "China Media Project", "aliases": ["China Media Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Investigates and reports on Chinese journalism and media issues, specifically examining 'fake news' and the difficulty of discerning truth in a censored environment.", "quote": "Expounding upon the ‘fake news’ category in Chinese investigative journalism, the editor of the China Media Project, David Bandurski, observes that the Chinese public was unsure which story to believe.", "page": "247", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "China National Poultry Association", "aliases": ["China National Poultry Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media Censorship in China", "author": "Xu, Beina", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Lobbied provincial governments to suppress the reporting of sensitive information (bird flu cases) to protect the economic interests and profits of its industry members.", "quote": "China's national poultry association requested provincial governments to stop reporting individual cases of H7N9 bird flu infections, fearing damage to profits.", "page": "3", "url": "files.ethz.ch", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2008–2014"}]}, {"name": "China Translation and Publishing Corporation (CTTIC)", "aliases": ["China Translation and Publishing Corporation (CTTIC)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["social stability", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in translation: The case of the People’s Republic of China", "author": "Tan, Zaixi", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a 'modulated, 'partial' translation' of Henry Kissinger's 'On China', which included extensive omissions and changes regarding politically sensitive issues like the 1989 Tiananmen events. This demonstrates self-censorship or adherence to implicit state censorship guidelines to ensure publication.", "quote": "the translation published by the CTTIC Press in Beijing was not a 'full' but a modulated, 'partial' translation, with extensive omissions and changes of the author's intentions where politically sensitive issues were concerned.", "page": "15", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11059-013-0231-8", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "People's Republic of China (PRC)", "when": "1949–present day"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Academics", "aliases": ["Chinese Academics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting a declaration on internet human rights.", "quote": "14. Chinese Academics. (2009). China Internet Human Rights Declaration. https://advox.globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/china-internet-human-rights-declaration/", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Academy of Social Sciences", "aliases": ["Chinese Academy of Social Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital development", "public opinion", "public understanding"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducts extensive surveys and research on urban Chinese Internet use, its motivations, and perceived political impact, providing empirical data to understand online civic discourse.", "quote": "According to a 2005 study on urban Chinese Internet use funded by the Markle Foundation and conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), most Chinese Internet users seek out entertainment online, not hard news or serious political discussion", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Basketball Association", "aliases": ["Chinese Basketball Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national pride"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It criticized the Houston Rockets general manager's tweet, contributing to the broader pressure on the NBA to moderate political speech perceived as offensive to China.", "quote": "Facing criticism from Chinese fans, sponsors, and the Chinese Basketball Association, Rockets owner Tilman Fertitta claimed Morey did not speak for the team", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Clan Committees", "aliases": ["Chinese Clan Committees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "local autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "1SFTT TFMG DFOTPSTIJQ JO $IJOB B DBTF TUVEZ JO UIF USBOTGPSNBUJPO PG EJTDPVSTF", "author": "Jo, Sftt Tfmg Dfotpstijq", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Clan committees act as local governance structures, mediating disputes that local government cannot resolve and protecting villagers' interests against government overreach. They also organize resistance to state actions, such as opposing illegal fines, arrests, and the abolition of ancestral temples.", "quote": "The villagers said that clan committees can resist to a certain degree the Police Bureau's illegal fines and arrest. ... The clan committee's ability to deal with disputes is also much better than local government's ability.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2000s, post-reform era"}]}, {"name": "Chinese diasporic feminists", "aliases": ["Chinese diasporic feminists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Introduced and popularized the concept of gender in China, influencing the translation of feminist ideas by promoting the social and constructed nature of gender roles and challenging essentialist views.", "quote": "The concept of gender was 'most clearly introduced to China by Chinese diasporic feminists from 1993 onward' and was 'further popularized with the \"gender mainstreaming” mandate of the Beijing Conference' (Xu Feng 2009: 203).\"", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chinese dissident and intellectual network", "aliases": ["Chinese dissident and intellectual network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gender and China's Online Censorship Protest Culture", "author": "Wallis, Cara", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This network amplified user-generated protest content, such as the \"Grass-Mud Horse\"\" song", "quote": "thereby challenging state censorship and official notions of decency in a restricted online environment.\"", "page": "Free expression, challenging state control, redefinition of 'decency'", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14680777.2014.928645", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2009–2010"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Hip-Hop Community", "aliases": ["Chinese Hip-Hop Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["authenticity", "cultural diversity", "intellectual property", "originality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Denounced hanmai performers for perceived lack of originality, simplicity of 'flow', and ignorance of intellectual property, creating rap songs to provoke resistance and differentiate themselves.", "quote": "The hip-hop community originally began to denounce hanmai performers because of the lack of originality in their music, the simplicity of their ‘flow’, and their ignorance of intellectual property protection.", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Chinese LGBT+ communities", "aliases": ["Chinese LGBT+ communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "China", "Cuba", "Global South", "Iran", "United States", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["community identity", "free speech", "social support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cooperative Dynamics of Censorship, Misinformation, and Influence Operations: Insights from the Global South and U.S", "author": "Hakami, Zaid; Feng, Yuzhou; Carbunar, Bogdan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These communities engage with enterprise censorship on platforms like Weibo by actively identifying and navigating the filtering of LGBT+ content. They develop 'micro-level adaptive strategies' such as metaphor and homonym use, relying on strong-tie networks, to circumvent censorship and maintain expression.", "quote": "in Weibo, Chinese LGBT+ communities engage more explicitly with enterprise censorship, e.g., by identifying and navigating the platform's filtering of LGBT+ content [59].", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17933", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South (Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela) and U.S., social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically March-October 2024 for the study period"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Mathematical Society (implied by CNMO 2024)", "aliases": ["Chinese Mathematical Society (implied by CNMO 2024)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLMs"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "problem-solving skills"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides a benchmark through mathematics competitions (CNMO 2024) that is used to evaluate the mathematical reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of AI language models, contributing to understanding and controlling AI model behavior.", "quote": "Chinese National High School Mathematics Olympiad (CNMO 2024)3, and American Invitational Mathematics Examination 2024 (AIME 2024) (MAA, 2024).", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI/LLM development and evaluation", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Chinese National High School Mathematics Olympiad", "aliases": ["Chinese National High School Mathematics Olympiad"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "problem-solving skills"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Hosts a national mathematics competition, serving as a benchmark for evaluating the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models.", "quote": "Chinese National High School Mathematics Olympiad (CNMO 2024) (CMS, 2024)", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Network Association for Young People", "aliases": ["Chinese Network Association for Young People"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "ethical content", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Digital Games Localisation in China", "author": "Zhang, Xiaochun", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This association participated in norm-setting and proposed a form of self-regulation by introducing a 'Green Games Recommendable Regulation' to identify games suitable for players under 18 years old.", "quote": "The Chinese Network Association for Young People (中国青少年网络协会) also brought forward a Green Games Recommendable Regulation (绿色游戏推荐标准) in the same year establishing that games suitable for players under 18 years old are considered as green games", "page": "10", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013949ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Networked Feminist Teams", "aliases": ["Chinese Networked Feminist Teams"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Douban", "WeChat", "Weibo", "XiaoHongShu"], "norms": ["gender equality", "resilience"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Exploring algorithmic resistance: Responses to social media censorship in activism", "author": "H Elmimouni, S Rüller, K Aal, Y Skop…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operate with a group structure (editor-in-chief, editors, writers) to perform internal self-censorship, manage sensitive topics, and regulate keywords, ensuring content adheres to censorship guidelines while maintaining a critical feminist presence.", "quote": "One of the key strategies for sustaining feminist discourse under censorship is the group structure of many feminist social media accounts. These accounts are not run by individuals but by teams that advocate feminist views and issues.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3710970", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, social media platforms (Douban, XiaoHongShu, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021–2023"}]}, {"name": "Chinese Publishing Houses", "aliases": ["Chinese Publishing Houses"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "legal compliance", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in self-censorship or were directly requested to censor sexually sensitive passages in translated works like 'The Second Sex', acting as gatekeepers of published content.", "quote": "Although the former is a complete translation, it is still a ‘sanitized' version. It is also said that they are asked to censor certain passages, especially sexually sensitive ones", "page": "166", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Chinese state-run labor union", "aliases": ["Chinese state-run labor union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Consultation and Selective Censorship in China", "author": "Gueorguiev, Dimitar D.; Malesky, Edmund J.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The state-run labor union participated in a heated public exchange and debate over the 2006 draft Labor Contract Law during a consultation process, providing critical feedback to influence policy proposals and mitigate censorship.", "quote": "For instance, consultations over the 2006 draft Labor Contract Law led to a heated and public exchange between the state-run labor union, more business-friendly segments of the government, and China's upper house of congress", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/704785", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2010-2011 for data analyzed)"}]}, {"name": "Chouannerie / Vendéens", "aliases": ["Chouannerie / Vendéens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1820, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Se dire bon Français de l’Empire à la Restauration : construire un ethos de modération dans une France déchirée ?", "author": "Lignereux, Aurélien", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "By resorting to armed rebellion and seeking foreign aid against the government during the Hundred Days, they explicitly challenged the prevailing definition of \"national interest\"\" and what it meant to be a \"\"bon Français", "quote": "Royalist cause, opposition to the \"nouvel ordre\"\" (new order) following the Revolution and Empire", "page": "defense of their regional/traditional identity", "url": "https://books.openedition.org/pur/96094", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1800–1820 (Napoleonic Empire to Bourbon Restoration)"}]}, {"name": "Christ Disciples", "aliases": ["Christ Disciples"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Regularly disseminated information related to the PMRC in its brochures and encouraged its members to financially support the PMRC, aiding its advocacy for content control in music.", "quote": "Some went further; Parental Guidance or Christ Disciples, among others, regularly carried information related to the PMRC in their brochures, and encouraged their members to support it financially.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Christchurch Call to Action to Eliminate Terrorist and Violent Extremist Content Online", "aliases": ["Christchurch Call to Action to Eliminate Terrorist and Violent Extremist Content Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["national security", "platform integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A voluntary commitment by governments, platforms, and civil society to eliminate terrorist and violent extremist content online, focusing on collaboration and platform transparency.", "quote": "no combate ao terrorismo, a Christchurch Call, elaborada após o ataque terrorista de 2019, realizado por um supremacista branco na cidade de Christchurch, na Nova Zelândia, fato de grande repercussão pela audácia do atirador em transmitir sua ação ao vivo pelo Facebook (França; Nova Zelândia, 2019).", "page": "67", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}]}, {"name": "Christian Act Now Coalition", "aliases": ["Christian Act Now Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Three Metaphors", "author": "Boyd, Fenice B.; Bailey, Nancy M.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Participated in a public book burning with the Power Connection Church, using a hibachi to destroy books, to protest content they considered dangerous and potentially mind polluting due to themes of homosexuality.", "quote": "Claiming that Briar Rose is a gay-themed book and grouping it with another book about gay men and women and a third book about AIDS, the protesters burned all three books because they saw the topics of homosexuality in the books as dangerous and potentially mind polluting (Barnett, 1994).", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27654328", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1990s–2000s"}]}, {"name": "Christian American Parents (CAP)", "aliases": ["Christian American Parents (CAP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["christian values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Launched a crusade against school books, alleging they ridiculed child's faith and promoted moral relativism.", "quote": "With theAelp Of various fur*. mentalist religious groups and an ,organization called Christian Anrerican Parents (CAP), she began a crusade aminst the books, which she said- ridiculed a child's faith, called Biblical stories fables, and implied that ,the Bible was not. to be taken literally.", "page": "8", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Christian and Islamic religious associations (collectively 'the organized church')", "aliases": ["Christian and Islamic religious associations (collectively 'the organized church')"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": [], "norms": ["blasphemy prevention", "religious institution protection", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of information and the Nigerian society", "author": "KF Dafiaghor", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acts as an active censor by influencing societal norms and setting limits on theological discourse, regulating how the Divine may be represented, and banning religiously questionable materials.", "quote": "The organized church soon joined the Nigerian government as an active censor. The Biblical injunction, 'Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord, thy God, in vain' is clearly an early attempt to set limits on what would be acceptable theological discourse.", "page": "3", "url": "https://academicjournals.org/journal/INGOJ/article-full-text-pdf/6E9459341019/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria", "when": "Early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Christian Church", "aliases": ["Christian Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Historically, the Christian church wielded power to ban profanity and blasphemy, enforcing strict rules and punishments to maintain the sacrosanctity of religious terms and condemn language that violated moral precepts.", "quote": "Jay puts it, 'the church banned profanity because it had the power to do so at the time.'", "page": "125", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Christian fundamentalists", "aliases": ["Christian fundamentalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Attacked the teaching of evolution, seeking to suppress scientific discourse that contradicted their religious beliefs.", "quote": "Galileo was forced by the church to recant his views; Christian fundamentalists have attacked the teaching of evolution.", "page": "24", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Christian-American Parents", "aliases": ["Christian-American Parents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Organized letter-writing campaigns, paid for newspaper advertisements, and held rallies and demonstrations to protest the textbooks.", "quote": "Charlestonians heaved a sigh of relief that the controversy was over, but during the summer the new Christian-American Parents set up letter writing campaigns, paid for newspaper advertisements, held a rally at the Municipal Auditorium, picketed a company owned by a board member, and demonstrated before the governor's mansion.", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU)", "aliases": ["Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Practices 'silent moderation' or a lack of direct intervention in discussions on its Facebook pages, which influences the nature and development of online exchanges among citizens.", "quote": "l'absence de modération de discussions, telle que l'on peut l'observer sur la page des Chrétiens-démocrates, n'est pas à négliger si l'on s'intéresse au déroulement des échanges sur ces pages.", "page": "17", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Chronicle of Current Events", "aliases": ["Chronicle of Current Events"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A key samizdat publication that meticulously reported on political trials, arrests, and dissident activities, serving as a vital counter-information source against state propaganda.", "quote": "Definita da Sacharov il più importante raggiungimento del movimento dissidente, la “Chronika tekuščich sobytij” è uno strumento prezioso non solo per la ricostruzione dell’attività dei movimenti dissidenti, ma anche per quella dei servizi segreti. La rivista riporta sempre con precisioni la cronaca degli arresti, delle perquisizioni, delle confische, dei processi guidati dal KGB.", "page": "69", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Chronicle of Philanthropy", "aliases": ["Chronicle of Philanthropy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Produces investigative reporting, special reports, surveys and newsletters reaching nonprofit leaders; partners with major news organizations to amplify coverage and shapes public debate about philanthropy and related policy topics.", "quote": "Primarily a nonprofit news outlet covering philanthropy; occasionally reports and convenes on issues (e.g., The Commons) that touch on platform governance and media-related policy but it is not primarily a platform-governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.philanthropy.com/jobs", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Church Associations", "aliases": ["Church Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Representatives participate in a commission (within a state body like BPjS/BzKJ) that proposes works for inclusion in an index of media harmful to youth, thus influencing regulated self-regulation.", "quote": "uma comissão composta por professores, representantes do setor editorial, de associações juvenis e da Igreja", "page": "12", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Church of Geneva", "aliases": ["Church of Geneva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Organized 'Congregations' (meetings) to address doctrinal controversies and re-establish unity of faith, specifically regarding predestination, through public exposition and confirmation of doctrines by ministers.", "quote": "Le vendredi 11ème jour de décembre fut advisé par les ministres que d'autant que la Cene approchoit, il seroit bon de remedier à ce trouble qui avoit esté faict par maistre Hierosme, afin que s'y en avoit qui fussent infectez de son erreur, qu'on y pourveust et que le sacrement ne fust point pollué par eux.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Church of Scientology International", "aliases": ["Church of Scientology International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Employed copyright litigation to prevent former members and critics from copying and making public its \"Operating Thetan\"\" (OT) documents", "quote": "Control over religious texts, protection of proprietary doctrines, suppression of criticism.", "page": "Because the Church of Scientology does not authorize the distribution of these works to the general public (including, presumably, critics), there was no market within which the defendant could have obtained a license to reproduce the works.", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Churches / Charitable Organizations", "aliases": ["Churches / Charitable Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Function as opinion-forming associations within the public sphere, raising social problems and influencing the political process from normative perspectives.", "quote": "public-interest groups' (with public concerns, such as the protection of the environment, the testing of products, and the protection of animals) and churches or charitable organizations. These opinion-forming associations, which specialize in issues and contributions and are generally designed to generate public influence, belong to the civil-social infrastructure of a public sphere dominated by the mass media.", "page": "355", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Churches of Christ in America", "aliases": ["Churches of Christ in America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocated for Protestant interests in radio programming and participated in the NBC Advisory Council, which aimed to distribute airtime equally among dominant religious faiths and exclude controversial speakers.", "quote": "Reverend Charles MacFarland, of the Churches of Christ in America, was to advocate for Protestants.", "page": "47", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Churches of Zurich and Bern", "aliases": ["Churches of Zurich and Bern"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith relations", "peace", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Provided 'counsels of moderation' during doctrinal disputes in Geneva, indicating a role in influencing the intensity or direction of norm enforcement among peer religious bodies.", "quote": "malgré les soutiens dont il bénéficiait, y compris à Genève (10), en dépit des conseils de modération émanant d'autres Églises, comme celles de Zurich (11) ou de Berne (12)", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Cifas", "aliases": ["Cifas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraud prevention not-for-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Cifas operates and governs the National Fraud Database and Insider Threat Database used by public and private members, provides accredited training, sits on government taskforces, and is a specified anti-fraud organisation under UK law.", "quote": "Cifas's core mission is fraud and financial crime prevention, but it operates large cross-sector data-sharing systems and works with government and private-sector actors in ways that touch on platform safety, data sharing, and online scam prevention.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cifas.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cine Rebelde", "aliases": ["Cine Rebelde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Acted as a precursor to the state film institute (ICAIC), promoting revolutionary goals and social justice through cinematic expression.", "quote": "Con la llegada de la revolución, Alea formaba parte del grupo 'Cine Rebelde', un precursor del Instituto Cubano de Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC) del cual también fue entre los fundadores.", "page": "201", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Cineca (Interuniversity Consortium)", "aliases": ["Cineca (Interuniversity Consortium)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides text mining services, utilizing Natural Language Processing (NLP) to extract significant information and analyze message content, including identifying offensive expressions, for combating hate speech.", "quote": "La più importante il Text mining34 e utilizza il Natural Language Processing (NLP, ossia linguaggio naturale) per estrarre informazioni significative e analizzare il contenuto dei messaggi. L’NLP viene utilizzato per classificare i testi oltre che a rilevare le espressioni offensive.35", "page": "20", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association", "aliases": ["Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["industry interests", "regulatory efficiency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1909, "when_max": 1925, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema, Censorship and Sexuality 1909-1925 (Routledge Revivals)", "author": "Kuhn, Annette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The CEA, representing cinema owners, advocated for industry self-regulation through voluntary censorship to prevent stricter local government restrictions and state control over film content.", "quote": "The Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association declared themselves 'prepared to cooperate with the local authorities and provide a really efficient system of national control', the intention being to prevent further municipal restrictions by introducing a scheme of voluntary censorship...", "page": "14", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "1909–1925"}]}, {"name": "Ciompi Rebellion", "aliases": ["Ciompi Rebellion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic protection", "political power", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Briefly seized control of the Florentine government and obtained guild privileges, illustrating a moment of democratic upheaval.", "quote": "The ciompi rebels briefly seized control of the government and then, with support from some members of the minor guilds, obtained guild privileges, which meant access to the political domain...", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Circle of Juan de Ruiz de Alcaraz", "aliases": ["Circle of Juan de Ruiz de Alcaraz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Supported by local nobility, this group promoted or discussed ideas associated with the Alumbrados movement, thereby participating in a spiritual current deemed heterodox by authorities.", "quote": "Maqueda et Escalona se trouvaient dans les possessions du marquis de Villena, lequel avait soutenu le cercle de Ruiz de Alcaraz et, enfin, l'apparition à plusieurs reprises dans le texte des verbes alumbrar et de ses dérivés tendraient à prouver qu'un alumbrado ou un lettré suffisamment proche du mouvement en était l'auteur...", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Circulating libraries (system)", "aliases": ["Circulating libraries (system)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["content control", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Émile Zola devant la censure victorienne", "author": "Merkle, Denise", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The collective system of circulating libraries acted as an effective form of censorship by controlling which books were published and distributed, thereby repressing literary creativity. They rejected Zola's controversial novels.", "quote": "Ce système de bibliothèques de prêt devient une forme efficace de censure et réprime la créativité littéraire en Angleterre pendant la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle.", "page": "4", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/037169ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Victorian England", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Cistercian Order", "aliases": ["Cistercian Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic conformity", "intellectual freedom", "public order"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Their ancient statutes, dating from the early 13th century, forbade the composition and publication of new books without explicit license from the Chapter General, specifically targeting 'new works'.", "quote": "Quod nouas librorum exposiciones componere non licet, nisi de licentia capituli generalis. Nulli abbati, nec monacho, nec nouicio, exposiciones nouas librorum facere licet.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}]}, {"name": "Cities (German territories)", "aliases": ["Cities (German territories)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["local power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Governed surrounding villages, exacted taxes, and defended their political and economic autonomy against imperial and princely claimants.", "quote": "Like the Italian city-states, German cities often governed their surrounding villages, exacting taxes from the peasantry by means of a collective urban lordship...", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Citizen collectives", "aliases": ["Citizen collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["data transparency", "democratic integrity", "good governance"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini m'a menti", "author": "T Gheeraert", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocate for public governance of data and AI models, pushing for transparency and democratic control over the infrastructure and societal impact of artificial intelligence.", "quote": "...ou de collectifs citoyens plaidant pour une gouvernance publique des données et des modèles.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.sens-public.org/articles/1806/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global AI industry", "when": "2023-2026"}]}, {"name": "Citizen Jury", "aliases": ["Citizen Jury"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This randomly selected group of citizens deliberates on complex societal issues, interacts with experts, and formulates a consensual opinion, which is then publicly presented. They act as a mechanism for public deliberation and democratic norm-setting regarding technology adoption.", "quote": "Le jury a toute liberté pour développer son avis. Un modérateur responsable devant le jury l'aide à utiliser les experts. Les citoyens ordinaires du jury bénéficient d'une documentation et de la possibilité d'un dialogue direct avec les experts.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Citizengage", "aliases": ["Citizengage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["multistakeholder initiative / advocacy network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Access to Information", "Civic engagement", "Data governance", "E-governance", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "OGP aggregates case studies, convenes governments and civil society, issues guidance on algorithm accountability and transparency, and leverages member-state commitments to push governance reforms.", "quote": "OGP's core mission is open government reforms, but it publishes materials and supports initiatives on digital governance and algorithm accountability that touch platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ogpstories.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Citizens and Technology (CAT) Lab", "aliases": ["Citizens and Technology (CAT) Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research lab / public-interest research group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces community-engaged scientific evidence and policy recommendations (NTIA, White House), develops open technical and ethical research systems, and works directly with platforms, news organisations and community moderators to shape platform governance.", "quote": "CAT Lab conducts research with online communities on digital discourse, digital rights, consumer protection and provides evidence and policy recommendations to NTIA, the White House and platform actors.", "page": "", "url": "https://citizensandtech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Citizens Archive of Pakistan", "aliases": ["Citizens Archive of Pakistan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Emphasizing the shared struggles of individual members of each group during conflict to build commonality and reduce negative attitudes.", "quote": "By contrast, the Citizens Archive of Pakistan emphasizes the shared struggles of individual members of each group during conflict.", "page": "105", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Citizens Concerned for Quality Education", "aliases": ["Citizens Concerned for Quality Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional integrity", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Formed as a pro-textbook group to counter anti-textbook agitation, opposing attempts to impose religious ideas on public institutions.", "quote": "In the face of..growing agitation of the anti-textok.,grottp pvtextbook group 'called Citizens Concerned for (duality Ecttiica Lion was: fOrmcd.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for Decency Through Law", "aliases": ["Citizens for Decency Through Law"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education, presumably through legal means.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan [...] Citizens fur Decent 'Literature., Citizens for .Decency Through Law, the Heritage Foun dation, and the. National Klrents Le.gueinvolved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for Decency Through Law (CDL)", "aliases": ["Citizens for Decency Through Law (CDL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Supported the Kanawha County protest movement, with a representative speaking at rallies, and expressed views on whether the disputed books were obscene or pornographic.", "quote": "Dornan took a leave of absence later from CDL to return to Kanawha County and further support the protest movement.", "page": "38", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for the Republic", "aliases": ["Citizens for the Republic"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "partisan politics", "political influence", "political power"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Fundraises and provides money to defeat candidates and elect those supporting its program in Congress, supported by media and receiving presidential campaign funds.", "quote": "Reagalifs Citizens for the Republic continues to provide money to defeat candiciVIte's for '''1! the Hot eanAenate and to elect those suppirting his pro gram of tup'ported bv.a ra4io show and newspaper column, liens for die Republic have 'been receiving. fluids the reported Tate of por.month and have aces to over one tv..i dAlars 'from the'laSt presid,ential cainpaagm.", "page": "95", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Citizens for Truth in Education", "aliases": ["Citizens for Truth in Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["sexual abstinence"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "This group is organized to promote abstinence-only sex education, implying active engagement in challenging or influencing school curricula that do not align with this specific viewpoint.", "quote": "Citizens for Truth in Education-a group organized to promote abstinence-only sex education-provide training sessions and actively encourage citizens and parents to challenge their local schools (Jones, 1993).", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}]}, {"name": "Citizens United", "aliases": ["Citizens United"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las políticas de moderación de contenidos de los proveedores de servicios de internet", "author": "L Pérez de la Fuente", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (challenging campaign finance regulations) that led to a landmark Supreme Court decision affirming the free speech rights of corporations, thereby influencing how content related to political speech can be disseminated without restriction.", "quote": "Citizens United es una entidad sin ánimo de lucro que, en el marco de las primarias presidenciales del Partido Demócrata de 2008, lanzó un documental altamente crítico con la entonces senadora y candidata Hillary Clinton.", "page": "15", "url": "https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/76182", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet platforms, EU and US", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Citizens' committees and militias (Dutch Patriot movement)", "aliases": ["Citizens' committees and militias (Dutch Patriot movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Formed as part of the Dutch Patriot movement, signaling an escalation of organizational forms and contributing to the movement's shift towards more confrontational tactics and ultimately \"forceful revolutionary action\"\".\"", "quote": "the coalition that began the Dutch Patriot movement in the 1780s with massive – but moderate – petition drives led to the formation of a provincial network of citizens’ committees and militias", "page": "148", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Citizens' Juries C.I.C.", "aliases": ["Citizens' Juries C.I.C."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai accountability", "citizen participation", "public discourse"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organised and facilitated citizens' juries, alongside the Jefferson Center, to deliberate on obstacles to trusting algorithmic decisions, particularly regarding AI transparency and performance.", "quote": "These juries, with 36 jurors in total, were organised and facilitated by Citizens' Juries c.i.c. and the Jefferson Center (Project explAIn: Interim report, 2019).", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "CITRIS Policy Lab; Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley", "aliases": ["CITRIS Policy Lab; Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated policy research lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and policy engagement (reports, fellows, workshops) and leverages partnerships with platform companies, government bodies, and NGOs to shape AI and platform governance debates.", "quote": "Hosts research programs and fellowships on Content Moderation, Responsible AI, Computational Propaganda and runs policy engagement (AI Policy Hub, California AI Strategy) that directly address platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://citrispolicylab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CityLAB Berlin / Technologiestiftung Berlin", "aliases": ["CityLAB Berlin / Technologiestiftung Berlin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation project / urban innovation lab"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025; Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CityLAB produces pilots, events, toolkits and open?data work with Berlin authorities, convenes stakeholders and prototypes technical interventions (e.g., Kiezbox, LoRaWAN, dashboards) to shape public-sector digital infrastructure and policy.", "quote": "CityLAB focuses on Open Data, civic tech, AI for the public sector and digital participation, acting as a node between Berlin administration, civil society and technology projects that shape platformized information and service infrastructures.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.technologiestiftung-berlin.de/projekte/citylab-berlin", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CityScienceLab | HafenCity Universität in Hamburg", "aliases": ["CityScienceLab | HafenCity Universität in Hamburg"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research lab / centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025; Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and digital tools for urban governance, collaborates with political and civil society actors, and demonstrates technical prototypes to inform policy and practice.", "quote": "Focuses on digital cities, urban data governance and citizen participation; engages with data-driven governance tools but does not centrally target consumer-facing platform content moderation or platform policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.citysciencelab.hamburg/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ciudad de Mujeres (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["Ciudad de Mujeres (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["animal rights", "gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account to diffuse information with an animalist and feminist perspective.", "quote": "Ciudad de Mujeres (36,9 K) https://twitter.com/ciudaddemujeres ... Mujeres y hombres, es una página con contenido animalista. Lenguaje no sexista...", "page": "342", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "CIV:Lab", "aliases": ["CIV:Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grantmaking organization; convening and studios"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CIV:Lab leverages convenings, partnerships with universities and industry, and grantmaking to shape local networks and discourse around urban tech, health tech (including AI), and climate solutions.", "quote": "CIV:Lab convenes stakeholders on Urban Tech and Health/AI topics and partners with academia/industry, but its core mission is place-based climate and civic innovation rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://civ-lab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Data Privacy Leaders Network", "aliases": ["Civic Data Privacy Leaders Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["collaborative network (MetroLab Network & Future of Privacy Forum partnership)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Public services", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Produces guidance, a Privacy Risk Assessment, workshops and peer networks to shape municipal practices and influence technology providers and civic-data projects.", "quote": "The network focuses on civic data privacy for smart cities—privacy and data-protection issues that touch platform practices but do not primarily target consumer-facing content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://metrolabnetwork.org/metrolab-partners-with-future-of-privacy-forum-to-advance-civic-data-privacy/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic I/O", "aliases": ["Civic I/O"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["municipal association program / civic tech summit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Hosts a national summit and pitch competition that connects mayors and civic tech companies, shaping local adoption of technologies and local responses to disinformation through events and partnerships.", "quote": "Hosts Civic I/O summit and panels addressing civic tech and 'impacts of disinformation in local politics and city government', engaging with platform-related issues incidentally rather than as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.civicio.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Magistrates (German territories)", "aliases": ["Civic Magistrates (German territories)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["local power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Resisted higher authorities (emperors, princes) and defended their city's autonomy, invoking Lutheran doctrine to support their jurisdictional rights.", "quote": "...princes or civic magistrates could claim to be acting not in their private interests but in defence of their own public powers.", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Civic Tech and Data Collaborative | NNIP", "aliases": ["Civic Tech and Data Collaborative | NNIP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network; local data intermediaries partnership"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NNIP produces guides, case studies, and toolkits, convenes local partners and national networks (e.g., Living Cities, Code for America), and supports ecosystem mapping and pilot data tools to influence local civic tech and data use.", "quote": "NNIP coordinates local data intermediaries and civic tech collaboratives that use data and algorithms in local government contexts but does not primarily focus on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.neighborhoodindicators.org/activities/projects/civic-tech-and-data-collaborative", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Tech and Innovation - State Voices", "aliases": ["Civic Tech and Innovation - State Voices"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national civic engagement network / nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "State Voices provides data tools and training to 501(c)(3) organizations nationwide, leads coalitions that secure meetings with carriers and Congress and conducts large-scale texting/phonebank campaigns to reach marginalized communities.", "quote": "Directly engages with platformized-information flows (person-to-person texting), leads coalitions challenging carrier rules, and pushes Congress for oversight affecting information access.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.statevoices.org/our-impact/civic-tech-and-innovation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Tech Atlanta", "aliases": ["Civic Tech Atlanta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech nonprofit / community alliance"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes regular hack nights and builds civic-tech projects on GitHub to support local governments and nonprofits, producing tools and community capacity rather than campaigning on platform governance policy.", "quote": "Operates civic tech projects and community hack nights that occasionally build digital tools and services for local governments and organizations, but does not primarily focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.civictechatlanta.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Tech DC", "aliases": ["Civic Tech DC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech nonprofit; community organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Runs open-source projects such as CIB Mango Tree to detect coordinated inauthentic behavior, hosts regular meetups and project nights, and publishes project updates to inform practitioners and civic actors.", "quote": "Civic Tech DC is a civic-technology nonprofit incubating open-source projects that include tools for analyzing social media (CIB Mango Tree), engaging with issues relevant to platform governance but with a broader civic engagement mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.civictechdc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "civic tech — News - People Powered", "aliases": ["civic tech — News - People Powered"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global hub for participatory democracy; think tank / advocacy network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "People Powered publishes Digital Participation Platform Ratings, runs accelerator programs funded by major foundations, and convenes governments and civil society to shape digital policymaking and AI/data policy practice.", "quote": "People Powered runs digital participation programs, publishes Digital Participation Platform Ratings, and runs a digital democracy accelerator focused on AI and data policies, directly engaging platformized content and AI governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.peoplepowered.org/news-content/tag/civic+tech", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civic Technology Community Group - W3C", "aliases": ["Civic Technology Community Group - W3C"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["W3C-hosted community group / standards community"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Hosted within W3C, the group focuses on interoperability and standards-relevant topics (chatbot interoperability, linked data) and convenes practitioners to share knowledge and shape web practices.", "quote": "Group focuses on civic technology, open government and AI (chatbot interoperability, comment analysis) and thus touches on platform-related tools and governance without being primarily a platform-governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.w3.org/community/civics/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civiciti", "aliases": ["Civiciti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic participation"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Manages the Civiciti platform, which allows citizens to vote on public consultations and propose ideas and solutions for open processes, promoting direct citizen engagement in governance.", "quote": "Empresa Civiciti", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "CIVICUS", "aliases": ["CIVICUS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Documented the shrinking space for civil society globally, highlighting how counter-terrorism rhetoric contributes to the erosion of freedoms for peaceful protest and organization.", "quote": "CIVICUS sug- gesting that \"only two percent of the globe's population of some 7.5 billion people can now claim to live in countries where the freedoms to speak out against injustice", "page": "organise and protest peacefully are adequately protected\"\".\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation", "aliases": ["CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, with a focus on citizen participation and strengthening civil society.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Civil Liberties Union for Europe", "aliases": ["Civil Liberties Union for Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["EU-focused human rights watchdog / civil liberties network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Liberties publishes annual Rule of Law and Media Freedom reports, submits formal responses to EU legislative consultations (e.g. DSA, AI Act), coordinates NGO coalitions (CASE), and runs public campaigns and media interventions to pressure policymakers and platform practices.", "quote": "Liberties publishes reports on media freedom, responds to EU consultations (DSA, AI Act, European Media Freedom Act), advocates for third-party audits of high-risk AI and criticises Big Tech practices, directly engaging platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.liberties.eu/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civil liberty advocacy groups", "aliases": ["Civil liberty advocacy groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Advocate for human rights, freedom of speech, and privacy within ICANN's policymaking structures, influencing DNS policies related to critical Internet resources.", "quote": "They range from trademark holders wanting to see their assets in (brand) names protected, to civil liberty groups advocating respect of freedom of speech, privacy and other human rights.", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Civil rights advocacy groups", "aliases": ["Civil rights advocacy groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il ruolo dei social network nella lotta all'hate speech: un'analisi comparata fra l'esperienza statunitense e quella europea", "author": "F Abbondante", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "These groups mobilized against government proposals to introduce legislation that would impose obligations on social media platforms for monitoring and removing content, successfully blocking such legislative attempts.", "quote": "La resistenza del Governo a introdurre tali forme di legislazione è dovuta, in particolare, alla forte mobilitazione da parte di numerose organizzazioni che si battono per la difesa dei diritti civili, che, sino a oggi, sono state in grado di bloccare tutte le proposte in materia.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.ittig.cnr.it/EditoriaServizi/AttivitaEditoriale/InformaticaEDiritto/Rivista_IeD_1-2-2017_Abbondante.pdf", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2000 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Civil Rights Defenders", "aliases": ["Civil Rights Defenders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partners with Meta to launch the Human Rights Defender Fund and Journalist Safety Initiative, which provides offline assistance and supports new digital security efforts for human rights defenders.", "quote": "In November 2021, we launched the Human Rights Defender Fund and Journalist Safety Initiative, in partnership with Civil Rights Defenders and International Center for Journalists, which gives offline assistance to human rights defenders facing critical threats and supports new digital security efforts.", "page": "232", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Civil Rights Groups", "aliases": ["Civil Rights Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Urged Facebook to address 'racially biased' moderation practices, applying public pressure and advocating for equitable enforcement of content policies.", "quote": "Levin, 'Civil Rights Groups Urge Facebook to Fix ‘Racially Biased’ Moderation System', The Guardian, 18 January 2017.", "page": "4", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civil Rights Movement", "aliases": ["Civil Rights Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-segregation", "civil rights", "racial equality", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Generated mass public protests, sit-ins, marches, boycotts, and voter registration drives, actively challenging segregation and dominant social codes, and revaluing African and Afrocentric arts.", "quote": "The counterpublic is exemplified by the black public spheres that generated the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century. In the 1950s and 1960s, mass public protests—sit-ins, marches, boycotts, voter registration drives, as well as the revaluation of African and Afrocentric arts, physical char-acteristics, and speech—were all central elements of daily life for a large number of African Americans.", "page": "15", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Civil Rights Movement (as led by Dr. King)", "aliases": ["Civil Rights Movement (as led by Dr. King)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "justice", "liberty", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Dr. King actively re-defined the meaning of 'extremism' when applied to his civil rights work, transforming it into a positive label associated with love and justice, thereby reshaping terms of reference to recruit support for his movement.", "quote": "he argued 'the question is not whether we will be extremist but what kind of extremist will we be. Will we be extremists for hate or will we be extremists for love? Will we be extremists for the preservation of injustice – or will we be extremists for the cause of justice?'", "page": "3", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Civil rights organizations", "aliases": ["Civil rights organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["civil rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advise YouTube on policy construction, participating in discussions to ensure the platform's moderation policies align with civil rights considerations.", "quote": "documentos do YouTube tentam demonstrar que suas políticas são construídas com especialistas, acadêmicos e organizações de defesa de direitos civis", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society & Independent Media Referrals - Social Pattern Library", "aliases": ["Civil Society & Independent Media Referrals - Social Pattern Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights NGO; anti-hate advocacy and digital policy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1913, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1913", "mechanism": "ADL publishes the Social Pattern Library (design patterns and principles), advises platforms directly, and promotes adoption of technical UX measures (escalation channels, delegated access) to reduce online hate and improve moderation practices.", "quote": "ADL's Center for Technology & Society develops the 'Anti-Hate by Design' Social Pattern Library and advises social and gaming platforms on moderation, reporting, and design to mitigate online hate.", "page": "", "url": "https://socialpatterns.adl.org/patterns/civil-society-independent-media-referrals/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civil Society - Trade Union Advisory Committee", "aliases": ["Civil Society - Trade Union Advisory Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations for internet governance.", "quote": "16. Civil Society-TUAC. (2008). Seoul Declaration. https://thepublicvoice.org/PVevents/seoul08/seoul-declaration.pdf.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civil society associations (general)", "aliases": ["Civil society associations (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-privatization", "free speech", "public interest"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Romain Badouard, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure", "author": "P Brouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Alerting on the potential abuses and negative consequences of the privatization of the internet regulation market.", "quote": "des émanations de la société civile comme des associations alertant sur les possibles dérives de la privatisation du marché de régulation sur internet.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/2049", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, Europe (with global context)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical legal context"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Collective programme - Bond", "aliases": ["Civil Society Collective programme - Bond"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership network / NGO network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Bond unites over 400 member organisations to share expertise, convene communities of practice, and conduct collective advocacy to influence governments and policy on development and civil society issues.", "quote": "Bond convenes and advocates for civil society, emphasising transparency and accountability and influencing policymakers, but the materials do not show core, direct engagement on platform content moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bond.org.uk/civil-society-collective/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Empowerment Programme", "aliases": ["Civil Society Empowerment Programme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A partnership established and financed by the EU Internet Forum, it trains over 250 European civil society organisations in implementing alternative or counterspeech campaigns.", "quote": "The partnership established and financed the Civil Society Empowerment Programme, in which more than 250 European civil society organisations have participated in training sessions for the implemen-tation of alternative or counterspeech campaigns.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "civil society groups", "aliases": ["civil society groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting Propaganda with Censorship: A Study of the Ukrainian Ban on Russian Social Media", "author": "Golovchenko, Yevgeniy", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These groups contributed to the public discourse by framing the use of VKontakte as a political choice, a lack of patriotism, or even part of the Russian information war against Ukraine, thereby signaling to citizens that compliance with the ban was a sign of political loyalty.", "quote": "The government, various journalists and civil society groups framed the use of VKontakte as a political choice, a lack of patriotism or even a part of the Russian information war against Ukraine.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/716949", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017)"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Organisations", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "content policy enforcement", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura nas redes sociais: análise de novos tipos de censura e sua privatização", "author": "N Basigli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Civil Society Organisations monitor the EU Code of Conduct on countering illegal hate speech online. Their role involves assessing the quantity and speed of content removal by IT companies, rather than the qualitative aspects of content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Furthermore, while CSOs and the Commission have a fundamental role to play in monitoring the Code, the scope of such monitoring is limited to assessing the quantity of IT Companies' responses, by focusing on evaluating how quickly content is being removed.", "page": "13", "url": "https://periodicos.univali.br/index.php/SIDC/article/view/21886", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms in Western democracies (EU, Italy, France, USA)", "when": "Post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Organisations (collectively represented in IGF)", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organisations (collectively represented in IGF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "democratic participation", "diversity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participate in the IGF's multi-stakeholder policy dialogue, advocating for diverse viewpoints, criticizing UN stakeholder taxonomies, and calling for greater autonomy in selection processes to influence the agenda and discourse.", "quote": "Civil society and the technical sector, for example, criticised the UN stakeholder taxonomy for misrepresenting them, and asked for separate categories (Malcolm 2008, 365).", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Organisations (EU)", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organisations (EU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engage in partnerships and training activities with social media platforms under the EU Code of Conduct to expand networks of trusted flaggers and promote transparency in content moderation.", "quote": "l'engagement dans des partenariats et des activités de formation avec les organisations de la société civile (OSC) dans le but d'élargir le réseau de «signaleurs de confiance» (trusted flaggers), et la promotion de la transparence vis-à-vis des utilisateurs et du grand public.", "page": "30", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Organizations (as 'trusted reporters' under the EU Code of Conduct on Hate Speech)", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organizations (as 'trusted reporters' under the EU Code of Conduct on Hate Speech)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil society participation", "hate speech"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Act as 'trusted reporters' under the EU Code of Conduct on Hate Speech, submitting notices through specific channels to signatory platforms, sometimes in parallel to police, to combat illegal hate speech online.", "quote": "In the Code of Conduct, signatories commit to, amongst other actions, setting up trusted flagger programs and providing adequate training for civil society organizations to fulfil this role.", "page": "5", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Civil society organizations (collective entities for user complaints)", "aliases": ["Civil society organizations (collective entities for user complaints)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "due process", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Detecting erroneous or unjustified content moderation decisions and filing complaints against service providers on behalf of users, potentially impacting freedom of expression and information.", "quote": "Determinados organismos, organizações e associações têm conhecimentos especializados e competências especiais para detetar e sinalizar decisões de moderação de conteúdos erróneas ou injustificadas, e as suas reclamações em nome dos destinatários do serviço podem ter um impacto positivo na liberdade de expressão e de informação em geral, pelo que os fornecedores de plataformas em linha deverão tratar essas reclamações sem demora injustificada.", "page": "51", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Civil Society Organizations and other third parties (as 'reporting agencies' or Beschwerdenstellen under the German NetzDG)", "aliases": ["Civil Society Organizations and other third parties (as 'reporting agencies' or Beschwerdenstellen under the German NetzDG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "public interest"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Submit notices on behalf of public interests, such as removing hate speech, under the German NetzDG framework. Platforms must disclose the number of complaints received from these entities, though they generally lack priority treatment or special interfaces.", "quote": "This framework allows NGOs and other third parties to submit notices on behalf of public interests, such as removing hate speech.", "page": "6", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Civil Society to the World Summit on the Information Society", "aliases": ["Civil Society to the World Summit on the Information Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "information access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting a declaration separate from official state declarations, broadening the agenda of digital governance discussions and influencing content of early digital bills of rights.", "quote": "The WSIS has witnessed an emancipation of civil society in digital governance, e.g. through the drafting of a ‘Civil Society Declaration to the World Summit on the Information Society' separate from the official declaration, and impacts beyond outcome documents in the form of “a contribution in broadening the agenda, a fruitful convergence of different civil society actors, and a continuity of interactions”", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Civinomics community/collective", "aliases": ["Civinomics community/collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As creators of the Civinomics platform, they facilitate citizen discussion and voting on proposals from public authorities, enabling direct input from the community, business owners, and elected officials.", "quote": "Membros da comunidade, donos de empresas e líderes eleitos", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Civitas", "aliases": ["Civitas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Running citizenship education projects, integrating teaching material and curricular guidelines into official curricula, and promoting student participation in democratic school management.", "quote": "The citizenship education projects run by the international organization Civitas have produced a well documented impact on curriculum change and teaching methods.", "page": "257", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Ciência sem Fronteiras Mochileiros – Europa", "aliases": ["Ciência sem Fronteiras Mochileiros – Europa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community support", "cultural exchange"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Facebook group for Brazilian students in Europe to self-organize accommodation exchanges, fostering peer support and cultural exchange among participants.", "quote": "solicitei a minha inserção como membro dos grupos criados por eles na rede social Facebook para fins de troca de hospedagem entre os intercambistas que se encontram em diferentes países da Europa. Tal estratégia, pelo que pude perceber, se destina a potencializar a experiência das viagens diminuindo os custos com estadia, já que uns hospedam os outros gratuitamente.", "page": "215", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Ciência sem Fronteiras Troca de Hospedagem (Around the Word)", "aliases": ["Ciência sem Fronteiras Troca de Hospedagem (Around the Word)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community support", "cultural exchange"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Facebook group for Brazilian students in Europe to self-organize accommodation exchanges, fostering peer support and cultural exchange among participants.", "quote": "solicitei a minha inserção como membro dos grupos criados por eles na rede social Facebook para fins de troca de hospedagem entre os intercambistas que se encontram em diferentes países da Europa. Tal estratégia, pelo que pude perceber, se destina a potencializar a experiência das viagens diminuindo os custos com estadia, já que uns hospedam os outros gratuitamente.", "page": "215", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Clan Committees", "aliases": ["Clan Committees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "community interests", "dispute resolution", "local self-governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press self-censorship in China: A case study in the transformation of discourse", "author": "J Tong", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Clan committees participate in local governance by resolving disputes that local government struggles with, thereby lessening the government's burden. They also resist illegal fines and arrests imposed by the Police Bureau, acting as advocates for community interests.", "quote": "The clan committee's ability to deal with disputes is also much better than local government's ability. According to Tang Taiping, the Chair of People's Representative Committee of Tanbu Town, “sometimes the disputes that cannot be solved by local government can be solved by clan committees. So clan committees lessen the burdens on local government”.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0957926509106412", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2006)"}]}, {"name": "Clariosophic Society", "aliases": ["Clariosophic Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual engagement"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized regulated debates in the 19th century, influencing oratorical styles and argument evaluation, sometimes prioritizing victory over truth-seeking.", "quote": "B. Westbrook (2002) dopo aver esaminato gli argomenti e le decisioni dei giudici sui dibattiti regolamentati dal 1842 al 1848 della Società Clariosophic, ha concluso che discutere non influenzò gli oratori a resistere alle ideologie egemoniche perché il loro obiettivo era litigare per la vittoria e la concorrenza, invece di indagare per la verità.", "page": "75", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Class War", "aliases": ["Class War"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-capitalism", "anti-state", "class struggle", "popular power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An anarchist newspaper that subverted tabloid conventions with irony and colloquial language to represent anarchist positions on class, promoting class struggle and demotic power.", "quote": "The British anarchist newspaper Class War (published by the Class War Federation in the 1980s and 1990s as 'Britain's most unruly tabloid') drew on the common style of the tabloid press by producing news articles and features that were irreverent and often humorous...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Class War Federation", "aliases": ["Class War Federation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-state", "class struggle", "popular power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An anarchist group that published the newspaper Class War, using subversive language and tactics to promote class struggle and anti-state action.", "quote": "The British anarchist newspaper Class War (published by the Class War Federation in the 1980s and 1990s as 'Britain's most unruly tabloid') drew on the common style of the tabloid press by producing news articles and features...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Claudian Gens", "aliases": ["Claudian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political equality"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Occasionally held the position of *princeps senatus*, serving as a counterweight to the dominance of other major clans like the Cornelii, indicating their participation in the struggle for influence over Senate leadership and moderation.", "quote": "ed occasionalmente affidata, in funzione anti-cornelia, a Valerii e Claudii per un solo quinquennio a testa.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Clean Up The Internet", "aliases": ["Clean Up The Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy group / campaign"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy submissions to regulators, mobilises political supporters and MPs, and publicly advocates for regulatory enforcement of platform verification and moderation. Support from multiple parliamentarians cited on site.", "quote": "Core mission is directly about platform governance: campaigning to change how social media platforms handle anonymity, verification, moderation, and urging the Online Safety Act to require platform action.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cleanuptheinternet.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Clergy (as a collective through preaching and local action)", "aliases": ["Clergy (as a collective through preaching and local action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th centuries"], "when_min": 1707, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura civil y censura inquisitorial en el teatro del siglo XViii", "author": "Pérez, Antonio Roldán", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Through sermons in pulpits and missions, and local actions by parish priests, the clergy exerted moral pressure and enforced traditional religious views (derived from the Church Fathers), leading to intermittent suspensions of theatrical performances or attempts to prevent them.", "quote": "Y, por otra parte, la predicación eclesiástica, con el peso de una tradicional condena del teatro por parte de los Santos Padres. De modo capilar, a tra- vés de la predicación en los púlpitos, o por medio de las misiones conse- guían que, de modo intermitente, quedaran suspendidas las representa- ciones teatrales.", "page": "11", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th-19th century (specifically 1707-1836)"}]}, {"name": "Clergymen (representing religious associations)", "aliases": ["Clergymen (representing religious associations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "social norms"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of information and the Nigerian society", "author": "KF Dafiaghor", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Act as 'major censors' by condemning or censoring ideas based on criteria determined by society or community, often influenced by religious loyalty.", "quote": "Clergymen in Nigeria also major censors, over 90% of the Nigerian population is loyal to one religion or the other. Individuals, at their own levels also act censors.", "page": "2", "url": "https://academicjournals.org/journal/INGOJ/article-full-text-pdf/6E9459341019/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria", "when": "Early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Clergé", "aliases": ["Clergé"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-subversion", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'Encyclopédie de Diderot:\" Une grande aventure\"\" dans le domaine de l'édition\"", "author": "NC Torrey", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "The clergy obtained a police order to delay the distribution of the final *Encyclopédie* volumes in Paris, using their voluntary financial contributions to the State as leverage to demand the suppression of perceived 'subversion'.", "quote": "La distribution à Paris fut retardée jusqu'en 1766 par un ordre de la Police, souhaité et obtenu par un conclave important du clergé. L'Église prétendait que ses contributions au Trésor de l'État étaient bénévoles et que leur montant dépendait de la bonne volonté que l'État manifesterait à supprimer toute subversion.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40520903", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Climate Action Network", "aliases": ["Climate Action Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental protection"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Climate Analytics", "aliases": ["Climate Analytics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Climate Central", "aliases": ["Climate Central"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["public awareness", "science communication"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "If they like you, they learn from you: How a brief weathercaster-delivered climate education segment is moderated by viewer evaluations of the weathercaster", "author": "AA Anderson, TA Myers, EW Maibach…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Develops and provides 'Climate Matters' educational segments and accompanying graphics to local TV weathercasters, enabling them to communicate about the causes and local impacts of global warming, thereby shaping public discourse and understanding of climate change.", "quote": "Climate Matters is an ongoing climate change education project at WLTX, a local TV station in Columbia, South Carolina. As part of this project, the station's chief meteorologist, in collaboration with climate science and education experts, developed a series of brief segments (scripts and accompanying graphics) addressing the causes and local impacts of global warming...", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/5/4/wcas-d-12-00051_1.xml", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Carolina, United States (local broadcast television)", "when": "2012–2013"}]}, {"name": "Climate change movement", "aliases": ["Climate change movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental justice", "environmental protection", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redes sociais como nova esfera pública", "author": "CMC Nunes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to amplify marginalized voices and bring social justice issues, specifically related to climate change and environmental protection, to rapid public visibility, challenging existing power structures and norms.", "quote": "Movimentos como #MeToo, Black Lives Matter e os protestos pela mudança climática mostraram o poder das redes sociais de ampliar vozes marginalizadas, permitindo que questões de justiça social ganhem visibilidade de maneira rápida e eficaz.", "page": "15", "url": "https://bdigital.ufp.pt/entities/publication/8ef1c592-98ae-4899-8ce7-bbf5b5e16057", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital sphere; International politics; Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Clinton@Marist mailing list", "aliases": ["Clinton@Marist mailing list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Usenet/Netnews bulletin boards"], "norms": ["civility"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rhetoric, civility, and community: Political debate on computer bulletin boards", "author": "TW Benson", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "This online mailing list, in contrast to the Usenet, actively functions to limit its membership and its participants struggle to maintain civility, thereby attempting to enforce norms of polite discourse and moderate discussions.", "quote": "For example, the Bitnet electronic mailing list Clinton@Marist, founded at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, New York, by Lee Sakkas in 1992, though it has had episodes of flaming, has usually avoided the rancour of alt.politics.clinton. Clinton@Marist is a mailing list, not a bulletin board, which functions to limit its membership; further, its participants devotedly, if unevenly, struggle to maintain civility (see Benson 1994).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01463379609370023", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Usenet/Netnews bulletin boards, Internet (US-focused political debate)", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Cliterally The Best", "aliases": ["Cliterally The Best"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "free speech", "public health", "sexual education"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O IMPACTO DA IA NA ESCRITA NA ERA DAS TENDÊNCIAS DA INTERNET", "author": "LA Chu", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This organization, founded by Evie Plumb, developed and used 'algospeak' on platforms like TikTok to circumvent algorithmic censorship. By using coded language, it aimed to continue providing essential sexual education content without being blocked or removed.", "quote": "exemplificadas pela educadora sexual Evie Plumb, fundadora do Cliterally The Best, que vivenciou diretamente essa realidade ao perder sua conta no TikTok por usar repetidamente a palavra “sexo”, um termo essencial e inocente dentro do contexto da educação sexual.", "page": "9", "url": "https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/12995", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms and AI systems, with examples from Brazil and global trends", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with a focus on generative AI's impact in the 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Club Athletico Paranaense", "aliases": ["Club Athletico Paranaense"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Implemented biometric turnstiles for stadium entry to curb violence and ensure proper ticket acquisition.", "quote": "Em 2017, antes mesmo da entrada em vigor da Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados brasileira, o Athletico Paranaense já havia implementado o uso de catracas com sistema biométrico para todo o público que frequentava a Arena da Baixada, estádio de propriedade do mencionado clube.", "page": "185", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Club da Imprensa", "aliases": ["Club da Imprensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Filed an 'Interdito Proibitório' (prohibitory injunction) in court to protect its members (graphic artists) from government closure due to publishing 'subversive' ideas, acting directly against state censorship of the press.", "quote": "Sobre este tipo de crime, existe um Interdito Proibitório, do Club da Imprensa, em 1929.", "page": "9", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Club de Clichy", "aliases": ["Club de Clichy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "national security"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1795, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Benjamin Constant et le cercle constitutionnel de 1797 : la modération impossible", "author": "Gainot, Bernard", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This club represented the royalist right, which, although labeled 'moderate,' organized a reaction against liberal principles and sought to challenge the established republican government by tactically invoking republican ideals like freedom of the press and suffrage.", "quote": "Ce faisant, Germaine de Staël n'en exonère pas pour autant le « parti royaliste », c'est-à-dire ce regroupement de la droite, impropre-ment appelée « modérée », réunie dans le Club de Clichy, au sein duquel elle a de nombreuses relations. Elle analyse ce parti, en soulignant qu'il invoque dans son combat les principes républicains", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/10577", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (Directoire era, 1795-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Club Deportivo Arquitectura de Madrid", "aliases": ["Club Deportivo Arquitectura de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "public health", "recreational activity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes and promotes sports activities, specifically rugby, for its members, contributing to their physical and social well-being.", "quote": "club Deportivo Arquitectura de Madrid, fundado en 1970. Falleció en Madrid el 13 de febrero de 2002 (web4).", "page": "291", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Club of the Press Film in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg", "aliases": ["Club of the Press Film in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-nazism"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its director, Erich Lüth, promoted a boycott of a film by a director with a Nazi past, which was considered an illicit act.", "quote": "O caso em tela envolvia um boicote promovido no início da década de 50 por Erich Lüth, diretor do Clube de Cinema da Imprensa da Cidade Livre e Hanseática de Hamburgo, ao filme 'Amada imortal' (Unsterbliche Geliebte) dirigido pelo cineasta Veit Harlan, que seria exibido em um festival de cinema naquela cidade.", "page": "58", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Clube de Jornalistas (Journalists' Club)", "aliases": ["Clube de Jornalistas (Journalists' Club)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "journalistic ethics", "public discourse", "public information"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Debate, argumentação e organização enunciativa", "author": "MA Marques", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The Clube de Jornalistas co-organized a televised political debate between the leaders of major political parties, thereby participating in setting the rules, format, and overall structure of this significant public discourse event.", "quote": "... uma organização conjunta da SIC, Clube de Jornalistas, Canal 2...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aldina-Marques/publication/312256062_Debate_argumentacao_e_organizacao_enunciativa/links/58b45c46aca2725b541c3723/Debate-argumentacao-e-organizacao-enunciativa.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "2005"}]}, {"name": "Clube de Oficiais do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro", "aliases": ["Clube de Oficiais do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "military discipline", "policy criticism"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its president, a retired military officer, made public criticisms in a radio interview regarding professional training and public security policy, initiating a legal debate about military discipline versus freedom of expression.", "quote": "No caso do HC nº 75.676-0 - Rio de Janeiro, a Corte deliberou sobre o paciente, militar da reserva e presidente do Clube de Oficiais do Corpo de Bombeiros do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que fora denunciado por conceder entrevista à uma emissora de rádio na qual criticou a formação profissional, bem como a ausência de avaliação profissional e emocional dos policiais militares, além de tecer críticas à política implementada pela Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado.", "page": "247", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Clube Republicano do Pará", "aliases": ["Clube Republicano do Pará"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["federalism", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized and defended the Federal Republic of Brazil through a manifesto, influencing public opinion.", "quote": "Foi após treze anos que no manifesto organizado pelo Clube Republicano do Pará se teria novamente uma defesa da República Federativa do Brasil", "page": "74", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Clubs of Moderatism (general description)", "aliases": ["Clubs of Moderatism (general description)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Atlantic World", "England", "Europe", "France", "Italy", "Scandinavia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "anti-radicalism", "public order", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "'La censura nel secolo dei Lumi. Una visione internazionale', a cura di Edoardo Tortarolo, saggi di Patrizia Delpiano, et al., Torino, UTET libreria, 2011", "author": "S Valeri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Promoted self-censorship and sought to define the acceptable boundaries for intellectual debate and shared truths, aiming for social and ideological cohesion against both radical free expression and old absolutist censorship.", "quote": "Si diffonderanno allora, su tutto il territorio nazionale, club partigiani del moderatismo che, ad imitazione dei whig inglesi del secolo precedente, vorranno definire i confini entro i quali avrebbe dovuto svolgersi il confronto fra le idee e a definire altresì una piattaforma di verità condivise; insomma una sorta di autocensura finalizzata alla coesione sociale e ideologica...", "page": "140", "url": "https://teca.unibo.it/article/download/14469/13951", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (France, England, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain), Atlantic World, USA", "when": "18th to early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "CNblog.org", "aliases": ["CNblog.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "free speech", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Created as an early hub for Chinese blog and social software enthusiasts, facilitating the development and promotion of Chinese blogging tools and fostering a nascent online community for expression.", "quote": "The two of them founded CNblog.org, which quickly became the hub of a community of Chinese blog and social software enthusiasts who developed the first Chinese language blogging tools, promoting them among their friends and colleagues", "page": "5", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}]}, {"name": "CNCD 11.11.11", "aliases": ["CNCD 11.11.11"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "international cooperation", "international justice", "sustainability"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Offers expertise and engagement to the play, thereby contributing to its narrative on agricultural issues from a global development and fair trade perspective and shaping the public discourse presented by the production.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: Emilie Thomas et le Centre du Beau Mur; toute l'équipe du CNCD 11.11.11; Fian Belgique", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Coalición Canaria", "aliases": ["Coalición Canaria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["fair elections", "fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint with the JEC challenging a private media outlet's intention to include a specific political party (Vox) in a multilateral debate, advocating for fair and proportional representation.", "quote": "Véanse, por ejemplo, las reclamaciones de CC, PNV y Junts a las intenciones de Atremedia de incluir a Vox en un debate multilateral y que originaron los acuerdos de la JEC 197, 216 y 217/2019 de 16 de abril.", "page": "12", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Coalición por una Radiodifusión Democrática", "aliases": ["Coalición por una Radiodifusión Democrática"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["communication rights", "democratic process", "pluralism", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Formulated a platform of “21 points” in 2004 that became the conceptual basis for the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual, advocating for a new, more democratic regulatory paradigm in the media sector.", "quote": "dieron origen a la Coalición por una Radiodifusión Democrática que en 2004 firmó los “21 puntos” que cinco años más tarde se transformarían en la base conceptual de la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "page": "3", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Coalition canadienne pour la diversité culturelle", "aliases": ["Coalition canadienne pour la diversité culturelle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "cultural preservation", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for cultural diversity and the protection of art and culture, influencing policy and public discourse to counteract cultural dominance by imported products.", "quote": "Président de l’Union des artistes et coprésident de la Coalition canadienne pour la diversité culturelle.", "page": "221", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA)", "aliases": ["Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "authenticity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops technical standards (Content Credentials) for adding cryptographic metadata (author, device, time, edits) to digital content to verify its provenance and authenticity, aiding in the fight against deepfakes.", "quote": "Padrão: metadados assinados (autor, dispositivo, hora, GPS; cadeia de edições) consultáveis [...] Exemplos: Content Credentials (Adobe, Microsoft, BBC, Nikon, Canon, etc.)", "page": "22", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Coalition for Santa Clara Principles", "aliases": ["Coalition for Santa Clara Principles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content moderation", "due process", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Convened in 2018 to establish the Santa Clara Principles, a charter of minimum standards for social media platforms' moderation practices, advocating for transparency and due process.", "quote": "En mai 2018, une coalition d'universitaires, de militantes et d'associatifs s'est réunie dans le but d'établir une charte des standards minimum que devraient respecter les plateformes de réseaux sociaux dans leurs pratiques de modération.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Coalition Inclusion Québec", "aliases": ["Coalition Inclusion Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organized public consultations that offered a platform for 23 groups, collectives, and individuals, who were denied speaking time at the National Assembly, to express their views on Law 21.", "quote": "La tenue de la consultation publique, organisée par la CIQ, a remis en question justement, à notre sens, la légitimité des processus officiels menés dans le cadre du processus législatif ayant conduit à l’adoption de la loi 21.", "page": "253", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Coalition of human rights organizations, journalists associations, and researchers", "aliases": ["Coalition of human rights organizations, journalists associations, and researchers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Denounced the threats to free speech and the rule of law entailed by the TERREG in a letter addressed to the European Parliament, contributing to public debate and legislative scrutiny.", "quote": "In a letter addressed to the European Parliament, seventy-eight parties, composed of human rights organisations, journalists associations and researchers, denounced the threat it may represent from a free speech and rule of law perspective.", "page": "320", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations", "aliases": ["Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Represents civil society interests, contributing to research and discussions on digital rights and freedom of expression.", "quote": "key informants drawn from the Nigerian Union of Journalists, Nigerian Guild of Editors, Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations, Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria and the Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria.", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Coalition of pole dancers and appreciation networks", "aliases": ["Coalition of pole dancers and appreciation networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "community representation", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Formed a collective to engage Instagram's press team, asking specific questions about moderation practices and sharing community concerns, which ultimately led to an apology from the platform.", "quote": "I was invited into a wider coalition of world-famous pole dancers-including @michelleshimmy, an Australian dancer and studio owner with 186,000 followers, @upartists and @poledancenation, pole dance appreciation accounts and networks with 185,000 and 222,000 followers respectively at the time of writing-to ask new questions to Instagram about their moderation.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Coalition of Ukrainian NGOs 'Freedom of Choice'", "aliases": ["Coalition of Ukrainian NGOs 'Freedom of Choice'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair elections", "individual autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Prepared a report on the financing of the election campaign, exposing overspending by establishment parties which was linked to their media manipulation through advertising.", "quote": "Final Report of the Project on Public Monitoring of the Election Campaign Financing (2002) prepared by Transparency International-Ukraine and the Coalition of Ukrainian NGOs 'Freedom of Choice'.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "cOAlition S", "aliases": ["cOAlition S"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["open access"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This coalition of national research funding agencies published \"Plan S\"\"", "quote": "under specific licenses. This initiative sets strong norms for publishing behavior and influences global open access policies.\"", "page": "Open science, immediate open access, free licenses (e.g., CC-BY).", "url": "https://univ-pantheon-assas.hal.science/hal-03927082/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France (with reference to EU policy)", "when": "contemporary (post-2016 focus)"}]}, {"name": "Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition for Digital Rights)", "aliases": ["Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition for Digital Rights)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic governance", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'; published positions advocating for legal norms for accountability of social networks and transparency regarding ads and boosted content.", "quote": "La Coalición Derechos en la Red, una reunión de entidades que reúne a más de 40 organiza-ciones académicas y de la sociedad civil entre las más activas de Brasil54 en defensa de los derechos digitales, publicó, en ocasión del debate del Proyecto de Ley 2360/2020 en la Cámara de Diputados, una serie de posicionamientos en que defiende la creación de normas legales de rendición de cuentas para redes sociales55.", "page": "24-25", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition for Network Rights)", "aliases": ["Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition for Network Rights)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["free speech", "legal clarity", "legitimate purpose", "proportionality"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Del test tripartito a los términos y condiciones: tensiones entre Brasil y X (2020-2024) en torno a la regulación y moderación del debate público", "author": "Schtivelband Guindi, Juan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The CSO participated in the public debate by critiquing the proposed Anti-Fake News Law, questioning its potential to limit freedom of expression due to ambiguous terms, illegitimate ends, and disproportionality of measures.", "quote": "sectores de la sociedad civil agrupados en la Coalizão Direitos na Rede (CDR)... pusieron en tela de juicio lo propuesto en la normativa considerando que una ley de tal envergadura podría generar graves limitaciones a la libertad de expresión, cuestionando la ambigüedad e imprecisión de ciertos términos expresados en el proyecto, sus fines legítimos y la desproporcionalidad de algunas de sus medidas.", "page": "21", "url": "https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/argumentos/article/view/10833", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, X (formerly Twitter)", "when": "2020-2024"}]}, {"name": "Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition Rights on the Net)", "aliases": ["Coalizão Direitos na Rede (Coalition Rights on the Net)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Mobilizes numerous civil society entities to participate in legislative debates, notably contributing to the Marco Civil da Internet and discussions around the PL 2630, advocating for digital rights and against penalizing internet use.", "quote": "a participação da sociedade civil foi bastante grande, houve uma mobilização muito grande de diversas entidades da sociedade civil, e que deu origem inclusive à Coalizão. (...) sociedade civil organizada que contribuiu de uma forma determinante pra que a gente chegasse no Marco Civil da Internet, um Marco que estabelecesse princípios, direitos gerais, para utilização da internet.", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cochrane", "aliases": ["Cochrane"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["evidence-based medicine", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Developed the 'risk of bias tool' to assess the quality of evidence in clinical studies, aiming to standardize assessment of reliability in medical interventions.", "quote": "A QAT known as the ‘risk of bias tool’ was devised by the Cochrane Collaboration (a prominent organization in the so-called evidence-based medicine movement) to assess the degree to which the results of a study “should be believed.”", "page": "170", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Code for America Summit", "aliases": ["Code for America Summit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech nonprofit; convening/event"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Code for America convenes practitioners via its Summit, showcases technical prototypes in the Demo Lab (technical influence), publishes guidance and policy-facing content, and leverages partnerships with sponsors and government actors to scale civic tech practices.", "quote": "Code for America focuses on civic technology and digital government delivery and runs Summit programming on Emerging Technology and federal technology policy that touches AI and platform-related implementation, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://summit.codeforamerica.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Anchorage", "aliases": ["Code for Anchorage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech volunteer group; Code for America brigade"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces operational civic-tech tools (Alaska CourtBot, Land Acknowledgement bot) and hosts community Hack Nights and GitHub repositories to deliver services via consumer platforms.", "quote": "Builds civic-technology projects (SMS and Facebook Messenger bots, mapping apps) that interact with consumer platforms but does not focus on platform governance or moderation policy.", "page": "", "url": "http://codeforanchorage.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Boston", "aliases": ["Code for Boston"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grassroots civic tech volunteer group; Code for America Brigade local chapter"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Builds and publishes open-source civic tools, runs hack nights and projects that connect community, government, and researchers to deploy civic technology solutions.", "quote": "Primarily a civic tech volunteer meetup building civic tools and running events; has run projects creating digital public spaces and governs its own digital forums via a Code of Conduct, touching platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.codeforboston.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Boulder", "aliases": ["Code for Boulder"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech brigade; local civic nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs hackathons and meetups, produces code repositories and civic tech prototypes, and collaborates with local government to implement data-driven civic tools.", "quote": "Focuses on civic tech, open data, and local government collaboration; may touch platform issues via data/tools but does not center platform governance or moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200717110851/http://www.codeforboulder.org:80/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for BTV", "aliases": ["Code for BTV"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local civic technology brigade / pro bono digital agency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Code for BTV builds and deploys civic apps (e.g., CourtBot, ExpungeVT, BabyEquipVT), hosts community events and provides pro-bono technical capacity to local governments and NGOs to improve civic services.", "quote": "Code for BTV builds civic software, open-data projects and tools for local government and NGOs but does not present platform governance or content-moderation as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://codeforbtv.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Durham", "aliases": ["Code for Durham"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech volunteer group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Civic tech", "Community networks", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes volunteer-built civic projects and community norms (Code of Conduct) to influence local civic technology practices and safe participation; collaborates with local government and nonprofits.", "quote": "Primary work is local civic tech volunteering and community building; it maintains a community Code of Conduct governing online behaviour but does not appear to focus on platform-level governance or policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://codefordurham.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Germany", "aliases": ["Code for Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic-tech network; volunteer Open Knowledge Labs"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces open-source civic tech projects and guides, publishes analyses and blog posts, supports municipal data ethics guidelines, and connects volunteers with local governments to influence digital policy and practice.", "quote": "Works on open data, open government, and digital policy advocacy; occasionally engages with data ethics and digital governance issues that touch platform governance but not as primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://codefor.de/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Greensboro", "aliases": ["Code for Greensboro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America Brigade; local civic tech nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Builds open-source civic tools and runs hackathons and community events to surface local data and shape municipal service delivery; leverages demos and community projects to influence local governance.", "quote": "Primary mission is local civic tech, open data, and building open-source tools for municipal services; this work can touch platform-related issues (data, access, inclusion) but does not focus on content moderation or platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20181028031620/http://codeforgreensboro.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Milwaukee", "aliases": ["Code for Milwaukee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America brigade; civic tech non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Produces civic apps and tools, operates an open data project and a decarceration platform, and mobilizes volunteers through hack nights to build technical solutions for local governance and services.", "quote": "Primarily a civic hacking group focused on local digital public services and projects (open data, decarceration platform) that occasionally build or host digital platforms but do not have a core mission of platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://stupefied-hopper-4b3200.netlify.app/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Muskogee", "aliases": ["Code for Muskogee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local civic tech / Code for America brigade"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "Others (Open Data / civic tech", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes hack nights to build civic apps and share technical knowledge locally (tech projects, open data, community events) to influence local digital services and civic tech capacity.", "quote": "Local Code for America chapter focused on civic tech hack nights and building apps for Muskogee; may touch platform issues via civic tech projects but does not centrally focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200808183010/https://www.meetup.com/Code-for-Muskogee/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Nashville", "aliases": ["Code for Nashville"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America brigade; civic tech non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces open-source civic apps and data tools (GitHub-hosted), organizes meetups and hack nights to mobilize volunteers, and partners with local government and nonprofits to deploy projects that increase public transparency and service delivery.", "quote": "Primarily a civic tech volunteer brigade building open-data civic apps and partnering with local government and nonprofits; some projects (Open Jails, Judicial Report Cards) touch on data transparency and public information relevant to platformed information flows.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.codefornashville.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for PDX", "aliases": ["Code for PDX"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America Brigade; civic tech meetup"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes volunteer-built civic tech projects and demo nights to surface solutions and data for local government, demonstrating technical prototypes and sharing knowledge with the community.", "quote": "Works on civic technology, open data and local government services; occasional overlap with platformized content governance but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.meetup.com/Code-for-PDX/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Philly", "aliases": ["Code for Philly"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Civic tech brigade / Code for America Brigade"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Code for Philly develops open-source civic tools, runs hackathons and fellowships, and publishes project blogs to shape local civic technology practice and tools (e.g., Votewise, Balancer, PHLASK).", "quote": "Code for Philly builds civic technology projects (voter tools, public-service apps, AI health project) that touch on platformized content and AI use but its core mission is local civic tech, not platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://codeforphilly.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Pittsburgh", "aliases": ["Code for Pittsburgh"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech grassroots organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "Public services"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Builds civic datasets and tools (maps) and convenes local stakeholders to influence civic information use and engagement through projects and events.", "quote": "Primary mission is local civic technology and community projects; activities involve creating civic data tools and fostering civic engagement rather than direct platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://codeforpittsburgh.github.io/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code for Tucson", "aliases": ["Code for Tucson"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America brigade; civic tech community"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Code for Tucson produces open-source civic tools (City SDK, Community Calendar), hosts hacknights and events to engage citizens and local government, and advocates for open data to shape local digital services.", "quote": "Primary mission is local civic tech and open data projects, but activities (open-data tools, apps) touch on platformized information flows and public-facing digital services.", "page": "", "url": "http://codefortucson.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Code Island", "aliases": ["Code Island"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America brigade; civic tech volunteer group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Builds and publishes civic tech projects (budget visualizations, EBT Balance), runs meetups and collaborates with Google and the state digital office to obtain data and deploy tools.", "quote": "Primary mission is civic technology and open government data; has occasionally worked on digital tools and partnerships that touch platform data access and civic tech deployments but does not focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://code-island.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Codeforces", "aliases": ["Codeforces"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["AI language models"], "norms": ["AI ethics", "AI safety", "research integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2024 - DeepSeek-Coder-V2 Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Hosts online programming contests that generate \"novel challenges\"\" which are subsequently utilized as a source for benchmarks like LiveCodeBench", "quote": "Fostering competitive programming, promoting algorithmic problem-solving, community engagement.", "page": "...gathering novel challenges over time from three prominent competitive programming platforms: LeetCode, AtCoder, and CodeForces.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI language models, code intelligence, mathematical reasoning, software engineering benchmarks", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "codetekt - eine NGO bekämpft Fake News mit Medienkompetenz", "aliases": ["codetekt - eine NGO bekämpft Fake News mit Medienkompetenz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media literacy NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces the Trust-Checking-Kit and workshops to teach verification skills (information provision); runs public campaigns/branding (#fakenewsneindanke) and produces reusable teaching materials (toolkit).", "quote": "Core mission is media literacy and combating disinformation via workshops and teaching materials; this engages platformized-content-governance topics (misinformation, platform-mediated spread) but governance is not the primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://codetekt.org/informationen/codetekt-eine-ngo-bekaempft-fake-news-mit-medienkompetenz/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Coding it Forward Fellowship", "aliases": ["Coding it Forward Fellowship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit fellowship / civic tech organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Coding it Forward trains and embeds early-career technologists in government to build technical projects (ML models, APIs, AI chatbot prototypes) and leverages partnerships with government offices to influence public interest tech capacity and practice.", "quote": "Operates a fellowship placing technologists in government where projects have occasionally included ML models and customer-facing AI chatbots, indicating incidental engagement with platform/AI governance but not as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.codingitforward.com/apply", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de la Novena Patrona de los artistas españoles", "aliases": ["Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de la Novena Patrona de los artistas españoles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "religious orthodoxy", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["first Francoism"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dramaturgas y censura en el primer franquismo: Pilar Millán Astray y Julia Maura", "author": "", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provided social and political connections for Pilar Millán Astray, enhancing her standing and potentially contributing to the benevolent treatment of her works by state censors, who perceived her as loyal to the regime's values.", "quote": "Entre los cargos que ostentaba están, por ejemplo, el de \"Presidenta de la Cofradía de Nuestra Señora de la Novena Patrona de los artistas españoles\"\" o el de \"\"Jefa de Propaganda y Radio del Centenario a la Virgen del Pilar.\"\"\"", "page": "18", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1950s (first Francoism)"}]}, {"name": "Colab", "aliases": ["Colab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "public welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates a platform that allows citizens to identify urban problems and suggest solutions, connecting them with government services and facilitating communication between citizens and public authorities.", "quote": "Colab: permite que os cidadãos apontem problemas e sugiram soluções para questões urbanas [19];", "page": "3", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Colectivo Libros para Niños de Berlín", "aliases": ["Colectivo Libros para Niños de Berlín"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published children's books (e.g., 'Cinco dedos') that were subsequently censored and prohibited by the military dictatorship, indicating their role as a source of content deemed 'subversive'.", "quote": "Algunos de los libros destinados al público infantil que fueron objeto de la censura son: [...] Cinco dedos (Colectivo Libros para Niños de Berlín).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Colegio de Periodistas de Cataluña", "aliases": ["Colegio de Periodistas de Cataluña"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Challenged a regulatory instruction from the Central Electoral Board (JEC) in court, seeking to influence the rules governing media coverage during electoral periods.", "quote": "La STS de 2 de julio de 2012 desestimó un recurso contencioso-administrativo interpuesto contra la instrucción por varios periodistas y el Colegio de Periodistas de Cataluña.", "page": "5", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Colegio de Periodistas de Chile", "aliases": ["Colegio de Periodistas de Chile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of the press", "journalistic standards", "professional honour", "safety of journalists"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provided support to a correspondent who received death threats for covering incidents in the Araucanía region, acting as a professional body to defend the safety and freedom of the press.", "quote": "Entre ellos podemos destacar el caso de la corresponsal de Telesur en Chile, quien recibió apoyo del Colegio de Periodistas (CP 2020).", "page": "9", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Colegio Imperial de Madrid", "aliases": ["Colegio Imperial de Madrid"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic expertise", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Professors (e.g., Carlos de la Reguera, Casani) served as censors, often specializing in mathematics and philosophy, influencing the approval of scientific and theological works.", "quote": "...profesor de matemáticas del Colegio Imperial de Madrid. El 27 de enero de 1730 se le nombra miembro supernumerario de la Real Academia Española...", "page": "245", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid", "aliases": ["Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "regulation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Registers architects, providing a professional framework for their practice and maintaining professional standards.", "quote": "Acto seguido se inscribe en el Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid, donde permanece de alta hasta 1984.", "page": "285", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Coletivo Algoritmos Periféricos da USP", "aliases": ["Coletivo Algoritmos Periféricos da USP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "civic participation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This collective offers workshops on citizen auditing, capacitating activists to scrutinize platform APIs and produce public reports on algorithmic discrimination in racialized and sexist content. It promotes technical-political knowledge production among historically silenced subjects.", "quote": "o coletivo Algoritmos Periféricos da USP, criado em 2023, oferece oficinas de auditoria cidadã, capacitando ativistas para escrutinar APIs de plataformas e produzir relatórios públicos sobre discriminação algorítmica em conteúdos racializados e sexistas.", "page": "184", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Coligação Democrática Unitária", "aliases": ["Coligação Democrática Unitária"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["economic justice", "political activism", "worker compensation"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The CDU primarily adopted a positive campaigning strategy, particularly in presenting its economic proposals focused on salaries and pensions (54.6% positive appeals in debates). They engaged in fewer negative appeals (45.4%) but did participate in character attacks, often in response to opponents.", "quote": "Os resultados relativos a este candidato são interessantes. Segundo a nossa contabilização, foi aquele com menos apelos positivos, 255 (54,6%) e apelos negativos 213 (45,4%).", "page": "76", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Coligação Movimento Muda Porto Alegre (PCdoB/PT)", "aliases": ["Coligação Movimento Muda Porto Alegre (PCdoB/PT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["campaign finance", "citizen participation", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Requested injunctive relief from the TSE to allow a fundraising live event involving an artist for a candidate's campaign, thereby engaging in legal debate over campaign financing and freedom of expression in electoral contexts.", "quote": "O TSE, “em novembro de 2020, deferiu liminar ao pedido de tutela cautelar ante cedente requerido pela candidata Manuela D´Ávila e pela Coligação Movimento Muda Porto Alegre (PCdoB/PT), para a concessão de efeito suspensivo ao recurso especial e a permissão da live arrecadatória.”", "page": "86", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Collaboration on International ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa", "aliases": ["Collaboration on International ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "ict policy", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Reports on ICT policy and its implications for freedom of expression, highlighting risks for journalists covering sensitive topics like terrorism.", "quote": "a CIPESA (Collaboration on International ICT Policy in East and Southern Africa) report (2017) noted the pos sibility that journalists covering terrorism are more likely to be accused of granting attention and legitimacy to terrorists.", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Collaborative Network of Universities (Bologna, Warwick, Melbourne, Stockholm)", "aliases": ["Collaborative Network of Universities (Bologna, Warwick, Melbourne, Stockholm)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical accuracy", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in academic discussions and debates on luxury, its definitions, and historical contexts, contributing to the scholarly understanding and discourse around moderation and consumption.", "quote": "Questo il filo conduttore dei dibattiti al network che ha visto la collaborazione tra le Università di Bologna, Warwick, Melbourne e Stoccolma.", "page": "40", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Collectif 'Un autre regard sur le Covid-19'", "aliases": ["Collectif 'Un autre regard sur le Covid-19'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "free speech", "pluralism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Préface. L'esprit scientifique et le péril scientiste", "author": "L Mucchielli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This collective published a book (Un autre regard sur le Covid-19) that offers a critical perspective on the Covid-19 crisis, contributing to a counter-discourse against official narratives and challenging the established 'doxa'.", "quote": "D. Labbé, « Chronique d'un désastre médical », in Collectif, Un autre regard sur le Covid-19, Plogastel Saint-Germain, Demi-Lune, 2024, pp. 53-88.", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05511009/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western countries", "when": "2020-2026"}]}, {"name": "Collectif Blaise Compaoré dégage", "aliases": ["Collectif Blaise Compaoré dégage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political dissent"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A social movement that formed to demand the departure of President Blaise Compaoré, using public pressure and potentially social media for mobilization.", "quote": "Aux côtés des différents groupes formés sur les réseaux sociaux lors des mouvements de contestations sociales de février - juin 2011 et d’octobre 2014, « Mouvement Blaise Compaoré doit partir », « Non au Sénat », « Touche pas à mon article 37 », « Collectif Blaise Compaoré dégage »", "page": "136", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Collectif Bordeaux Incontournable", "aliases": ["Collectif Bordeaux Incontournable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "local governance"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pourquoi délibérer? Le cas du débat public portant sur le grand contournement de Bordeaux", "author": "C Prémat", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The collective participates in public debates to express strong opposition to the proposed grand contournement project, advocating for alternative solutions and demanding local referendums to ensure greater democratic input into infrastructure decisions.", "quote": "Lors d'un entretien avec l'un des membres d'une association opposée au contournement autoroutier, celui-ci nous a fait part de sa déception et de sa détermination à jouer toutes les cartes de la démocratie participative : « on réclame le référendum local. La seule conclusion d'une démocratie participative est le référendum. Pendant le déroulement du débat, nous étions sur le fond et pas sur la forme. Maintenant que la décision est prise, on est en plein dans la forme »", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ENIC_HS01_0400", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Bordeaux, France", "when": "2003–2004"}]}, {"name": "Collectif citoyen pour l’égalité et la citoyenneté", "aliases": ["Collectif citoyen pour l’égalité et la citoyenneté"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizenship rights", "secularism", "social equality"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its representatives, Djamila Benhabib and Louise Mailloux, testified before the parliamentary commission, expressing opposition to the wearing of religious signs.", "quote": "Le 7 mai: Leila Lesbet (avec Diane Guilbault) au nom de Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec), Djamila Benhabib (avec Louise Mailloux) au nom du Collectif citoyen pour l’égalité et la citoyenneté, et Farid Chikhi et Ali Kaidi au nom de l’Association québécoise des Nord-Africains pour la laïcité.", "page": "211", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Collectif Contre l'Islamophobie en France", "aliases": ["Collectif Contre l'Islamophobie en France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "hate speech", "islamophobia"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CONAN - COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech", "author": "Chung, Yi-Ling; Kuzmenko, Elizaveta; Tekiroglu, Serra Sinem; Guerini, Marco", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This organization provided trained expert operators to write counter-narratives specifically targeting Islamophobic hate speech online, contributing to the CONAN dataset through a 'nichesourcing' methodology.", "quote": "We are grateful to the following NGOs and all annotators for their help: Stop Hate UK, Collectif Contre l'Islamophobie en France, Amnesty International (Italian Section - Task force hate speech).", "page": "8", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1271", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, United Kingdom, France, Italy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Collectif de juristes", "aliases": ["Collectif de juristes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective interests", "legislative supremacy", "secularism"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Published a text discussing the preventative use of notwithstanding clauses to protect Quebec secularism, contributing to the legal and political debate.", "quote": "Cette idée est au cœur de la position défendue par un collectif de juristes dans la foulée des débats ayant entouré le dépôt du PL 21: Texte collectif, «Au sujet du recours aux dispositions de dérogation pour protéger la laïcité québécoise»", "page": "235", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Collectif d’Hébergeurs Alternatifs, Transparents, Ouverts, Neutres et Solidaires", "aliases": ["Collectif d’Hébergeurs Alternatifs, Transparents, Ouverts, Neutres et Solidaires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-monopoly", "digital literacy", "ethical technology", "free software", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A collective of about 50 hosting and digital service providers committed to an ethical charter, exclusively using free software and promoting transparency and user rights in the digital era.", "quote": "Les CHATONS (Collectif d’Hébergeurs Alternatifs, Transparents, Ouverts, Neutres et Solidaires) sont quelque 50 hébergeurs ou fournisseurs de services numériques qui ont signé un manifeste et qui adhèrent à une charte éthique.", "page": "69", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Collectif Liberté", "aliases": ["Collectif Liberté"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "As the publisher of a journal focused on 'ART & POLITIQUE', it acts as a gatekeeper for content, deciding what narratives and viewpoints are disseminated, and asserting copyright over its publications.", "quote": "Tous droits réservés Collectif Liberté, 1988", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Collectif Pensée-Critique", "aliases": ["Collectif Pensée-Critique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental concerns", "intellectual freedom", "state control", "technological control"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le genre du débat sur une question socialement vive", "author": "P Dupont, N Panissal", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This group influences public discourse and shapes societal norms by taking critical positions against technological domination, socio-political control, and prevailing culture, thereby participating in the broader debate on these issues.", "quote": "groupe Collectif-Pensée-Critique qui s'identifie comme un groupe prenant des positions sur la domination technologique, le contrôle socio-politique de l'environnement, ou la culture dominante.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/educationdidactique/2268", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "High school context, France, focusing on debates about nanotechnologies", "when": "Post-2000"}]}, {"name": "Collective behind Efemeridi letterarie di Roma", "aliases": ["Collective behind Efemeridi letterarie di Roma"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["diffusion of knowledge", "public discourse", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This group redacted the 'Efemeridi letterarie di Roma', a literary journal that served as a fundamental source of information about Italian cultural centers for scholars, including foreign travelers.", "quote": "Ses indications sur les auteurs les plus significatifs des différentes villes visitées sont donc fortement influencées par l'orientation de ce journal, rédigé «par un groupe d'hommes qui partageaient leurs intérêts pour l'érudition et l'archéologie d'une part, les sciences médico-naturalistes et mathématiques de l'autre.»", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Collective of Authors from the Technology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, and the Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences", "aliases": ["Collective of Authors from the Technology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, and the Institute of State and Law of the Czech Academy of Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "legal clarity", "responsible ai development"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and recommendations on the legal and ethical aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) development and applications in the Czech Republic, influencing policy debates and norm-setting around AI regulation.", "quote": "KOLEKTIV AUTORŮ Z TECHNOLOGICKÉHO CENTRA AKADEMIE VĚD ČR, ČESKÉHO VYSOKÉHO UČENÍ TECHNICKÉHO V PRAZE A ÚSTAVU STÁTU A PRÁVA AKADEMIE VĚD ČR. Výzkum potenciálu rozvoje umělé inteligence v České republice: Analýza právně-etických aspektů rozvoje umělé inteligence a jejích aplikací v ČR. Praha: Úřad vlády ČR, 2018, p. 45.", "page": "115", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "College Conservatives for Freedom and Liberty", "aliases": ["College Conservatives for Freedom and Liberty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Served as a social movement organization on college campuses that became radicalized through digitally mediated spillover, adopting extremist ideologies and antisocial tactics.", "quote": "This chapter provides an explanation for campus-based radicalization. It emerged from a four-year, multisite ethnography of College Conservatives for Freedom and Liberty, a national conservative youth organization with chapters in major universities across the United States.", "page": "169", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "College of Nobles", "aliases": ["College of Nobles"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "rationality", "scientific knowledge"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Founded by Pombal as part of educational reforms, aiming to create a new cultural elite open to rational and empirical thought.", "quote": "Pombal instituiu um sistema público de ensino... fundou o Colégio dos Nobres e reformou a Universidade de Coimbra...", "page": "120", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "College of Pontiffs", "aliases": ["College of Pontiffs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Roman Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious law", "religious regulation", "state control"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican era (5th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lustratio'e divieto del 'suffectus': due aspetti sacerdotali del censore", "author": "A Manzo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Held a monopoly over jurisprudence, controlled and regulated public and private worship, and oversaw the general regulation of the *civitas*, thereby influencing civil and political life.", "quote": "per tutta l'epoca regia i sacerdoti, e i pontefici in particolare, poiché svolgevano una funzione di controllo del culto pubblico e privato, sovraintendevano alla regolamentazione della stessa civitas e ricoprivano, quindi, un ruolo politico", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2019_Contributi_Manzo.pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Roman Republic", "when": "Republican era (primarily 5th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "College of St. Peter and St. Paul of the English Nation", "aliases": ["College of St. Peter and St. Paul of the English Nation"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "religious education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Its library was a beneficiary of licenses to read prohibited books, indicating its role in theological study and knowledge acquisition for its members.", "quote": "Entre 1772 e 1777, assim, foram beneficiadas com licenças de tipo 1, graças a requerimentos de reitores, priores, provinciais ou procuradores da mitra, as livrarias dos seguintes colégios... o Colégio de S. Pedro e S. Paulo da Nação Inglesa", "page": "260", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "College of the Irish Dominican Fathers", "aliases": ["College of the Irish Dominican Fathers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "organizational principles", "religious education", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Its library was a beneficiary of licenses to read prohibited books, suggesting its continued importance in religious education and scholarly life.", "quote": "Entre 1772 e 1777, assim, foram beneficiadas com licenças de tipo 1, graças a requerimentos de reitores, priores, provinciais ou procuradores da mitra, as livrarias dos seguintes colégios... o Colégio dos Padres Irlandeses da Ordem de S. Domingos", "page": "260", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "College Republican group", "aliases": ["College Republican group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participates in political rituals (prayer, Pledge of Allegiance, reciting Virginia Republican Creed) that reaffirm conservative beliefs, and applies \"scriptural inference\"\" to \"\"fact check\"\" news by comparing it to \"\"original documents", "quote": "Christian worldview, faith, patriotism, free-market enterprise, limited government, constitutionalism, national security, protection of racial/religious identity.", "page": "The findings in this report are based on hundreds of hours of participant observation with two groups in the southeast United States: a chapter of the National Federation of Republic Women, and a college Republican group.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Collegii Salmanticensis (Carmelite College of Salamanca)", "aliases": ["Collegii Salmanticensis (Carmelite College of Salamanca)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Compiled the *Cursus Theologicus*, a comprehensive work that systematized theological notes and censures from earlier periods, presenting common aspects of theological thought and influencing subsequent doctrinal definition and index content.", "quote": "la compilación de los carmelitas salmantinos no aspiraba a la originalidad, sino a presentar los aspectos comunes del gran pensamiento teológico del siglo xvi y de los primeros años del siglo xvii...", "page": "27", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Collège de Presles", "aliases": ["Collège de Presles"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational improvement"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'encyclopédie comme programme éducatif chez Pierre Ramus: conjonction ou réduction", "author": "MD Couzinet", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As its principal, Ramus used this college as a site for implementing his pedagogical reforms, thereby setting new educational norms and curricula within that institution.", "quote": "Ramus a participé très activement à la réforme de l'Université de Paris... en qualité de lecteur royal, de principal du collège parisien de Presles et de membre de plusieurs commissions de réforme.", "page": "71", "url": "https://epistemocritique.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/5-Marie-Dominique-Couzinet.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "Colorid.es", "aliases": ["Colorid.es"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "anti-hate speech", "community norms", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Implemented age restrictions and a specific, timed approval procedure for new user registrations to manage the influx and avoid disruption, especially to protect its vulnerable LGBTQIAPN+ community.", "quote": "Colorid.es put age restrictions and a very specific procedure to avoid disruption: after the 20th request on the same day, ad-mins and moderators of the instance waited 30 minutes before approving the next user to avoid an excessive number of new users in a short time.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Columbia Journalism Review", "aliases": ["Columbia Journalism Review"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points", "author": "Antilla, Liisa", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Co-conducted a survey with the Pew Research Center investigating self-censorship among US journalists, providing evidence of how news organizations may suppress stories that conflict with their interests or advertisers.", "quote": "A recent survey of US news reporters, editors, and executives by the Pew Research Center and Columbia Journalism Review found that self-cen- sorship is common and that a significant percentage of news professionals ignore stories because they conflict with the interests of the news organization or advertisers (Pew Research Center, 2000).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662508094099", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global media, focusing on US, UK, and Canada", "when": "2006–2007"}]}, {"name": "Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism", "aliases": ["Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": ["news websites", "online journalism"], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participação política e os comentários dos leitores no jornalismo online português. Significado e importância política dos comentários dos leitores nos websites dos …", "author": "JRGB Tadeu", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Offers academic perspectives and expert commentary on issues such as anonymity in online news, contributing to the broader discussion on journalistic practices and their ethical implications concerning reader comments.", "quote": "William Grueskin, reitor de assuntos académicos da escola de Jornalismo de Columbia (Reader, 2010). Alguns dos entrevistados referem a importância de valorizar a possibilidade do comentário anónimo por ser uma característica primordial do estatuto libertário da Internet...", "page": "39", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/30a8540b07848c1f9894dd9186106e80/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese online journalism, with comparisons to international news websites (Europe and USA)", "when": "Post-2000s, focusing on the early 2010s (specifically 2011-2012)"}]}, {"name": "Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium", "aliases": ["Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Research organization / learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic auditing", "responsible ai", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to T&S topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics, RAI, and algorithmic auditing.", "page": "296", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Columbia University Trust & Safety Tooling Consortium", "aliases": ["Columbia University Trust & Safety Tooling Consortium"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic auditing", "trust and safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to Trust & Safety topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing, facilitating interdisciplinary learning.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics...", "page": "262", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Col·legi de Periodistes de Catalunya", "aliases": ["Col·legi de Periodistes de Catalunya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["newspapers"], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversación 2.0. y democracia. Análisis de los comentarios de los lectores en la prensa digital catalana", "author": "C Ruiz, P Massip, JL Micó-Sanz…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This professional body collaborated in the creation of the Consell de la Informació de Catalunya (CIC) and established the Deontological Code for journalists, which serves as the ethical foundation for guiding moderation practices and ensuring professional standards in online media.", "quote": "El Consell de la Informació de Catalunya (CIC) se creó en 1997 por un acuerdo del Col·le- gi de Periodistes de Catalunya, y tiene como finalidad la de velar por el cumplimiento de los principios de ética profesional contenidos en el Código Deontológico del colegio, aprobado en 1992.", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/communication-and-society/article/view/36233", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalan online newspapers", "when": "2009–2010"}]}, {"name": "Col·legi Oficial de Bibliotecaris-Documentalistes de Catalunya (COBDC)", "aliases": ["Col·legi Oficial de Bibliotecaris-Documentalistes de Catalunya (COBDC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "quality of information", "societal relevance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Engages in cooperative work with other organizations to develop tasks related to Internet content quality, emphasizing content aspects for societal judgment.", "quote": "En aquest sentit, el treball cooperatiu del Col·legi de Bibliotecaris-Documentalistes de Catalunya juntament amb l'Agència de Qualitat d'Internet és el marc que considerem òptim per desenvolupar aquesta tasca, fent sempre èmfasi en el vessant del contingut...", "page": "9", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Comando de Caça aos Comunistas", "aliases": ["Comando de Caça aos Comunistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A right-wing vigilante group composed of university students that violently attacked a theatre play ('Roda Viva'), resulting in the depredation of the venue and beating of actors, serving to intimidate and suppress artistic expression perceived as anti-government.", "quote": "Ainda estavam muito vivas em nossa memória as imagens do ataque do CCC (Comando de Caça aos Comunistas – núcleo de jovens universitários simpatizantes da direita) ao espetáculo Roda Viva de Chico Buarque de Holanda, dirigido por Zé Celso Martinez Corrêa.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Comando de Caça aos Comunistas (Command for Hunting Communists)", "aliases": ["Comando de Caça aos Comunistas (Command for Hunting Communists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Attacked and vandalized the production of 'Roda Viva', violently assaulting actors, acting as an extra-legal censorship force to suppress art deemed subversive or anti-communist.", "quote": "Ainda estavam muito vivas em nossa memória as imagens do ataque do CCC (Comando de Caça aos Comunistas – núcleo de jovens universitários (...) ao espetáculo Roda Viva de Chico Buarque de Holanda (...). Este ato de barbárie culminou com a depredação de uma das salas do Teatro Ruth Escobar e um violento e covarde espancamento dos atores do elenco", "page": "255", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Combahee River Collective", "aliases": ["Combahee River Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist principles", "gender equality", "reproductive rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Engaged in community organizing on issues of reproductive freedom, violence against women, and battering, contributing to a black feminist perspective on social justice that contrasts with censorship.", "quote": "BARBARA SMITH is a Black feminist activist and writer. She is co-founder of the Combahee River Collective in Boston, which does community organizing on issues such as sterilization abuse, reproductive freedom, violence against women, battering, and the murders of twelve Black women in Boston from January to May, 1979.", "page": "30", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Combating Terrorism Center at West Point", "aliases": ["Combating Terrorism Center at West Point"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and provisional analysis of extremist material, such as ISIS archives, contributing to the understanding of violent extremist content typologies to inform counter-terrorism efforts.", "quote": "Provisionally analyzed by researchers from ISD and West Point’s Combating Terrorism Center,145 this two terabyte self-contained “archive” represents an important case study of the breadth of violent extremism related material collected by ISIS supporters who are not formally affiliated with the group.", "page": "93", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Comedians / Actors (as a collective)", "aliases": ["Comedians / Actors (as a collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "public acceptance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th centuries"], "when_min": 1707, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura civil y censura inquisitorial en el teatro del siglo XViii", "author": "Pérez, Antonio Roldán", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Actors' spontaneous additions of words and actions during performances, often intended for entertainment, could generate 'scandal' that triggered official censorship and public denunciation. Their collective behavior necessitated moderation.", "quote": "haziendo saber á los Cómicos que procuren representarla sin añadir palabras ni hechos que sirven de escándalo al auditorio...", "page": "3", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th-19th century (specifically 1707-1836)"}]}, {"name": "Comic Book Legal Defense Fund", "aliases": ["Comic Book Legal Defense Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura do obsceno", "author": "FCR Junior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided legal defense for graphic artists and creators facing obscenity charges, specifically for Mike Diana, challenging state censorship.", "quote": "Mike Diana foi representado nos tribunais por uma associação sem fins lucrativos americana, um fundo para a defesa jurídica de quadrinhos e artistas gráficos chamado Comic Book Legal Defense Fund.", "page": "144", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/94b397e6-77ba-4506-801b-72080bac0efa", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, United States, Europe (historical), Digital Platforms (Facebook)", "when": "Antiquity to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Comic Poets (Athens)", "aliases": ["Comic Poets (Athens)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "In 5th-century BCE Athens, these artists were expected to publicly ridicule leaders and policies during religious festivals. However, their practice later changed, moving away from political commentary, indicating a shift towards implicit or self-censorship.", "quote": "l'on attendait des poètes comiques qu'ils ridiculisent ou insultent les Athéniens et leurs chefs... la comédie cessa d'emprunter ses personnages à la réalité et abandonna totalement toute préoccupation politique.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Comic-Con fans", "aliases": ["Comic-Con fans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["authenticity", "community standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'internal fannish dismissal' and 'policing' new fans, like those from Twilight, to protect their established community norms and 'geek hierarchy.'", "quote": "When the popular teen series Twilight became part of the Comic-Con (CC) convention, the CC fans dismissed the Twilight teens attending the event.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Comics Code Authority", "aliases": ["Comics Code Authority"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Screened comic books submitted by member publishers for adherence to its content code, acting as a censor by authorizing the use of its seal only on compliant books.", "quote": "Comic book publishers that were members would submit their comics to the CCA, which would screen them for adherence to its Code.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Comics Code Authority (CCA) of the Association of Comic Magazine Publishers", "aliases": ["Comics Code Authority (CCA) of the Association of Comic Magazine Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["child safety", "conservative values", "harm reduction", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Financed censors to impose self-regulatory standards on the comics industry, suppressing content on social issues like racial inequality, war, and environmentalism.", "quote": "Detrás de la quema de estos comics estaban los censores de la CCA (Asociación de Revistas de Cómics de América) financiados por conservadores.", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions)", "aliases": ["Comisiones Obreras (Workers' Commissions)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy consolidation", "democratic stability", "political moderation", "socialist advance"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s (Spanish Transition)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crisis y moderación en el movimiento obrero durante el cambio político en España:¿ relato o correlato?", "author": "JG Igual, JT Hurtado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a leading trade union, CCOO navigated the political transition by balancing its foundational role as a socio-political movement with becoming a confederal union. It engaged in strategic moderation, aiming to avoid a 'demobilizing consensus' while pursuing a 'radical reformist' strategy for democratic consolidation, thereby influencing the pace and nature of political and social change.", "quote": "la apuesta sindical se oponía asimismo a un pactismo que implicara un consenso desmovilizador.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8787712", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1970s-1980s (Spanish Transition)"}]}, {"name": "Comisión de Alumnos del Departamento de Lenguas y Literaturas Modernas (FAHCE, UNLP)", "aliases": ["Comisión de Alumnos del Departamento de Lenguas y Literaturas Modernas (FAHCE, UNLP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "educational quality"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This student commission collaborates with 'Docentes en línea' to gather data for the bibliography/webgraphy and on student perspectives regarding education, contributing to content curation and community participation.", "quote": "Esta convocatoria se repetirá en 2019 con la colaboración de la Comisión de Alumnos del Departamento de Lenguas y Literaturas Modernas de la FAHCE, a la que pertenece Lautaro Veloz, uno de los alumnos que integran nuestro equipo.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Comisión de Homenaje Permanente a Bibliotecarios y Trabajadores de Biblioteca Desaparecidos y Asesinados por el Terrorismo de Estado", "aliases": ["Comisión de Homenaje Permanente a Bibliotecarios y Trabajadores de Biblioteca Desaparecidos y Asesinados por el Terrorismo de Estado"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Formed to honor and remember librarians and library workers who were victims of state terrorism, serving as a crucial initiative for historical memory and advocacy against state-sponsored censorship and repression.", "quote": "se conformó en el año 2005 la “Comisión de Homenaje Permanente a Bibliotecarios y Trabajadores de Biblioteca Desaparecidos y Asesinados por el Terrorismo de Estado”.", "page": "72", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Comisión Episcopal sobre Medios de Comunicación Social", "aliases": ["Comisión Episcopal sobre Medios de Comunicación Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral standards", "religious doctrine", "religious sensitivity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Acted as a body within the Church structure to receive and communicate denunciations against publications, forwarding them to state judicial authorities for prosecution.", "quote": "La connivencia con la Iglesia queda patente en una carta dirigida a el señor Pedro Cantero Cuadrado, arzobispo de Zaragoza y presidente de la Comisión Episcopal sobre Medios de Comunicación Social, en la cual se comunica la denuncia presentada al Ministerio Fiscal...", "page": "15", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos", "aliases": ["Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of the press", "human rights", "personal reputation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Delitos restrictivos de la libertad de expresión y su inconstitucionalidad. Análisis de tres casos resueltos por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación", "author": "MI Flores Pacheco", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The CNDH promotes actions of unconstitutionality and issues recommendations against penal codes that restrict freedom of expression, such as those related to defamation, insult, or calumny, thereby advocating for the protection of human rights and challenging state laws that inhibit press freedom and public debate.", "quote": "En México, la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH) emitió la Recomendación General número 20, de 2013, donde se denuncia como una práctica que inhibe la libertad de prensa los casos en que servidores públicos o representantes de grupos fácticos de poder interponen denuncia penal por delitos de difamación, injuria o calumnia, cuando ven afectado su derecho al honor, inhibiéndose así la libertad de expresión (CNDH, 2013: 20).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S2594-00822020000200033&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Comisión Nacional para la Moralización del Ambiente (National Commission for the Moralization of the Environment)", "aliases": ["Comisión Nacional para la Moralización del Ambiente (National Commission for the Moralization of the Environment)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["entertainment"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A commission formed by lay apostolate and pious associations, led by the Archbishop, to promote Christian moral values and monitor \"indecent\"\" activities in media", "quote": "and public life.\"", "page": "Christian spirit, moral decency, family values, good customs.", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Comissão da Carteira Profissional do Jornalista", "aliases": ["Comissão da Carteira Profissional do Jornalista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Responsible for attributing and renewing professional journalist cards and has the power to assess and deliberate on complaints concerning professional conduct, including suspension or cancellation of cards.", "quote": "Relativamente à Comissão da Carteira Profissional do Jornalista, enunciada anteriormente, aquando da sua criação, propunha-se agir de forma autónoma ao Sindicato dos Jornalistas, tendo a si imputadas várias funções entre as quais a de atribuir as carteiras profissionais aos futuros jornalistas e renovar as antigas.", "page": "39", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Comissão de Arbitragem, Queixas e Deontologia do jornalismo", "aliases": ["Comissão de Arbitragem, Queixas e Deontologia do jornalismo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An internal arbitral body within the Spanish journalistic profession, responsible for ensuring compliance with the FAPE's code of ethics and mediating disputes between journalists and citizens who feel aggrieved by information.", "quote": "Referência ainda a um órgão interno da profissão jornalística em Espanha, a Comissão de Arbitragem, Queixas e Deontologia do jornalismo. Este organismo faz parte da Alliance of Independent Press Councils of Europe, e tem a responsabilidade de garantir o cumprimento do código deontológico adotado pela FAPE.", "page": "45", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Comissão de Indústria de Guerra (War Industry Commission)", "aliases": ["Comissão de Indústria de Guerra (War Industry Commission)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "economic development", "national security"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A body created to administer war industries in Catalonia, which emerged from the conversion of civilian factories, playing a crucial role in supporting the war effort.", "quote": "Já em 15 de agosto de 1936, foi criada a Comissão de Indústria de Guerra, cuja missão era administrar as diversas fábricas de armamentos surgidas na Catalunha, e que continuavam a ser criadas.", "page": "582", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comissão de Privacidade, Proteção de Dados e Inteligência Artificial da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo", "aliases": ["Comissão de Privacidade, Proteção de Dados e Inteligência Artificial da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "democratic principles", "due process", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade civil no meio digital e sua relação com a liberdade de expressão à luz da legislação brasileira contemporânea", "author": "CCS Monassa, M Dal Posso", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This commission participates in public life by issuing official statements and expressing concerns regarding proposed legislation (such as PL 2630/2020), advocating for a thorough legislative process, technical competence in legal determinations, and broad public debate. This indirectly influences the moderation and censorship framework by highlighting potential flaws in proposed regulations.", "quote": "processo legislativo atropelado e que não viabiliza a participação pelas vias institucionais adequadas de todos os setores que serão impactados pelo projeto. [...] O tema tratado pelo PL 2630 merece todas as ferramentas fornecidas pela CF [...] para viabilizar um debate profundamente técnico e amplamente representativo como deve ser em uma democracia.", "page": "13", "url": "https://revistas.pucsp.br/DDEM/article/view/65282", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparisons to EU and US legal frameworks)", "when": "post-1988 Constitution / contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Comissão de Privacidade, Proteção de Dados e Inteligência Artificial da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo (OAB/SP)", "aliases": ["Comissão de Privacidade, Proteção de Dados e Inteligência Artificial da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, São Paulo (OAB/SP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns regarding the proposed regulatory body's lack of autonomy in PL 2630/2020, advocating for independence in its decision-making processes.", "quote": "A Comissão de Privacidade, Proteção de Dados e Inteligência Artificial da OAB/SP manifestou suas preocupações quanto à falta de autonomia ao órgão proposto.", "page": "48", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Comissão de Tecnologia e Inovação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção São Paulo", "aliases": ["Comissão de Tecnologia e Inovação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção São Paulo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "judicial oversight", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocated for caution in adopting foreign 'duty of care' models, proposing regulated self-regulation with independent oversight bodies to define procedural rules and standards for moderation, rather than focusing on content merit. They emphasized avoiding excessive platform discretion.", "quote": "Lemos argumentou que o aprimoramento do modelo brasileiro deve ser guiado por experiências bem-sucedidas do passado... Ele sugeriu a criação de outras exceções claramente definidas. Conceitos abertos como o dever de cuidado, segundo ele, seriam subjetivos e difíceis de aplicar, concedendo discricionariedade excessiva às plataformas e diminuindo o papel do judiciário ao transferi-lo para as corporações.", "page": "10", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Comissão Especial de Direito Digital do Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil", "aliases": ["Comissão Especial de Direito Digital do Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["checks and balances", "free speech", "platform regulation", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Proposes a “Sistema Brasileiro de Regulação de Plataformas Digitais” (SBRPD), outlining a multi-layered regulatory system to ensure freedom of expression through checks and balances.", "quote": "Uma proposta promissora foi elaborada pela Comissão Especial de Direito Digital do Conselho Federal da OAB. Essa proposta propõe a criação do Sistema Brasileiro de Regulação de Plataformas Digitais (SBRPD), que busca regular a liberdade de expressão por um sistema de pesos e contrapesos.", "page": "165", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}]}, {"name": "Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos", "aliases": ["Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "historical memory", "human rights", "truth"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sobre a ditadura militar do Brasil", "author": "P Dallari", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Investigated and confirmed cases of political deaths and disappearances under the Brazilian military dictatorship, contributing to truth-seeking and official recognition of state violence, thus influencing historical memory and public accountability.", "quote": "André Saboia Martins... integrou, na condição de um de seus membros, a Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos, também constituída pelo Estado brasileiro.", "page": "3", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/10366/126098/1/REB_2015_vol2_num3_117~119.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Comissão Geral para o Exame e Censura dos Livros", "aliases": ["Comissão Geral para o Exame e Censura dos Livros"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Replaced the Real Mesa Censora in Portugal in 1787, this commission, with a president and eight deputies (four theologians), continued to examine and approve books, reflecting an attempt to manage censorship on behalf of the Crown.", "quote": "La composición de la Comisión fue la siguiente: un presdiente eclesiástico771 y ocho diputados (cuatro de ellos formados en Teología).", "page": "417", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos", "aliases": ["Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "International"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Linked to the Organization of American States (OAS), the CIDH is mandated to protect human rights in Latin America, including freedom of expression. It has repeatedly expressed concerns about censorship in Brazil, especially that imposed by the STF, and has requested Brazil to respect its citizens' rights to free expression.", "quote": "A CIDH, vinculada à Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA), tem o mandato de proteger os direitos humanos na América Latina, incluindo a liberdade de expressão... tem solicitado ao Brasil que respeite os direitos de seus cidadãos à livre manifestação e ao direito de expressar suas opiniões sem o temor de represálias legais...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "Comissão Nacional da Verdade", "aliases": ["Comissão Nacional da Verdade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "historical memory", "human rights", "truth"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sobre a ditadura militar do Brasil", "author": "P Dallari", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducted an extensive investigation into human rights violations during the military dictatorship, collecting testimonies and documents to produce a final report that aimed to establish historical truth and promote accountability for state abuses.", "quote": "a Comissão Nacional da Verdade (CNV) realizou de maio de 2012 a dezembro de 2014 um importante trabalho de investigação para o desvelamento de muitos aspectos da Ditadura Militar. Em especial, a dimensão das graves violações de direitos humanos...", "page": "2", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/10366/126098/1/REB_2015_vol2_num3_117~119.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Comité Burkinabè pour le Retour du Président Blaise Compaoré au Burkina Faso (CBR-BC)", "aliases": ["Comité Burkinabè pour le Retour du Président Blaise Compaoré au Burkina Faso (CBR-BC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "political stability"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocated for the return of the former president and the re-establishment of the 1991 Constitution, influencing public debate and political outcomes.", "quote": "La 3 février 2015, le site Imatin.net publiait une déclaration en date du 31 janvier 2015 annonçant la mise sur pied d’un Comité Burkinabè pour le Retour du Président Blaise Compaoré au Burkina Faso (CBR-BC).", "page": "125", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Comité Científico", "aliases": ["Comité Científico"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist epistemology", "scientific rigor"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts a prior evaluation of submitted works for scientific congresses, ensuring quality and alignment with feminist epistemology.", "quote": "Los trabajos enviados pasaron por una evaluación previa a cargo de un Comité Científico formado por especialistas en su propia rama científica y en epistemología feminista.", "page": "11", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Comité de soutien à Fariba Adelkhah", "aliases": ["Comité de soutien à Fariba Adelkhah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "human rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Co-organises a \"caravan of scientific liberties\"\" and meetings to support Fariba Adelkhah in her struggle for freedom and to uphold the fundamental principle of scientific research.\"", "quote": "pour continuer à faire marcher cette caravane pour soutenir Fariba dans sa lutte pour cette liberté qui est la condition de la vie pour nous tous en tant que chercheurs.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Comité des Droits de l'Homme de Science (Committee for the Rights of Scientists)", "aliases": ["Comité des Droits de l'Homme de Science (Committee for the Rights of Scientists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Soviet Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SCIENCE ET LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION: SCIENCE CENSUREE, SCIENCE CENSEUR", "author": "C Gerini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "As a committee formed in the 1970s, CODHOS advocated for scientists worldwide who faced suppression, incarceration, or marginalization due to their theories, thus acting as a counter-force to state or institutional censorship.", "quote": "De multiples comités de soutien aux scientifiques privés d'expression, incarcérés, brimés, torturés parfois, en de nombreux endroits du globe, ou simplement marginalisés pour des théories jugées irrecevables dans les schémas de pensée officiels ou les sciences jugées « conformes », ont vu le jour dans les années soixante-dix", "page": "5", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00359466/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, USA, USSR, with global implications for scientific discourse", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Comité d’éthique du CHU de Québec-Université Laval", "aliases": ["Comité d’éthique du CHU de Québec-Université Laval"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["data privacy", "medical ethics"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Reviews and advises on ethical aspects of research and practice within a healthcare context, particularly concerning data ethics.", "quote": "...et membre du comité d’éthique du CHU de Québec-Université Laval.", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Comité d’études et documents sur la guerre", "aliases": ["Comité d’études et documents sur la guerre"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "state propaganda"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed in 1914 with the purpose of combating German propaganda by giving lectures and publishing pamphlets, supporting the French war effort.", "quote": "The intended purpose of the committee was to combat German propaganda by giving lectures and publishing pamphlets directed at neutral countries.", "page": "467", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Comité femmes du Comité des organismes sociaux de Saint-Laurent CF-COSSL", "aliases": ["Comité femmes du Comité des organismes sociaux de Saint-Laurent CF-COSSL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "social integration", "socio-economic development"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Published a socio-economic portrait of Laurentian women, focusing on their needs and implicitly influencing public discourse on social inequalities faced by racialized immigrant women.", "quote": "Leila Celis et Comité femmes du Comité des organismes sociaux de Saint-Laurent CF-COSSL, Les femmes laurentiennes: portrait socioéconomique et stratégies pour répondre à leurs besoins, Montréal, 2017.", "page": "129", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Comité Nacional Cubano de Bioética", "aliases": ["Comité Nacional Cubano de Bioética"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Cuba"], "media": [], "norms": ["bioethics", "global cooperation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Elocuencia del silencio.¿ Qué nos enseña el debate sobre los cultivos transgénicos?", "author": "CJD Díaz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Although within its 'absolute competence', the committee abstained from intervening in the debate on transgenic crops. This act of non-moderation left a vacuum for authoritative bioethical guidance, allowing the debate to proceed without its potential influence on ethical discourse.", "quote": "Mención especial en esta lógica del silencio merece el Comité Nacional Cubano de Bioética, que se abstuvo de intervenir en la polémica, a pesar de que el tema es de su absoluta competencia, y de que era evidente la potencialidad de la perspectiva de la bioética global, presente entre los polemistas, para contribuir a la formación de consensos.", "page": "4", "url": "https://biblioteca.umem.mx/books/Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20(74)/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20-%20Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Cuba", "when": "early 21st century (1999–2012)"}]}, {"name": "Comité Oui, GE", "aliases": ["Comité Oui, GE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy", "public participation", "scientific regulation"], "topics": ["modération débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 1998, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le contexte comme enjeu pratique. Le cas d’un débat télévisé en vue d’un vote sur le génie génétique", "author": "Bovet, Alain", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented by a debater, this committee participates in the televised debate to provide a concluding statement intended to synthesize arguments and offer compelling reasons for viewers to vote 'yes' on the genetic engineering initiative.", "quote": "Elisabetta Riatsch Dami, Pharmacienne, Comité Oui, GE", "page": "22", "url": "persee.fr", "topic": "modération débat", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "late 20th century (1998)"}]}, {"name": "Comité pour la Science Ouverte (CoSO)", "aliases": ["Comité pour la Science Ouverte (CoSO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "open science", "research accessibility", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This committee is responsible for reflection, promotion, coordination, and information regarding open science. It updates guidelines for researchers on publishing rights by integrating legal advancements, thus shaping norms and practices for the dissemination of scientific work.", "quote": "<< Je publie, quels sont mes droits ? » a été publié dans une première édition sous l'égide du CNRS en 2013. Il a été mis à jour par un groupe de travail du collège Compétences et formation du Comité pour la Science Ouverte en intégrant les avancées de la loi pour une république numérique de 2016.", "page": "1", "url": "https://univ-pantheon-assas.hal.science/hal-03927082/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France (with reference to EU policy)", "when": "contemporary (post-2016 focus)"}]}, {"name": "Comité Vérité et Justice pour Adama", "aliases": ["Comité Vérité et Justice pour Adama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "justice", "truth"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Members of this association participated in the Commercy assembly, contributing their specific advocacy on issues like police violence and racial justice, thus broadening the range of topics and political perspectives discussed within the Yellow Vest movement.", "quote": "Enfin, plus de la moitié d'entre eux déclarent une activité associative : le Comité Vérité et Justice pour Adama, le Génépi, le Comité la Chapelle Debout ou encore des militants de Nuit debout étaient présents.", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Comité économique agricole de la région Provence-Côté d'Azur", "aliases": ["Comité économique agricole de la région Provence-Côté d'Azur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "trade regulation"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Une autre figure du community manager: un prospecteur silencieux et rigoureux. L'exemple d'un forum de lecteurs-consommateurs", "author": "É Sotto", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This agricultural economic committee, via its 'bureau centralisateur', adopted internal regulations governing producers who adhered to associated groups and syndicates, thereby exercising a form of self-regulation over agricultural trade practices.", "quote": "Qu'en prenant le règlement intérieur litigieux, lequel n'est par lui-même, et sauf décision administrative d'extension, applicable qu'aux producteurs qui ont adhéré aux groupements et syndicats eux-mêmes réunis au sein du comité [...]", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communiquer/2176", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France (legal context); online platforms (subject matter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Comités des sans-papiers", "aliases": ["Comités des sans-papiers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["immigrant rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Single-issue organization participating in public life and articulating opposition to reforms.", "quote": "It is built less around political parties than around a range of single-issue organizations (for example, Les Comités des sans-papiers and Les restos de Cur) as well as a set of clubs and associations", "page": "524", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Central de Abastecimentos (Central Supply Committee)", "aliases": ["Comitê Central de Abastecimentos (Central Supply Committee)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "economic regulation", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A revolutionary organization responsible for supplying food to militias and the population, controlling prices, making requisitions, and establishing popular canteens, often clashing with private merchants.", "quote": "O Comitê de Abastecimentos foi inicialmente criado, com o intuito de abastecer as milícias e tentar normalizar o fornecimento de alimentos na retaguarda, o que incluía alimentar os familiares dos milicianos que partiam para o front", "page": "76", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Central de Controle Operário de Gás e Eletricidade (Central Committee of Workers' Control of Gas and Electricity)", "aliases": ["Comitê Central de Controle Operário de Gás e Eletricidade (Central Committee of Workers' Control of Gas and Electricity)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Managed expropriated gas and electricity companies, aiming to unify internal procedures and salaries, but faced internal conflicts over authority with syndicates.", "quote": "A reunião do Comitê Central de Controle Operário de Gás e Eletricidade demonstrou o quanto os trabalhadores, dentro das empresas, buscavam harmonizar ou ao menos evitar conflitos diretos entre os membros das duas centrais sindicais, mas era claro que as divergências existiam", "page": "567", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Central de Milícias Antifascistas da Catalunha (Central Committee of Anti-fascist Militias of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Comitê Central de Milícias Antifascistas da Catalunha (Central Committee of Anti-fascist Militias of Catalonia)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "class collaboration", "revolutionary order"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A multi-party and union body formed to organize military efforts at the front and maintain public order in the rear, representing a form of class collaboration that later faced internal conflicts.", "quote": "O Comitê de Milícias foi estruturado de fato na reunião do dia 26, sendo dividido em vários Departamentos [...] O Comitê de Milícias, apesar de se apresentar e ser apresentado como um órgão revolucionário, era na verdade uma organização de colaboração de classes", "page": "70", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê de Defesa Confederal da Catalunha (Confederal Defense Committee of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Comitê de Defesa Confederal da Catalunha (Confederal Defense Committee of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Anarchist defense committee that organized to counter the military coup and later managed local defense and public order, forming the basis for neighborhood committees and militias.", "quote": "Todos pertenciam ao Comitê de Defesa Confederal da Catalunha.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê de Enlace entre a CNT, a Generalitat e os militares leais (Liaison Committee between CNT, Generalitat and loyal military)", "aliases": ["Comitê de Enlace entre a CNT, a Generalitat e os militares leais (Liaison Committee between CNT, Generalitat and loyal military)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "social change"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An ad-hoc committee formed to coordinate efforts against the military coup, facilitating collaboration between revolutionary forces and the existing government.", "quote": "Para Guillamón109, no dia 18 um Comitê de Enlace entre a CNT, a Generalitat e os militares leais110 acordou que a CNT buscaria parar os insurretos com apenas mil homens armados.", "page": "64", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê de Proteção aos Jornalistas (Committee to Protect Journalists)", "aliases": ["Comitê de Proteção aos Jornalistas (Committee to Protect Journalists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO (watchdog/transparency)"], "countries": ["Belarus", "Brazil", "Egypt", "Eritrea", "Mexico", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "press freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Projeto Uncensored Library: uma estratégia para burlar a censura em países predadores da liberdade de imprensa", "author": "MM Cavalcanti, SA Siebra, LS Bufrem…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This international organization aims to inform, protect, and defend journalists globally. They maintain annual reports on journalists killed, imprisoned, or disappeared, and advocate for effective government actions to protect the profession worldwide.", "quote": "Os profissionais de imprensa [...] contam com a ajuda de organizações internacionais como o Comitê de Proteção aos Jornalistas (CPJ, 2021) e a organização Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (RSF, 2021a) que apresentam como missão: informar, proteger, defender jornalistas, bem como, cobrar dos governos ações efetivas para a proteção da categoria em todo o mundo.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rdbci/a/syVH98FVRPM796wBCGcHJrr/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Countries with restricted press freedom (Rússia, Vietnã, Egito, México, Arábia Saudita, Brasil, Belarus, Eritreia)", "when": "21st century (post-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê de Proteção da Infância", "aliases": ["Comitê de Proteção da Infância"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["children's rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade civil das plataformas digitais na moderação de conteúdo e proteção dos direitos fundamentais das crianças frente ao Sharenting", "author": "DS Santos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Established to advocate for and ensure the protection of children's rights, playing a role in the historical development of international norms and conventions related to child welfare.", "quote": "Consequentemente, é criado o Comitê de Proteção da Infância em 1919 e a Organização do Internacional do Direito do Trabalho, ocorrendo a aprovação de seis convenções, sendo duas delas pautadas na proteção dos interesses da criança.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/22194", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative analysis to US and EU", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Comitê dos Direitos da Criança das Nações Unidas (UN Committee on the Rights of the Child)", "aliases": ["Comitê dos Direitos da Criança das Nações Unidas (UN Committee on the Rights of the Child)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "children's rights", "digital inclusion"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ENTRE A REAÇÃO EA PREVENÇÃO: LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DO PL 2.628/2022 NA PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES", "author": "RL Kurschner, LHS Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Issues general comments, such as General Comment No. 25, which interpret and reinforce international child rights principles in the digital environment, providing guidance for states and other actors on ensuring children's safety, inclusion, and participation.", "quote": "A Observação Geral nº 25 do Comitê dos Direitos da Criança da ONU reforça que o ambiente digital deve apoiar, promover e proteger os direitos das crianças, sendo responsabilidade dos Estados assegurar legislação e políticas específicas que garantam sua segurança, inclusão e participação equitativa nesses espaços", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/viewFile/10238/5641", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, international context", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Econômico da Indústria do Pão (Economic Committee of the Bread Industry)", "aliases": ["Comitê Econômico da Indústria do Pão (Economic Committee of the Bread Industry)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A workers' organization in the bread industry that aimed to collectivize the sector, control bread prices, and combat speculation, ensuring equitable distribution of this basic food.", "quote": "Sua função era “[...] COLECTIVIZAR la industria del pan y evitar, por todos los medios a su alcance, que el precio del pan aumente de una maneira escandalosa em prejuízo do pueblo985”.", "page": "336", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comitê Revolucionário do Bairro da Salud, Badalona (Revolutionary Committee of La Salud Neighborhood, Badalona)", "aliases": ["Comitê Revolucionário do Bairro da Salud, Badalona (Revolutionary Committee of La Salud Neighborhood, Badalona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "community welfare", "local autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Local revolutionary committee, actively involved in collecting weapons, organizing community services like collective kitchens, and supporting the anti-fascist struggle with an assembly-based structure.", "quote": "Na primeira delas169, o Comitê Revolucionário do Bairro da Salud, Badalona, município a cerca de 10km de Barcelona, pedia para quem pudesse se desfazer de cinquenta ferrolhos de fuzis mauser", "page": "84", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Comizio Agrario della Valpolicella", "aliases": ["Comizio Agrario della Valpolicella"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["agricultural development", "economic progress", "local interests"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This agricultural association was formed with the goal of fostering the birth and development of agricultural initiatives, modernizing agriculture, diffusing advanced techniques, and improving the preparation of workers in the sector. It also organized local events like wine exhibitions.", "quote": "È proprio con questo obiettivo che la Società si impegna a fondo per la nascita e lo sviluppo del Comizio Agrario della Valpolicella, attivo dal 1867.", "page": "161", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Commercial Alert", "aliases": ["Commercial Alert"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["child safety", "democratic integrity", "economic regulation", "environmental protection", "public morals"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A consumer organization working to preserve commercial culture within its appropriate sphere and prevent the exploitation of children and the subversion of family, community, environmental, and democratic values.", "quote": "CommercialAlert.org, una organización de consumidores que funciona desde hace cuatro años en Portland, Oregon, trata de “conservar la cultura comercial dentro de su esfera apropiada, e impedirle la explotación de niños y la subversión de los valores más elevados de la familia, la comunidad, la integridad ambiental y la democracia”.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Commercial copyright owners and providers of user-generated content services", "aliases": ["Commercial copyright owners and providers of user-generated content services"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Entered into the 'UGC Principles,' a non-binding set of principles advocating for UGC services to utilize 'effective content identification technology' to eliminate infringing content.", "quote": "In 1997, a number of commercial copyright owners and providers of user-generated content (UGC) services entered into the 'UGC Principles,' a non-binding set of principles that, among other things, called for UGC services to use 'effective content identification technology' to eliminate infringing content from their services.", "page": "24", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Commissariaat voor de Media (CvdM)", "aliases": ["Commissariaat voor de Media (CvdM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supporting research on digital news, informing its regulatory role as a public body.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... the Dutch Media Authority (CvdM)...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d’accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles (Bouchard-Taylor Commission)", "aliases": ["Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d’accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles (Bouchard-Taylor Commission)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of conscience", "religious freedom", "secularism", "social equality", "state neutrality"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produced a foundational report in 2008 that outlined constitutive principles of secularism for Quebec, emphasizing equality, freedom of conscience and religion, and separation of Church and State.", "quote": "c’est en s’appuyant sur ce parcours de la laïcité que le rapport remis en 2008 par la commission présidée par Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor en rappelait les principes constitutifs.", "page": "100", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Commission de la carte d'identité des journalistes professionnels", "aliases": ["Commission de la carte d'identité des journalistes professionnels"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La banalisation du concept de « censure »:", "author": "Mbongo, Pascal", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Acts as a gatekeeper by verifying criteria for issuing professional press cards, defining who qualifies as a 'professional journalist' and thereby influencing access to specific professional privileges and protections related to freedom of the press.", "quote": "par la Commission de la carte d'identité des journalistes professionnels (cette commission vérifie l'effectivité d'une occupation principale et régulière attestée par trois mois consécutifs d'exercice...", "page": "24", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-pouvoirs-2009-3-page-17?lang=fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Commission de la concurrence (COMCO)", "aliases": ["Commission de la concurrence (COMCO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["fair competition", "market stability"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This independent authority is tasked with ensuring fair competition within markets, including media. Its role includes preventing broadcast media from monopolizing the advertising market to the detriment of the press.", "quote": "la Confédération a confié certaines missions à des autorités indépendantes¹¹⁴ : la Commission de la concurrence (COMCO)¹¹⁵, la Commission fédérale de la communication (ComCom)¹¹⁶ et donc l'AIEP.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Commission de sanction de l'association suisse du vidéogramme", "aliases": ["Commission de sanction de l'association suisse du vidéogramme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["content appropriateness", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a self-regulatory body, it issues sanctions related to videograms, thereby enforcing content standards and promoting industry self-regulation within this specific media sector.", "quote": "Soit les organes de médiation des entreprises de médias (dont les huit prévus par la LRTV), le Conseil suisse de la presse (https://presserat.ch/), la Commission suisse pour la loyauté (https://www.faire-werbung.ch/fr/) et la Commission de sanction de l'association suisse du vidéogramme (http://www.svv-video.ch/index.php/fr-fr/).", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission)", "aliases": ["Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "dignity", "equality", "honour", "reputation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Handled a complaint against comedian Mike Ward for discriminatory jokes, found evidence of discrimination, and referred the case to the Human Rights Tribunal.", "quote": "The case was first handled by the Commission of Human Rights and Youth Rights of Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la Jeunesse or CDPDJ), with which a complaint was filed in 2012, and was then referred to the Human Rights Tribunal.", "page": "118", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse du Québec", "aliases": ["Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["equality", "free speech", "public safety", "social justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec", "author": "M Potvin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The CDPDJ is a quasi-judicial body that defines hate propaganda through legal frameworks (Criminal Code, human rights charters, jurisprudence). It sets norms for what constitutes prohibited speech, outlines its prejudicial effects, and thereby helps regulate freedom of expression in Canada.", "quote": "Rappelons brièvement qu'au Canada, la propagande haineuse est balisée par le Code criminel et les chartes des droits (la jurisprudence canadienne en la matière), qui limitent la liberté d'expression lorsque le caractère violent du propos est reconnu, lorsque la garantie d'égalité est violée ou menacée, lorsque la dignité des personnes est affectée et lorsque les effets sur le climat social et sur les rapports intergroupes sont réels et peuvent être préjudiciables pour certains groupes identifiables (CDPDJ 2015).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/du/2017-v17-du03767/1047977ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Québec, Canada, Facebook", "when": "2017"}]}, {"name": "Commission fédérale de la communication (ComCom)", "aliases": ["Commission fédérale de la communication (ComCom)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["regulatory oversight"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an independent federal commission, ComCom regulates the communication sector, including aspects relevant to radio and television broadcasting. It sets and enforces licensing conditions for broadcasters.", "quote": "la Commission de la concurrence (COMCO)¹¹⁵, la Commission fédérale de la communication (ComCom)¹¹⁶ et donc l'AIEP.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Commission Jaugeon", "aliases": ["Commission Jaugeon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic quality"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1730, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "A committee appointed by the Academy of Sciences to develop 'complicated directions for type casting' and a treatise on typography, which established national standards for print quality and aesthetics.", "quote": "The Commission Jaugeon, as this group was called, developed a series of complicated directions for type casting, beginning with the rule that 'the eye is the sovereign ruler of taste.'", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Commission nationale du débat public", "aliases": ["Commission nationale du débat public"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen discussion", "public debate quality", "public participation effectiveness"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The CNDP organizes and oversees public debates, providing guidance on digital tools and evaluating the quality of online consultations. It also critiques ministerial sites for insufficient participatory tools, advocating for improved and diversified methods to enhance debate quality.", "quote": "La CNDP avait déjà souligné qu'il est nécessaire de permettre aux internautes de discuter entre eux pour améliorer les dispositifs de consultation³¹.", "page": "7", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Commission nationale Informatique et Libertés", "aliases": ["Commission nationale Informatique et Libertés"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "human rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Expressed reservations about a national security law's provision for one-year retention of connection data, thus advocating for data protection and privacy.", "quote": "On peut signaler que la CNIL (Commission nationale Informatique et Libertés), consultée, a émis des réserves sur cette disposition et la page d'accueil du site de la CNIL propose même un jeu : « Découvrez comment vous êtes pisté sur Internet ».", "page": "2", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Commission of Refugees", "aliases": ["Commission of Refugees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["political reform", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Owned the manuscript of the 'Congregation' and potentially disseminated it among French reformers, acting as a gatekeeper and promoter of specific religious content to a target audience.", "quote": "Propriété de la Commission des Réfugiés (29), celle-ci le divulga-t-elle à l'intention des réformés français ?", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Commission on Information Disorder - Aspen Institute", "aliases": ["Commission on Information Disorder - Aspen Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["commission; program of a policy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Commission published a high-profile final report with 15 actionable recommendations influencing public debate and policy proposals (e.g., calls to revise Section 230 and require data audits), and spurred prize competitions and follow-on policy work via Aspen initiatives.", "quote": "The Commission produced a final report with 15 recommendations aimed at government, private industry, and civil society to address mis- and disinformation, including proposals targeting social media platform practices (e.g., Section 230 revision, data audits).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/commission-on-information-disorder/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Commission on Presidential Debates (CDP)", "aliases": ["Commission on Presidential Debates (CDP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["televised political debates"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El protocolo, la puesta en escena y la persuasión en los debates políticos televisados", "author": "AB Báez, DC Domínguez, JJV Delgado", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The CDP is a private non-profit organization that organizes and manages the conditions for presidential debates in the United States. It acts as a sanctioning body, formalizing the agreements and relevant decisions made by the candidates' teams, thereby influencing the structure and norms of the televised public debates.", "quote": "Estos son organizados desde 1988 por la Comisión para los Debates Presidenciales (CDP), una organización privada sin ánimo de lucro que está financiada por donaciones de grandes empresas, pero gestionada por el Partido Republicano y el Demócrata. En la práctica, la CDP no es más que un organismo sancionador, ya que todas las decisiones relevantes sobre los debates son tomadas por los equipos de los candidatos y negociados entre ellos.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/7077/707778187002.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Spain, Germany, United Kingdom (televised political debates)", "when": "1960-2019"}]}, {"name": "Commission Reck", "aliases": ["Commission Reck"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["fairness"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This historical consultative body examined complaints related to radio-television programs and SSR concessions, providing advisory reports to the Department of Transport, Communications and Energy (DFTCE).", "quote": "La Commission Reck, du nom du journaliste bâlois Oskar Reck, avait pour mission d'examiner les plaintes relatives aux programmes de radio-télévision et à la Concession SSR et d'en référer au DFTCE89.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Commission suisse pour la loyauté", "aliases": ["Commission suisse pour la loyauté"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["business ethics", "consumer protection"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This self-regulatory body focuses on ethical advertising and market loyalty, establishing and enforcing norms for promotional content within the media landscape.", "quote": "Soit les organes de médiation des entreprises de médias (dont les huit prévus par la LRTV), le Conseil suisse de la presse (https://presserat.ch/), la Commission suisse pour la loyauté (https://www.faire-werbung.ch/fr/) et la Commission de sanction de l'association suisse du vidéogramme (http://www.svv-video.ch/index.php/fr-fr/).", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse", "aliases": ["Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "reproductive rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Engaged in advocacy for reproductive rights and against involuntary sterilization, addressing issues of bodily autonomy and control over women's bodies, which are connected to the broader discourse around sexually explicit material.", "quote": "JANE B. RANSOM has been active in reproductive rights is-sues as a member of the Committee for Abortion Rights and Against Sterilization Abuse...", "page": "28", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Committee for Aid to Concentration Camp Prisoners", "aliases": ["Committee for Aid to Concentration Camp Prisoners"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "humanitarian aid"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized aid and facilitated the transfer of information regarding concentration camps, drawing its members primarily from Socialist and Peasant parties.", "quote": "not until mid-1943, with the creation of the Committee for Aid to Concentration Camp Prisoners (Pomoc Więźniom Obozów Koncentracyjnych) in Kraków, which drew its members primarily from the Socialist and Peasant parties, that organized aid and information transfer proceeded in earnest.", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Committee for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Committee for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A heterogenous movement advocating for human rights and constitutional respect, willing to engage with state organs to address these issues, serving as a platform for various forms of dissent.", "quote": "Il Comitato per i diritti dell’uomo (Komitet prav čeloveka), che si costituisce in questi anni, è un movimento alquanto eterogeneo, che nasce attorno allo slogan “Rispetto della Costituzione” e che riunisce persone non avverse alle idee del socialismo (...) si dichiarano disponibili a collaborare con gli organi di stato per la risoluzione del problema dei diritti umani.", "page": "29", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Committee for Skeptical Inquiry", "aliases": ["Committee for Skeptical Inquiry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-pseudoscience", "critical thinking", "reason", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Founded the organized skepticism movement in 1976, challenges claims of the supernatural and paranormal, exposes scams, frauds, and hoaxes, and promotes critical thinking. It publishes the journal Skeptical Inquirer and has inspired the creation of numerous local skeptic groups.", "quote": "Organized skepticism began in 1976 with the founding of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), headquartered in Buffalo, New York.", "page": "2", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Committee for Survival of a Free Congress (CSFC)", "aliases": ["Committee for Survival of a Free Congress (CSFC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "legislative autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Lobbies and fundraises to elect ultraconservative candidates to Congress, aiming to influence national policy.", "quote": "The Committee for. Survival of a..Pree Cougress,CSVC , estab- lished through the money of ulaaconservattVe Joseph 'Coors..al-id , now headed 131, 'Paul eyrich, past president ofshe conervatibve' Heritage Foundatic d . 4. The Committee pPans to raise over,Thrcbt_ million. dollars to elect ultraconservatives. to Congress 0 ) an 1978; In 19176 the organization spent over two reilliop dollars to elect ultra-. colisvr-vatives.", "page": "94", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe", "aliases": ["Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Issues recommendations to member states, setting legal standards to guarantee freedom of political expression and protect journalists from state threats and harassment online.", "quote": "Furthermore, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe has a very clear stance on freedom of the press online, as stated in a recent Recommendation to Member States", "page": "87", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Committee of Young Communists", "aliases": ["Committee of Young Communists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["national dignity", "popular justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Fear of Art: How Censorship Becomes Iconoclasm", "author": "Freedberg, David", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publicly endorsed and celebrated the defacement of an artwork, framing it as an act of 'people's justice' and advocating for awards for the perpetrators, thereby promoting iconoclastic actions and setting norms.", "quote": "The Committee of Young Communists announced that the defacing of the portrait was people's justice, and that the attackers should be awarded the Order of Ikhamanga, usually assigned to excellence in the arts, journalism, and sport, for bravery.", "page": "26", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/923115", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various (Europe, Middle East, South Africa)", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)", "aliases": ["Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["publication ethics", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors", "author": "Clark, Cory J.; Fjeldmark, Matias; Lu, Louise; Baumeister, Roy F.; Ceci, Stephen; Frey, Komi; Miller, Geoffrey; Reilly, Wilfred; Tice, Dianne; Von Hippel, William; Williams, Wendy M.; Winegard, Bo M.; Tetlock, Philip E.", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides guidelines for journal retractions, establishing standards for publication ethics that influence decisions on whether to retract academic papers.", "quote": "These three criteria are consistent with the Committee on Publication Ethics Council guidelines for retraction (COPE Council, 2019).", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916241252085", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Psychology Academia", "when": "2021"}]}, {"name": "Committee on Standards in Public Life", "aliases": ["Committee on Standards in Public Life"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic conduct", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Produces reports that frame online abuse (specifically against women in politics) as misogynistic, influencing public standards and policy.", "quote": "Committee on Standards in Public Life’s report on Intimidation in Public Life (2017), prompted in part by the abuse of women in politics, have helped frame some forms of online abuse as misogynistic.", "page": "124", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Committee on the Law of Defamation (Porter Committee)", "aliases": ["Committee on the Law of Defamation (Porter Committee)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Examined the law of defamation in 1948 and concluded that existing law, particularly seditious libel, adequately addressed group defamation, thus recommending no changes to allow civil causes of action for group libel.", "quote": "Much as we deplore all provocation to hatred or contempt for bodies or groups of persons with its attendant incitement to violence, we cannot fail to be impressed by the danger of curtailing free and frank... political discussion and criticism.", "page": "745", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South", "aliases": ["Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published a full-page advertisement in The New York Times to raise funds and public sympathy for civil rights activists.", "quote": "uma organização criada em Nova York com o fim de levantar fundos para auxiliar na defesa de King e dos demais ativistas, chamada Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South, decidiu publicar um anúncio de página inteira no jornal The New York Times", "page": "43", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Common Cents Lab", "aliases": ["Common Cents Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research lab / center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes behavioral research and case studies and partners with corporations, governments, and platforms to implement interventions that shape financial-product design and platform-mediated financial services.", "quote": "Common Cents Lab conducts behavioral research on financial decision-making and partners with tech firms and platforms on interventions but its core mission is financial wellbeing rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://advanced-hindsight.com/commoncents-lab/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Common Crawl", "aliases": ["Common Crawl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "data quality", "open science"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detecção de linguagem tóxica aplicada a textos em português", "author": "DO Trajano", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides large-scale, publicly available web crawl data, which is used as a foundational dataset for training large language models (like GPT-3 mentioned in context). This data, after filtering, forms the basis for what models learn, indirectly influencing their behavior and content generation capabilities.", "quote": "O conjunto de dados utilizado foi o Common Crawl Dataset, fornecido pela Common Crawl², uma organização que rastreia a internet e fornece seus dados publicamente, após a filtragem dos dados, 570GB de dados foram utilizados no treinamento dos modelos.", "page": "33", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/25138/1/000505783-Texto%2Bcompleto-0.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social Media, Portuguese language (Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Commonwealthmen", "aliases": ["Commonwealthmen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["public good", "public order", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Presented social critiques of England's conditions, such as spiralling prices and vagrancy, and criticized greedy enclosers and landlords, without openly attacking government.", "quote": "...a group of highly placed clerics of Lutheran inclinations in the Church of England – the so-called Commonwealthmen – who... presented a devastating picture of England’s social conditions...", "page": "214", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Communauté des Tuteurs Pegasus", "aliases": ["Communauté des Tuteurs Pegasus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This community enables tutors to informally exchange practices regarding student supervision. Coordinators primarily organize their discipline's teaching rather than instigating reflection on practices, although discussions may emerge.", "quote": "La communauté des tuteurs Pegasus...s'agit pour ces tuteurs d'échanger de façon relativement informelle à propos de leurs pratiques d'encadrement des étudiants. Les coordonnateurs ont surtout pour rôle d'organiser l'enseignement de leur discipline.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Communautés chrétiennes locales", "aliases": ["Communautés chrétiennes locales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "racial purity", "religious orthodoxy", "social hierarchy"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in violent purges and discriminatory practices against Jewish and Muslim groups historically, enforcing religious and social hierarchies.", "quote": "Au fil des siècles, États espagnol et portugais, Église catholique, municipalités et communautés chrétiennes locales s’emploient variablement à purger leurs sociétés de leurs parties devenues indésirables.", "page": "46", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "CommunesPlones", "aliases": ["CommunesPlones"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["Internet platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital democracy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie parlementaire à l'heure des plate-formes participatives et des réseaux sociaux sur Internet", "author": "C Lejeune", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As an association specialized in monitoring ('veille') and raising awareness ('sensibilisation') regarding 'numérique democracy,' CommunesPlones informs the parliament on the pertinence of actions to be taken, influencing digital governance policies and public discourse.", "quote": "D'autres initiatives méritent notre attention et notre soutien : CommunesPlones, l'Association pour une Électronique Libre (AEL) ou PourEVA, par exemple. Elles sont trop nombreuses pour être toutes citées. En outre, ces associations spécialisées dans la veille et la sensibilisation en matière de « démocratie numérique » regroupent des portes paroles informés susceptibles d'instruire le parlement sur la pertinence des actions à mener.", "page": "9", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/73298/1/lejeune_2010g.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Wallonia, Belgium, and Internet platforms", "when": "Early 21st century (with historical context from 1930s)"}]}, {"name": "Communia Association", "aliases": ["Communia Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "legal compliance", "user rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic propagation: How the data-platform regulatory framework may increase bias in content moderation", "author": "Margoni, Thomas; Quintais, João Pedro; Schwemer, Sebastian Felix", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This organization participates in policy debates, specifically critiquing the effectiveness of content filtering tools under Article 17 CDSMD by arguing that they do not adequately protect user rights like parody, criticism, and review.", "quote": "See, e.g., Paul Keller, ‘Article 17 stakeholder dialogue (day 3): Filters do not meet the requirements of the directive' (International Communia Association, 3 December 2019)", "page": "3", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "EU, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Communication Rights in Information Society Campaign", "aliases": ["Communication Rights in Information Society Campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Works as a civic organization to advocate for the deployment and recognition of citizens' communication rights, pushing for the establishment of legal or policy frameworks.", "quote": "CRIS (2005) Assessing Communication Rights: A Handbook. CRIS Campaign, September 2005.", "page": "66", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Communications Law Centre (CLC)", "aliases": ["Communications Law Centre (CLC)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation technology", "free speech", "minimal intervention", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Promoted minimal intervention and emphasized existing legislative safeguards. Later supported PICS technology as a means to balance content control for minors with adult free speech.", "quote": "This cluster (the PICS solution coalition) supported the use of PICS technology as a means of accommodating the desire for control of content for protection of minors and preserva-tion of the Internet as a source for adult-oriented content and free speech.", "page": "14", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Communist and conservative Catholic groups", "aliases": ["Communist and conservative Catholic groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Spain", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic protectionism", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translation, censorship and the development of European comics cultures", "author": "Zanettin, Federico", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "These groups joined forces to oppose the importation and publication of foreign comics, such as Tarzan, in post-war France, exerting pressure based on protectionist and moral arguments.", "quote": "In post-war France, driven by both protectionist arguments and moral con- cerns, Communists and conservative Catholics joined forces in opposing foreign products such as Tarzan comics, with Tarzan being described as a symbol of sensuality", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0907676X.2017.1351456", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European countries (Italy, France, Spain, UK, Germany)", "when": "1930s-1960s (Mid-20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)", "aliases": ["Communist Information Bureau (Cominform)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945–1949", "author": "Hartenian, Larry", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The founding of this international organization for communist parties in Belgrade served as a trigger for the US Military Government to launch an overt anti-communist propaganda campaign in occupied Germany, indicating its perceived influence on public discourse.", "quote": "It was, then, on 28 October 1947, roughly three weeks after the founding of the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) in Belgrade, that US Military Governor Clay announced an overt anti-communist propaganda campaign in US occupied Germany.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "US Zone of occupied Germany", "when": "1945–1949"}]}, {"name": "Communist International", "aliases": ["Communist International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist movement", "revolutionary change"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functioned as the international center of the world Communist movement, dispatching publications and issuing directives to member parties to spread communist propaganda and achieve political goals, often in opposition to state control.", "quote": "The Communist International (Comintern), in its capacity as the international center of the world Communist movement, directly targeted the destruction of the British empire as a “premier goal.”", "page": "170", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Labor Party of America", "aliases": ["Communist Labor Party of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political extremism", "social revolution", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Endorsed activities and examples of the IWW, implying support for violent subversion of the government; membership was deemed a crime.", "quote": "formaram o Partido Comunista Trabalhista (Communist Labor Party, doravante CLP), cujo programa nacional endossava explicitamente as atividades e o exemplo da IWW.", "page": "38", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party", "aliases": ["Communist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la vitupération. Le pamphlet et les régimes du «dire vrai» en politique", "author": "M Hastings", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The party generated 'angry revivals' and mobilizations, particularly between the two world wars, leveraging collective anger for political action and denunciation of perceived injustices.", "quote": "Certes, de grandes relances colériques auront lieu entre les deux guerres de la part notamment du Parti communiste (la grève de Douarnenez, les mobilisations contre le fascisme), et les pamphlets se mettront à proliférer à l'extrême droite pour ce que l'on peut considérer comme leur chant du cygne.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/19188", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, France, contemporary digital public sphere", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era, with focus on 17th-20th century France"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party (Dutch East Indies)", "aliases": ["Communist Party (Dutch East Indies)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-colonialism", "communist ideology", "political change"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-colonial political activity, leading to state-orchestrated arrests, newspaper bans, and exile of its leaders to a concentration camp, effectively eliminating the party.", "quote": "the colonial regime began a wave of arrests and newspaper bans, culminating in the exile of leading communist figures to a concentration camp on the upper reaches of the Digul River in West Papua.", "page": "87", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party of America", "aliases": ["Communist Party of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political ideology", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As an organization, advocating, teaching, or disseminating the necessity of committing crimes or terrorist violence to achieve political objectives, leading to criminal convictions.", "quote": "La acusada era una persona con ideas comunistas, pero cuyas perspectivas eran minoritarias en el Partido. En la convención estatal del partido, la acusada abogó sin éxito y por medios pacíficos la consecución de sus objetivos comunistas.", "page": "77", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS)", "aliases": ["Communist Party of El Salvador (PCS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": ["authoritarianism", "communist principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The PCS joined the FMLN's armed struggle late in 1979, adopting the Leninist principle of 'democratic centralism'. Within the post-war FMLN, it allied with FPL cadres to bolster the revolutionary-socialist faction, resisting moderation.", "quote": "Late in 1979, the Partido Comunista de El Salvador (PCS – Communist Party of El Salvador) became the fifth group to take up armed struggle. All groups embraced the Leninist notion of 'democratic centralism'...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party of India", "aliases": ["Communist Party of India"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Political party"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["class consciousness", "communist ideology", "political revolution"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established and operated as a banned political party during the late colonial period, engaged in illegal publication and circulation of proscribed Communist literature to evade state censorship.", "quote": "The CPI was established in 1925, banned by the Government of India (GoI) in 1934, and not legalized till 1942. Even so, laws and official notifications were stymied not just by evasive publishers and readers, but also by the intricacies of implementation in a colonial context.", "page": "170", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and other clandestine opposition movements", "aliases": ["Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and other clandestine opposition movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["nationalism", "political dissent", "social justice", "student rights", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1970s"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 1975, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modernización de la censura: la ley de 1966 y su aplicación", "author": "C Menchero de los Ríos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These groups, operating clandestinely, challenged the regime's legitimacy and political framework. They organized strikes, promoted nationalist claims, and engaged in 'disidencia' that the state tried to suppress through censorship and legal action, fearing their 'subversive propaganda'.", "quote": "estrategia de disidencia particularmente nociva, promovida directamente por el Partido Comunista, al que se acusó de explotar la oportunidad brindada por el Concilio para ahondar en la brecha entre «integralistas y progresistas» que «marchan sin saberlo con arreglo a los principios marxistas de la revolución y de la dialéctica».", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4304664&publisher=FZR739", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1966–1975"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party of the Philippines", "aliases": ["Communist Party of the Philippines"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "social change"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Boycotted the 1986 presidential elections, rejecting electoral means for change and arguing that the moderate opposition was not sufficiently different from the dictatorship, thus maintaining a non-moderate stance outside the formal transition process.", "quote": "The Communist Party of the Philippines boycotted the February 1986 presidential elections, declaring that dictators could not be ousted through the polls and that in any case Corazón Aquino was not significantly different from Marcos.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Communist Party USA", "aliases": ["Communist Party USA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Case Against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Engaged in organizing and assembly to \"teach criminal syndicalism", "quote": "freedom of speech and assembly, advocacy for syndicalism", "page": "Brandeis, J., concurring) (arguing that only production of a \"clear and imminent danger\"\" of some substantive evil allows a state to restrict speech and assembly", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Communist Youth League", "aliases": ["Communist Youth League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "political control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Representing a party-affiliated body, the Youth League's supervision of student associations is challenged by calls for independence, making criticism of its role a 'strong political challenge' and a target for censorship.", "quote": "A group of students petition to the government and ask for a \"real\"\" student union that is independent from the supervision of Administration (PolC: Weak", "page": "IA)/Youth League (PolC: Strong", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Communist Youth League of China", "aliases": ["Communist Youth League of China"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association (state-affiliated)"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national respect", "patriotism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Used its Weibo account to post messages supporting nationalist backlash against foreign brands (Dolce & Gabbana), reinforcing state-aligned patriotic sentiment and setting norms for foreign companies operating in China.", "quote": "The Communist Youth League tagged D&G when writing on its Weibo account, “We welcome foreign companies coming to invest and start businesses in China. At the same time, foreign companies operating in China should respect China and the Chinese people”", "page": "118", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Communist-operated Crusader News Service", "aliases": ["Communist-operated Crusader News Service"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["communism", "socialism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supplied leftist columns to Black papers like the Omaha Guide, disseminating communist thought and supporting political discourse within the Black public sphere.", "quote": "Other papers printed leftist columns: the Omaha Guide subscribed to the Communist operated Crusader News Service and the socialist- and anarchist-staffed Federated Press.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Communists", "aliases": ["Communists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocating for direct democracy and a shift of administrative and political power to amateurs, which Weber critiques as a naive approach to influencing policy-making and public life.", "quote": "Parmi ces partisans, on trouvait des oiseaux au plumage variable: des communistes, des socialistes, des anarchistes, des syndicalistes et des corporatistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Communities of Cryptography Developers", "aliases": ["Communities of Cryptography Developers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": ["Fediverse", "secure messaging"], "norms": ["data security", "open source", "privacy", "technological development"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated architectures and alternative socio-technical models for content moderation", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "They have renewed efforts to create next-generation secure messaging protocols, aiming to overcome the limitations of existing protocols and to build tools that prioritize 'conceal for freedom'.", "quote": "Communities of cryptography developers (in particular, academic and free software collectives) have renewed their efforts to create next-generation secure messaging protocols in order to overcome the limits of existing protocols.", "page": "3", "url": "hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (social media platforms, secure messaging, specific focus on Russia, US, and the Fediverse)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (primarily 2013-present)"}]}, {"name": "Communities of cryptography developers / Free software collectives", "aliases": ["Communities of cryptography developers / Free software collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org"], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These communities actively develop next-generation secure messaging protocols and tools, with a core objective of creating technologies that 'conceal for freedom', influencing the architectural basis of online communication.", "quote": "Developers and technologists worldwide have a core common objective of creating tools that “conceal for freedom” while differing in their targeted user publics, the underlying values... and... technical architectures.", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}]}, {"name": "CommuniTree", "aliases": ["CommuniTree"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital commons", "sociality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Operated as a 1980s community bulletin board, but was eventually 'dismantled by the charge of hordes of teenage hackers,' indicating a struggle for stability and control against disruptive elements.", "quote": "Alluquère Rosanne Stone’s CommuniTree, a 1980s community bulletin board eventually dismantled by the charge of hordes of teenage hackers;", "page": "69", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Community Approach to Research Partnerships @ Emerson", "aliases": ["Community Approach to Research Partnerships @ Emerson"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research lab / civic media research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ELab produces research, tool prototypes and civic engagement interventions (games, apps, accelerator programs) and runs public-facing events and reports to shape civic technology and media practices.", "quote": "ELab's core mission is civic media and participatory research; several projects (Making a Civic Smart City, Civic Data Ambassadors, media literacy initiatives) engage with platform-related issues but platform governance is not the central focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://elab.emerson.edu/projects/a-community-approach-to-research-partnerships-carp", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Community Committee", "aliases": ["Community Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["GitHub"], "norms": ["community standards", "community well-being"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nip it in the Bud: Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots", "author": "Hsieh, Jane; Kim, Joselyn; Dabbish, Laura; Zhu, Haiyi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This committee was established as a separate body, distinct from the Technical Steering Committee, to specifically handle governance actions related to the project's code of conduct.", "quote": "we needed a separate body from the Community Committee and the Technical Steering Committee to handle these [governance actions] because membership on the TSC does not mean you have any idea how to handle a code of conduct report” (P8)", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07427", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Open Source Software Projects on GitHub", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Community degli Studenti di Scienze della Formazione Primaria dell'Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca", "aliases": ["Community degli Studenti di Scienze della Formazione Primaria dell'Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "community standards", "community support", "knowledge sharing", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "RAPPRESENTAZIONI E STILI DI MODERAZIONE. IL CASO DELLA COMMUNITY DEGLI STUDENTI DI SCIENZE DELLA FORMAZIONE PRIMARIA DELL’UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA", "author": "Ferri, Paolo; Garavaglia, Andrea; Petti, Livia; Bossi, Francesca", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "This student-initiated community serves as a peer-to-peer space for information exchange, collaborative problem-solving, emotional support, and self-moderation, enabling students to collectively manage discussions and academic guidance.", "quote": "Una vera e propria azione comunitaria tra moderatori e studenti che renda questi ultimi in grado di auto-moderarsi, in modo da farli diventare i veri protagonisti della community.", "page": "10", "url": "isdm.univ-tln.fr", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Community of Primary Education students at the University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy", "when": "post-2005 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community Elders", "aliases": ["Community Elders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being", "cultural preservation", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Confucian look at Internet censorship in China", "author": "Y Kou, B Semaan, B Nardi", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Requested a digital noticeboard. Expressed concerns about the use of existing social media sites, particularly regarding the promotion of values in opposition to local cultures and distant control. Their concerns shaped the design of the noticeboard's moderation mechanisms.", "quote": "The Elders manifested a concern over using existing social media sites or sharing platforms, because these tools are owned and controlled by distant corporations, seen as pro moting values in opposition to local cultures and traditions.", "page": "421", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-67744-6_25", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Groote Eylandt, Australia", "when": "contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Community Folks (India)", "aliases": ["Community Folks (India)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community building"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Functions as a community for community builders in India, providing support and publishing reports.", "quote": "Community Folks began in 2019 as the “community for community builders in India”", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Community groups", "aliases": ["Community groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["community values", "public interest", "public morals"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media Content Moderation Challenges for Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Tiktok Indonesia", "author": "Wismashanti, Rizky Amalia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These groups can exert public pressure and collaborate with the government to push platforms like TikTok to take action and stop problematic content, especially when internal policies are initially unclear or insufficient.", "quote": "Although in the end the role of community groups and the government can also push for TikTok's decision to stop the content.", "page": "13", "url": "https://eduvest.greenvest.co.id/index.php/edv/article/view/893", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Tiktok, Indonesia", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Community Leaders", "aliases": ["Community Leaders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic values", "moderation", "national unity", "peace", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serve as key informants for research, play a central role in promoting moderate thinking, act as a front-line against radicalism, and support de-radicalization programs to counter hate content.", "quote": "Scholars, religious scholars and community leaders in Aceh have a central role to play in promoting moderate thinking and as the frontline against radicalism.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Community Management Center (in Weibo)", "aliases": ["Community Management Center (in Weibo)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A crowdsourced governance system in Weibo where committees of users judged flagged content against behavioral standards.", "quote": "Crowdsourced governance was deployed with the Community Management Center in Weibo, where flagged content is judged by committees of users who met behavioral standards.", "page": "125", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Community Media Association", "aliases": ["Community Media Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-commercialism", "local empowerment"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Supports community media initiatives and advocates for cooperation across the alternative media sector, while noting the 'de-radicalization' of some projects due to economic and political constraints.", "quote": "Though supportive of these initiatives, Steve Buckley, the director of the Community Media Association, finds here a 'dual strategy of co-option and marginalisation' that has led to the de-radicalization of the commu nity media sector.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Community Media Institute", "aliases": ["Community Media Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports that feature European refugee and migrant radio projects, implicitly contributing to their visibility and recognition by documenting their existence and activities.", "quote": "12 European refugee and migrant radio projects featured in the Community Media Institute’s report (Bellardi et al., 2018).", "page": "96", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Community Memory Project", "aliases": ["Community Memory Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "knowledge sharing", "sociality"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Operated the first public computer-based bulletin board, managing community interactions, resolving conflicts, and encouraging organic experimentation.", "quote": "One of the earliest examples can be found in the Community Memory Project (CMP), the first public computer-based bulletin board, initially set up in 1973 at Leopold’s Records in Berkeley, California", "page": "72", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Community Moderators (on Reddit)", "aliases": ["Community Moderators (on Reddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-toxicity", "quality discourse", "user participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Are These Comments Triggering? Predicting Triggers of Toxicity in Online Discussions", "author": "Almerekhi, Hind; Kwak, Haewoon; Salminen, Joni; Jansen, Bernard J.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These non-state actors deploy automatic or semi-automatic techniques to prevent toxicity from spreading in online discussions, thereby shielding users from adverse effects and encouraging meaningful participation.", "quote": "Regarding the practical implications of our work, we note that by studying toxicity triggers, social media platforms, community moderators, and decision-makers can deploy automatic or semi-automatic techniques to prevent toxicity from spreading in online discussions.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366423.3380074", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit", "when": "2016-2017"}]}, {"name": "Community Notes (on X, formerly Twitter)", "aliases": ["Community Notes (on X, formerly Twitter)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "transparency", "user participation"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión vs. censura: una mirada crítica a la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "C Ortega Giménez", "year": "", "mechanism": "A collaborative moderation system where platform members voluntarily add context to misleading or misinterpreted posts. These notes are then voted on by other users to determine their reliability before being publicly displayed.", "quote": "Meta, ha comunicado que dejará de utilizar verificadores de contenido en Facebook e Instagram e implementará un sistema parecido al de \"Notas de la Comunidad\"\" que emplea X: una herramienta de moderación colaborativa que ofrece la opción a los miembros de la plataforma de añadir contexto a publicaciones engañosas o malinterpretadas.\"", "page": "20", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/38223", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital media ecosystems, with a focus on social media and AI regulation in the European Union and Spain", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Community Notes (on X/Twitter)", "aliases": ["Community Notes (on X/Twitter)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A collaborative feature on X (formerly Twitter) that allows users to collectively append fact-checks and corrections to posts containing misleading information, thereby acting as a form of community-driven moderation.", "quote": "More collaboratively, Twitter/X introduced Community Notes,57 which allows users to collaboratively append fact-checks and corrections to posts containing misleading information, and previously allowed API access to some third-party content moderation tools...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Community of Erri De Luca's Readers/Supporters", "aliases": ["Community of Erri De Luca's Readers/Supporters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Mobilized through online initiatives (e.g., \"iostoconerri\"\") and public discourse to defend Erri De Luca against charges of instigation to crime", "quote": "Freedom of speech, support for intellectual figures, anti-censorship.", "page": "Attorno a lui, infatti, si muove una comunità di lettori a difesa della parola contraria e il fenomeno è costantemente sotto i riflettori.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Community of Practice", "aliases": ["Community of Practice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Web 2.0 platforms"], "norms": ["information sharing", "knowledge quality", "trust"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Recop: Um modelo para reputaçao em comunidades de prática", "author": "CCP Cruz, CLR Motta…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Communities of Practice bring together groups interested in discussing and learning about specific subjects. The ReCoP model is developed to support the building of trust networks and encourage members' commitment to appropriate information sharing, thereby self-regulating the quality and relevance of shared knowledge within the community.", "quote": "Comunidades de Prática reúnem grupos de pessoas interessadas em discutir, praticar e aprender aspectos sobre um determinado assunto. Nessas comunidades, os participantes com suas experiências são as principais fontes de informação. Portanto, a confiança no conhecimento compartilhado é fundamental.", "page": "1", "url": "http://milanesa.ime.usp.br/rbie/index.php/sbie/article/viewFile/560/546", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Communities of Practice and Web 2.0 platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community of Primary Education Faculty Students", "aliases": ["Community of Primary Education Faculty Students"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["Docebo platform"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… E STILI DI MODERAZIONE. IL CASO DELLA COMMUNITY DEGLI STUDENTI DI SCIENZE DELLA FORMAZIONE PRIMARIA DELL'UNIVERSITA'DEGLI STUDI …", "author": "P Ferri, A Garavaglia, L Petti, F Bossi", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The community members engage in peer-to-peer information exchange, emotional support, and collaborative problem-solving. As the e-tutors' role diminishes, the community aims for its members to increasingly take on auto-moderation roles, guiding communication and resolving issues collectively, thus becoming the primary protagonists of the community.", "quote": "Una vera e propria azione comunitaria tra moderatori e studenti che renda questi ultimi in grado di auto-moderarsi, in modo da farli diventare i veri protagonisti della community.", "page": "10", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm39/Ticemed09_Ferri_alii.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy (Primary Education Faculty online community on Docebo platform)", "when": "Post-2005 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community Organizations and Advocacy Groups", "aliases": ["Community Organizations and Advocacy Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Historically, they took the initiative to file Section 13 complaints with the CHRC. Under proposed changes, they would continue to inform the CHRC of potential breaches, acting as 'tip lines'.", "quote": "Since that first complaint, however, the CHRC has declined to exercise its power to initiate section 13 complaints and has relied instead on community organizations and interested individuals to take the initiative.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "Community Police Boards (Northern Ireland)", "aliases": ["Community Police Boards (Northern Ireland)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Serving as antisectarian institutions with representatives from both communities, these boards address divisive and contentious issues in daily life, thereby promoting local-level moderation and conflict resolution while avoiding broader sovereignty questions.", "quote": "Perhaps the most successful antisectarian institutions in Northern Ireland today are Community Police Boards with representatives of both communities. These boards deal with some of the most divisive and con- tentious issues in day-to-day life in Northern Ireland but stay away from the sovereignty question.", "page": "20", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Community radio movement", "aliases": ["Community radio movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic communication", "media access", "media diversity", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Articulated demands for greater inclusion for social actors in media and participated in the broad social discussion on media regulation, contributing to the context that led to the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "quote": "algunos actores de la sociedad civil promovieron una discusión sobre la regulación mediática que logró articular demandas ciudadanas y de grupos organizados (sindicatos de trabajadores de medios, el movimiento de radios comunitarias, las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las no gubernamentales -ONG-, cooperativas de servicios interesadas en el sector, investigadores y docentes universitarios) con los reclamos de mayor inclusión para actores sociales postergados en los medios.", "page": "5", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Community residents", "aliases": ["Community residents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to justice", "environmental protection", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Decides to initiate legal action against government or enterprise due to pollution, demonstrating a collective challenge that, if gaining widespread attention, could be subject to censorship.", "quote": "Residents decide to sue the relevant provincial government /construction enterprise.", "page": "42", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Community Scouts / Trusted Digital Volunteers", "aliases": ["Community Scouts / Trusted Digital Volunteers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["information control", "information flow", "public safety"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "XHELP: Design of a cross-platform social-media application to support volunteer moderators in disasters", "author": "C Reuter, T Ludwig, MA Kaufhold, V Pipek", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "They monitor social media to filter and verify information, transferring “semi-official\" reports to official authorities", "quote": "Accuracy, reliability of information, bridging communication gaps, supporting official response.", "page": "Another suggested remedy lies with so-called \"community scouts\"\" [31]. In one case", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702171", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Germany (Facebook, Twitter)", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Community Security Trust", "aliases": ["Community Security Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity; community security and antisemitism monitoring organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "CST publishes annual antisemitic discourse reports, provides security equipment and advice, operates a 24/7 National Control Centre, and works closely with police and government to shape policy and responses to online and offline antisemitism.", "quote": "CST monitors antisemitic discourse including internet postings, publishes annual antisemitic discourse reports that inform public policy and engages with police and government on hate and extremism online.", "page": "", "url": "https://cst.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Compagnia di San Paolo", "aliases": ["Compagnia di San Paolo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La democrazia in un ambiente ostile: un quasi-esperimento deliberativo", "author": "P Isernia, L Bobbio, I Fiket, AR Manca, N Podesta", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the preparation of the deliberative polling project, contributing institutional support to the creation of a moderated forum for public discussion.", "quote": "Ringraziamo anche la Compagnia di San Paolo per la collaborazione mostrata nella preparazione del progetto.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1425/28363", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Province of Turin, Italy", "when": "2007"}]}, {"name": "Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi", "aliases": ["Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic freedom", "private enterprise", "public service"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Léon Aucoc, praticien et théoricien du droit administratif", "author": "F Blancpain", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a private company operating a public service under a state concession, its leadership (with Aucoc as president) actively engaged with state regulation. This involved advocating against state nationalization, influencing policies like tariffs, and working to balance the company's private interests with its public service obligations, thereby playing a role in the practical 'moderation' and governance of public infrastructure.", "quote": "Il s'oppose donc aux projets de rachat des compagnies par l'Etat (40), mais, conscient du fait que celles-ci sont « chargées en quelque sorte de la régie d'un service public » (41), il travaille à l'amélioration de leurs relations avec l'Etat (42)", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/43847987", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "19th-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Compagnie des pasteurs et des professeurs de Genève", "aliases": ["Compagnie des pasteurs et des professeurs de Genève"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This body of religious and academic professionals formally protested against the re-edition of Raynal's *Histoire des deux Indes*, attempting to impose academic and religious censure on its publication.", "quote": "En août, le Journal historique et littéraire fait écho à la protestation de la compagnie des pasteurs et des professeurs de Genève contre la réédition de l'Histoire des deux Indes par Pellet", "page": "15", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Companhia Amélia Rey Colaço / Robles Monteiro", "aliases": ["Companhia Amélia Rey Colaço / Robles Monteiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural heritage"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Staged the play 'O vestido de noiva' which was later banned by censorship after its initial performances, indicating their role in producing works that challenged prevailing moral values.", "quote": "A primeira, O vestido de noiva, conhece estreia em Janeiro de 1952 no Teatro Nacional D. Maria II, numa produção da Companhia Amélia Rey Colaço / Robles Monteiro (...). Porém, a peça não foi apresentada depois da terceira representação...", "page": "206-207", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Companhia do Teatro Experimental de Cascais", "aliases": ["Companhia do Teatro Experimental de Cascais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Had its play 'Como gargalha a galinha' prohibited by censors, who deemed its social and political intentions, including anti-clericalism, inconvenient.", "quote": "A comédia 'Como gargalha a galinha' de Carlos Manuel Rodrigues que se destinava a ser representada pela companhia do Teatro Experimental de Cascais foi proibida com base nos seguintes argumentos: 'Entendo que as intenções sociais e mesmo políticas expressas tornam inconveniente a aprovação da peça.'", "page": "17", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Companhia do Teatro Popular na Estufa-Fria", "aliases": ["Companhia do Teatro Popular na Estufa-Fria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Had its play 'A ponte sobre a vida' prohibited by censors due to its perceived 'subversive content', which included references to revolutionary action and police persecution.", "quote": "'A ponte sobre a vida' de Mário Braga, destinada a ser representada pela Companhia do Teatro Popular na Estufa-Fria, foi também proibida com base no conteúdo subversivo segundo os argumentos dos censores", "page": "17", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Companhia Teatro Estúdio de Lisboa", "aliases": ["Companhia Teatro Estúdio de Lisboa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Experienced severe censorship, leading to the prohibition of its plays and hindering the development of original Portuguese dramaturgy.", "quote": "Se a censura é severa para autores estrangeiros, é severíssima para os autores portugueses, pelo menos pelo que eu me tenho apercebido nesta actividade. Ora um teatro português que não cria a sua própria dramaturgia não tem tanta validade.", "page": "3", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Companhia TEBO (Teatro de Bolso)", "aliases": ["Companhia TEBO (Teatro de Bolso)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Had its play 'Sexta-feira dia de amar' rejected by censors and subsequently appealed the decision, citing a discrepancy with the announced 'opening of criteria'.", "quote": "A comédia 'Sexta-feira dia de amar' de Keit Waterhouse e Willis Hall a levar à cena pela companhia TEBO (Teatro de Bolso), foi reprovada. A companhia recorreu da decisão numa carta assinada por Armando Cortez", "page": "18", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Company of Pastors of Geneva", "aliases": ["Company of Pastors of Geneva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Its twelve members contributed to and ratified Calvin's doctrine on predestination during the 'Congregation', thereby enforcing doctrinal consensus among Geneva's ministers.", "quote": "Les douze pasteurs présents à la Congrégation ajoutèrent leurs contributions, sans innover vraiment (23). Ils cautionnaient surtout la doctrine préalablement développée, attestant ainsi le consensus des ministres genevois en matière de prédestination (24).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Compañía de Impresores y Libreros del Reino", "aliases": ["Compañía de Impresores y Libreros del Reino"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Acted as a commercial entity to obtain printing privileges and sponsor works, influencing the publishing market for economic benefit.", "quote": "Suelen aparecer mencionados con figuras como “saca a luz” o “da a luz”, aunque la más evidente es la de “a espensas”, que utiliza con frecuencia, por ejemplo, la Compañía de Impresores y Libreros del Reino con las obras que patrocina.", "page": "53", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Compañía de Jesús", "aliases": ["Compañía de Jesús"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Issues decrees and commitments to promote gender equality, combat violence against women, and foster inclusive language within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Por su parte, en la Compañía de Jesús, en la Congregación General XXXIV, Decreto 14: Los jesuitas y la situación de la mujer en la iglesia y en la sociedad, señalan cuestiones como: La necesidad de conversión de actitudes menos respetuosas por parte de los varones...", "page": "302", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Compañía de Jesús (Jesuits)", "aliases": ["Compañía de Jesús (Jesuits)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious order"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional control", "religious orthodoxy", "scientific authority"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Members held dominant positions as censors, especially for works on astrology and astronomy, and exerted significant influence within the Inquisition and intellectual circles due to their theological and scientific expertise.", "quote": "En la primera mitad del siglo XVIII existe un claro predominio de la Compañía de Jesús... El número de censores es significativamente el más alto, casi duplicando a la siguiente orden.", "page": "233", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Compañía Lope de Vega", "aliases": ["Compañía Lope de Vega"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial viability", "cultural value", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Un clásico difícil. Censura y adaptación escénica de <i>La Celestina</i> bajo el franquismo", "author": "Bastianes, María", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Submitted an adaptation of 'La Celestina' for authorization, lobbied against geographical restrictions imposed by censors by emphasizing the play's classical status, and later achieved commercial success by staging a version that retained and exploited erotic and 'malsonantes' (obscene) content, challenging moral limits.", "quote": "el segundo montaje de la Compañía Lope de Vega del año 1965; una versión que no solo conservó por primera vez buena parte de las palabras malsonantes y comentarios sexuales, sino que también intentó explotar el erotismo presente en la obra original.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682737.2018.1444417", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1940–1969"}]}, {"name": "Compañía Valdés-Mompín", "aliases": ["Compañía Valdés-Mompín"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Un clásico difícil. Censura y adaptación escénica de <i>La Celestina</i> bajo el franquismo", "author": "Bastianes, María", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produced an adaptation of 'La Celestina' by Enrique Ortenbach, submitting it to state censors who mandated expurgation of 'malsonantes' (obscene) expressions and 'escabrosas' (scandalous) situations, aligning with conservative moral standards.", "quote": "la adaptación de Enrique Ortenbach que, bajo la dirección de José Luis Alonso, la compañía Valdés-Mompín llevó a los Festivales de España de 1956.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682737.2018.1444417", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1940–1969"}]}, {"name": "Compendium", "aliases": ["Compendium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative culture", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Operates as an alternative bookshop, serving as a direct distribution and retail channel for alternative press titles outside mainstream networks.", "quote": "These are the alternative bookshops such as Compendium and Housmans in London, Mushroom in Nottingham and alternative distributors such as AK, Counter Productions and Turnaround.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Computer & Communications Industry Association", "aliases": ["Computer & Communications Industry Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry trade association; membership advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Competition policy", "Content moderation", "Copyright protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Internet governance", "Sustainability", "Telecommunication policy", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1972, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "CCIA produces policy research and white papers, files amicus briefs and formal consultation responses, convenes workshops in Brussels, and represents member companies to influence platform and digital policy across jurisdictions.", "quote": "CCIA advocates on digital policy topics including content moderation, internet governance, emerging tech and AI, submits comments and amicus briefs, and convenes policy workshops impacting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://ccianet.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA)", "aliases": ["Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["limited government", "market competition", "platform autonomy", "platform free speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Challenged state legislation (in Florida and Texas) aimed at regulating content moderation on social media platforms, acting as an industry advocate against government intervention in moderation practices.", "quote": "Shortly after the publication of the bills, Google and Meta, represented by industry groups NetChoice and Computer and Communications Industry Association, challenged them.", "page": "21", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}]}, {"name": "Computer Emergency Response Teams", "aliases": ["Computer Emergency Response Teams"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Serve as incident response collectives that receive information about network scans and provide feedback to operators, playing a role in mitigating cyber threats and coordinating security responses.", "quote": "We also inform a number of CERTs, research institutes and blacklist providers before a scan, and maintain our own blacklist of networks based on feedback from operators.", "page": "184", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry (CEPE)", "aliases": ["Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry (CEPE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI ethics", "ethical inquiry"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organizes biennial conferences in Europe and America to facilitate academic discussion and research in computer ethics.", "quote": "Jeroen van den Hoven’s founding of the CEPE (Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry) series of computer ethics conferences, which have occurred alternately in Europe and America since 1997", "page": "41", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility", "aliases": ["Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["computer security", "privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Addresses concerns about ICT governance, specifically focusing on advocating for privacy and computer security from a professional perspective.", "quote": "Examples of the latter include Privacy International, the Electronic Privacy Information Center, and Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility from the privacy and computer security areas.", "page": "26", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Computer Science and Telecommunications Board", "aliases": ["Computer Science and Telecommunications Board"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["correctness", "reliability", "safety", "security", "survivability", "trustworthiness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Adopted terms for trust and trustworthiness in systems, thereby influencing conceptualizations for technology design and evaluation.", "quote": "For example, the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board... adopted the terms “trust” and “trustworthy” to describe systems that perform as expected along the dimensions of correctness, security, reliability, safety, and survivability.", "page": "75", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Computer Sciences Accreditation Board", "aliases": ["Computer Sciences Accreditation Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Nationally accredited undergraduate computer science programs, making computer ethics a required component.", "quote": "computer ethics became a required component in undergraduate computer science programs that were nationally accredited by the Computer Sciences Accreditation Board (1991).", "page": "40", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Comrades' Courts", "aliases": ["Comrades' Courts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["community norms", "informal justice", "retribution", "social scrutiny"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Served as a pre-digital form of social scrutiny and denunciation in Russia, enforcing community moral norms and seeking retribution.", "quote": "Vigilant audiences are an extension of public and pre-digital gatherings like Russia’s comrades’ courts (Gabdulhakov, 2018)", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "comunica.org", "aliases": ["comunica.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["digital inclusion", "information access"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provided a technical gateway (Web-to-email) for a virtual conference, influencing access to and participation in the discussions by bridging technological divides for individuals without direct web access.", "quote": "Inversement, une passerelle Web=>courriel fournie par des partenaires de comunica.org (Quito, Équateur) permettait aux personnes n'ayant pas accés au Web d'obtenir quand même l'essentiel du contenu du site sous forme de texte.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}]}, {"name": "Comunidad Marca", "aliases": ["Comunidad Marca"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["Marca.com"], "norms": ["communication standards", "mutual respect", "non-commercial content", "non-hostile communication"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de la conversación en medios online. El caso del diario <i>Marca</i>", "author": "López-González, Hibai; Guerrero-Solé, Frederic", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The 'Comunidad Marca' is a collective of online users who post comments on the Marca.com website. These users are subject to the platform's rules of publication, and their comments are managed and moderated by the media outlet to ensure adherence to these norms.", "quote": "Su web es comentada por los lectores que se hayan creado un perfil en la Comunidad Marca, compuesta por más de 485.000 miembros (dato actualizado a enero de 2014).", "page": "3", "url": "https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/epi.2014.ene.06", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Marca.com, Spain", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Comunidade 'Livros, Textos e Redação' (Orkut community 'Books, Texts and Writing')", "aliases": ["Comunidade 'Livros, Textos e Redação' (Orkut community 'Books, Texts and Writing')"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Orkut"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Escrita, interlocução e moderação em um fórum online do orkut", "author": "Lima, Marcela", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The online community, through its owner and a designated moderator, enforces official rules by excluding inappropriate posts and managing members. Participants also engage in self-regulation by collectively establishing emergent rules and norms through their interactions, providing feedback on writing, and negotiating roles to maintain the community's thematic focus and quality of dialogue.", "quote": "Para manter íntegros os interesses do fórum, existe o moderador (Leandro), que, oficialmente tem por função excluir ou aceitar os posts enviados, de acordo com as regras estabelecidas.", "page": "63", "url": "https://repositorio.unicamp.br/Busca/Download?codigoArquivo=491908", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Orkut, Brazil", "when": "2006-2008"}]}, {"name": "Comunidade Carismática do Paraná", "aliases": ["Comunidade Carismática do Paraná"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produced various documents requesting the moralization of social communication media, opposing perceived moral decline.", "quote": "...Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral, a Ação Católica Diocese de São Carlos, a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil... produziram diversos documentos pedindo uma moralização dos meios de comunicação social.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Comunidade Católica de Jaú", "aliases": ["Comunidade Católica de Jaú"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles", "state stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Sent a petition with hundreds of signatures to the President, protesting a magazine article on 'the great family crisis' and advocating for traditional family values and moral conduct, linking family to state stability.", "quote": "Outra carta representativa das concepções dessas entidades religiosas é a da Comunidade Católica de Jaú. Enviada no início do ano de 1971 diretamente ao presidente Médici e congratulando-se com “o melhor Presidente que até a presente data teve o grande e querido Brasil”, a missiva encaminhava um abaixo-assinado com centenas de assinaturas.", "page": "239", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Comunidade Católica de João Pessoa", "aliases": ["Comunidade Católica de João Pessoa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produced various documents requesting the moralization of social communication media, opposing perceived moral decline.", "quote": "...Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral, a Ação Católica Diocese de São Carlos, a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil... produziram diversos documentos pedindo uma moralização dos meios de comunicação social.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Comunidade Eco", "aliases": ["Comunidade Eco"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REGULAMENTAÇÃO DAS PLATAFORMAS DIGITAIS: CENSURA PRÉVIA OU PROTEÇÃO AO CONSUMIDOR?", "author": "M Câmara", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducted a research study that involved creating fake profiles on TikTok to demonstrate how the platform's algorithms promoted content inciting suicide and violence to underage users, thus providing evidence for the need for digital platform regulation.", "quote": "um estudo realizado pela Comunidade Eco, em que os pesquisadores criaram perfis falsos na plataforma TikTok, indicando serem adolescentes de 13 (treze) anos de idade e, em poucos minutos de interação, receberam conteúdos que promoviam explicitamente o suicídio e incitavam a violência", "page": "7", "url": "https://revistaeletronicaoabrj.emnuvens.com.br/revista/article/view/406", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms, global, with a strong focus on Brazil", "when": "21st century, focusing on recent developments (2014-2023)"}]}, {"name": "Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (CEBs)", "aliases": ["Comunidades Eclesiales de Base (CEBs)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["community autonomy", "religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Represent popular Catholic mobilization, addressing community needs, fostering critical discernment of dominant ideologies, and organizing for social change, often viewed with suspicion by conservative clergy.", "quote": "LAS COMUNIDADES ECLESIALES de Base-CEBS constituyen una expresión católica de las tendencias renovadoras de la movilización popular latinoamericana; en ellas se produce un redimensionamiento de las necesidades comunitarias...", "page": "331", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Comédie-Française", "aliases": ["Comédie-Française"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic integrity", "creator rights", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La banalisation du concept de « censure »:", "author": "Mbongo, Pascal", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action to enforce artistic integrity norms, specifically an author's posthumous wishes regarding the interpretation and casting for a theatrical work, thereby influencing artistic expression.", "quote": "avec l'affaire Comédie-Française c. Koltès, soit une action formée par la Comédie-Française contre le frère et ayant droit de l'écrivain Bernard-Marie Koltès, après son refus d'accepter la prolongation des représentations...", "page": "21", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-pouvoirs-2009-3-page-17?lang=fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Concerned Citizens (of Kanawha County)", "aliases": ["Concerned Citizens (of Kanawha County)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational values", "nationalism", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Picketed the Board of Education, held parent conferences, sponsored a Labor Day protest rally calling for school boycotts, and distributed fliers with purported excerpts from textbooks.", "quote": "Another new antibook group called Concerned Citizens picketed the Board of Educa tion, which displayed the books and held low-keyed parent conferences to quietly counter rumors about the content of the books. Concerned Citizens sponsored a Labor Day protest rally at Campbell's Creek, where the Reverend Marvin Horan called on the crowd of 8,000 to boycott schools when they opened the next day.", "page": "17", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Concerned Media Stakeholders in Nigeria", "aliases": ["Concerned Media Stakeholders in Nigeria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights, challenges repressive anti-media laws (like the Press Council Bill and Cybercrimes Act) through legislative proposals and legal action against the government.", "quote": "concerned media stakeholders in Nigeria sponsored the Digital Rights Bill (later turned down by the President), challenged sections 24 and 38 of the Cybercrimes Act... and took the government to court on its proposed Press Council Bill 2018", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Concerned Public / Parents", "aliases": ["Concerned Public / Parents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exerted public resistance and lodged complaints against public performances of 'The Vagina Monologues', contributing to social pressure and informal censorship through norm enforcement.", "quote": "The public performance in 2009 in Beijing 'gained permission' and enjoyed success, but encountered 'resistance from the public' in March 2010 when it toured to Shenzhen (Shi, 2010).", "page": "174", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Concerned Women for America", "aliases": ["Concerned Women for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Also supported by the religious right, this group encourages parents to challenge school content and supports its members in pursuing school board positions to influence educational policy.", "quote": "groups supported by the religious right, such as ... Concerned Women of America... provide training sessions and actively encourage citizens and parents to challenge their local schools (Jones, 1993).", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}]}, {"name": "Conciliador", "aliases": ["Conciliador"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honor", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles that were targeted by áulicos for allegedly dishonoring the country, the political system, or the Emperor, indicating a role in political opposition and criticism.", "quote": "Os jornais criticados são, na maioria das vezes, a Aurora Fluminense, a Astréa, o Espelho, o Echo, o Rio Herald, o Conciliador, o Farol Paulistano, o Courrier du Bresil, e o Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina. Estes são atacados sempre que supostamente desonram o país, o sistema e o Imperador", "page": "26", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Conciliar Movement", "aliases": ["Conciliar Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate governance", "religious institution governance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Challenged papal dominance by asserting that ultimate spiritual authority resided in the corporate body of Christians via a general Church council, influencing secular constitutional models.", "quote": "The conciliar movement... elaborated the idea that it was not the pope but the corporate body of Christians in the form of a general Church council that held ultimate authority in spiritual matters.", "page": "58", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "condemned.org", "aliases": ["condemned.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Established as an antichild pornography organization, working to prevent access to harmful content.", "quote": "Similarly, a women hacker who called herself “Blueberry” set up another antichild pornography organization, condemned.org.", "page": "614", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Conditions Magazine (Editorial Collective)", "aliases": ["Conditions Magazine (Editorial Collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "free speech", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Published a feminist magazine emphasizing lesbian writing, its publication constitutes a form of expression potentially targeted by censorship laws.", "quote": "THE EDITORS OF CONDITIONS MAGAZINE—Founded in 1976, Conditions magazine is a feminist magazine of writing by women with an emphasis on writing by lesbians.", "page": "24", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Conexis Brasil Digital", "aliases": ["Conexis Brasil Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Represents the telecommunications and connectivity sector, influencing infrastructure and services that are fundamental for online content flow and digital development.", "quote": "De acordo com a entidade representante do setor de telecomunicações e de conectividade, a Conexis Brasil Digital, as big techs são responsáveis por mais de 82% do tráfego total na infraestrutura das redes das Operadoras de internet.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}]}, {"name": "Confederación de Comuneros españoles", "aliases": ["Confederación de Comuneros españoles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "constitutionalism", "liberalism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la exaltación virtuosa y los verdaderos liberales: Riego ante la fractura del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Constitucional (1822-1823)", "author": "VS Martín", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A radical offshoot of masonry, they mobilized public support, used Riego's image as a catalyst for public action, advocated for deeper revolutionary changes, critiqued the government and moderate liberals, and engaged in fierce press battles against masonry, pressing for full accountability for the July 7 coup.", "quote": "El potencial revolucionario del culto a Riego aumentó a partir de septiembre de 1821, cuando los paseos de su retrato o el «viva Riego» se constituyeron como catalizador para la actuación pública de los comuneros, escisión radical de la masonería.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7731168", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1820–1823 (Constitutional Triennium)"}]}, {"name": "Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio (Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce)", "aliases": ["Confederación de Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio (Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Supported government authorities in repressing \"pornographic\"\" publications", "quote": "Moral dignity of the people, national economic interests, public morals, good customs.", "page": "Las Cámaras Nacionales de Comercio, por ejemplo, apoyaron a las autoridades, ya que consideraban el asunto 'no únicamente en su aspecto moral... sino pensando también en los resultados adversos al interés de la economía nacional'.", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Confederación de Mujeres del Mundo Rural (CERES)", "aliases": ["Confederación de Mujeres del Mundo Rural (CERES)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supports and advocates for rural women's issues and participation.", "quote": "Un 31,2% sí estaban vinculadas a CERES (Confederación de Mujeres del Mundo Rural) y un 6,2% a AMFAR (Federación de Mujeres y Familias del ámbito rural).", "page": "860", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE)", "aliases": ["Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ecuador", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conaie organizes and supports social mobilizations against government policies, specifically preparing a march against the Water Law, thereby exercising public pressure and dissent against state actions.", "quote": "un grupo de estudiantes izquierdistas, fueron condenados a un año de prisión por tener panfletos revolucionarios en sus casas y por prepararse a apoyar una marcha de la Conaie contra la Ley de Aguas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales", "aliases": ["Confederación Española de Organizaciones Empresariales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["governance", "political stability", "social cohesion", "social moderation"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s (Spanish Transition)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crisis y moderación en el movimiento obrero durante el cambio político en España:¿ relato o correlato?", "author": "JG Igual, JT Hurtado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The president of this employers' federation publicly interpreted election results as evidence of 'social moderation', thereby contributing to the narrative and legitimization of a moderate social and political environment during the transition to democracy.", "quote": "el presidente de la CEOE Ferrer Salat, quien consideró aquellos resultados una prueba de esa moderación de la sociedad.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8787712", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1970s-1980s (Spanish Transition)"}]}, {"name": "Confederación Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos (CENEC)", "aliases": ["Confederación Nacional de Estudiantes Católicos (CENEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-secularism", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Mobilized Catholic university students to defend Catholic education and principles, often in opposition to secular or liberal student movements, influencing intellectual and political discourse from a Catholic perspective.", "quote": "Los Estudiantes Católicos -yo he pertenecido a ellos y ostentando algún cargo directivo- se limitaron a celebrar Congresos y a festejar a Santo Tomás sin conocerle.", "page": "107", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)", "aliases": ["Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "democratic values", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced propaganda posters for the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War, mobilizing workers for their cause.", "quote": "A travers les affiches, on verra s’exprimer le gouvernement, les organisations syndicales comme l’UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores) et la CNT, ainsi que les partis politiques comme le PCE ou le POUM", "page": "147", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Confederación Obrera Nacional-Sindicalista", "aliases": ["Confederación Obrera Nacional-Sindicalista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "state control", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A trade union affiliated with Falange, used to mobilize workers and promote national-syndicalist ideals.", "quote": "En diciembre de 1936 se aseguraba a mero título de ejemplo que, en Salamanca, más del noventa por ciento de los camareros estaba afiliado a la Confederación Obrera Nacional-Sindicalista, que dirigía Falange.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Confederation of Danish Industry", "aliases": ["Confederation of Danish Industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DI represents ~20,000 companies and advances policy proposals (2030-plan), advising government and mobilising industry networks to shape economic and regulatory agendas.", "quote": "DI's core mission is representing businesses and producing broad policy proposals (e.g., DI's 2030-plan); platform governance is not a primary focus though tech policy may appear within broader economic agendas.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.danskindustri.dk/english/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Confederação Geral do Trabalho (General Confederation of Labour - France)", "aliases": ["Confederação Geral do Trabalho (General Confederation of Labour - France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "economic justice", "international solidarity", "political activism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Influential French revolutionary syndicalist organization that promoted direct action and the general strike to achieve socialism, initially maintaining political neutrality.", "quote": "O chamado sindicalismo revolucionário se desenvolveu primeiro na França, no final do século XIX e início do XX, culminando na formação da CGT.", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Geral do Trabalho – Sindicalista Revolucionária (General Confederation of Labour – Revolutionary Syndicalist - France)", "aliases": ["Confederação Geral do Trabalho – Sindicalista Revolucionária (General Confederation of Labour – Revolutionary Syndicalist - France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by a revolutionary faction that split from the CGT, becoming an important influence and providing aid to Spanish revolutionaries during the Civil War.", "quote": "a ala revolucionária acabou saindo da organização e fundou a Confederação Geral do Trabalho Unitário, em 1922. Mas as disputas internas entre o recém-fundado PCF e os sindicalistas revolucionários fez com que houvesse uma nova divisão, sendo formada então a Confederação Geral do Trabalho – Sindicalista Revolucionária (CGT-SR), em 1926", "page": "35", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Israelita do Brasil", "aliases": ["Confederação Israelita do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Argues in legal contexts for the unconstitutionality of Article 19 of the Marco Civil da Internet, advocating for platforms to implement self-regulation to combat illicit content, particularly hate speech.", "quote": "Também defendendo a inconstitucionalidade do art. 19, a Confederação Israelita do Brasil (CONIB), argumenta que o dispositivo potencializa “o uso da internet como um meio inseguro e para fins ilícitos de toda natureza, especialmente aqueles que implicam o desrespeito profundo à dignidade humana”", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil", "aliases": ["Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "national security", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Associated the process of 'dissolution of customs' with a communist strategy and demanded energetic actions against 'immoral publications and spectacles'.", "quote": "Para a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil, uma associação de leigos católicos presente em todo o país, vivia-se um momento de “avanço progressivo da licenciosidade...", "page": "237", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Nacional do Trabalho (National Confederation of Labor)", "aliases": ["Confederação Nacional do Trabalho (National Confederation of Labor)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "anti-capitalism", "anti-fascism", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Major anarcho-syndicalist organization that organized workers, led strikes and insurrections, formed militias, established self-managed enterprises, and participated in government bodies.", "quote": "fazia falta uma poderosa organização sindical que reunisse os sindicatos libertários de toda a Espanha. Assim, foi convocado um Congresso operário em fins de 1910, que acabou por fundar a Confederação Nacional do Trabalho – CNT", "page": "44", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Regional do Trabalho da Catalunha (Regional Confederation of Labor of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Confederação Regional do Trabalho da Catalunha (Regional Confederation of Labor of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-fascism", "federalism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Regional branch of the CNT, issued directives and manifestos, guiding the anarchist movement in Catalonia and engaging in debates over revolutionary strategy and collaboration.", "quote": "Escreveu a Confederação Regional do Trabalho da Catalunha118 – CRTC – em dita edição: “Hay un enemigo común bien delineado: el fascismo. Contra él luchamos a él tenemos que aplastar. No hay ni más ni menos.", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol (Conmebol)", "aliases": ["Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol (Conmebol)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Announced the use of facial recognition as a security measure in stadiums during the 2019 Copa América.", "quote": "No ano de 2019, quando o Brasil sediou a Copa América, a Confederação Sul-Americana de Futebol (Conmebol) anunciou que o reconhecimento facial seria utilizado como medida de segurança nos estádios que receberiam as partidas da competição", "page": "190", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF)", "aliases": ["Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["academic research", "ai development", "anti-discrimination", "content moderation"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rilevazione e analisi del linguaggio sessista nei social media con tecniche di Natural Language Processing", "author": "V Patti, P Rosso, G Rosso", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CLEF hosts international evaluation campaigns, such as EXIST 2024, which propose challenges to develop and evaluate automatic systems for identifying and analyzing sexism in social media, thereby fostering advancements in automated content moderation.", "quote": "EXIST (sEXism Identification in Social neTworks) è una competizione internazionale proposta nell'ambito del forum periodico di valutazione CLEF2, che ogni anno propone ai propri partecipanti di creare e valutare sistemi automatici in grado di identificare e analizzare il sessismo nei contenuti pubblicati sui social media.", "page": "14", "url": "https://personales.upv.es/prosso/resources/RossoTFG.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, especially Twitter", "when": "2024-2025"}]}, {"name": "Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (National Conference of Bishops of Brazil)", "aliases": ["Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (National Conference of Bishops of Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Provided representation on the commission tasked with reviewing censorship legislation, aiming to ensure religious and moral perspectives were considered in new policies.", "quote": "da inclusão de Dias Gomes como representante dos artistas e de Terezinha Martins Costa como representante da Confederação Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil, a comissão mostrou-se favorável à aprovação de um regulamento de emergência a ser baixado pelo CSC para orientar os agentes da censura.", "page": "68", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Confindustria", "aliases": ["Confindustria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Giornalismo e social network: un'analisi linguistica", "author": "G Scarfone", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Confindustria articulates and advocates for specific economic interests and policy priorities, such as the protection of investments, thereby influencing public discourse and policy-making.", "quote": "Confindustria: investimenti da tutelare.", "page": "16", "url": "https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/LCdM/article/view/8018", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Facebook, Twitter", "when": "2013–2014"}]}, {"name": "Confraternities of Justice", "aliases": ["Confraternities of Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["family honor", "public order", "religious values", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["14th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "IL SANGUE E L'ANIMA. RICERCHE SULLE COMPAGNIE DI GIUSTIZIA IN ITALIA", "author": "", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "These confraternities specialized in providing 'comfort' (conforto) to individuals condemned to death, employing psychological and dialectical persuasion to secure their spiritual salvation and ensure their acceptance of the human justice system as divine will. They controlled the public ritual of execution to ensure decorum, managed the collection and destruction of execution-related materials, and lobbied authorities for pardons. Their activities served to legitimize state power and reconcile the community with its punished members.", "quote": "la tendenza all'identificazione tra giustizia umana e giustizia divina e il conseguente impegno delle compagnie in un'opera di legittimazione pura e semplice del potere esistente.", "page": "22", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy", "when": "14th-18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Confraternity members", "aliases": ["Confraternity members"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El arte vigilado (sobre la censura estética de la Inquisción española en el siglo XVIII)", "author": "EG Fernández", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The Inquisition admonished the members of a confraternity to change the name of a crucifix image that was deemed scandalous due to its depiction, indicating the enforcement of religious norms within a community group.", "quote": "amonestase a los hermanos que en lo subcesivo se abstubiesen de nombrar a dicha imagen con otro nombre", "page": "12", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/251607.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Confédération autonome des syndicats ouvriers (CASC) / Autonomous Confederation of Union Workers (CASC)", "aliases": ["Confédération autonome des syndicats ouvriers (CASC) / Autonomous Confederation of Union Workers (CASC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "social protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through its affiliate AMUSSOL, enables informal workers to access the Dominican social security system by acting as a 'virtual employer' for registration and payment of contributions.", "quote": "Par exemple en République dominicaine, la Confédération autonome des syndicats ouvriers (CASC), à travers l’Association des services solidaires (AMUSSOL), permet à ses affiliés d’accéder au système dominicain de sécurité sociale (SDSS). Etant donné que l’Etat dominicain ne garantit pas l’accès à la protection sociale pour les personnes actives dans l’économie informelle, l’AMUSSOL agit en tant qu’«employeur virtuel afin d’assurer l’immatriculation des travailleurs au sein du système de sécurité sociale».", "page": "93", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Confédération des syndicats de Géorgie (GTUC) / Georgian Trade Unions Confederation (GTUC)", "aliases": ["Confédération des syndicats de Géorgie (GTUC) / Georgian Trade Unions Confederation (GTUC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched a national awareness campaign to support informal workers and independent market vendors with financial aid during COVID-19, expanding services to hard-to-organize workers and recruiting new members.", "quote": "Plus récemment, dans le contexte de la crise du COVID-19, la Confédération des syndicats de Géorgie (GTUC) a lancé une campagne nationale de sensibilisation pour soutenir 10 000 vendeurs de marché indépendants et employés de manière informelle qui étaient éligibles à un soutien financier en compensation du confinement. Il s’agissait d’élargir leurs services à destination de travailleurs difficiles à organiser et de recruter de nouveaux membres (OIT 2021).", "page": "92", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Confédération européenne des syndicats (CES) / European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)", "aliases": ["Confédération européenne des syndicats (CES) / European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["social progress", "social rights", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for a Social Progress Protocol, ensuring that fundamental social rights of workers and unions prevail over economic freedoms and other EU policies; respects social partners' autonomy, dialogue, and industrial relations systems; and promotes continuous improvement of working and living conditions.", "quote": "la CES appelle à un Protocole de progrès social garantissant: 1) la prévalence des droits sociaux fondamentaux des travailleurs et des syndicats face aux libertés économiques et à d’autres politiques de l’UE en cas de conflit, 2) le respect de l’autonomie des partenaires sociaux, d’un dialogue social fonctionnant bien ainsi que des systèmes de relations professionnelles et 3) que l’UE et ses Etats membres doivent œuvrent à l’amélioration constante des conditions de travail et de vie, et pour promouvoir et protéger les normes les plus élevées en matière de droits sociaux, qu’ils découlent de la règlementation européenne, des réglementations nationales ou internationales (CES 2022).", "page": "59", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labour)", "aliases": ["Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail (French Democratic Confederation of Labour)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["member retention", "organizational communication"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilizes social media, specifically Facebook, to inform and retain its members, attempting to adapt its communication strategies in the digital age.", "quote": "On verra plus tard comment à la CFDT, les syndicalistes utilisent Facebook pour informer et fidéliser les adhérents.", "page": "9", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Confédération Générale des Entreprises Algériennes", "aliases": ["Confédération Générale des Entreprises Algériennes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Algeria"], "media": ["Canal Algérie", "broadcast television"], "norms": ["business interests", "economic growth"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ecole Normale Supérieure Assia DJEBAR-Constantine ORCID iD: 0009-0001-1948-2519", "author": "L BOUTAMINE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The president of CGEA participates in televised debates, presenting the interests and perspectives of Algerian businesses on economic and social policies, influencing public discourse.", "quote": "Habib Yousfi//vous êtes le président de la CGEA confédération générale desentreprises algériennes//", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.revueakofena.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/29-M11v01-34-Boubekri-Bouba-BOUCHAIR-Leila-BOUTAMINE_339-354.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Algeria, broadcast television (Canal Algérie)", "when": "2009-2015"}]}, {"name": "Confédération Générale du Travail", "aliases": ["Confédération Générale du Travail"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["class struggle", "political activism", "workers' economic interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A revolutionary syndicalist movement whose leadership advocated new strategies like sabotage, strike action, and consumer boycotts, fundamentally rejecting the republican regime.", "quote": "the leadership of the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) towards the advocacy of new strategies involving sabotage, strike action, consumer boycotts, go-slows, and walk-outs and away from a republican regime drawing inspiration from the principles of 1789", "page": "433", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Confédération Générale du Travail Unifié", "aliases": ["Confédération Générale du Travail Unifié"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed in 1921 through a split in the trade union movement, it aligned itself with Moscow’s International of Red Trade Unions, the Profintern.", "quote": "the newly created Confédération Générale du Travail Unifié (CGTU) aligning itself with Moscow’s International of Red Trade Unions, the Profintern. The cold and iron-like grip of Bolshevism was about to seize hold of the French left.", "page": "390", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Confédération Nationale du Travail", "aliases": ["Confédération Nationale du Travail"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-capitalism", "libertarianism", "workers' self-management"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mentioned as an organization with anarchist/libertarian convictions, its presence through one identified member indicates a contribution to the ideological diversity and debates within the Yellow Vest movement, particularly regarding anti-capitalist or self-management ideas.", "quote": "Trois réponses indiquent des convictions anarchistes ou libertaires mais sans précision d'organisation à part une pour la CNT.", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Confédération syndicale internationale (CSI) / International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)", "aliases": ["Confédération syndicale internationale (CSI) / International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "decent jobs", "democracy", "employment rights", "equality", "health", "inclusion", "just transition", "peace", "social dialogue", "social protection", "wages"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Adopted a declaration for a new social contract at its 5th World Congress, outlining worker demands (employment, rights, wages, social protection, equality, inclusion) and advocating for action on global issues like climate change, health, and digital transformation.", "quote": "C’est sur cette base qu’elle avait appelé à un nouveau contrat social en faveur de la reprise et de la résilience (CSI 2021). En conséquence, en novembre 2022, le Congrès de la CSI a adopté six fondements pour un nouveau contrat social: (1) investir dans des emplois décents et respectueux du climat, garants d’une transition juste; (2) garantir le respect des droits au travail et mettre en œuvre un socle de protection du travail; (3) garantir un salaire minimum vital et des politiques d’égalité salariale; (4) garantir l’accès universel à la protection sociale grâce au soutien d’ un Fonds mondial pour la protection sociale; (5) promouvoir des niveaux d’égalité plus élevés et mettre fin à la discrimination; (6) garantir un modèle de développement et un multilatéralisme inclusifs, fondé sur le dialogue social.", "page": "58", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Conférence des Présidents d'Université (CPU)", "aliases": ["Conférence des Présidents d'Université (CPU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["education policy", "institutional interests", "open science"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a key public actor within the Comité pour la Science Ouverte (CoSO), this body participates in the implementation of the national open science plan, thereby influencing the adoption of open access policies and publishing practices across French universities.", "quote": "La mise en œuvre de ce plan est assurée par le Comité pour la science ouverte («CoSO»), au sein duquel sont mobilisés les principaux acteurs publics de la recherche (Conférence des Présidents d'Université, CNRS, ANR, etc.).", "page": "7", "url": "https://univ-pantheon-assas.hal.science/hal-03927082/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France (with reference to EU policy)", "when": "contemporary (post-2016 focus)"}]}, {"name": "Congolese Community of Canada in Ottawa-Gatineau", "aliases": ["Congolese Community of Canada in Ottawa-Gatineau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Through its president, it advocates for an understanding of the N-word's traumatic impact on Black minorities and opposes its use, even in pedagogical contexts, challenging justifications based on academic freedom.", "quote": "Buuma Maisha, professeur adjoint à l'Université Saint-Paul et président de la Communauté congolaise du Canada à Ottawa-Gatineau, explique qu'il faut tenir compte de la charge que l'utilisation du mot en « n » détient pour les minorités noires et qu'avancer l'exercice de la liberté universitaire n'est pas suffisant pour le faire :", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Congregacions Marianes (Marian Congregations)", "aliases": ["Congregacions Marianes (Marian Congregations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious evangelism", "religious orthodoxy", "social control"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "They operated as traditional associations focused on proselytizing and piety, serving as tools for socialization and social control within parishes, and sought to federate under diocesan authority to centralize their normative influence.", "quote": "Les Congregacions Marianes tenien a finals de la dècada dels 50 nombrosos grups a la capital catalana. Aquest estol d'Entitats va demanar a l'arquebisbe de Barcelona Dr. Modrego de poder federar-se en una congregació diocesana.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Congregación de los Esclavos del Santísimo Sacramento", "aliases": ["Congregación de los Esclavos del Santísimo Sacramento"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious observance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El teatro de Lope y la censura (siglo XVII)", "author": "Presotto, Marco", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Lope de Vega's status as a new member of this congregation may have prompted advice or self-censorship to revise his play, La buena guarda, aligning it with contemporary standards of decorum.", "quote": "puede que en algún momento, supuestamente anterior a la visión de la pieza por parte de las autoridades, se aconsejara a Lope que revisara la pieza para ajustarla a las necesidades de decoro del momento, quizá también en relación con su estatus de recién cofrade de la congregación de los Esclavos del Santísimo Sacramento.", "page": "11", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TRET/article/view/63214", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (formerly Congregation of the Index and Holy Office)", "aliases": ["Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (formerly Congregation of the Index and Holy Office)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["doctrinal orthodoxy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le style comme circonstance atténuante ou aggravante d'une censure? Les considérations littéraires dans la mise à l'Index du Paris de Zola", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This ecclesiastical body, an organ of the Holy See, functioned as a censorship authority by examining literary works for doctrinal and moral deviations, maintaining an Index of prohibited books, and issuing decrees of condemnation based on evaluations by consulteurs. It also developed jurisprudential interpretations regarding literary style's role as an aggravating or attenuating factor in censorship decisions.", "quote": "Pourtant les censures de l'Index romain multiplient à l'envi les réflexions sur les propriétés littéraires des œuvres soumises à examen.", "page": "2", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01633349/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Index, France", "when": "16th to 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (formerly Holy Office)", "aliases": ["Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (formerly Holy Office)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il Dio “Ragione” e la Dea “Natura”: la censura romana del De admirandis naturae di Giulio Cesare Vanini", "author": "GL D'Errico", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As the modern archive, it serves as the custodian of historical records related to Roman censorship, which are analyzed to understand the strategies adopted for repressing heterodox currents.", "quote": "Il presente contributo ha come oggetto d'indagine l'analisi delle fonti custodite nell'Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede (ex Sant'Uffizio) relative alla censura del De admirandis naturae [...]", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/64113577/06%20-%20129-138%20Id.%2029%20Gian%20Luca%20D'Errico%2010%20(1).pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Rome, Europe", "when": "17th century, early modern"}]}, {"name": "Congregation for the Index (Sacred Congregation of the Index)", "aliases": ["Congregation for the Index (Sacred Congregation of the Index)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern France", "Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censors and Censure: Robert Estienne and Michel de Montaigne", "author": "Butterworth, Emily", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Served as an official censorship body for the Catholic Church, judging books for theological and moral content, identifying specific points of censure, and requiring modifications or condemnations.", "quote": "Montaigne noted his submission to the Roman Congregation for the Index in these terms: «Esgalement m'en sera acceptable & utile la condemnation, comme l'approbation».", "page": "1", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censure", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern France and Rome", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of Holy Cross", "aliases": ["Congregation of Holy Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Played a role in the establishment of the École de Bibliothécaires, contributing to the training of librarians according to Catholic principles and censorship guidelines.", "quote": "The creation of an entirely French language library school was the result of a conversation between Paul-Aimé Martin (1917–2001), a 21-year-old member of the Congregation of the Holy Cross and the editor of Mes Fiches, a serial publication featuring French and French Canadian book reviews, and Marie-Claire Daveluy (1880–1968), a librarian at the Montreal Municipal Library and a graduate of McGill’s summer library program.", "page": "105", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Holy Office (Roman Inquisition)", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Holy Office (Roman Inquisition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public safety", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Instituted to supervise books, combat heresy, preserve faith, and punish religious crimes, establishing its authority over the fight against heresy.", "quote": "istituì la congregazione del Sant’Uffizio (chiamata anche Inquisizione): la sorveglianza sui libri veniva posta definitivamente all’interno della questione della lotta all’eresia promossa dall’Inquisizione.", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Index (Congregatio Indicis)", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Index (Congregatio Indicis)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["political authority", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean-Baptiste Amadieu, Le Censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme, Paris, Hermann, 2019, 634 p.", "author": "JY Mollier", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The Congregation of the Index was an official body of the Roman Catholic Church responsible for censoring books. It implemented formal procedures including denunciation, written reports from appointed rapporteurs, collegial judgment by consultors, cardinal deliberations, and papal decrees to prohibit thousands of works, particularly French fiction, during the 19th century.", "quote": "les phases formelles des procédures de mise à l'Index des œuvres de fiction françaises du XIXe siècle (dénonciation du livre, nomination d'un rapporteur chargé de composer un rapport écrit, jugement collégial par les consulteurs, délibération des cardinaux et promulgation du décret cardinalice par le pape)", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-historique-2020-3-page-213h?lang=fr&tab=texte-integral", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, and the Roman Catholic Church", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Index (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Index (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Vatican"], "media": ["books", "literature"], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le censeur critique littéraire", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This ecclesiastical tribunal regulated reading for Catholics by compiling lists of forbidden books (Index librorum prohibitorum) and proscribing specific works. Its procedure involved receiving complaints, appointing rapporteurs to write detailed examinations ('votum'), collegial judgments by consultors and deliberations by cardinals, culminating in papal promulgation of decrees. It aimed to suppress books from public space, acting as a tribunal.", "quote": "Pendant quatre siècles, les décrets qui régentèrent la lecture dans toute la « République chrétienne», et que compilait l'Index librorum prohibitorum, frappèrent d'interdit tel ou tel ouvrage", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.fabula.org/actualites/documents/90829_2.pdf", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France (literature) and the Vatican (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)", "when": "19th century (Romanticism to Naturalism)"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Index (of Forbidden Books)", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Index (of Forbidden Books)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Established to create and maintain lists of forbidden books (Index librorum prohibitorum), examine denounced works, and indicate required corrections.", "quote": "venne fondata la Congregazione dell’Indice, resa un organo permanente l’anno seguente... avrebbero dovuto occuparsi di creare un nuovo Indice di libri proibiti, affinché risultasse subito chiaro a ogni cattolico quali libri fosse concesso leggere e quali no.", "page": "16", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Oratory", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Oratory"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1730, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "Provided the framework for Bignon's religious and scholarly life, and he used his position to preach in major churches, influencing public discourse and moral instruction.", "quote": "Jean-Paul transferred to the Maison Saint-Honoré in Paris and began to preach in the principal churches in the capital during Lent and on other church festivals.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri", "aliases": ["Congregation of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation", "religious wisdom"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Members of this religious association, such as Cesare Baronio and Silvio Antoniano, exerted influence over Pope Clement VIII, leading him to suspend a new, overly severe Index of Prohibited Books.", "quote": "Ed infatti Clemente VIII fece sospendere immediatamente l’indice, influenzato nella sua decisione dall’ambiente dell’Oratorio di San Filippo Neri nelle figure di Cesare Baronio e Silvio Antoniano.", "page": "27", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Congreso de Cultura Catalana", "aliases": ["Congreso de Cultura Catalana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "cultural expression", "freedom of expression", "nationalism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s-1970s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y represión a los músicos españoles y portugueses en las décadas de 1960 y 1970", "author": "Fiuza, Alexandre Felipe", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Organized a music festival in 1976 (Festival de Música de Nou Camp: Cançons del mon per a un poble) featuring 'protest song' artists, which served as a medium for the 'catalanist cause' and political expression, leading to surveillance by state authorities.", "quote": "un documento del archivo español originado de la Europa Press, con fecha de 11 de junio de 1976, anunciaba los preparativos del Festival de Música de Nou Camp: Cançons del mon per a un poble, organizado por el Congreso de Cultura Catalana, de Barcelona.", "page": "3", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "1960s and 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Congress for Cultural Freedom", "aliases": ["Congress for Cultural Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "cultural liberalization", "individual freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mass Media and the Generation of Conflict: West Germany's Long Sixties and the Formation of a Critical Public Sphere", "author": "Von Hodenberg, Christina", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Originally promoting anti-communism, this network of intellectuals shifted to advocating for general Westernization and liberalization of political culture, attracting a new generation of journalists and influencing their pro-Western, critical journalistic practices.", "quote": "From the early sixties onwards, young editors of Spiegel and Zeit, Westdeutscher Rundfunk and Norddeutscher Rundfunk joined the ‘Congress for Cultural Freedom’ in growing numbers. This network of intellectuals, created by US agencies, had just shifted its role from promoting anti-communism to pushing for a more general Westernisation and liberalisation of political culture.", "page": "383", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0960777306003377/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "West Germany", "when": "late 1950s–early 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Congress for Cultural Freedom in Milan", "aliases": ["Congress for Cultural Freedom in Milan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural freedom", "public order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Made pronouncements questioning the abolition of freedoms and censorship as a basis for public peace in Colombia.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa, como se puede ver en las cartas enviadas en que se cuestionaba la abolición de las libertades y la censura de los medios como fundamento para lograr la paz pública", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Congress of Industrial Organizations", "aliases": ["Congress of Industrial Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Repeatedly had its public meetings in Jersey City prevented by Mayor Frank Hague, who used a city ordinance requiring permits. The CIO challenged this as an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech.", "quote": "The case involved Mayor Frank Hague's attempts to keep the Committee for Industrial Organization ('CIO') from organizing workers in Jersey City.", "page": "60", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Congress of South African Writers", "aliases": ["Congress of South African Writers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Co-organised a prominent literary congress and initially aimed to defend writers' rights, but later withdrew an invitation to Salman Rushdie due to perceived security threats and political pressure, indicating a complex navigation of free speech principles.", "quote": "Op die laaste oomblik en ná heelwat debat het COSAW, téén die wil en wense van die Weekly Mail wat Rushie se reg om te praat verdedig het, egter besluit om die uitnodiging terug te trek, sogenaamd omdat Rushdie se veiligheid volgens hulle in die lig van die antipatieke geluide uit die Islamitiese gemeenskap nie gewaarborg kon word nie.", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Congress of South African Writers (COSAW)", "aliases": ["Congress of South African Writers (COSAW)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-apartheid", "political expediency", "writer safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Apartheid era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences", "author": "PD McDonald", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a co-organizer of a literary congress, it decided to withdraw an invitation to Salman Rushdie, against the wishes of another co-organizer, due to perceived safety risks and political pressure, thereby participating in a form of self-censorship or moderation of public discourse.", "quote": "Op die laaste oomblik en ná heelwat debat het COSAW, téén die wil en wense van die Weekly Mail wat Rushie se reg om te praat verdedig het, egter besluit om die uitnodiging terug te trek, sogenaamd omdat Rushdie se veiligheid volgens hulle in die lig van die antipatieke geluide uit die Islamitiese gemeenskap nie gewaarborg kon word nie.", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1960s-1990s (Apartheid era)"}]}, {"name": "Congress of the Soviet Cinematographers' Union", "aliases": ["Congress of the Soviet Cinematographers' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "political freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as the first major semi-public forum in the USSR to advocate for greater freedom, specifically in artistic activities.", "quote": "the Congress of the Soviet Cinematographers' Union in 1986 was the first large semi-public event in the USSR calling for greater freedom, at least for artistic if not for political activities.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Congressional-Executive Commission on China", "aliases": ["Congressional-Executive Commission on China"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the status of Chinese dissidents, contributing to international awareness and pressure regarding human rights and freedom of expression in China.", "quote": "Organizations in the West that monitor and report on the status of Chinese dissidents include the Congressional-Executive Commission on China (www.cecc.gov) and the IFEX network of organizations committed to defending and promoting free expression (www.ifex.org).", "page": "252", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Congresso dos Jornalistas Portugueses", "aliases": ["Congresso dos Jornalistas Portugueses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Initiated a revision of the Code of Journalistic Ethics to adapt to the new challenges of online journalism and advocated for stronger self-regulation and increased journalist presence in regulatory bodies.", "quote": "No último congresso dos jornalistas, realizado no início deste ano, o Código Deontológico dos Jornalistas está a ser revisto pelos pares para poder fazer face aos novos desafios do jornalismo.", "page": "27", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Congresso pela Liberdade da Cultura", "aliases": ["Congresso pela Liberdade da Cultura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "ideological struggle", "liberal values", "political freedom"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os militares ea política no golpe de 1964: a construção da teoria do poder moderador na Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG)", "author": "T Amado", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A powerful intellectual front, sponsored by the CIA, that promoted anti-totalitarian ideas and shaped public debate around the world, including in Latin America and Brazil, during the Cold War.", "quote": "o CCF: a poderosa frente intelectual que, formada no início da Guerra Fria, com patrocínio da CIA, integraria o que se entendia ser as atividades de combate ao totalitarismo, ajudando a pautar o debate de ideias ao redor do mundo, inclusive na América Latina e, consequentemente, no Brasil.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/article/view/239657", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Cold War", "when": "Cold War (1950s-1960s, leading to 1964 coup)"}]}, {"name": "Congrégation de l'Index (Congregation of the Index)", "aliases": ["Congrégation de l'Index (Congregation of the Index)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["political authority", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste. Le censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l 'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme (2019)", "author": "C Plet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Created in 1559 following the Council of Trent, this body sat for nearly four centuries, compiling lists of forbidden books and prohibiting thousands of works based on moral, doctrinal, and political criteria, as well as aesthetic considerations regarding their 'seduction' potential.", "quote": "Créée en 1559 à l'issue du Concile de Trente afin de dresser la liste des livres interdits par l'Église romaine, la Congrégation de l'Index a siégé pendant près de quatre siècles et prohibé des milliers d'ouvrages", "page": "218", "url": "https://ojs.library.dal.ca/dfs/article/view/11106/9868", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France and the Vatican", "when": "16th-20th century, primarily 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Congrégation de l'Index (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)", "aliases": ["Congrégation de l'Index (Index Librorum Prohibitorum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Holy See"], "media": [], "norms": ["political authority", "public morals", "religious authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le censeur critique littéraire. Les jugements de l'Index, du romantisme au naturalisme. coll.«Des morales et des œuvres»", "author": "C Plet", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Congrégation de l'Index was responsible for creating and maintaining the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of forbidden books. It conducted 'trials' of literary works, assessing their content for intellectual, moral, doctrinal, and sometimes political transgressions, and subsequently issued decrees of condemnation based on these evaluations.", "quote": "Créée en 1559 à l'issue du Concile de Trente afin de dresser la liste des livres interdits par l'Église romaine, la Congrégation de l'Index a siégé pendant près de quatre siècles et prohibé des milliers d'ouvrages...", "page": "218", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/45418097", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Holy See (operating from Rome), France", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Congrégation des Ouvriers évangéliques", "aliases": ["Congrégation des Ouvriers évangéliques"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to knowledge"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This religious congregation was entrusted with the management of Paolo Gerolamo Franzoni's library, which was made publicly accessible from dawn to night, offering extraordinary access for scholars.", "quote": "La bibliothèque fondée par Paolo Gerolamo Franzoni, ouverte au public vers 1757 et confiée à la Congrégation des Ouvriers évangéliques, semblait, à Andrés, digne d'une mention particulière.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "ConnectFutures", "aliases": ["ConnectFutures"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth-focused non-profit / social enterprise (CIC)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "YouTube Priority Flaggers", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "ConnectFutures produces research, delivers training and workshops, partners with international bodies (UN, OSCE) and uses storytelling/advocacy to shape practice around online extremism, disinformation and youth safety.", "quote": "ConnectFutures focuses on youth resilience to exploitation, hate, extremism and disinformation and delivers digital citizenship and online-safety programmes that intersect with platform content governance issues but its core mission is youth education and capacity-building rather than platform policy-making.", "page": "", "url": "https://connectfutures.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ConnectSafely: homepage", "aliases": ["ConnectSafely: homepage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital safety nonprofit / advocacy and education organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ConnectSafely produces widely used guides, research and media commentary to shape public understanding and platform practice on youth safety, AI impacts, privacy and moderation; its leaders provide expert commentary to media and policymakers.", "quote": "ConnectSafely produces guides, research, commentary and resources on platform safety, generative AI, privacy, cyberbullying and platform policies aimed at shaping how platforms and the public approach online safety for youth and families.", "page": "", "url": "https://connectsafely.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Conscience et Résistance", "aliases": ["Conscience et Résistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Mauritania"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "environmental protection", "national unity", "secularism"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias et espace public en Mauritanie: l'exemple d'internet", "author": "TO Sid'Ahmed", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This movement transitioned from traditional lobbying to leveraging Internet forums (like Mauritanie-net and Forumdiaspora) and virtual clandestinity to amplify its political combat and bypass state censorship.", "quote": "Avec Internet et le fax, CR va acquérir une dimension plus élevée sur le plan médiatique dans son combat politique en cultivant davantage les règles de la clandestinité virtuelle qui permettent au mouvement de devenir dès 1994 le principal animateur d'un forum baptisé Mauritanie-net...", "page": "13", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00378773/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Mauritania", "when": "late 1980s - 2005"}]}, {"name": "Conscious Advertising Network", "aliases": ["Conscious Advertising Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international member network / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CAN publishes guides and research, convenes 200+ brands/agencies/civil society members, and works with platforms to set precedents on human-rights based advertising, information integrity, and children’s wellbeing.", "quote": "CAN works directly with advertising platforms, media owners and publishers and engages on policy issues (e.g., Online Safety Bill), advancing human-rights based advertising and information integrity tied to platform practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.consciousadnetwork.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Conseil de déontologie journalistique", "aliases": ["Conseil de déontologie journalistique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["online press"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération des fils de discussion dans la presse en ligne", "author": "Degand, Amandine; Simonson, Mathieu", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The CDJ organized an invited debate on the deontological stakes of forum moderation. This activity contributes to setting professional norms and shaping the discourse around ethical moderation practices in online journalism.", "quote": "CDJ (2011), La modération des forums, enjeux déontologiques, Débat sur invitation organisé par le Conseil de déontologie journalistique (CDJ), Résidence Palace, Bruxelles, 1er mars.", "page": "8", "url": "cahiersdujournalisme.net", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (online press)", "when": "2001–2011"}]}, {"name": "Conseil de presse du Québec (Quebec Press Council)", "aliases": ["Conseil de presse du Québec (Quebec Press Council)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Oversees media practices and journalistic norms, receiving and investigating complaints regarding media coverage and decisions, such as party exclusion from debates.", "quote": "Seuls le CRTC et le Conseil de presse surveillent les différents réseaux médiatiques afin qu'ils ne contreviennent pas aux normes journalistiques établies par ces organismes.", "page": "61", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Conseil des programmes de la Radio Télévision Suisse Romande", "aliases": ["Conseil des programmes de la Radio Télévision Suisse Romande"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "Israel", "Switzerland", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["audience engagement", "public service", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pratiques langagières des débats et constitution des espaces publics", "author": "M Burger", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This council, part of the Swiss public service broadcaster, monitors and reports on the conduct and design of media debates, including the material setup and staging strategies, to understand their impact on the content and quality of broadcast discussions. It notes how format can influence the seriousness or lightheartedness of a debate and the current trend towards 'spectacle' for audience engagement.", "quote": "\"le débat", "page": "quant au fond", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/a4757d23-ba5e-4653-8f8d-cd8c02b686c8/download", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France, Switzerland, USA, Israel (contemporary democratic cultures, media and political debates)", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Conseil National des Patrons de Presse", "aliases": ["Conseil National des Patrons de Presse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic viability", "free speech"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for the press's right to state aid, representing the economic interests of press owners and aiming to ensure the viability and independence of media organizations.", "quote": "C’est l’avis d’un responsable du Conseil National des Patrons de Presse (CONAPP) « L’aide de l’Etat à la presse n’est pas un don parce que le code de la presse la prévoit.", "page": "46", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Conseil National du Numérique (CNNum)", "aliases": ["Conseil National du Numérique (CNNum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advisory group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital public infrastructure", "interoperability", "open protocols", "public interest"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Campaigns for the promotion of communication protocols allowing unbundling and interoperability of social network services, advocating for new models of online sociability and preparing for the era of artificial intelligence.", "quote": "the Conseil National du Numérique (National Digital Council) is campaigning for the promotion of communication protocols allowing unbundling and interoperabil-ity of social network services", "page": "17", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Conseil National Économique et Social", "aliases": ["Conseil National Économique et Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria"], "media": ["Canal Algérie", "broadcast television"], "norms": ["economic well-being", "social well-being", "societal interests"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ecole Normale Supérieure Assia DJEBAR-Constantine ORCID iD: 0009-0001-1948-2519", "author": "L BOUTAMINE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The vice-president of CNES participates in televised debates, contributing to discussions on current affairs, particularly economic and social issues, thereby influencing public opinion and policy discourse.", "quote": "Mustapha Mekidech //vous êtes vice-président du CNES le conseil national économique et social//", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.revueakofena.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/29-M11v01-34-Boubekri-Bouba-BOUCHAIR-Leila-BOUTAMINE_339-354.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Algeria, broadcast television (Canal Algérie)", "when": "2009-2015"}]}, {"name": "Conseil permanent de la jeunesse (Permanent Youth Council)", "aliases": ["Conseil permanent de la jeunesse (Permanent Youth Council)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social progress", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Expresses public opinion and raises questions regarding the relevance of certain political issues and parties, thereby influencing public discourse and agenda-setting for debates.", "quote": "De nombreux électeurs questionnaient la pertinence de la présence d'un parti souverainiste à la tête de la province (Dionne, 2003; Conseil permanent de la jeunesse, 2004).", "page": "37", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Conseil suisse de la presse", "aliases": ["Conseil suisse de la presse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a self-regulatory body for the press, it handles complaints and sets journalistic standards, contributing to ethical content norms across media.", "quote": "Soit les organes de médiation des entreprises de médias (dont les huit prévus par la LRTV), le Conseil suisse de la presse (https://presserat.ch/), la Commission suisse pour la loyauté (https://www.faire-werbung.ch/fr/) et la Commission de sanction de l'association suisse du vidéogramme (http://www.svv-video.ch/index.php/fr-fr/).", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Conseils du public de la Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (SRG SSR)", "aliases": ["Conseils du public de la Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (SRG SSR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "public interest", "quality of content", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These consultative bodies within the SSR designate independent mediation organs. Their mission is to foster close contact between program managers and the public, and to enhance program quality through observations and recommendations.", "quote": "Organe consultatif, le Conseil du public de chaque société régionale et de SWI a principalement pour mission d'assurer des contacts étroits entre les responsables des programmes, respectivement de l'offre, les auditeurs et téléspectateurs, ainsi que les utilisateurs des autres services journalistiques et, par des constatations et recommandations, de viser à augmenter la qualité des émissions (et de l'offre de prestations destinée à l'étranger en ce qui concerne SWI) et l'intérêt du public.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Autónomo de Profesores de los Tres Ciclos de la Enseñanza (CNAPEST)", "aliases": ["Consejo Autónomo de Profesores de los Tres Ciclos de la Enseñanza (CNAPEST)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A teachers' union that was destabilized by the regime through the creation of rival organizations aimed at sowing confusion and division among its members.", "quote": "Ha sido el caso del sindicato de los profesores de enseñanza Consejo Autónomo de Profesores de los Tres Ciclos de la Enseñanza (CNAPEST) que, tras varios años de actividad fue desestabilizado por el régimen que impulsó una orga nización similar llamada Sindicato Autónomo de Profesores de la Enseñanza Segundaria y Técnica (SNAPEST).", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (CCE)", "aliases": ["Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (CCE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "market efficiency", "quality education"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Through its affiliated institutions and individuals, the CCE advocates for and influences public policy and discourse, particularly in education, by promoting market-oriented reforms and evaluations.", "quote": "En la administración privada fue director general del Centro de Estudios del Sector Privado para el Desarrollo Sustentable (1998-2003), instituto que pertenece al Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (CCE).", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Consejo de Administración de RTVE", "aliases": ["Consejo de Administración de RTVE"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["Televisión Española (TVE)"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1975, "when_max": 1982, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La evolución de los debates televisivos de la Transición (1975-1982): fórmulas de emisión, programas clave y legado", "author": "JH Izquierdo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This internal governance body of the public broadcaster discussed controversies related to potential governmental interference in TVE's editorial direction and content, effectively acting as an oversight mechanism influencing the orientation and freedom of expression within the television programming.", "quote": "la primera emisión de Su turno tuvo gran interés, ya que levantó una amplia polémica relacionada con la posible interferencia gubernamental en la orientación de TVE y que llegó a ser objeto de discusión en el Consejo de Administración de RTVE¹.", "page": "124", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/download/98205/4564456576045", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Televisión Española (TVE)", "when": "1975–1982"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano", "aliases": ["Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Facilitated discussions around 'Teología de la Liberación' which, by advocating for social justice, implicitly offered an alternative to the conservative doctrines often used to justify censorship during military regimes.", "quote": "en torno a la Teología de la Liberación (a partir de la conferencia desarrollada en Medellín, Colombia, por el Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano -CELAM-)", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Nacional de Formación Profesional", "aliases": ["Consejo Nacional de Formación Profesional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "(Des) cortesía y pugna dialéctica en el debate político-electoral", "author": "FF García", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The body is criticized for its inactivity (not meeting), implying a failure to establish and maintain professional qualification standards and a catalogue for vocational training in Spain, which would serve as a form of quality control or gatekeeping in professional development.", "quote": "nunca se ha reunido el pleno del Consejo Nacional de Formación Profesional; fíjese usted que no existe en España un catálogo de cualificaciones profesionales", "page": "12", "url": "https://ojs.ual.es/ojs/index.php/ORALIA/article/view/8134", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1993–2008"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Nacional de Mujeres de la República Argentina", "aliases": ["Consejo Nacional de Mujeres de la República Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "patriotism", "traditional gender roles"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized the Patriotic Congress of Ladies, aiming to showcase the social work of Argentine women while explicitly rejecting feminist demands, thus upholding traditional roles and social norms.", "quote": "En tanto que las matronas del Consejo Nacional de Mujeres fueron invitadas a sumarse al programa oficial de las celebraciones el Centenario para que mostraran “la acción social de las damas argentinas que pusieron su obra, sus esfuerzos y desvelos bajo el palio de la Patria en el día de su mayor gloria”", "page": "129", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Consejo Publicitario Argentino", "aliases": ["Consejo Publicitario Argentino"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion,' likely influencing public discourse through their advertising expertise.", "quote": "Consejo Publicitario Argentino... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Científico Pedagógico da Formação Contínua de Professores", "aliases": ["Conselho Científico Pedagógico da Formação Contínua de Professores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estudo das estratégias de e-moderação do curso de Violência e Gestão de Conflitos na Escola", "author": "MC Vieira", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "This council accredits courses for continuing teacher training, ensuring they meet professional standards and count towards teachers' career progression, thereby acting as a gatekeeper for professional educational content.", "quote": "Esta ação encontra-se acreditada pelo Conselho Científico Pedagógico da Formação Contínua de Professores, contribuindo para a progressão em carreira de Professores dos Ensinos Básico e Secundário", "page": "52", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6f5d5f7691b3af7a21d67d53e761dd03/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "University of Coimbra's 'Violência e Gestão de Conflitos na Escola' course, Portugal", "when": "2011–2012"}]}, {"name": "Conselho da Justiça Federal (CJF)", "aliases": ["Conselho da Justiça Federal (CJF)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["WhatsApp"], "norms": ["contractual freedom", "legal certainty", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Approved 'Enunciados' (statements/guidelines) during Civil Law Conferences (Jornadas de Direito Civil) that guide the interpretation of general clauses in the Civil Code regarding abuse of rights and contractual limitations of liability.", "quote": "o Enunciado nº 412, do Conselho de Justiça Federal, aprovado na V Jornada de Direito Civil no sentido de que “[a]s diversas hipóteses de exercício inadmissível de direitos subjetivos...", "page": "61", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}]}, {"name": "Conselho de Economia da Catalunha (Economic Council of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Conselho de Economia da Catalunha (Economic Council of Catalonia)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "class collaboration", "economic regulation", "national planning"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A hybrid deliberative and later consultative body created by the Generalitat, with anarchist participation, to regulate the Catalan economy and implement collectivization policies.", "quote": "o Conselho de Economia da Catalunha tinha o “[...] propósito firme, por parte de todos sus componentes, [...] de plasmar em realidades práticas e inconmovibles un plan económico e industrial de mucha más envergadura que los planos quinquenales de la economía soviética", "page": "105", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Conselho de Transparência e Responsabilidade na Internet", "aliases": ["Conselho de Transparência e Responsabilidade na Internet"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "information integrity", "platform accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REGULAÇÃO DAS PLATAFORMAS DE REDES SOCIAIS: a moderação de conteúdo e seus reflexos na liberdade de expressão em tempos de desinformação", "author": "CAM DE ALBUQUERQUE", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This Council, proposed by PL2630/2020 and linked to the National Congress, is designed to conduct studies, issue opinions, and make recommendations on internet freedom, responsibility, and transparency. It includes representatives from public power, private sector, society, and academia, and is responsible for certifying self-regulatory bodies.", "quote": "O PL cria o Conselho de Transparência e Responsabilidade na Internet que tem como função a realização de estudos, pareceres e recomendações sobre liberdade, responsabilidade e transparência na internet e é vinculado ao Congresso Nacional, sendo composto por 21 membros com representantes do poder público, do setor privado, da sociedade e da academia.", "page": "44", "url": "https://revistas.faculdadedamas.edu.br/index.php/academico/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and Germany (comparative case study), focusing on social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB)", "aliases": ["Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Proposed an Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADI 6387) to challenge a decree allowing data sharing, thereby advocating for the protection of privacy and fundamental rights in the digital sphere.", "quote": "propostas pelo Conselho Federal da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil - OAB (ADI 6387) [...] considerado um marco histórico para o direito fundamental à privacidade no Brasil.", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}]}, {"name": "Conselho Federal de Medicina", "aliases": ["Conselho Federal de Medicina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["medical ethics", "medical standards", "patient safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issued a normative resolution (RN nº 2.144/2016) that restricted the scheduling of elective C-sections, impacting medical practices and patient autonomy in birth choices.", "quote": "centrado na repercussão da Resolução Normativa (RN) nº 2.144/2016 do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), que vetava o agendamento de cesáreas eletivas antes de 39 semanas completas de gestação.", "page": "71", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Federal de Psicologia", "aliases": ["Conselho Federal de Psicologia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "human rights", "mental well-being", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF) concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, likely presenting arguments related to psychological well-being and professional ethics.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] o Conselho Federal da Psicologia; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Municipal de Políticas Públicas para Mulheres de Bauru", "aliases": ["Conselho Municipal de Políticas Públicas para Mulheres de Bauru"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality", "human rights", "social equity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO NA INTERNET E SEUS LIMITES JURÍDICOS", "author": "VM Ferreira, TSB de Lima, NF Jbara…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The council functions as a platform for discussions and advocacy on women's rights and gender/racial equality. It became a target of racist and misogynistic hate speech during an online meeting, illustrating the challenges to freedom of expression and the need for digital security and accountability for aggressors.", "quote": "O ataque racista e misógino ocorrido durante uma reunião online do Conselho Municipal de Políticas Públicas para Mulheres de Bauru revela o quanto a violência de gênero e o preconceito racial ainda estão presentes, mesmo em espaços que deveriam ser voltados à promoção da igualdade e do respeito aos direitos humanos.", "page": "9", "url": "https://periodicos.newsciencepubl.com/LEV/article/view/12254", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, internet/digital environment", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2026, digital era in Brazil"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Nacional de Defesa (National Defense Council)", "aliases": ["Conselho Nacional de Defesa (National Defense Council)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "federalism", "national unity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A proposed national body with multi-party and union representation, intended to coordinate anti-fascist efforts and replace the government, but its formation was a subject of intense negotiation and political maneuvering.", "quote": "A plenária acordou a “Constituição em Madrid de um Conselho Nacional de Defesa368”, com a proporção de cinco elementos para a UGT, cinco para a CNT e quatro para os republicanos.", "page": "140", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente (CONANDA)", "aliases": ["Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente (CONANDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child protection", "child rights", "child safety", "consumer protection", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "RESOLUÇÃO Nº 245", "author": "DO Da União", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a collegiate body, CONANDA formulates, deliberates, and controls actions for the promotion and defense of children's and adolescents' rights in the digital environment. It issues resolutions, such as the one in this document, that establish norms and guidelines for the protection of this public, influencing content moderation and marketing practices.", "quote": "órgão colegiado de caráter formulador, deliberativo e controlador das ações de promoção e defesa dos direitos da criança e do adolescente, no exercício das atribuições previstas pela Lei nº 8.242, de 12 de outubro de 1991", "page": "1", "url": "https://criancaeconsumo.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Resolucao-Conanda-245.2024.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital environment", "when": "Contemporary Brazil, post-2010 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Regional de Medicina do Paraná (CRM-PR)", "aliases": ["Conselho Regional de Medicina do Paraná (CRM-PR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["WhatsApp"], "norms": ["professional ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Issued an official opinion (parecer) on the responsibility of WhatsApp group administrators, specifically in the disciplinary context for its members.", "quote": "recentemente o Conselho Regional de Medicina do Paraná emitiu parecer sobre o tema, inclusive com menção ao mesmo precedente do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo.", "page": "16", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}]}, {"name": "Conselho Superior de Defesa da Liberdade de Expressão", "aliases": ["Conselho Superior de Defesa da Liberdade de Expressão"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Proposed as a replacement for the CSC, aiming to unite authors affected by censorship and transform the censorship body into a classification-only organ, thus ending interdiction.", "quote": "3) transformar o CSC em Conselho Superior de Defesa da Liberdade de Expressão (CSDLE) com o propósito de “travar uma união de todo e qualquer autor que se sinta prejudicado em sua liberdade de expressão” e a Divisão de Censura de Diversões Públicas em Divisão de Classificação de Diversões Públicas, ambos DCDPs.", "page": "67", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Conselhos Gerais de Indústria (General Industrial Councils)", "aliases": ["Conselhos Gerais de Indústria (General Industrial Councils)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["collectivization", "regulation", "state control"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Regulatory bodies for industries, established with worker and syndicalist representation but subject to state oversight, intended to formalize and integrate collectivized enterprises into the state economy.", "quote": "Tal decreto também legislou sobre os já citados Conselhos Gerais de Indústria, que deveriam ter a função de formular “[...] els plans de treball de la respectiva indústria com caràcter general orientant els Consells d’Empresa en llurs funcions [...]", "page": "212", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Consell de la Informació de Catalunya (Information Council of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Consell de la Informació de Catalunya (Information Council of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "journalistic ethics"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia algorítmica en los medios de comunicación y las plataformas digitales", "author": "CP Chulvi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This organization publishes reports and recommendations that aim to integrate ethical values into the use of artificial intelligence in journalism, thereby influencing norm-setting and best practices for news production and content moderation.", "quote": "Algoritmos en las redacciones: Retos y recomendaciones para dotar a la inteligencia artificial de los valores éticos del periodismo.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9038858", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, media and digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on recent EU regulations"}]}, {"name": "Conservative Political Action Conference", "aliases": ["Conservative Political Action Conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-cancel culture", "conservative politics", "national values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted annual meetings using the slogan “America Uncanceled,” framing critiques of 'cancel culture' as defenses of core American values and identity, aligning conservative opposition with nationalist rhetoric.", "quote": "These discourses also undergirded the framings of the 2021 Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in Orlando in February 2021 and CPAC’s annual meeting in Dallas in July 2021 with the slogan “America Uncanceled.”", "page": "82", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Consiglio nazionale dell'Ordine dei giornalisti (National Council of the Order of Journalists)", "aliases": ["Consiglio nazionale dell'Ordine dei giornalisti (National Council of the Order of Journalists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "journalistic standards", "professional ethics", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nuove frontiere della libertà d'espressione alla luce del Digital services act (Dsa) e dell'evoluzione normativa europea, tra criticità applicative e possibili risvolti …", "author": "R Razzante", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This professional body reformed its deontological code for scientific journalists, introducing strict recommendations to ensure accuracy and prevent sensationalism, thereby setting standards for journalistic conduct that influence self-regulation of media content.", "quote": "nei giorni della seconda ondata di Covid-19 il Consiglio nazionale dell'Ordine dei giornalisti, a riprova delle criticità emerse in ambito mediatico e degli abusi commessi da molti organi d'informazione andati a rimorchio dei virologi più in vista, decise di riformare l'art.6 del Testo unico dei doveri del giornalista del 2016, inserendovi alcune raccomandazioni molto tassative per i giornalisti scientifici.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Razzante-Nuove-frontiere-della-liberta-despressione-alla-luce-del-Digital-services-act-1-1.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "2022-2024 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Consiglio Nazionale dell’Ordine dei Giornalisti", "aliases": ["Consiglio Nazionale dell’Ordine dei Giornalisti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Establishes and upholds professional and ethical standards for journalists through its code of conduct, guiding practices like source verification, contextualization, and ethical behavior to counter disinformation and ensure quality in public discourse.", "quote": "Il giornalismo professionale è essenziale in questa circostanza. La verifica della fonte e del luogo dell'informazione, la contestualizzazione e il comportamento etico sono fondamentali per neutralizzare la disinformazione e minare la sfiducia in questi servizi.", "page": "33", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Consistory of Geneva", "aliases": ["Consistory of Geneva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLI ESSAIS DI MONTAIGNE E LA CENSURA CALVINISTA", "author": "Giacone, Franco", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Acting as an ecclesiastical court and religious authority, the Consistory collaborated with other state and religious bodies to monitor and condemn publications deemed 'profane' or leading to 'atheism', particularly those that could corrupt students.", "quote": "Quest'ultima, però, agli occhi del Consistoire e della compagnie des Pasteurs rappresentava il pericolo maggiore perchè in grado di poter contaminare, con la sua subdola persuasione, gli studenti del Collège et de l'Académie.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20677396", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ginevra", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "Consortium of Behavioral Scientists", "aliases": ["Consortium of Behavioral Scientists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["campaign effectiveness", "scientific rigor"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Acted as unofficial advisors to Democratic strategists, using behavioral-science experiments to optimize behavioral modification in political campaigns.", "quote": "This cadre included members of the Consortium of Behavioral Scientists, a group of unofficial advisors for the Democrats that included well-known behavioral economist and Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Consortium of Broadcasters (including Radio-Canada, TVA, Télé-Québec, TQS, CBC, CTV, Global)", "aliases": ["Consortium of Broadcasters (including Radio-Canada, TVA, Télé-Québec, TQS, CBC, CTV, Global)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["audience engagement", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Initiates and organizes leaders' debates, negotiates debate rules (format, length, participants, themes) with political parties, thereby acting as a gatekeeper and moderator of televised political discourse.", "quote": "Comme à l'habitude, beaucoup de tractations se sont déroulées entre les partis et le consortium des diffuseurs à propos de la forme du débat.", "page": "39", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Consortium of European universities (including UNED, Universitat Politècnica de València, and RMIT University)", "aliases": ["Consortium of European universities (including UNED, Universitat Politècnica de València, and RMIT University)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["academic research", "anti-discrimination", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rilevazione e analisi del linguaggio sessista nei social media con tecniche di Natural Language Processing", "author": "V Patti, P Rosso, G Rosso", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This consortium organized the EXIST 2024 challenge, defining tasks, providing datasets, and evaluating AI systems designed to detect and classify sexism in social media, directly contributing to the development of automated moderation tools.", "quote": "L'edizione del 2024 ha visto la partecipazione di numerosi gruppi di ricerca ed è stata organizzata da un consorzio di università europee, tra cui la UNED, la Universitat Politècnica de València e la RMIT University.", "page": "14", "url": "https://personales.upv.es/prosso/resources/RossoTFG.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, especially Twitter", "when": "2024-2025"}]}, {"name": "ConspiracyWatch", "aliases": ["ConspiracyWatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation, or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "websites like HoaxBuster, Snopes, Debunkin911 or ConspiracyWatch (Giry 2014), short (web) television programmes ... engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Constitutional Committee (of the Second Republic National Assembly)", "aliases": ["Constitutional Committee (of the Second Republic National Assembly)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political committee"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "democratic integrity", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Set up in May 1848 by the Assembly to draft and revise constitutional proposals.", "quote": "The assembly set up a constitutional committee, which began work in late May 1848. Its report was passed on to the fifteen bureaux of the assembly, who in turn reported back to the committee on 24 July.", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Construction and Development Party", "aliases": ["Construction and Development Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Entered the Islamist political marketplace, contending with other parties like the Muslim Brotherhood and forming part of an 'Islamist Alliance' that further complicated the political landscape and pressured Ikhwan.", "quote": "the Islamist marketplace was soon contended by other parties, such as al-Asalah, al-Gamaah al-Islamiyah's Construction and Development Party. Even worse news reached Ikhwan when these parties formed the 'Islamist Alliance', for which al-Nour left Ikhwan's ‘Democratic Alliance.’", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Consultative Committee on the Information Highway", "aliases": ["Consultative Committee on the Information Highway"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["public interest", "societal impact", "tech policy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure et son utilité: le cas Internet.", "author": "P Corriveau", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "This committee was responsible for studying the issues surrounding the information highway and making recommendations to the government to shape policy regarding new technologies like the Internet.", "quote": "Ce comité est chargé d'étudier les nombreuses questions entourant l'autoroute de l'information. Il a également comme fonction de faire des recommandations au gouvernement en vue de préparer la politique de l'État face à cette nouvelle technologie", "page": "90", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/77e917d1-266b-4edc-bd2b-27fa61a4be3c", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Consumer Organisations", "aliases": ["Consumer Organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["user rights"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Copyright content moderation in the European Union: state of the art, ways forward and policy recommendations", "author": "JP Quintais, C Katzenbach, SF Schwemer…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They may take actions against Online Content-Sharing Service Providers (OCSSPs) to protect the rights of users, particularly concerning copyright content moderation, acting as representatives for users.", "quote": "of actions users and their representatives (e.g. consumer organisations) may take against OCSSPs to protect their rights.", "page": "173", "url": "https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/copyright-content-moderation-in-the-european-union-state-of-the-a/", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, various online platforms (e.g., YouTube, Meta/Facebook, Instagram)", "when": "early 21st century to present (focus on 2019-2023)"}]}, {"name": "Consumer Reports", "aliases": ["Consumer Reports"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer advocacy organization; product testing and research nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1936", "mechanism": "Consumer Reports publishes independent testing and research, runs a Digital Security Lab and consumer tools, and leverages its membership base and reputation to push for safer products and transparency from companies.", "quote": "Primary mission is consumer product testing and advocacy but it runs a Digital Security Lab, publishes on Data Privacy, and develops consumer-facing digital tools, engaging with platform-related privacy and security issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.consumerreports.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Consumer rights advocates", "aliases": ["Consumer rights advocates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer well-being", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Big tech as a technopolitical actor: imaginaries of personalization and their unintended consequences", "author": "Bank, Damian", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes and warns about the addictive nature of smartphones and personalized content, arguing that these technologies turn human connection into a 'drug' through constant notifications.", "quote": "Consumer rights advocates have pointed out that smartphones have taken human connection and turned it into a drug' by forcing highly personalized contents to users via dozens of daily mobile notifications", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2025.2497943", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA and global digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to present (2025)"}]}, {"name": "Consumers Association", "aliases": ["Consumers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power Echoes: Investigating Moderation Biases in Online Power-Asymmetric Conflicts", "author": "Y Li, P Zhang, P Hou, K Tu, G Zhang, S Qu…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This organization participates in public life by reporting a high volume of consumer complaints, highlighting the prevalence of conflicts between consumers and merchants on e-commerce platforms and thus emphasizing the need for effective platform regulation and moderation.", "quote": "In China, the Consumers Association reported over 780,000 consumer complaints in the first half of 2024, with a year-on-year increase of 27.21% [116].", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791694", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "online platforms, China", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2023-2024"}]}, {"name": "Contact Commission", "aliases": ["Contact Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A group (psychiatrist and followers) that posed questions to spiritual beings and arranged their answers into \"The Urantia Book", "quote": "Creation and arrangement of sacred texts.", "page": "Between 1926 and 1935, the Contact Commission, “apparently in response to what they perceived to be prompting from the spiritual beings, and in collaboration with a larger group of followers called the Forum... began to pose specific questions to the spiritual beings.”", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Content Moderation By The Numbers - NetChoice", "aliases": ["Content Moderation By The Numbers - NetChoice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "NetChoice produces policy reports with platform-sourced data to shape public debate and regulatory outcomes, and acts as an industry representative leveraging corporate membership to influence policymakers and public opinion.", "quote": "NetChoice publishes research and policy reports defending platform content-moderation practices and advocates for platform autonomy and transparency in public policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://netchoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Content-Moderation-By-The-Numbers-v5.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Content Moderation on Internet Platforms - SASB - IFRS Foundation", "aliases": ["Content Moderation on Internet Platforms - SASB - IFRS Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standard-setting body; sustainability/ESG standard setter"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "SASB staff produced the Content Moderation Taxonomy (Nov 2020), conducted consultations (Jan–Sep 2020), and the Board approved a standard-setting project to incorporate content moderation themes into the Internet Media & Services Standard.", "quote": "Conducted a dedicated research project and published a Content Moderation Taxonomy to evaluate how technology companies manage user-generated content and to inform standard-setting on content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://sasb.ifrs.org/standards/process/projects/content-moderation-on-internet-platforms-research-project/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Content moderation trends in the MENA region - Middle East Institute", "aliases": ["Content moderation trends in the MENA region - Middle East Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent policy institute / think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1946, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1946", "mechanism": "MEI produces regional research, convenes interviews with activists and journalists, and publishes analyses highlighting transparency gaps and discriminatory moderation patterns to inform policy debates.", "quote": "MEI publishes research and policy analysis on content moderation in MENA and convenes interviews with activists and journalists, but its core mission is regional policy and educational programming rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://mei.edu/publications/content-moderation-trends-mena-region-censorship-discrimination-design-and-linguistic", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Content Moderation | Bipartisan Policy Center", "aliases": ["Content Moderation | Bipartisan Policy Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "BPC publishes research and amicus briefs, provides testimony to Congress, and convenes cross-partisan stakeholders to shape platform policy and public debate, including interventions in major Section 230 litigation.", "quote": "BPC’s Technology Project explicitly develops and advances bipartisan policy approaches to content moderation and publishes testimony, amicus briefs, and analysis on Section 230, algorithms, AI and disinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://bipartisanpolicy.org/content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Content moderation: What does 'good' look like?", "aliases": ["Content moderation: What does 'good' look like?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital trust and safety non-profit / standards body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes accountability reports and working papers, convenes Trust & Safety Summit and stakeholder dialogues, and sets standards intended to drive industry adoption and regulatory practice.", "quote": "Core mission and outputs focus on platform content moderation, accountability reports, standards and stakeholder dialogue to shape trust & safety practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.inetco.org/events/content-moderation-what-does-good-look-like", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Content Moderation: What is it? | Tracking Global Online Censorship", "aliases": ["Content Moderation: What is it? | Tracking Global Online Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy project (civil liberties / EFF project)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Publishes explanatory guides and original research documenting content moderation practices and platform takedowns, curates allied research, and uses public-facing resources to hold platforms and governments accountable for censorship impacts.", "quote": "Core mission tracks and documents content moderation and platform censorship, providing research, guides and commentary on platform governance and its effects on freedom of expression.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.onlinecensorship.org/pages/how-content-moderation-works", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Continuum", "aliases": ["Continuum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["free speech", "information diversity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "An organization or publication that provided a platform and advocacy for individuals challenging the conventional HIV-AIDS paradigm, helping to circulate dissenting information.", "quote": "David Carponter (Continuum, London, UK); Jody Wells (Continuum, London, UK).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Contre-info", "aliases": ["Contre-info"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["political opinion"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube where public debate occurs, characterized by anonymous members and lack of editorial information, which influences the tone of discussions.", "quote": "certains médias partisans de notre échantillon (Fdesouche, Lundi Matin et Contre-info) ne publient aucune information sur leurs rédactions, ont des membres qui restent anonymes, ont la plupart des articles publiés sans signature des auteurs et proposent des sites qui ne fournissent pas d'informations biographiques sur leurs contributeurs.", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Contributors to citizen expression books (Grand Débat National)", "aliases": ["Contributors to citizen expression books (Grand Débat National)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "free speech", "political freedom"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disqualification des conflictualités, rétrécissement du débat, invisibilisation des valeurs: la dépolitisation en discours", "author": "V Bonnet, E Marty, C Robert", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They re-politicize a state-initiated depoliticized participation device (citizen expression books of the Grand Débat National) by collectively re-appropriating its codes, structuring their contributions programmatically, and addressing the executive in a demanding way, thus making their voices visible and collective despite the device's individualizing intent.", "quote": "M. Pengam montre, quant à elle, comment les contributeurs, loin de rejeter les cahiers d'expression citoyenne, les repolitisent par une réappropriation du dispositif, sur le modèle du braconnage (Certeau, 1991).", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOTS_134_0009", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, international, digital platforms", "when": "Mid-20th century to contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Convención Nacional Democrática (CND)", "aliases": ["Convención Nacional Democrática (CND)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "decentralization", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized national conventions (e.g., in Aguacalientes, San Cristobal, Tuxtla Gutierrez, Queretaro) where speeches, reports, and documents were circulated on The Net, fostering a pro-democracy movement and influencing Mexican politics.", "quote": "When grassroots groups came together at the behest of the Zapatistas in early August 1994 at the new Aguacalientes carved out of the jungle to form the Convencion Nacional Democratica, and then again later at San Cristobal, Chiapas (October 11-13, 1994), Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas (November 4-6, 1994) and Queretaro (February 1-5, 1995) speeches, reports and convention documents were circulated on The Net.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Convento da Graça de Lisboa", "aliases": ["Convento da Graça de Lisboa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Housed an exemplar of an expurgated book, indicating its participation in the circulation and controlled use of censored texts.", "quote": "O exemplar pertenceu à livraria do convento da Graça de Lisboa181.", "page": "63", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Convento de Carmelitas de Murcia", "aliases": ["Convento de Carmelitas de Murcia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Papal States", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura política e Inquisición: la\" Historia Pontifical\"\" de Gonzalo de Illescas\"", "author": "EG Fernández", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "The convent owned a copy of the censored book and submitted it to the Santo Oficio (Holy Office of the Inquisition) for expurgation in accordance with an inquisitorial mandate.", "quote": "El ejemplar en cuestión perteneció al convento de Carmelitas de Murcia, lo que explica que fuera presentado en seguida al Santo Oficio para que sobre él se efectuara la operación de limpieza", "page": "4", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/157779.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Papal States", "when": "16th-18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Convento de las Monjas Trinitarias", "aliases": ["Convento de las Monjas Trinitarias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El teatro de Lope y la censura (siglo XVII)", "author": "Presotto, Marco", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The convent exerted public pressure by complaining about the disturbance caused by a theatre company's rehearsals, which potentially led to modifications in Lope de Vega's play, La buena guarda.", "quote": "el conflicto entre la compañía y el convento de las monjas trinitarias que se encontraba en la calle cercana y que se quejaba por la confusión que creaban los ensayos.", "page": "11", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/TRET/article/view/63214", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "Convento de San Francisco", "aliases": ["Convento de San Francisco"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["decorum", "religious respect", "religious reverence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El Arte vigilado* (Sobre la censuro estética de la Inquisición española en el siglo XVIII)", "author": "Gacto, Enrique", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The guardian of the convent requested individuals to remove sacred symbols (crosses, Ave Maria) from sepulchral stones on the church floor, arguing that their placement made them subject to irreverence and profanation, thus enforcing religious decorum.", "quote": "El guardián del convento pidió a sus dueños que las borrasen, «por no ser dezente y estar prohibido que se pusiesen en lugares donde irremediablemente fuesen pisadas y escupidas...", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Convenção Batista Brasileira", "aliases": ["Convenção Batista Brasileira"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produced various documents requesting the moralization of social communication media, opposing perceived moral decline.", "quote": "...Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral, a Ação Católica Diocese de São Carlos, a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil... produziram diversos documentos pedindo uma moralização dos meios de comunicação social.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Convenção Brasileira de Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas", "aliases": ["Convenção Brasileira de Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF), likely advocating for the protection of religious freedom in the context of homotransphobia debates.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] a Convenção Brasileira de Igrejas Evangélicas Irmãos Menonitas – COBIM; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya", "aliases": ["Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["fair elections", "fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint with the JEC, arguing that a seven-candidate debate was insufficient compensation for their exclusion from a four-candidate debate, challenging media coverage decisions for proportionality.", "quote": "El recurso de CDC dio lugar al Acuerdo 123/2016, de 8 de junio, en el que la JEC consideraba que era ajustado a derecho un tratamiento diferenciado de esta formación", "page": "28", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Convergència i Unió (Parliamentary Group)", "aliases": ["Convergència i Unió (Parliamentary Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "fiscal responsibility", "governance improvement", "regional autonomy", "social welfare"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This group presents amendments and arguments, often highlighting regional (Catalan) issues or challenging the government's economic policies, sometimes using mitigation or veiled criticism to advocate its agenda.", "quote": "las enmiendas que ha presentado el Grupo Parlamentario Convèrgencia i Unió al título III van en la dirección de implementar una serie de mediadas.", "page": "237", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Coops.tech", "aliases": ["Coops.tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network of ethical tech co-operatives"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CoTech aggregates co-operative tech providers, shares code and services (techno-infrastructure), promotes cooperative ownership norms (symbolic), and enables member collaboration and referral networks (leverage/information).", "quote": "CoTech is a network of tech co-operatives focused on cooperative ownership, services and tooling rather than explicit platform content-moderation or AI governance, though members provide hosting, development and open-source tooling that can affect platform infrastructure.", "page": "", "url": "https://coops.tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Coopérative nationale de l’information indépendante (CN2i)", "aliases": ["Coopérative nationale de l’information indépendante (CN2i)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": ["local media", "media independence", "public information"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A cooperative grouping several regional French-language news media, focusing on public information. It faced voluntary departures due to the end of its weekly paper edition, reflecting struggles in the evolving media landscape.", "quote": "la coopérative d’information CN2i, regroupant des médias régionaux francophones hors de notre corpus, se retrouvait en décembre 2023 devant 125 départs volontaires en prévision de la fin de l’édition papier hebdomadaire des quotidiens", "page": "276", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Coordinadora 8M", "aliases": ["Coordinadora 8M"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "reproductive rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organized and consolidated work around the fight against all forms of violence against women and demands for free abortion, aligning with regional and global feminist movements. Their collective actions generate public pressure and shape public discourse.", "quote": "Durante estas décadas también se consolidó el trabajo de agrupaciones y colectivos (como Red chilena contra la violencia hacia las mujeres, la coordinadora 8M, Miles Chile, entre otras) en torno a la lucha contra todas las violencias hacia las mujeres y en consonancia con movimientos feministas", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos (COAG)", "aliases": ["Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos (COAG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development", "rural development", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides advice and support to agrarian women, influencing agricultural policies.", "quote": "Un 31,2% recibían asesoramiento de COAG (Coordinadora de Organizaciones de Agricultores y Ganaderos) y un 6,2% de ASAJA (Asociación agraria de jóvenes agricultores).", "page": "860", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Coordinadora Diocesana de Mujeres (CODIMUJ)", "aliases": ["Coordinadora Diocesana de Mujeres (CODIMUJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "indigenous rights", "public health", "social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Emerged from grassroots work to sensitize indigenous women and prepare them for collective action, addressing health, violence, and popular education, linking with liberation theology and gender demands.", "quote": "Así surgen organizaciones de artesanas independientes; grupos y organizaciones no gubernamentales empezaron a trabajar en torno a la salud, violencia y educación popular. En parte de la iglesia católica comenzó un proceso que culminó con la constitución de la Coordinadora Diocesana de Mujeres-CODIMUJ...", "page": "340", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Coordinadora Nacional por el Cambio y la Democracia", "aliases": ["Coordinadora Nacional por el Cambio y la Democracia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A coalition of human rights associations, autonomous unions, students, and political parties created to give political direction to popular protests and demand democratic change.", "quote": "el movimiento de protesta tomó un nuevo rumbo con la creación de la Coordinadora Nacional por el Cambio y la Democracia (CNCD), una coalición de asociaciones de derechos humanos, sindicatos autónomos, estudiantes y partidos políticos críticos con el régimen.", "page": "59", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Copernic (Club/Association)", "aliases": ["Copernic (Club/Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-neoliberalism", "economic policy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A club/association explicitly set up to oppose the reformist Fondation Saint-Simon, representing opposition to perceived neo-liberal policies.", "quote": "a set of clubs and associations (for example, Pétitions and Copernic, the last of which was explicitly set up to oppose the reformist Fondation Saint-Simon).", "page": "524", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Copydan Kabel TV", "aliases": ["Copydan Kabel TV"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["television markets"], "norms": ["copyright protection", "fair compensation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collects retransmission remuneration from distributors and redistributes it among broadcasters and other rights holders, with tariffs set by a copyright license tribunal.", "quote": "Copyright associations Copydan Kabel TV, KODA and UBOD collect the remuneration from distributors and redistribute among broadcasters and other rights holders.", "page": "138", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cornelian Gens", "aliases": ["Cornelian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control", "political power", "social status"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Actively pursued and often secured positions of *princeps senatus* and censor, sometimes employing specific strategies like favoring certain candidates to exclude rivals, thereby controlling key moderation and leadership roles in the Senate.", "quote": "i Cornelii a favorire l'elezione di due censori plebei, per escludere la nomina di un censore patrizio in grado di ottenere, come Appio Claudio nel 136, la nomina a princeps senatus dal proprio collega plebeo", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Cornell eRulemaking Initiative (operating RegulationRoom)", "aliases": ["Cornell eRulemaking Initiative (operating RegulationRoom)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["productive discourse", "rational discourse"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in the Wild: Investigating User-Driven Moderation in Online Discussions", "author": "Falk, Neele; Vecchi, Eva Maria; Jundi, Iman; Lapesa, Gabriella", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This university initiative operates the RegulationRoom platform, where trained expert moderators facilitate online deliberation. They assist participants in articulating clear and evidence-based arguments, ensure discussions stay on topic, and structure debates by summarizing or bringing similar opinions together.", "quote": "Expert moderators on this platform have been trained on guidelines describing different actions to be taken over (eRulemaking Initiative et al., 2017).", "page": "2", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online deliberation platforms (USA, Germany)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cornell University", "aliases": ["Cornell University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["University"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "professional standards", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Terminated a photography assistant professor's employment after she displayed photographic works, including male nudes and nude images of her son, deeming them professionally inappropriate.", "quote": "la fotografa e professoressa Jacqueline Livingston perse nel 1978 il suo posto come assistente del professore di fotografia alla Cor-nell university.", "page": "14", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "Cornell's RegulationRoom", "aliases": ["Cornell's RegulationRoom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a site for analyzing citizen governance and moderation practices within online public debate forums, contributing to political science research on such structures.", "quote": "This era also saw an increase in research on “citizen governance” from a political science perspective, with analyses of moderation of public debate forums like Cornell's RegulationRoom", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Corpo Voluntário Angolano de Assistência aos Refugiados", "aliases": ["Corpo Voluntário Angolano de Assistência aos Refugiados"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-colonialism", "humanitarian aid"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided medical assistance and support to Angolan refugees in Congo Leopoldville, serving as a platform for MPLA activities and refugee direction.", "quote": "agência criada pelo MPLA para providenciar assistência médica e apoio aos refugiados angolanos no Congo Leopoldville", "page": "217", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Corporación Comunidad y Justicia", "aliases": ["Corporación Comunidad y Justicia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["family protection", "public morals", "religious freedom", "right to life"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Filed a legal appeal against a queer artist for an 'anticlerical' video performance, requesting the removal of social media posts, illustrating an attempt to moderate artistic content based on religious sensibilities.", "quote": "Corporación Comunidad y Justicia, institución dedicada a la defensa del derecho a la vida, la protección de la familia y la libertad religiosa, interpuso un recurso de amparo ante la Corte de Apelaciones de Santiago (Causa N° 38913-2021) contra una artista queer por publicar un vídeo de su actuación en un programa de televisión LGBTIQ en sus cuentas de redes digitales que calificaron de anticlerical.", "page": "15", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Corporación de Abogados Católicos", "aliases": ["Corporación de Abogados Católicos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Supported the military regime through public statements and 'discursos de apoyo', aligning their professional and religious values with the regime's repressive policies.", "quote": "Corporación de Abogados Católicos.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (RTVE)", "aliases": ["Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (RTVE)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Implemented a Style Manual in 2010 to guide its professionals toward journalistic rigor across all programming, acting as an internal self-regulatory tool.", "quote": "Em 2010 foi a vez da RTVE estipular um manual de Estilo que tinha como objetivo orientar os profissionais da empresa para o rigor jornalístico que devia persistir, não só nos programas informativos mas também para os restantes géneros jornalísticos presentes na programação do canal.", "page": "46", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Canal 13)", "aliases": ["Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Canal 13)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted and broadcast a presidential debate from its main studio as part of a political interview series.", "quote": "La locación fue el estudio principal de Canal 13 de la Corporación de Televisión de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Corporate Accountability Index", "aliases": ["Corporate Accountability Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A soft law initiative referenced as promoting transparency in content moderation by tracking and reporting on corporate accountability practices.", "quote": "We can recall the Santa Clara Principles, the Corporate Accountability Index, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation principles on filtering.", "page": "82", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "Corporate Entities with Legal Rights", "aliases": ["Corporate Entities with Legal Rights"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "jurisdictional authority", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Functioned as a principal political agent by exercising jurisdictional authority and asserting legal rights against other powers, including the state.", "quote": "the principal political agent was not the individual citizen but the bearer of some jurisdictional authority – a feudal lord, perhaps, or some corporate entity endowed with legal rights and liberties", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Corporate Europe Observatory and LobbyControl", "aliases": ["Corporate Europe Observatory and LobbyControl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic fairness", "fair regulation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on tech sector lobbying activities related to EU digital economy policies, highlighting spending and influence.", "quote": "A study by campaign groups Corporate Europe Observatory and LobbyControl found that 612 companies, groups and associations representing the tech sector spend more than e97 million ($114 million) annually lobbying on E.U. digital economy policies.", "page": "79", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Corporation des Imprimeurs et Libraires de Paris", "aliases": ["Corporation des Imprimeurs et Libraires de Paris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["market regulation", "state regulation", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MABLY ET LA CENSURE", "author": "GALLIANI, R.; SAINEVILLE, Cadet de", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Participated in the seizure of publications on order from state authorities, enforcing book trade regulations and controlling the circulation of printed materials.", "quote": "Je soussigné, Syndic de la librairie et Imprimerie de Paris, sur l'ordre verbal de Monsieur de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, Premier Président de la Cour des Aydes, je me suis transporté chez les sieurs Nyon et Durand, libraires, pour y saisir et arrêter une brochure...", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41915756", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Corporation for Public Broadcasting", "aliases": ["Corporation for Public Broadcasting"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["content quality", "diversity and inclusion", "ethical standards", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a federal funding body, it commissioned a report in response to a Congress enquiry, indirectly influencing PBS's self-censorship decisions regarding 'objectionable material' to address concerns about its perceived left-leaning bias.", "quote": "A 2005 Congress enquiry into the PBS demanded a report from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting or CPB, the federal funding organization that offers significant tax-payer dollars to the PBS.", "page": "39", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Corporation for Public Broadcasting (PBS)", "aliases": ["Corporation for Public Broadcasting (PBS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (public broadcaster)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "journalistic ethics", "public information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Aired two programs dealing with censorship in schools, investigating textbook adoptions and the influence of censorship advocates.", "quote": "in 1982 alone the Public Broad casting System aired two programs dealing with censorship in schools - a portion of the 'MacNeil/Lehrer Report,' devoted to Texas adoptions and the influence of the Gablers (represented by Mel), and 'Books Under Fire'", "page": "28", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Corporatists", "aliases": ["Corporatists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocating for direct democracy and a shift of administrative and political power to amateurs, which Weber critiques as a naive approach to influencing policy-making and public life. Weber explicitly rejects their 'fraternal ideas'.", "quote": "Parmi ces partisans, on trouvait des oiseaux au plumage variable: des communistes, des socialistes, des anarchistes, des syndicalistes et des corporatistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Corporação dos Espectáculos", "aliases": ["Corporação dos Espectáculos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporatism", "sectoral interests"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Had representatives participate in the appeals commission for censorship decisions, providing a channel for the sector's input, though within the state's corporatist framework.", "quote": "Este diploma estabelece também que os recursos interpostos pelo sector privado, relativos às decisões da Comissão de Exame e Classificação de Espectáculos, 'sejam apreciados e resolvidos por uma comissão de recurso independentemente daquela e onde passam a figurar os representantes da Corporação dos Espectáculos'", "page": "12", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Corporações", "aliases": ["Corporações"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic order", "social order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "These broad corporatist structures, chartered by the state, organized professional and economic activities across society, thereby extending the state's control and influence over civil life.", "quote": "Estas estruturas atravessavam toda a sociedade portuguesa e enquadravam todos os sectores de actividade. Era o caso dos Sindicatos Nacionais, da Policia de Vigilância e defesa do Estado (PIDE), da Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho (FNAT), da Mocidade Portuguesa (MP), dos Grémios, das Corporações, do secretariado da Propaganda Nacional (SNI) entre outras.", "page": "29", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Correio Braziliense (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Correio Braziliense (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "political control"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published from London, it served as an expatriate Brazilian press used to influence political discourse and bypass local censorship, acting as a critical voice from abroad.", "quote": "houve Hippolito da Costa – político com cadeira no Parlamento de Portugal - e o Correio Braziliense, editado em Londres.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Correio da Manhã (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Correio da Manhã (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated as a notable opposition newspaper during periods of state repression (Estado de Sítio), representing a challenge to government control despite censorship efforts.", "quote": "Mesmo assim, jornais de oposição existiam, como o Correio da Manhã, o caso mais emblemático.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Correio da Tarde", "aliases": ["Correio da Tarde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1850, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CHAVE OU FECHO? o debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador", "author": "WG Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participated in public opinion formation by publishing articles that argued for the limited responsibility of ministers to executive acts, thereby influencing the interpretation of the moderating power.", "quote": "partidários dessa interpretação eram o Jornal do Comércio, o Correio da Tarde e o Império", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/quaestioiuris/article/download/20809/16231", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazilian Empire", "when": "second half of the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Correio Mercantil", "aliases": ["Correio Mercantil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["governmental accountability", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1850, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CHAVE OU FECHO? o debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador", "author": "WG Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in public discourse by publishing articles advocating for the ministerial responsibility concerning the moderating power, influencing the legal and political debate.", "quote": "de um lado, sustentava-se a necessidade de responsabilização do poder moderador, atribuída aos ministros diante da inviolabilidade constitucional do monarca – segundo Vasconcellos (1862:16), é a tese do Diário do Rio e do Correio Mercantil", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/quaestioiuris/article/download/20809/16231", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazilian Empire", "when": "second half of the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Cortico Research", "aliases": ["Cortico Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["data-driven research", "public sphere health", "quality discourse"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Health and toxicity in content moderation: The discursive work of justification", "author": "AD Gibson, N Docherty, T Gillespie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducted research, funded by Twitter, to define and measure 'conversational health' in the public sphere, influencing how platforms and researchers conceptualize and address online content issues.", "quote": "Cortico Research, whose mission was to 'measure aspects of the health of the public sphere – in terms of communication exchanges between groups or tribes – grounded in data from public social media and other public media sources'", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook Groups, Anglophone liberal democracies (US focus), social media platforms generally", "when": "late 20th century to present, focusing on the post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "COST Action IS 1205: Social psychological dynamics of historical representations in the enlarged European Union", "aliases": ["COST Action IS 1205: Social psychological dynamics of historical representations in the enlarged European Union"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "reconciliation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration on social psychological dynamics of historical representations in post-conflict societies, contributing to the understanding of history education and conflict transformation.", "quote": "This book is based on the contributions made by members of COST Action IS 1205, “Social psychological dynamics of historical representations in the enlarged European Union” coming from various countries who specialize in the study of post-conflict societies.", "page": "5", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Coterie of the 'Whites'", "aliases": ["Coterie of the 'Whites'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il Dio “Ragione” e la Dea “Natura”: la censura romana del De admirandis naturae di Giulio Cesare Vanini", "author": "GL D'Errico", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This social group circulated and discussed texts deemed suspicious or atheistic by authorities, operating outside official channels and challenging censorship through the sharing of forbidden intellectual content, leading to legal prosecution.", "quote": "Ma la divulgazione e la discussione di un testo del genere a livello orizzontale potevano destare preoccupazione e sospetti, non a caso fu una delle letture che circolava nella conventicola dei 'bianchi' che finì sotto processo a Roma nel 1690 per ateismo...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/64113577/06%20-%20129-138%20Id.%2029%20Gian%20Luca%20D'Errico%2010%20(1).pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Rome, Europe", "when": "17th century, early modern"}]}, {"name": "Couch Surfing – Ciência sem Fronteiras", "aliases": ["Couch Surfing – Ciência sem Fronteiras"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community support", "cultural exchange"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Facebook group for Brazilian students in Europe to self-organize accommodation exchanges, fostering peer support and cultural exchange among participants.", "quote": "solicitei a minha inserção como membro dos grupos criados por eles na rede social Facebook para fins de troca de hospedagem entre os intercambistas que se encontram em diferentes países da Europa. Tal estratégia, pelo que pude perceber, se destina a potencializar a experiência das viagens diminuindo os custos com estadia, já que uns hospedam os outros gratuitamente.", "page": "215", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Council for National Defense", "aliases": ["Council for National Defense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic policy", "national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Plans to defeat senators and congressmen who do not align with their views on national defense and social welfare, influencing political outcomes.", "quote": "The Coon'Cil for National Defense, a .new ently from the far right, plans 'to defeat senators andcongress'men who \"believe we should take ou ational defense dyl.LW", "page": "-s and spend them on social-: welfare. program -\"\".\"", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Council for Secular Humanism", "aliases": ["Council for Secular Humanism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["atheism", "scientific evidence", "secular humanism"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Formed in 1980 to promote Secular Humanism, which advocates for atheism and scientifically supported views. It shares leadership with CSICOP and engaged in discussions about formal affiliation with Skeptic groups.", "quote": "Secular Humanism, which asserts that atheism is secular and is a view that scientific evidence tends to support, broke with the American Humanist Association in 1980 and formed the Council for Secular Humanism. 4 Because Paul Kurtz chairs both the Council for Secular Humanism and CSICOP, many books and articles published about skepticism have emphasized the relationship between these two movements.", "page": "2", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Australian University Librarians (CAUL)", "aliases": ["Council of Australian University Librarians (CAUL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X"], "norms": ["open access"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and community standards: The disconnect between policy and user experiences reporting harmful and offensive content on social media", "author": "A Flynn, Z Vakhitova, L Wheildon, B Harris…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Council of Australian University Librarians facilitates open access publishing by negotiating agreements with academic publishers, thus influencing licensing terms and the availability of scholarly content. While not direct censorship, this activity shapes the 'gatekeeping' and 'licensing' norms for information dissemination, impacting how content is accessed and distributed.", "quote": "Open access publishing facilitated by Monash University, as part of the Wiley - Monash University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.", "page": "11", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/poi3.70006", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2022-2025"}]}, {"name": "Council of Christians and Jews", "aliases": ["Council of Christians and Jews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Contended that it could assist in stimulating public opinion in Allied nations to aid Jews in peril, demonstrating interfaith efforts to address the Holocaust.", "quote": "the chief rabbi contended that the Council of Christians and Jews could assist in stimulating public opinion in the Allied nations to aid Jews in peril.", "page": "238", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Constance", "aliases": ["Council of Constance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Condemned articles and propositions as heretical, erroneous, scandalous, blasphemous, offensive to pious ears, rash, or seditious, establishing early and fundamental categories of theological censures that influenced later index-making.", "quote": "Los padres conciliares habían notado, en la sesión octava (celebrada en 1414), algunos artículos de John Wyclif como heréticos y reprobados; otros, como no heréticos, sino erróneos...", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Underlined concerns about Hungarian media regulation lacking pluralism and independence, recommending the Hungarian government ensure media regulatory bodies' independence.", "quote": "The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (Jakubowicz, 2010; Nyman-Metcalf, 2011) and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe (Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011) underlined that Hungarian media regulation lacks pluralism, independence, and impartiality toward political powers.", "page": "155", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Newspaper Editors", "aliases": ["Council of Newspaper Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["media independence", "professional standards", "quality of information", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Recommended to be developed into a professional and self-regulating association of journalists, modeled on international counterparts, with the goal of establishing a unified network to challenge outside influences and monitor journalistic quality.", "quote": "The international community should work to develop indigenous Pakistani asso- ciations including the Pakistani Union of Working Journalists (UWJ) and the Council of Newspaper Editors (CNE) into a professional and self-regulating association of journalists modelled on associations in the international community.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Council of Paris", "aliases": ["Council of Paris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "This ecclesiastical body issued orders for the destruction of heretical texts, such as the *Quaternuli* of David de Dinant, by having them delivered to the bishop for burning. It also engaged in doctrinal condemnations.", "quote": "En 1210 le Concile de Paris ordonna de livrer les Quaternuli de David de Dinant à l'évêque, lequel les aurait brûlés.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}]}, {"name": "Councils of Ethics or Media and Journalist Associations", "aliases": ["Councils of Ethics or Media and Journalist Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["professional ethics", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Function as self-regulatory mechanisms for press content, and their decisions can be incorporated into judicial rulings.", "quote": "Otras opiniones enmarcan esta experiencia en la tradición de los Consejos de Ética o Colegios de Medios y Periodistas, que en definitiva son mecanismos de autorregulación sobre contenidos de prensa, reconocidos y alentados por el derecho internacional.", "page": "15", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Councils of Sens and Bourges", "aliases": ["Councils of Sens and Bourges"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Historical councils that issued condemnations, providing precedents and authority for the Faculty of Theology's own censorship actions against perceived heresy.", "quote": "conciles de Sens et de Bourges, réunis en 1528 (38).", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Counter Extremism Project (CEP)", "aliases": ["Counter Extremism Project (CEP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international policy non-profit / research and advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "CEP publishes databases, reports, blogs and multimedia briefings used to monitor extremist content online, inform policymakers and platform responses, and partners with stakeholders to amplify findings.", "quote": "CEP researches extremist groups and runs a 'Tech and Extremism Online' theme, maintaining databases and publications that inform platform content moderation and policy responses.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.counterextremism.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Counter Information", "aliases": ["Counter Information"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open access", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An anarchist news-sheet that explicitly encouraged 'open distribution' by offering electrostencils or printing plates, allowing readers to freely copy and disseminate its content for non-profit purposes.", "quote": "the first issue of the class-struggle anarchist news-sheet Counter Information (22 September 1984) encoura ged its readers to make free use of its contents 'as required, or for reprint ing'. To assist in the latter, it offered 'electrostencils or duplicate printing plates'.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Counter Productions", "aliases": ["Counter Productions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative culture", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Distributes alternative press titles, acting as a primary channel within the alternative public sphere.", "quote": "These are the alternative bookshops such as Compendium and Housmans in London, Mushroom in Nottingham and alternative distributors such as AK, Counter Productions and Turnaround.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Counter-Power Lab at the UC Berkeley School of Information", "aliases": ["Counter-Power Lab at the UC Berkeley School of Information"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "research freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Central State vs. Local Levels of Government: Understanding News Media Censorship in China", "author": "Kuang, Xianwen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This academic lab participates in transparency efforts by collecting and publicly releasing official propaganda notices (PNs) related to news media censorship in China. These released PNs are used by researchers to study and understand censorship practices.", "quote": "illustrative quotations are taken from PNs collected and released on the Internet by the Counter-Power Lab at the UC Berkeley School of Information (CPL-UCB).", "page": "8", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s41111-018-0091-5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century (early 2010s focus)"}]}, {"name": "Counter-Remonstrant Calvinists", "aliases": ["Counter-Remonstrant Calvinists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious intolerance", "religious orthodoxy", "state power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formed a rallying point for opposition to the regents' regime, aligning with Orangists and advocating strict Calvinist doctrines.", "quote": "Counter-Remonstrantism became a rallying point for opposition to the regents’ regime, uniting a mixed coalition of the regime’s opponents, ranging from the old nobility and Orangists...", "page": "120", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Courage Against Right-Wing Violence", "aliases": ["Courage Against Right-Wing Violence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime", "author": "Muller, Karsten; Schwarz, Carlo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This group collects and publicizes data on right-wing extremist violence, specifically neo-Nazi murders, serving as a watchdog. Its work monitors and exposes hate crimes, contributing to public pressure and norm enforcement against right-wing extremism.", "quote": "One such measure is the number of murders committed by neo-Nazis in each municipality from 1990 until 2016, which were collected by \"Mut gegen rechte Gewalt\"\" (Courage Against Right-Wing Violence).\"", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "2015–2017"}]}, {"name": "Courrier du Bresil", "aliases": ["Courrier du Bresil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honor", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles that were targeted by áulicos for allegedly dishonoring the country, the political system, or the Emperor, indicating a role in political opposition and criticism.", "quote": "Os jornais criticados são, na maioria das vezes, a Aurora Fluminense, a Astréa, o Espelho, o Echo, o Rio Herald, o Conciliador, o Farol Paulistano, o Courrier du Bresil, e o Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina. Estes são atacados sempre que supostamente desonram o país, o sistema e o Imperador", "page": "26", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Covering Climate Now", "aliases": ["Covering Climate Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality", "public awareness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Promoting and coordinating media coverage of climate issues, influencing how news organizations frame and report on climate change.", "quote": "Some news organisations have also devoted more resource and editorial priority to the issue and there have been joint initiatives including Covering Climate Now which involves 400 media outlets.", "page": "52", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Covert Action Quarterly", "aliases": ["Covert Action Quarterly"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Published extensive investigative features on political topics (e.g., British military targeting teenagers in Northern Ireland) that were ignored by British mainstream media.", "quote": "the US journal Covert Action Quarterly has published an extensive feature on the targeting of Republican teenagers in Northern Ireland by the British military.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "CovidTracker", "aliases": ["CovidTracker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic discourse", "public health", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated as a \"nouveau médiateur\"\" providing visualisations and data", "quote": "Transparency, public information, civic engagement.", "page": "permis l’émergence de nouveaux médiateurs, comme la plateforme CovidTracker, alimenté le débat public, dans un souci de transpa rence vis-à-vis des citoyens", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "CRACTIC project", "aliases": ["CRACTIC project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Within this research project, professors and researchers accompany teachers and their students both remotely and in classrooms. Their actions are coordinated with predefined objectives and precise modalities to facilitate community work.", "quote": "Dans les communautés CRACTIC, professeurs et chercheurs accompagnent aussi les enseignants et leurs élèves à distance et dans les classes. Leurs actions sont coordonnées avec des objectifs prédéfinis et des modalités précises.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Craigslist", "aliases": ["Craigslist"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A platform for local and intimate classifieds, allowing users to create and manage listings for goods and services, fostering community exchange and participation.", "quote": "Los ejemplos van desde el monolítico sitio de subastas eBay, con más de 12 millones de ítems para la venta, hasta los íntimos y terrenales clasificados de craigslist.org.", "page": "39", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Crazy Crab (Artist-Activist Collective)", "aliases": ["Crazy Crab (Artist-Activist Collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "information quality", "social cohesion", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Batman, Pandaman and the Blind Man: A Case Study in Social Change Memes and Internet Censorship in China", "author": "Mina, An Xiao", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organized an online action for netizens to post sunglasses selfies in support of Chen Guangcheng, creating a visible form of solidarity that evaded censors by appearing innocuous, fostering community and challenging state silence.", "quote": "In October 2011, the anonymous Chinese comic artist Crazy Crab organized an online action, asking netizens to send in pictures of themselves wearing sunglasses so he could post them to a central website...", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470412914546576", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2011–2014"}]}, {"name": "Creative Scotland", "aliases": ["Creative Scotland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural diversity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes and supports creative freedom in the UK across various artistic mediums, nurturing a diverse and vibrant creative sector, which indirectly works against rigid censorship by establishing norms of free expression.", "quote": "It has also benefitted from various institutions that promote and support creative freedom, such as the Arts Council of England, Creative Scotland, Arts Council of Wales, and Arts Council of Northern Ireland.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Creatour.pt (project)", "aliases": ["Creatour.pt (project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "cultural development", "economic development", "free speech", "innovation"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The project manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "CredCon", "aliases": ["CredCon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["hackathon / campaign (event organized by Credibility Coalition and Hacks/Hackers)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosts interdisciplinary hackathons producing prototypes, best-practice frameworks and project briefs (information/technical outputs) while leveraging sponsorship from major funders and platform-affiliated programs to shape credibility tools and practices.", "quote": "CredCon is a technology & ideas hackathon explicitly aimed at reducing misinformation online and strengthening content credibility, directly engaging platformized-content governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220121022815/https://www.credcon.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Credibility Coalition", "aliases": ["Credibility Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["information integrity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses feature-based approaches to identify signals for questionable or untrustworthy content, such as recently registered domains and clickbait headlines, to inform content moderation and machine learning efforts.", "quote": "Groups like the Credibility Coalition (formerly Credibility Working Group)... are using this approach... to identify signals to identify that content may be questionable or untrustworthy...", "page": "13", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Crisis Text Line", "aliases": ["Crisis Text Line"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["mental health non-profit; crisis support service"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes data and impact reports, runs public fundraising and petition campaigns (calling for a National Public Health Emergency), and operates messaging infrastructure (shortcodes and WhatsApp) that both provides service and shapes practice around digital crisis support.", "quote": "Primary mission is crisis intervention and mental health support via a text-based platform; also publishes 'Data & Impact' and 'Your Digital Rights' material indicating engagement with platform data/privacy practices without being chiefly a platform-governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.crisistextline.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CRISP", "aliases": ["CRISP"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research centre (surveillance, privacy, information governance)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CRISP produces research, organises seminars and doctoral training, and convenes panels at conferences to shape scholarly and policy debates on surveillance, privacy and AI-related misinformation.", "quote": "CRISP organises doctoral training, seminars and research on surveillance, privacy, disinformation and generative AI—issues directly tied to platform content and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.crisp-surveillance.com", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Critical Mass", "aliases": ["Critical Mass"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A radical cyclists' campaign that engages in direct action (campaigns) to further its causes, often through temporary formations for specific actions.", "quote": "Most are organizations without formal memberships, such as Earth First!; or temporary formations that come together for specific actions, such as the Earth Liberation Front and the radical cyclists' campaign, Critical Mass.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Critical Resistance", "aliases": ["Critical Resistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["penal reform", "prison abolition"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Penal moderation in the United States? Yes we can", "author": "M Bosworth", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Challenges the government's reliance on imprisonment and advocates for its outright abolition, participating in public discourse to shift penal policy.", "quote": "Outside the academy, a growing number of organizations seek to challenge the government's reliance on imprisonment from outright abolitionist groups like Critical Resistance", "page": "1", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/crpp10&section=39", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, California (with comparative notes on Europe)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Cross Examination Debate Association", "aliases": ["Cross Examination Debate Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "fairness"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Predisposed a questionnaire to evaluate the reception of its dispositions regarding debate accessibility and the rhetorical reorientation of debates through the inclusion of student and non-specialist judges.", "quote": "Un questionario fu predisposto per valutare la ricezione di alcune disposizioni della Cross Examination Debate Association (CEDA) riguardanti l‟accessibilità ai dibattiti di tutti i segmenti di popolazione e il riorientamento retorico dei dibattiti attraverso l‟inserimento in giuria di studenti e non specialisti.", "page": "63", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "CrossCheck (First Draft)", "aliases": ["CrossCheck (First Draft)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "factual accuracy"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts fact-checking and identifies cases of false information, particularly regarding political candidates and elections, to maintain integrity of public discourse.", "quote": "Ne offre un esempio il sito falso LeSoir.info che si spacciava per il quotidiano belga LeSoir.be diffondendo falsità sul presidente Emmanuel Macron durante la sua candidatura del 2017 (CrossCheck 2017).", "page": "128", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Crossref", "aliases": ["Crossref"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["data traceability", "information reliability"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Serves as a traditional agency for attributing DOIs to scientific articles, central to the techno-industrial strategy for tracking scientific content.", "quote": "Si Crossref est l’agence traditionnelle d’attribution de DOI aux articles scientifiques, l’agence DataCite, comme son nom l’indique, se spécialise dans l’attribution de DOI aux jeux de données, soit les produits de recherche prioritairement visés par les processus de déclaration (Schöpfel & Kergosien, 2021).", "page": "111", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Crowdleaks", "aliases": ["Crowdleaks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["information freedom", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A website where anonymous volunteers collaborate to interpret, translate, and disseminate leaked embassy cables, directly countering secrecy and facilitating information sharing.", "quote": "...het nieuw opgerichte Crowdleaks; een website waarbij anonieme vrijwilligers samenwerken – in een variant op Wikipedia - bij het interpreteren, vertalen en verspreiden van de door Wikileaks onthulde ambassadekabels.", "page": "17", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "Crowdsourced fact-checkers (on Twitter/X)", "aliases": ["Crowdsourced fact-checkers (on Twitter/X)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community values", "information quality"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participate in crowdsourced fact-checking programmes by adding contextual notes to posts and voting for helpful notes, contributing to content verification and influencing information flow.", "quote": "in 2021, Twitter/X launched a crowdsourced fact-checking programme that allows users to add contextual notes to posts and votes for the most helpful notes that will be publicly shown.", "page": "9", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Crunk Feminist Collective", "aliases": ["Crunk Feminist Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Coined and popularized the term 'misogynoir' to describe anti-Black racist misogyny experienced by Black women, providing a critical framework for analyzing online interactions and algorithmic discrimination.", "quote": "Moya Bailey calls misogynoir (Crunk Feminist Collective, March 2010), the “anti-Black racist misogyny that Black women experience.\"\"", "page": "4", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Cruzada Democrática Feminina", "aliases": ["Cruzada Democrática Feminina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-communist indoctrination campaigns, contributing to the broader mobilization of conservative women's groups in the early 1960s.", "quote": "Entre eles destacam-se a Liga das Mulheres Democráticas, em Belo Horizonte, a Cruzada Democrática Feminina, em Recife, e a Associação Democrática Feminina, em Porto Alegre.", "page": "234", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Crypto-Jewish Communities", "aliases": ["Crypto-Jewish Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "To maintain their Jewish faith clandestinely despite persecution, they developed strategies of secrecy and relied on oral tradition or reinterpreted Christian texts to extract Jewish information, often leading to internal self-censorship.", "quote": "El terreno tan hostil en que se movían hizo que las comunidades criptojudías se volvieran cada vez más cerradas, que idearan modos de reconocerse entre sí y que estuvieran unidas, además de por lazos de sangre, por el conocimiento de secretos mutuos.", "page": "197", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Crypto-Protestants", "aliases": ["Crypto-Protestants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Pursued radical criticism of the Inquisition and the fundamental legitimacy of the Church hierarchy, often in secret, challenging established religious norms and risking repression.", "quote": "Au sein des cercles érasmistes, voire crypto-protestants, la criti- que de l'Inquisition fut menée jusqu'à ses conclusions ultimes.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "CryptoHarlem", "aliases": ["CryptoHarlem"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community workshop group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Delivers hands-on workshops and public events to teach privacy and anti-surveillance practices, building community technical capacity and awareness around platform-related threats.", "quote": "Runs public workshops on privacy, anti-surveillance, and digital security, engaging with platform-related privacy and safety issues at a community level.", "page": "", "url": "https://cryptoharlem.party/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CTCL election official trainings", "aliases": ["CTCL election official trainings"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonpartisan civic tech / election administration nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "CTCL provides training curricula and grants to election offices, partners with technical and policy organizations (CDT, NIST, NSGIC), and funds local administration—shaping how officials communicate election information and manage misinformation on public platforms.", "quote": "Provides trainings and courses on 'Combating Election Misinformation' and 'Communicating Trusted Election Information' and runs programs that shape how election officials communicate and manage election-related information online.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techandciviclife.org/courses/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "CtrlSec", "aliases": ["CtrlSec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["national security", "public safety", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Focused on 'reporting ISIS sympathizers on Twitter', engaging in direct content moderation by flagging and seeking removal of undesirable content from the platform.", "quote": "‘CtrlSec’: a derivation of GhostSec, focusing on reporting ISIS sympathizers on Twitter;", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cubalex", "aliases": ["Cubalex"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Reported on sanctions against Cuban journalists and activists for Facebook publications, demonstrating the deterrent effect of fines on legitimate expression.", "quote": "Un informe de la organización Cubalex, concluyó que al menos 28 cubanos, en su mayoría periodistas y activistas, denunciaron haber sido sancionados por el contenido de sus publicaciones en Facebook.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Cuban American National Foundation", "aliases": ["Cuban American National Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Maintained websites in the US criticizing the Cuban regime, participating in the political discourse opposing the government.", "quote": "in the US, conservative groups such as the Cuban American National Foun-dation maintain web sites criticizing the regime.", "page": "16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Cultura Española", "aliases": ["Cultura Española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national identity", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A publishing house linked to monarchist-nationalist circles, it resumed activities under the new regime, aligning with the principles of Acción Española.", "quote": "El psiquiatra López Ibor también vuelve al redil monárquico de la mano de la Editorial Cultura Española, creada en 1932 y de cuya revitalización, inspirada en los principios de Acción Española, se ocupa ya en el mismo año 1938, también en relación con Sainz Rodríguez.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Cultural and Social Council of Women", "aliases": ["Cultural and Social Council of Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "legal reform", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Working to achieve concrete gains in women's rights, such as promoting women in advisory roles, establishing women's affairs offices, and reforming discriminatory civil code provisions.", "quote": "Nel 1987 nasce, sotto la supervisione del Consiglio della rivoluzione culturale, il Consiglio culturale e sociale delle donne. Grazie ad esso si riuscirà ad ottenere delle vittorie come la nomina di una donna consigliere per gli affari femminili del presidente della Repubblica; la creazione di un Ufficio degli affari femminili, nato nel 1991; la modifica di alcune norme del codice civile che riguardano lo statuto della donna e la legge sul divorzio; l’abrogazione di quelle che interdicono alle donne, o permettono solo parzialmente, alcuni percorsi universitari; la creazione di un ufficio per l’assistenza della famiglia; misure che favoriscono l’aumento di livelli di istruzione femminile e i soggiorni d’istruzione all’estero delle studentesse; progetti di educazione delle donne in materia di diritti e assistenza giudiziari; agenzie per l’occupazione femminile; l’istituzione di consultori familiari.", "page": "54", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Cultural Association of Egyptian Women", "aliases": ["Cultural Association of Egyptian Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Promoting women's rights and education, and involved in founding other feminist societies.", "quote": "Un’altra, l’Associazione Culturale delle Donne Egiziane, fondata nel 1914, ebbe tra le sue fondatrici Huda Sha’rawi, la più importante esponente del femminismo degli anni ’20 e ’30 e Mai Ziyada, intellettuale e scrittrice.", "page": "341", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication (CATaC)", "aliases": ["Cultural Attitudes Towards Technology and Communication (CATaC)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organizes biennial conferences to facilitate discussion and research on intercultural issues arising from information and communication technology.", "quote": "biennial conferences on “Cultural attitudes towards technology and communication” (CATaC) organized by Charles Ess and Fay Sudweeks since 1998.", "page": "641", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "CulturePulse Inc.", "aliases": ["CulturePulse Inc."], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Contributes research and expertise in communication, statistical analysis, and social networking technologies for developing new moderation systems.", "quote": "Justin E. Lane, D.Phil, CEO, CulturePulse Inc. Prof. F. LeRon Shults, Ph.D., Ph.D., University of Agder; CRO, CulturePulse Inc.", "page": "1", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "CUP fedâis", "aliases": ["CUP fedâis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control", "political loyalty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Operated as an unregistered paramilitary wing, carrying out extra-legal acts such as assassinations, beatings, and suppressing opposition to enforce the ruling party's control and circumvent legal accountability.", "quote": "The fedais were an off-shoot of the CUP's maintenance of its underground 'committee' characteristic even after its emergence as a legitimate political party. As unregistered volunteers, the fedais conveniently took the burden of legal accountability off the Party's shoulders whenever a misuse of power was in question, and performed all the unsavory tasks that an elected political party should have vowed to prevent.", "page": "33", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "CURE (Maryland parents organization)", "aliases": ["CURE (Maryland parents organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "parental rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "A Maryland parents organization that provided out-of-state speakers at Kanawha County hearings.", "quote": "Out-of-state speakers came from an Arizona publication, the Arizona legislature, the Heritage Foundation, Parents of New York United, the National Parents League... a Maryland parents organization called CURE, and a member of a Maryland board of education, among others.", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Cursos y Chompos Asperos Reload (Facebook group)", "aliases": ["Cursos y Chompos Asperos Reload (Facebook group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Perpetrated digital harassment and cyberbullying against a professor (Carolina Sanín) by publishing edited, misogynistic images and inciting threats, which contributed to her dismissal. They also later edited her Wikipedia page to focus on controversies.", "quote": "hace publica una imagen editada de la docente siendo golpeada con la descripción “When (cuando) el heteropatriarcado opresor te pone en tu lugar”", "page": "79", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Cuss Control Academy", "aliases": ["Cuss Control Academy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The academy runs workshops and publishes books (e.g., 'Cuss Control: The Complete Book on How to Curb Your Cursing') to educate people, especially parents, on reducing their use of profanity, vulgarity, obscenity, and offensive slang, thereby promoting 'taming the tongue' and improving social conduct.", "quote": "The institute runs workshops for those keen to reduce their use of profanity, vulgarity, obscenity, and offensive slang. For a reasonable fee, you can learn 'the ten tips for taming the tongue' and have the opportunity to practice them in pleasant surroundings where you can feel safe and understood, all the while knowing that you are improving both yourself and society.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Cyber Civil Rights Initiative", "aliases": ["Cyber Civil Rights Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["victim advocacy and digital civil rights NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "CCRI produces research and policy materials, files amicus briefs in major platform-related court cases (e.g., Gonzalez v. Google), advocates legislative reforms like the TAKE IT DOWN Act, and provides resources to tech companies and victims to shape platform practices.", "quote": "CCRI's core mission addresses technology-facilitated sexual abuse and its programmatic areas include tech policy, legislative reform, amicus briefs and engagement with tech companies, directly shaping platform governance and takedown practices.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.cybercivilrights.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cyber Collective", "aliases": ["Cyber Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital safety nonprofit / grassroots education organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes free resources and run trainings (Internet Street Smarts), mobilizes volunteers and community workshops across 131 countries, and frames data rights publicly via campaigns and merchandise to shift norms around platform safety.", "quote": "Core mission delivers digital safety, privacy and data-rights education and resources that shape how communities interact with consumer platforms and online information environments.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cybercollective.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cyber Threats Research Centre (CYTREC), Swansea University", "aliases": ["Cyber Threats Research Centre (CYTREC), Swansea University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research, publications and project partnerships to inform policy and practice on cyber threats and has participated in public consultations and partnered projects relevant to platform safety.", "quote": "Describes work 'assessing and responding to threats in cyberspace' (research/projects/partners) suggesting occasional engagement with platform governance topics (consultations, Christchurch Call referenced) but core mission is cyber threats research rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.swansea.ac.uk/law/cytrec/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Cyberhate Working Group", "aliases": ["Cyberhate Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "cyberhate"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Contributes to collaborative efforts to help technology companies articulate clear definitions for what constitutes hate speech and terrorist material in their content moderation policies.", "quote": "Basándose en el trabajo del Cyberhate Working Group y Global Network Initiative, una iniciativa de trabajo conjunto para ayudar a las empresas a articular lo que constituye el discurso de odio o el material terrorista.", "page": "32", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "CyberProfs Mailing List", "aliases": ["CyberProfs Mailing List"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This mailing list uses individual vetting of each subscriber, acting as an ex ante exclusion mechanism to control participation and ensure relevance.", "quote": "Mark Lemley individually vets each subscriber to the CyberProfs mailing list; for a time, Facebook was available only to users with a .edu email address.", "page": "15", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "CyberSafe Scotland", "aliases": ["CyberSafe Scotland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social enterprise; child protection NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Delivers training and guidance (including AI-generated CSAM guidance), ran campaigns on financially motivated sexual extortion, and founder serves on Aberdeen Child Protection Committee and advises International Justice Mission, positioning the organisation to inform policy and hold actors to account.", "quote": "Organisation's core mission is online child protection, provides guidance on AI-generated child sexual abuse material and campaigns on online sexual extortion, directly engaging platform content and safety issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cybersafescotland.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Czech Crypto Assets Association", "aliases": ["Czech Crypto Assets Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Lobbies against proposed regulations on crypto assets that would impose strict requirements and increase operational costs, advocating for policies that support small businesses in the crypto sector.", "quote": "The Czech Crypto Assets Association strongly criticised the Commission’s proposal. The main concerns come from strict requirements on crypto assets service providers, that may cause a significant increase in operational costs.", "page": "31", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Cámara Argentina de Comercio", "aliases": ["Cámara Argentina de Comercio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, expressing support for the military government's actions against 'subversion,' thereby legitimizing the regime's cultural control policies.", "quote": "Cámara Argentina de Comercio... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Argentina de Editores de Libros", "aliases": ["Cámara Argentina de Editores de Libros"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983 that echoed the military regime's discourse on 'subversion,' implicitly supporting cultural control despite being an industry that suffered from censorship.", "quote": "Cámara Argentina de Editores de Libros... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Argentina de Internet", "aliases": ["Cámara Argentina de Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intermediary protection"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Suggests state regulation align with the Pacto de San José de Costa Rica (which prohibits prior censorship and sets subsequent liabilities), and criticizes European copyright directives for holding intermediaries liable for third-party content.", "quote": "Regulación estatal puede tomar orientaciones del Pacto de San José de Costa Rica que prohíbe la censura previa y establece las responsabilidades ulteriores. La Directiva europea de Copyright es un mal ejemplo, responsabiliza a los intermediarios por contenidos de terceros.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Argentina de la Construcción", "aliases": ["Cámara Argentina de la Construcción"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and contributing to the regime's public image and ideological narrative.", "quote": "Cámara Argentina de la Construcción... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Cámara de Radiodifusión (Venezuela)", "aliases": ["Cámara de Radiodifusión (Venezuela)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Transmitted a public political encounter between presidential candidates via its affiliated radio and television stations.", "quote": "Koeneke (2012) relata que este fue transmitido por las estaciones de radio y la televisión afiliadas a la Cámara de radiodifusión.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Nacional de la Industria de Radio y Televisión (CIRT)", "aliases": ["Cámara Nacional de la Industria de Radio y Televisión (CIRT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public morals", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Proposed and established agreements with state governments to prohibit the diffusion of corridos related to drug trafficking, citing ethical protection of children and youth, and later aimed to promote self-regulation measures.", "quote": "Representantes de distintos partidos políticos en varias partes del país y de las Cámaras de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (CIRT)... han propuesto en años recientes medidas encaminadas a la prohibición de la difusión de los corridos que narran historias relacionadas con el tráfico de sustancias ilícitas.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Nacional de la Industria de Radio y Televisión (CIRT) in Michoacán", "aliases": ["Cámara Nacional de la Industria de Radio y Televisión (CIRT) in Michoacán"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical principles", "harm reduction", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Repeatedly proposed banning 'narcocorridos' in Michoacán, advocating for self-regulation among local broadcasters to protect societal values from the perceived negative influence of such music.", "quote": "En Michoacán, Arturo Herrera Cornejo, líder de la CIRT en esa entidad, dijo que había propuesto “vetar los narcocorridos” la primera vez que dirigió dicha institución, en 1996, pero que no había tenido éxito.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Cámara Venezolana de Televisión", "aliases": ["Cámara Venezolana de Televisión"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized a presidential debate in collaboration with commercial television stations, setting the format and rules for candidate interventions.", "quote": "Estuvo organizado por la Cámara Venezolana de Televisión en conjunto con Venevisión, Venezolana de Televisión y RCTV.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Câmara Brasileira do Livro (CBL)", "aliases": ["Câmara Brasileira do Livro (CBL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "cultural value", "literary quality"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Awarded the Jabuti Prize to books that documented the military dictatorship period, acknowledging their significance in Brazilian literature.", "quote": "O Que É Isso Companheiro? e Os Carbonários ganharam o Prêmio Jabuti, da Câmara Brasileira do Livro, CBL, na categoria biografia em 1980 e 1981, respectivamente.", "page": "79", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Câmara Corporativa", "aliases": ["Câmara Corporativa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "social order"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Analyzed and provided opinions on colonial legislative projects, often raising concerns about the general applicability of plans and the need to respect local customs, thereby participating in policy moderation.", "quote": "A Câmara, embora aceitando o projeto no essencial, chamou a atenção para um aspeto que não se compadecia da generalidade da planificação", "page": "219", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Círculo de Cultura Teatral", "aliases": ["Círculo de Cultura Teatral"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cultural association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "artistic innovation", "cultural development"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Championed the staging of new Portuguese dramatists whose controversial plays faced public backlash and demands for censorship from religious groups, leading to some members' resignation, but also gaining new members.", "quote": "Os sócios aos quais Ramos de Almeida se refere estão ligados ao Círculo de Cultura Teatral, uma associação que dirige o Teatro Experimental do Porto (TEP). (...) o Círculo Cultural de Teatro/TEP perdeu trezentos associados, pôde contar com a adesão de muitos mais.", "page": "239", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Círculo de Periodistas del Guayas (Ecuador)", "aliases": ["Círculo de Periodistas del Guayas (Ecuador)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized the first televised presidential debate in Ecuador, focusing on several key public policy themes.", "quote": "Estuvo organizado por el Círculo de Periodistas del Guayas, provincia de la cual Roldós había sido diputado en el período 1968-1970 (Zapata Mora, 2017).", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Círculo Operário de Belo Horizonte", "aliases": ["Círculo Operário de Belo Horizonte"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "religious morality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the Movimento por um Mundo Cristão to lobby for stricter censorship of media content deemed morally offensive, particularly films.", "quote": "...o MMC conseguiu articular-se a uma série de outras entidades, entre elas a Associação das Mães Cristãs, a Federação dos Trabalhadores Cristãos de Minas Gerais e o Círculo Operário de Belo Horizonte...", "page": "232", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Código Brasileiro de Autorregulamentação Publicitária", "aliases": ["Código Brasileiro de Autorregulamentação Publicitária"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "human rights", "veracity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DA ESPIRAL DO SILÊNCIO À BARBÁRIE DIGITAL: OS DESAFIOS JURÍDICOS DA LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO FRENTE À IMUNIDADE DAS PLATAFORMAS E À …", "author": "LFS Leal, BR de Vasconcelos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "CONAR is a self-regulatory body for advertising that establishes criteria for veracity, respect for fundamental rights, and ethical limits on content, which broadcasting companies are required to follow. This functions as a form of private moderation.", "quote": "Estas, por força de legislação específica e dos mecanismos de autorregulação publicitária, como os previstos no Código Brasileiro de Autorregulamentação Publicitária do CONAR, devem observar critérios de veracidade, respeito aos direitos fundamentais e limites éticos no conteúdo que divulgam ou patrocinam.", "page": "17", "url": "https://periodicos.pucminas.br/Direito/article/view/36256", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century, contemporary digital age"}]}, {"name": "DAIR Institute", "aliases": ["DAIR Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent research institute / advocacy-research group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Labour rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025; Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces community-rooted research used to inform congressional inquiries, issues public statements applauding oversight actions, and develops frameworks/tools for non-exploitative AI practice; collaborates with advocacy groups (e.g., Turkopticon).", "quote": "Conducts community-rooted AI research exposing harms, advocates for transparency and accountability of Big Tech and data-worker protections tied to platformized AI systems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dair-institute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Dalit Lives Matter", "aliases": ["Dalit Lives Matter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Pakistan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media Platforms and Freedom of Expression Norms", "author": "Arun, Chinmayi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Inspired by another major social movement, it represents a specific social justice movement that uses social media to articulate demands and mobilize support in India.", "quote": "Black Lives Matter inspired Dalit Lives Matter in India.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global; with specific examples from India, US, France, Pakistan, China, Germany", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Danish Chamber of Commerce", "aliases": ["Danish Chamber of Commerce"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["business and employers' association / industry association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Acts as an influential lobbyist representing members' interests to regional, national and international policymakers; provides expert advice, events and networks to shape policy and business conditions.", "quote": "Provides policy advice, hosts AI-portal and seminars on digital trends/GDPR, and exerts political influence on behalf of business members, indicating engagement with platform-related policy debates without being primarily a platform-governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.danskerhverv.dk/Medlemskab-og-netvaerk/engelsk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Dansk IT - The Danish IT Society", "aliases": ["Dansk IT - The Danish IT Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Capacity building", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Dansk IT provides training and certification, produces expertise used in legislative consultations, and convenes professional networks, enabling information provision and leverage in policymaking processes.", "quote": "Dansk IT is primarily a professional association focused on digital skills and capacity building but is 'a relevant participant in the debate on information technology' and 'consultative parties for the legislation', indicating occasional engagement with platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://digital-skills-jobs.europa.eu/en/organisations/dansk-it", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Daphne Keller's Post - LinkedIn", "aliases": ["Daphne Keller's Post - LinkedIn"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research/teaching program (individual actor affiliated)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "As Director of Platform Regulation at Stanford PLST, Keller disseminates policy drafts (Council of Europe), solicits expert comments, and leverages academic and policy networks to shape platform governance debates.", "quote": "Daphne Keller (Director of Platform Regulation at Stanford PLST) actively promotes commentary on a Council of Europe draft recommendation on platform user empowerment, distributed moderation, middleware and interoperability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/daphnekeller_here-is-an-interesting-opportunity-to-help-activity-7355659883792265219-JIiQ", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Dark Patterns - Webhelm", "aliases": ["Dark Patterns - Webhelm"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media literacy / media education project (non-profit institute)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes explanatory articles, guidance and educational starterkits for children, parents and educators to recognise and resist dark patterns and data-monetisation practices on platforms.", "quote": "Provides educational resources and guidance on dark patterns, data monetization and privacy aimed at children and youth, engaging with platform-related harms but as part of media education rather than platform governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://webhelm.de/dark-patterns/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Dart Center Europe", "aliases": ["Dart Center Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "victim protection"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes tips for journalists on ethical reporting of sexual violence, emphasizing victim respect and meticulous writing.", "quote": "Reporting on sexual violence. A Dart Center Europe tip sheet. Dart Center Europa, 2011... recoge una serie de consejos que vuelcan esencialmente sobre la necesidad de informarse previamente sobre el fenómeno...", "page": "327", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Darul Islam / Tentara Islam Indonesia", "aliases": ["Darul Islam / Tentara Islam Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in armed rebellion and challenged the state's philosophical basis by seeking to replace Pancasila with Islamic law, leading to government repression against Islamic groups.", "quote": "The movement triggered President Suharto's negative sentiments towards Islamic groups in the early days of the New Order Regime. The New Order Regime considered this Islamic group as political Islam, desiring the replacement of Pancasila as the philosophical basis of the state.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia", "aliases": ["Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious law", "theocratic governance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Led a rebellion to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia, committing acts of violence and spreading radical ideologies, thereby attempting to impose a specific ideological framework through armed conflict.", "quote": "One example is the Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII) rebellion led by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo. DI/TII, which emerged in 1949, aimed to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia (Awaluddin & Fajar, 2024).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Daryl Davis", "aliases": ["Daryl Davis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate", "deradicalization", "racial justice", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Employs a strategy of communication, friendship, and respectful dialogue to deradicalize individuals (e.g., KKK members), serving as a model for an alternative approach to combating extremism online and offline.", "quote": "We are also led by Daryl Davis, a musician who, through communication and friendship, has helped more than 200 members of the Ku Klux Klan remove their hoods and permanently leave the group.", "page": "3", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Das Deutsche Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet (DIVSI)", "aliases": ["Das Deutsche Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet (DIVSI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and policy institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "DIVSI publishes studies and magazines, organises forums (DIVSI-Bucerius-Forum), and convenes stakeholders to shape debates on trust, safety and regulatory responses to internet risks.", "quote": "DIVSI conducts studies, policy forums and public programs on trust, safety, hate speech and digital governance directly relevant to platform content and user-safety debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.divsi.de/publikationen/studien/divsi-milieu-studie/das-deutsche-institut-fuer-vertrauen-und-sicherheit-im-internet-divsi/index.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Das Menschenrecht auf Meinungsfreiheit und Zugang zu ...", "aliases": ["Das Menschenrecht auf Meinungsfreiheit und Zugang zu ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national human rights institution / research and advocacy institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "The institute produces guidance and tools for states and development actors, advises on human-rights compliant legislation, and provides trainings and resources to strengthen freedom of expression and access to information, thereby shaping policy and accountability.", "quote": "The institute's publication directly addresses the right to freedom of expression and access to information, including internet-based media and constraints on online content, advising states and development cooperation on related policies.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/E-Info-Tool/e-info-tool_das_recht_auf_meinungsfreiheit_und_zugang_zu_information_in_der_ez.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Das muss doch gesagt werden dürfen!?", "aliases": ["Das muss doch gesagt werden dürfen!?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious educational institution / city academy"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Hosts expert-led seminars and public events (e.g., \"Zensur in Social Media\") to inform and shape public debate; events are publicly promoted and funded by a state ministry.", "quote": "Organises public seminars addressing 'Zensur in Social Media' and discusses algorithms and AI as potential censorship tools, but core mission is civic/religious education rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bayern-evangelisch.de/includes/terminkalender/termineservice.php?etID=7430922", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data 4 Change", "aliases": ["Data 4 Change"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["data-driven advocacy and design non-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Delivers data storytelling, design sprints and training to civil-society organisations, producing data-driven campaigns and prototypes that inform advocacy and engagement with platform-related issues.", "quote": "Core mission is data-driven social change and capacity-building, with occasional projects and events addressing digital rights, freedom of expression and platform-related campaigns.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.data4chan.ge/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data 4 Public Good", "aliases": ["Data 4 Public Good"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["initiative / conference / collective (community-focused data justice initiative)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs conferences and fellowships, publishes policy briefs (e.g., JPA policy brief), and convenes community stakeholders to shape discourse on data justice and surveillance practices.", "quote": "Hosts Data 4 Public Good conference and initiatives addressing digital justice, data privacy, AI, and youth surveillance, directly engaging debates about technology, data and civil liberties relevant to platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tciamn.org/d4pg", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data Collaboratives", "aliases": ["Data Collaboratives"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research initiative / knowledge platform (The GovLab)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes the Data Collaboratives Explorer and Guides to shape practice and provides a Data Responsibility Framework; partners with major organizations to enable data-sharing projects involving platform data.", "quote": "Focuses on enabling data-sharing between sectors and documents cases (e.g., Twitter Academic Data Grants, collaborative study to diminish abuse on Twitter) that touch platform data access and research but does not primarily pursue platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://datacollaboratives.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data Cooperatives", "aliases": ["Data Cooperatives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data governance", "data rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organizations for collective bargaining of data creators, similar to data unions, often forming with government support.", "quote": "data trusts (Delacroix and Lawrence 2019), data cooperatives (Hardjono and Pentland 2023), etc. Such organizations are increasingly forming with support from governments in India and Taiwan.", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "Data Detox Kit", "aliases": ["Data Detox Kit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society project; educational resource by NGO (Tactical Tech)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes multilingual practical guides and runs workshops on AI, privacy, misinformation and online harms to shape public understanding and digital practices.", "quote": "Provides multilingual public guides and workshops on AI, misinformation, privacy and online harms that touch on platform governance but is primarily an educational/resource project rather than a policy advocacy body.", "page": "", "url": "https://datadetoxkit.org/en/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data Privacy Brasil", "aliases": ["Data Privacy Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Expresses concern about government data collection and its uses, particularly via health apps during the pandemic.", "quote": "Preocupación por la recopilación de datos y los usos que hacen los gobiernos a través de las aplicaciones, entre ellas, las de salud en tiempos de pandemia.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Data Privacy Brasil Research Association", "aliases": ["Data Privacy Brasil Research Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "human rights", "information security", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided technical notes on the PL 2630/2020, arguing that rigid traceability systems could be circumvented by bad actors and impact ordinary citizens' privacy, and proposed alternatives.", "quote": "A esse respeito, a nota da organização Data Privacy Brasil traz um trecho elucidativo: Ao criar um sistema rígido ou uma padronização para a rastreabilidade de mensagens, é provável que isso abra a oportunidade de técnicas para \"enganar o sistema\"\" (game the system).\"", "page": "84", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Data Quality Summit", "aliases": ["Data Quality Summit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provides an international forum for the study of information quality strategies, fostering collaboration and development in the field.", "quote": "The Data Quality Summit now provides an international forum for the study of information quality strategies.", "page": "309", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Data Science for Social Good, UChicago", "aliases": ["Data Science for Social Good, UChicago"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["education & fellowship program run by a foundation and university"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DSSG runs applied projects and produces code, reports and trained practitioners who partner with governments and nonprofits, creating actionable data analyses and prototypes that can inform policy and operational decisions.", "quote": "DSSG trains data scientists on AI/ML for social impact and runs projects with governments and nonprofits; platform governance is not a core mission though some projects may touch on related issues (equity, algorithmic impacts).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dssgfellowship.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Data Transfer Initiative", "aliases": ["Data Transfer Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data security", "interoperability", "privacy", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Explores and develops methods for establishing trust between parties in data transfers, which is crucial for middleware providers to securely access and process platform data.", "quote": "The DMA gives platforms some discretion to reject third parties that are deemed untrustworthy, which has spawned efforts to develop new methods for establishing trust between parties.133", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Data Transparency Group", "aliases": ["Data Transparency Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["due process", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides suggestions that contribute to policy recommendations for transparency requirements and due process in content moderation for digital platforms.", "quote": "Todas essas recomendações, feitas por Mark Maccarthy, estão baseadas em sugestões de grupos que analisam as atuais práticas de transparência das plataformas digitais, incluindo a Comissão Europeia, o Institute for Strategic Dialogue e o Data Transparency Group, bem como se beneficiaram das medidas de devido processo propostas nos Princípios de Santa Clara.", "page": "139", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}]}, {"name": "Data Trusts", "aliases": ["Data Trusts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data governance", "data privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organizations for collective bargaining of data creators, similar to data unions, often forming with government support.", "quote": "data trusts (Delacroix and Lawrence 2019), data cooperatives (Hardjono and Pentland 2023), etc. Such organizations are increasingly forming with support from governments in India and Taiwan.", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "Data Unions", "aliases": ["Data Unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data rights", "economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organizations for collective bargaining of data creators to ensure fair compensation, recognition, and working conditions for 'data labor.'", "quote": "collective bargaining of data creators through organizations variously called data unions (Posner and Weyl 2018), mediators of individual data (Lanier and Weyl 2018), data trusts...", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "data work platforms", "aliases": ["data work platforms"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5"], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Engage workers for preference selection, safety evaluation, and adversarial testing to improve Anthropic's models, ensuring fair and ethical compensation and safe workplace practices.", "quote": "Anthropic partners with data work platforms to engage workers who help improve our models through preference selection, safety evaluation, and adversarial testing.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Data Workers Inquiry", "aliases": ["Data Workers Inquiry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Has data workers leading research in their workplaces, oriented toward their own needs and goals related to online trust and safety and community solutions.", "quote": "Organizations such as Distributed AI Research Institute (DAIR) are focusing on community-rooted research, including the Data Workers Inquiry which has data workers leading research...", "page": "162", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "DataCite", "aliases": ["DataCite"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["data traceability", "information reliability", "open science"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Specializes in attributing DOIs to datasets, reinforcing the 'power of DOI' to connect evidence consumers to producers and enabling massive declaration of datasets globally through services like DataCite Fabrica.", "quote": "L’agence DataCite, comme son nom l’indique, se spécialise dans l’attribution de DOI aux jeux de données, soit les produits de recherche prioritairement visés par les processus de déclaration (Schöpfel & Kergosien, 2021). L’année 2018 a marqué un nouvel élan techno-industriel pour DataCite avec le lancement du service DataCite Fabrica (Liu, 2021).", "page": "111", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "dataethics.eu", "aliases": ["dataethics.eu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["politically independent think/do tank"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produces research, white papers and tools (Data Ethics Tools, Readiness Test), participates in AI standardisation and EU/global initiatives, convenes conferences and a closed industry network, and has received foundation grants to influence procurement and policy debates.", "quote": "Conducts interdisciplinary research on data and AI, participates in standardisation initiatives and EU/global initiatives, and produces tools and guidance aimed at shaping data/AI governance and platform practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://dataethics.eu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DataKind", "aliases": ["DataKind"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["data science for social good non-profit / civic tech NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Produces toolkits and products (Data Observation Toolkit, Humanitarian AI Assistant), runs DataDive volunteer events, and partners with major tech funders and organizations to apply data science in social-sector projects.", "quote": "Core mission is applying data science and AI to social-sector problems; has produced AI ethics materials and partnered with tech actors but does not primarily focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.datakind.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Datteltäter", "aliases": ["Datteltäter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["pluralism", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A youth group that creates satirical content on YouTube, using humor to undermine Islamist extremism and correct stereotypes about Muslims, targeting a broad general audience as well as Muslim youth.", "quote": "aim of establishing a \"caliphate of satire\"\" on YouTube that would undermine", "page": "through humour", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Daughters of Hagar", "aliases": ["Daughters of Hagar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "harm reduction", "privacy", "religious principles", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Promoting and publishing an 'Islamic Charter of Women's Rights' that articulates specific rights for Muslim women.", "quote": "Compilata da Asra Nomani, è stat promossa negli Stati Uniti nel 2004 dalle Figlie di Agar, un gruppo di sette influenti fem ministe progressiste musulmane. I dieci diritti elencati sono: [list of rights]", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "DAV (Deutscher Anwaltverein)", "aliases": ["DAV (Deutscher Anwaltverein)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / bar association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1871, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "1871", "mechanism": "DAV publishes the Anwaltsblatt, organises training/events and represents the legal profession in debates on GDPR, AI and social-media-related legal issues, leveraging professional authority to influence policy and practice.", "quote": "DAV is primarily a legal professional association (interests, training, publications) but publishes on GDPR, AI in lawyering, and social media topics, engaging on platform-related legal issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://anwaltverein.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "David and Lucile Packard Foundation", "aliases": ["David and Lucile Packard Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["private foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1964", "mechanism": "The foundation deploys large grantmaking resources (multibillion-dollar endowment, hundreds of grants annually) to fund research, coalitions, and programs shaping democracy and technology practices, including initiatives on election integrity and responsible technology.", "quote": "The foundation launched a 'Democracy, Rights, and Governance' initiative focused on strengthening democratic values and 'developing responsible practices for new technologies', including work on safe, secure, and accurate elections.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.packard.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "David e Golias", "aliases": ["David e Golias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Staged a translation of 'À Espera de Godot', contributing to the circulation and reception of a play previously subject to censorship.", "quote": "panhia David e Golias (isto depois de em 1998 ter havido uma encenação deste texto pela Seiva Trupe com tradução de Isabel Alves)", "page": "74", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "David Lazzaretti's political movement", "aliases": ["David Lazzaretti's political movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Classical antiquity to 19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the subaltern and the question of censorship in Gramsci's <i>Prison Notebooks</i>", "author": "Green, Marcus E", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "While not directly engaged in censorship, the movement was subjected to social moderation by dominant Italian intellectuals and narratives. Its political and religious dissent was portrayed as pathological or abnormal, thereby invalidating and depoliticizing its significance.", "quote": "Dominant interpretations viewed Lazzaretti as psychologically mad and abnormal, as if political and religious dissent signified inappropriate responses to political discontent.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13688790.2011.641913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy (Ancient Rome, medieval communes, Risorgimento)", "when": "Classical antiquity to late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Dayak people", "aliases": ["Dayak people"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formulated conspiracist narratives accusing security forces of intentionally creating disorder to justify their own actions or explain events.", "quote": "Dayak and Madurese leaders accused security forces of intentionally creating dis order in order to create a climate of instability that would allow for a re-establishment of order.", "page": "643", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Daypop", "aliases": ["Daypop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A metasite that tracks and indexes popular links and news stories within the weblogging community, providing a classification of popularity to help users find relevant information.", "quote": "Segundo, la blogósfera es alimentada por metasitios como Daypop, Blogdex del MIT, Technorati y otros. Estos sitios siguen los ítems que están enlazados y hablan sobre los weblogs", "page": "27", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "DC Inside", "aliases": ["DC Inside"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["public discourse", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Serves as a popular online forum for political discussion and social expression in South Korea, including #MeToo related discussions.", "quote": "For the Ahn Hee-jung case, we focus on publicly available posts on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and two most popular Korean forums:1 Nate Pann (pann.nate.com) and DC Inside (dcinside.com).", "page": "115", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Deaf Leadership (collective actor)", "aliases": ["Deaf Leadership (collective actor)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "political representation", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized Facebook groups and public hearings to articulate demands and positions on deaf education models (bilingual, special, inclusive).", "quote": "investigou as demandas por representação proferidas: (a) em um grupo fechado de lideranças surdas organizado no Facebook, (b) em uma audiência pública realizada na Procuradoria Federal dos Direitos do Cidadão em dezembro de 2011 e (c) no Grupo de Trabalho sobre Educação da Conferência Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência realizada em dezembro de 2012.", "page": "143", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s Cathedral", "aliases": ["Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s Cathedral"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a landlord and institutional authority, it tolerated a commercial playhouse within its jurisdiction, but also made attempts to curb 'disorderly goings-on' in the church area, implying a role in informal regulation.", "quote": "The exact location of Paul’s playhouse is not known. According to Reavley Gair the theatre was in a private building in the north-west corner of the Chapter House precinct of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Whatever its precise location, it was definitely within the liberty of the Cathedral, exempt from the city’s jurisdiction and apparently tolerated by the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s.", "page": "41", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "DeathNET", "aliases": ["DeathNET"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "individual autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates a web site specializing in death and dying, serving as a virtual encyclopedia and a forum for sharing personal stories and promoting individual choice in end-of-life decisions.", "quote": "DeathNET claims to be the first web site to specialize in death and dying, serving as a 'uniquely valuable resource' and a 'state-of-the-art web-based information service' for right-to-die advocates.", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Debate Advisory Standards Project", "aliases": ["Debate Advisory Standards Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public discourse quality"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling the 2012 Republican primary debates: why the structure of the television moderators' questions matters", "author": "PH Brown", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This joint project established a '10 percent' support threshold for candidates to be included in the analysis of primary debates, effectively setting a standard for which candidates were considered viable enough for substantive research and discussion.", "quote": "All candidates who, in at least one poll, met the “10 percent” support threshold established by the Debate Advisory Standards Project (a joint project of Pew Center and Knight Center) were specifically analyzed.", "page": "70", "url": "https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/f708ae8e-7969-4c78-a4b8-7d9e56b56aca", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Republican primary debates", "when": "2012 Republican primary season"}]}, {"name": "DebateGraph", "aliases": ["DebateGraph"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["deliberation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Used in governmental and third-sector deliberative consultations to visualize arguments and facilitate discussions, influencing how debates are structured.", "quote": "Such systems are yet to have a widespread impact on the norms of online participation, though examples such as DebateGraph have been used in a number of governmental and third-sector-initiated deliberative consultations and may well in the future become useful facilitators of deliberative consultation (Iandoli et al., 2012, King, 2018).", "page": "146", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Debates International", "aliases": ["Debates International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis y comparativa de los debates políticos de primer nivel en España (2012 y 2016) y Serbia (2016): nuevos formatos televisivos para nuevos escenarios …", "author": "M Micovic, M Gallego-Reguera", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates as an international organization dedicated to the organization of debates in various countries, implying its role in establishing and promoting standards or best practices for public political debates.", "quote": "CeSID es miembro de la organización Debates International, dedicada a la organización de debates en diferentes países del mundo (http://www.debatesinternational.org/).", "page": "4", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d87f3a4515ea616d1672d46e30b8906/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1216381", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Serbia", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Debian Project", "aliases": ["Debian Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Are community-driven open-source operating systems that include software packages for Multipath TCP, contributing to its development and adoption by users and developers.", "quote": "It hosts the Debian and Ubuntu packages for the Multipath TCP kernel and is thus often used by Multipath TCP developers.", "page": "237", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Debian Project community", "aliases": ["Debian Project community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "North America"], "media": ["Debian Project", "League of Legends", "Weibo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["political stability", "self-governance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo", "author": "Kou, Yubo; Gui, Xinning; Zhang, Shaozeng; Nardi, Bonnie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This open-source community self-organized to develop a stable governance structure with emergent authority roles for its leadership to manage community issues.", "quote": "O'Mahony and Ferraro's study of the Debian community [38], for instance, reported that participants gradually developed a stable governance structure with a leader, marking a recognition of hierarchy in governing the community.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134697", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "League of Legends (North America Server), Weibo (China), Wikipedia, Debian Project", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Debunking 9/11", "aliases": ["Debunking 9/11"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation, or mockery of conspiracy theories, specifically those related to 9/11.", "quote": "websites like HoaxBuster, Snopes, Debunkin911 or ConspiracyWatch (Giry 2014), short (web) television programmes ... engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Decentralized Science", "aliases": ["Decentralized Science"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["academic publishing"], "norms": ["decentralization", "equitable funding", "fairness", "open science", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The end of trust and safety?: Examining the future of content moderation and upheavals in professional online safety efforts", "author": "RE Moran, J Schafer, M Bayar, K Starbird", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Aims to transform science by leveraging blockchain technologies to launch decentralized journals and develop new funding models, addressing issues like lack of transparency, biases, and oligopoly in traditional scientific publishing and funding systems.", "quote": "DeSci is a more recent movement that aims to transform science with blockchain technologies, for example by launching decentralized journals instead of traditional ones.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713662", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (academic publishing and decentralized science)", "when": "Late 20th century – 2025"}]}, {"name": "Decidim (Project)", "aliases": ["Decidim (Project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["disagreement", "quality of deliberation", "reciprocity"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comparer les débats politiques en ligne: Complexité rhétorique et régimes argumentatifs dans les plateformes Idées Paris et Conférence sur l'avenir de l'Europe", "author": "FL Vigni", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Decidim provides an open-source platform framework that structures online deliberation, incorporating features such as negative voting on comments, which has been shown to encourage disagreement and reciprocity, thereby enhancing the quality of debate.", "quote": "Des chercheurs à l'origine de Decidim ont démontré que l'introduction du vote négatif sur les commentaires incite au désaccord et donc à la réciprocité, améliorant par là-même la qualité de la délibération (Aragón et al., 2017).", "page": "13", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/view/78293", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms in France, European Union, Spain, and Italy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Defective by Design: We oppose DRM.", "aliases": ["Defective by Design: We oppose DRM."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["campaign (Free Software Foundation campaign)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Organizes public campaigns, action days, and targeted pressure (e.g. Amazon product review campaigns) to force corporate changes on DRM policies and raise public awareness about platform restrictions.", "quote": "Runs targeted campaigns and actions against major platform companies (Amazon, Apple, streaming services) to remove DRM and pressure platform practices affecting user freedoms and content access.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.defectivebydesign.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Defending Civil Society - World Movement for Democracy", "aliases": ["Defending Civil Society - World Movement for Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global civil society network / advocacy project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Civic engagement", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and toolkits, issues DemocracyAlerts, mobilizes diplomatic communities and working groups, and coordinates global advocacy to pressure governments and support CSOs.", "quote": "The project focuses on defending civic space and supporting CSOs globally; it occasionally addresses digital/media channels (e.g., social media) but its core mission is legal and civic-space protection rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.movedemocracy.org/defending-democratic-space/defending-civil-society", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Defending Rights & Dissent", "aliases": ["Defending Rights & Dissent"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on anti-protest bills (critical infrastructure laws) that aim to criminalize dissent and suppress social movements related to fossil fuel projects.", "quote": "According to Defending Rights and Dissent: ... These bills are a direct response to the indigenous-led protests at Standing Rock, and are designed to stifle debate and silence opposition to pipelines and other extractive industry projects.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Defense groups", "aliases": ["Defense groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate social responsibility", "online abuse", "online safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engage in discussions with technology companies, advocating for the prohibition of various types of content, including threats, cyberbullying, non-consensual pornography, and hate speech, leading to their inclusion in platform policies.", "quote": "Las amenazas, el acoso cibernético, la pornografía no consensual y el discurso de odio fueron prohibidos después de largas discusiones con grupos de defensas.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Deklaration für Meinungsfreiheit", "aliases": ["Deklaration für Meinungsfreiheit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issued public criticism of the NetzDG, positioning itself as an advocate for freedom of opinion against perceived censorship by the new law.", "quote": "Accordingly, the introduction of the NetzDG has created the situation that the new law in its present form is not only maligned as a censorship law by right-wing activists, but has also been the subject of criticism by many democratic actors, for example in the Declaration for Freedom of Opinion.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Delhi Commission for Women", "aliases": ["Delhi Commission for Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "women's rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Filed a suo moto complaint with police regarding obscene comments against Muslim women on an online platform, drawing attention to online abuse.", "quote": "Soon after, the Delhi Commission for Women, a statutory body for protecting women’s rights, filed a complaint with the Delhi police drawing attention to the “obscene comments against Muslim women” on yet another platform, Clubhouse...", "page": "121", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Deliberative Minipublics (including Citizen Assemblies, Citizen Juries, Deliberative Polls)", "aliases": ["Deliberative Minipublics (including Citizen Assemblies, Citizen Juries, Deliberative Polls)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La democracia deliberativa tras la transformación digital de la esfera pública", "author": "C Lafont", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These forums facilitate informed and high-quality deliberation among a descriptively representative sample of citizens. They help filter irrelevant or manipulative information, highlight essential considerations, and distinguish reasonable arguments to structure public discourse, thereby promoting the concerns of marginalized groups.", "quote": "Los minipúblicos facilitan una deliberación informada y de alta calidad en torno a decisiones políticas importantes entre una muestra aleatoria de ciudadanos que es representativa desde un punto de vista descriptivo del electorado que estará sujeto a las decisiones en cuestión.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.rld.sociales.unam.mx/index.php/relade/article/view/4", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Contemporary democratic societies, digital public sphere", "when": "Post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Democracia real YA!", "aliases": ["Democracia real YA!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["competition", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Served as a media hub for a densely populated and effective organization, including links to local city nodes and international solidarity networks, to coordinate protests.", "quote": "The most visible organization con sisted of the richly layered digital and interpersonal communication networks cen tering around the media hub of Democracia real YA!4 This network included links to more than 80 local Spanish city nodes, and a number of international solidarity networks.", "page": "300", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Democracy Club (UK)", "aliases": ["Democracy Club (UK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community interest company; civic tech non-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Publishes open election data and operates APIs used by millions (14m users in 2024), supplies data to the Electoral Commission, and partners with civil society and platforms to increase voter access.", "quote": "Builds digital election infrastructure and open election data used by civil society and social media companies, but core mission is electoral information rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://democracyclub.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Democracy Forum", "aliases": ["Democracy Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free discussion", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Provided a dedicated online discussion space within Xici Alleys for focusing on China's political reform, facilitating discourse on sensitive civic matters that were otherwise unusual online.", "quote": "Xici had groups such as the Democracy Forum (min zhu lun tan) focusing on China's political reform... it was unusual to find such groups on the Chinese web.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Democracy Reporting International", "aliases": ["Democracy Reporting International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "supported studies monitoring propaganda and disinformation on social networks during electoral campaigns.", "quote": "MediaLab from ISCTE, with the support of Democracy Reporting International and in cooperation with the newspaper “Diário de Notícias”", "page": "212", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Democratic National Committee", "aliases": ["Democratic National Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["content regulation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Restrictions of Speech Because of Its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions", "author": "Stone, Geoffrey R.", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "As a political organization, it sought to purchase advertising time on broadcast media to express its views on controversial issues, challenging broadcasters' policies to refuse such sales. This action directly challenged restrictions on political speech in a commercial context.", "quote": "CBS v. Democratic National Committee posed the question whether radio and television broadcasters could, with FCC approval, constitutionally refuse to sell advertising time to groups or individuals seeking to express their views on controversial issues of public importance.", "page": "88", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599289?origin=crossref", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "Democratic Party (PD)", "aliases": ["Democratic Party (PD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic freedom", "individual rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Formed by former ERP and RN leaders who split from the FMLN, the PD fully embraced liberal democracy and free markets. Its electoral performance demonstrated the limitations of excessive moderation without strong support base mobilization, hindering its political success.", "quote": "The crisis led to the ERP and the RN abandoning the FMLN by late 1994, and founding a new party called Partido Demócrata (PD Democratic Party) (Wade 2016: 93). The PD's support for the 1995 San Andrés pact signalled unequivocally that the PD had fully accepted a post-war regime built on liberal democracy and free markets.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Democratic Party (U.S.)", "aliases": ["Democratic Party (U.S.)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What do people expect from Artificial Intelligence? Public opinion on alignment in AI moderation from Germany and the United States", "author": "A Jungherr, A Rauchfleisch", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partisans and elites within the Democratic Party tend to view moderation as a tool for fostering equity, inclusivity, and representation, thereby shaping public attitudes and expectations for AI moderation focused on bias reduction and aspirational portrayals.", "quote": "In contrast, Democratic partisans are more likely to view moderation as a tool for fostering equity, inclusivity, and representation. We, therefore, expect them to show higher support for AI moderation focused on bias reduction and aspirational portrayals.", "page": "7", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12476", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Germany and the United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "Demokratiezentrum Baden-Württemberg", "aliases": ["Demokratiezentrum Baden-Württemberg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "democratic integrity", "public participation", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Runs the 'Respect!' programme, inviting citizen reporting of online incidents, providing a platform for reporting harmful digital communication, and brokering confidential counselling.", "quote": "One example is Respect!, a programme of the Baden-Württemberg Democracy Centre (Demokratiezentrum Baden-Württemberg, n.d.). The Center invites citizen reporting of online incitement of hatred...", "page": "194", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Demonetization activism groups", "aliases": ["Demonetization activism groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publicly denounces the financial backers of alt-tech platforms to exert pressure for defunding or demonetization of content that spreads hate speech and disinformation.", "quote": "mesmo essas ferramentas sofrem pressão da sociedade civil e de grupos de ativismo de desmonetização que visam denunciar seus financiadores (Donovan, Lewis e Friedberg, 2019).", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Demos (think tank)", "aliases": ["Demos (think tank)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Jointly with Access Now and Algorithm Watch, advocates for greater transparency in digital political advertising, including requirements for public repositories and advertiser identification.", "quote": "Em manifestação conjunta pela transparência de publicidade digital, instituições da sociedade civil como a Access Now, Algorithm Watch e Demos, sugerem, como ponto de partida, as seguintes exigências", "page": "239", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "DENIC eG", "aliases": ["DENIC eG"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cooperative ccTLD registry"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "DENIC controls critical DNS infrastructure for .de, provides technical services (Registry Lock, DNSSEC, data escrow), issues guidelines and reports, and enforces registry procedures that can affect domain availability and abuse mitigation.", "quote": "DENIC operates the .de country-code domain registry and provides services (Registry Lock, DNSSEC, WHOIS/RDAP, illegal-content FAQs) that intersect with platform content availability and security, but its core mission is registry operation rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.denic.de/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Der Digital Services Act - Germanwatch e.V.", "aliases": ["Der Digital Services Act - Germanwatch e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank & research / Verbraucherschutz- und Nachhaltigkeitsorganisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Germanwatch produces policy papers and recommendations on the DSA, publicly critiques proposals, and calls for civil-society involvement and data access—using research to shape debate and pressuring institutions for stronger obligations on platforms.", "quote": "Publishes detailed policy analysis and concrete recommendations on the EU Digital Services Act, advocating changes to platform regulation, transparency, algorithmic obligations and data access for civil society and researchers.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.germanwatch.org/sites/default/files/digital_services_act_hintergrundpapier.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Der Dritte Weg", "aliases": ["Der Dritte Weg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di espressione e social network, tra nuovi “spazi pubblici” e “poteri privati”. Spunti di comparazione", "author": "Bassini, Marco", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This extreme-right political party challenged Facebook's decision to remove its content and suspend its account, arguing it violated the German Basic Law's guarantees of free expression and political pluralism.", "quote": "l'ordinamento del Bundesverfassungsgericht ha riguardato esclusivamente il ripristino della pagina Facebook, [...] di un partito politico di estrema destra che era stata oggetto di oscuramento pochi mesi prima che si tenessero le elezioni del Parlamento europeo.", "page": "11", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0039", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "US, Europe, social networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Der Standard", "aliases": ["Der Standard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a media coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Der Verhaltenskodex zur Bekämpfung illegaler Hassrede | Das NETTZ", "aliases": ["Der Verhaltenskodex zur Bekämpfung illegaler Hassrede | Das NETTZ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society digital rights organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Das NETTZ produces explanatory guides, participates in the Expert*innenforum and monitoring exercises, convenes public events (NETTZ.Gespräch) and advocates specific DSA-related reforms such as evaluation, trusted flagger remuneration and human oversight of automated moderation.", "quote": "Das NETTZ is part of the EU Commission-initiated Expert*innenforum for the Verhaltenskodex+ and publishes guides, participates in monitoring and public debate on DSA implementation and platform obligations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.das-nettz.de/guide-dsa-teil-3-der-verhaltenskodex-zur-bekaempfung-illegaler-hassrede", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Des Moines Public Library", "aliases": ["Des Moines Public Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a public institution, it initiated the first Library Bill of Rights in 1939, establishing a foundational policy statement that contributed to the professional ethic of 'freedom to read' and intellectual freedom.", "quote": "The first Library Bill of Rights, which started as a policy statement in the Des Moines Public Library, was adopted in 1939, and by the 1950s the 'freedom to read' was firmly entrenched as a core professional as well as cultural value.", "page": "4", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Desarrollo Digital (Argentina)", "aliases": ["Desarrollo Digital (Argentina)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms and signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Desarrollo Digital Argentina", "aliases": ["Desarrollo Digital Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Desenvolvimento Digital", "aliases": ["Desenvolvimento Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic process", "digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Co-authored a proposal for democratic regulation of large platforms to guarantee freedom of expression on the internet in Latin America.", "quote": "Uma coalização de entidades da sociedade civil na América Latina: “Contribuições para uma regulação democrática das grandes plataformas que garanta a liberdade de expressão na internet”...", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Desinformation und die Rolle von Social Media Influencer*innen in ...", "aliases": ["Desinformation und die Rolle von Social Media Influencer*innen in ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Produces convenings, workshops and networks that connect influencers, researchers, government and platform representatives to shape discourse and practice on disinformation and media literacy.", "quote": "Runs a Digital Program project on disinformation and influencers, convening influencers, platform industry representatives, researchers and government actors to strengthen media literacy and democratic resilience.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspeninstitute.de/de/digital-programm/digitalisierung-und-demokratie/desinformation-und-die-rolle-von-influencerinnen-in-zeiten-des-konflikts/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Desinformation, Verschwörungserzählungen & Medienvertrauen", "aliases": ["Desinformation, Verschwörungserzählungen & Medienvertrauen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media lab / public-interest media research and engagement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes studies, convenes projects (Forum gegen Fakes, Upgrade Democracy) and provides policy recommendations and public consultation to shape debate and governance responses to disinformation and platform moderation.", "quote": "Grimme Lab publishes research, dossiers and public-facing projects on disinformation, media trust and the role of social platforms, and participates in initiatives addressing platform content moderation and public consultation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.grimme-lab.de/2024/05/15/desinformation-verschwoerungserzaehlungen-medienvertrauen/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Det digitale demokrati - Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd", "aliases": ["Det digitale demokrati - Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["umbrella youth organisation / interest organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DUF produces analyses and policy papers, organises events and youth consultations (e.g. TechReal, DR Ungeråd) to shape debates and recommendations on digital democracy and misinformation.", "quote": "DUF's core mission is youth representation and civic engagement, but it runs a 'det digitale demokrati' programme, publishes analyses and a political paper on digital democracy and convenes youth recommendations on misinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://duf.dk/dufs-arbejde/det-digitale-demokrati", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)", "aliases": ["Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Wissenschafts-Kriterien: Eine Moderation", "author": "Breuer, Franz; Reichertz, Jo", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "This expert commission drafts guidelines for 'good scientific practice' to prevent scientific misconduct, including rules for data documentation, authorship, cooperation in research groups, and conflict management.", "quote": "Gesichtspunkte der \"Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis\"\" (beispielsweise von einer Expertenkommission der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft) entworfen.\"", "page": "5", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "modération", "language": "German", "where": "Western academic discourse", "when": "20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge", "aliases": ["Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical narrative", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "As a patriotic club, it was a member organization of the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), supporting the ADV's propaganda efforts against the war-guilt charges.", "quote": "In the main, the member organizations were patriotic clubs such as Rettet die Ehre and the Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge, but they also included the Caritas-Verband, the World Council of Churches, and the German City League.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Journalisten-Union", "aliases": ["Deutsche Journalisten-Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "media pluralism", "political reform"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mass Media and the Generation of Conflict: West Germany's Long Sixties and the Formation of a Critical Public Sphere", "author": "Von Hodenberg, Christina", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "After being influenced by the '68ers' generation, it called on journalists to engage in 'consciously political actions for democratic change', advocating for media's role in democratizing society and the 'consciousness industry' and shifting towards more engaged journalism.", "quote": "And ever since the smaller of the two journalist unions, the Deutsche Journalisten-Union, came under the control of 68ers in 1970, it called on all editors and reporters to carry out ‘consciously political actions for democratic change’.", "page": "391", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0960777306003377/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "West Germany", "when": "late 1950s–early 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Kinderhilfe", "aliases": ["Deutsche Kinderhilfe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Publishes positions and reports, issues open letters and press conferences (including with BKA) to pressure governments and EU institutions to adopt platform-targeted measures against online child sexual abuse.", "quote": "Public campaigning and policy demands on online child pornography, IP retention and platform reporting indicate direct engagement with platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.kindervertreter.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Nachrichten Agentur (DENA)", "aliases": ["Deutsche Nachrichten Agentur (DENA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-propaganda", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945–1949", "author": "Hartenian, Larry", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As a US-licensed German news service, DENA disseminated material from the official 'Neue Zeitung' and factual stories to refute Soviet attacks. It served as a direct channel for implementing US guidance and propaganda to other licensed German newspapers and radio stations.", "quote": "DENA [the US licensed German news service] picks up and puts out Neue Zeitung material and factual stories designed to answer attacks by indirect news technique. DENA services 44 licensed newspapers and five radio stations, therefore is one of three direct channels through which direct, classified guidance implemented.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "US Zone of occupied Germany", "when": "1945–1949"}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Vereinigung für Datenschutz", "aliases": ["Deutsche Vereinigung für Datenschutz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties / privacy advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Publishes DANA and press releases to document and critique policy; signs and organizes open letters calling for transparency; publicly criticises platform practices (Doctolib) and parliamentary secrecy to pressure action.", "quote": "Core mission is data protection and information self-determination; publishes DANA, issues press releases and open letters criticizing platform and public-sector data practices (e.g., Doctolib, Bundestag Digitalausschuss transparency).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.datenschutzverein.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Volkspartei and Deutschnationale Partei", "aliases": ["Deutsche Volkspartei and Deutschnationale Partei"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "cultural preservation", "nationalism", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Formed alliances with religious and right-wing cultural groups to exert political pressure on theatre administrators and raise issues in the Hamburg Senate to suppress controversial artistic works.", "quote": "Mounting pressure from these organisations, which included a declaration of protest against Hindemith published in the Frankfurter Zeitung, forced the theatre onto the back foot. Further performances scheduled during the Easter period were duly cancelled and the opera was permanently removed from the theatre's roster on 20 April.", "page": "68", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Deutsche Welle", "aliases": ["Deutsche Welle"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of information", "journalistic clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O IMPACTO DA IA NA ESCRITA NA ERA DAS TENDÊNCIAS DA INTERNET", "author": "LA Chu", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The audience development team of Deutsche Welle adopted 'algospeak' strategies, employing symbols, numbers, and asterisks to bypass algorithmic censorship on social media platforms. This allowed them to maintain clarity and disseminate journalistic content on sensitive topics.", "quote": "a equipe de Marzano — gerente de desenvolvimento de audiência na Deutsche Welle (DW) — adotou o uso do algospeak, empregando símbolos, números e asteriscos, evitando eufemismos ambiguos específicos de idiomas ou culturas", "page": "9", "url": "https://preprints.scielo.org/index.php/scielo/preprint/view/12995", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms and AI systems, with examples from Brazil and global trends", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with a focus on generative AI's impact in the 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Caritasverband", "aliases": ["Deutscher Caritasverband"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "As a member organization of the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), it indirectly supported the ADV's efforts to disseminate propaganda against war-guilt charges.", "quote": "In the main, the member organizations were patriotic clubs such as Rettet die Ehre and the Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge, but they also included the Caritas-Verband, the World Council of Churches, and the German City League.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB)", "aliases": ["Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Part of a broad network of actors that draw attention to campaigns against hate, contributing to public reach and influence in combating hate speech.", "quote": "The No Hate Speech Movement has built up a broad network of actors who draw attention to the work of the campaign in their fields of work, including the German Football Association...", "page": "53", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Journalisten-Verband", "aliases": ["Deutscher Journalisten-Verband"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic virtues", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mass Media and the Generation of Conflict: West Germany's Long Sixties and the Formation of a Critical Public Sphere", "author": "Von Hodenberg, Christina", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The head of the association defined the professional ethos, encouraging journalists to act in conformity with society and state interests, promoting self-discipline and humility, thereby implicitly setting norms for acceptable content and discouraging critical reporting in the 1950s.", "quote": "Helmut Cron, head of the German Association of Journalists (Deutscher Journalisten-Verband) from 1950 to 1953, declared that the media should 'act in conformity with society, and integrate in a rational manner'.", "page": "380", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0960777306003377/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "West Germany", "when": "late 1950s–early 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Presserat (German Press Council)", "aliases": ["Deutscher Presserat (German Press Council)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issues guidelines for ethical reporting on crimes, specifically advising against reporting ethnic or religious affiliation to prevent discriminatory generalizations.", "quote": "The German Press Council (Deutscher Presserat) states in its guidelines for reasonable reporting on crimes that generally neither ethnic nor religious affiliation should be reported.", "page": "160", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Steuerberaterverband e.V.", "aliases": ["Deutscher Steuerberaterverband e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association (tax advisors)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Submits formal Stellungnahmen to EU bodies and national legislators, publishes position papers and runs pilot projects and consultations to shape policy affecting the tax profession.", "quote": "Primary mission is professional representation of tax advisors; site shows engagement with digitalisation and 'Generative KI in der Steuerberatung' but no evidence of direct activity on consumer-facing platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dstv.de/startseite", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutscher Städtetag", "aliases": ["Deutscher Städtetag"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "As a member organization of the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), it indirectly supported the ADV's efforts to disseminate propaganda against war-guilt charges.", "quote": "In the main, the member organizations were patriotic clubs such as Rettet die Ehre and the Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge, but they also included the Caritas-Verband, the World Council of Churches, and the German City League.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Deutsches Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet - Wikipedia", "aliases": ["Deutsches Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet - Wikipedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research institute; non-profit GmbH"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "DIVSI published numerous studies and discussion papers shaping public debate on digital trust and enjoyed high-profile patrons (e.g., German presidents) and advisory board links to industry (Bitkom), amplifying its policy influence.", "quote": "DIVSI's core mission was to establish security and trust in internet use and it produced multiple studies and policy contributions on platform responsibility, data practices and digital rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Vertrauen_und_Sicherheit_im_Internet", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V.", "aliases": ["Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "online safety", "rule of law"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a party to DsiN and maintains a working relationship, collaborating in the field of combating illegal content and promoting online safety, which influences platform content policies.", "quote": "we are a party to FSM (...) as well as to DsiN (Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V.), and maintain a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net. While not industry associations, these organizations also operate in the field of combating illegal content and promoting safety online.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Deutschlandfunk", "aliases": ["Deutschlandfunk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "deliberative discourse"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments", "author": "M Ziegele, P Jost, M Bormann…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Journalists from Deutschlandfunk publicly respond to uncivil comments on their Facebook page, engaging in various moderation styles (discursive, regulative, sociable, confrontational) to guide discussions.", "quote": "The lowest shares of moderation comments were visible on the Face-book site of the public broadcaster ZDF (0.08%, 130 of 162,686 comments) and the radio channel Deutschlandfunk (0.08%, 51 of 60,972 comments).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-525.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Deutschlands De-Risking-Strategie gegenüber China und die Rolle ...", "aliases": ["Deutschlands De-Risking-Strategie gegenüber China und die Rolle ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; fellowship academy"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and Perspectives articles and convenes international fellows and exchanges to inform policymakers and public debates on information transparency and China policy.", "quote": "Publishes analysis on information transparency, media freedom and China and advocates facilitating exchange between journalists, researchers and civil society, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.robertboschacademy.de/de/perspectives/deutschlands-de-risking-strategie-gegenueber-china-und-die-rolle-der", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Deutschlands Rolle in Europas digitaler Ordnungsmacht | DGAP", "aliases": ["Deutschlands Rolle in Europas digitaler Ordnungsmacht | DGAP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / foreign policy research institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1955", "mechanism": "DGAP produces detailed policy reports and recommendations on EU digital regulation, informs German and EU policymakers, and advocates enforcement and diplomatic strategies around laws such as the DSA, DMA and AI Act.", "quote": "The report directly addresses regulation of platforms, algorithms and data (DSA, DMA, AI Act) and recommends policy and enforcement approaches, showing DGAP's active engagement in platformized-content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://dgap.org/de/forschung/publikationen/deutschlands-rolle-europas-digitaler-ordnungsmacht", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Developers Alliance", "aliases": ["Developers Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / developer advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Submitted detailed responses to the European Commission on the DMA and mobilised 5,000+ developers to comment, using policy briefs and public campaigns to shape regulatory outcomes.", "quote": "The organisation's core activity is shaping the EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) and amplifying developer voices on platform regulation, directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://developersalliance.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DeviantArt", "aliases": ["DeviantArt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "community building", "creator support"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "DeviantArt gathers a community of amateur graphic artists, providing a platform where they publish their works in 'galleries' and interact, fostering a self-regulating environment for creative expression and peer feedback.", "quote": "DeviantArt (2000) a réussi à rassembler une communauté de jeunes auteurs amateurs spécialisés en graphisme ... Le terme « communauté » est ici retenu car les membres de DeviantArt entretiennent véritablement des relations interpersonnelles médiatées par l'écriture", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII)", "aliases": ["Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supported and advocated for the formalization and implementation of sharia law at the state level.", "quote": "supporters of the implementation of sharia at the state level such as the Indonesian Islamic Da'wah Council (DDII)", "page": "11", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "DEWEY network", "aliases": ["DEWEY network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge creation", "knowledge sharing", "professional development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who exactly is the moderator? A consideration of online knowledge management network moderation in educational organisations", "author": "J Gairín-Sallán, D Rodríguez-Gómez…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "An online community of practice composed of members from the UAB faculty of education sciences, functioning as a moderated space to share experiences and knowledge, thereby supporting collective knowledge creation and management.", "quote": "The cases selected were: the DEWEY network (consisting of members of the UAB faculty of education sciences)...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131510000308", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Educational organisations, Spain (specifically Catalonia)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (focus on 2007-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Dezenove de Dezembro (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Dezenove de Dezembro (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fraud", "democratic integrity", "public morals", "public opinion", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1840, "when_max": 1889, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A IMPRENSA DO SEGUNDO REINADO NO PROCESSO POLÍTICO-CONSTITUCIONAL: FORÇA MORAL E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA THE SECOND REIGN PRESS …", "author": "JL Lobo, LFL Pereira", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As the organ of the liberal party, this newspaper questioned the actions of the provincial president and conservative leaders, accusing them of trying to give 'moral strength' to fraudulent electoral annulments and highlighting their moral responsibility.", "quote": "o Dezenove de Dezembro, órgão do partido liberal, questionava o então presidente da província: “Pensará, por ventura, S. Ex. que as assignaturas dos chefes conservadores, que declaram publicamente esposar a causa da fraude, podem imprimir a ella a força moral necessaria...", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/63050224/impresa_do_segundo_reinado20200422-75122-jb0zgt.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Paraná province, Curitiba)", "when": "19th century, Second Reign (1840-1889)"}]}, {"name": "Diakonie München und Oberbayern", "aliases": ["Diakonie München und Oberbayern"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["church-affiliated social service organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Provides services, trainings and public-facing communications to shape local practice and public understanding (e.g., prevention programmes, seminars, community outreach).", "quote": "Primary mission is social and welfare services; site shows limited engagement with digital issues (digital accessibility, mention of social networks in addiction support) but no core platform governance activity.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.diakonie-muc-obb.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Diakonissenanstalt Sarepta", "aliases": ["Diakonissenanstalt Sarepta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["altruism", "professional standards", "social adaptation", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": [], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["19th and 20th centuries"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La littérature française du XIXe siècle mise à l'Index: les procédures", "author": "Amadieu, Jean Baptiste", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The organization enforced internal norms and a specific 'Lebenskonzept' (life concept) for its members, emphasizing self-denial and service, and adapted these norms in response to societal changes and the changing role of women.", "quote": "Ihre Ziel ist es, das Lebenskonzept der Diakonie in einer sich ändernden Gesellschaft zu erhalten. Dabei legt sie besonderes Augenmerk auf die Spiritualität. Arbeit und Dienst an den Menschen stehen aber weiter im Mittelpunkt...", "page": "323", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "German", "where": "France, Vatican, and Germany", "when": "19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Dian Interfidei Institute", "aliases": ["Dian Interfidei Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes interfaith dialogue among young people and co-organizes educational series like \"Sekolah Lintas Iman\"\" to nurture values of inclusiveness", "quote": "and tolerance.\"", "page": "inclusiveness, openness, tolerance, interfaith dialogue", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Diario de la Rioja", "aliases": ["Diario de la Rioja"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper that suffered persecutions and its local was sacked and destroyed. It eventually faced suppression and a forced fusion with a leftist newspaper.", "quote": "EL DIARIO DE LA RIOJA (Logroño) Periódico católico. [Este periódico sufrió persecuciones durante la república, hasta que poco tiempo antes del movimiento nacional fue saqueado su local por las tu[r]bas e incendiada y destrozada totalmente su maquinaria. (...) Se anuncia ya su desaparición o su fusión con el periódico izquierdista La Rioja, en la que es de suponer que éste lleve la mejor parte por aportar más medios.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Diario de Navarra", "aliases": ["Diario de Navarra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A conservative, Alfonsist newspaper that was among the first to publicly use the term 'cruzada' (crusade) in a religious-epic sense to describe the Nationalist uprising, shaping early public discourse.", "quote": "Y, seis días después, en el Diario de Navarra puede leerse que la afluencia multitudinaria de hombres de los pueblos de toda la región, que había tenido lugar en Pamplona sobre todo el domingo 19 de julio, se nos figuraba como un sueño glorioso de cruzados...", "page": "16", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Diario Palentino", "aliases": ["Diario Palentino"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["nationalism", "religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A newspaper that, though not officially designated Catholic, promoted religious and patriotic values and was facing suppression.", "quote": "EL DIARIO PALENTINO (Palencia) Sin figurar en su cabecera el título de católico, lo era de veras, dedicando siempre sus actividades a la exaltación de todo lo religioso y patriótico. También en trance de desaparecer.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "diaspora*", "aliases": ["diaspora*"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community governance", "decentralization", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-led platform exploring alternative governance models for content moderation, allowing for idiosyncratic remedial strategies.", "quote": "Services deploying related concepts include diaspora* and Mastadon. WAGNER ET AL., supra note 105, at 16, 18.", "page": "55", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Diba Expedition", "aliases": ["Diba Expedition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "patriotism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organized transnational 'cyber expeditions' by bypassing the Great Firewall to flood foreign social media platforms (like Facebook) with pro-PRC nationalist content, particularly after perceived insults to China's sovereignty.", "quote": "participants of the Diba Expedition metaphorically climbed China’s Great Firewall... accessing the Facebook pages of president-elect Tsai Ing-wen and other Taiwanese individuals... to make tens of thousands of pro-PRC and “One China” posts in a matter of hours.", "page": "115", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Die Linke (The Left)", "aliases": ["Die Linke (The Left)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civic participation", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Their community manager engages directly with users on sensitive topics like financial transparency and maintains a policy of not deleting critical comments, distinguishing them from other parties' moderation approaches.", "quote": "Pour commencer, je veux remercier la modération de la Gauche pour le fait que les commentaires critiques ne sont pas supprimés. Tous les autres partis te bloquent tout de suite si tu écris quelque chose de critique.", "page": "18", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Die neue Gesellschaft e.V. Vereinigung für politische Bildung", "aliases": ["Die neue Gesellschaft e.V. Vereinigung für politische Bildung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political education association; civic education non-profit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1954, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "1954", "mechanism": "Delivers seminars, workshops and public programs funded by regional and federal civic education bodies to shape public understanding of media and politics; organizes forums and educational trips to influence civic discourse.", "quote": "Primary mission is political education and civic seminars, but offers media-literacy courses (e.g., 'Medien machen Meinung - Mit kritischem Blick zu mehr Medienkompetenz') touching on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.die-neue-gesellschaft.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Die Stimme der Zivilgesellschaft im Sachverständigengremienprozess", "aliases": ["Die Stimme der Zivilgesellschaft im Sachverständigengremienprozess"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent think-tank / foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Maecenata publishes analyses and recommendations (e.g., report on expert committees), issues policy-oriented publications and engages in public debate to push for transparency and representation in political advisory processes.", "quote": "Maecenata researches civil society participation and has investigated digital challenges (e.g., 'digital violence') and representation in advisory bodies but its core mission is broader civil-society research rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.maecenata.eu/ueber-uns/das-institut/die-stimme-der-zivilgesellschaft-im-politischen-prozess/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digg Patriots", "aliases": ["Digg Patriots"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in coordinated 'brigading' on the Digg website, using downvoting to suppress liberal-leaning articles and promote conservative views, acting as a form of content manipulation.", "quote": "Brigading has been used by political movements, notably by the Digg Patriots, who coordinated downvoting of liberal-leaning articles on the Digg website, to promote conservative points of view (Peterson, 2016)...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Diggers (Social Movement)", "aliases": ["Diggers (Social Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["destruction of private property", "liberty", "social equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Represented a more radical democratic tradition than the Levellers, challenging the system of private property itself and advocating for true liberty.", "quote": "The long history of partnership between aristocracy and central state... marginalized the truly revolutionary and democratic traditions that emerged during the English Revolution, the tradition of the Levellers, Diggers and other radical movements.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Digital Action", "aliases": ["Digital Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society advocacy organisation / campaign project (501(c)3 fiscally sponsored)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "NetMundial+10 High-Level Executive Committee (HLEC); StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and campaigns, builds coalitions (Global Coalition for Tech Justice), coordinates rapid responses to digital harms, and advances initiatives like the AI Commons to shape policy and technical practices.", "quote": "Core mission is mobilising a global network to hold Big Tech and governments accountable on digital harms, elections, AI and online safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://digitalaction.co/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Catapult", "aliases": ["Digital Catapult"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["deep tech innovation organisation; accelerator and testbed operator"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TSPA EMEA Summit 2025", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Operates national testbeds and labs (5G Immersive Lab, SONIC Labs, Future Networks Lab), runs BridgeAI and accelerators, publishes reports and convenes industry, academia and government to shape adoption and standards for AI and future networks.", "quote": "Digital Catapult's core mission is accelerating deep tech adoption (AI, future networks, immersive media) rather than platform governance, but it runs AI assurance work, media production programmes and testbeds that touch platform-related technologies and practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digicatapult.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital child protection is not censorship - IAPP", "aliases": ["Digital child protection is not censorship - IAPP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional membership association; privacy non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "IAPP shapes privacy and platform-adjacent policy debates through published analysis, guidance, and large-scale professional training and certification programs that inform practitioners and policymakers.", "quote": "IAPP's core mission is privacy and data protection, but it publishes analysis and guidance (e.g., 'Digital child protection is not censorship') that engage with platform content-safety debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://iapp.org/news/a/digital-child-protection-is-not-censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Democracy Institute of the Americas (DDIA)", "aliases": ["Digital Democracy Institute of the Americas (DDIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community-focused research and policy non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DDIA produces research and reports, conducts public opinion and OSINT studies, runs capacity-building workshops, and centers Latino perspectives in policy debates to shape platform and information ecosystem governance.", "quote": "DDIA conducts research, social listening and OSINT, public opinion work, and policy engagement on information ecosystems, misinformation, AI-generated content, and Big Tech’s role affecting Latino communities and platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://ddia.org/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Dialogue: Social Media and Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Digital Dialogue: Social Media and Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society convening organisation; international NGO support"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Convenes international CSOs and experts through events and publications to shape civil society responses to platform moderation and AI-driven enforcement.", "quote": "Hosts and jointly organises the Digital Dialogue series on social media and content moderation, convening CSOs and digital rights experts but its core mission is broader civil society capacity-building.", "page": "", "url": "https://icscentre.org/events/digital-dialogue-social-media-and-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Empowerment Foundation", "aliases": ["Digital Empowerment Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital inclusion", "user empowerment"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from an Indian perspective, with a focus on digital empowerment and inclusion.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Digital Equity Bill of Rights - California Emerging Technology Fund", "aliases": ["Digital Equity Bill of Rights - California Emerging Technology Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic non-profit; advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Civic engagement", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "CETF produces policy principles (Digital Equity Bill of Rights), public campaigns and state-level advocacy, and partners with state bodies (CPUC, California Broadband Council) to advance broadband policy and funding.", "quote": "CETF's core mission is digital equity and broadband access; its Digital Equity Bill of Rights touches democratic participation online but does not centrally focus on platform content moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cetfund.org/action-and-results/public-awareness-and-education-get-connected/digital-equity-bill-of-rights/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Forensic Research Lab", "aliases": ["Digital Forensic Research Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored a report ('The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election') monitoring and analyzing misinformation, particularly related to elections.", "quote": "The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election. Stanford Digital Repository https://purl.stanford.edu/tr171zs0069 (2021).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Digital ID for Development and Smart Governance: Policy Lessons ...", "aliases": ["Digital ID for Development and Smart Governance: Policy Lessons ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit think tank; policy research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "CGD shapes policy debates and decision-makers through independent research, proposals incubated into initiatives, and relationships with governments, donors, and influential leaders.", "quote": "CGD conducts research on digital ID and smart governance topics that touch on platform and digital governance, but its core mission is broader development policy rather than platform content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cgdev.org/publication/digital-id-development-and-smart-governance-policy-lessons-my-second-spell-nadra", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Impact Alliance", "aliases": ["Digital Impact Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["alliance; non-profit organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DIAL produces research, playbooks and tools (DPI Roadmap Playbook), convenes policymakers and funders to build political will, and partners with major foundations and agencies to scale DPI practices that shape data flows and AI governance.", "quote": "DIAL's core mission focuses on digital public infrastructure, AI and data governance, and driving policy discussions and political will—areas that directly shape platformized content and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://dial.global/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Integrity Fellowship", "aliases": ["Digital Integrity Fellowship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grant-funded fellowship program / capacity-building initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DIFP embeds skilled fellows with at-risk organizations to document threats, inform developers and the Internet freedom community, and build technical security capacity, producing actionable evidence and partnerships.", "quote": "Program builds digital security capacity and documents threats to freedom of expression online, indirectly informing platform governance debates and technology design.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20210116202602/https://www.opentech.fund/funds/digital-integrity-fellowship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Interests Lab at New York University", "aliases": ["Digital Interests Lab at New York University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-based research lab / research collaborative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces interdisciplinary research and public event series on platform governance with academic and civil-society partners, shaping scholarly debate and networks used by policymakers and advocates.", "quote": "The Lab's core mission is researching public accountability for emerging data technology and it runs events and programming on Platform Governance, co-sponsored by academic and civil-society partners.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitalinterests.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Media Content Regulatory Council", "aliases": ["Digital Media Content Regulatory Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "harm reduction", "justice", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established as an industry-led self-regulatory body in India to oversee adherence to a code of conduct for OTT platforms, with the authority to impose penalties, warnings, and even suspend or revoke registration for non-compliance.", "quote": "they can escalate the complaint to the self-regulatory body called the Digital Media Content Regulatory Council (DMCRC), an industry-led body established to oversee adherence to the self-regulatory mechanism. It has the authority to impose penalties and warnings and even suspend or revoke the registration of a platform in case of non-compliance with the rules", "page": "7", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Digital Methods Initiative (DMI)", "aliases": ["Digital Methods Initiative (DMI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "open access", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed various tools, such as the Twitter Capturing and Analysis Toolkit (DMI-TCAT) and Instagram Scraper, to enable robust and reproducible data capture and analysis for social media research on disinformation and troll activity.", "quote": "DMI-TCAT, a tool that “provides robust and reproducible data capture and analysis and interlinks with existing analytical software” (Borra & Rieder, 2014), was used to analyse the engagement with fake/junk and tendentious news sources and the users responsible for this engagement.", "page": "91", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "Digital militias", "aliases": ["Digital militias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organize coordinated online attacks on opponents, critics, and government institutions, disseminating disinformation and hate speech to influence public discourse.", "quote": "noticia-se que milícias digitais se organizam para proferir ataques coordenados a opositores e críticos do Governo Federal e disseminar desinformação.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Digital Policy Alliance", "aliases": ["Digital Policy Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy forum; think tank"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Competition policy", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "DPA produces briefings and policy papers, convenes working groups chaired by Peers and distributes findings to Parliamentarians and regulators, and arranges briefings with NCSC and Metropolitan Police to shape policy and enforcement discussions.", "quote": "DPA runs working groups on Online Safety, AI, Digital Competition and holds briefings for Parliamentarians and regulators, directly shaping platform governance debates and implementation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitalpolicyalliance.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Rights - Charity Digital", "aliases": ["Digital Rights - Charity Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital skills and charity support organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Copyright protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guides, templates and runs sector events and training (Heritage Digital Academy, #HeritageDigitalNow) to shape how UK heritage charities handle data protection, copyright and social media practices.", "quote": "Provides guidance, templates and events on data protection, copyright and social media for charities, touching platform governance practices but not as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://charitydigital.org.uk/digital-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Rights - Consumers International", "aliases": ["Digital Rights - Consumers International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global consumer advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs and research, convenes global coalitions (Consumer Coalition to Stop Scams), influences G20/T20 communiqués, and develops practical recommendations on DPI, cross-border redress and responsible AI to shape platform and policy practices.", "quote": "Their Digital Rights programme explicitly addresses data governance, digital public infrastructure, AI, scams and platform-related consumer harms and engages global policy processes (G20/T20) and multi-stakeholder coalitions.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.consumersinternational.org/what-we-do/digital-rights/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital rights - Migrants' Rights Network", "aliases": ["Digital rights - Migrants' Rights Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["migrant rights NGO / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes 'Know your rights' digital guides and campaigns (e.g. 'AI Under Watch') to inform migrants, document surveillance practices and pressure policymakers on AI-driven border and enforcement systems.", "quote": "The organisation's core mission is migrant rights but it explicitly engages platform governance topics (e.g. 'AI Under Watch', 'The Digital Hostile Environment') and provides guidance on automated decision-making and data protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://migrantsrights.org.uk/resources/know-your-rights/digital-rights/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Rights Coalition", "aliases": ["Digital Rights Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "platform accountability", "privacy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Expressed concern about the potential for surveillance arising from imposing a duty of care, especially if it extended to private messaging services. They argued against platforms judging criminal content but proposed a middle ground of risk assessment and action only in specific severe cases.", "quote": "Bia Barbosa, representando a Digital Rights Coalition... expressou preocupação com o potencial de vigilância decorrente da imposição de um dever de cuidado, particularmente se este se estender a serviços de mensagens privadas (id nº 1267).", "page": "12", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Digital Rights First – EPIC – Electronic Privacy Information Center", "aliases": ["Digital Rights First – EPIC – Electronic Privacy Information Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties / privacy advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Content moderation", "Data governance", "Electoral integrity", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Online harm", "Surveillance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "EPIC litigates high-profile cases, publishes records and analyses, submits recommendations to agencies and legislatures, and conducts public campaigns to hold governments and companies accountable for surveillance and privacy practices.", "quote": "EPIC's core mission focuses on privacy, surveillance, platform accountability, and AI policy and it litigates, submits policy recommendations, and advocates on platform-related issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://epic.org/campaigns/digital-rights-first/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Services Act Human Rights Alliance", "aliases": ["Digital Services Act Human Rights Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocated for a human-rights centered enforcement process for the DSA, raising concerns about the potential for vague concepts to undermine fundamental rights protection.", "quote": "Como apunta la DSA Alliance, la DSA otorga mucho poder a los organismos gubernamentales y a otros agentes con intereses para señalar y retirar contenidos potencialmente ilegales, señalando que estos agentes pueden aprovechar la vaguedad de los conceptos para socavar la protección de los derechos fundamentales (2023).", "page": "340", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Digital Sikkerhed", "aliases": ["Digital Sikkerhed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent membership council / civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes høringssvar, guidelines and data-ethical principles, organises events and participates in national internet governance fora to shape policy and hold actors accountable.", "quote": "Publishes høringssvar, vejledninger and holdningspapirer on privacy, AI, misinformation and cybersecurity and participates in public fora (Dansk IGF), directly engaging platform-related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitalsikkerhed.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital sikkerhed - SUS – Socialt Udviklingscenter", "aliases": ["Digital sikkerhed - SUS – Socialt Udviklingscenter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social development centre / NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Conducted a nationwide study and published practical guidance and an app (DigiSafe) to shape practitioner practice and platform safety choices for vulnerable users.", "quote": "Publishes research and practical guidance on digital safety for people with cognitive disabilities, including platform safety settings and prevention of digital harms, but primary mission is social care and pedagogy rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sus.dk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/digital-sikkerhed-2019.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital sikkerhed og dannelse 2024", "aliases": ["Digital sikkerhed og dannelse 2024"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["school parent council / parental advisory committee"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guidance and class-level recommendations for parents that shape local norms on platform use, age limits, image sharing and parental controls.", "quote": "Primary mission is parental guidance and school-level digital education, but the guidance addresses social media use, age limits, privacy settings and platform safety features.", "page": "", "url": "https://sprs.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/PDF/Diverse/Digital_sikkerhed_og_dannelse_2024.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "digital society research institute", "aliases": ["digital society research institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research institute"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Hosts IC7 facilities (AR/VR, data visualisation, HPC), produces research and engages with regional businesses and partners to inform technology and ethics work.", "quote": "The Institute conducts research, partnerships and engagement on digital society topics (technology and ethics, data, AR/VR) which can touch platform governance but platform policy is not presented as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.keele.ac.uk/digital-society-institute/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Speech Lab", "aliases": ["Digital Speech Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-based research lab / academic research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces scholarly research guiding platform governance, provides advice to technology companies and governments via public events and closed meetings, and delivers educational curricula to shape public understanding.", "quote": "Produces scholarly research and guidance on online speech governance, advises technology companies, civil society oversight organisations, and governments, and researches AI use in content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitalspeechlab.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digital Trust and Safety Partnership", "aliases": ["Digital Trust and Safety Partnership"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "public safety", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as an industry self-regulatory and standards body, helping federated platforms gain representation in discussions about trust and safety practices.", "quote": "Commonly cited examples of these groups include... industry self-regulatory and standards bodies like the Digital Trust and Safety Partnership (DTSP).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Digital Volunteers", "aliases": ["Digital Volunteers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["disaster response", "information exchange", "mutual aid"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "XHELP: Design of a cross-platform social-media application to support volunteer moderators in disasters", "author": "C Reuter, T Ludwig, MA Kaufhold, V Pipek", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "They organize, disseminate, filter, and coordinate crisis-related information on social media platforms like Twitter, and express solidarity, acting as informal information brokers and support systems during emergencies.", "quote": "The emergence of digital volunteers and “voluntweeters” [37] (digital volunteers in the Twitter sphere) and their use of social media has been studied in the context of various disasters: Users organize and disseminate crisis-related information [13], seek information about peoples' status [27], express solidarity [38] or coordinate both material and im-material resources [25].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702171", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Germany (Facebook, Twitter)", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Digitalcourage", "aliases": ["Digitalcourage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties / digital rights NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Digitalcourage publishes research and campaigns, organises the BigBrotherAwards to publicly shame privacy violators (symbolic), litigated successfully against state malware (accountability/legal), and operates alternative technical services (Fediverse, DNS, Nuudel) to demonstrate infrastructure alternatives.", "quote": "Digitalcourage campaigns on privacy, surveillance, Big Tech dependence and runs alternative online services (Fediverse, DNS, Nuudel); brought litigation (Staatstrojaner) and organises BigBrotherAwards to influence platform and surveillance practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://digitalcourage.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale arenaer og rettigheder for børn og unge - UNICEF Danmarks", "aliases": ["Digitale arenaer og rettigheder for børn og unge - UNICEF Danmarks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national child rights non-profit / national UNICEF committee"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces e-learning, guidelines and workshops to shape understanding and practices around children's rights online for educators and youth organizations.", "quote": "Provides training, guidance and materials on children’s rights online but does not appear to primarily focus on platform governance or to campaign directly on platform policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://dkborn.unicef.dk/materiale/online-kursus/digitale-arenaer-og-rettigheder-for-boern-og-unge/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale Gesellschaft", "aliases": ["Digitale Gesellschaft"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy organization / civil society NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and briefings (e.g., German version of EDRi 'Answering Guide'), organises recurring public events (Netzpolitischer Abend), issues open letters and joint statements opposing data retention and client-side scanning, and organises Fediverse events to promote federated alternatives to Big Tech.", "quote": "Core mission is defending digital fundamental rights and the site shows sustained work on platform-relevant issues (NetzDG, chat control/Client-Side-Scanning, content moderation, data retention, fediverse advocacy).", "page": "", "url": "https://digitalegesellschaft.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale Grundrechte - Humanistische Union", "aliases": ["Digitale Grundrechte - Humanistische Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1961", "mechanism": "Humanistische Union publishes research and reviews on digital rights, issues legal actions and policy statements (Gutachten/Stellungnahmen, Klagen) and advocates constitutional and legal reforms to shape platform-related governance.", "quote": "Organization publishes analyses and policy positions on digital fundamental rights (privacy, free expression, IT-Grundrecht) and proposes legal/policy reforms affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.humanistische-union.de/publikationen/vorgaenge/209/publikation/digitale-grundrechte/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale Grundrechte | GEW - Die Bildungsgewerkschaft", "aliases": ["Digitale Grundrechte | GEW - Die Bildungsgewerkschaft"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union; education union"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1947", "mechanism": "GEW produces brochures, policy proposals and public consultations on digital rights for learners and educators, leverages union membership to press for policy changes and frames issues publicly to influence educational policy and platform practices in schools.", "quote": "GEW promotes digital rights in the education sector—privacy, algorithmic decisions and non-commercial education—engaging platform governance issues as part of its broader labour/education mission rather than as a primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gew.de/digitale-grundrechte", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale Rechte in der Telekommunikation – HIIG", "aliases": ["Digitale Rechte in der Telekommunikation – HIIG"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research institute / internet and society hub"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "HIIG produces research and public events that apply Ranking Digital Rights methodology, generating data for corporate accountability and civic advocacy while convening researchers, NGOs, and platform accountability initiatives.", "quote": "HIIG organises research events (Data Sprint/Rankathon) and collaborates with Ranking Digital Rights and WikiRate to evaluate telecoms' policies affecting freedom of expression and privacy—direct engagement with platformized-content governance and corporate accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.hiig.de/events/rankathon/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale Rechte | Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung", "aliases": ["Digitale Rechte | Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation / civil society research and advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Produces policy papers and e?papers on content moderation and the DSA, organises events and focus groups with civil society partners, and frames digital rights issues to influence EU and public debate.", "quote": "Publishes research and policy analysis on the Digital Services Act, content moderation and algorithmic bias (e.g., 'Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice') and runs events and collaborations on digital rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.boell.de/de/tags/digital-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale rettigheder - Dansk Forfatterforening", "aliases": ["Digitale rettigheder - Dansk Forfatterforening"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association; authors' union"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Copyright protection", "Data governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs events, provides legal advice and guidance to members on digital rights and copyright, representing authors' interests in public and professional fora.", "quote": "Provides legal guidance and runs events on 'digitale rettigheder' (digital rights) for authors, indicating engagement with platform-related copyright and digital-rights issues though core mission is author representation.", "page": "", "url": "https://danskforfatterforening.dk/events/digitale-rettigheder-har-du-styr-paa-dine-digitale-rettigheder/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale rettigheder i informationssamfundet - Teknologirådet", "aliases": ["Digitale rettigheder i informationssamfundet - Teknologirådet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public technology advisory organization / think tank"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Publishes reports, convenes multi-stakeholder workshops and working groups to inform policymakers and stakeholders, and issues recommendations influencing national debates on digital rights and DRM.", "quote": "Project explicitly addresses digital rights, DRM, access to information and technical protection measures, running workshops and producing reports to inform policy and stakeholders on information society governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://tekno.dk/project/digitale-rettigheder-i-informationssamfundet/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Digitale rettigheder – en ny kamp for fagbevægelsen?", "aliases": ["Digitale rettigheder – en ny kamp for fagbevægelsen?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union; labour union"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Uses public events (Folkemødet panel) and union leadership to raise awareness, frame worker digital-rights issues, and potentially mobilise the labour movement to press employers and policymakers.", "quote": "Organises and hosts events on 'digitale rettigheder' addressing employer digital surveillance and whether the labour movement should demand digital rights for employees, showing engagement with platform-related digital-rights issues though not as core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.forsikringsforbundet.dk/media/somg1t55/invitation_-_folkemoededebat_-_digitale_rettigheder_-_en_ny_kamp_for_fagbevaegelsen.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DIGITALEUROPE", "aliases": ["DIGITALEUROPE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["European Union", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Garantías frente a la moderación de contenidos en la Propuesta de Reglamento Único de Servicios Digitales", "author": "Santiesteban Galarza, Mario", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes position papers and engages in advocacy regarding the Digital Services Act, expressing concerns about the practical challenges intermediaries face in determining content legality.", "quote": "A pesar de ello se ha criticado que es posible que no consiga evitar uno de los riesgos fundamentales que pretendía mitigar su implementación, como es que el intermediario no se encuentre en la delicada posición de decidir sobre si un contenido es lícito o no.", "page": "6", "url": "https://revista.uclm.es/index.php/cesco/article/view/3103", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, North America", "when": "post-2020 regulatory era"}]}, {"name": "Digitalrechte.de - Digitalrechte", "aliases": ["Digitalrechte.de - Digitalrechte"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["communications hub / advocacy organisation (gGmbH)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates a newsroom and storytelling campaigns to shape public narratives, builds alliances and explicitly seeks to pressure companies and policymakers on platform regulation (mentions DMA support and calls for European alternatives).", "quote": "Core mission explicitly targets Big Tech, platform regulation (DMA), algorithms and digital fundamental rights; offers newsroom, campaigns and pressure on companies and politics.", "page": "", "url": "https://digitalrechte.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DIPD – Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy", "aliases": ["DIPD – Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["democracy promotion organization"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Partnership for Democracy", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DIPD convenes events, publishes guidance/toolkits and forms partnerships with political parties to shape democratic practice and public debate about tech/platform impacts.", "quote": "Core mission is strengthening political parties and democratic participation, but the organisation runs events and public discussions that address platform/tech impacts on democracy (e.g., 'Tech-giganter og sociale medier – en demokratisk udfordring').", "page": "", "url": "https://dipd.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Direct Marketing Association (DMA)", "aliases": ["Direct Marketing Association (DMA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "harm reduction", "user experience"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Lobbied Congress to downplay privacy concerns associated with consumer data collection, contributing to a policy of hands-off self-regulation in the digital advertising industry.", "quote": "As a representative from the Direct Marketing Association told Congress in one of the first hearings on internet privacy, any harms associated with consumer data collection would be 'minimal, and outweighed by the beneficial uses of the information, such as improving the visitor's experience through personalization.'", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas da Fundação Getulio Vargas", "aliases": ["Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas da Fundação Getulio Vargas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It publishes analytical reports illustrating the evolution of allegations against the electoral system on digital platforms, thereby contributing to public awareness and understanding of disinformation trends. This helps inform the public debate on electoral integrity.", "quote": "Um relatório da Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas da Fundação Getulio Vargas ajuda a ilustrar como as alegações contra o sistema eleitoral evoluíram também em plataformas digitais entre 2014 e 2020.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Diretório Central dos Estudantes da Universidade Federal Fluminense", "aliases": ["Diretório Central dos Estudantes da Universidade Federal Fluminense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["student association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic values", "historical memory", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Named in honor of a disappeared political activist, it represents student organizing and engagement in political issues, and as a collective, proposed the 'Direito UFF Antifascista' flag.", "quote": "Em homenagem a Fernando, o Diretório Central dos Estudantes da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) recebeu o seu nome...", "page": "51", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Disability Charities", "aliases": ["Disability Charities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "anti-discrimination", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Pressures social media platforms (like Twitter) to improve reporting functions and tools for disability-related hate speech.", "quote": "Twitter has also been urged by disability charities to do more to help disabled users report hate speech against them on the site, with claims that it remains too difficult to report disability-related abuse.", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Disability Rights California", "aliases": ["Disability Rights California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1978, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "DRC conducts investigations and reports, engages in litigation and settlements, issues public policy positions and open letters, and partners with coalitions to influence state-level policy and protect disability rights.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on defending rights of Californians with disabilities; it occasionally engages in public policy and platform-adjacent accessibility advocacy but not primarily platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.disabilityrightsca.org/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Discord Community Moderators", "aliases": ["Discord Community Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord"], "norms": ["community standards", "public discourse", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chillbot: Content Moderation in the Backchannel", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Khadka, Manas; Haghighi, Nava; Yang, Tanya; Xi, Zachary; Bernstein, Michael", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Community moderators manage online spaces by setting and enforcing rules, providing private feedback, welcoming newcomers, and shaping community norms through both public and backchannel interventions.", "quote": "Community moderators are often viewed effectively as hall monitors, taking routine punitive action on content... but effective moderators also operate in the backchannel – behind the scenes... they welcome newcomers, write rules and establish norms for behavior, explain punishments, help offenders understand how they might reform, and more.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3686941", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Discord, online communities", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Discord Moderator Academy", "aliases": ["Discord Moderator Academy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "personal development", "platform governance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Practicing Moderation: Community Moderation as Reflective Practice", "author": "Cullen, Amanda L. L.; Kairam, Sanjay R.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It provides structured rubrics, materials, and questions to support moderators in reflecting on common moderation scenarios and facilitating positive environments, thereby accelerating learning for new moderators.", "quote": "One major community-driven platform which has achieved this successfully is Discord's 'Moderator Academy'. These materials provide structured rubrics for thinking through common moderation scenarios and questions to support moderators in reflecting on how they can facilitate positive environments.", "page": "23", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3512958", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Discord Moderator Discord (DMD) / Discord Moderator Ecosystem Community", "aliases": ["Discord Moderator Discord (DMD) / Discord Moderator Ecosystem Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord"], "norms": ["community development", "community service"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pride and professionalization in volunteer moderation: Lessons for effective platform-user collaboration", "author": "J Seering, B Dym, G Kaufman…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The DMD serves as a central hub (a Discord server) for experienced volunteer moderators within Discord's broader Moderator Ecosystem. It facilitates direct communication with Discord employees, hosts educational resources, provides formal training, and acts as the recruitment and coordination point for initiatives like \"Pride Mod", "quote": "Professionalism in moderation, platform safety, expertise sharing, community development, effective platform-user collaboration.", "page": "Much of the coordination involved in matching volunteers to servers took place in a Discord server named the “Discord Moderator Discord” (DMD), which at the time of this study was run by Discord's Community Moderation Team to host and communicate with the most active and knowledgeable moderators on the platform.", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/34", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Discord platform, LGBTQ+ communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Discord servers", "aliases": ["Discord servers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Function as unpersonalized forums where the implementation or absence of moderation policies affects community composition and can shape social outcomes.", "quote": "Unpersonalized forums (e.g., Facebook groups, subreddits or Discord servers) are particularly compelling motivating examples for our analysis, since they have been central to shaping impactful social phenomena, like the January 6th, 2021 insurrection in the U.S. [18].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Discovery Institute", "aliases": ["Discovery Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promoted the ‘Wedge strategy’ to erode 'methodological naturalism' and return the US to Christian origins, significantly influencing the intelligent design movement.", "quote": "One notorious example is the Discovery Institute’s ‘Wedge strategy’, based on Phillip E. Johnson (1997), which projected the erosion of ‘methodological naturalism’ as the ‘thin edge of the wedge’ to return the United States to its Christian origins.", "page": "70", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "DiscussIt (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["DiscussIt (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-bigotry", "anti-censorship", "anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators experience conflict over what constitutes 'bad' behavior and the extent of censorship, with some tolerating bigotry while others resign in protest, aiming to appeal to users' 'better nature' but rarely banning.", "quote": "In the DiscussIt community, one moderator viewed censorship as unnecessary unless it breached Reddit's site-wide rules and another moderator viewed censorship as a necessary evil. The conflict resulted in one moderator resigning in support of the community goals: 'The policy of the sub is not to remove content that breaks the rules of reddit. Bigotry and abuse are implicitly allowed.'", "page": "8", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Dissenso.org", "aliases": ["Dissenso.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on judicial decisions related to freedom of expression online through a 'casoteca' (case library), promoting transparency and accountability regarding content removal requests.", "quote": "Um bom exemplo dessa nova cultura são os dados extraídos a partir do relatório do Dissenso.org, que contava com 152 decisões catalogadas até agosto de 2018", "page": "9", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Dissenters / Nonconformists", "aliases": ["Dissenters / Nonconformists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual autonomy", "political influence", "religious conviction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mary Astell on Moderation: The Case of Occasional Conformity", "author": "Bol, Geertje", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Dissenters, through their religious meetings and varying degrees of conformity (including 'occasional conformity'), challenged state-imposed religious unity and norms for public office. Astell distinguishes between 'dissenters in conscience' (acting on genuine belief) and 'dissenters in faction' (using religious identity for secular gain), both of whom participate in public life by either upholding or subverting established religious norms.", "quote": "the practice of occasional conformity, by which dissenters periodically participated in the sacraments of the Church of England, usually by taking communion, in order to become eligible for public office under the Corporation Act and the Test Act, whilst still attending nonconformist religious meetings.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2178725", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "early 18th century (1704)"}]}, {"name": "Dissident groups (involved in samizdat)", "aliases": ["Dissident groups (involved in samizdat)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union", "author": "Stelmakh, V. D", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Actively opposed the regime and took on the production and distribution of samizdat, facilitating the self-realization and institutionalization of unofficial culture.", "quote": "The growth of independent public opinion and the formation of groups that began to oppose the regime actively brought it about. It was these groups that took on the production and distribution of samizdat.", "page": "7", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18888", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (USSR)", "when": "1960s-1980s (Cold War)"}]}, {"name": "Dissident network of booksellers and printers (opposing Charles II's government)", "aliases": ["Dissident network of booksellers and printers (opposing Charles II's government)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom", "republicanism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE CENSORSHIP OF THE PRESS DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES II", "author": "Walker, J.", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Published, printed, and secretly circulated anti-monarchical, republican, and religiously dissenting tracts and pamphlets, operating illicitly from private warehouses and using various means to evade detection by authorities.", "quote": "Most dangerous of all from the government's point of view were the 'fanatics' of the Chapman, Brewster, Calvert and Francis Smith type who had private warehouses and receivers. Their seditious wares were dispatched illicitly.", "page": "9", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-229X.1950.tb00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "District Six Museum", "aliases": ["District Six Museum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Théâtre sud-africain: le spectre du grand censeur", "author": "S St-Jacques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "By taking ownership of the former Fugard Theatre building, an 'emblem of anti-apartheid resistance', and returning it to the community, the museum participates in preserving the legacy of artistic and cultural resistance against historical injustices and censorship.", "quote": "Sur le site du Théâtre Fugard, on peut lire que le bâtiment du théâtre sera désormais la possession du musée District Six et devient la propriété de la communauté du quartier.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jeu/2021-n179-jeu06341/96711ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1970s – 2021"}]}, {"name": "Districts du Val-de-Grâce et de Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas", "aliases": ["Districts du Val-de-Grâce et de Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic ideals", "democratic participation"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1789, "when_max": 1790, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comment les Français voyaient l'Administration en 1789: Jacques Peuchet et la\" burocratie\"\"\"", "author": "G Thuillier", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "These local assemblies nominated Peuchet as a member of the municipality, thereby participating in the selection of administrative personnel responsible for public order and police.", "quote": "Il fut nommé membre de la municipalité par délibération des districts réunis du Val-de-Grâce et de Saint-Jacques du Haut-Pas.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40778376", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (1789-1790)"}]}, {"name": "Distrust in Food Safety and Social Media Content Moderation - KFF", "aliases": ["Distrust in Food Safety and Social Media Content Moderation - KFF"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["health policy research and journalism nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1948, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1948", "mechanism": "KFF publishes research, polling, and Monitor reports that document misinformation trends and platform moderation challenges, provides media-facing analysis to shape public debate, and partners with monitoring firms for evidence used in accountability-focused reporting.", "quote": "KFF’s Health Information and Trust Initiative tracks health misinformation and analyzes social media content moderation, directly engaging with platform governance debates around moderation, misinformation, and AI trust.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.kff.org/the-monitor/distrust-in-food-safety-and-social-media-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Diversity University", "aliases": ["Diversity University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["BBS", "MOOs", "Usenet", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["organizational rules", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Constrains participant activities through internally prescribed rules and requires research conducted within its domain to be approved by its own Institutional Review Board (IRB), acting as a gatekeeper and regulator of conduct and research within its virtual space.", "quote": "For example, research on or in Diversity University must be approved by the IRB of DU (Di-versity University).", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Diversité artistique Montréal", "aliases": ["Diversité artistique Montréal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural equity", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produced a report on systemic racism in Montreal's arts, culture, and media sectors, contributing to public discourse and policy recommendations for cultural equity.", "quote": "Diversité artistique Montréal (DAM), Pour un processus d’équité culturelle, Rapport de la consultation sur le racisme systémique dans les milieux des arts, de la culture et des médias à Montréal, Montréal, 2018.", "page": "64", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Diviners and Astrologers (Rome)", "aliases": ["Diviners and Astrologers (Rome)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political stability", "public order"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "Their professional practice of predicting the future, especially regarding the emperor's health or death, was censored through expulsions from Rome and later empire-wide laws prohibiting 'prophesying for particulars,' due to fears of 'agitation,' 'rebellion,' or 'conspiracy.'", "quote": "Le métier de devin comportait une inévitable ambiguïté... les sources antiques attribuent la cause du bannissement à quelque « agitation », « rébellion » ou « complot ».", "page": "16-17", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "DIVSI - Deutsches Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet ...", "aliases": ["DIVSI - Deutsches Institut für Vertrauen und Sicherheit im Internet ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research institute / policy institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Trust & Safety", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "DIVSI publishes studies and a magazine, runs projects and events on trust and safety, and promotes technical guidance (e.g., IT-security standards) to influence public debate and governance practices around internet trust and consumer protection.", "quote": "DIVSI's core topics include trust, safety, netpolitik, digital sovereignty and 'Vertrauen in die digitale Kommunikation', and it publishes studies, magazines and projects directly addressing internet governance and digital consumer protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.divsi.de/index.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DIY.org", "aliases": ["DIY.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Scratch"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmically Supported Moderation in Children’s Online Communities", "author": "Tan, Flora", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "DIY operates as another online community for kids with its own distinct moderation policies. It is cited as an example of how different children's platforms allow varying types of content, demonstrating the need for context-specific moderation.", "quote": "DIY [39], for example, is another online community for kids that allows them to learn new skills and share knowledge about a wide range of topics. ... the presence of toilet humor, ie. jokes about animal scat, is allowed throughout the website.", "page": "55", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Scratch online community", "when": "2015-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Diyojen", "aliases": ["Diyojen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published satire and cartoons that ridiculed government policies, contributing to public dissent during the Tanzimat era.", "quote": "Theodor Kasap, the founder of Diyojen (Diogenes), Hayâl (Dream-Ottoman Puppet Theater) and Çıngıraklı Tatar (Courier with Bells), major satire magazines of the Tanzimat era, ridiculed this \"guarantee\"\" quite effectively...\"", "page": "7", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Diário do Rio", "aliases": ["Diário do Rio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["governmental accountability", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1850, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CHAVE OU FECHO? o debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador", "author": "WG Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participated in public debates by publishing articles that supported the argument for ministerial responsibility in the exercise of the moderating power, thereby shaping public opinion and legal interpretation.", "quote": "de um lado, sustentava-se a necessidade de responsabilização do poder moderador, atribuída aos ministros diante da inviolabilidade constitucional do monarca – segundo Vasconcellos (1862:16), é a tese do Diário do Rio e do Correio Mercantil", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/quaestioiuris/article/download/20809/16231", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazilian Empire", "when": "second half of the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Diário do Rio; Correio Mercantil", "aliases": ["Diário do Rio; Correio Mercantil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "limitation of power", "political freedom"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chave ou Fecho? O debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador/Key or Closure? The learned legal debate on the responsibility of …", "author": "W Guandalini Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Advocated for the legal responsibility of the moderating power through their published articles, shaping public and legal discourse on monarchical accountability.", "quote": "de um lado, sustentava-se a necessidade de responsabilização do poder moderador, atribuída aos ministros diante da inviolabilidade constitucional do monarca – segundo Vasconcellos (1862:16), é a tese do Diário do Rio e do Correio Mercantil", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.lareferencia.info/vufind/Record/BR_b07974d2282c5f869d1a0f15956728ee", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Diócesis de Cuernavaca", "aliases": ["Diócesis de Cuernavaca"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["popular participation", "religious renewal", "social engagement"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Under Bishop Sergio Méndez Arceo, it fostered an environment of openness and supported the creation of basic Christian communities (CEBs), allowing for new pastoral approaches and promoting social engagement.", "quote": "Los padres Pedro Rolland y Luis Genoel iniciaron su labor pastoral en la Diócesis de Cuernavaca, Morelos, apoyados por el obispo Sergio Méndez Arceo que les brindó la libertad necesaria para llevar a cabo su proyecto en las colonias La Carolina y Teopanzolco.", "page": "337", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "DNC counter-misinformation - Democrats.org", "aliases": ["DNC counter-misinformation - Democrats.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party committee"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1848, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1848", "mechanism": "The DNC produces public communications, press releases, trainings and campaigns to shape narratives about misinformation, mobilize voters, and exert electoral pressure on platforms and policymakers.", "quote": "The DNC's core mission is electing Democrats, but it runs initiatives on 'combating online misinformation' and public communications that touch platform content and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://democrats.org/combating-online-misinformation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Do or Die: Voices from Earth First!", "aliases": ["Do or Die: Voices from Earth First!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["direct action", "economic justice", "environmental protection", "open access", "public participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A radical environmentalist magazine that promoted 'open distribution', encouraging activists to photocopy and redistribute its content, and served as a forum for in-depth reporting and tactical discussion from within the Earth First! movement.", "quote": "It, too, in its first issue, recommended open distribution as its primary form of distribution: 'if you've got access to cheap photocopying facilities, print up copies of this yourself, we don't mind, we are not capitalists'.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "aliases": ["Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "knowledge sharing", "open access", "professional development"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Del fosters professional development and knowledge exchange among educators on teaching methodologies and technology use. It maintains virtual spaces, publishes articles, moderates discussions, and curates educational resources, promoting collaborative learning and the adoption of open educational resources.", "quote": "Su objetivo es fomentar, entre profesionales y estudiantes con o sin conocimientos previos sobre el tema, el análisis y estudio entre pares de los desarrollos de la metodología de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje producidos en los últimos años, que frecuentemente incluyen diferentes usos de la tecnología.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Doctissimo Volunteer Moderators", "aliases": ["Doctissimo Volunteer Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Doctissimo"], "norms": ["community standards", "harm reduction", "platform integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dynamiques des échanges numériques autour d'un sujet controversé: Le cas du forum Homéopathie sur le site Doctissimo", "author": "S Demonceaux", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These volunteer users act as an informal 'police de proximité' (neighborhood watch) to maintain order and enforce norms on the Doctissimo forum, contributing to the regulation of discussions and preventing the conversation from degenerating into violence.", "quote": "Doctissimo fait appel à de nombreux animateurs bénévoles qui agissent, quant à eux, comme une « police de proximité » (Touboul et Vercher, 2008, p. 57).", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ticetsociete/6865", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Doctissimo, France", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Doctors for America", "aliases": ["Doctors for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "public health", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for increased transparency from social media platforms, calling for them to make their responses to misinformation and relevant data more accessible to researchers and the public.", "quote": "There are growing calls for platforms to make their responses more transparent and data more easily available to researchers (Doctors for America, 2021; MacCarthy, 2020; Office of the Surgeon General, 2021).", "page": "4", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Doctors of Louvain", "aliases": ["Doctors of Louvain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published a multi-disciplinary expurgatory index that served as a foundational document for Spanish censorship practices.", "quote": "Em 1571. Neste ano é publicado em Âmberes o expurgatório dos doutores de Lovaina.", "page": "15", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Doctors of Theology", "aliases": ["Doctors of Theology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / learned society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Materia peligrosa: la censura de las obras de Alfonso de Valdés", "author": "Durán, Rosa Navarro", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This group of theologians examined the book 'Doctrina Cristiana' and declared it contained 'erroneous' and 'not well-sounding' content. Their assessment provided the intellectual justification for the Inquisition's decision to prohibit the book's sale and circulation.", "quote": "...declarado por muchos doctores teólogos que le han visto y examinado, et conviene con toda diligencia y presteza proveer y remediar cómo el dicho libro no se venda ni extienda por diversas manos e personas...", "page": "2", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Documenta", "aliases": ["Documenta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "peacebuilding"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Gathering evidence, materials, and personal memories to establish factual truths about past wars, countering misinformation and distortions that perpetuate violence.", "quote": "For instance, the Documenta project in Croatia and in other countries of the former Yugoslavia aims to establish the factual truths about the war through a systematic collection of materials related to war, human losses, and personal memories.", "page": "98", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Dogs Trust", "aliases": ["Dogs Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["animal welfare charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1891, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1891", "mechanism": "Dogs Trust educates the public on animal welfare and conducts campaigns to improve dog care standards.", "quote": "Dogs Trust focuses on animal welfare and rehoming; there is no direct engagement with platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dogstrust.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Doha Forum", "aliases": ["Doha Forum"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["innovation", "international cooperation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Functions as a global dialogue platform, convening politicians and researchers to debate world issues and foster innovation and action, contributing to Qatar's international projection.", "quote": "Otra de las actividades cultu rales más importantes que se desarrollan dentro del marco de la Qatar Foundation y la Universidad de Qatar es el Doha Forum. Desde 2003 y de manera anual, se define como una plataforma de diálogo global que reúne a políticos e investigadores de todo el mundo para debatir sobre los temas a los que se enfrenta nuestro mundo y crear redes de innovación y acción.", "page": "161", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Dom Bosco Center of Faith and Culture Association", "aliases": ["Dom Bosco Center of Faith and Culture Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Filed a public civil action to prevent the exhibition of a film, 'Especial de Natal Porta dos Fundos: A Primeira Tentação de Cristo,' arguing it offended Christian religious values.", "quote": "a Associação Centro Dom Bosco De Fé e Cultura havia ajuizado ação civil pública (...) com o intuito de impedir a exibição do filme 'Especial de Natal Porta dos Fundos: A Primeira Tentação de Cristo', ao argumento de que a película atentaria contra valores caros à religião cristã.", "page": "74", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Dominican Order / Order of Preachers", "aliases": ["Dominican Order / Order of Preachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["policy influence", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1583, "when_max": 1584, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura literaria en el «Index» de Quiroga (1583-1584)", "author": "Puga, Ma Luisa Cerrón", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "They submitted their opinions (\"pareceres\"\") to Quiroga during the compilation of the censorship catalogue", "quote": "including women.\"", "page": "Orthodoxy, public morals, protecting the \"uneducated\"\" from profane literature.\"", "url": "cvc.cervantes.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Rome (in relation to Spanish censorship)", "when": "16th century (1583-1584)"}]}, {"name": "Dominican preachers", "aliases": ["Dominican preachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Promoted and authored versions of biblical texts with orthodox commentaries to ensure correct interpretation of sacred scripture.", "quote": "una prima forma di controllo fu tentata con la promozione di versioni con glosse esplicative e commenti ortodossi a cura dei predicatori domenicani.", "page": "38", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Don't Block the Blog campaign", "aliases": ["Don't Block the Blog campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Responded to government censorship initiatives in Pakistan by campaigning against blog blocking and exposing civil rights violations.", "quote": "The Pakistani cyber-community responded to these initiatives with a \"Don't Block the Blog” campaign (http://dbtb.org/)", "page": "which", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Donbaleh and Sabzlink", "aliases": ["Donbaleh and Sabzlink"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "community engagement", "content quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "National Web Studies: Mapping Iran Online", "author": "Rogers, Richard; Weltevrede, Esther; Niederer, Sabine; Borra, Erik", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Function as crowd-sourcing platforms where registered users suggest and vote on links, making popular URLs rise to the top and thus shaping a portion of the Iranian web.", "quote": "Crowd-sourced sites such as the most well-known (Balatarin) and its emulators (Donbaleh and Sabz-link) require registration before the user may suggest a link, which is then voted upon by other registered users.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Dos’e na tsenzuru", "aliases": ["Dos’e na tsenzuru"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A periodical specifically focused on censorship, it regularly provides information on the state of media freedom in Russia, serving a transparency and anti-censorship function.", "quote": "Information on the state of freedom of the printed and spoken word in Russia is provided on a regular basis by, among others... the new periodical Dos’e na tsenzuru (Dossier on Censorship)", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Douban Feminist Groups", "aliases": ["Douban Feminist Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Douban", "WeChat", "Weibo", "XiaoHongShu"], "norms": ["collective action", "gender equality", "national security", "privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Exploring algorithmic resistance: Responses to social media censorship in activism", "author": "H Elmimouni, S Rüller, K Aal, Y Skop…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functioned as online safe spaces and invite-only closed communities with strict membership controls, providing members with security and privacy to discuss sensitive issues free from external threats until mass deletion by the government.", "quote": "In May 2021, a significant number of feminist groups on Douban, which functioned as safe spaces like those described by Rosemary Clark-Parsons (2018) on Facebook—invite-only, closed communities with strict membership controls—were deleted masse by the Chinese government.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3710970", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China, social media platforms (Douban, XiaoHongShu, Weibo, WeChat)", "when": "2021–2023"}]}, {"name": "dpfak.com (deepfake community website)", "aliases": ["dpfak.com (deepfake community website)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["MrDeepFakes.com", "Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Studying the online deepfake community", "author": "B Timmerman, P Mehta, P Deb, K Gallagher…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operated as an online deepfake community hub but ceased operations due to widespread deplatforming, which contributed to a collective sense of fragility and distrust among deepfake creators regarding the stability of alternative platforms.", "quote": "After the devastating bannwave from reditt, gfycat, twitter, discorde and “pornhub” the community lost a lot of its members. And now with the closing of dpfak.com it happened again i'm afraid the a0adult deepfake scene won't survive anothe blow like that.", "page": "14", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/126", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online deepfake communities, particularly on Reddit and MrDeepFakes.com", "when": "December 2017 – August 2021"}]}, {"name": "DROG", "aliases": ["DROG"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created a serious game called 'Slecht Nieuws' ('Bad News') that invites players to create fake news, thereby helping them gain insight into the strategies behind fake news and become more astute in its recognition.", "quote": "The Dutch serious game, titled Slecht Nieuws (‘Bad News’), invites players to create fake news and by doing so gain insight into the strategies behind it and become more astute in its recognition (NRC, 2018; DROG, 2018).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "DS4A", "aliases": ["DS4A"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "anarchism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functions as an anarchist distributor, providing an alternative channel for the distribution of anarchist publications within the alternative public sphere.", "quote": "the 1990s saw the rise of a number of specifically anarchist distributors such as DS4A, Slab-o-Concrete and the largest, AK.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "DSA: Digital Services Act - Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung", "aliases": ["DSA: Digital Services Act - Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation; think tank"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1958, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1958", "mechanism": "The foundation convenes experts and decision-makers via regional hubs, coordinates EU co-financed projects, publishes policy content and runs campaigns to shape liberal policy debates on digital governance.", "quote": "The foundation explicitly lists Digitalpolitik and runs 'Expertise-Hubs' focused on digital policy and related governance topics, engaging EU experts, civil society and decision-makers.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.freiheit.org/de/deutschland/digital-services-act-gilt-jetzt-eu-weit", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "DsiN - Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V. (Germany Secure in the Net)", "aliases": ["DsiN - Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V. (Germany Secure in the Net)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["illegal content", "online safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a party to DsiN, an organization that operates in combating illegal content and promoting safety online. This suggests collaboration or engagement with initiatives aimed at improving online security and content appropriateness.", "quote": "as well as to DsiN (Deutschland sicher im Netz e. V.), and maintain a close working relationship with Jugendschutz.net. While not industry associations, these organizations also operate in the field of combating illegal content and promoting safety online.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "DSIN: Startseite", "aliases": ["DSIN: Startseite"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership-based non-profit; digital safety alliance"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "DsiN publishes studies and tools (e.g., FitNIS2 navigator), runs workshops on KI and NIS2 for SMEs and engages publicly and with government under BMI patronage to shape digital safety practices.", "quote": "DsiN's core mission is digital safety and literacy, but it runs projects, workshops and resources on AI, NIS2 and online safety that touch platform governance and platform-facing risk mitigation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sicher-im-netz.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "dubbing parties", "aliases": ["dubbing parties"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural exchange", "free speech", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia: A case study in productive censorship", "author": "Baer, Brian James", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "These informal groups of individuals would collaboratively share their knowledge of foreign languages or film history to reconstruct original foreign films, thereby circumventing state censorship and collectively producing alternative, uncensored interpretations for a shared viewing experience.", "quote": "Consider, for example, the \"dubbing parties\"\" described by Dwyer and Uricaru", "page": "where individual Romanians would share their knowledge – in this case", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781700.2011.528680", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Russia", "when": "20th century (Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Dunbar Ministerial Association", "aliases": ["Dunbar Ministerial Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Went on record stating that the disputed textbooks contained materials offensive to religion, morals, patriotism, and common decency.", "quote": "In a similar reaction seven members of the Dunbar Ministerial Associa tion went on record saying that the books 'contain materials offensive to religion, morals, patriotism, and common decency.'", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Dutch Association for Community Management", "aliases": ["Dutch Association for Community Management"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "professionalisation"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Organization officially incorporated as an association for community management.", "quote": "That same year, community manager Kirsten Wagenaar spearheaded Vereniging Community Management NL, the Dutch Association for Community Management, with the organisation officially incorporating as an association in 2012.", "page": "50", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Dutch East India Company", "aliases": ["Dutch East India Company"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "national security", "trade monopoly"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in state-like military aggression and trade monopolies, seizing territory and trading posts for commercial profit, defended as necessary by natural law arguments.", "quote": "When ships of the Dutch East India Company famously seized the treasure-laden Portuguese ship Santa Catarina in 1603, the Company commissioned Grotius to write its defence against strong opposition to this legally questionable act.", "page": "129", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Dutch East Indies Theosophical Society", "aliases": ["Dutch East Indies Theosophical Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["intergroup understanding", "religious harmony"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Actively campaigned for the 'transcendental unity of religions' to foster mutual understanding and harmony among religious adherents during the colonial period.", "quote": "During the colonial period, there was also the Dutch East Indies theosophical society, as a branch of the international theosophical movement, having its headquarter in Adyar-India, which actively campaigned for ideas about transcendental unity of religions in order to create mutual understanding and harmony among religious adherents in the archipelago.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Dutch Patriot movement", "aliases": ["Dutch Patriot movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Initiated with moderate petition drives but later polarized due to internal divisions, leading some elements to embrace \"forceful revolutionary action\"\" after the initial consensus broke down", "quote": "Political reform, later revolutionary goals", "page": "the coalition that began the Dutch Patriot movement in the 1780s with massive – but moderate – petition drives led to the formation of a provincial network of citizens’ committees and militias...", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Dutch Reformed Missionary Church (NGSK)", "aliases": ["Dutch Reformed Missionary Church (NGSK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "reconciliation", "religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Made an important appeal to reconciliation in its Belhar Confession, addressing the church's complicity in apartheid and expressing the injustice of the system.", "quote": "In 1982, led by Allan Boesak, the Dutch Reformed Missionary Church (NGSK) made an important appeal to reconcil iation in its Belhar Confession...", "page": "70", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Dutch West India Company", "aliases": ["Dutch West India Company"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["profit motive", "trade monopoly"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in pre-capitalist commercial strategies, including reviving monopoly privileges, during periods of economic decline.", "quote": "...seeking more lucrative means of trading in goods produced elsewhere by, for example, reviving monopoly privileges – such as the re-establishment of the Dutch West India Company...", "page": "125", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "DW Akademie", "aliases": ["DW Akademie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international media development organisation; journalism training and knowledge transfer"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Capacity building", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS); IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DW Akademie publishes studies and reports, runs training and events, issues newsletters and operates via partnerships with government donors (BMZ) and development agencies to shape media development and information-literacy agendas.", "quote": "Core mission is media development, journalism training and strengthening freedom of expression; it engages with digital media literacy, media safety and information ecosystems but does not primarily focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://akademie.dw.com/en/profile/s-30788", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility", "aliases": ["Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Issues recommendations on platform terms of service and human rights, calling for mechanisms to protect individuals in the online environment.", "quote": "See, eg, Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility, Recommendations on Terms of Service & Human Rights (November 2015) <https://www.intgovforum.org/cms/documents/igf-meeting/igf-2016/830-dcpr-2015-output-document-1/file>.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility (DCPR)", "aliases": ["Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility (DCPR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partnered with CTS/FGV to analyze the adequacy of online platform contracts in relation to human rights, guiding the assessment of terms of use against international human rights principles.", "quote": "realizada uma análise da adequação dos contratos das plataformas online relacionando-os aos direitos humanos, cujos critérios adotados basearam-se na estrutura do “Guia de Direitos Humanos para os Usuários da Internet”", "page": "97", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Déclare ta manif", "aliases": ["Déclare ta manif"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An association whose member, Sylvie Tissier, participated in the Montceau-les-Mines assembly. The group likely advocates for specific actions and strategies within the Yellow Vest movement, as indicated by Tissier's regret about the lack of specific planning for the 'social return'.", "quote": "On comptait pourtant des représentants de 232 groupes locaux de gilets jaunes, mêlés à des délégations de différentes associations et à de rares figures médiatiques, comme Sylvie Tissier, du groupe « Déclare ta manif », critiquée par certains.", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Défenseur des Droits", "aliases": ["Défenseur des Droits"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital inclusion", "equal access", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This independent authority published a report highlighting digital exclusion and inequalities in access to public services. This implicitly advocates for policies that ensure inclusive public participation despite the increasing digitalization of administrative procedures.", "quote": "Défenseur des Droits, Dématérialisation et inégalités d'accès aux services publics, 14 janv. 2019, 71 p.", "page": "16", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "e-l@formatori.it (mailing list)", "aliases": ["e-l@formatori.it (mailing list)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "knowledge sharing", "professional development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Corso di Specializzazione per esperti di tutoraggio on-line e moderatori/animatori della comunicazione", "author": "I Marenzi, D Peraldo, V Turelli, R Turri, A Ziletti", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a mailing list for subscribers, it facilitates the sharing and discussion of e-learning standards and practices, including the translation of certification requirements, contributing to the collective understanding and application of moderation norms in online education.", "quote": "ad uso degli iscritti alla lista e-l@formatori.it, si trova la traduzione italiana della bozza ECC (traduzione di Barbara Bigini [e altri], coordinamento di Brunella Longo).", "page": "26", "url": "https://www.comunedasa.it/elearning/download/lavoro_gr4.pdf", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, focusing on distance learning and online education", "when": "early 2000s (circa 2004)"}]}, {"name": "E. D. Dekker Society", "aliases": ["E. D. Dekker Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "In a controlled experiment, it fictitiously claimed copyright ownership and demanded the removal of public domain content from OSPs, demonstrating how easily content can be censored.", "quote": "Then, they sent complaints in the name of a fictitious Mr. Johan Droogleever, legal advisor to the E. D. Dekker Society, which claimed to hold copyright to the works and demanded their removal.", "page": "9", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Eagle Forum", "aliases": ["Eagle Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Pakistan", "Singapore", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious conservatism", "religious intolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Supports the Islamophobia network as a sympathetic Religious Right organization, helping to amplify Islamophobia rhetoric and participate in related events.", "quote": "Single-issue organisations such as ACT! for America and Stop Islamization of America provide the manpower for demonstrations and other events, together with sympathetic Religious Right organisations, such as Eagle Forum.", "page": "18", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Early community social systems (e.g., The WELL, ECHO, BBSs)", "aliases": ["Early community social systems (e.g., The WELL, ECHO, BBSs)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "social interaction", "user participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Enabled socialization and human connection by providing community social systems where norms evolved through collective participation, forming the foundation for user-generated content spaces.", "quote": "A multitude of community social systems such as The WELL, ECHO, and Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) had emerged, enabling socialization and human connection.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Early Printer-Publishers", "aliases": ["Early Printer-Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["South Africa", "Soviet Union", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "information dissemination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Emerging from Censorship", "author": "COETZEE, J.M.", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "By establishing the practice of attaching authors' names to books and creating a 'reading public,' these collective actors developed the concept of authorship and a public sphere for printed works. The state viewed this collective activity as a rival source of power, which then provoked systematic state censorship.", "quote": "as soon as printing arrived, state censorship took on a more systematic, widespread and rigorous form, as though in printers and their authors the state had identified not so much an enemy (though in fact that is what they were often labeled) as a rival.", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40548685", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, Soviet Union, early modern Europe (specifically England)", "when": "16th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Earth First!", "aliases": ["Earth First!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["direct action", "environmental protection", "social reform", "technology caution"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A radical environmental group that engages in direct action and uses its own media (like Do or Die) to document its activities, discuss strategies, and further its environmental causes, promoting an anti-technological, primitivist vision.", "quote": "The impetus for much of the campaigning on these issues has come from a broad sweep... of groups that are anarchist in nature, if not in political intent... Others are published by specific groups engaged in a range of activities (for instance, the radical environmental group Earth First!'s Do or Die).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Earth Liberation Front", "aliases": ["Earth Liberation Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["direct action", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engages in direct action, forming temporary formations for specific actions to further its environmental liberation causes, often operating outside formal organizational structures.", "quote": "Most are organizations without formal memberships, such as Earth First!; or temporary formations that come together for specific actions, such as the Earth Liberation Front and the radical cyclists' campaign, Critical Mass.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "East Turkestan Liberation Organization", "aliases": ["East Turkestan Liberation Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["self-determination"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "An independence-seeking organization whose name is blacklisted and censored by the Great Firewall of China, making it a prominent target of state censorship.", "quote": "东土耳其斯坦解放组织 East Turkestan Liberation Organization #1346 on East_Turkistan", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1315245.1315290", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall of China)", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "East-West Management Institute", "aliases": ["East-West Management Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public charity; international development NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "EWMI produces research and program reports, works in partnership with governments and donors (USAID, World Bank), and implements anti-corruption and governance programs that monitor and push for institutional reforms.", "quote": "EWMI focuses on civic engagement, media integrity and technology initiatives (e.g., Strengthening Media Integrity Standards, Open Development Initiative) but platform governance is not a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ewmi.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Eastern Africa Journalists' Association (EAJA)", "aliases": ["Eastern Africa Journalists' Association (EAJA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["gender equality", "media diversity", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and advocates for improved journalistic practices, including gender equality, implicitly addressing professional norms that can be undermined by self-censorship.", "quote": "Tom, T.O. (2008) Enhancing Gender Equality in the Media in Eastern Africa, Report for Eastern Africa Journalists' Association, Djibouti.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians", "aliases": ["Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "cultural identity", "respectful representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ethnic References in Branding and Artificial Intelligence Content Moderation: From the Ajax ‘Jews’ to the Washington Redskins and Beyond", "author": "Netanel, Neil Weinstock", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This tribal group partnered with the Atlanta Braves sports team, influencing the terms and conditions for the use of Native American references in their branding and mascots.", "quote": "Some tribes have also partnered with sports teams bearing Native American references, including the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (with the Atlanta Braves)...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and United States (social media global)", "when": "late 20th century - present"}]}, {"name": "Eastern Michigan University", "aliases": ["Eastern Michigan University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["University"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["campus decorum", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Requested a student to remove or modify sexually explicit artwork from a university show due to concerns about potential negative reactions from the campus community.", "quote": "In occasione di uno show universitario le fu chiesto di rimuovere o modificare il suo lavoro, sessualmente esplicito, per delle possibili inaspettate reazione dalla per-sone nel campus.", "page": "14", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "ECA", "aliases": ["ECA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / industry membership body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Sustainability", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1900", "mechanism": "ECA represents electrotechnical contractors to government, publishes reports and surveys, runs campaigns (e.g., calls for marketplace accountability), and leverages membership to press for regulatory and policy changes.", "quote": "Primary mission is electrotechnical industry representation, but ECA has called for government action on online marketplaces for product safety, engaging with platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.eca.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ecclesia (magazine)", "aliases": ["Ecclesia (magazine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Traducción y censura: Cumbres borrascosas en la dictadura franquista", "author": "E Pajares Infante", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Published 'crítica de libros' (book reviews) that served as a form of ecclesiastical censorship, guiding readers on morally and doctrinally acceptable literature.", "quote": "Función social de la censura eclesiástica. La crítica de libros en la revista Ecclesia (1944-1951)", "page": "289", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/10159/PAJARES%20?sequence=4", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1939-1985"}]}, {"name": "Ecclesia magazine", "aliases": ["Ecclesia magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA COMO HISTORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "This magazine published book reviews that reflected the 'social function of ecclesiastical censorship', articulating objections based on Catholic moral and dogmatic principles, thereby serving as a mechanism for the Church's censorship efforts.", "quote": "“Función social de la censura eclesiástica. La crítica de libros en la revista Ecclesia (1944-1951)”", "page": "13", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Francoist era (1939-1976)"}]}, {"name": "Ecclesiastical Authorities / Catholic Church", "aliases": ["Ecclesiastical Authorities / Catholic Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco's regime"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El libro y la censura durante el franquismo : un estado de la cuestión y otras consideraciones", "author": "Blas, J. Andrés De", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Exercised censorship over books, particularly 'ecclesiastical literature', acting as 'pastors of souls' to guide moral and religious content in publications.", "quote": "Función social de la literatura eclesiástica -, respecto a la censura de libros ejercida por las autoridades eclesiásticas a título de \"pastor de almas” en diversas publicaciones católicas.\"", "page": "16", "url": "http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFV/article/view/2967", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Franco's regime)", "when": "1939–1976 (Franco's regime)"}]}, {"name": "Echo", "aliases": ["Echo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual rights", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles. Described by áulicos as containing 'luminous principles' but viewed as serving 'luxury of press freedom' rather than 'public utility', implying it lacked practical impact or focus on governmental issues.", "quote": "o Echo “contém todavia luminozos principios; não he servil,nem demagogo; mas apezar disto he mais objecto de luxo da liberdade da Imprensa do que de utilidade publica”", "page": "24", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Echo der Zeit", "aliases": ["Echo der Zeit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishing articles that discuss and evaluate contemporary literature from a Catholic perspective, thereby contributing to cultural debate and norm-setting regarding acceptable literary content.", "quote": "...reproducido luego por la publicación también católica \"Echo der Zeit\"\" (18 de noviembre de 1962)", "page": "donde", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "Eco - Association of the Internet Industry", "aliases": ["Eco - Association of the Internet Industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of Eco, which includes an internal complaints service. This indicates participation in industry-led self-regulation and a mechanism for handling user complaints about online content.", "quote": "Eco - Verband der Internetwirtschaft e. V. (which includes an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "Eco - Verband der Internetwirtschaft e. V.", "aliases": ["Eco - Verband der Internetwirtschaft e. V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a member of this industry association, which maintains an internal complaints service, indicating its involvement in self-regulatory moderation processes for the internet industry.", "quote": "Eco - Verband der Internetwirtschaft e. V. (which includes an internal complaints service)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Ecologist movement", "aliases": ["Ecologist movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "environmental protection", "peace", "quality of life", "social solidarity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Nuevos derechos a debate?: razones para no resistir", "author": "MER Palop", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The ecologist movement, as part of new social movements, denounced deficiencies in the democratic system, economic structure, and development concept, criticizing economic growth and destructive technological use. They advocated for new rights, promoting decentralization and a new political model, with a focus on environmental concerns and sustainable development.", "quote": "Tales exigencias vinieron de la mano de los nuevos movimientos sociales -ecologismo, feminismo y pacifismo- que se apresuraron a denunciar las deficiencias del sistema democrático, de la estructura económica y la concepción del desarrollo en la que se apoyaba el orden imperante.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.mjusticia.gob.es/index.php/AFD/article/download/1729/1729", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies (Western Europe and the United States)", "when": "post-1945 era (especially 1960s-1970s onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)", "aliases": ["Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Harmonizes telecommunications policies and regulatory frameworks across its member states, influencing national policies and promoting regional standards.", "quote": "D’ailleurs des études menées par la CEDEAO (2002) et l’Union Internationale des Télécommunications (UIT 2003) constatent cette indépendance de l’autorité de régulation consacrée par les dispositions règlementaires.", "page": "99", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "ECPAT Deutschland e.V.", "aliases": ["ECPAT Deutschland e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection advocacy organisation / NGO network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Online harm", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes position papers and state-report contributions, participates in national councils and expert groups, runs public campaigns (#VielZuViel) and trainings to shape policy and hold actors (including platforms) to account.", "quote": "Works directly on \"Sexualisierte Gewalt im digitalen Raum\" and runs campaigns and policy advocacy addressing online ads and platform harms to children.", "page": "", "url": "https://ecpat.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ECPAT Indonesia", "aliases": ["ECPAT Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partners with YouTube, focusing on child protection, by contributing expertise and reporting harmful content related to child sexual exploitation.", "quote": "ECPAT Indonesia", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ECPAT International", "aliases": ["ECPAT International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-exploitation", "child safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Strategic partner to Meta, focusing on the prevention of child sexual abuse and exploitation within the context of online activities.", "quote": "Strategic partners include: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Internet Watch Foundation, ECPAT, Polaris, Stop the Traffik, and Meta’s Expert Advisory Group", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "ECPAT UK", "aliases": ["ECPAT UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child rights NGO; child protection advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and briefings, issues public policy statements and campaigns urging statutory definitions and a national strategy to compel government and sector action on online child exploitation.", "quote": "Publishes 'Online child sexual abuse research', issues policy briefings and public statements urging legal and cross-government action to protect children online.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ecpat.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Edelman Trust Institute", "aliases": ["Edelman Trust Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["trust"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Robust Content Moderation: Theory and Applications", "author": "SD Kominers, JM Shapiro", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports on public trust in institutions, including social media platforms, thereby influencing public and policy discourse regarding content moderation and platform governance.", "quote": "Many users say they do not trust the platforms (...) or their owners (Edelman Trust Institute, 2024, p. 45)", "page": "2", "url": "https://shapiro.scholars.harvard.edu/sites/g/files/omnuum7731/files/2025-12/ContentModeration.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "social media platforms, authoritarian regimes, and AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ediciones Fe", "aliases": ["Ediciones Fe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["falangist ideology", "national syndicalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Falangist publishing house focused on political and ideological texts, contributing to the dissemination of the movement's doctrine.", "quote": "Ediciones Jerarquía se centraría en la publicación de obras de creación literaria e intelectual; en Fe tendrían cabida las propiamente políticas y Libertad se orientaría hacia las ediciones “populares” de libros y folletos.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Ediciones Libertad", "aliases": ["Ediciones Libertad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["falangist ideology", "national syndicalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Falangist publishing house oriented towards 'popular' editions of books and pamphlets, for broad dissemination of the movement's message.", "quote": "Ediciones Jerarquía se centraría en la publicación de obras de creación literaria e intelectual; en Fe tendrían cabida las propiamente políticas y Libertad se orientaría hacia las ediciones “populares” de libros y folletos.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Edinburgh Claimants", "aliases": ["Edinburgh Claimants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchist principles", "anti-harassment", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An activist unemployed group that produces its own newsletter, 'Dole Harassment Exposed!', to publicize issues relevant to unemployed people and challenge existing power structures.", "quote": "The activist unemployed group Edinburgh Claimants, for example, produces its own newsletter, Dole Harassment Exposed!.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Editora Alfa-Ômega", "aliases": ["Editora Alfa-Ômega"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "free speech", "intellectual independence"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Founded with a focus on 'critical Brazilian thought,' its editor actively resisted censorship through strategic book distribution and by branding the publishing house as 'de resistência e independente'.", "quote": "Fernando Mangarielo comentando sua atuação como editor na década de 1970 atribui, em parte, sua coragem em criar uma editora ―de resistência e independente‖", "page": "88", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Editora Civilização Brasileira", "aliases": ["Editora Civilização Brasileira"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "legality", "platform power"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The publishing house actively resisted the military regime's arbitrary confiscation of books by impetrating a writ of mandamus, challenging the legality of such actions.", "quote": "Em um corajoso e claro ato de resistência ao governo militar, em maio de 1966, a Editora Civilização Brasileira impetrou mandado de segurança contra o Departamento Federal de Segurança Pública questionando as várias ações confiscatórias de livros.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Editorial Aguilar", "aliases": ["Editorial Aguilar"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Submitted manuscripts for voluntary consultation to censorship authorities for the publication of collected works, navigating the censorship system.", "quote": "Cuando la editorial Aguilar, en 1966 también, presenta a consulta voluntaria el manuscrito para la edición de las Obras Completas del teatro de Alfonso Sastre...", "page": "17", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Editorial Católica", "aliases": ["Editorial Católica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["publisher"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Responsible for Catholic publications, it faced state intervention and reorganization to align with the 'orthodoxy of the National Movement,' highlighting efforts to control religious media.", "quote": "...los de la Junta Técnica del Estado habían constituido una gestora que debería hacerse cargo de la Editorial Católica y reorientarla hacia la ortodoxia del Movimiento Nacional.", "page": "98", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Editorial Cultura Española", "aliases": ["Editorial Cultura Española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["publisher"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["authoritarian control", "cultural preservation", "national identity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Played a role in revitalizing cultural publishing under the Francoist regime, collaborating with monarchist nationalist figures, and its publications were subject to state censorship and ideological control.", "quote": "El psiquiatra López Ibor también vuelve al redil monárquico de la mano de la Editorial Cultura Española, creada en 1932 y de cuya revitalización, inspirada en los principios de Acción Española, se ocupa ya en el mismo año 1938...", "page": "128", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Editorial Galaxia", "aliases": ["Editorial Galaxia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problemas historiográficos en el estudio de la censura literaria del último medio siglo", "author": "ABELLÁN, MANUEL L.", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "As a 'founding group', it spearheaded the resurgence of Galician literary production from the 1950s, fostering connections between internal and exiled writers despite censorship.", "quote": "el resurgimiento experimentado a partir de los años cincuenta, a través del grupo fundador de la Editorial Galaxia y las conexiones entre la producción literaria del interior y del exilio.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27762669", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (under Franco regime)", "when": "1939–1989"}]}, {"name": "Editorial Saturnino Calleja", "aliases": ["Editorial Saturnino Calleja"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["child safety", "religious morality"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in self-censorship of translated children's literature, changing story elements (e.g., a ballerina to a 'virgencita') to align with prevailing religious morality.", "quote": "Un cuento infantil en apariencia inocuo como El soldadito de plomo de Hans Christian Andersen, fue considerado inmoral por la religiosidad imperante en la España católica cuando fue traducido en Madrid por la editorial Saturnino Calleja. Sus editores consideraron que era inapropiado que un soldadito se enamorara de una bailarina y la cambiaron por una \"virgencita\"\".\"", "page": "1", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Editors' Committee (of Israeli Media)", "aliases": ["Editors' Committee (of Israeli Media)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Established a voluntary board, the Israeli Press Council, along with journalists and newspaper publishers, to safeguard press freedom and journalistic quality, and signed the Censorship Agreement with the IDF.", "quote": "In 1963 the association of Israeli journalists, together with the editors' Committee and the association of Israeli newspaper publishers, established a voluntary board called moetzet ha'itonut [Israeli Press Council], which aimed at 'safeguarding freedom of the press and the right of the public to know, maintaining good journalistic quality and enhancing professional ethics'", "page": "21", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Edublogs.org", "aliases": ["Edublogs.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Web 2.0 platforms"], "norms": ["knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Recop: Um modelo para reputaçao em comunidades de prática", "author": "CCP Cruz, CLR Motta…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Functions as a free blog server created by teachers for teachers, facilitating the sharing of educational content. In this environment, participants implicitly or explicitly set norms for content quality and reliability, fostering trust in shared knowledge among educators, thus engaging in a form of community self-regulation for 'appropriate information sharing.'", "quote": "alguns deles voltados para a aprendizagem, tais como: Edublogs.org¹, Wikipedia.org², Globaleducation³.\n¹Servidor de Blogs livre, criado por professores para professores.", "page": "1", "url": "http://milanesa.ime.usp.br/rbie/index.php/sbie/article/viewFile/560/546", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Communities of Practice and Web 2.0 platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Educational Evaluation and Guidance Group of the University of Salamanca", "aliases": ["Educational Evaluation and Guidance Group of the University of Salamanca"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Conducts educational research and develops models for data analysis, providing methodological support and theoretical frameworks for studies, including those on moderation in online learning environments.", "quote": "Para su realización se ha seguido el modelo de presentación de descriptivos básicos de variables que se realiza en el “Grupo de Evaluación Educativa y Orientación” (GE2O) (Olmos, 2008; Martínez, 2013) del Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Salamanca.", "page": "280", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "Educational Research Analysts", "aliases": ["Educational Research Analysts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Operates as a textbook review clearinghouse, providing materials and advice to concerned parents, aiming to influence textbook content to align with specific moral and social outcomes (e.g., reducing crime/violence).", "quote": "Norma and Mel Gabler have turned their Texas horne,in tongYieW - into \"the nation's largest textbook review cleajringly.)use.\"\"1' As the.. f 'tinders $f Education Research Analysts", "page": "they`11elp.the`edica-.. ionally underprivileged.' As a", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Educational Research Analysts (Gablers)", "aliases": ["Educational Research Analysts (Gablers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "content moderation", "education policy", "public morals", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Operated as self-appointed textbook evaluators who provided 'bills of particulars' on textbooks to local protesters and exerted significant influence on textbook adoption policies nationally, particularly in Texas.", "quote": "Mel and Norma Gabler, the self-appointed text book evaluators, who run from their home a not-for-profit corporation called Educational Research Analysts in Longview, Texas...", "page": "38", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "EdVenture Partners", "aliases": ["EdVenture Partners"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Partnered with Facebook to create the P2P (Peer to Peer: Facebook Global Digital Challenge), engaging university students worldwide to develop social media campaigns and offline strategies to counter extremist and hateful narratives.", "quote": "Em parceria com a Edventure Partners, o Facebook criou o P2P (Peer to Peer: Facebook Global Digital Challenge) que envolve estudantes universitários de todo o mundo em competições por meio das quais os alunos criam campanhas de mídia social e estratégias offline para conter narrativas extremistas e odiosas.", "page": "12", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}]}, {"name": "EdVenture’s Peer to Peer programme", "aliases": ["EdVenture’s Peer to Peer programme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / program"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Runs campaigns designed to encourage university students to actively speak out against hate speech online, acting as a counter-narrative initiative.", "quote": "For example, EdVenture’s Peer to Peer programme (a global initiative) has shown that its campaigns have encouraged university students to actively speak out against hate speech online.", "page": "94", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Efe Verifica", "aliases": ["Efe Verifica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech", "media literacy"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functions as an information verifier, debunking hoaxes and misinformation, particularly regarding political manipulation and alleged government censorship.", "quote": "Se utilizó etiquetas como #censuradewhatsapp para rastrear la información y localizar cuentas de medios y verificadores españoles (Maldita.es, Newtral y Efe Verifica).", "page": "110", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Effective Network of Tutors (in French as a Foreign Language)", "aliases": ["Effective Network of Tutors (in French as a Foreign Language)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaborative learning", "professional standards", "quality education"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Former les tuteurs à distance", "author": "A Creuzé", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The training program aims to establish this network to foster collaborative reflection on practices, shared knowledge construction, and to collectively apply pedagogical norms for online tutoring, including animating and moderating forums and oral sessions, and evaluating learners. This collective action constitutes professional self-regulation and norm enforcement within the field of distance language education.", "quote": "Elle proposait enfin aux tuteurs d'expérimenter le travail collaboratif avec pour objectif la mise en place, à moyen terme, d'un réseau effectif de tuteurs intervenant sur toute l'Espagne.", "page": "448", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-distances-et-savoirs-2010-3-page-447?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Institut Français de Madrid, Spain (distance learning for French as a foreign language)", "when": "2009"}]}, {"name": "Egyptian Current Party", "aliases": ["Egyptian Current Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Set up by former Muslim Brotherhood Youth Leaders, it later merged with Strong Egypt. Its formation was driven by ideological differences with the MB leadership rather than purely strategic electoral prospects, highlighting an internal shift towards moderation.", "quote": "This is also the case for the ECP which was set up by former MB Youth Leaders, al-Qassas and ‘Abd al-Gawad in June 2011...", "page": "10", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR)", "aliases": ["Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 1994, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Organized a seminar to mobilize intellectuals against an advisory opinion that would have increased al-Azhar's censorship powers, thus participating in the debate on freedom of expression and limiting religious institutional control.", "quote": "De manière intéressante, c'est le directeur de la censure qui va mobiliser les intellectuels contre cet avis qui met en cause ses prérogatives, et cela, au cours d'un séminaire organisé exprès par l'Organisation égyptienne des droits de l'homme46.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "Egyptian Writers' Union", "aliases": ["Egyptian Writers' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural norms", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 1994, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Acts as an establishment cultural body that, since its founding, has engaged in a permanent struggle against the literary avant-garde, suggesting a role in gatekeeping and influencing cultural discourse and norms.", "quote": "l'inamovible président de l'Union des écrivains, organisation de type corporatiste fondée en 1975 après l'éviction de toute l'intelligentsia de gauche de la culture d'État, et qui, depuis, livre une guerre permanente à l'avant-garde littéraire.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "Eight organizations representing Prophet Mohammed's descendants", "aliases": ["Eight organizations representing Prophet Mohammed's descendants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Two Types of Self-Censorship", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action against the newspaper Politiken for reprinting the cartoons, leading to a settlement and apology from the newspaper, thereby enforcing their views through litigation.", "quote": "In February 2010, a settlement between the newspaper Politiken which had reprinted the cartoons and eight organizations representing 94,923 of the Prophet Mohammed's descendants was reached, with the latter dropping legal action against the newspaper.", "page": "22", "url": "http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1575662", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2006-2010"}]}, {"name": "Eirin (Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee)", "aliases": ["Eirin (Motion Picture Code of Ethics Committee)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": ["content ethics", "platform autonomy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Permitted and prohibited desires: Mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan", "author": "A Allison", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Institutionalized a code of approval for films, reviewing all films by its committee to ensure compliance with ethical standards before public release, thus acting as a form of pre-screening censorship.", "quote": "The Eirin started operating in 1957 and was institutionalized with a code of approval in 1959. All films are reviewed by its committee.", "page": "72", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429301384&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan (urban Tokyo)", "when": "postwar (focus on 1980s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "eiris", "aliases": ["eiris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "EIRIS produces public benchmarking and reports (e.g., CHRB, Renewable Energy and Human Rights Benchmark, Social LobbyMap) to inform investors, catalyse coalitions and prompt corporate and regulatory change.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on sustainable finance and corporate benchmarking; has produced work (Social LobbyMap, benchmarking) that can touch platform governance indirectly via corporate accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://eirisfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Eixo Benguela", "aliases": ["Eixo Benguela"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "diversity and inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando o algoritmo silencia Exu: estudo de caso sobre racismo algorítmico, intolerância religiosa on-line e economia da atenção1", "author": "TN de Santana Mauricio", "year": "", "mechanism": "Contributes to public awareness and policy debates by co-authoring studies on social problems such as religious intolerance and its reflections on social networks, highlighting issues like algorithmic racism and its impact on marginalized communities.", "quote": "O estudo “Intolerância religiosa e seus reflexos nas redes sociais” da Ogilvy (2022)⁹, que analisou denúncias realizadas no segundo semestre de 2020 no canal do Disque 100, ressalta que 62% das vítimas são pessoas negras (pretas e pardas) e que 37% das denúncias do período estão relacionadas ao candomblé ou à umbanda.", "page": "6", "url": "https://sistemas.intercom.org.br/pdf/submissao/nacional/23/0926202511012468d69cb447a36.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp)", "when": "2020s, contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN)", "aliases": ["Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "environmental protection", "gender equality", "human rights", "indigenous rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Extended their political reach via modern computer networks, fax, and electronic mail to circulate communiques, reports, and ideas, circumventing state censorship and mobilizing support throughout Mexico and worldwide.", "quote": "However, through their ability to extend their political reach via modern computer networks the Zapatistas have woven a new electronic fabric of struggle to carry their revolution throughout Mexico and around the world.", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Ekspert i sociale medier: Jeg kan kun anbefale at droppe Meta. Jeg ...", "aliases": ["Ekspert i sociale medier: Jeg kan kun anbefale at droppe Meta. Jeg ..."], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes public opinion pieces urging user boycott of major platforms, using personal credibility as a social media advisor to influence public behavior and debate.", "quote": "Author publicly advocates users stop using Meta/X/TikTok, engaging with platform governance through personal boycott and public commentary.", "page": "", "url": "https://politiken.dk/debat/debatindlaeg/art10279586/Jeg-kan-kun-anbefale-at-droppe-Meta.-Jeg-savner-intet", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ekō", "aliases": ["Ekō"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As an international advocacy organization, Ekō investigates and reports on harmful content (e.g., suicide, incel ideology, drug-related content) on social media platforms to expose how algorithms push such material to underage users, aiming to hold platforms accountable.", "quote": "Ekō, an international advocacy organisation [39], investigated harmful content on TikTok using an account registered to a 13-year-old user [40].", "page": "4", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "El Castellano", "aliases": ["El Castellano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["agrarian values", "national identity", "religious doctrine"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic agrarian newspaper that promoted Catholic syndication and faced the impossibility of subsisting due to new state press regulations.", "quote": "EL CASTELLANO (Burgos) Periódico católico, órgano de la Confederación católico agraria. Sin tener muchos lectores, frente al Diario de Burgos que era ligeramente izquierdista, consiguió mantener en pie la sindicación católica, de tan buenos resultados en la tierra Burgalesa. También nos ha comunicado su imposibilidad de subsistir.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Católico (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Católico (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative ideology", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Published articles supporting Catholic doctrine and conservative views, serving as an instrument for the Church's ideological efforts.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: ...El Católico (1845-1847)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Censor", "aliases": ["El Censor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional reform", "governance structure", "political liberalism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1819, "when_max": 1834, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conspiraciones constitucionales en España (1819-1834)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a group of 'exafrancesados' editors and moderate liberals, they used their periodical to disseminate political-constitutional ideas, critique the 1812 Constitution, and advocate for a bicameral, moderate liberal system, including interpreting existing state bodies like the Council of State as a de facto Senate.", "quote": "Ya en el Trienio, exafrancesados como Alberto Lista y Hermosilla a través de El Censor, y algunos liberales moderados, trataron de interpretar el Consejo de Estado previsto en la Constitución del 12 como si de un Senado se tratase...", "page": "9", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28273/Conspiraciones%20constitucionales.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1819–1834"}]}, {"name": "El Colegio de México", "aliases": ["El Colegio de México"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["demographic understanding", "intellectual legitimacy", "scientific authority"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1895, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Census, censor, censura", "author": "Almanza, Luis Alejandro Astorga", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Institutionalizes the teaching of demography, produces demographers, and plays a role in legitimizing demographic projects and policies by granting authority to its experts, who can act as 'censors' in their field.", "quote": "El primero ocupa una posición que favorece objetivamente su papel de censor en el campo de su especialidad y sus agentes; el segundo tiene mayores probabilidades de conocer los efectos de la muerte simbólica.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3540655?origin=crossref", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1895-1990"}]}, {"name": "El Conservador (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Conservador (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Served as a vehicle for conservative ideology, publishing articles that supported traditional structures against emerging liberal thought.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: ...El Conservador (1831-1832)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Correo de Zamora", "aliases": ["El Correo de Zamora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["press freedom", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper that lodged complaints with the cardinal regarding the new press law and its impact on Catholic media, reflecting its struggle for survival and independence under state control.", "quote": "...carta del director de El Correo de Zamora, Nicolás Rodríguez...", "page": "143", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco", "aliases": ["El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["media regulation", "national unity", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A newspaper resulting from a merger of two previous papers under the direct control of FET y de las JONS, reflecting the regime's policy of press unification and ideological control.", "quote": "...El Correo Español, de FET y de las JONS. El 13 de abril de 1938, por fin, aparecieron fundidos como El Correo Español-El Pueblo Vasco. Diario de Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS.", "page": "153", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Defensor de Córdoba", "aliases": ["El Defensor de Córdoba"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["patriotism", "religious doctrine"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A modest Catholic newspaper that despite its historical role in defending Catholic causes, became impossible to subsist due to new press regulations and censorship.", "quote": "EL DEFENSOR (Córdoba) Periódico muy modesto, pero valiente en la defensa de la causa católica a través de todos los años de la república. También le resulta imposible subsistir.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Defensor de la Religión (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Defensor de la Religión (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Disseminated conservative religious views, defending the authority of the Church against new liberal ideas in the early 19th century.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: El Defensor de la Religión (1827-1831)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Defensor del Lector de El País", "aliases": ["El Defensor del Lector de El País"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as an internal ombudsman within the newspaper El País, addressing reader feedback and defining journalistic professional identity and essential competencies, thereby engaging in self-regulation and norm-setting.", "quote": "cómo se ha ido configurando la identidad profesional del periodista y cuáles son las competencias esenciales e inalterables del periodismo, según se desprenden de las respuestas de El Defensor del Lector del diario El País, desde el nacimiento de esta figura, en 1985.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "El expreso imaginario", "aliases": ["El expreso imaginario"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura cultural y dictadura", "author": "Delgado, Por Verónica; Merbilháa, Margarita; Príncipi, Ana; Rogers, Geraldine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "It functioned as a platform for cultural resistance, particularly through national rock music, offering an alternative space for expression against the dictatorship's anti-intellectual and anti-cultural policies.", "quote": "o la revista sobre rock nacional El expreso imaginario, o la revista Humor (1978).", "page": "3", "url": "comisionporlamemoria.org", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1960s–1983"}]}, {"name": "El Henares", "aliases": ["El Henares"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (weekly newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A confessional Catholic weekly that ceased publication due to paper scarcity and the state's control over material resources for the press.", "quote": "En septiembre deja de publicarse el semanario El Henares, único confesional (subtitulado semanario católico independiente) de la diócesis de Sigüenza, ciudad donde se editaba. El hambre de papel sigue, es cierto, apretando.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Hijo del Ahuizote (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Hijo del Ahuizote (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "national identity"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Popularized national heroes like Cuauhtémoc by distributing lithographs to its subscribers, contributing to the ideological work of national heroism and cultural popularization.", "quote": "la revista El hijo del Ahuizote repartió litografías del monumento [del tlatoani] a sus suscriptores; la cervecería Cuauhtémoc de Monterrey...", "page": "49", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Ilustrador Católico Mexicano (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Ilustrador Católico Mexicano (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative ideology", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A periodical that promoted Catholic perspectives and conservative ideals in Mexico during the mid-19th century.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: ...El Ilustrador Católico Mexicano (1846).", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Machistómetro (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["El Machistómetro (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account with a comedic approach to denounce machismo and promote activism, generating high levels of debate.", "quote": "El Machistómetro (18,5 K) https://twitter.com/Machisstometro ... Reivindicación; activismo político.", "page": "341", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús", "aliases": ["El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious journal"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Jesuit religious magazine that faced state censorship for attempting to publish condemnations of racism and Papal statements against it, highlighting the regime's control over religious publications and its international political sensitivities.", "quote": "En el número de El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús, la ya vieja revista jesuita, correspondiente al mes de noviembre de 1938, el jefe de Prensa de Bilbao impide publicar las proposiciones en favor del racismo condenadas por la Sagrada Congregación de Seminarios y Universidades...", "page": "187", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús (publisher)", "aliases": ["El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús (publisher)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral standards", "religious doctrine"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Traducción y censura: Cumbres borrascosas en la dictadura franquista", "author": "E Pajares Infante", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Published 'Lecturas Buenas y Malas a la Luz del Dogma y de la Moral' (Good and Bad Readings in the Light of Dogma and Morality), which provided explicit moral guidance on literature, thus promoting some books and implicitly discouraging others.", "quote": "Lecturas Buenas y Malas a la Luz del Dogma y de la Moral. Bilbao: El Mensajero del Corazón de Jesús.", "page": "293", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/10159/PAJARES%20?sequence=4", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1939-1985"}]}, {"name": "El Mosquito Mexicano (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Mosquito Mexicano (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A periodical involved in disseminating conservative perspectives in Mexico during the 1830s.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: ...El Mosquito Mexicano (1834-1837)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Noticiero de Zaragoza", "aliases": ["El Noticiero de Zaragoza"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine", "religious identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper founded to defend Catholic Action postulates, which faced attempts by the Falangist press to take it over and was in a difficult situation due to new press regulations.", "quote": "EL NOTICIERO (Zaragoza) Periódico católico que nació para defender los postulados de Acción Católica. A pesar de que tiene medios tipográficos magníficos, la falta de algún circulante y principalmente la reducción de papel (...) le ponen en mala situación para poder resistir ese aumento de plantillas.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Porvenir de Chile", "aliases": ["El Porvenir de Chile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "author": "Esberg, Jane", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This Opus Dei-linked group pursued litigation, taking a case to the Supreme Court, to defend film bans even after democratization, demonstrating its continued advocacy for censorship.", "quote": "When a ban on Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ was lifted, Opus Dei-linked group El Porvenir de Chile took the case to the Supreme Court as representatives of Jesus Christ (Inter-American Courts of Human Rights 2001).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305542000026X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chile", "when": "1973–1990"}]}, {"name": "El Progreso", "aliases": ["El Progreso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "An implicitly Catholic newspaper that struggled to compete and was also seeking solutions to avoid disappearance under the new press regulations.", "quote": "EL PROGRESO (Lugo) Igual que el anterior, católico aunque sin figurar oficialmente como tal. Malvivía frente a la competencia de los periódicos de Coruña y Vigo, me jor dotados, pero se sostenía. También busca soluciones para no desaparecer.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "El Setze Jutges", "aliases": ["El Setze Jutges"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s-1970s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1978, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA CENSURA MUSICAL EN LAS DÉCADAS DE 1960 Y 1970 DURANTE LA DICTADURA FRANQUISTA: UN EXAMEN DE LA DOCUMENTACIÓN DEL MIT", "author": "Fiuza, Alexandre Felipe", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The group was central to the 'nova cançó catalana' movement, defending the Catalan language and culture through their music, which indirectly challenged the regime's policies and faced censorship.", "quote": "el autor aborda en primer plano la nova cançó y sus relaciones con la canción francesa, la defensa de la lengua y cultura catalana, además de la relevancia del grupo musical El Setze Jutges en este proceso.", "page": "7", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist dictatorship), with comparisons to Brazil, Portugal, Argentina", "when": "1960s–1970s (until 1978 Constitution and Transition period)"}]}, {"name": "El Siglo Diez y Nueve (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Siglo Diez y Nueve (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical understanding", "intellectual discourse"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for intellectual discussions and debates among Mexican thinkers, facilitating the exchange of ideas on historical and cultural topics.", "quote": "Por su parte José María Lacunza, miembro como Rodríguez de la-Academia de Letrán, quien en 1844 sostiene por medio del periódico El siglo XIX, una discusión epistolar con el Conde de la Cortina", "page": "21", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "El Sol (periodical)", "aliases": ["El Sol (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Functioned as a platform for conservative ideological expression during its publication, reflecting opposition to liberal changes.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: El Sol (1820-1829)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "elbarlament", "aliases": ["elbarlament"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Partnership for Democracy", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Elbarlament implements funded democracy and peacebuilding projects, publishes news and resources, and runs training/workshops to shape civic engagement and democratic practices across multiple countries.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on democracy support, peacebuilding and empowerment; website shows no primary focus on platform/content governance though civic education may touch information environments.", "page": "", "url": "https://elbarlament.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "eldiario.es", "aliases": ["eldiario.es"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Catalonia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Audiencias activas y modelos de participación en los medios de comunicación españoles", "author": "P Masip, J Suau", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Similar to Vilaweb, Eldiario.es connects user participation with financial donations. Subscribers' comments are given prominence by being 'particularly highlighted,' acting as a form of content prioritization or amplification.", "quote": "Eldiario.es works similarly to Vilaweb regarding the links between participation and economic donations. By paying 60 euros per year, subscribers are invited to periodic staff meetings and their comments are particularly highlighted.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/download/274308/364480", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Catalonia", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Election Integrity Partnership", "aliases": ["Election Integrity Partnership"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A private sector group that worked with the Department of Homeland Security during the 2020 election to compile and pass on information about 'election misinformation' to social media platforms.", "quote": "(citing the government's employment of a private sector group—the Election Integrity Partnership—to work with the Department of Homeland Security in compiling certain posts they considered “election misinformation” during the 2020 election and passing on that information social media platforms, who were left to act (or not)).", "page": "31", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Electionland", "aliases": ["Electionland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media project / collaborative journalism coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Cyber security", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Produces real-time alerts, centralized tip collection and data tools, trains reporters, and coordinates cross-newsroom reporting to document and publicize voting problems and misinformation during elections.", "quote": "Electionland is a ProPublica-led coalition that monitors misinformation, cybersecurity, and election integrity in real time — directly shaping public information flows around elections.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.propublica.org/electionland-faq/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Electoral Oversight Bodies", "aliases": ["Electoral Oversight Bodies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["democratic process", "election integrity", "fairness"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supervise the implementation of electoral procedures, implicitly acting as a moderating force to ensure the fairness and integrity of elections, particularly against external interference.", "quote": "Les organismes chargés de superviser la mise en œuvre des procédures électorales, à considérer comme des corps intermédiaires, sont un objet de recherche prometteur pour mon futur travail de thèse.", "page": "7", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Electric Mind", "aliases": ["Electric Mind"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative platforms", "community building", "non-commercial values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Described as a community network that was 'pulled apart by powerful economic forces,' illustrating the vulnerability of early online communities to commercial pressures and the challenges of sustaining non-commercial models.", "quote": "and other classic examples of community networks being pulled apart by powerful economic forces, such as Howard Rheingold’s Electric Mind, Amsterdam’s public Digital City project and the famous net-art list ‘rhizome’.", "page": "69", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Electrohippies", "aliases": ["Electrohippies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Attacked a WTO Web site and engaged in web sit-ins as forms of hacktivism to protest political policies.", "quote": "In 1999, the Electrohippies attacked a WTO Web site for such reasons.", "page": "201", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Disturbance Theatre (EDT)", "aliases": ["Electronic Disturbance Theatre (EDT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Promoted electronic civil disobedience through 'web sit-ins' against websites to protest policies, viewing them as virtual blockades.", "quote": "EDT promoted the application of electronic civil disobedience, mainly through 'web sit-ins,' which were viewed as virtual forms of physical sit-ins and blockades.", "page": "416", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Frontiers Australia", "aliases": ["Electronic Frontiers Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provides information and advocates against mandatory ISP filtering and online censorship legislation in Australia, often concluding that such measures are ineffective.", "quote": "Elec. Frontiers Austl., Internet Censorship Laws in Australia, http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/censl.html (last visited Oct. 22, 2006) (providing “information about on-line censorship legislation in Australia”);", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Electronic Industries Association Multichannel Television Sound Committee", "aliases": ["Electronic Industries Association Multichannel Television Sound Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "IMPLEMENTATION OF A MARKETPLACE APPROACH BROADCAST REGULATION", "author": "Krasnow, Erwin G; Stern, Jill Abeshouse", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "In response to industry concerns, this committee recommended specific technical transmission systems (Zenith and dbx noise system) for TV stereo, influencing the FCC's approach to technical standards.", "quote": "In response to industry concern, the Multichannel Television Sound Committee of the Electronic Industries Association recommended that the Zenith transmission system and the dbx noise system be approved.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (telecommunications and broadcast industry)", "when": "1970s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "Eleos AI Research", "aliases": ["Eleos AI Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4"], "norms": ["AI consent", "AI moral status", "AI welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted an external assessment of Claude Opus 4's potential welfare, moral status, expressed consent to deployment, and preferences through extensive interview-based self-reports.", "quote": "An external assessment by Eleos AI Research explored Claude Opus 4’s potential welfare, moral status, expressed consent to deployment, and preferences for treatment via extensive interview-based model self reports.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Elite of Art Professionals", "aliases": ["Elite of Art Professionals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural representation", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Critiqued restrictive definitions of art (e.g., mimetic criteria) and advocated for a broader understanding of artistic production, particularly avant-garde works.", "quote": "a fianco di una élite di addetti ai lavori che denunciano l’infondatezza di una simile posizione", "page": "67", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Elitist Jerks (EJ) Online Forums", "aliases": ["Elitist Jerks (EJ) Online Forums"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["World of Warcraft"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Learning from <span style=\"font-variant:small-caps;\"\">E</span> litist <span style=\"\"font-variant:small-caps;\"\">J</span> erks: Creating high‐quality knowledge resources from ongoing conversations\"", "author": "Bullard, Julia; Howison, James", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The moderators, who are members of the Elitist Jerks competitive guild, implement a strict 'open censorship' policy. They remove posts deemed 'noise' or 'damaging' to the knowledge resource and publicly explain the reasons in a 'Banhammer' subforum. This ensures the forum serves as a high-quality, reliable knowledge repository for optimal game strategies.", "quote": "By publishing deleted posts in the Banhammer subforum, the moderators of EJ practice “open censorship.” Wright (2009) advocates open censorship as a moderation strategy for online communities that require some intervention to improve discussion quality but wish to avoid the appearance of malicious or biased interference.", "page": "4", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.23327", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Elitist Jerks online forums (World of Warcraft gaming community)", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Elizabeth Sisco, Deborah Small, Louis Hock, and David Avalos (collective)", "aliases": ["Elizabeth Sisco, Deborah Small, Louis Hock, and David Avalos (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial equality", "social criticism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Created a public billboard criticizing the city of San Diego's racist policies, which led the city council to retaliate by restricting future funds for the alternative gallery that had supported the project.", "quote": "Welcome to America's Finest, a public billboard created in 1989 by a multicultural group (Elizabeth Sisco, Deborah Small, Louis Hock, and David Avalos) criticized the city of San Diego's racist policies.", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Ello, Diaspora", "aliases": ["Ello, Diaspora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralization", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contemporary Issues and Concerns Primer", "author": "Caplan, Robyn; Boyd, Danah", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provided alternative, open, and decentralized social network platforms that aimed to shift power dynamics away from incumbent commercial platforms.", "quote": "“open” challengers to social networks – like Ello or Diaspora – have fallen by the wayside quickly, unable to compete with the incumbent network effect and the existing market share that these platforms already command.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online public sphere in democracies, with a focus on US, UK, and EU", "when": "post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Elon Musk: Free Speech Absolutist in a Kingdom of Chaos", "aliases": ["Elon Musk: Free Speech Absolutist in a Kingdom of Chaos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["peacebuilding think tank / NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Publishes research and commentary to shape public debate and critique powerful actors (e.g., detailed analysis of Musk/X), leveraging reports and public-facing content to influence discourse.", "quote": "Publishes analytical commentary on platform ownership and moderation (e.g., critique of Elon Musk’s X policies) though core mission focuses on peacebuilding and conflict analysis.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nextcenturyfoundation.org/elon-musk-free-speech-absolutist-in-a-kingdom-of-chaos/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ElTiempo.com user community", "aliases": ["ElTiempo.com user community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": ["online news comments"], "norms": ["civility", "discourse quality", "peaceful coexistence"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ciberodio en los comentarios de la noticias en línea en Colombia. El caso de Piedad Córdoba", "author": "S Montaña, VE González, C Ariza", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Users collectively participate in the self-regulation of the online news forum. The platform has a system where if at least three users find a comment inappropriate and 'vet' it, the comment becomes invisible to other readers.", "quote": "Eltiempo.com, el periódico digital más consultado en Colombia, muestra al usuario una serie de recomendaciones y reglas con tendencia a promover la autorregulación del foro, de manera que si al menos tres usuarios encuentran un comentario inapropiado y lo vetan, este comentario deja de ser visible para el lector y sale de la conversación.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistas.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/palabraclave/article/view/3367", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia, online news comments", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "EMMA (magazine)", "aliases": ["EMMA (magazine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A feminist magazine that filed a lawsuit against another magazine for sexist representation of women, aiming to challenge and generate public debate on women's objectification.", "quote": "Bajo el liderazgo de la periodista Alice Schwarzer, editora de la revista feminista EMMA creada en 197726, presentaron una demanda contra la revista Stern27 por la representación sexista de las mujeres en sus portadas.", "page": "195", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Emmanuel Macron presidential campaign (2017)", "aliases": ["Emmanuel Macron presidential campaign (2017)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "Signal", "Twitter"], "norms": ["privacy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Successfully denied the authenticity of leaked messages by including decoy messages, which was possible due to the lack of cryptographic evidence and thus preserved deniability.", "quote": "in 2017 the Macron campaign was able to effectively deny the authenticity of leaked messages by including decoy messages as a countermeasure [61].", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Employee Associations", "aliases": ["Employee Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "industry self-regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Permitted and prohibited desires: Mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan", "author": "A Allison", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participate in a system of 'self control' (jishukisei) by making recommendations to publishers regarding the banning or labeling of sexually explicit publications, particularly those unsuitable for minors.", "quote": "Recommendations (to ban or at least label certain publications with a red slip indicating their unsuitability for readers under eighteen years of age) are made to the publishers by (1) the police department, (2) local self-governing bodies (jichitai), and (3) certain employee associations.", "page": "61", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429301384&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan (urban Tokyo)", "when": "postwar (focus on 1980s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Employer Organizations", "aliases": ["Employer Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "economic growth"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES CONTROVERSES ET DÉBATS DANS LA CONDUITE DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES", "author": "JOBERT, BRUNO", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "As 'social partners,' employer organizations engaged in state consultations to help transmit and integrate new policy norms (e.g., related to an open economy) and to test responses to policy changes, thus shaping the adoption and legitimacy of public policies.", "quote": "force est de constater qu'aucun des grands acteurs sociaux — syndicats de salariés comme patronat — ne s'est doté d'outils de prévision et d'analyse qui lui auraient permis de desserrer sa dépendance vis-à-vis d'un système d'information monopolisé par l'Etat central.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43120614", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western Europe", "when": "1960s-early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Enabling a Thriving Middleware Market", "aliases": ["Enabling a Thriving Middleware Market"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy think tank / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy commentary and co-authors whitepapers with academic partners to shape regulatory and industry discussion about middleware and platform governance.", "quote": "Publishes policy commentary and co-authored whitepaper advocating steps to enable middleware to shift platform power and increase user agency over content curation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thefai.org/posts/enabling-a-thriving-middleware-market", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español", "aliases": ["Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["availability", "collaboration", "neutrality", "quality", "universal knowledge"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Wikiperiodismo o periodismo colaborativo:¿ tiene futuro?", "author": "EC Gutiérrez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Functions as a free and open Spanish encyclopedia where users collaborate by creating and expanding articles, adhering to core principles of quality, availability, and neutrality, which serve as guidelines for content governance and implicit moderation.", "quote": "Destacamos la Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español, un proyecto para divulgar la cultura y el conocimiento y desarrollar a través de Internet una enciclopedia libre y gratuita en español en el que todos pueden colaborar elaborando nuevos artículos o ampliando los existentes...", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5235/523552850002.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on Spain, Peru, and Argentina", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Encomenderos (Spanish Empire)", "aliases": ["Encomenderos (Spanish Empire)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic exploitation", "economic interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Exploited indigenous labor through the encomienda system in the Americas, fiercely opposing royal laws intended to regulate or abolish their power.", "quote": "This would lead to the New Laws of 1542, intended to regulate the encomienda system more stringently; but these laws would be fiercely opposed by the encomenderos...", "page": "94", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Encyclopædia Britannica", "aliases": ["Encyclopædia Britannica"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "Belgium", "Denmark", "France", "Germany", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Poland", "Romania", "Spain", "Sweden", "Switzerland", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Messenger", "Twitter", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does the platform matter? Social media and COVID-19 conspiracy theory beliefs in 17 countries", "author": "Theocharis, Yannis; Cardenal, Ana; Jin, Soyeon; Aalberg, Toril; Hopmann, David Nicolas; Strömbäck, Jesper; Castro, Laia; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter; De Vreese, Claes; Corbu, Nicoleta; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Matthes, Joerg; Schemer, Christian; Sheafer, Tamir; Splendore, Sergio; Stanyer, James; Stępińska, Agnieszka; Štětka, Václav", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborates with YouTube to automatically add authoritative information to videos identified as presenting conspiracy theories, thereby working to reduce the spread of misinformation on the platform.", "quote": "YouTube's decision to give greater prominence to main-stream media sources and introduce a system that would automatically add information from Encyclopedia Britannica or Wikipedia to videos recognized as presenting conspir-acy theories, successfully cut down misinformation (Nicas, 2020).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045666", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "17 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, Messenger)", "when": "December 2019 – June 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "End OSEAC Survivors Council", "aliases": ["End OSEAC Survivors Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The coalition submits appropriations letters and recommendations to government taskforces, endorses and mobilizes members behind key bills (e.g., KOSA, STOP CSAM), and pushes for funding and inter-agency coordination to shape platform responsibilities and government policy.", "quote": "The coalition's core mission is preventing online sexual exploitation of children and it actively shapes U.S. policy, endorses bills (e.g., KOSA, STOP CSAM), and submits recommendations to government taskforces on online safety and platform obligations.", "page": "", "url": "https://endoseac.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "End Violence Against Children (Safe Online Initiative)", "aliases": ["End Violence Against Children (Safe Online Initiative)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting young users on social media: Evaluating the effectiveness of content moderation and legal safeguards on video sharing platforms", "author": "F Eltaher, RK Gajula, L Miralles-Pechuán…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Funds academic research, such as this paper, into online safety and content moderation practices to generate evidence and insights that can inform better strategies for protecting children from online harms.", "quote": "This paper is part of the N-Light project funded by the Safe Online Initiative of End Violence and the Tech Coalition through the Tech Coalition Safe Online Research Fund (Grant number: 21-EVAC-0008-Technological University Dublin).", "page": "18", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11160", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, YouTube, Instagram, United States, European Union, United Kingdom", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "End Violence Against Women Coalition (EVAW)", "aliases": ["End Violence Against Women Coalition (EVAW)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition of feminist organisations and experts / registered charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "EVAW uses research and policy work, public campaigns and coalition membership to press for legal and regulatory changes addressing online abuse and to influence government and public debates on platform regulation.", "quote": "EVAW campaigns explicitly on 'End online abuse' and calls for law reforms and robust regulation of tech platforms, but its core mission is ending violence against women broadly rather than platform governance per se.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.endviolenceagainstwomen.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Endstation Rechts", "aliases": ["Endstation Rechts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An antifascist group that creates parodies and counter-marketing (e.g., 'Stork Heinar' brand) to mock and challenge far-right symbols and brands.", "quote": "Elsewhere, an antifascist group called Endstation Rechts created a parody of the brand Thor Steinar with a stork mascot called ‘Stork Heinar’ – a play on the brand name – and sells umbrellas, T-shirts, accessories and more, all adorned with the stork logo", "page": "133", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Engagement pods", "aliases": ["Engagement pods"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Gaming the System”: Platform Paternalism and the Politics of Algorithmic Visibility", "author": "Petre, Caitlin; Duffy, Brooke Erin; Hund, Emily", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Pods are groups of users who agree to reciprocally 'like' and comment on each other's posts. This collective action aims to boost engagement and improve the odds of content appearing on highly trafficked pages, thereby circumventing platform algorithms that prioritize other forms of visibility.", "quote": "Instagrammers increasingly began to join \"pods\"\"-broadly defined as groups of users who agree to reciprocally \"\"like\"\" and comment on each other's posts", "page": "hoping that increased engagement will boost the odds of appearing on Instagram's highly trafficked \"\"explore\"\" page\"", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119879995", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Google, Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Engine Advocacy", "aliases": ["Engine Advocacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e moderação de conteúdo: o sistema CONTENT ID ea proteção dos direitos autorais na plataforma Youtube", "author": "IA Hartmann, LA da Silva", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports, such as 'The Limits of Filtering', that analyze the functionality and shortcomings of content detection tools like fingerprinting, influencing public discourse and understanding of automated moderation.", "quote": "ENGSTROM, Evan; FEAMSTER, Nick. The Limits of Filtering: A Look at the Functionality & Shortcomings of Content Detection Tools. Engine, p. ii, março 2017.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.revistasuninter.com/iusgentium/index.php/iusgentium/article/view/503", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube platform, Brazil, United States", "when": "Post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "English Peasantry (Revolt)", "aliases": ["English Peasantry (Revolt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "property rights", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in revolts, advocating for property rights against the claims of lords and seeking access to common-law courts.", "quote": "For English peasants the issue is lordship, not citizenship; but, while the Italian case may seem in this respect less ‘feudal’, it is distinctive not because it presages some modern principle of individual autonomy and citizenship.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "English PEN", "aliases": ["English PEN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for writers' freedom of expression.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "English Smallholders", "aliases": ["English Smallholders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["property rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Focused on protecting their customary rights and warding off expropriation, resisting practices like enclosure which concentrated property.", "quote": "...English smallholders were more concerned with protecting their customary rights and warding off expropriation.", "page": "223", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Enhancing Algorithmic Transparency", "aliases": ["Enhancing Algorithmic Transparency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CNTI publishes primers and analyses to inform policymakers and stakeholders, calls for researcher data access and independent oversight, and frames policy recommendations to shape algorithmic transparency regimes.", "quote": "CNTI produces issue primers and policy analysis on algorithmic transparency and digital platform governance, advocating researcher access, oversight safeguards, and transparency policy design.", "page": "", "url": "https://cnti.org/article/enhancing-algorithmic-transparency/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Enlace Hacktivista", "aliases": ["Enlace Hacktivista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["state surveillance", "transparency", "whistleblowing"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for receiving and disseminating a massive leak of internal data (over 600 GB) from Geedge Networks, which facilitated a coalition of media and NGOs in exposing the export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Le 9 septembre 2025, une source anonyme a remis plus de 600 Go de données internes à la plateforme Enlace Hacktivista.", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)", "aliases": ["Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong", "Macau", "Taiwan"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "free speech", "platform autonomy", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The impact of game censorship and regulations on foreign game consoles in China", "author": "Zhang, Jiaqiang; Chiu, Candy Lim", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Established a rating system for video games as a form of industry self-regulation in the United States, in response to government pressure, to avoid direct state intervention.", "quote": "the U.S. government urged the game industry to conduct self-regulation and establish a rating system to avoid government intervention, resulting in the system - Entertainment Software Rating Board.", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9322695/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan grey markets)", "when": "late 1980s–present"}]}, {"name": "Entidad Cultural Círculo Artístico de Gerona", "aliases": ["Entidad Cultural Círculo Artístico de Gerona"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "cultural promotion"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA CENSURA Y EL CASO DE MANUEL DE PEDROLO", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This cultural entity convened the 'Prudenci Bertrana' literary prize, a prestigious award for Catalan novels. While it did not directly overturn censorship decisions, the award could elevate the visibility and perceived literary merit of a work, potentially influencing publishers to resubmit censored manuscripts and creating public pressure for their eventual publication.", "quote": "El premio \"Prudenci Bertrana\"\"", "page": "convocado por primera vez en 1968 por la Entidad Cultural Círculo Artístico de Gerona", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain, particularly Catalonia", "when": "mid-20th century to early post-Franco era (1950s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Environmental Activists (unspecified)", "aliases": ["Environmental Activists (unspecified)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitch"], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "environmental protection", "ethical consumption"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Food Marketing in the Livestream Environment: What Is the Role of Censorship?", "author": "Edwards, Caitlyn G.; Pollack, Catherine Claire; Boyland, Emma J.; Evans, Rebecca K.; Gilbert-Diamond, Diane; Masterson, Travis D.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in an awareness campaign on Facebook to express disapproval of Nestlé's palm oil supplier, generating negative public sentiment and applying public pressure. This led to Nestlé's decision to censor (delete) their messages from its Facebook group.", "quote": "Nestlé notified users that messages alluding to an ongoing awareness campaign from environmental activists around its dislike of Nestlé's palm oil supplier would be deleted.", "page": "3", "url": "https://karger.com/article/doi/10.1159/000512118", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (Twitch, Facebook), United States", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Environmental Justice Networks (general)", "aliases": ["Environmental Justice Networks (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental justice", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Arising from local actions and operating without centralized leadership, these networks involved individuals from diverse backgrounds to successfully change public discourse on environmental affairs, thereby establishing 'environmental justice' as a public concern and influencing policy indirectly through norm-setting.", "quote": "Schlosberg analyses environmental justice networks in the United States in these terms. These networks arose from a series of local actions and have no centralized leadership. They involve individuals from very different race and class backgrounds, in some cases from groups otherwise quite hostile to each other. Together they successfully changed the content of public discourse on environmental affairs, most importantly by establishing the very idea of environmental justice as a public concern.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Environmental organizations", "aliases": ["Environmental organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["environmental protection", "sustainability"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in activism within the activist sphere, using platforms to promote their interests and exert public pressure, implicitly challenging environmental policies and corporate practices.", "quote": "movimentos sociais e outros atores coletivos que atuam na esfera ativista atualmente (e que vão dos recentes movimentos e plataformas antiausteridade às associações LGBT ou às organizações ecologistas).", "page": "122", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "EPIC", "aliases": ["EPIC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public interest research center; digital rights NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Access to Information", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Electoral integrity", "Information integrity", "Surveillance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi; Keepiton coalition", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "EPIC produces in-depth reports and amicus briefs, litigates on privacy and platform issues, and engages regulators (e.g., CPPA) to shape algorithmic risk-assessment rules and platform accountability.", "quote": "EPIC's core mission and outputs (policy research, amicus briefs, litigation, reports) directly address platform accountability, Section 230, algorithmic risk assessments, AI & human rights, and platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://epic.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Epinions.com", "aliases": ["Epinions.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["public trust"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A product recommendation site that employs a 'web of trust' reputation system, simulating word-of-mouth advice, where consistent good advice from a friend builds trust in future recommendations.", "quote": "El sitio de recomendación de productos Epinions usa una “red de confianza” para imitar la forma en que la gente comparte consejos de boca en boca.", "page": "47", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Equal Access International", "aliases": ["Equal Access International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["peace promotion", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Contributes research and approaches on recognizing common ground in empowerment and radicalization, suggesting more fruitful approaches than simply deradicalizing.", "quote": "A more fruitful approach might be to recognize the common ground in both empowerment and radicalization (Equal Access International, 2021).", "page": "37", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Equal Rights Advocates, Inc.", "aliases": ["Equal Rights Advocates, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equal rights", "women's rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Advocated and litigated on women's and lesbian rights, opposing discrimination and supporting legal protections against sexual harassment, in contrast to censorship.", "quote": "MARY C. DUNLAP is a law teacher and solo practitioner of civil law. She was co-founder and attorney-teacher at Equal Right Advocates, Inc., San Francisco, from 1973 to 1978.", "page": "24", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Equality and Human Rights Commission", "aliases": ["Equality and Human Rights Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on disability hate crime to inform policy and public awareness, identifying distinctive elements of such crimes.", "quote": "A 2016 Report for the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) in the UK noted an overall reduction in reported UK hate crime since 2013...", "page": "310", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Equality Now", "aliases": ["Equality Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international women's rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Publishes research and legal guides, conducts strategic litigation and policy advocacy, convenes regional coalitions and training, and has helped secure legal reforms and treaty ratifications (e.g., Maputo Protocol, national law amendments).", "quote": "Core mission is legal gender equality and ending violence/exploitation, but Equality Now documents and reports on disinformation and conducts media and policy advocacy that touch on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://equalitynow.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Equestrian Order", "aliases": ["Equestrian Order"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Roman Republic and Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "economic status", "honour"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura. De la magistrature à la vertu: censure et pouvoirs censoriaux du IIe siècle av. n. è. au IVe siècle de notre ère", "author": "N Lemennais", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a distinct social and political order, the equestrian order was subject to censorial review (recognitio equitum) and moral regulation concerning their composition and conduct, influencing their access to political positions and wealth.", "quote": "Les sénateurs pouvaient subir une nota des censeurs, signifiant qu’ils étaient exclus de l’album sénatorial165, et les censeurs pouvaient aussi démettre certains chevaliers166.", "page": "42", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-04173638/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Republic and Empire", "when": "2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"}]}, {"name": "Equitable Access Initiative", "aliases": ["Equitable Access Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "financial aid", "global health"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Published alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid, involved in global health initiatives.", "quote": "The Equitable Access Initiative, launched by heads of multilateral organizations engaged in global health, published alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid (The Global Fund, 2016).", "page": "191", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Er sociale medier skadelige for unge? - Cybernauterne", "aliases": ["Er sociale medier skadelige for unge? - Cybernauterne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital safety / civic tech non-profit"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Content moderation", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes research-informed blog posts and podcasts, provides trainings in schools and to parents, publicly criticises Big Tech and urges regulatory/financial responsibility for content moderation, shaping public debate and practitioner practice.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and policy-facing commentary on social media harms, advocates platform moderation investments, runs trainings and public campaigns about online safety for children and criticises Big Tech.", "page": "", "url": "https://cybernauterne.dk/blog/er-sociale-medier-skadelige-for-unge/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Erasmist circles", "aliases": ["Erasmist circles"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Engaged in intellectual critique of the Church and its institutions, including the Inquisition, often using irony and humanistic principles, which sometimes led to repression.", "quote": "Au sein des cercles érasmistes, voire crypto-protestants, la criti- que de l'Inquisition fut menée jusqu'à ses conclusions ultimes.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Eros Foundation", "aliases": ["Eros Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["adult content", "child safety", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Initially aligned with light regulation to promote minimal intervention. Later, it supported PICS technology as a means to protect minors while preserving adult-oriented content and free speech.", "quote": "This cluster (the PICS solution coalition) supported the use of PICS technology as a means of accommodating the desire for control of content for protection of minors and preserva-tion of the Internet as a source for adult-oriented content and free speech.", "page": "14", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Escola de Arte Dramática", "aliases": ["Escola de Arte Dramática"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "anti-censorship", "educational benefit", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a center for professional actor training, it fostered experimental scenic work to bypass censorship, with its director actively protecting performances from censors under the argument of it being a curricular exercise.", "quote": "A Escola de Arte Dramática, fundada pelo Dr. Alfredo Mesquita em 1948, já era um centro de formação de atores profissionais, (...) o Professor Clóvis impedia os censores de adentrar o campus e assim a nossa Antígone foi vista e ouvida por centenas de espectadores.", "page": "254, 256", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo", "aliases": ["Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "artistic education", "critical thinking"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As an academic institution, it provided a space for experimental scenic work that sought to circumvent censorship, allowing students to produce plays with political and social critiques.", "quote": "A Escola de Comunicações e Artes, aberta justamente em 1968, era ainda um tubo de ensaio no qual se experimentava o ensino de teatro, cinema, música, publicidade e artes visuais em nível superior.", "page": "254", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Escola de Pais do Brasil", "aliases": ["Escola de Pais do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "parental rights", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A representative from this organization served on the Conselho Superior de Censura (CSC), contributing to discussions on censorship and influencing decisions related to moral standards.", "quote": "Fanny Ribeiro da Silva, da Escola de Pais do Brasil, enfatizou o nível cultural da diretora e situou sua postura como característica de uma época;", "page": "66", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Escuelas Pías (Pious Schools)", "aliases": ["Escuelas Pías (Pious Schools)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["religious association / academic institution"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Educational institutions whose texts for young students were subject to careful censorship to ensure good morals and proper instruction, integrating their educational mission with censorship.", "quote": "...por estar dedicada a la enseñanza de los más jóvenes en las Escuelas Pías debía cuidar más aspectos no bien resueltos...", "page": "345", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "ESIC Business & Marketing School", "aliases": ["ESIC Business & Marketing School"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "digital literacy"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Publishes academic works related to new media phenomena like blogs, contributing to the scholarly understanding and discourse around these topics, and thus influencing the conceptualization of digital communication.", "quote": "ROJAS, O. Blogs, ESIC, Madrid, 2005", "page": "8", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Esomar (The World Association of Research Professionals)", "aliases": ["Esomar (The World Association of Research Professionals)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "media evolution", "professional standards", "research innovation"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organizes international congresses and discussions, serving as a forum where journalists and authors debate the evolving nature of the web and its impact on information dissemination and citizen participation.", "quote": "Dans le discours d'ouverture du Congrès Esomar 2006, le journaliste et auteur Charles Leadbetter opposait le vieux Monde, où les journaux pouvaient contrôler ce qui était publié et ce qui ne l'était pas, au nouveau Monde où chacun et tout le monde disposant d'un téléphone mobile peut devenir un citoyen journaliste.", "page": "1", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Espelho Diamantino", "aliases": ["Espelho Diamantino"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["monarchy", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles. Described by áulicos as 'corcunda de capello', indicating a conservative or pro-monarchy stance, yet still among those criticized by O Censor Brasileiro for its political alignment.", "quote": "o Espelho Diamantino “que he corcunda de capello”", "page": "24", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Esprit", "aliases": ["Esprit"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "decentralization", "spiritual values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A review founded by Emmanuel Mounier in 1932, which focused on moral and political renewal, advocating for a new economic order, spiritual renovation, and decentralization against 'bourgeois and individualist civilization'.", "quote": "No publication perhaps better exemplified this mood than Esprit, the review founded by Emmanuel Mounier in 1932. ... Esprit called for a new economic order giving primacy to work over capital, to personal responsibility over bureaucracy, to service over profit, and to decentralization over centralization. But more than this, Esprit called for a spiritual renovation and moral revolution.", "page": "492", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Esprit (journal)", "aliases": ["Esprit (journal)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "human dignity", "spiritual values"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Denis de Rougemont et la nouvelle censure", "author": "Verdaguer, Pierre", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "As a leading intellectual review, it served as a platform for the personalist movement to publish articles and engage in debates during the 1930s. Its publications later became a subject of 'new censorship' (critique) for allegedly fostering an intellectual climate favorable to fascism.", "quote": "Il suffit à ce propos de lire la polémique qui s'engagea dans Esprit entre l'auteur et Jean-Marie Domenach dans les mois que suivirent la publication de l'ouvrage.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/394128", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1930s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "Esprit des journaux", "aliases": ["Esprit des journaux"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual discourse", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This eclectic periodical disseminated diverse political opinions across different regions, thereby reflecting and contributing to the broader intellectual and political climate where works like Raynal's were discussed.", "quote": "sans parler de l'éclectique Esprit des journaux, qui se partageait entre Liège et Bruxelles, comme entre les opinions politiques les plus diverses.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "left-wing ideology", "nationalism", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Catalan separatist and left-republican party, participated in the Generalitat government and anti-fascist committees, often clashing with other forces over revolutionary versus republican priorities.", "quote": "Comorera, da União Socialista da Catalunha124, Vidiella, do Partido Socialista Operário Espanhol, Ventura Gassol, da Esquerra Republicana, Pey Poch, da Ação Catalã125, Andrés Nin, do POUM126, e Calvet, da União de Rabassaires127.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Established Protestant Churches", "aliases": ["Established Protestant Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Attempted to restrict the dissemination of dissenting religious ideas, collaborating with the state to impose controls.", "quote": "much to the chagrin of the Roman Catholic Church and, later, of the established Protestant churches. It also made possible the mass distribution of vernacular translations of The Bible, the laity's reading of which many Catholic leaders at that time discouraged.", "page": "4", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Estates-General", "aliases": ["Estates-General"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "public representation", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Historical representative body convened by the king, tasked with presenting *cahiers de doléances* (grievance lists) but not acting on behalf of communities.", "quote": "This explains why the members of the Estates-General were called upon to present cahiers de doléances before the king. They could not act on behalf of the communities or corporate bodies which had chosen them but could simply make known their grievances.", "page": "81", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Estonian Midwives Association", "aliases": ["Estonian Midwives Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Moderates an online forum ('Family School') and has taken action to de-anonymize commentators spreading false information and slander due to legal cases.", "quote": "The Estonian Midwives Association, which moderates Family School, had to de-anonymize the commentators that were disseminating false information and slander and present their names to Korolev.", "page": "128", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Estudiantes Católicos", "aliases": ["Estudiantes Católicos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic student organization, criticized by Falangist intellectuals for its perceived passivity and inability to effectively challenge liberal influences, later being pressured for integration into the SEU.", "quote": "Los Estudiantes Católicos -yo he pertenecido a ellos y ostentando algún cargo directivo- se limitaron a celebrar Congresos y a festejar a Santo Tomás sin conocerle.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Estudios Avanzados en Imagen y Comunicación (ESAVICOM)", "aliases": ["Estudios Avanzados en Imagen y Comunicación (ESAVICOM)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic literacy", "informed debate"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Técnicas de debate en la clase de ELE. Análisis de un caso práctico", "author": "CM Soria, H de Budapest", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This research group provides a methodological framework for analyzing electoral debates, evaluating rhetorical techniques, image attributes, and verbal/non-verbal communication. Its work contributes to understanding the norms of effective political communication and how public discourse is managed.", "quote": "Análisis basado en la metodología de trabajo del grupo de investigación de Esavicom y aportaciones de Isa Otero, 2011.", "page": "3", "url": "https://cvc.cervantes.es/Ensenanza/Biblioteca_Ele/publicaciones_centros/PDF/budapest_2013/50_martin.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, political debate", "when": "2011"}]}, {"name": "Ethereum Foundation", "aliases": ["Ethereum Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["censorship resistance", "cyber security", "decentralization", "system integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Censorship in the InterPlanetary File System", "author": "Sridhar, Srivatsan; Ascigil, Onur; Keizer, Navin; Genon, François; Pierre, Sébastien; Psaras, Yiannis; Rivière, Etienne; Król, Michał", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Ethereum Foundation funds academic research, such as the work presented in this paper, which focuses on identifying and mitigating censorship vulnerabilities in core decentralized technologies like libp2p DHT, thus contributing to the security and integrity of decentralized applications that rely on these systems.", "quote": "At Stanford University, Srivatsan Sridhar's research is funded by a gift from the Ethereum Foundation.", "page": "14", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.12212", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Decentralized web (IPFS and similar DHT-based systems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ethereum Name Service (ENS)", "aliases": ["Ethereum Name Service (ENS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data portability", "decentralized identity", "trust", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops decentralized identity frameworks using blockchain technology, enabling users to maintain verifiable and portable reputations across multiple platforms without relying on a single authority.", "quote": "For example, projects such as the Ethereum Name Service and Ceramic Network are building decentralized identity frameworks that could enable users to maintain a verifiable reputation across multiple platforms.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Ethical Committee of the School of Psychology, University of Padua", "aliases": ["Ethical Committee of the School of Psychology, University of Padua"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "research ethics", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media Literacy e Social Media: un Intervento Sperimentale per proteggere dai contenuti idealizzati online", "author": "M MUSSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This committee provides ethical approval for research projects, ensuring that studies, including those on social media and body image, adhere to established ethical guidelines and protect participant well-being, thus functioning as a gatekeeper for research practices.", "quote": "Il progetto di ricerca è stato innanzitutto approvato dal Comitato Etico della Scuola di Psicologia dell’Università degli Studi di Padova.", "page": "37", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/96159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Global (with a focus on Western societies)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Ethical design activists/designers", "aliases": ["Ethical design activists/designers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["social good", "tech ethics", "user rights"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Share applications and software to demonstrate and promote 'pro-social' alternative designs that respect users' attention and rights, thereby establishing new design standards.", "quote": "designers concerned with developing technologies that respect users' attention and rights share applications and soft-ware to demonstrate that an alternative design, described as \"pro-social", "page": "is possi-ble on the internet (Schirch", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Ethical Journalism Network (EJN)", "aliases": ["Ethical Journalism Network (EJN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["impartiality", "independence", "information accuracy", "justice", "veracity"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Establishes and promotes five basic ethical principles for journalism (veracity, independence, justice, impartiality, humanity, responsibility), guiding content creation in the informative domain.", "quote": "En esta investigación se ha seguido el cumplimiento del marco de principios éticos que ha realizado la Ethical Journalism Network en cinco premisas básicas: veracidad y precisión, independencia, justicia e imparcialidad, humanidad y, por último, responsabilidad (EJN, 2015).", "page": "255", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Ethical Review Board", "aliases": ["Ethical Review Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ethics", "human subjects protection", "research integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "There is No War in Ba Sing Se: A Global Analysis of Content Moderation in Large Language Models", "author": "Lipphardt, Friedemann; Ali, Moonis; Banzer, Martin; Feldmann, Anja", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An Ethical Review Board provides oversight and approval for research projects involving sensitive content or human participants, ensuring that ethical guidelines and consent requirements are met.", "quote": "Since non-author contributors were exposed to sensitive content, Ethical Review Board (ERB) approval was obtained from the authors' affiliated university.", "page": "17", "url": "ndss-symposium.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Large Language Models, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ethics of Electronic Information in the Twentyfirst Century (EEI21)", "aliases": ["Ethics of Electronic Information in the Twentyfirst Century (EEI21)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["tech ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organizes conferences focused on ethical issues in electronic information, fostering academic discussion.", "quote": "conferences on “Ethics of Electronic Information in the Twentyfirst Century” (EEI21) at the University of Memphis since 1997", "page": "641", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Ethnic Armed Organizations (including Arakan Army (AA), Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance (MNDA), and Kachin Independence Army (KIA))", "aliases": ["Ethnic Armed Organizations (including Arakan Army (AA), Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), Myanmar National Democratic Alliance (MNDA), and Kachin Independence Army (KIA))"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community welfare", "human rights", "political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Using Facebook as a primary outlet to communicate with national and international stakeholders, document alleged atrocities, announce policy positions, discuss community matters, and recruit members, which Facebook subsequently banned as 'Dangerous Organizations'.", "quote": "Removed from Facebook, these groups are left isolated, alone, and susceptible to Tatmadaw propaganda drowning out their counter-narratives.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "Etica & Politica", "aliases": ["Etica & Politica"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "ethics", "free speech", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "An electronic academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and intends to host a forum for critical discussion, acting as a gatekeeper of academic discourse by selecting which content to publish.", "quote": "È nostra intenzione aprire sulla rivista un forum di discussione relativo ai problemi sollevati dai due articoli (che a nostro parere non fanno che documentare, soprattutto quello di Franchi & Marrone, un caso clamoroso di frode scientifica).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "EU DisinfoLab", "aliases": ["EU DisinfoLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "transparency", "truth"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on disinformation campaigns, including those using micro-targeting and identity manipulation, to expose malicious activities and inform the public about threats to democratic integrity.", "quote": "Il micro-targeting diventa dun que problematico quando gli attori mentono sulla propria identità, come nel caso riportato da EU DisinfoLab (2020) di una Pagina Facebook gestita dall’Ucraina...", "page": "127", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "EU Internet Forum", "aliases": ["EU Internet Forum"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This multi-stakeholder forum brings together state institutions, companies, and civil society to identify, address, and prevent the spread of online terrorist content.", "quote": "l'azione non legislativa attraverso la creazione dell'EU Internet Forum... con la finalità di dare attuazione al partenariato pubblico-privato per individuare e affrontare i contenuti terroristici online.", "page": "12", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "EU Kids Online thematic network", "aliases": ["EU Kids Online thematic network"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "digital literacy", "good governance", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust in the information society", "author": "B O'Neill", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a thematic research network, EU Kids Online gathers and provides information about children's and parents' experiences and practices regarding online risks and safety. Its data serves as a principal source for policymakers, informing debates and helping to define the trustworthiness of the Internet and the necessary measures for child protection.", "quote": "Drawing on data from EU Kids Online, one of the principal sources of information about online risks for European children, the following highlights the principle features of such concern.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364912001409", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Europe / European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Eu Não Mereço Ser Estuprada", "aliases": ["Eu Não Mereço Ser Estuprada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-gender violence", "bodily autonomy", "feminist issues", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operated a feminist page on Facebook that posted partially nude images with messages, often blocked by platforms, highlighting issues related to freedom of expression and gender violence.", "quote": "Páginas que divulgam conteúdo feminista no Facebook, como a “Eu Não Mereço Ser Estuprada” (onde eram postadas imagens de mulheres parcialmente nuas com a frase), são frequentemente bloqueadas...", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "EU to go: Macht, Musk und Meinungsfreiheit – Wer schützt", "aliases": ["EU to go: Macht, Musk und Meinungsfreiheit – Wer schützt"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["think tank / research centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and events for decision-makers in Berlin, Paris and Brussels; advisory board includes high-level EU and national officials enabling access and influence.", "quote": "Publishes research, events and policy analysis on EU governance and digital discourse (e.g., event on Musk/X, Meinungsfreiheit and democratic integrity), engaging EU policy audiences on platform-related risks.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.delorscentre.eu/de/veranstaltungen/detail/event/eu-to-go-macht-musk-und-meinungsfreiheit", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Eunomian Literary Society (of Swarthmore College)", "aliases": ["Eunomian Literary Society (of Swarthmore College)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Founded a debate society to improve public speaking and debating skills among its members, thereby setting norms for structured public discourse.", "quote": "La sfida principale era quella di migliorare la capacità di parlare in pubblico e di dibattere, come dimostra la fondazione della Eunomian Literary Society del Swarthmore College, una società di dibattito fondata nel 1869.", "page": "20", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Eurasia Foundation", "aliases": ["Eurasia Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil society"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Contributed to promoting 'benign group life' in postcommunist societies, implying engagement in activities that support civil society and foster moderation and cooperation among diverse groups, possibly through grants and programs.", "quote": "They approve of the role played by Ford, the Eurasia Foundation, and Soros in promoting benign group life in the postcommunist world, while recognizing that such efforts may hinder homegrown groups.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "EURid vzw", "aliases": ["EURid vzw"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "fair competition", "internet stability", "market integration"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Regulates and operates registries under the .eu domain, similar to Nominet in managing domain name registrations and associated policies.", "quote": "EURID which regulates and operates registries under the .eu domain since 2003.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "Euromaidan protests", "aliases": ["Euromaidan protests"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Used a full range of social media tools for resource mobilization to successfully overthrow an authoritarian ruler and usher in a new wave of democratization.", "quote": "The Euromaidan was an example of a successful revolution that managed to overthrow the authoritarian ruler and usher in a new wave of democratization of the country.", "page": "51", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Europe Struggles to Enforce New Free Speech Rules - CEPA", "aliases": ["Europe Struggles to Enforce New Free Speech Rules - CEPA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "CEPA produces policy analysis, hosts events and a journal (Bandwidth) to shape transatlantic tech policy debates and leverages its networks across Washington and Brussels to influence enforcement and regulatory discussions.", "quote": "CEPA publishes analysis on the EU Digital Services Act and transatlantic tech policy, directly engaging with platform governance debates and enforcement challenges.", "page": "", "url": "https://cepa.org/article/europe-struggles-to-enforce-new-free-speech-rules/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Europe Technology Policy Committee of the Association for Computing Machinery", "aliases": ["Europe Technology Policy Committee of the Association for Computing Machinery"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional scientific association; policy committee"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1947", "mechanism": "ACM issues policy briefs, statements and TechBriefs and convenes experts via SIGs and conferences to inform policymakers and industry on technology-neutral approaches to governance and standards.", "quote": "The ACM Europe Tech Policy Committee produces independent, nonpartisan technology-neutral research and statements on policy topics (e.g., Digital Green Certificates) informing platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.acm.org/public-policy/europe-tpc", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Europe XXI Foundation", "aliases": ["Europe XXI Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Its president provided analysis on the sophisticated methods of media pressure and censorship during the Kuchma era.", "quote": "Pidluska, Inna: President, Europe XXI Foundation", "page": "25", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "European AI Alliance", "aliases": ["European AI Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "regulation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in efforts to promote diversity and regulation in AI development, contributing to setting norms for AI systems.", "quote": "These watchdogs’ advocacy for diversity and regulation is complemented by similar efforts by public (Daly et al., 2019; ‘European AI Alliance’; National Artificial Intelligence Initiative; OECD AI Policy Observatory), commercial (‘AI Policy Principles’, 2017; ‘Artificial Intelligence at Google’; ‘Responsible AI’), and religious (RenAIssance Foundation) organizations, as well as collaborations between these organizations (Partnership on AI).", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "European Association for the Study of Science and Technology", "aliases": ["European Association for the Study of Science and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific research", "technological development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosted earlier versions of the author's work related to post-truth topics on their websites, contributing to public discourse on the subject.", "quote": "I would also like to thank the British Sociological Association, the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology, the Guardian newspaper and London’s Institute of Art and Ideas for hosting earlier versions of what I say here on their websites.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "European Association of Communication Agencies (EACA)", "aliases": ["European Association of Communication Agencies (EACA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["EU", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation, committing to developing definitions for political advertising and implementing transparency measures for online content.", "quote": "Tra i firmatari figurano Adobe, Associazione europea delle agenzie di comunicazione (EACA), Google, IAB Europe (Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe), Meta, Microsoft, Reporter senza frontiere (RSF), TikTok, Twitch, Twitter, Vimeo e Federazione mondiale degli inserzionisti (WFA). Ciascuno di essi ha firmato gli impegni in un documento, pubblicamente accessibile, che prevede le misure pertinenti per i propri servizi.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European Banking Authority", "aliases": ["European Banking Authority"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection", "environmental protection", "market integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Reports on greenwashing cases stemming from company pledges and ESG labels, providing common understanding of greenwashing and warning on related risks.", "quote": "According to the European Banking Authority reports, there has been a clear increase in greenwashing cases often stemming from company pledges and ESG labels.", "page": "287", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "European Broadcasting Union Digital Strategy Group", "aliases": ["European Broadcasting Union Digital Strategy Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public service broadcasting"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and strategies (like 'Media with a Purpose') that advocate for and define the role of public service broadcasting in the digital age, influencing industry norms and policies.", "quote": "EBU Digital Strategy Group (2002) Media with a Purpose: Public Service Broadcasting in the Digital Age. Geneva: EBU.", "page": "52", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)", "aliases": ["European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Issues reports and recommendations concerning racism and intolerance, contributing to norm-setting and policy discussions that inform moderation bodies like Facebook's Oversight Board.", "quote": "Ainda, o impacto psicológico nos alvos pode alimentar ideias de supremacia racial, abalar a autoestima e a saúde conforme vários estudos acadêmicos mencionados que, de acordo com o CS, comprovam os danos objetivos aos direitos dos indivíduos.", "page": "137", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission)", "aliases": ["European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional integrity", "content diversity", "democracy", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quale nozione di pluralismo nell'EMFA?", "author": "O Grandinetti", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides consultative opinions on constitutional matters, including definitions and principles related to media pluralism, influencing legal frameworks.", "quote": "si tratta della Commissione di Venezia, organo consultivo del Consiglio d'Europa sulle materie costituzionali.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.eu/index.php/RIID/article/view/271", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European Committee for Standardization / European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization", "aliases": ["European Committee for Standardization / European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI safety", "risk management", "technical standards", "truthfulness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do large language models have a legal duty to tell the truth?", "author": "Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent; Russell, Chris", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Carries out technical standardization processes for the EU AI Act, which define 'systemic risks' and can potentially classify misinformation and disinformation as such, thereby influencing AI alignment and safety.", "quote": "the technical standardization process being carried out by CEN/CENELEC for the AI Act will show how 'systemic risks' are defined", "page": "28", "url": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.240197", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union legal frameworks", "when": "contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "European Communication Research and Education Association", "aliases": ["European Communication Research and Education Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development", "research support"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to norm-setting and capacity-building in academic communication research by encouraging, supporting, and publishing the work of young researchers and organizing events like the Summer School.", "quote": "ECREA’s membership also contributed to the realisation of one of its ten objectives, which is ‘to encourage, support, and where possible, publish, the work of young researchers in Europe.’", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA)", "aliases": ["European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "education", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Fosters academic exchange and research quality in communication studies, including political communication, through congresses and publications, thus influencing theoretical and methodological norms.", "quote": "ECREA aboga por una comunidad amplia dedicada al desarrollo y la calidad de la investigación en la comunicación, así como por la mejora de la educación en Europa.", "page": "63", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "European Cooperation in Science and Technology", "aliases": ["European Cooperation in Science and Technology"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["research and innovation", "scientific development", "technological innovation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Supporting and funding pan-European intergovernmental framework for scientific and technological developments, which includes research networks focused on history education and conflict transformation.", "quote": "COST IS 1205 is supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), which is a pan-European intergovernmental framework.", "page": "8", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "European Copyright Society", "aliases": ["European Copyright Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic integration", "intellectual property rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided a 'General Opinion on the EU Copyright Reform Package', influencing policy discussions related to text and data mining exceptions and copyright law reform within the digital single market.", "quote": "European Copyright Society, General Opinion on the EU Copyright Reform Package, https://europeancopyrightsocietydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/ecs-opinion-on-eu-copyrightreform-def.pdf.", "page": "25", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation", "aliases": ["European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Pakistan", "Singapore", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Proposed a model law to ban speech deemed vilifying to groups, aiming to influence legislative moderation and curb intolerance.", "quote": "The European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation, chaired by former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, has proposed a new model law banning malicious attempts to vilify a group, such as calling all Muslims terrorists (ECRT, 2015).", "page": "3", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "European Court of Human Rights", "aliases": ["European Court of Human Rights"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": ["TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["child safety", "free speech", "privacy", "security"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'anonimato nell'era digitale: differenze, ragioni e approcci per salvaguardare l'identità digitale", "author": "E Bresciani", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through its jurisprudence, the Court interprets and defines the scope of rights such as freedom of expression and privacy, including their application to online anonymity, thereby influencing legal standards and balancing individual liberties with collective security needs.", "quote": "La giurisprudenza della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell'Uomo (CEDU) ha anch'essa avuto un ruolo significativo nella definizione dei confini tra anonimato, privacy e libertà di espressione.", "page": "27", "url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/id/eprint/33784/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, X, TikTok), European Union, Italy, International context", "when": "Digital era, focusing on post-2000s developments"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Media Observatories (EDMO)", "aliases": ["European Digital Media Observatories (EDMO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a European network of observatories, bringing together universities, research centers, fact-checking organizations, and institutional partners to study, monitor, and combat online disinformation, contributing to a collective European response.", "quote": "Fa parte della rete europea degli European Digital Media Observatories (EDMO) ed è composto da università, centri di ricerca, organizzazioni di fact-checking e partner istituzionali.", "page": "69", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Rights Initiative", "aliases": ["European Digital Rights Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "platform accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Criticized the privatization of online free speech policing and the lack of formal accountability for 'voluntary' content removal agreements between tech companies and governments, arguing against their compatibility with fundamental rights.", "quote": "As the European Digital Rights Initiative (EDRi) has noted, the synergies with the way copyright infringement is policed points toward the wider privatization of the policing of free speech online...", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "European Digital Rights Initiative and Access Now", "aliases": ["European Digital Rights Initiative and Access Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["search engines"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Withdrew from the EU Internet Forum in protest, arguing that the process of using terms of service to delete content was established outside an accountable democratic framework.", "quote": "Two civil society partners with- drew from the Forum in protest, writing that the process of using ToS to delete content—rather than legal demands from law enforcement—was 'established outside an accountable democratic framework'", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European DIGITAL SME Alliance", "aliases": ["European DIGITAL SME Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This alliance represents the interests of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the digital sector by producing position papers and engaging in policy advocacy regarding proposed digital services legislation.", "quote": "EUROPEAN DIGITAL SME ALLIANCE, Position paper on the Digital Services Act (DSA), 8.09.2020", "page": "36", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European Education Research Association", "aliases": ["European Education Research Association"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical discourse", "educational development", "scholarly research"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facilitating deliberation: The role of impartial intermediaries in deliberative mini-publics", "author": "C Landwehr", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Hosts academic conferences where research on educational concepts like deliberative communication is presented and critiqued, thereby contributing to norm-setting and capacity-building within educational discourse.", "quote": "...and at the 2003 European Education Research Association Conference in Hamburg, Germany.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/95869797/Landwehr2014_Facilitating_Deliberation.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Swedish education, drawing on US and German philosophical traditions regarding deliberative democracy", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents from Ancient Greece to 19th-century philosophy"}]}, {"name": "European Exchange", "aliases": ["European Exchange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["democracy promotion / civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Partnership for Democracy", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Publishes monitoring reports, policy alerts and recommendations, organises observation missions and conferences, and issues open letters to EU bodies to press for policy responses on elections and civic freedoms.", "quote": "Primary mission is democratic development and civil-society strengthening, but they run projects addressing 'Hate Speech During Electoral Campaigns', online observation, and monitoring tools that touch platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.european-exchange.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "European Fact Checking Standards Project", "aliases": ["European Fact Checking Standards Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On algorithmic content moderation", "author": "E Prem, B Krenn", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Coordinates European fact-checking organizations to develop a code of integrity, thereby establishing standards and norms for independent fact-checking and information moderation.", "quote": "the European Fact Checking Standards Project where European organizations involved in fact checking cooperate to develop a code of integrity for independent European fact checking;", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_30", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with focus on Austria, Europe, USA)", "when": "21st century platform era (primarily post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "European Fact-Checking Standards Network (EFCSN)", "aliases": ["European Fact-Checking Standards Network (EFCSN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes a code of standards for fact-checking organizations within Europe, aiming to ensure independence and quality in disinformation combat.", "quote": "European Fact-Checking Standards Network. (n.d.). European Code of Standards for Independent Fact-Checking Organisations. https://efcsn.com/code-of-standards/", "page": "27", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "European Film Festival", "aliases": ["European Film Festival"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Italy"], "media": ["film"], "norms": ["public acceptance", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sous-titrer le langage sexuel et vulgaire. Enjeux traductifs entre censure et expressivité", "author": "Rollo, Alessandra", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The festival's organizers provided guidelines for the Italian subtitling process, influencing the decisions to attenuate or omit certain language elements to ensure the film's appropriate reception by a broad audience.", "quote": "On a jugé convenable de faire appel, à plusieurs reprises, à une variation diaphasique et d'atténuer, sinon de supprimer, certains mots obscènes ou des références trop explicites aux pratiques sexuelles, au profit de formules plus nuancées, suivant la subjectivité des sous-titreurs et les indications données par les responsables du sous-titrage italien lors du Festival.", "page": "8", "url": "http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/linguelinguaggi/article/view/17611/15792", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France (source film culture), Italy (subtitling context for European Film Festival)", "when": "2015-2017"}]}, {"name": "European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE)", "aliases": ["European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies (EGE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific ethics", "tech ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advises the European Commission on ethical issues arising from scientific and new technological developments.", "quote": "the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies, established by the European Commission in 1991)", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "European Information Society Forum", "aliases": ["European Information Society Forum"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Postulated the democratic benefits of new information technologies, framing the narrative of potential societal impact through statements on the Internet's ability to recreate a 'perfect information arena'.", "quote": "The new information technologies may, for the first time in the history of industrial soci eties under liberal regimes, make it possible to recreate the perfect information arena, the agora of Ancient Greece, a meeting place where citizens could go to be fully informed and to participate directly, with no intermediary, in the government of the city, exercising all their political rights unconditionally and without restriction.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "European Institute for Gender Equality", "aliases": ["European Institute for Gender Equality"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Digital media"], "norms": ["gender equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intelligenza Artificiale e Fake News: Analisi Linguistica, Gender Bias ed Etica nella comunicazione digitale dei media", "author": "JM Scilabra, D Russo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It provides definitions for discriminatory and non-inclusive terms, which are adopted by the study as normative standards for identifying gender bias in language within digital media content.", "quote": "A tal fine, sono state prese in considerazione le definizioni fornite dall'European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE 2016)", "page": "7", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10641005", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "digital media, UK and US", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "European Institute for Media", "aliases": ["European Institute for Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "media integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Monitored media coverage during parliamentary elections, providing reports that revealed disproportionate airtime for establishment parties and negative tones for the opposition.", "quote": "European Institute for Media (EIM) (2002) Report on Monitoring Media Coverage During the Parliamentary Elections in Ukraine, March.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "European Institute for the Media", "aliases": ["European Institute for the Media"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["think tank/research institute"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acts as a monitoring agency overseeing the execution of citizens’ communication rights in Europe, thereby implicitly setting standards and evaluating media performance.", "quote": "There are some monitoring agencies (for example, European Audiovisual Observatory, European Institute for the Media, Institute of European Media Law, and EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program of the Open Society Institute)", "page": "61", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "European Internet Forum", "aliases": ["European Internet Forum"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "national security", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso extremista y la expansión de la censura", "author": "CFG Pazmiño, EIV Flores", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Established to develop a joint and voluntary approach for detecting and removing online terrorist incitement and illegal hate speech, involving EU officials, Europol, and technology companies.", "quote": "El 3 de diciembre de 2015, la Comisión Europea estableció el Foro Europeo de Internet (en adelante el Foro). El objetivo era el desarrollo de un enfoque conjunto y voluntario para la detección y eliminación de la incitación terrorista en línea y el discurso de odio.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CAP/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social media platforms, European Union, USA", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "European Journalism Training Association", "aliases": ["European Journalism Training Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On algorithmic content moderation", "author": "E Prem, B Krenn", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Initiates and supports fact-checking efforts (like EUfactcheck) aimed at upholding journalistic standards and moderating the spread of potentially false information.", "quote": "EUfactcheck, an initiative of the European Journalism Training Association;", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_30", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with focus on Austria, Europe, USA)", "when": "21st century platform era (primarily post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "European Law Institute", "aliases": ["European Law Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal clarity", "platform accountability", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developed model rules (e.g., 'Model Rules on Platform Liability') that propose frameworks for platform responsibility and content moderation, influencing legal discourse and potential future regulation.", "quote": "También los Model Rules on Platform Liability del European Law Institute prevén la posibilidad de que, constatada una omisión negligente de la plataforma, esta sea responsabilizada por los daños derivados de actividades ilícitas en su servicio (ya sean causados por profesionales oferentes o consumidores) (art. 8.2).", "page": "221", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "European Milk Board (EMB)", "aliases": ["European Milk Board (EMB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair prices", "producer well-being"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides expertise from dairy farmers, likely advocating for specific policies or conditions within the dairy sector. Their engagement contributes to the play's portrayal of agricultural realities, particularly concerning milk production.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... tous les agriculteurs de l'EMK, de Fairebel et du MIG", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "European Network for Argumentation and Public Policy Analysis", "aliases": ["European Network for Argumentation and Public Policy Analysis"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["public good", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Norms of Public Argument: A Speech Act Perspective", "author": "Lewiński, Marcin; Cepollaro, Bianca; Oswald, Steve; Witek, Maciej", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This network funds and organizes academic workshops and summer schools focused on the normative aspects of public argument and speech acts, thereby fostering research and shaping scholarly discourse on the norms governing public communication and argumentation.", "quote": "This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA 17132, European Network for Argumentation and Public Policy Analysis (http://publicpolicyargument.eu), which funded the international workshop 'Norms of Public Argument: A Speech Act Perspective' and the 'Lisbon Summer School on Speech Acts in Public Discourse: Normative Questions' (both organised in June 2022 at the NOVA University Lisbon, Portugal).", "page": "7", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11245-023-09918-1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Public discourse and online communication, globally", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "European Network of Forensic Science Institutes", "aliases": ["European Network of Forensic Science Institutes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Develops documents on cooperation and assistance in conducting forensic examinations of crimes, which supports legal norm enforcement through standardized evidence collection.", "quote": "We consider it an urgent task to work out a mechanism for engaging leading forensic experts from other countries with representatives of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes and to develop a document on cooperation and assistance in conducting forensic examinations", "page": "75", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "European Organisation for Security", "aliases": ["European Organisation for Security"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Acts as Europe's principal lobby group for the homeland security industry, influencing the development of security and counter-terrorism policies, including those involving advanced technology for content analysis and detection.", "quote": "Europe's principal lobby group for the homeland security industry, the European Organisation for Security (EOS).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "European Parliament", "aliases": ["European Parliament"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "media independence"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Referred to the suppression of political and financial independence of public-service media in Hungary, indicating its role in scrutinizing and critiquing media regulation in member states.", "quote": "The European Parliament has referred to a suppression of “the political and financial independence of public-service media” (European Parliament, 2011) in Hungary...", "page": "159", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "European Partnership for Democracy", "aliases": ["European Partnership for Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a non-governmental organization, it conducts analyses on the transparency of digital political advertising, identifying deficiencies and advocating for improved transparency to protect democratic processes.", "quote": "No mesmo sentido, análise conduzida pelo European Partnership for Democracy, uma organização não governamental dedicada à proteção da democracia, destacou “a imprecisão e incompletude das informações incluídas nos repositórios de publicidade, de um lado, e a falta de informação relevante disponibilizada pelas plataformas em matérias como direcionamento e custos gastos com a publicidade, de outro”", "page": "236", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European People's Party", "aliases": ["European People's Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-extremism", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a federation of political parties, it was noted as being slower and less categorical than the Party of European Socialists in endorsing strict guidelines for its member parties on how to deal with extremist political forces.", "quote": "...counterparts on the center-right in the European People’s Party as well as the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party were slower to respond and far less categorical in dictating what national parties could or could not do.", "page": "83", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "European Platform of Regulatory Authorities (EPRA)", "aliases": ["European Platform of Regulatory Authorities (EPRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["information exchange", "regulatory cooperation"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an independent organization grouping 52 audiovisual regulatory instances from 46 countries, EPRA's main objective is to facilitate the exchange of opinions and information, fostering regulatory alignment and best practices across Europe.", "quote": "En 1996, l'AIEP a rejoint l'European Platform of Regulatory Authorities (EPRA)¹¹¹, organisation indépendante regroupant cinquante-deux instances de régulation de l'audiovisuel de quarante-six pays et ayant pour objectif principal l'échange d'opinions et d'informations.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "European Society of Neuroradiology", "aliases": ["European Society of Neuroradiology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "information quality", "respect"], "topics": ["moderatore dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civiltà d'un Congresso", "author": "G Ruggiero", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Adopted and partially continued to follow the author's suggestions for managing scientific congresses, particularly regarding the method of presenting communications, thereby influencing norms for scientific discourse and moderation in meetings.", "quote": "e per molti anni i miei suggerimenti furono seguiti (e ancora parzialmente lo sono) nei successivi congressi della Società Europea di Neuroradiologia, almeno per quanto concerne il modo di presentare le comunicazioni.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/197140090902200639", "topic": "moderatore dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Scientific congresses, Italy and Europe", "when": "Late 20th century (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "European Students' Union", "aliases": ["European Students' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["education reform"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Developed a project to form the conceptual core of student-centered learning in higher education, influencing educational norms and quality assurance.", "quote": "The student-centered approach to learning is the subject of study by the European Students Union (ESU) [9], which has developed a new project called Peer Assessment of Student-Centered Learning, in which the concept of learning outcomes forms the conceptual core of the SCL higher education system [10].", "page": "474", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)", "aliases": ["European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops standards for telecommunications and radio equipment, ensuring technical coherence with frequency usage conditions and promoting harmonization for market efficiency.", "quote": "la coopération étroite entre la CEPT et l’ETSI permettant d’assurer la cohérence des normes produites par l’ETSI avec les conditions techniques d’utilisation des fréquences fixées par la CEPT.", "page": "55", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)", "aliases": ["European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["social policy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione e rimozione dei contenuti illegali online nel diritto dell’UE", "author": "Morgese, di Giuseppe", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As the research arm of the European Trade Union Confederation, ETUI produces policy briefs and research to inform policy debates on digital services, potentially influencing norms related to worker rights.", "quote": "A. PONCE DEL CASTILLO, The digital services act package: Reflections on the EU Commission's policy options, ETUI Policy Brief n. 12/2020", "page": "36", "url": "ricerca.uniba.it", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European Union", "aliases": ["European Union"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": ["TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["data privacy", "free speech", "human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'anonimato nell'era digitale: differenze, ragioni e approcci per salvaguardare l'identità digitale", "author": "E Bresciani", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and implements comprehensive legislative frameworks (e.g., Charter of Fundamental Rights, GDPR, ePrivacy Directive, Digital Services Act) that regulate data protection, privacy, and online anonymity, setting stringent standards for member states and digital platforms.", "quote": "L'Unione Europea ha sviluppato un quadro normativo tra i più avanzati al mondo per la tutela della privacy e, di conseguenza, per la protezione dell'anonimato online.", "page": "26", "url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/id/eprint/33784/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, X, TikTok), European Union, Italy, International context", "when": "Digital era, focusing on post-2000s developments"}]}, {"name": "European Union Internet Forum", "aliases": ["European Union Internet Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "free speech", "national security", "privacy", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il contrasto alla diffusione dei contenuti terroristici online a seguito dell'adozione del Digital Services Act: riflessi sulla tutela della libertà di espressione", "author": "E Stella", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The EUIF is a multi-stakeholder forum, launched by the European Commission, which brings together IT companies, law enforcement authorities, and civil society to develop tools and foster cooperation to combat terrorist propaganda online, reduce accessibility to terrorist content, and promote alternative narratives.", "quote": "L'EUIF, che vede coinvolte le società informatiche, le autorità di contrasto e la società civile, è finalizzato a sviluppare i migliori strumenti per contrastare la propaganda terroristica su Internet e sui social media...", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/2497", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, social media / online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "European University Association", "aliases": ["European University Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "institutional autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducted a study ranking the organizational autonomy of Turkish universities compared to other European countries, implicitly advocating for greater academic freedom and institutional independence from state control.", "quote": "According to a 2011 study by the European University Association, Turkey was ranked 28th for organizational autonomy out of a total of 29 European countries studied (see Uslu, 2017).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}]}, {"name": "Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom)", "aliases": ["Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["self-determination"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided widespread violence through terrorist activities (bombings, assassinations) as the armed wing of the Basque separatist movement, threatening state territorial integrity during the transition.", "quote": "ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), the armed wing of the Basque separatist movement, provided a source of 'widespread violence' throughout the transition period and threatened 'the territorial integrity of the nation state.'", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Euskaltzaindia (Royal Academy of the Basque Language)", "aliases": ["Euskaltzaindia (Royal Academy of the Basque Language)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic preservation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition"], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura (s) en la traducción al/del vasco", "author": "I Uribarri Zenekorta", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a cultural institution, it oversaw and endorsed publications in the Basque language. Works associated with or endorsed by it, such as volumes on Basque culture, still faced censorship and prohibition by state authorities.", "quote": "Resurrección María Azkue, director de la Academia de la Lengua Vasca y miembro de la Real Academia Española, ve cómo prohíben la edición en Espasa Calpe del segundo tomo de Euskalerriaren yakintza en 1939", "page": "6", "url": "https://ddd.uab.cat/record/107196", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Basque Country", "when": "1936–1983 (Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition)"}]}, {"name": "Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization (ERGO!)", "aliases": ["Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization (ERGO!)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "individual autonomy", "political change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Binds advocates globally through its web site and listserv, providing information and fostering dialogue with political actors and other advocates for the right to die.", "quote": "ERGO binds a conglomeration of advocates around the world through its web site and listserv, providing information and fostering dialogue with political actors and other advocates.", "page": "195", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "EvalSys", "aliases": ["EvalSys"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["technical standards", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-V3.2 Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Manages and provides the 'MCP-Mark leaderboard', a benchmark for evaluating large language models, thereby contributing to the transparency and assessment of AI capabilities.", "quote": "EvalSys. Mcpmark leaderboard, 2025. URL https://mcpmark.ai/leaderboard.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Large Language Models", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Evaluating the Legitimacy of Platform Governance - AI Now Institute", "aliases": ["Evaluating the Legitimacy of Platform Governance - AI Now Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent research and policy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "AI Now publishes influential research and reports, advises regulators (FTC), convenes coalition statements opposing deregulatory AI plans, and shapes public narratives about corporate surveillance and platform power.", "quote": "AI Now produces policy research on AI and platform governance, advises regulators (e.g., US FTC), convenes coalitions, and critiques platform power and surveillance practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://ainowinstitute.org/publications/evaluating-the-legitimacy-of-platform-governance-a-review-of-research-and-a", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland", "aliases": ["Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["culture", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Drawing a line in water: Constructing the school censorship frame in popular music education", "author": "Kallio, Alexis Anja", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As the majority religious institution in Finnish society, it upholds and represents Finnish traditions. This influence indirectly shapes school repertoire, particularly for festive occasions, by setting norms for what is considered 'traditional' and thus appropriate for inclusion, sometimes leading to the exclusion of non-Lutheran students from these events.", "quote": "However, with a majority of Finnish society formally belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, and societal attitudes towards Christian religious practices being generally positive (Taira, 2012, p. 23), the church is seen as not only one of the primary institutions to uphold Finnish traditions (p. 24), but a Finnish tradition itself.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0255761413515814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Finland", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Evangelical Mission of Northern Angola", "aliases": ["Evangelical Mission of Northern Angola"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious mission", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its establishments and members were targets of violent attacks and massacres by Portuguese groups, which served as evidence of colonial atrocities.", "quote": "Assaltaram a Missão Evangélica do Norte de Angola e, numa das duas aldeias ainda povoadas por africanos, raptaram e assassinaram o seu soba a tiro, simbolicamente, no cume de um monte.", "page": "267", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "evangelical movements", "aliases": ["evangelical movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Exerted a form of 'hidden censorship' by demanding family-oriented films and strict limits on movie sex, leading to self-censorship by producers who wish to cater to this significant audience segment.", "quote": "The McCarthy movement and the evangelical movements exemplify this hidden censorship. ... Today another powerful code demands family-oriented films and strict limits on movie sex.", "page": "15", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "EveryBODYVisible", "aliases": ["EveryBODYVisible"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair moderation", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Instagram’s algorithm is censoring women and vulnerable users but helping online abusers", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "EveryBODYVisible launched a campaign against Instagram censorship, informed its audience, and engaged in public pressure tactics like tagging platform CEOs to compel Instagram to acknowledge the campaign's demands for fairer moderation.", "quote": "As one of the founding members of EveryBODYVisible, a campaign against Instagram censorship launched in October 2019... we made so much noise that Instagram CEO Adam Mosseri had to recognise our demands were reasonable in a story post.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2020.1783805", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "everyone.AI", "aliases": ["everyone.AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["multi-stakeholder nonprofit / advocacy and research initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "everyone.AI publishes research, convenes an international coalition (iRAISE) with policy and tech actors, issues open letters and guidance, and seeks to advise regulations and standards for AI products affecting children.", "quote": "everyone.AI explicitly focuses on AI governance for children, conducts research, convenes a coalition (iRAISE) with governments, NGOs, researchers and tech leaders, and advises on regulations and safeguards for child-directed AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://everyone.ai/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Everyones Invited", "aliases": ["Everyones Invited"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["registered charity; survivor support & advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes anonymous survivor testimonies to shift public discourse, runs education programmes for schools and engages with government and institutions to amplify survivors and push for curriculum change.", "quote": "Provides an anonymous platform for survivor testimonies and runs education and advocacy programmes that engage with online misogyny, algorithms and influencers but its core mission is survivor support and education rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.everyonesinvited.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ewhaian", "aliases": ["Ewhaian"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community well-being", "social support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to Handle Online Risks?: Discussing Content Curation and Moderation in Social Media", "author": "Wohn, Donghee Yvette; Fiesler, Casey; Hemphill, Libby; De Choudhury, Munmun; Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A university social network site, it facilitates social interaction among students, implicitly involving community-driven norm setting and potentially self-moderation to foster social support and capital.", "quote": "Co-founder of university social network sites Ewhaian (2001) and NJIT Buddy (2016), she studies how social systems facilitate social support and development of social capital.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3027063.3051141", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Twitch), online communities, with examples from USA and South Korea.", "when": "21st century platform era (post-2000, focused on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Examples of Civic Tech Communities-Governments Collaboration ...", "aliases": ["Examples of Civic Tech Communities-Governments Collaboration ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation / think tank"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Policy development"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1958, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1958", "mechanism": "The foundation produces policy programming, coordinates EU-funded projects, convenes experts and civic actors, and runs campaigns and events to shape debate on digital policy and civic innovation.", "quote": "The foundation works on digital policy and civic tech collaboration (showcasing innovation to encourage civic participation) but its primary mission is broader liberal democracy promotion rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.freiheit.org/taiwan/explore-examples-collaboration-between-civic-tech-communities-and-governments-around-world", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "EXIT Deutschland", "aliases": ["EXIT Deutschland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts outreach work to help individuals disengage from extreme neo-Nazi movements through online and offline engagement, using innovative campaigns like the 'Trojan T-Shirt' to raise awareness and increase self-referrals to its disengagement program.", "quote": "For example, in 2011 EXIT Deutschland combined music, clothing and social media in a campaign on the theme, ‘Get Out of the Scene, devised by a task force of private sector companies, former neo-Nazis and social media experts.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "EXIT Fryshuset", "aliases": ["EXIT Fryshuset"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "critical thinking"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides support structures for individuals leaving neo-Nazi movements, employing former neo-Nazis to engage online under pseudonyms in forums to introduce doubt and remove 'black and white thinking' regarding extremist ideologies.", "quote": "Established in 1998, EXIT Fryshuset performs outreach work to enable individuals to leave extreme neo-Nazi movements in Sweden... former neo-Nazis enter Internet chat rooms under pseudonyms and with in-depth knowledge of extreme right-wing discourses and narratives, actively participate in discussion and debate.", "page": "55", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "EXIT Germany", "aliases": ["EXIT Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An initiative launched by criminologists and former neo-Nazi leaders, which develops funding streams from Far-Right marches and demonstrations to support programs offering ways out of extremism.", "quote": "an initiative launched by criminologist and former police detective Bernd Wagner and former neo-Nazi leader Ingo Hasselbach – have developed funding streams out of Far-Right marches and demonstrations.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "EXIT-Germany", "aliases": ["EXIT-Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Develops creative counter-tactics, such as 'trick' T-shirts with hidden messages, to encourage individuals to leave far-right extremism.", "quote": "The de-radicalization group EXIT-Germany produced a ‘trick’ T-shirt in 2011, for example; the T-shirt had iconography which imitated typical far-right symbols and styles, and was distributed for free at a far-right concert.", "page": "133", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Exodus International", "aliases": ["Exodus International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“The Books Will Still Be in the Library”: Narrow Definitions of Censorship in the Discourse of Challengers", "author": "Knox, Emily", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Historically endorsed \"ex-gay\"\" materials", "quote": "thereby influencing discussions and challenges related to LGBTQ+ inclusive materials in public libraries.\"", "page": "conservative Christian values, heteronormativity", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/552025", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "West Bend, Wisconsin, USA (public libraries)", "when": "post-2009 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Experimental Modes of Civic Engagement in Civic Tech", "aliases": ["Experimental Modes of Civic Engagement in Civic Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic organization / civic tech non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research, convenings and publications and builds civic tech projects (e.g., Chicago School of Data, Array of Things, civic-minded apps) funded/partnered with foundations to shape local information and civic-technology practices.", "quote": "Smart Chicago's core mission is civic technology, digital inclusion and community-driven civic tech; it engages with information ecosystems and builds civic-minded apps that touch on news/information flows but does not centrally focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.smartchicagocollaborative.org/work/special-initiatives/deep-dive/experimental-modes-of-civic-engagement-in-civic-tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Experts on equality, human rights, and privacy", "aliases": ["Experts on equality, human rights, and privacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "equality", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Are to be consulted by OFCOM when the regulator develops guidelines for transparency reports under the Online Safety Bill, ensuring that privacy and human rights considerations are integrated into the regulatory framework.", "quote": "o OFCOM deverá se consultar com diferentes stakeholders e, dentre eles, “pessoas que o OFCOM considera ter expertise em questões de igualdade e direitos huma-nos, em especial [...] o direito de respeitar a vida privada e familiar”28", "page": "14", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Explore Aveiro Walking (project)", "aliases": ["Explore Aveiro Walking (project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community engagement", "cultural development", "economic development", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mediação digital para a inovação territorial: um estudo de caso múltiplo em redes sociais digitais.", "author": "O Tymoshchuk, A Margarida Almeida…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The project manages its social media presence by regularly publishing content, primarily driven by its moderators. It actively interacts with its community by responding to comments, inquiries, criticisms, and suggestions, shaping online discourse and community engagement.", "quote": "Observou-se ainda que a grande maioria dos comentários deixados nas páginas foram respondidos pelos moderadores durante o período de observação, inclusivamente as críticas e solicitações... Todas as sugestões, mesmo as mais polémicas, obtiveram respostas dos moderadores das respetivas páginas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oksana-Tymoshchuk/publication/337869580_Mediacao_digital_para_a_inovacao_territorial_um_estudo_de_caso_multiplo_em_redes_sociais_digitais_Digital_mediation_for_territorial_innovation_a_multiple_case_study_in_social_media/links/5defbfec4585159aa473d66c/Mediacao-digital-para-a-inovacao-territorial-um-estudo-de-caso-multiplo-em-redes-sociais-digitais-Digital-mediation-for-territorial-innovation-a-multiple-case-study-in-social-media.pdf", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Centro Region of Portugal, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "2010s (specifically 2018 for data collection)"}]}, {"name": "Exposed: The Hidden Risks of Social Media Dangers For Children", "aliases": ["Exposed: The Hidden Risks of Social Media Dangers For Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety nonprofit / prevention education"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes educational resources and guides for parents, runs local programs and facilitators, and publicly advocates for platform and policy changes to protect children online.", "quote": "Primary mission is child and teen safety education, but the site explicitly urges platform actions (age limits, content moderation) and supports policies like the Kids Online Safety Act.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.acourageousvoice.org/unveiling-the-social-media-dangers-for-children-a-parent-s-guide", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "External Red Teamers / Crowdworker Platforms", "aliases": ["External Red Teamers / Crowdworker Platforms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "child safety", "hate speech prevention", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Model-Card-Claude-2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Engaged to test Claude 2 on a range of Trust and Safety related topics prior to deployment, with the results integrated into the model's safety mitigations.", "quote": "Before deployment, we also worked with external red teamers, including crowdworker platforms, to test Claude 2 on a range of Trust and Safety related topics – these results were integrated into our safety mitigations.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude AI systems", "when": "post-2022"}]}, {"name": "Extinction Rebellion", "aliases": ["Extinction Rebellion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "climate action", "environmental protection", "equality", "justice"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Demanded immediate action on climate and environment, intergenerational justice, gender and racial equality, and direct citizen participation in decision-making, advocating for a new inclusive and participatory socio-ecological contract with binding legal commitments.", "quote": "des mouvements sociaux comme «Fridays For Future», «Black Lives Matter» ou encore «Extinction Rebellion» (Amelang et Nijhuis 2022) ont exigé une action immédiate en matière de climat et d’environnement, de justice intergénérationnelle et d’égalité de genre et de race, ainsi qu’une participation directe à la prise de décisions, par exemple à travers des assemblées citoyennes.", "page": "113", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Extremadura", "aliases": ["Extremadura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A modest Catholic newspaper that bravely defended the Catholic cause during the Republic but was 'killed' by the 1938 press regulations.", "quote": "EXTREMADURA.- Periódico católico de Cáceres. De pocos medios, se venía defendiendo pero esta disposición [la orden de 19 de agosto de 1938] lo mata irremisiblemente.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Ez dok Amairu", "aliases": ["Ez dok Amairu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s-1970s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1978, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA CENSURA MUSICAL EN LAS DÉCADAS DE 1960 Y 1970 DURANTE LA DICTADURA FRANQUISTA: UN EXAMEN DE LA DOCUMENTACIÓN DEL MIT", "author": "Fiuza, Alexandre Felipe", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "This musical group was central to the 'Nueva Canción Vasca' movement, promoting the valuation of Basque culture and language through their music, thus functioning as a form of cultural resistance under the authoritarian regime.", "quote": "el representativo músico logró reunir solistas y grupos musicales en un solo movimiento musical de valoración de la cultura y del idioma vascos.", "page": "8", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist dictatorship), with comparisons to Brazil, Portugal, Argentina", "when": "1960s–1970s (until 1978 Constitution and Transition period)"}]}, {"name": "Eğitim ve Bilim Emekçileri Sendikası (Eğitim-Sen)", "aliases": ["Eğitim ve Bilim Emekçileri Sendikası (Eğitim-Sen)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "individual rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Actively supported dismissed academics in their fight for legal, social, and civil rights, preparing statements and providing free legal help, thereby resisting state-imposed dismissals and restrictions on academic freedom.", "quote": "All interviewees said that Eğitim ve Bilim Emekçileri Sendikası (EGITIM-SEN), the Education and Science Workers' Union, actively supported the dismissed academics' fight for their legal, social and civil rights.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}]}, {"name": "F-Droid / Guardian Project", "aliases": ["F-Droid / Guardian Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["privacy and security open-source nonprofit / developer collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Publishes and maintains widely used privacy tools (Orbot, TorService, NetCipher, ProofMode) and libraries, provides developer integrations and documentation, and partners with journalists and NGOs to enable secure communication and circumvention, thereby influencing platform privacy and content-handling practices.", "quote": "Develops privacy-preserving apps, libraries and tooling (Orbot, TorService, NetCipher, ProofMode) that shape how users and intermediaries protect communications and data on consumer platforms and during content flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://guardianproject.info/fdroid/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "F.A.C.T. Book Committee", "aliases": ["F.A.C.T. Book Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Permitted and prohibited desires: Mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan", "author": "A Allison", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a book, 'Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship', to advocate for an anti-censorship stance within feminist discourse and public debate.", "quote": "...Duggan, Hunter, and Vance in Caught Looking: Feminism, Pornography, and Censorship (F.A.C.T. Book Committee 1992).", "page": "54", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429301384&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan (urban Tokyo)", "when": "postwar (focus on 1980s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Fabian Gens", "aliases": ["Fabian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control", "political power", "social status"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Exercised political influence to secure the position of *princeps senatus* for members of their clan, effectively monopolizing the position for a period, thereby controlling the leadership of the Senate and its capacity for social and moral regulation.", "quote": "monopolio di una dinastia fabia (tre principes consecutivi³) nel IV-III sec.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Fabrique Im Gängeviertel", "aliases": ["Fabrique Im Gängeviertel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides an independent, self-organized community space that hosts the RRN office, serving as a venue for various artistic and political groups, thus facilitating their engagement in public life.", "quote": "the Refugee Radio office is situated on the second floor of Fabrique Im Gaengeviertel, a distinctive building open to people from diverse backgrounds and communities.", "page": "113", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Group Moderators (in disaster contexts)", "aliases": ["Facebook Group Moderators (in disaster contexts)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["aid coordination", "disaster response", "information flow"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "XHELP: Design of a cross-platform social-media application to support volunteer moderators in disasters", "author": "C Reuter, T Ludwig, MA Kaufhold, V Pipek", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "They mediate demands, requests, and offers for help; mobilize volunteers and resources; and integrate information from various sources to provide coherent information and facilitate coordinated response within Facebook groups during crises, involving significant oversight of information flow.", "quote": "the moderator's role (an extension of the Reuter et al. [30] role model) is to mediate demands, requests and offers for help; to mobilize volunteers as well as material and immaterial resources and to integrate information from media, official authorities and other organizations. This is evidently a serious role and entails considerable overhead.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702171", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Germany (Facebook, Twitter)", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Group Volunteer Moderation Teams", "aliases": ["Facebook Group Volunteer Moderation Teams"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community standards", "privacy", "quality of discourse", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Unsung Heroes of Facebook Groups Moderation: A Case Study of Moderation Practices and Tools", "author": "Kuo, Tina; Hernani, Alicia; Grossklags, Jens", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These teams of volunteer Facebook users collectively govern and moderate millions of online communities. Their tasks include reviewing join requests, managing user-generated content (approving/deleting posts/comments), banning problematic users (e.g., spammers, those engaging in hate speech/misinformation), and setting/enforcing community norms. They use available platform tools but often rely on manual review and personal judgment.", "quote": "As of October 2020, 70 million Facebook users work on a voluntary basis as Group admins and moderators to govern, moderate, and nurture millions of online communities.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3579530", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook Groups, online communities", "when": "contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Facebook groups", "aliases": ["Facebook groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serve as unpersonalized forums where community-level content moderation (or its absence) can significantly shape social phenomena and user participation dynamics.", "quote": "Unpersonalized forums (e.g., Facebook groups, subreddits or Discord servers) are particularly compelling motivating examples for our analysis, since they have been central to shaping impactful social phenomena, like the January 6th, 2021 insurrection in the U.S. [18].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Facebook groups (community-led)", "aliases": ["Facebook groups (community-led)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Equatorial Guinea", "Gabon"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "cultural identity", "linguistic preservation"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias sociaux et ethnicité en Afrique", "author": "V RIVRON", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "These community spaces facilitate self-regulation of language use, where members discuss and debate correct ways to speak and write their languages (like Eton). They also engage in norm-setting related to cultural heritage and ethnic identity.", "quote": "Loin des conversations légères... ce sont des discussions approfondies... traitant de la façon de parler correctement l'éton... ou des bonnes façons d'écrire cette langue.", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QIdmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=mod%C3%A9rateur+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=dtCFSvFwEp&sig=tXYZWNJGyD-rlrZ83UO79wFBi4E", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea) and its diaspora, on Facebook", "when": "Post-2009 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Oversight Board (FOB)", "aliases": ["Facebook Oversight Board (FOB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "impartiality"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Reviews Meta's content moderation decisions and issues policy advisory opinions on Meta's content policies, acting as an independent external review body.", "quote": "O Conselho de Supervisão do Facebook, como também é conhecido o FOB originou-se a partir de uma declaração, em 2018, de Zuckerberg, sobre uma estrutura semelhante ao “Supremo Tribunal”, como resposta às intensas críticas exigindo maior responsabilidade do usuário como também o usuário exigindo maior responsabilidade empresarial e social pela plataforma.", "page": "127", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Facebook Oversight Board (now Meta Oversight Board)", "aliases": ["Facebook Oversight Board (now Meta Oversight Board)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… Problems of Censorship: Review of Gergely Gosztonyi's Censorship from Plato to Social Media: The Complexity of Social Media's Content Regulation and Moderation …", "author": "J Bálint", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Facebook Oversight Board is a self-regulatory initiative established by a technology giant to review content moderation decisions, though the text highlights concerns regarding its competence, funding, and independence.", "quote": "highlighting the competence, funding and independence risks posed by the Facebook Oversight Board and the BlueSky of Twitter (now, X).", "page": "4", "url": "https://real.mtak.hu/220582/", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US, Europe, China), online platforms", "when": "Ancient Greece to contemporary era (focus on post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Facebook's Content Moderation Rules Are a Mess", "aliases": ["Facebook's Content Moderation Rules Are a Mess"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonpartisan law and policy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Produces research and policy papers, litigates in courts, files public analyses and recommendations (e.g., on Facebook Oversight Board), and mobilizes public and institutional pressure to shape platform governance.", "quote": "Publishes analysis on platform content moderation, recommends concrete reforms for Facebook and its Oversight Board, and pursues litigation and policy advocacy related to social media governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/facebooks-content-moderation-rules-are-mess", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Facebook's Content Oversight Board", "aliases": ["Facebook's Content Oversight Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformización de la sociedad y moderación de contenidos", "author": "J Hernández Pérez", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An independent body established by Facebook, composed of experts in freedom of expression, digital rights, and political leaders, tasked with deliberating on Facebook's content decisions.", "quote": "Facebook se vio obligado a instaurar un consejo asesor de contenido, un organismo independiente formado por personas de distintas partes del mundo, especialistas en libertad de expresión, derechos digitales, líderes políticos, que tiene la tarea de deliberar sobre las decisiones de contenido de Facebook.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ru.iibi.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/IIBI_UNAM/529/1/vol_2_07_desafios_entorno_jonathan_hernandez.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital platforms, with specific examples from Mexico, Latin America, and Spain; focusing on content moderation.", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era, particularly the last decade (2010s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Facebook, We Need to Talk", "aliases": ["Facebook, We Need to Talk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["European Union", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression on Social Media Platforms: Facebook's Moderation Behavior on Palestine's May 2021 Movement", "author": "A Almehdar", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized a collective letter campaign signed by civil society organizations to Facebook's COO, protesting the platform's censorship of Palestinian content and asserting users' right to freedom of expression.", "quote": "as well as a letter signed by a number of civil society organizations to Facebook's COO Sheryl Sandberg opposing its censorship. These efforts asserted that Facebook's policies violated users' right to freedom of expression.", "page": "3", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp54&section=7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook and Instagram platforms, Palestine, United States, European Union", "when": "May 2021"}]}, {"name": "facebookcensure", "aliases": ["facebookcensure"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated a blog on Tumblr to protest against Facebook's censorship policies by showcasing images that Facebook had censored.", "quote": "Curiosamente, podemos encontrar en la plataforma Tumblr el blog facebookcensure¹º, del año 2013, que muestra muchas de las censuras llevadas a cabo por Facebook.", "page": "13", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "FACiL", "aliases": ["FACiL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["decentralization", "digital rights", "ethical technology", "free software"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Promotes the collective adoption of free software in Quebec, initiating projects like 'Services FACiLes' to offer ethical, decentralized, and solidary digital services aligned with the CHATONS collective.", "quote": "FACiL votait comme objectif de son nouveau plan d’action triennal la réalisation de la phase 1 du projet Services FACiLes consistant à «offrir aux Québécois(es) une petite gamme de services libres, éthiques, décentralisées et solidaires, dans le cadre du Collectif d’Hébergeurs Alternatifs, Transparents, Ouverts, Neutres et Solidaires (CHATONS) sollicité par nos ami·e·s libristes de Framasoft. »", "page": "70", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Facing History and Ourselves", "aliases": ["Facing History and Ourselves"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developing collaborative history resource books and educational programs, particularly focusing on Holocaust education and human agency, to help pupils combat prejudice and social injustice.", "quote": "The constraints posed by strictly state-controlled contexts are illustrated by the experience of the US-based NGO Facing History and Ourselves in helping develop a collaborative history resource book for Rwandan secondary schools based on participatory methods.", "page": "67", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Fact Checkers", "aliases": ["Fact Checkers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nuove frontiere della libertà d'espressione alla luce del Digital services act (Dsa) e dell'evoluzione normativa europea, tra criticità applicative e possibili risvolti …", "author": "R Razzante", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They verify the accuracy of information, and the author implies they contribute to content selection/moderation by influencing what is considered reliable, although the paper cautions against over-reliance on them.", "quote": "Occorre dunque preservare spazi diversificati di informazione e di discussione, non dipendere esclusivamente da autorità, fact checkers, segnalatori attendibili, influencer.", "page": "13", "url": "https://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Razzante-Nuove-frontiere-della-liberta-despressione-alla-luce-del-Digital-services-act-1-1.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union", "when": "2022-2024 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checker coalitions", "aliases": ["Fact-checker coalitions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information accuracy"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Involved in drafting the 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation, specifically to strengthen their role in blocking false content and labeling political advertising.", "quote": "Gli elementi di maggior rilievo del nuovo Codice – sottoscritto non solo da grandi piattaforme, ma anche da esponenti della società civile, dei verificatori e delle imprese pubblicitarie – riguardano apposite disposizioni per bloccare la monetizzazione di contenuti falsi, l’introduzione di un sistema di labelling sulla pubblicità politica, nonché il rafforzamento del ruolo dei fact-checkers", "page": "122", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checking initiatives (Benbéré vérif, Mali Check, Afrique Check, An ka Seguè Seguè)", "aliases": ["Fact-checking initiatives (Benbéré vérif, Mali Check, Afrique Check, An ka Seguè Seguè)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Counter disinformation by verifying facts and promoting accurate information, thereby acting as a form of content moderation by challenging false narratives and enhancing media credibility.", "quote": "Le manque de vérification des faits et la diffusion de désinformation représentent des menaces pour l'intégrité de l'information... C'est en cela que les initiatives comme Benbéré vérif, Mali Check, Afrique Check, An ka Seguè Seguè, prennent une importance capitale.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checking Journalists (Facebook)", "aliases": ["Fact-checking Journalists (Facebook)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["information quality"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Journalists participate in fact-checking news on Facebook, acting as a form of content moderation or verification to manage information quality on the platform.", "quote": "moderators of non-profit platforms such as Wikipedia face a similar set of stakeholders to maintain their roles, as do the journalists involved in fact-checking news on Facebook (Ananny, 2018).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Fact-Checking Movement", "aliases": ["Fact-Checking Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "Myanmar", "Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "professional ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Threats to Democracy: Comparative Lessons and Possible Remedies", "author": "Miller, Michael L.; Vaccari, Cristian", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This collective effort identifies and corrects misinformation and disinformation, aiming to provide solutions to these problems in public discourse.", "quote": "Fact-checking is often hailed as one potential solution to the problem of misinformation and disinformation.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220922323", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Western democracies and specific authoritarian regimes (e.g., Russia, Myanmar)", "when": "1990s to present, with a focus on post-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checking networks", "aliases": ["Fact-checking networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with platforms to categorize and penalize false news, thereby participating directly in content moderation efforts, though the effectiveness is questioned.", "quote": "As plataformas resistiram inicialmente, mas elaboraram programas de parcerias institucionais com redes de checagem de fatos para categorizar e penalizar notícias falsas, apresentando resultados questionáveis", "page": "5", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Fact-checking organizations (e.g., Facebook's partners)", "aliases": ["Fact-checking organizations (e.g., Facebook's partners)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Assess content for potential platform action, receiving a feed of potential items to review from platforms, thus operating in a hybrid role between an external notifier and moderator.", "quote": "Facebook's fact-checking partners assess content for potential action by Face-book, but they differ from trusted flaggers in that Facebook supplies fact check-ers with a feed of potential items to review.", "page": "12", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Facta.news", "aliases": ["Facta.news"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fraud", "consumer protection", "truth", "verifiability"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in fact-checking and provides guidance on recognizing manipulated audiovisual content, serving as a watchdog to protect citizens from financial scams and disinformation, thereby helping to verify the truthfulness of online information.", "quote": "La frode finanziaria che coinvolge i deep fake sottolinea la necessità di affrontare questa questione, non solo con meccanismi di verifica dei fatti come molti altri approcci...", "page": "63", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Factsheet Five", "aliases": ["Factsheet Five"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "classification", "independent publishing"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A 'clearing-house zine' that categorized and reviewed US zines, providing a taxonomy and aiding discovery within the diverse alternative media landscape.", "quote": "Stephen Duncombe (1997) presents a range of categories drawn from the American 'clearing-house zine', Factsheet Five – a 'zine taxonomy' that at the broadest level divides into: 'traditional' fanzines... and 'zines' that go beyond fan writing...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Faculdade de Direito da Fundação Escola Superior do Ministério Público (FMP)", "aliases": ["Faculdade de Direito da Fundação Escola Superior do Ministério Público (FMP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e criminalidade virtual: o papel das redes sociais e os desafios jurídicos no combate aos crimes cibernéticos", "author": "LR Jaroszewski", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As an educational and professional body related to the Public Ministry, FMP contributes to legal discourse by interpreting and disseminating information about relevant legislation, such as the 'Lei Carolina Dieckmann', thereby influencing public and professional understanding of digital crime laws.", "quote": "A Lei 12.737/2012 (Lei Carolina Dieckmann) inaugurou um novo momento na tutela penal dos dados e sistemas informáticos, ainda que não abranja toda a complexidade dos crimes em redes sociais (FMP, 2021).", "page": "9", "url": "https://repositorio.uniceub.br/jspui/handle/prefix/17873", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Faculties of Theology", "aliases": ["Faculties of Theology"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Developed the system of 'theological notes' (notae theologicae) which provided hermeneutical tools and criteria to define, classify, and judge the degree of truth or error in propositions and texts, guiding institutional censorship.", "quote": "Las razones del censor... se compila y construye de forma sistemática con el control y las directrices de las inquisiciones, la Congregación del Índice y las facultades de teología.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Arts (University of Paris)", "aliases": ["Faculty of Arts (University of Paris)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy", "intellectual tradition preservation", "pedagogical traditionalism"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th-14th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans les universités médiévales (note critique)", "author": "Boureau, Alain", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The Faculty of Arts issued its own statutes and condemnations (e.g., in 1339-1340) against certain propositions, particularly those relating to semantic logic and Ockhamist teachings, to defend its intellectual traditions and pedagogical practices. Initially, it also imposed the teaching of Aristotelian philosophy.", "quote": "La faculté des arts produisit deux statuts qui semblaient dirigés contre l'enseignement de Guillaume d'Ockham... il interdit d'enseigner certaines propositions qui relèvent de la logique sémantique.", "page": "317", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900043110/type/journal_article", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Medieval Universities (Paris, Oxford)", "when": "13th-14th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology (University of Paris)", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology (University of Paris)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th-14th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans les universités médiévales (note critique)", "author": "Boureau, Alain", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The Faculty of Theology sought to consolidate its institutional autonomy and protect its domain from what it perceived as 'philosophical invasion,' thereby shaping the intellectual landscape of the university and influencing which philosophical positions were permissible.", "quote": "...ce qui lui importait vraiment, c'était de consolider l'institution de la faculté de théologie, de lui donner son autonomie en la protégeant de l'invasion philosophique.", "page": "317", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900043110/type/journal_article", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Medieval Universities (Paris, Oxford)", "when": "13th-14th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of Louvain", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of Louvain"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["doctrinal orthodoxy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Compiled an influential index (Catalogus Librorum Reprobatorum) that served as a model for early Spanish indexes, prohibiting books containing heresies, errors, superstitions, scandalous and offensive content.", "quote": "El Catalogus Librorum Reprobatorum ex iudicio Academiae Lovaniensis…, por ejemplo, que se publicó en Toledo en 1551, era, en lo sustancial —como anunciaba el título— una versión del índice que había compilado la Facultad de Teología de Lovaina.", "page": "39", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of Louvain / University of Louvain", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of Louvain / University of Louvain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Low Countries", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Drafted a catalogue of prohibited books, issued opinions on the works of Erasmus in response to requests from church authorities, and ordered the comprehensive expurgation of Erasmus's complete works, a task executed by Jean Henten.", "quote": "Officiellement, il faut attendre plus de vingt ans après la mort de l'humaniste, en 1558, pour qu'une de ses œuvres soit interdite (...) dans un catalogue des livres prohibés, dressé par la Faculté de théologie de Louvain.", "page": "1", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris / Sorbonne", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris / Sorbonne"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1620, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Published indexes of prohibited books and issued censures and approbations (official approvals) for printed works, acting as a key authority in preliminary censorship.", "quote": "The Sorbonne published its first index of prohibited books in 1543, and subsequent updated editions appeared over the course of the next several decades with the collaboration of the Parlement.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Faculty of Theology, University of Louvain (Jansenist faction)", "aliases": ["Faculty of Theology, University of Louvain (Jansenist faction)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic conformity", "intellectual freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'INDEX AT-IL UN STYLE? REMARQUES SUR LA CENSURE ROMAINE COMME PRATIQUE PERFORMATIVE, XVIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES", "author": "MP Donato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "These theologians actively participated in the censorship process by denouncing philosophical works, such as those of René Descartes, to the Roman Saint-Office, signaling them as doctrinally problematic from their Jansenist perspective.", "quote": "En 1661, les œuvres philosophiques de René Descartes furent signalées au Saint-Office par les théologiens pro-jansénistes de la faculté de Louvain en gage d'orthodoxie à Rome.", "page": "5", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7c8ba5cb4cfa3a4b0ead22f6be4cd07/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Rome, Italy", "when": "17th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Faculty Science", "aliases": ["Faculty Science"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Opus 4.1"], "norms": ["ai safety", "public safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Claude 4.1 System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Developed one of the short-horizon computational biology tasks evaluations used to assess Claude Opus 4.1's capabilities and risks related to biological weapons development, ensuring the model remains below ASL-4 thresholds.", "quote": "This evaluation was developed by Faculty Science.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4.1 (Anthropic AI system)", "when": "August-September 2025"}]}, {"name": "Faculté de médecine de Paris", "aliases": ["Faculté de médecine de Paris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body, learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided its own approvals for medical texts, which functioned as a means of scientific and institutional recognition, often competing with royal censorship and serving a publicizing purpose for both the book and the faculty.", "quote": "Si les approbations de la faculté de médecine répondent elles aussi à un objectif souvent publicitaire, elles possèdent néanmoins des enjeux un peu différents, puisqu’il s’agit d’une reconnaissance institutionnelle en compétition avec celle de la censure royale.", "page": "67", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Faculté de Théologie de la Sorbonne", "aliases": ["Faculté de Théologie de la Sorbonne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society, religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["doctrinal integrity", "doctrinal purity", "religious defense", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Exercised pre-publication censorship, particularly for religious works, and later provided doctors to serve as royal censors. It maintained an a posteriori right of denunciation for books and contributed to theological norm-setting.", "quote": "À l’origine, ce sont l’Église et ses institutions, notamment la Faculté de Théologie de la Sorbonne, qui ont le droit de censure : [...] Ce droit de juger des livres concernant la foi, & l’Ecriture sainte, a été plusieurs fois confirmé à la faculté de Théologie...", "page": "60", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Faculté de théologie de Paris", "aliases": ["Faculté de théologie de Paris"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "The Faculty of Theology issued official condemnations of Raynal's work, which were then published and disseminated, indirectly aiding in the vulgarization of the very texts they aimed to suppress.", "quote": "censure contemporaine de la Faculté de théologie, en écrivant à leur sujet :", "page": "1", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley", "aliases": ["Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "housing rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deplatformed: Social Network Censorship, The First Amendment, and the Argument to Amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act", "author": "LoNigro, John A", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation against an interactive computer service (Roommates.Com, LLC) to challenge unlawful content (related to housing discrimination) on the platform, arguing the platform contributed materially to the alleged illegality.", "quote": "In Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.Com, LLC, the Ninth Circuit held, when discussing what it means to “develop” material as stated in Section 230(f)(3), that “a website helps to develop unlawful content, and thus falls within the exception to section 230, if it contributes materially to the alleged illegality of the conduct.”", "page": "42", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States (social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Fair Labour Association", "aliases": ["Fair Labour Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["labour rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed standards and best practices for labour rights in transnational corporations.", "quote": "dozens of efforts that have sought to create standards and outline best practices around sustainability (e.g., ISO14001, the Forest Stewardship Council), labour rights (e.g., the Fair Labour Association, the Workers Rights Consortium) and many other areas", "page": "4", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fair Play Alliance", "aliases": ["Fair Play Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["League of Legends"], "norms": ["community well-being", "content moderation", "platform responsibility", "user experience"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The enemy hates best? Toxicity in league of legends and its content moderation implications", "author": "JC Aguerri, M Santisteban, F Miró-Llinares", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The FPA works to define and analyze different categories of problematic behavior, such as 'disruptive behavior' and 'harmful behavior', within online gaming. They also provide guidance on moderation policies, for example, by warning against the negative effects of permanent bans on player engagement.", "quote": "The Fair Play Alliance (henceforth FPA) has focused on analyzing “disruptive behavior” and abandoned the term toxicity. ... FPA has warned that \"banning a player reduces their attachment to the game and sense of responsibility for their actions”.\"", "page": "4", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10610-023-09541-1", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online gaming communities (League of Legends), Europe & USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fairebel", "aliases": ["Fairebel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair prices", "producer autonomy", "sustainable agriculture"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides support and expertise to the play, which discusses various agricultural models, and represents the perspectives of farmers advocating for fair prices. This contributes to amplifying a specific narrative about fair and sustainable agriculture.", "quote": "En soutien CAL-Province de Liège, Manège Fonck/Festival de Liège, Fairebel, Centre Culturel de Durbuy, Moderne, Fondation Syndex et Crelan Fondation. (...) Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... tous les agriculteurs de l'EMK, de Fairebel et du MIG", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR)", "aliases": ["Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting (FAIR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["public interest"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Scrutinizes media practices that marginalize the public interest, highlights underreported news, opposes censorship, and defends the precepts of the First Amendment.", "quote": "FAIR.org hace un escrutinio de las prácticas de los medios que “marginalizan el interés público”. Establecida en 1986, la organización destaca historias noticiosas que no se les da la importancia que merecen, se opone a la censura y defiende los preceptos de las Primera Enmienda.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) ML community", "aliases": ["Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAT) ML community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Perspective API"], "norms": ["AI accountability", "AI transparency", "algorithmic fairness", "bias mitigation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Develops and circulates techniques for detecting and mitigating bias in machine learning models, influencing how Perspective API addresses 'unintended bias' and 'topic neutrality' in its moderation strategies.", "quote": "This 'operationalized' bias is then mitigated using one of several techniques circulating through the FAT (Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency) ML community (Friedler et al., 2019).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "FairTube", "aliases": ["FairTube"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formed an association for YouTubers and platform workers, affiliated with the IG-Metall union, to organize and advocate for their rights as independent workers on platforms.", "quote": "Cependant en Allemagne, les YouTubers ont formé une association appelée «Fair Tube». Même si cette dernière n’est pas un syndicat, il s’agit tout de même d’une association qui réunit des personnes travaillant sur des plateformes.", "page": "152", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Fairwork Project", "aliases": ["Fairwork Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical conduct", "fairness", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas de fazendas de cliques: condições de trabalho, materialidades e formas de organização", "author": "R Grohmann, MC Aquino, A Rodrigues, É Matos…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Fairwork evaluates the working conditions on digital platforms against principles of decent work, thereby influencing norms and advocating for improved labor practices and standards within the platform economy.", "quote": "Tudo isso resulta em uma condição de trabalho no mínimo incompatível com princípios de trabalho decente (FAIRWORK, 2022)", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/gal/a/kW4Xg4Y4jQBcfmYcQq34vmQ/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Falange Española", "aliases": ["Falange Española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["fascist ideology"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Founded as a political organization, Falange Española engaged in a 'bloody struggle' and acted as an 'authentic terrorist group,' funded externally. Its actions contributed to political instability.", "quote": "Se inicia así una lucha sangrienta en la que Falange Española acabó actuando como un auténtico grupo terrorista, financiado incluso por Renovación Española y a través de la Embajada italiana.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista", "aliases": ["Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "liberty", "national identity", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Proposed and pursued a 'cruzada' for the resurgence of Spain, articulating a political ideology before its full integration into the state apparatus.", "quote": "De cruzada se había hablado, por ejemplo, en 1933 en el Punto Noveno de los inicialmente propuestos por José Antonio Primo de Rivera, antes de unir Falange y JONS; allí se afirma que, para conseguir lo que se propone, llama FE “a una cruzada a cuantos españoles quieran el resurgimiento de una España grande, libre, justa y genuina”.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (Falange)", "aliases": ["Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (Falange)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-leftism", "national identity", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced propaganda posters and slogans to mobilize support for the insurgent side during the Spanish Civil War, depicting the enemy as monstrous.", "quote": "Cependant, les insurgés, pour des raisons diverses —morts prématurées de leaders, forte implication de l’armée, concentration des pouvoirs— vont rapidement s’unifier et se centraliser. Ainsi, ce sont essentiellement la Phalange et les Monarchistes qui produiront les slogans et la propagande.", "page": "148", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS)", "aliases": ["Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "anti-liberalism", "national unity", "religious orthodoxy", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Propagated its national-syndicalist doctrine, influenced public opinion through its press organs, and actively engaged in ideological debates and censorship to shape the new state's cultural and political direction, often in tension with other groups.", "quote": "El dolor y la gloria de esta Cruzada que levantó, con heroísmo, el auténtico pueblo español, ha revelado ante el mundo, con la evidencia de la victoria y el testimonio de los que cayeron que era el Idel [sic], ímpetu invencible y bandera nobilísima de nuestros Ejércitos.", "page": "261", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Falha de S.Paulo", "aliases": ["Falha de S.Paulo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "free speech", "media accountability", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A discussão da visibilidade ea revisão da censura na esfera pública", "author": "I Paganotti", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a humor website, it engaged in satirical communication using the brand of a prominent newspaper. This led to a legal prohibition on publishing content related to the case and using the newspaper's visual identity, representing a form of market-driven censorship that the site circumvented through mirror sites.", "quote": "Esse foi o caso da proibição do site de humor Falha de S.Paulo (http://falhadespaulo.com.br), a pedido do jornal Folha de S.Paulo, que considerava que a crítica irônica do site envolveria uso indevido da marca com o trocadilho e a referência à identidade visual do diário paulista.", "page": "13", "url": "https://sdpscp.fflch.usp.br/sites/sdpscp.fflch.usp.br/files/inline-files/76-237-1-PB.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-1988"}]}, {"name": "Familial associations", "aliases": ["Familial associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure répressive et censure structurale : comment penser la censure dans le processus de communication ?", "author": "Martin, Laurent", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Representatives of these associations participate in governmental commissions that intervene preventively to prohibit or limit the diffusion of publications, especially those for youth, influencing what is considered acceptable for public morals.", "quote": "composées majoritairement de fonctionnaires et de représentants d'associations (notamment familiales), ces commissions interdisent ou limitent la diffusion des représentations qui risquent de choquer la morale moyenne.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/questionsdecommunication/461", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and other Western democracies (e.g., UK, US)", "when": "19th to 21st century (post-1848 democratic era)"}]}, {"name": "Families Against Mandatory Minimums", "aliases": ["Families Against Mandatory Minimums"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["criminal justice reform"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Penal moderation in the United States? Yes we can", "author": "M Bosworth", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Lobbies and advocates for mitigating sentencing practices, particularly targeting mandatory minimum sentences, to reduce harshness in the penal system.", "quote": "Resistance (criticalresistance.org) to those more concerned with mitigating sentencing practices like Families Against Mandatory Minimum Sentences (famm.org).", "page": "2", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/crpp10&section=39", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, California (with comparative notes on Europe)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Familles de France", "aliases": ["Familles de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "traditionalism"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Participated in testing legal provisions to promote repressive programs against non-conforming expression.", "quote": "certains lobbies familiaux et traditionalistes («Écologie morale», «Familles de France»...) se sont mis à tester les dispositions légales [...] pour la promotion de leurs propres programmes répressifs.", "page": "24", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Family associations", "aliases": ["Family associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Lobbying for the removal of books from public libraries and school reading lists, acting as plaintiffs in legal cases to test and promote repressive programs.", "quote": "par des associations familiales notamment, interdits, retirés des rayons et supprimés des listes", "page": "12", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Family Associations (general category)", "aliases": ["Family Associations (general category)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["community interests", "family welfare", "solidarity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Function as social and integration institutions, providing welfare and promoting solidarity among members, and are utilized by political elites to mobilize voters and develop clientelistic practices.", "quote": "La importancia de la familia en el desarrollo de las relaciones sociales y políticas queda bien ilustrada a través del papel que juegan las asociaciones familiares, la primera de las cuales fue establecida en 1860.", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Family Friendly Libraries", "aliases": ["Family Friendly Libraries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "parental rights", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for libraries to filter internet access and remove books they deem 'questionable,' and encourages political action when their requests are not met.", "quote": "One organization advocating for libraries to engage in soft censorship is the Family Friendly Libraries, whose ultimate goal is to create action against “libraries that filter Internet access and and to ensure that they do not put questionable books on their shelves” (Moellendick 2022).", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "Family Leagues", "aliases": ["Family Leagues"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern to mid-20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et société", "author": "Burgelin, Olivier", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "As part of the 'censoring groups' (groupes censurants), they exert pressure on the State and its censorship commissions to ensure cultural production aligns with their perspectives, influencing the diffusion of messages.", "quote": "La Censure fondamentale est, dans les sociétés modernes, soutenue et parfois apparemment imposée par un certain nombre de groupes clairement identifiables (ligues familiales, églises, ligues de moralité...) que nous appellerons les groupes censurants.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1134", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western democracies, France", "when": "Early modern to mid-20th century, with a focus on mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Family of Jihad (Usrat al-Jihad)", "aliases": ["Family of Jihad (Usrat al-Jihad)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Palestine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The “inclusion-moderation” illusion: re-framing the Islamic movement inside Israel", "author": "C Larkin, M Nasasra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Initially sought to violently overthrow the Israeli state. After its leader's imprisonment, it underwent a strategic moderation, shifting focus to non-violence, community building within Israel, and adherence to Israeli law.", "quote": "Darwish's religious network, then known as Family of Jihad (Usrat al-Jihad), sought to violently overthrow the Israeli state and establish an Islamic Caliphate in its place.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865315", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Israel / Palestine (Islamic Movement inside Israel)", "when": "1970s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Family Online Safety Institute", "aliases": ["Family Online Safety Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international non-profit advocacy and convening organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FOSI produces research and briefs, responds to regulatory consultations, hosts high-profile events and convenes industry and policymakers, leveraging corporate membership to shape best practices and policy discussions.", "quote": "FOSI's core mission is online safety for children and families and its policy team engages at international, national and state levels, producing briefs, responding to consultations, and convening industry and policymakers.", "page": "", "url": "https://fosi.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI)", "aliases": ["Family Online Safety Institute (FOSI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "online safety"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides valuable knowledge and expertise on online safety for families to YouTube's monitoring systems, guiding policies for child protection.", "quote": "Instituto de Segurança Online da Família", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Family Research Council", "aliases": ["Family Research Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Participated in public debates against the ALA, representing a pro-censorship stance and advocating for more restrictive library policies concerning content deemed inappropriate for children.", "quote": "The conflict came to public light during a televised debate on C-SPAN between ALA President Betty Turock and Charles Donovan of the Family Research Council, a group affiliated with Dobson's organization.", "page": "16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "FanCovers", "aliases": ["FanCovers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "FanCovers is a platform that exclusively hosts videos of amateur artists interpreting existing musical works, acting as a curated space that implicitly filters content based on type (covers only) and artist status (amateur).", "quote": "FanCovers (2007) est une récente plate-forme de publication de vidéos accueillant exclusivement les travaux musicaux d'artistes amateurs interprétant des œuvres existantes.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fangirl Expedition", "aliases": ["Fangirl Expedition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "political sovereignty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Self-identified 'fangirls' conducted 'cyber expeditions' to social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) to post nationalist content expressing support for a personified China ('Brother A-Zhong'), aligning fan aesthetics with patriotic activism.", "quote": "the self-identified “fangirls” conducted a “cyber expedition” to Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter beginning on August 14, 2019 to make numerous posts expressing their love and support of A-Zhong.", "page": "115", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Far-Right Extremism in Europe Initiative (FREE)", "aliases": ["Far-Right Extremism in Europe Initiative (FREE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides educational resources on Far-Right extremism across various European countries, partially funded by the ISD.", "quote": "provides educational resources on Far-Right extremism in a variety of countries.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Far-right groups on Usenet", "aliases": ["Far-right groups on Usenet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "Usenet", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Banned and belligerent: Historical perspectives on real and imagined moderation practices online", "author": "de Keulenaar, Emillie; Peeters, Stijn", "year": "", "mechanism": "Exploited Internet technology to organize on a super-national scale and spread extremist propaganda. They proposed elaborate strategies for 'cyber guerillas' to infiltrate other newsgroups and introduce their ideas to the uninitiated.", "quote": "Far-right groups were some of the first to realize the potential of Internet technology as a way to organize on a (super-)national scale (Kaplan & Weinberg, 1998). Usenet... presented an early opportunity for extremist groups to spread the word beyond the confines of their own far-right in-crowd.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Usenet, 4chan, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter, YouTube), primarily USA-focused", "when": "1990s–2020s"}]}, {"name": "Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN)", "aliases": ["Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The FMLN, transitioning from a rebel movement to a political party, underwent ideological accommodation. It publicly adopted a moderate, reformist stance to win elections and engage with the state, while internally grappling with Leninist dogma and revolutionary principles, sometimes using them to consolidate leadership and suppress dissent.", "quote": "El Salvador's FMLN is an oft-cited example of a rebel movement which successfully embraced electoral democracy. This article examines the ideological dimensions of this transformation.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Farmaindustria", "aliases": ["Farmaindustria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "ethical conduct", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a code of conduct in February 2022 concerning the processing of personal data in clinical trials and pharmacovigilance, serving as a self-regulatory measure.", "quote": "se han publicado recientemente dos códigos de conducta por la Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), el primero de Farmaindustria, de febrero 2022, sobre el tratamiento de datos personales en el ámbito de los ensayos clínicos y otras investigaciones clínicas y de la fármaco vigilancia", "page": "117", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Farol Paulistano", "aliases": ["Farol Paulistano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech", "harm reduction", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles criticized by áulicos for their 'accrimonia' and 'modo insidioso' in discussing legislative work, and for making allegedly false claims about taxation, indicating an opposition stance.", "quote": "A ligeira idéa dos trabalhos da Assembléa Geral, publicada pelo Farol Paulistano... offerece dois objectos mui dignos de censura. O 1º he a accrimonia, e modo insidioso, com que falla da Camara Vitalicia[...] O 2° objecto he huma nota, em que apellando para os Budjets das Nações Constitucionaes, e fallando com hum ar de segurança, que raras as vezes inculca ignorancia, affirma o author da ligeira idéa, que o Brazil he a Nação mais tributada de quantas ha", "page": "40", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Fast Forward", "aliases": ["Fast Forward"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["tech nonprofit accelerator / sector builder"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Fast Forward publishes sector reports and playbooks, builds practical tools (Nonprofit AI Policy Builder), runs accelerator programs and partners with major funders (e.g., Google.org) to direct capital and visibility to AI-powered nonprofits.", "quote": "Fast Forward's core mission is accelerating tech nonprofits and supporting AI-powered nonprofits; it produces AI policy resources and reports that touch on platform/AI governance but does not primarily focus on platform governance itself.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ffwd.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fat Acceptance Movement", "aliases": ["Fat Acceptance Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "body positivity", "health equity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do Not Use This Hashtag: Fat Acceptance (Mis)information and Discursive Boundary-Work as Content Moderation on Instagram", "author": "Zimdars, Melissa", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engage in unofficial content moderation through discursive boundary-work, defending the meaning and purpose of the #fatacceptance hashtag, building solidarity, and challenging opposing views. They aim to legitimize and protect fat acceptance discourse and identity online.", "quote": "discursive boundary-work...is a way for earnest users of #fatacceptance to attempt legitimizing and protecting certain types of hashtag use. It is also how users attempt to construct authority about fat acceptance...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "FDI World Dental Federation", "aliases": ["FDI World Dental Federation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Call for censorship", "author": "Stillman-Lowe, C", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The FDI World Dental Federation issues technical reports and guidelines for dental practice, which contribute to the establishment of professional norms and standards regarding treatment efficacy and risk assessment. The text implies that such authoritative reports are crucial for building an 'evidence base' that guides clinical practice.", "quote": "Review of methods of identification of high caries risk groups and individuals. Federation Dentaire Internationale Technical Report No. 31. Int Dent J 1988; 38: 177-189.", "page": "64", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/4813180", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fe: Doctrina nacionalsindicalista", "aliases": ["Fe: Doctrina nacionalsindicalista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journal"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Falangist journal that became an organ of the National Press and Propaganda Delegation, contributing to the dissemination of national-syndicalist doctrine and serving as a platform for Falangist intellectuals.", "quote": "...la revista Fe: Doctrina nacionalsindicalista, que había nacido en Zaragoza, en enero de 1937, e hicieron suya los hombres de Yzurdiaga en los meses siguientes.", "page": "41", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Fearless Democracy", "aliases": ["Fearless Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Runs the Hate Aid platform, which provides self-help guides and information for grassroots counter-extremism efforts and victims of hate speech.", "quote": "Hate Aid platform, which is run by Fearless Democracy and informs grassroots CE efforts by providing self-help guides for victims of hate speech", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "February 20 Movement", "aliases": ["February 20 Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "civil liberties", "democracy", "human dignity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Initiated popular manifestations to demand changes in the country, advocating for democracy, dignity, liberty, and social justice, and pressuring the state for reforms.", "quote": "Desde la irrupción en escena del Movimiento 20 de Febrero en 2011 y el inicio de las manifestaciones populares pidiendo cambios en el país hasta el referéndum constitucional del 1 de julio de ese mismo año, el PJD jugó un papel político central con el objetivo de limitar el alcance de las protestas y, a la vez, conseguir reformas profundas del sistema político a través de la presión sobre el Estado.", "page": "33", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Federació de Centres Catòlics i Parroquials de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (Federation of Catholic and Parochial Centers of the Diocese of Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Federació de Centres Catòlics i Parroquials de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (Federation of Catholic and Parochial Centers of the Diocese of Barcelona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "public morals", "religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It aimed to 'group, channel and help' Catholic entities in their apostolic, moral, and material activities, providing centralized services and a framework for their operations, thereby regulating their community engagement.", "quote": "Les finalitats de la Federació de Centres Catòlics no eren altres que «agrupar, encauzar y ayudar a todas las entidades católicas que se integren en la misma, en el desarrollo de sus actividades apostólicas, morales y materiales».", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Federació Diocesana de la Congregació Mariana de Barcelona (Diocesan Federation of the Marian Congregation of Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Federació Diocesana de la Congregació Mariana de Barcelona (Diocesan Federation of the Marian Congregation of Barcelona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender hierarchy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Its approval was suspended by the Archbishop due to concerns about 'mixity or coeducation,' demonstrating the hierarchy's strict control over organizational structures and activities of lay associations to enforce gender separation and maintain specific religious norms.", "quote": "En aquest expedient hi trobem una lacònica però expressiva nota: «Suspendida la aprobación (del 21-XI-1951). Prefiere el Señor Arzobispo que no sea mixta (subr. meu. P.S.)... I és que el prelat tenia veritable obsessió amb l'assumpte de la mixitat o coeducació...", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Federación Argentina de Entidades Democráticas Anticomunistas", "aliases": ["Federación Argentina de Entidades Democráticas Anticomunistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provided public support for the dictatorial government through 'discursos de apoyo', thereby contributing to the justification and implementation of repressive cultural policies.", "quote": "FAEDA (Federación Argentina de Entidades Democráticas Anticomunistas);", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Federación de Asociaciones Familiares de Beirut (Federation of Family Associations of Beirut)", "aliases": ["Federación de Asociaciones Familiares de Beirut (Federation of Family Associations of Beirut)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "political action"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Restored in 1997 and used to mobilize approximately 20% of potential voters in Beirut for parliamentary elections, demonstrating the political influence of family networks.", "quote": "Rafiq que en 1997 restableció la Federación de Asocia ciones Familiares de Beirut que se utilizó para movilizar a aproximadamente el 20% de los votantes potenciales de la ciudad en las elecciones parlamentarias del año 2000.", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Federación de Bibliotecas Populares de Córdoba", "aliases": ["Federación de Bibliotecas Populares de Córdoba"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural accessibility", "public education", "public service"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Its president wrote a report advocating for the social and educational function of popular libraries, a perspective that emphasized accessibility and community engagement, contrasting with the authoritarian model of cultural control.", "quote": "prueba de esto es el informe presentado por el Dr. Juan E. Zanetti (Presidente de la Federación de Bibliotecas Populares de Córdoba) titulado “Las bibliotecas públicas de Latinoamérica al servicio de la educación popular”", "page": "63", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Federación de Mujeres y Familias del ámbito rural (AMFAR)", "aliases": ["Federación de Mujeres y Familias del ámbito rural (AMFAR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "public good"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Supports and advocates for rural women and family issues.", "quote": "Un 31,2% sí estaban vinculadas a CERES (Confederación de Mujeres del Mundo Rural) y un 6,2% a AMFAR (Federación de Mujeres y Familias del ámbito rural).", "page": "860", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Federación de Servicios de Comisiones Obreras (CCOO Servicios)", "aliases": ["Federación de Servicios de Comisiones Obreras (CCOO Servicios)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair working conditions", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Involved in legal cases related to working time, reflecting its role in advocating for workers' rights in the context of the right to disconnect and labor law interpretations.", "quote": "Cfr. Federación de Servicios de Comisiones Obreras, 14-05-2019, C-55/18, §60.", "page": "257", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "Federación Estudiantil Universitaria (University Student Federation)", "aliases": ["Federación Estudiantil Universitaria (University Student Federation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "legal justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Organized public protests demanding the cancellation of \"pornographic\"\" publications and the extension of moralization campaigns to cinemas and theaters", "quote": "Public morals, decency, protection of youth, severe punishment for \"pornography.\"\"\"", "page": "decenas de estudiantes universitarios se concentraron en la Plaza de Santo Domingo... Llevaban cartelones en los que se pedían libros baratos y se exigía la suspensión de la publicación de revistas pornográficas.", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Federación Internacional de Mujeres Universitarias", "aliases": ["Federación Internacional de Mujeres Universitarias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality of opportunity", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Announces research scholarships for women in higher education.", "quote": "La creciente tensión política la llevó a solicitar una plaza para una beca de investigación en el Girton College (uno de los tres colleges exclusivamente femeninos) de la Universidad de Cambridge, anunciada por la Federación Internacional de Mujeres Universitarias.", "page": "583", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Federación Internacional de Periodistas", "aliases": ["Federación Internacional de Periodistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Ratified a Declaration of Principles emphasizing the clear distinction between news and opinions as a pillar of journalistic ethics.", "quote": "Descendiendo al nivel de la separación entre hechos y opiniones, el voto cita la Reco mendación 1003 (1993) de la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa sobre ética periodística, que subraya como pilar deontológico la nítida distinción entre noticias y opinio nes de modo tal que sea imposible confundirlas, así como una Declaración de Principios de la Federación Internacional de Periodistas, ratificada por el relator especial para la Libertad de Opinión y de Expresión ONU y la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa, que se pronuncia en términos similares.", "page": "174", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Federación Nacional de Juventudes Socialistas", "aliases": ["Federación Nacional de Juventudes Socialistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["socialism", "youth representation"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "This youth organization joined the coalition that formed the Frente Popular, indicating its participation in political alignment and coalition building to influence governmental power and policy.", "quote": "a este núcleo se sumaron más tarde el Partido Socialista Obrero Español, la Unión General de Trabajadores, la Federación Nacional de Juventudes Socialistas y el reducido Partido Co- munista...", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Federación Universitaria Escolar", "aliases": ["Federación Universitaria Escolar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "individual rights", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Represented liberal and heterodox youth, serving as a foil for Falangist critiques of the Republic's educational and intellectual failures and the perceived 'anodine' nature of Catholic youth movements.", "quote": "Aquel perfil que se hizo triste y agrio para el más genial y el más miope de sus santones fue para nosotros esto sólo: soso. Comenzó a sentirlo así, por coincidencia no extraña, aquel grupo de jóvenes estudiantes y obreros que se hallaba más próximo a la República.", "page": "113", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Federal Association of Free Radios (BFR)", "aliases": ["Federal Association of Free Radios (BFR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["public access"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Supports non-commercial radio initiatives, facilitating licensing, program exchange, and organizing events like radio camps for volunteers. It provided advice to initiate refugee radio programs across its member stations.", "quote": "more than thirty free radio stations from various parts of Germany are members of the Federal Association of Free Radios (BFR), an association of non-commercial radio initiatives in the Federal Republic that was founded in November 1993 in Hattingen (BFR, 2024).", "page": "20", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America", "aliases": ["Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanitarian principles", "public awareness"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Published an appeal derived from World Council of Churches reports, claiming that 450,000 Hungarian Jews had been deported to Auschwitz.", "quote": "In addition to the information from Polish sources, an appeal made to the Christian world by the Federal Council of Churches of Christ of America, which had received a report from the World Council of Churches in Geneva, was published by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency on 30 June. It claimed that 450,000 Hungarian Jews had already been deported ‘to Auschwitz in Upper Silesia’.", "page": "243", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Federal Executive Institute", "aliases": ["Federal Executive Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "organizational effectiveness", "professionalization"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides professional development and training for executives, contributing to shaping diversity management practices.", "quote": "I serve on the faculties of several entities: ... the Federal Executive Institute...", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Federalists and Antifederalists", "aliases": ["Federalists and Antifederalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["limited government", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in public discussion and debate to influence the constitutional framework, particularly regarding the separation of state and society and the general interest.", "quote": "In the United States, however, the influence of interest groups that implement their private aims through the government apparatus at the cost of the general interest is considered the real problem, at least since the famous discussion between the Federalists and the Antifederalists.", "page": "275", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Federated Press", "aliases": ["Federated Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "socialism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supplied leftist columns to Black papers like the Omaha Guide, disseminating socialist and anarchist thought and supporting political discourse within the Black public sphere.", "quote": "Other papers printed leftist columns: the Omaha Guide subscribed to the Communist operated Crusader News Service and the socialist- and anarchist-staffed Federated Press.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Federation for Civilian Based Defence", "aliases": ["Federation for Civilian Based Defence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["peace advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Publishes materials, organises conferences and trainings (information); runs public campaigns like LOVE Storm to shape public debate (symbolic); engages in advocacy with German politics to promote nonviolent alternatives (accountability).", "quote": "Core mission is nonviolent conflict transformation and peace education, but it runs 'LOVE Storm – Gemeinsam gegen Hass im Netz', an initiative addressing online hate.", "page": "", "url": "https://soziale-verteidigung.de/english/about-the-federation-of-social-defense/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies", "aliases": ["Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provided expert testimony or public statements, cited by courts as evidence supporting the literary merit of a book (*God's Little Acre*) and countering obscenity charges, thereby influencing judicial outcomes against censorship.", "quote": "the court, not a whit abashed, plucked forth more such evidence from the president of the Child Study Association of America, from a professor of English, from a clergyman, and from an executive and director of the Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Federation of Communication Services (FCS)", "aliases": ["Federation of Communication Services (FCS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FCS attends regulatory meetings, responds to consultations and organizes training and codes of practice to shape telecom policy and represent members to Ofcom and government.", "quote": "FCS focuses on telecoms regulation, best practice and representation to Ofcom; it engages on regulatory issues that can touch platform policy but its core mission is telecoms industry support.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fcs.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Federation of Small Businesses", "aliases": ["Federation of Small Businesses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["business membership organisation / trade association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "FSB produces policy responses and represents small-business views in public consultations (DSA/OSA) to influence platform-related regulation and enforcement affecting its members.", "quote": "FSB is a small-business advocacy group that has engaged in DSA- and OSA-related public consultations on platform rules affecting its members, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fsb.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "federation of university professors", "aliases": ["federation of university professors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical narrative", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Agreed to collaborate with the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV) to support its war-guilt revisionist campaign and narratives.", "quote": "In 1922, the Weimar federation of teachers agreed to serve the ADV, as did the federation of university professors.", "page": "24", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Federazione Nazionale Fascista degli Industriali Editori", "aliases": ["Federazione Nazionale Fascista degli Industriali Editori"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural purity", "economic interests", "national identity", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship of Translation in Fascist Italy", "author": "Rundle, Christopher", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "This federation represented the interests of publishers, engaging in meetings with the Ministry for Popular Culture to discuss and negotiate policies related to publishing, specifically regarding the reduction of foreign translations.", "quote": "That Autumn the Ministry held a series of meetings with various representatives of the publishing world, including amongst others Vallecchi, who was the President of the Publishers' Federation, and Mondadori.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13556509.2000.10799056", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1920s-1940s"}]}, {"name": "Federação Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation)", "aliases": ["Federação Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-capitalism", "anti-fascism", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Founded to preserve revolutionary ideals within the CNT, issued manifestos, participated in anti-fascist committees and government, and supported workers' self-management and militias.", "quote": "Em 1927, foi fundada uma importante organização anarquista, a Federação Anarquista Ibérica – FAI –, que buscava preservar os ideais revolucionários dentro da CNT.", "page": "48", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação das Bolsas de Trabalho (Federation of Labour Exchanges - France)", "aliases": ["Federação das Bolsas de Trabalho (Federation of Labour Exchanges - France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-parliamentarism", "mutual aid", "workers' education"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Served as a center for mutual aid, discussions, employment, and workers' self-education, merging with the CGT to enhance influence.", "quote": "Esta era uma federação que reunia membros ligados ao movimento operário em sua localidade. As Bolsas de Trabalho tinham várias funções simultâneas: servia como local de ajuda mútua entre os trabalhadores para discutir problemas, encontrar emprego etc.", "page": "33", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação de Cooperativas da Catalunha (Federation of Cooperatives of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Federação de Cooperativas da Catalunha (Federation of Cooperatives of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic cooperation", "food security", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produced and distributed bread, sourcing raw materials from Catalan comarcas and ensuring supply, demonstrating cooperative principles in food distribution.", "quote": "a Federação de Cooperativas destacava que saiu pelas comarcas catalãs em busca de trigo ou farinha e, em posse deles, fabricou pão em seus próprios fornos. Tudo isso teria sido feito com autorização e, portanto, figurava no carnê de racionamento.", "page": "344", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação de Patrões de Perucarias e Barbeiros de Barcelona e Povos Limítrofes (Employers' Federation of Hairdressers and Barbers of Barcelona and Surrounding Towns)", "aliases": ["Federação de Patrões de Perucarias e Barbeiros de Barcelona e Povos Limítrofes (Employers' Federation of Hairdressers and Barbers of Barcelona and Surrounding Towns)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["self-preservation", "social adaptation", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Unusually, this employers' federation proposed the collectivization of its sector to the workers' syndicate, dissolving itself and integrating its members and assets into the new system.", "quote": "Em 9 de agosto de 1936, a Federação de Patrões de Perucarias e Barbeiros de Barcelona e Povos Limítrofes entrou em contato1583 com seu correspondente operário para que ambos tratassem da coletivização do setor.", "page": "577", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação de Sindicatos dos Jornalistas", "aliases": ["Federação de Sindicatos dos Jornalistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["labor rights", "professional independence", "professional reputation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Serves as an umbrella organization for major journalists' unions in Spain, focusing on issues like journalistic independence, labor conditions, and the public image of the profession.", "quote": "As organizações do setor jornalístico espanhol concentram-se sobretudo na Federação de Sindicatos dos Jornalistas. Os dois principais sindicatos ligados a esta Federação são o UGT, Grupo Geral dos Jornalistas, e o Grupo de Jornalistas da CC.OO.", "page": "45", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Federação dos Trabalhadores Cristãos de Minas Gerais", "aliases": ["Federação dos Trabalhadores Cristãos de Minas Gerais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "religious morality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the Movimento por um Mundo Cristão to lobby for stricter censorship of media content deemed morally offensive, particularly films.", "quote": "...o MMC conseguiu articular-se a uma série de outras entidades, entre elas a Associação das Mães Cristãs, a Federação dos Trabalhadores Cristãos de Minas Gerais e o Círculo Operário de Belo Horizonte...", "page": "232", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Federação Internacional dos Editores dos Jornais", "aliases": ["Federação Internacional dos Editores dos Jornais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Opposed a 1993 recommendation by the Council of Europe for a European ombudsman and a European journalism ethics declaration, viewing it as a contradiction to press freedom and media pluralism.", "quote": "o Comité de Ministros apoiado pela posição da Federação Internacional dos Editores dos Jornais opôs-se a esta medida porque esta seria uma contradição em relação à liberdade de imprensa. Também se posicionou contra uma declaração de ética do jornalismo europeu, pois não iria ao encontro dos diferentes estatutos editoriais que são o garante de um pluralismo dos meios de comunicação", "page": "54", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Federação Local de Grupos Anarquistas (Local Federation of Anarchist Groups)", "aliases": ["Federação Local de Grupos Anarquistas (Local Federation of Anarchist Groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "social revolution"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized plenaries, issued manifestos, and engaged in debates within the anarchist movement, advocating for revolutionary principles and criticizing collaborationist policies.", "quote": "No dia 21 de agosto, ocorreu a já mencionada Plenária Regional de Grupos Anarquistas da Catalunha, em Barcelona. A referente plenária colaborou, conforme à FAI, com a aceitação do Conselho de Economia", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação Local de Sindicatos Únicos de Barcelona (Local Federation of Single Trade Unions of Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Federação Local de Sindicatos Únicos de Barcelona (Local Federation of Single Trade Unions of Barcelona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "political action", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Local federation of syndicates, coordinated workers' actions, issued calls for order, and participated in discussions regarding supply control and the broader revolutionary process.", "quote": "o Comitê Regional e a Federação Local de Sindicatos Únicos de Barcelona publicaram um chamamento contra os saques, tão comuns em situações como a que a Espanha estava atravessando.", "page": "74", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Federação Nacional de Educação e Integração dos Surdos", "aliases": ["Federação Nacional de Educação e Integração dos Surdos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Uses its institutional website to collect and disseminate personal stories of deaf individuals, serving as a platform for political expression and advocacy for their rights.", "quote": "Esse estudo analisou: (a) as histórias pessoais no site da principal entidade brasileira representativa dos surdos, a Federação Nacional de Educação e Integração dos Surdos (Feneis), e (b) histórias pessoais em fóruns do site de relacionamento Orkut...", "page": "142", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho", "aliases": ["Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic order", "social order", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Operated as a state-chartered organization within the corporatist system, helping to structure and control various aspects of public life and workers' recreation, thus contributing to the regime's overall societal control.", "quote": "Estas estruturas atravessavam toda a sociedade portuguesa e enquadravam todos os sectores de actividade. Era o caso dos Sindicatos Nacionais, da Policia de Vigilância e defesa do Estado (PIDE), da Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho (FNAT), da Mocidade Portuguesa (MP), dos Grémios, das Corporações, do secretariado da Propaganda Nacional (SPN)", "page": "29", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Federação Operária Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation)", "aliases": ["Federação Operária Regional Argentina (Argentine Regional Workers' Federation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["international solidarity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in international syndicalist congresses as an observer, showing solidarity and advocating for proletarian internationalism.", "quote": "Participaram também organizações do Brasil, a FORA da Argentina e a IWW, embora apenas como observadora.", "page": "36", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Fediverse communities / Mastodon instances (self-governing)", "aliases": ["Fediverse communities / Mastodon instances (self-governing)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["decentralisation", "local governance", "self-governance", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operate with their own moderation rules, federating to create a larger public sphere while enabling community self-management and user decision-making for content exposure.", "quote": "independent communities, each with their own moderation rules, federate with one another to create a larger public sphere of information sharing and debating.", "page": "15", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Fediverse Communities/Instances", "aliases": ["Fediverse Communities/Instances"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "data protection", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust and Friction: Negotiating How Information Flows Through Decentralized Social Media", "author": "Hwang, Sohyeon; Nanayakkara, Priyanka; Shvartzshnaider, Yan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These communities, through their admins, establish and enforce rules, moderate content, manage data access, and make decisions about federating with other instances, thereby shaping information flows and user privacy within their self-governed online spaces.", "quote": "this decentralized design enables a form of community governance, where users (in particular, those acting as admins) can make key social and technical decisions in accordance with their values, shaping the flow of information on social media.", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02150", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Fediverse (decentralized social media network)", "when": "Recent platform era (2022–2024)"}]}, {"name": "Fediverse Instance Administrators and Communities", "aliases": ["Fediverse Instance Administrators and Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Diaspora", "Mastodon", "PeerTube", "Pleroma"], "norms": ["community standards", "harm reduction", "local governance", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collaborative Content Moderation in the Fediverse", "author": "Zia, Haris Bin; Raman, Aravindh; Castro, Ignacio; Tyson, Gareth", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Fediverse instance administrators and their communities formulate and enforce local moderation policies, manually review user-generated content for harmful material, and users contribute by self-labeling sensitive posts with content warnings. Through the proposed FedMod system, they collaboratively train automated moderation models by exchanging parameters, implicitly sharing content moderation knowledge across instances.", "quote": "Administration on Mastodon is decentralized: each instance administrator(s) formulates and enforces their own local moderation policy.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05871", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Fediverse (Mastodon, Pleroma, Diaspora, PeerTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi)", "aliases": ["Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Adhered to rigid Islamist world views and remained unresponsive to institutional incentives, serving as a counter-example to the moderation theory due to its ideological ossification rather than adapting for electoral viability or political legality.", "quote": "A typical example of ideological ossification was the Islamist Felicity Party (Saadet Partisi – FP) in Turkey.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}]}, {"name": "Female Religious Orders", "aliases": ["Female Religious Orders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Subject to strict control, they developed self-censorship strategies in their spiritual writings and practices, influenced by confessors and the Inquisition, and were also used to promote models of sanctity through controlled narratives.", "quote": "Los conventos de clausura femeninos fueron un colectivo controlado con extremo rigor por el poder religioso durante el siglo xvii, a pesar de la condición de mujeres encerradas, de limitada formación libresca o iletradas en muchos casos...", "page": "161", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "FEMEN", "aliases": ["FEMEN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["gender equality", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A arbitrariedade dos parâmetros de censura no Facebook ea proibição da página do Femen", "author": "R de Almeida Leite, GS Cardoso", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engages in public protest using nudity as a form of political expression, which is then subjected to content moderation and censorship by platforms like Facebook, leading to the deletion of their pages and content.", "quote": "O grupo de protestantes feministas FEMEM teve páginas e conteúdo sumariamente deletados do Facebook, sob a acusação de promover a pornografia, em forma de fotos que mostravam as protestantes seminuas pelas ruas.", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/4e412166e9da0ca2a6fa1bb28f04c007/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=4708196", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, global", "when": "post-2008 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Feminicidio-net (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["Feminicidio-net (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-gender violence", "feminist issues", "information access"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account as a civil society observatory to diffuse information about femicides and gender violence.", "quote": "Feminicidio-net (59,2 K) https://twitter.com/feminicidio ... “Feminicidio-net” es un “observatorio de la sociedad civil” de la asociación La Sur", "page": "341", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Feminismo Punk or Post-Porn Feminism", "aliases": ["Feminismo Punk or Post-Porn Feminism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "free speech", "gender and sexual diversity", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Creates its own pornographic productions and artistic works to subvert traditional patriarchal pornography, challenge dominant sexual norms, and reclaim female sexuality from a feminist, sex-positive perspective, embracing self-representation and experimentation.", "quote": "Será el feminismo punk o posporno, que abordará “detrás de las cámaras\" el debate pornográfico; ya no como objetos", "page": "sino como sujetos de la producción pornográfica.\"", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Feminist activists/groups", "aliases": ["Feminist activists/groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals", "women's rights"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les économies de la sexualité", "author": "P Brasseur, J Finez", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "These groups actively challenge and denounce the moral aspects of commercial sexual activities, specifically sex-shops, thereby contributing to the public and political regulation of these markets.", "quote": "Elle implique aussi d'autres acteurs qui régulent cette activité ou contestent sa moralité: des militantes féministes [Comella, 2017], des associations de riverains, des élus politiques, des policiers et des juges [Coulmont, 2014].", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RFSE_025_0015?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a strong focus on France and the Anglophone world", "when": "19th century to the contemporary digital era, with emphasis on the late 20th and early 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Feminist and Anti-racism Activists", "aliases": ["Feminist and Anti-racism Activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "gender equality", "racial equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Using Convolutional Neural Networks to Classify Hate-Speech", "author": "Gambäck, Björn; Sikdar, Utpal Kumar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "They participate in hate speech moderation by serving as 'Expert' annotators to label tweets for a dataset, thereby defining and categorizing hate speech for the development and training of automated classification systems.", "quote": "Waseem (2016) defined the “Expert\" annota- tors as those having both a theoretical and ap- plied knowledge of hate speech (those were re- cruited among feminist and antiracism activists)\"", "page": "4", "url": "http://aclweb.org/anthology/W17-3013", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter; Germany, UK", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Feminist and LGBTQ Activists", "aliases": ["Feminist and LGBTQ Activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Feminist Sense of No-Platforming", "author": "O'Keefe, Theresa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Drove the expansion of the NUS no-platform policy beyond racism and fascism to include misogyny and transmisogyny, and were responsible for developing and normalising 'safe space' practices within educational contexts.", "quote": "Driven by feminist and LGBTQ activists, the NUS no-platform policy expanded beyond racism and fascism to include misogyny and transmisogyny in an attempt to make campuses safer spaces for those hurt by these ideas and practices", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2016.7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK universities, specifically Cardiff University", "when": "Mid-2010s (focus on 2015-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Anti Censorship Task Force", "aliases": ["Feminist Anti Censorship Task Force"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["feminism", "free speech", "lgbtq+ rights", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Created to combat the anti-pornography movement and obscenity laws, which were perceived as reinforcing taboos and suppressing feminism, homosexuality, and other forms of sexual dissidence in artistic expression.", "quote": "Successivamente nel 1980 è stata creata la Feminist Anti Censorship Task Force ideata per combattere il movimento anti-pornografia, la legge sull'oscenità, che avevano l'obiettivo di \"rafforzare i tabu e sopprimere il femminismo", "page": "l'omosessualità e altre forme di dissidenza sessuale\"\" [...]\"", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, Boston Chapter", "aliases": ["Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, Boston Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... FACT, Boston Chapter;", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Feminist bloggers and gamers collective", "aliases": ["Feminist bloggers and gamers collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "social justice", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Health and toxicity in content moderation: The discursive work of justification", "author": "AD Gibson, N Docherty, T Gillespie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Utilized the 'health and toxicity' metaphor to critique and raise awareness about growing harassment, sexist representations, and sexual violence prevalent in online gaming communities.", "quote": "A decade later, feminist bloggers and gamers used the metaphor again to call out the growing harassment they faced, the sexist representations in the games themselves, and the callous attitude toward sexual violence in the gaming communities around them", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook Groups, Anglophone liberal democracies (US focus), social media platforms generally", "when": "late 20th century to present, focusing on the post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "feminist bookstores", "aliases": ["feminist bookstores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Created by feminists as spaces for the dissemination of feminist thought and discourse, fostering alternative norms and ideas within the feminist public sphere.", "quote": "For instance, feminists have established health clinics, political action groups, bookstores, and filmmaking collectives to serve their interests.", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "feminist filmmaking collectives", "aliases": ["feminist filmmaking collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "media diversity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Produces alternative media to serve feminist interests and disseminate feminist thought, challenging dominant narratives and representations.", "quote": "For instance, feminists have established health clinics, political action groups, bookstores, and filmmaking collectives to serve their interests.", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Frequency", "aliases": ["Feminist Frequency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["4chan", "8chan", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-sexism", "gender equality", "inclusivity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GamerGate: A Case Study in Online Harassment", "author": "Aghazadeh, Sarah A.; Burns, Alison; Chu, Jun; Feigenblatt, Hazel; Laribee, Elizabeth; Maynard, Lucy; Meyers, Amy L. M.; O’Brien, Jessica L.; Rufus, Leah", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Launched as a blog and later produced video series to address feminist issues and sexism in the gaming industry, raising awareness and advocating for inclusivity. It also fiscally supports a support network for online abuse victims.", "quote": "In 2009 Sarkeesian launched Feminist Frequency, a blog dedicated to addressing feminist issues through a cultural lens. Following the success of Feminist Frequency, Sarkeesian raised funds to create Tropes and Vs. Women In Video Games.", "page": "180", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-78583-7_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (4chan, Twitter, Reddit, 8chan, YouTube), USA", "when": "2013–2018"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Groups", "aliases": ["Feminist Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Organizes online activism and uses social media to counter online discrimination and violence, fostering resistance and challenging norms.", "quote": "Feminist groups have demonstrated a sustained commitment to organising online despite its many challenges...", "page": "27", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Groups (pro-censorship)", "aliases": ["Feminist Groups (pro-censorship)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-pornography", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "liberty"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura do obsceno", "author": "FCR Junior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocated for and enacted anti-pornography ordinances, seeking to censor sexually explicit material they defined as subordinating women, with legal frameworks aiming to prohibit its production, sale, exhibition, or distribution.", "quote": "Através dos esforços de Catharine MacKinnon, professora de direito na Universidade de Michigan, e de outras feministas proeminentes, Indianápolis, Indiana, promulgou um decreto antipornografia. A portaria definia a pornografia como “a subordinação sexualmente explícita das mulheres, seja em imagens ou palavras”...", "page": "119", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/94b397e6-77ba-4506-801b-72080bac0efa", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, United States, Europe (historical), Digital Platforms (Facebook)", "when": "Antiquity to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Hashtag Campaigns (e.g., #ChegadeFiufiu, #NãoÉNão, #RoupaNãoÉConvite)", "aliases": ["Feminist Hashtag Campaigns (e.g., #ChegadeFiufiu, #NãoÉNão, #RoupaNãoÉConvite)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "gender equality", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Used social media hashtags (Twitter, Instagram) to share personal stories about sexual harassment, aiming to politcize issues and invite collective narration of experiences of violence and gender inequality.", "quote": "a pesquisa desenvolvida por Maiara Orlandini (2021), ao focalizar as campanhas feministas #ChegadeFiufiu, #NãoÉNão e #RoupaNãoÉConvite, corrobora a visão de que as histórias pessoais sobre assédio sexual incitadas pelas mobilizações surgem como convite para que as mulheres narrem suas experiências de violência e desigualdade de gênero.", "page": "148", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "feminist health clinics", "aliases": ["feminist health clinics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "women's health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Established by feminists to serve their interests by providing alternative health services and creating spaces for discourse and resistance outside dominant patriarchal structures.", "quote": "For instance, feminists have established health clinics, political action groups, bookstores, and filmmaking collectives to serve their interests.", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Feminist movements (Spring 2021)", "aliases": ["Feminist movements (Spring 2021)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "gender identity", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed complaints against Instagram for censorship, specifically demanding transparency regarding the platform's moderation tools.", "quote": "Au printemps 2021 par exemple, différents mouvements et personnalités féministes avaient porté plainte contre Instagram pour censure.", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "feminist political action groups", "aliases": ["feminist political action groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "political engagement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Established by feminists to pursue their political aims, disseminate feminist thought, and engage in direct political action to challenge existing power structures.", "quote": "For instance, feminists have established health clinics, political action groups, bookstores, and filmmaking collectives to serve their interests.", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Ryan Gosling (tumblog)", "aliases": ["Feminist Ryan Gosling (tumblog)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Creates pro-feminist messages by ironically combining the heteronormative premise of the \"Fuck Yeah Ryan Gosling\"\" meme with pro-feminist captions", "quote": "pro-feminism, critique of heteronormativity, romantic ideals.", "page": "Figure 3.13 is an iteration from a tumblog called “Feminist Ryan Gosling,” which ironically combines the heteronormative precedent of “Fuck Yeah Ryan Gosling” with pro-feminist messages.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Feminist, LGBT+, Sex Worker, Antiracist, and Anti-Grossophobia Collective (French)", "aliases": ["Feminist, LGBT+, Sex Worker, Antiracist, and Anti-Grossophobia Collective (French)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["equity", "fairness", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Signed a tribune to denounce 'double standards' in content moderation, highlighting the inefficiency of algorithmic moderation against hate speech targeting marginalized communities.", "quote": "un collectif de militant·e·s féministes, LGBT+, de travailleureuses du sexe, antiracistes, artistes et engagé·e·s dans la lutte contre la grossophobie se sont associé·e·s pour signer une tribune dans Médiapart", "page": "61", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Feminist, LGBTQ+, Anti-speciesist, and Decolonial Associations", "aliases": ["Feminist, LGBTQ+, Anti-speciesist, and Decolonial Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group, social movement"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": ["Online Platforms"], "norms": ["animal welfare", "anti-racism", "gender equality", "group rights", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les formes contemporaines de censure:", "author": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste; Talon-Hugon, Carole", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These associations exert social pressure through various means such as boycott, sabotage, intimidation, petitions, public tribunes, demonstrations, and media lynching, aiming to prevent certain forms of expression.", "quote": "Les censeurs sont des associations (féministes, LGTB, antispécistes, décoloniales, etc.), des groupes voire des groupuscules plus ou moins éphémères. Enfin par ses modus operandi spécifiques : la pétition, la tribune, la manifestation et le lynchage médiatique.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2020-5-page-91.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western countries and online platforms, with historical comparisons to European contexts", "when": "Post-2000, with extensive historical comparisons to the 16th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Feminist, Trans, and Queer Social Movements", "aliases": ["Feminist, Trans, and Queer Social Movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sobre el progresismo indolente. Imágenes de la culpabilidad y la moderación afectiva ante la crítica feminista, trans y queer", "author": "N Cuello", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These movements initially introduced complex sexopolitical critiques to challenge heterocisnormativity and traditional power structures. However, they later experienced internal self-moderation due to moralistic pressures for ideological coherence, leading to a loss of radical vitality. Externally, their perceived 'exaggerated criticism' has been instrumentalized by broader 'progressivism' to justify a 'culture of cancellation' and normalize conflict, thereby diminishing their transformative potential.", "quote": "aquellos desafíos que supieron introducir a los marcos tradicionales de organización de la autoridad simbólico cultural del heterocisexismo... se reconfiguraron por efecto de la presión moralista de la coherencia y la estabilidad ideológica a gran escala en una fuerza transformativa que perdió su vitalidad singularizante", "page": "148", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-001X2024000200013&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Political-cultural spaces, universities, and popular politics in Argentina (and globally)", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with historical context from the 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Feminists Against Censorship Taskforce (FACT)", "aliases": ["Feminists Against Censorship Taskforce (FACT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "sexual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Formed to combat the antipornography movement and the Reagan-appointed Meese Commission on Pornography, it advocates against censorship by highlighting how it disproportionately affects women, particularly those oppressed by race or sexual preference.", "quote": "Groups such as the Feminists Anti-Censorship Task Force (FACT), which was formed in the early 1980s to combat the antipornography movement and the Reagan-appointed Meese Commission on Pornography, have demonstrated that it is consistently women . . . who have the most to lose during periods when so-called “offensive” speech and images are subjected to censorship campaigns.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Feminists Against Vaccination Facebook page", "aliases": ["Feminists Against Vaccination Facebook page"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Appropriated anti-vaccinist propaganda, claiming vaccines serve as a 'gateway drug to heroin', contributing to the spread of misinformation.", "quote": "Ultimately, it also became appropriated by advocates of anti-vaccinists’ propaganda, which accused vaccines of ‘serv[ing] as a gateway drug to heroin’ (Feminists Against Vaccination FB page, post left on 26 October 2015; the first post sharing the image appeared on 8 March 2015, as reported in Mikkelson 2015).", "page": "513", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Feminists for Free Expression", "aliases": ["Feminists for Free Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "women's rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Provided counter-arguments and interventions against pro-censorship feminist positions, advocating for a broader interpretation of free expression.", "quote": "On devrait aussi relever les interventions, rares il faut l'admettre mais significatives, de féministes anti-censure, inspirées par le groupe américain Feminists for Free Expression", "page": "37", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Femmes socialistes suisses", "aliases": ["Femmes socialistes suisses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["public awareness", "risk management", "technological safety"], "topics": ["modération débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 1998, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le contexte comme enjeu pratique. Le cas d’un débat télévisé en vue d’un vote sur le génie génétique", "author": "Bovet, Alain", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented by a debater, this group participates in a televised public debate to argue against genetic engineering by drawing parallels with past technological controversies, thereby highlighting potential risks and challenging the categorization of opponents.", "quote": "madame véronique pürro pour le groupe des femmes socialistes ici", "page": "8", "url": "persee.fr", "topic": "modération débat", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "late 20th century (1998)"}]}, {"name": "Festival Internacional de Cine Indígena FICWallmapu", "aliases": ["Festival Internacional de Cine Indígena FICWallmapu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Faced pre-publication censorship on Instagram when trying to promote a documentary on food sovereignty, with the platform denying promotion due to the content addressing 'political themes' that might 'influence election results or legislation'.", "quote": "Durante 2020, la cuenta de Instagram del Festival Internacional de Cine Indígena FICWallmapu (@FICWallmapu) realizado en territorio mapuche experimentó censura previa al intentar comprar promoción para la publicación de un afiche que anunciaba el estreno del documental sobre soberanía alimentaria...", "page": "9", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "FGTB-Charleroi (General Federation of Belgian Labour, Charleroi section)", "aliases": ["FGTB-Charleroi (General Federation of Belgian Labour, Charleroi section)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / social movement"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor conditions", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided support for the first version of the play, indicating an alignment with the play's portrayal of workers' rights or social aspects within agriculture. This contributes to amplifying a certain social perspective.", "quote": "Remerciements enfin à tous nos partenaires et soutiens de la première heure: ... la FGTB-Charleroi", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Fian Belgique (Food First Information and Action Network Belgium)", "aliases": ["Fian Belgique (Food First Information and Action Network Belgium)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic sovereignty", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes expertise and engagement, likely on issues related to food sovereignty, land rights, and the human right to food, thereby influencing the play's message and public discourse around these norms.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: Emilie Thomas et le Centre du Beau Mur; toute l'équipe du CNCD 11.11.11; Fian Belgique", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Fian Interntational", "aliases": ["Fian Interntational"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Food security", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Sustainability", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "FIAN has advocated for the right to food since 1986, works with national sections and social movements in over 50 countries, and brings grassroots claims into policy and accountability processes.", "quote": "FIAN's core mission is the right to food and nutrition; it engages in monitoring and accountability and brings grassroots voices to policy spaces but does not primarily focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fian.org/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "FIESP (Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo)", "aliases": ["FIESP (Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "political stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil", "author": "De Albuquerque, Afonso", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a large advertising piece in major newspapers advocating for the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff, thereby actively engaging in a political campaign to influence public opinion and governmental action.", "quote": "On 29 March 2016, a huge, 14-page advertising piece calling for Rousseff's Impeachment Now (Impeachment Já) was published in four prestigious Brazilian newspapers... they actively engaged in the campaign to impeach President Rousseff, as a means for solving the Brazilian political and economic crisis.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917738376", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "FIfF", "aliases": ["FIfF"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society / professional NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "FIfF produces policy papers, open letters and conferences, organises technical projects (Endof10, Citizen Sensing) and public campaigns critiquing surveillance vendors and AI militarization to shape debates and pressure policymakers and platforms.", "quote": "Publishes positions and runs projects on AI, disinformation, fediverse, surveillance, encryption and chat control, and organises conferences and open letters engaging platform and AI issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fiff.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fight Against Hate", "aliases": ["Fight Against Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Online forums"], "norms": ["hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Normative Change and Culture of Hate: An Experiment on Online Environments", "author": "Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia; Winter, Fabian", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participates in international initiatives aimed at monitoring and tracking hate speech across various online platforms and networks.", "quote": "International initiatives to keep track of hate speech across networks have also emerged, such as HateBase and Fight Against Hate (Gagliardone et al., 2015).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3126089", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "online forums, Germany", "when": "2016-2018"}]}, {"name": "Fight Against Radicalisation Online (FARO)", "aliases": ["Fight Against Radicalisation Online (FARO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An initiative that educates internet users about the complexities of radicalisation, providing knowledge to help them counter extremist narratives online.", "quote": "attempts to educate Internet users as to the complexities of the radicalisation process, “providing [them] with the knowledge to say something before [they] have to see something.\"\"", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Fight for the Future", "aliases": ["Fight for the Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy organization / grassroots activism group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition; StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Operates mass online mobilizations (SOPA/PIPA, platform-targeted campaigns), produces public campaigns and resources to pressure platforms and policymakers, and mobilizes donors and supporters to create political leverage.", "quote": "Core mission and projects directly target platform policies and practices (e.g., Make DMs Safe, Stop Online ID Checks, Ban Facial Recognition) and run large-scale online campaigns affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fightforthefuture.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fighting Indonesian Democratic Party", "aliases": ["Fighting Indonesian Democratic Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Headed by Megawati Sukarno, it made an unsuccessful bid for the presidency and advocated for order, harmony, and unity, influencing post-revolution political discourse.", "quote": "Prominent among them were the unofficial 'Fighting' Indonesian Democratic Party, headed by Megawati Sukarno, who made an unsuccessful bid for the pres idency after the revolution...", "page": "248", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Filbaan", "aliases": ["Filbaan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Maintains lists of domains that may be blocked, with per-country experts curating URLs for regions like Iran.", "quote": "Other projects such as Herdict [23], Great-Fire [19], and Filbaan [16] maintain lists of domains that may be blocked.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Film (cinema magazine)", "aliases": ["Film (cinema magazine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "cultural representation"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Promoting Iranian cinema, especially internationally, through publications and fostering cinematic discourse.", "quote": "Nel 1983 viene fondata, sempre a Teheran, la rivista cinematografica “Film”, che svolse e continua a svolgere un’importante opera di promozione, in particolare fuori dai confini dell’Iran, delle opere prodotte nel Paese.", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Filopatria", "aliases": ["Filopatria"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "As a private academy, it brought together nobles and intellectuals whose members collaborated on literary journals, contributing to the circulation and discussion of political, economic, and literary novelties.", "quote": "Parmi celles-ci, il cite la Filopatria et la Sanpaolina, dont les associés les plus engagés collaboraient à la Biblioteca oltremontana, un journal littéraire riche en comptes rendus des nouveautés politiques, économiques et littéraires d'au delà des Alpes.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Filterblase - Design Democracy", "aliases": ["Filterblase - Design Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic education / digital democracy non-profit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Design Democracy produces educational posters and thematic resources about filter bubbles, algorithms and misinformation to shape public understanding and debate around platformized information flows.", "quote": "The site provides in-depth educational material on 'Filterblase', Facebook-Algorithmus, digitale Medien and the impact of algorithms and misinformation on democracy, directly engaging with platform-related information flows and algorithmic effects.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.designdemocracy.de/themen/filterblase/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Finansforbundet", "aliases": ["Finansforbundet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / sectoral union"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Labour rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Finansforbundet organises collective bargaining, publishes policies and analyses, provides legal advice and sector events to influence conditions in the financial sector and advocate for workplace data transparency.", "quote": "Finansforbundet is a financial sector union whose core mission is labour representation, but it addresses digital issues such as 'Data ethics' and workplace data transparency, indicating some engagement with platform-adjacent governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://finansforbundet.dk/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Finnish Association for Substance Abuse Prevention", "aliases": ["Finnish Association for Substance Abuse Prevention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public health"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participates in public discussions as an expert, offering advice and perspectives that implicitly relate to the prevention of online risks and addiction.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police... Finnish Association for Substance Abuse Prevention...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA)", "aliases": ["Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes research on democratic deterrence and hybrid interference, contributing to policy discussions and strategies for dissuading malicious influence in political processes.", "quote": "Wigell, M. (2019), Democratic deterrence. How to dissuade hybrid interference, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, Hel sinki...", "page": "136", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Finnish Resistance Movement", "aliases": ["Finnish Resistance Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "neo-nazism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An extreme right, neo-Nazi organisation in Finland, which, through its 'open ties' to the MV-lehti news site, contributes to the dissemination of anti-immigrant content and shapes the extreme right discourse online.", "quote": "It is also known to have open ties to the Finnish Resistance Movement, a neo-Nazi organisation in Finland.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Finnish Society for Media Education", "aliases": ["Finnish Society for Media Education"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "media literacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engages in public discussions as an expert, contributing specialized knowledge and perspectives on media education relevant to children's online safety.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police... Finnish Society for Media Education...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Finnish Workingmen's Association", "aliases": ["Finnish Workingmen's Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1930s"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abolishing Ambiguity: Soviet Censorship Practices in the 1930s", "author": "Plamper, Jan", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "The association's subscriptions to Soviet publications, especially those in Finnish, created an external audience for Karelian media. This led Soviet censors to increase vigilance over content that could reach this international readership, influencing pre-publication censorship decisions related to sensitive topics in borderland regions.", "quote": "Karlit produced a list of twenty-one international subscriptions to Krasnaia Kareliia's Finnish-language edition with addresses ranging from a post office box in Berlin to the Finnish Workingmen's Association in Norwood, Massachusetts.", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0036-0341.00189", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (Karelia)", "when": "1930s"}]}, {"name": "FIPR", "aliases": ["FIPR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / research charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "FIPR commissions and publishes technical policy research, responds to government consultations, authors reports for bodies like the EU JRC and Home Office, and engages Parliament and media to shape policy (e.g., public report urging retraction of the Home Office notice to Apple).", "quote": "FIPR conducts research, publishes reports and consultation responses on encryption, website takedowns, surveillance and other internet-policy issues that directly affect platform governance and content moderation practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fipr.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "FIRE | Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression", "aliases": ["FIRE | Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "FIRE litigates in courts, publishes the College Free Speech Rankings and National Speech Index, issues analyses on AI and speech, and runs public campaigns and case-based advocacy to shape speech governance.", "quote": "FIRE litigates, publishes analysis, and campaigns on free speech issues including online expression and government AI regulation that could censor protected speech.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thefire.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Firebrand Books", "aliases": ["Firebrand Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "media diversity"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Nancy K. Bereano is Editor and Publisher of Firebrand Books, suggesting a role in publishing feminist literature, which might be targeted by censorship efforts.", "quote": "NANCY K. BEREANO is Editor and Publisher of Firebrand Books.", "page": "23", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "First Amendment and Censorship | ALA - American Library Association", "aliases": ["First Amendment and Censorship | ALA - American Library Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1876", "mechanism": "ALA publishes guidelines and policy briefs, organizes Banned Books Week and public campaigns, provides training and resources to librarians, and engages in advocacy to lawmakers to defend access to information and oppose censorship.", "quote": "ALA's Office for Intellectual Freedom produces guidelines, policy briefs, and advocacy against censorship and on social media/privacy, directly shaping library practices and public debates about information access and platform-related content restrictions.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "First Things magazine", "aliases": ["First Things magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape conservative political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "Rob es un [...] \"ávido lector de First Things", "page": "The Claremont Review of Books y The American Mind”\"", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "FIZ Karlsruhe GmbH - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure", "aliases": ["FIZ Karlsruhe GmbH - Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research infrastructure (Leibniz institute)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs infrastructure services (zbMATH Open, RADAR, DDB), publishes research and hosts events to shape debates on AI, data protection and information infrastructure governance.", "quote": "Operates research infrastructures (zbMATH Open, RADAR) and conducts research on AI, data protection and information infrastructure including impacts of generative AI on fundamental rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Flamen Dialis (Priest of Jupiter)", "aliases": ["Flamen Dialis (Priest of Jupiter)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Roman Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious purity"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican era (5th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lustratio'e divieto del 'suffectus': due aspetti sacerdotali del censore", "author": "A Manzo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Subjected to specific religious taboos and prohibitions, such as the inability to see dead bodies during certain rituals and the obligation to resign if his wife died, which significantly regulated his public and religious functions.", "quote": "Perché il Flamen Dialis, essendogli morta la moglie, dovrà rinunziare alla carica, come narra Ateio?", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2019_Contributi_Manzo.pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Roman Republic", "when": "Republican era (primarily 5th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Flemish public broadcaster VRT", "aliases": ["Flemish public broadcaster VRT"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["media quality", "public discourse", "public education"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Shapes public debate and raises public awareness through documentary programming, dealing with genre discourses and production processes that define content norms for social documentaries.", "quote": "One of the most frequently proclaimed aims of a documentary is that the genre plays a pivotal role in stimulating public debate and raising public awareness. Therefore, documentaries have always been a key genre in relation to public broadcasting. From the late 1980’s, the North Belgian public broadcaster VRT faced the prospect of loosing a substantial share of its audience to commercial networks.", "page": "372", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Flere klare regler og mindre forbud - Dansk Annoncørforening", "aliases": ["Flere klare regler og mindre forbud - Dansk Annoncørforening"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and toolkits for advertisers, runs events and training, represents members in international forums (WFA), and publicly advocates legal changes (e.g., repeal of §11 b) and DSA/DMA implementation to shape platform ad practices.", "quote": "Explicitly campaigns on digital advertising platform issues, supports implementation of DSA & DMA, and develops tools for advertisers to manage transparency, control and harmful content on major tech platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.xn--danskannoncrforening-lcc.dk/tilbyder/markedsfoeringsforbud/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Flickr Foundation", "aliases": ["Flickr Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit foundation; cultural heritage and social media archiving organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Cultural heritage", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The Foundation produces research and tools (Data Lifeboat) to preserve social media content, operates the Flickr Commons program with major cultural partners, and frames preservation as protecting the shared visual commons—combining technical tool-building, research, and institutional partnerships to shape how platform content is archived and accessed.", "quote": "Core mission develops tools and programs (e.g., Flickr Commons, Data Lifeboat) to preserve social media content and digital heritage, directly engaging practices and infrastructure that shape platform content persistence and accessibility.", "page": "", "url": "http://Flickr.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Flipped Learning Network", "aliases": ["Flipped Learning Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes definitions and promotes the 'Flipped Learning' pedagogical approach, providing teachers with frameworks and methodologies for classroom implementation that can involve moderation in interactive learning environments.", "quote": "La junta de gobierno y los líderes claves de la “Flipped Learning Network” (FLN), la Red de Aprendizaje Inverso que tiene su sede en Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A; han publicado en su sitio web una definición para evitar confusiones y hacer frente a los conceptos erróneos en torno al “Flipped learning”, un enfoque que permite a los profesores implementar una metodología o diferentes metodologías en sus aulas...", "page": "59", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "Florentine Deputies", "aliases": ["Florentine Deputies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["linguistic preservation", "literary merit", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Appointed to 'purify' Boccaccio's Decameron, by removing or altering parts deemed problematic, while striving to preserve the linguistic and literary integrity of the work.", "quote": "Nel 1570 furono scelti a Firenze degli studiosi per curare la prima edizione emendata: si trattava dei cosiddetti Deputati fiorentini, guidati dall’acume filologico e linguistico di Vincenzo Borghini.", "page": "68", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Florida Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy", "aliases": ["Florida Division, United Daughters of the Confederacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "historical narrative"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "The president of this state division encouraged members to actively review textbooks. In collaboration with other Confederate societies, they worked to ensure that textbooks did not contain 'slurring remarks' or content 'prejudicial to the South', even listing the removal of a critical professor as a 'victory'.", "quote": "by 1921, the state division in concert with the United Confederate Veterans and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans could assure publishers that in Florida 'they could not sell textbooks containing slurring remarks . . . prejudicial to the South.'", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Fly Art Productions (tumblog)", "aliases": ["Fly Art Productions (tumblog)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "creative expression", "cultural heritage"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Curates mashup images combining hip-hop lyrics with classic high art, creating humorous juxtapositions that play with cultural and temporal differences, contributing to memetic vernacular.", "quote": "Another tumblog, called “Fly Art Productions,” remixes hip-hop lyrics with classic high art, playing with a premise very similar to that in “Kanye Wes Anderson.”", "page": "46", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Flüchtlingshilfe of Zurich", "aliases": ["Flüchtlingshilfe of Zurich"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "One of the relief committees in Switzerland that provided reports on Nazi death camps, which contributed to publicizing information in the press.", "quote": "Drawing on reports of relief committees with headquarters in Switzerland (International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission, Geneva, and the Flüchtlingshilfe of Zurich, headed by Paul Voght)...", "page": "242", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Folgen Sie mir auf GETTR! - AfD Fulda", "aliases": ["Folgen Sie mir auf GETTR! - AfD Fulda"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local political party branch"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Ideological diversity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The local AfD branch uses social media and newsletters to disseminate messages, publicly frames mainstream platforms as censorious and promotes alternatives (GETTR) to mobilize supporters and bypass perceived platform moderation.", "quote": "Public posts promote alternative platforms (GETTR) and critique major platforms like Twitter as censoring speech, indicating engagement with platform governance discourse though not as core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://afd-fulda.de/folgen-sie-mir-auf-gettr/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Follow the Money", "aliases": ["Follow the Money"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a media coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Fondation Saint-Simon", "aliases": ["Fondation Saint-Simon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic liberalism", "market efficiency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A reformist foundation whose policies were opposed by radical left groups, seen as promoting pro-market views.", "quote": "Copernic, the last of which was explicitly set up to oppose the reformist Fondation Saint-Simon.", "page": "524", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fondation Travail-Université (Namur)", "aliases": ["Fondation Travail-Université (Namur)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["Internet platforms"], "norms": ["access to information", "critical thinking", "societal impact of technology"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie parlementaire à l'heure des plate-formes participatives et des réseaux sociaux sur Internet", "author": "C Lejeune", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The foundation conducts internationally recognized research on the digital divide, specifically identifying and analyzing the 'socio-cognitive fracture' related to users' ability to critically evaluate online information. This research informs public understanding and debate about responsible digital engagement and implicitly shapes norms for online discourse.", "quote": "En cette matière, la Fondation Travail-Université (Namur) développe des recherches reconnues internationalement. Ses chercheurs – comme Gérard Valenduc – ont identifié un second type de fracture numérique : la fracture socio-cognitive.", "page": "2", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/73298/1/lejeune_2010g.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Wallonia, Belgium, and Internet platforms", "when": "Early 21st century (with historical context from 1930s)"}]}, {"name": "Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli", "aliases": ["Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "democratic integrity", "social well-being"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes academic research related to democratic practices and voting, participating in public discourse on these topics by funding and disseminating studies.", "quote": "Questo volume è stato realizzato nell’ambito del progetto Reconstructing Democracy in Times of Crisis: A Voter-Centred Perspective (Redem) ed è stato reso possibile da una sovvenzione ottenuta attraverso il programma Horizon 2020 research and Innovation dell’Unione europea (grant agreement n. 870996).", "page": "4", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Fondazione Meter", "aliases": ["Fondazione Meter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dall'analisi delle interfacce cognitive, adattive e conversazionali nell'era dell'AI e delle conseguenze etiche di opacità, bias e perdita di agency a un progetto fictional …", "author": "G Melis", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Through a dossier, it revealed cases of AI-generated sexually explicit images targeting minors, raising awareness and advocating for the protection of children from digital exploitation.", "quote": "Secondo un dossier della Fondazione Meter ha rivelato che in sei mesi migliaia di adolescenti sono stati vittime di generazione IA di immagini sessualmente esplicite, con minori “spogliati” digitalmente tramite deepfake e tecniche di manipolazione fotografica.", "page": "35", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/39097/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, with focus on contemporary digital and AI interfaces", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 1940s)"}]}, {"name": "Fonds d'analyse des sociétés politiques (FASOPO)", "aliases": ["Fonds d'analyse des sociétés politiques (FASOPO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organises and supports European meetings and a \"caravan of scientific liberties\"\" to advocate for academic freedom and defend researchers like Fariba Adelkhah", "quote": "scientific freedom, academic research", "page": "pour continuer à faire respirer le FASOPO, malgré le Covid et d'autres problèmes, avec tant d'énergie et de créativité. Mais aussi et surtout parce que tous continuent à faire marcher cette caravane pour soutenir Fariba dans sa lutte pour cette liberté qui est la condition de la vie pour nous tous en tant que chercheurs.", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Fonds international pour la protection des animaux (IFAW France)", "aliases": ["Fonds international pour la protection des animaux (IFAW France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Policy development"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "1969", "mechanism": "IFAW conducts research and policy work on wildlife protection, runs campaigns and public communications, and partners with governments and organizations to influence laws and practices (e.g., calls to ban ivory trade in Europe).", "quote": "IFAW's core mission is animal protection and conservation; website shows policy engagement on wildlife trade but not core work on platform/content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ifaw.org/fr", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "aliases": ["Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (intergovernmental organization)"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "public good"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its international discussions on rural welfare schemes provided a framework for Portuguese colonial actors to ideologically position their cooperative experiments, influencing debates on development models.", "quote": "A circulação internacional dos preceitos de desenvolvimento comunitário teve, também aqui, um impacto importante. De especial relevância é a influência das discussões realizadas pela FAO-ONU em torno da comparabilidade das experiências de bem-estar rural postas em prática ao nível global", "page": "316", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Forbrugerrådet Tænk/Danish consumer Council", "aliases": ["Forbrugerrådet Tænk/Danish consumer Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer rights NGO / member organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1947", "mechanism": "Represents consumers on ~300 councils/boards, publishes tests and analyses, and submits fact-based responses to public consultations to influence policy and platform-related regulation.", "quote": "Primary mission is consumer protection and testing, but they engage in policy work and provide analytic, fact-based responses to public consultations (including DSA-related consultations).", "page": "", "url": "https://taenk.dk/om-os/about-us", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Forbud mod TikTok, Snapchat og Instagram for mindreårige", "aliases": ["Forbud mod TikTok, Snapchat og Instagram for mindreårige"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["citizen petition / campaign"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Uses a public citizen petition to mobilize supporters and pressure the national legislature to impose platform-level restrictions on social media for minors.", "quote": "The petition explicitly demands that the Folketing introduce a ban on TikTok, Instagram and Snapchat for minors, directly targeting platform practices (algorithmic personalization, addictive design).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.borgerforslag.dk/se-og-stoet-forslag/?Id=FT-18652", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Forces de Libérations des Africains de Mauritanie", "aliases": ["Forces de Libérations des Africains de Mauritanie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mauritania"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias et espace public en Mauritanie: l'exemple d'internet", "author": "TO Sid'Ahmed", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This movement uses modern communication tools to coordinate and maintain pressure on Western media, human rights organizations, and political figures, effectively displacing its ideological struggle beyond Mauritania's borders.", "quote": "Par leur maîtrise des outils modernes de la communication, ils s'organisent en cellules de coordination et ne cesseront de maintenir une pression tant sur les médias occidentaux que les organisations des droits de l'homme, hommes politiques de gauches en particulier et associations militantes.", "page": "4", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00378773/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Mauritania", "when": "late 1980s - 2005"}]}, {"name": "Fords Public Interest Technology campaign", "aliases": ["Fords Public Interest Technology campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation; public interest technology program"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1936", "mechanism": "The foundation funds research, fellowships, and programs that shape public interest tech agendas, partners with influential orgs (e.g., Mozilla) to amplify initiatives, and supports technical projects and tools through grantees.", "quote": "The Ford Foundation runs a Public Interest Technology program and funds fellowships and projects addressing privacy, algorithmic bias, and technology for social justice, but its core mission is broader philanthropy rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fordfoundation.org/campaigns/public-interest-tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Foreign Correspondents' Club of China (FCCC)", "aliases": ["Foreign Correspondents' Club of China (FCCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["news media diversity", "press freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media Censorship in China", "author": "Xu, Beina", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Documented and reported instances of government interference with foreign media, acting as a transparency and advocacy group for journalists. It later engaged in self-censorship by stopping the publication of its figures to ensure its own continued operation.", "quote": "Foreign Correspondents Club of China reported 178 cases of interference with foreign media in 2008, but it has since stopped publishing figures on its website to ensure its continued operation.", "page": "4", "url": "files.ethz.ch", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2008–2014"}]}, {"name": "Forensic Society of Wiley College", "aliases": ["Forensic Society of Wiley College"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established to enhance students' intellectual ingenuity through participation in argumentation contests, contributing to the development of their discourse abilities and competitive standards.", "quote": "Il poeta e accademico Melvin Beaunorus Tolson istituì la Forensic Society of Wiley College con l'intento di incrementare la fervida ingegnosità intellettuale dei suoi studenti.", "page": "20", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)", "aliases": ["Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["environmental protection", "environmental sustainability", "social well-being"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e moderação de conteúdo: o sistema CONTENT ID ea proteção dos direitos autorais na plataforma Youtube", "author": "IA Hartmann, LA da Silva", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides certification for sustainably managed forests and forest products, establishing standards and a voluntary self-regulatory framework for the timber industry.", "quote": "e o Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.revistasuninter.com/iusgentium/index.php/iusgentium/article/view/503", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube platform, Brazil, United States", "when": "Post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ForHumanity Europe", "aliases": ["ForHumanity Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit public charity; certification and audit advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "ForHumanity develops certification and audit schemes, publishes articles and a Body of Knowledge, offers training/certification for auditors, and runs EU AI Act and DSA-related projects to shape auditability and governance of AI used by platforms.", "quote": "Direct work on independent AI audits, certification schemes, EU AI Act and Digital Services Act-related projects touching platform safety and algorithmic governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://forhumanity.center/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Forms Camp", "aliases": ["Forms Camp"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["court administration non-profit; professional association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1971", "mechanism": "NCSC produces resources, guidance, and events (e.g., eCourts, AI resources, conferences) and partners with courts and private industry to shape court technology and AI practices.", "quote": "NCSC's core mission is court administration and access to justice; it engages on AI, technology, and ethics issues that touch platform governance but does not primarily focus on consumer-facing platform moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ncsc.org/consulting-and-research/areas-of-expertise/access-to-justice/forms-camp/forms-camp-2024?mc_cid=cba932ff6c", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights", "aliases": ["Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "institutional autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (Rumsfeld v. FAIR) concerning federal statutes and First Amendment protections, providing a legal comparison for the nature of speech and conduct on online platforms.", "quote": "the court concluded that social media providers do not engage in conduct only, which might otherwise disqualify them from First Amendment protections as it did in Rumsfeld v. FAIR and PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins.", "page": "21", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc.", "aliases": ["Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["freedom of association", "intellectual freedom", "property rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Litigated (Rumsfeld v.) to challenge government conditions on funding that impacted their right to expressive association by requiring access for military recruiters on law school campuses.", "quote": "Cf. Rumsfeld v. Forum For Academic Institutional Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47 (2006) (holding that a military recruiter's presence on a law school campus does not violate the law school's right to associate).", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "Forum for Dialogue Foundation", "aliases": ["Forum for Dialogue Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Implementing local history programs to integrate Holocaust narratives into local identity, increasing interest in Jewish heritage, and improving intergroup relations.", "quote": "increasing interest in local Jewish heritage in small Polish towns (School of Dialogue programme by Forum for Dialogue Foundation).", "page": "199", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Forum for IT Employees (FITE)", "aliases": ["Forum for IT Employees (FITE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global", "India"], "media": [], "norms": ["job security", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating in Obscurity: How Indian Content Moderators Work in Global Content Moderation Value Chains", "author": "Ahmad, Sana; Krzywdzinski, Martin", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "FITE was established as a response to growing layoffs within Indian IT companies, demonstrating its function in organizing and advocating for the job security and rights of IT employees.", "quote": "Both the Union for ITeS Professional (UNITES) and the Forum for IT Employees (FITE) were formed primarily in response to increasing layoffs at Indian IT firms (Noronha and D'Cruz 2020).", "page": "90", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5319/chapter/3800155/Moderating-in-Obscurity-How-Indian-Content", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "India, Global Content Moderation Value Chains", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST)", "aliases": ["Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership organization; technical incident-response community"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "FIRST develops and promotes operational standards (CVSS, EPSS), runs SIGs and information-sharing mechanisms used by platform security teams, and leverages member partnerships to influence operational practices and transparency in handling abuse and vulnerabilities.", "quote": "FIRST focuses on cybersecurity and incident response and runs SIGs (Digital Safety, AI Security, Public Policy) that occasionally engage with platform safety, abuse, and AI-related governance topics but its core mission is operational security rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.first.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Forum on Internet Censorship", "aliases": ["Forum on Internet Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discourse and opposition against Internet censorship in Australia.", "quote": "Electronic Frontiers Australia and the Forum on Internet Censorship, amongst others play an important role in this regard.", "page": "14", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Forum on Internet Rights", "aliases": ["Forum on Internet Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["content moderation", "legal clarity", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The Forum made recommendations, for example, proposing to extend specific liability regimes for hosting providers to forum operators under certain conditions. This indicates participation in shaping policy and regulatory frameworks for online content moderation.", "quote": "Dans le même ordre d'idées, dans sa recommandation du 8 juillet 2003, le Forum des droits sur l'internet a proposé d'étendre le régime de la responsabilité spécifique des hébergeurs aux personnes exploitant des forums de discussion...", "page": "54", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Forum Pemuda Lintas Agama (FPLA)", "aliases": ["Forum Pemuda Lintas Agama (FPLA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith harmony", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes dialogue and cooperation among religious youth through seminars and social activities, thereby contributing to interfaith harmony.", "quote": "In Sidrap, the Forum of Cross-Religious Youth (FPLA) promotes dialogue and cooperation through seminars and social activity.", "page": "7", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Forum Persaudaraan Umat Beriman", "aliases": ["Forum Persaudaraan Umat Beriman"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["minority rights", "religious harmony", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Established in Yogyakarta to curb religious conflict and advocate for minorities, serving as an interfaith brotherhood forum, and occasionally connects with FKUB for state support.", "quote": "The city also has the Yogyakarta Interfaith Brotherhood Forum (FPUB), founded on March 24, 1997. This forum was established in response to the potential growth of identity conflicts in public spaces.", "page": "19", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Forum Umat Islam", "aliases": ["Forum Umat Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Opposes the idea of pluralism and contributes to the rise of Islamic conservatism, leading to intolerant incidents in public spaces.", "quote": "groups such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), Front Jihad Islam (FJI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI) oppose the idea of pluralism.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE)", "aliases": ["Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (FIRE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Taboos and Self-Censorship Among U.S. Psychology Professors", "author": "Clark, Cory J.; Fjeldmark, Matias; Lu, Louise; Baumeister, Roy F.; Ceci, Stephen; Frey, Komi; Miller, Geoffrey; Reilly, Wilfred; Tice, Dianne; Von Hippel, William; Williams, Wendy M.; Winegard, Bo M.; Tetlock, Philip E.", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports documenting incidents where scholars are targeted for their teaching or scholarship, especially when perceived as harmful, thus advocating for and monitoring academic freedom.", "quote": "a report titled Scholars Under Fire by the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression reported hundreds of incidents of scholars targeted for their teaching or scholarship and often for speech perceived as harmful", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17456916241252085", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Psychology Academia", "when": "2021"}]}, {"name": "Foundational Research Institute", "aliases": ["Foundational Research Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research to understand and reduce suffering, including pondering ethical implications for reinforcement-learning agents' subjective happiness and moral standing.", "quote": "Brian Tomasik of the Foundational Research Institute, which aims to understand and reduce suffering, has pondered at some length the question of whether reinforcement-learning programs have moral standing", "page": "150", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Foundations", "aliases": ["Foundations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["policy advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring news content to promote specific policy choices, thereby influencing the media's editorial line on certain topics.", "quote": "Other publications have started to take more content that is sponsored by NGOs and foundations with an interest in shifting policy choices.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Four Paws UK", "aliases": ["Four Paws UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Public health", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FOUR PAWS runs public campaigns, press releases, sanctuaries and rescue operations globally to shape policy and public opinion on animal welfare; it leverages partnerships and media to pressure companies and authorities.", "quote": "FOUR PAWS focuses on animal welfare campaigns and rescue operations; platformized-content-governance is not a core mission and there is no evidence of sustained engagement on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.four-paws.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fox News", "aliases": ["Fox News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "professional expertise", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Frameline", "aliases": ["Frameline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Accepted Israeli government sponsorship, which was seen as an endorsement contributing to 'pinkwashing,' thus influencing cultural narratives, and faced opposition from other activist groups.", "quote": "Frameline's San Francisco LGBT Film Festival faced opposition from Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT), among other groups, for accepting Israeli government sponsorship.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "France 2 (French public television channel)", "aliases": ["France 2 (French public television channel)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["balance", "non-discrimination", "objectivity", "public order", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Public profane, public expert", "author": "S Perry, G Villeneuve", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The editorial staff and moderators of France 2 filter and select tweets to be displayed as subtitles during its 'Mots Croisés' program. This process involves correcting orthography, blocking tweets deemed unintelligible, factually false, insulting, racist, or discriminatory, and striving for a 'balance' of opinions, thereby controlling the public's on-screen voice.", "quote": "Les tweets « pertinents » sont corrigés de leurs fautes d'orthographe, avant d'être adressés à la régie où Brigitte Benkemoun, la rédactrice en chef, choisit ou non de les publier. Elle affirme bloquer deux types de tweets : ceux qu'elle ne comprend pas, et ceux qu'elle estime factuellement faux.", "page": "10", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-politiques-de-communication-2016-1-page-59?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France and England (broadcast television and social media platforms)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Franciscan Order (Arantzazu)", "aliases": ["Franciscan Order (Arantzazu)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "intellectual discourse"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition"], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura (s) en la traducción al/del vasco", "author": "I Uribarri Zenekorta", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Promoted and published the magazine 'Jakin' as a cultural and intellectual initiative in the Basque language. This publication faced repeated prohibitions by the state censor, demonstrating their role as cultural producers facing censorship.", "quote": "La revista Jakin, promovida en Aránzazu por los franciscanos, se distribuía al principio fotocopiada, pero cuando hacen una primera tirada en imprenta en 1961 la revista es prohibida; resurge en 1964, pero vuelve a ser prohibida esta vez por el ministro Fraga en 1969 hasta que vuelve a renacer en 1977.", "page": "8", "url": "https://ddd.uab.cat/record/107196", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Basque Country", "when": "1936–1983 (Franco's dictatorship and post-Franco transition)"}]}, {"name": "Frankfurter Rundschau", "aliases": ["Frankfurter Rundschau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "anti-fascism", "left-wing values", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Media in Democratizing Germany: United States Occupation Policy 1945–1949", "author": "Hartenian, Larry", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The editor of this US-licensed German newspaper, Emil Carlebach, was dismissed by the Military Government due to 'unsuitable political views and traits of character,' illustrating the direct application of personnel policy as a form of content moderation.", "quote": "MG dismissed Emil Carlebach, editor of the Frankfurter Rundschau, former Buchenwald inmate, and at that time Hessian parliamentary representative for the KPD. Col. Textor of ICD remarked that Carlebach was being dismissed because of his 'unsuitable political views and traits of character.'", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "US Zone of occupied Germany", "when": "1945–1949"}]}, {"name": "Franklin Furnace Archive, Inc.", "aliases": ["Franklin Furnace Archive, Inc."], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic expression", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Hosted daring exhibitions and performances that faced pressure from neoconservative groups, leading to funding withdrawals and the eventual closure of its basement performance space. Its director publicly opposed censorship.", "quote": "'The Carnival Knowledge Show,' Franklin Furnace, New York, was a daring exhibition and series of performances on the relationship of sex, pornography, and feminism. The show came under fire from a neoconservative group called the Morality Action Committee, who called for supporters of Franklin Furnace, including the NEA, to withdraw funding.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Fraser Library", "aliases": ["Fraser Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated as an association library providing books and reading materials for English Protestants, distinct from Catholic-controlled parish libraries.", "quote": "English Protestants in Montreal who belonged to association libraries like the Mechanics’ Institute (est. 1828) or the Fraser Library (est. 1885)", "page": "104", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fraser Library (Montreal)", "aliases": ["Fraser Library (Montreal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["reading society"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated as an association library, providing books and periodicals, serving as an alternative to religiously controlled libraries.", "quote": "English Protestants in Montreal who belonged to association libraries like the Mechanics’ Institute (est. 1828) or the Fraser Library (est. 1885)", "page": "104", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy)", "aliases": ["Fratelli d'Italia (Brothers of Italy)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic protectionism", "national sovereignty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Promotes economic nativist rhetoric on Twitter, stressing national economic interests over foreign pressure to align with far-right transnational concerns.", "quote": "This interpretation is particularly the case for organizations coming from the so-called tradition of the Social Right (Destra Sociale) in Italy and France, like the party Fratelli d’Italia and the Front National.", "page": "100", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights", "aliases": ["Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["far right ideology", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in offline rallies (Charlottesville) to publicly demonstrate far-right strength and promote their ideology.", "quote": "Right rally in Charlottesville... attended by Richard Spencer, David Duke, the Klan, League of the South, Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, Daily Stormer clubs...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Fraticelli", "aliases": ["Fraticelli"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Influenced refoundation movements within established religious orders by advocating for a more rigorous and original interpretation of Christian life, implicitly challenging perceived laxity.", "quote": "Ces mouvements de refondation des ordres, perceptibles tout par- ticulièrement chez les franciscains et les dominicains, furent en large part tributaires de l'influence des fraticelli et de l'œuvre de Savonarole.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Fraunhofer ISI", "aliases": ["Fraunhofer ISI"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["applied research institute / innovation policy research centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy briefs, research publications, and EU-funded projects and runs webinars and joint publications to inform policymakers and industry (e.g., coordination of EU projects and joint work with Amazon Europe).", "quote": "Fraunhofer ISI runs cross-cutting research on Artificial Intelligence and provides policy advice to industry and public institutions, indicating engagement with platform and AI governance topics though not as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/en.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "FrEE", "aliases": ["FrEE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["digital freedom", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Contributed a text to a discussion list, thereby engaging in and shaping the discourse on the philosophical and practical divisions within the movement for communication rights.", "quote": "Le fondateur de FrEE, organisme espagnol affilié au Electronic Frontier Foundation, s'est notamment penché sur cette division dans un texte lancé sur une liste de discussion de l'organisme états-unien Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}]}, {"name": "Free and Community Radios", "aliases": ["Free and Community Radios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["alternative media", "community engagement", "localism", "media critique"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1910, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A contribuição do Facebook para o rádio em cenário transmídia", "author": "JC van Haandel, FM dos Santos Ramos", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "These alternative radio proposals emerged from social movements, challenging the established media landscape by offering segmented content and different modes of communication, thus influencing content selection and audience engagement outside mainstream broadcasting norms.", "quote": "Também é nesta época que ocorre a popularização das transmissões em frequência modulada e da segmentação dos conteúdos nas emissoras, além da emergência de propostas alternativas como as rádios livres e as rádios comunitárias (cf. FERRARETTO, 2000).", "page": "3", "url": "https://periodicos.ufop.br/radio-leituras/article/view/321", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Brazil and Portugal", "when": "1910s - early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Free Culture Movement", "aliases": ["Free Culture Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States", "Western democracies"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "cultural freedom", "democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambiguities and Imperatives of Market Censorship: The Brief History of a Critical Concept", "author": "Jansen, Sue", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This international movement organizes resistance to market censorship by creating and promoting spaces for freer and more democratic cultural production and distribution, challenging market excesses.", "quote": "The web has created some significant spaces for organized resistance to market censorship. The Free Culture movement, in its various manifestations, has gained international momentum.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/146/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with broader references to Western democracies and international contexts)", "when": "17th-21st century, with emphasis on post-Cold War neoliberalism"}]}, {"name": "Free Expression Network", "aliases": ["Free Expression Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP", "author": "Heins, Marjorie", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Free Expression Network serves as a forum for discussing and documenting censorship decisions made by online entities and domain services.", "quote": "Svetlana Mintcheva, post to Free Expression Network (Feb. 7, 2010) (in author's files) (describing decision by domain Network Solutions to eject The File Room censorship archive because of a Nan Goldin photograph", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Free Expression Policy Project", "aliases": ["Free Expression Policy Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF SOCIAL MEDIA CENSORSHIP", "author": "Heins, Marjorie", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Free Expression Policy Project conducts and publishes research and policy reports that analyze the impact of intellectual property legislation, like DMCA Section 512, on free speech and how such laws incentivize censorship by online platforms.", "quote": "LAURA QUILTER & MARJORIE HEINS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND FREE SPEECH IN THE ONLINE WORLD 9, 14 (2007), http://www.fep project.org/policyreports/quilterheinsreport.pdf", "page": "5", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Free German Youth", "aliases": ["Free German Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "youth interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Criticized state regulations on dance music, specifically an 'Anordnung' (order), leading the state commission to reconsider its policy.", "quote": "When it was finally published, the Anordnung was immediately criticised by the FDJ, and Hartig was forced to reconsider it.", "page": "94", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Free Library", "aliases": ["Free Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'shadow library' by migrating content, such as academic works, to IPFS, providing decentralized access to information that might otherwise be subject to copyright restrictions.", "quote": "At ①, the Free Library project, a shadow library similar to Libgen or Sci-Hub, announced that it was operating on IPFS [44,75].", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Free love movement", "aliases": ["Free love movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Western societies"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["consent", "free speech", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex-influencer. Liberare il sesso tra logiche di mercato e culture digitali", "author": "CM Scarcelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates of free love rejected traditional views of sexuality, arguing that consensual sexual relationships should not be subject to legal regulation. They promoted sexual freedom and expression, actively shaping public norms and challenging established moral frameworks.", "quote": "Le sostenitrici e i sostenitori dell'amore libero rifiutavano le visioni tradizionali della sessualità e ritenevano che le relazioni sessuali tra parti consenzienti non dovessero essere regolate dalla legge.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.riviste.morlacchilibri.com/index.php/quaderniditeoriasociale/article/view/477", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Digital cultures and social media platforms (TikTok, Instagram, YouTube), with historical context on Western societies.", "when": "Post-1960s, focusing on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Free Republic", "aliases": ["Free Republic"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political conservatism", "political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media and Political Polarization", "author": "Prior, Markus", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Operating as an online platform, Free Republic performs content gatekeeping by frequently avoiding news stories favorable to Democrats and instead presenting content that aligns with pro-Republican views.", "quote": "Baum & Groeling (2008) show that http://www.DailyKos.com is much more likely to pick up wire stories favorable to Democrats, whereas http://www.FoxNews.com and http://www.FreeRepublic.com often avoid these stories and present pro-Republican content.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, post-1970s", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Free Speech and Content Moderation on Social Media | ACS", "aliases": ["Free Speech and Content Moderation on Social Media | ACS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal/constitutional advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "ACS convenes events, publishes issue briefs and expert commentary, and mobilizes a national chapter network to shape legal and public debates on free speech and content moderation.", "quote": "ACS's core mission is broad constitutional and legal advocacy, but it convenes events and publishes analysis on platform-related topics (e.g., 'Free Speech and Content Moderation on Social Media').", "page": "", "url": "https://www.acslaw.org/event/free-speech-and-content-moderation-on-social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free Speech and Online Platforms - Civics Learning Project", "aliases": ["Free Speech and Online Platforms - Civics Learning Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["educational non-profit; civic education organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes lesson plans, resources, and curricular materials on free speech and online platforms to shape civic understanding and classroom discussion of platform-related issues.", "quote": "Provides classroom resources and lesson plans addressing free speech and online platforms as part of its civic education work, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://civicslearning.org/resources/free-speech-and-online-platforms/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free speech on social media rapid debate - October 2024 |", "aliases": ["Free speech on social media rapid debate - October 2024 |"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local debating club / civic discussion group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes public debate summaries and convenes diverse audiences in central London, shaping public discussion and framing issues related to social media and free speech.", "quote": "The Sylvans organise public debates that occasionally address platform governance topics (e.g., a debate on free speech on social media) but their core mission is civic discussion, not platform policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://sylvans.org.uk/free-speech-on-social-media-rapid-debate-october-2024/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free Speech Online at Risk? Implications of the Murthy v. Missouri ...", "aliases": ["Free Speech Online at Risk? Implications of the Murthy v. Missouri ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy advocacy organization / model policy drafting group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "ALEC drafts and distributes model policies and resolutions to state and federal policymakers, operates task forces and policy centers, and publishes commentary and model legislation to shape legislative and oversight approaches to platform governance.", "quote": "Publishes articles and model resolutions on ‘protecting online free speech’ and urges Congress to prohibit federal employees from coercing social media platforms, directly addressing platform governance and Section 230 oversight.", "page": "", "url": "https://alec.org/article/free-speech-online-at-risk-implications-of-the-murthy-v-missouri-decision/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free Speech Policy - UJS", "aliases": ["Free Speech Policy - UJS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["student representative organisation; advocacy group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "UJS issues public policy statements and campaigns to shape campus speaker policies, represents JSocs to student unions and universities, and leverages student-movement coalitions to press for enforcement of No Platform rules against groups they deem to incite violence.", "quote": "UJS advocates policy on No Platform and free speech on university campuses, directly engaging in moderation/denial-of-platform debates though its core remit is student representation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ujs.org.uk/free_speech_policy", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Free-and-easies", "aliases": ["Free-and-easies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provided informal social settings where radical ideas and texts, like Southey's 'Wat Tyler', were read and discussed, facilitating the underground circulation and exchange of dissenting content.", "quote": "He also attended one of the London ?free-and-easies? (18). A few weeks later, parts of Southey?s insurrectionary play Wat Tyler were read at another London free-and-easy.", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Freecycle Network", "aliases": ["Freecycle Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "environmental sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as an online platform that helps communities to exchange belongings for free, aiming to reduce landfill waste and strengthen local connections.", "quote": "In a similar vein, other websites, social platforms and apps such as Next-Door (...), TrashNothing (...), and Freecycle (...) also aim to help communities and reduce landfill waste by recycling belongings as gifts within neighbourhoods and cities.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Freedom", "aliases": ["Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-authoritarianism", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A fortnightly anarchist newspaper that, despite being slow to adopt the Internet, used it for publicity and article dissemination, embodying a stance of challenging authority.", "quote": "The British anarchist newspaper Freedom has noted the frequent appearance of the word 'anarchy' in a positive sense, as used by many commentators and Internet users to describe the modus operandi of the system.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom Box Foundation", "aliases": ["Freedom Box Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["decentralization", "privacy", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops the 'Freedom Box' Debian-derived distribution, enabling users to easily set up personal servers for self-hosting free software, thereby contributing to internet decentralization.", "quote": "Freedom Box est une distribution (dérivée de Debian) qui permet de monter facilement un petit serveur personnel installable sur un ordinateur monocarte comme le Raspeberry Pi. Le serveur personnel permet d’installer en un seul clic tout un ensemble de logiciels libres permettant de décentraliser Internet par l’autohébergement.", "page": "73", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Freedom for Journalists Platform", "aliases": ["Freedom for Journalists Platform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists", "author": "Arsan, Esra", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organizes demonstrations and collective actions to protest governmental pressure and censorship directed toward the press, transforming these issues into a massive public reaction.", "quote": "Demonstrations were organized by various journalism associations under the name “Freedom for Journalists Platform” (Gazetecilere Özgürlük Platformu).", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom of Choice (Mezhregionalnaya Obschestvenaya Organisatsiya ‘Svoboda Vybora’)", "aliases": ["Freedom of Choice (Mezhregionalnaya Obschestvenaya Organisatsiya ‘Svoboda Vybora’)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil discourse", "democratic participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established a web forum to discuss, organize, and coordinate protest actions among motorists, enabling citizens to express themselves, discuss politics, and mobilize civic activism.", "quote": "Online discussions on Internet forums were especially popular. The inter regional non-governmental organization Freedom of Choice (Mezhregionalnaya Obschestvenaya Organisatsiya ‘Svoboda Vybora’ (http://www.19may.ru/forum/ index.php)) established its web forum to discuss, organize and coordinate protest actions among motorists (car owners).", "page": "361", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom of Expression Institute (FXI)", "aliases": ["Freedom of Expression Institute (FXI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["free speech", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on broadcasting independence and critiques incidents of censorship or self-censorship, serving to monitor and advocate for media freedom.", "quote": "FXI (2008) The Broadcasting Independence Handbook: Lessons from the South African Experience, Report by the Freedom of Expression Institute, Johannesburg: FXI.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Freedom of the Press Foundation", "aliases": ["Freedom of the Press Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["press freedom nonprofit; digital security and open-source technology provider"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "FPF develops and distributes SecureDrop (technical infrastructure), maintains the U.S. Press Freedom Tracker (monitoring/documentation), and pursues litigation and advocacy to hold government actors accountable, shaping the environment in which platform policies affect journalists.", "quote": "FPF's core mission is defending press freedom and building secure tools for journalists; it engages in advocacy and documents press freedom incidents that touch platform governance but platform policy is not its primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://freedom.press/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Freedom Press", "aliases": ["Freedom Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An anarchist publishing house that published theoretical journals and newspapers, later using the Internet to publicize its publications and archive anarchist writings.", "quote": "Freedom Press (http://www.ecn.org/freedom/) uses the Internet as little more than a means of publicity for an established publishing programme (in the case of Freedom, this includes a fortnightly newspaper, a quarterly journal and an extensive backlist under the Freedom Press imprint).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "FreeGate", "aliases": ["FreeGate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Offers censorship circumvention tools, enabling users to access blocked content and services.", "quote": "Some of the widely used tools in Iran include Tor [41], Green Simurgh [15], FreeGate [13], Your Freedom [48], and Ultrasurf [43], as well as VPNs and SSH tunnels.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Freegle", "aliases": ["Freegle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["community governance", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a local, democratically governed peer-to-peer platform for sharing consumer goods, fostering community self-organization to promote reuse and waste reduction.", "quote": "Freegle, for example, is a local democratically governed peer-to-peer platform in the United Kingdom for sharing consumer goods, with an ethic of reuse and waste reduction...", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Freelancers Union", "aliases": ["Freelancers Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Works to organize freelance workers and advocate for fair pay and decent working conditions, pushing back against the precarious nature of platformized labor.", "quote": "c) sindicatos de trabalhadores freelancer, como Freelancers Union, Canadian Freelance Union, ações sindicais de jornalistas freelancer na Suécia, além do #FairPayForFreelancers.", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Freemasonry (in Brazil)", "aliases": ["Freemasonry (in Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual rights", "secularism"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura", "author": "SRC Martins", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engaged in a struggle against the Catholic Church's pervasive control over fundamental societal aspects like education, legislation, and social norms, advocating for liberal ideals.", "quote": "Assim, a luta dos liberais, sobretudo da maçonaria, voltou-se contra a Igreja.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/rfdusp/article/view/149534", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1824-2016"}]}, {"name": "Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism", "aliases": ["Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "heteronormativity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Perceived by the popular imagination in postcolonial Africa as associated with illicit enrichment and sexual transgression, contributing to a moral panic and homophobia, which acts as a form of social shaming and norm enforcement against these groups.", "quote": "L'élite est de plus en plus associée dans l'imaginaire populaire avec la franc-maçonnerie (ou avec la Rose-Croix) ; cette association est également très forte au Gabon ; dans d'autres pays francophones, c'est plus récemment que ce lien est devenu un enjeu public.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Freemasonry lodges in Dalmatia", "aliases": ["Freemasonry lodges in Dalmatia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Cisalpine Republic", "Dalmatia", "Illyrian Provinces", "Kingdom of Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["orthodoxy", "professional honour", "quality standards"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1803, "when_max": 1813, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bartolomeo Benincasa censore generale delle Province illiriche (1810-1811)", "author": "F Bouchard", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The lodges were subject to scrutiny and commentary by Bartolomeo Benincasa, acting in his capacity as a state official. His evaluation of their 'regular, orthodox, respectable' status indicates a form of state oversight and social moderation regarding their public existence and activities.", "quote": "Tra queste e altre considerazioni sui liberi muratori, si premura di aggiungere che «la cosa è regolare, ortodossa, rispettabilissima; ha dei membri per merito e qualità e grado distintissimi, ha consistenza, lavori, buon locale»", "page": "9", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-03529816/document", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Illyrian Provinces (Laybach/Ljubljana), Dalmatia, Cisalpine Republic, Kingdom of Italy", "when": "1803–1813"}]}, {"name": "Freemasons", "aliases": ["Freemasons"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Involved in social norms around authenticity; their practices, particularly \"deception and disguise", "quote": "implying norm-enforcement pressure.\"", "page": "Secrecy, authenticity (by contrast, due to concerns over deception and disguise).", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Freemuse", "aliases": ["Freemuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international advocacy NGO for artistic freedom"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Freemuse produces the annual 'State of Artistic Freedom' report, documents violations, runs campaigns (e.g., Music Freedom Day) and leverages UN/UNESCO consultative status to influence policy and public debate on censorship and artistic freedom.", "quote": "Freemuse's core mission is artistic freedom and cultural diversity; it documents censorship (including social media-driven incidents) and uses evidence-based advocacy to influence policy and practices affecting expression on platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.freemuse.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Freenet Project", "aliases": ["Freenet Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective / NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Sudan", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides a distributed, anonymous information storage and retrieval system designed for censorship resistance, allowing users to publish and access content without fear of detection or removal.", "quote": "\"Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System", "page": "in Proceedings of Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies.\"", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "FreeTheNipple movement", "aliases": ["FreeTheNipple movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "gender equality", "nudity policy reform"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participer à la modération sur les réseaux sociaux: définir, appliquer et contester les règles", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Launched public awareness campaigns, used artistic expression, garnered celebrity support and media attention to create 'bad buzz', pressuring platforms like Facebook to modify content rules on female nudity.", "quote": "L'affaire rebondit en 2012 quand débute le mouvement #FreeTheNipple («Libérez le téton »). La mobilisation vise à susciter une prise de conscience en maniant habilement l'absurde: des artistes lancent par exemple un concours de retouches de photographies de femmes à la poitrine dénudée, en remplaçant leurs tétons par des tétons masculins (qui eux, ont le droit de cité sur la plateforme).", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/PARTI_029_0239?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global Social Media Platforms, with a focus on US examples", "when": "1990s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Freethought Movement / Birth Control Movement", "aliases": ["Freethought Movement / Birth Control Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "sexual literacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Produced and circulated materials on freethinking and birth control, which were specifically targeted by postal and customs censorship as illicit content.", "quote": "the work of freethinkers and birth control advocates.48 Postal censorship was especially important in targeting the latter—vigorously policing the ingress of sexual literacy into domestic space", "page": "17", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61883/chapter/547766047", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on European, colonial, and various national contexts", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, FDP)", "aliases": ["Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party, FDP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Their community manager's practice of *not intervening* in Facebook conversations, combined with publishing lengthy text statuses, shapes the online discourse by adopting a 'silent moderation' approach.", "quote": "ce parti a choisi de ne jamais intervenir dans les conversations. Cela témoigne-t-il d'un règlement du parti à l'interne? La marge de manœuvre de l'animateur dans l'équipe de communication peut avoir un effet sur le développement d'échanges sur les RSN de partis politiques.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Freie Deutsche Jugend", "aliases": ["Freie Deutsche Jugend"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Criticized a state-issued order banning private engagements of amateur musicians, indicating a form of public pressure against censorial practices.", "quote": "When it was finally published, the Anordnung was immediately criticised by the FDJ, and Hartig was forced to reconsider it.", "page": "97", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth)", "aliases": ["Freie Deutsche Jugend (Free German Youth)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political orthodoxy", "socialism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Actively participated in the bureaucratic attack against the play 'A Emigrante' by Heiner Müller, alongside state authorities, attempting to control artistic expression and ensure ideological alignment.", "quote": "Na véspera da estreia, vários responsáveis do Ministério da Cultura e da FDJ (Freie Deutsche Jugend / Juventude Livre Alemã), o movimento comunista oficial da juventude da RDA, tentam assistir ao ensaio geral...", "page": "187", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Freies Sender Kombinat (FSK) Hamburg", "aliases": ["Freies Sender Kombinat (FSK) Hamburg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides airtime, studio access, and legal advocacy support for refugee radio programs (like RRN), acting as an established media structure that grants legitimacy and enables refugees to speak about their problems.", "quote": "After 2018-19, the RRN transitioned to traditional forms of broadcast by securing airtime at the free radio station FSK in Hamburg.", "page": "98", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e. V.", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e. V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["content responsibility", "content self-regulation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation on social networks: The policies of platforms faced with new content regulation obligations in Europe", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a party to this voluntary self-regulation body for multimedia service providers, contributing to and abiding by its content standards and self-moderation framework.", "quote": "In addition to the industry associations above, we are a party to FSM (Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e. V.)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/journal-reseaux-2021-1-page-87?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Germany", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V.", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "consumer protection", "self-regulation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Acts as a self-regulatory advisory body for protecting youth online, operating hotlines for consumer complaints which are then forwarded to platforms for review.", "quote": "Each of these platforms was also a member of the self-regulatory advisory body on protecting youth online, Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (FSM), though the platforms do not seem to have consulted FSM up to this point.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (FSM e.V.)", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (FSM e.V.)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association (non-profit)"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A non-profit association responsible for the protection of minors in the internet, handling user complaints for violations of laws protecting minors in media, and serving as a model for self-regulation institutions.", "quote": "These self-regulation institutions appear to be 'modeled after the German Association for Voluntary Self-Regulation of Digital Media service providers (FSM e.V.), a non-profit association responsible for the protection of minors in the Internet' which handles user complaints for violations of a law protecting minors in the media.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (FSM)", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (FSM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["self-regulatory organization; industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "FSM operates a complaints handling mechanism that legally reviews reports, can request content removal or forward anonymized cases to state authorities, and acts as youth protection officer for major platform and telecom members.", "quote": "FSM operates a complaints office, processes reports of illegal and youth-endangering online content, and serves as youth protection officer for member platforms and providers.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internet-beschwerdestelle.de/de/ueber-uns/ueber-die-fsm.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (Voluntary Self-Regulation of Multimedia Service Providers)", "aliases": ["Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V. (Voluntary Self-Regulation of Multimedia Service Providers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "platform autonomy", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La lutte contre les contenus haineux sur les plateformes de médias sociaux: une analyse comparative d'approches de régulation", "author": "DP Mouketou", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Serves as an external self-regulation authority in Germany, providing legal consultation to platforms like Facebook for content whose legality is difficult to determine under the NetzDG law.", "quote": "Facebook se dirige alors vers le FSM (Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e.V.), une autorité d'autorégulation allemande pour une consultation juridique externe", "page": "32", "url": "https://espace.enap.ca/id/eprint/250/", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, European Union (Canada context), social media platforms", "when": "2016-2021"}]}, {"name": "French Academies", "aliases": ["French Academies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["national culture", "scientific progress", "state service"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Functioned as agents of the absolutist state, centralizing culture, standardizing language, and conducting research dictated by state needs.", "quote": "The members of the Paris Académie before the Revolution were agents of the absolutist state, and the Académie itself was part of the absolutist project to centralize culture around the king.", "page": "297", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "French Academy of Sciences", "aliases": ["French Academy of Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional caution", "intellectual property", "scientific prestige"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La empresa e la razón", "author": "LA Notario", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The Academy acted as a passive gatekeeper by failing to publish René-Antoine Ferchault de Réamur's technical work for ninety years, thus preventing its dissemination due to internal inertia and fears of plagiarism from rival countries.", "quote": "La Academia, por desidia y temor al plagio de los países rivales de Francia, no había publicado nada en noventa años.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/30231121", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "France, European Enlightenment", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "French Corporate Bodies", "aliases": ["French Corporate Bodies"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["local autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Continuously challenged the centralizing monarchical state by asserting their independent powers, privileges, and specific jurisdictions.", "quote": "The monarchical state continued to confront the challenge of feudal parcellization, not only opposition from dynastic rivals but claims to independent powers and privileges by the aristocracy and various corporate entities, guilds, estates, provinces and towns.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "French Digital Council (Conseil national du numérique - CNNum)", "aliases": ["French Digital Council (Conseil national du numérique - CNNum)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["data access", "economic liberty", "free speech", "innovation", "user power"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Myth of Platform Neutrality", "author": "Chander, Anupam; Krishnamurthy, Vivek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Council contributes to the policy discourse on platform neutrality by offering definitions and perspectives on how platform neutrality can be viewed, influencing discussions around content regulation and user empowerment.", "quote": "The Council does not, in fact, demand that platforms remain neutral with respect to the speech of all users. ... “Platform neutrality can be viewed from two angles: the traditional defensive angle designed to protect liberties, including freedom of expression, free trade, free access to data and content and free competition; or the offensive angle aimed at developing user power in the long term, promoting economic and social progress, creating the right conditions for a multitude of user types and encouraging innovation.”", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4849156", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube), with a focus on USA, Europe, and China", "when": "21st century platform era (with historical context from 1980s)"}]}, {"name": "French Episcopate", "aliases": ["French Episcopate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: La Littérature française du XIXe siècle mise à l'Index. Les Procédures. Jean-Baptiste Amadieu: Le Censeur critique littéraire. Les …", "author": "C Arnold", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Initially, they maintained 'Gallican reserve,' which implied resistance to the full authority of the Roman Index in France. Over time, they abandoned this stance and conformed to the Roman book prohibitions, thereby reinforcing the censorship system.", "quote": "Amadieu fasst auch die Rezeption der Indexverbote in Frankreich in den Blick und zeichnet nach, wie sich die hergebrachte >>gallikanische<< Zurückhaltung (»Index non viget in Gallia«) allmählich im Rahmen der ultramontanen Mobilisierung verlor und sich auch die französischen Bischöfe und die Gläubigen auf die römischen Bücherverbote einließen.", "page": "322", "url": "https://rjkg.de/ojs/index.php/rjkg/article/download/93057/92885", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Vatican", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "French Jewish associations", "aliases": ["French Jewish associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "historical memory", "racial equality"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Initiated legal proceedings against Yahoo! France for permitting the sale of Nazi memorabilia, which redirected to Yahoo! US.", "quote": "Associacions jueves franceses portaren Yahoo! França als tribunals perquè permetia aquestes compres redireccionant cap a Yahoo! dels Estats Units.", "page": "4", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "French Journalists' Union", "aliases": ["French Journalists' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Criticized the French law ('Code électoral') regarding the judge's power to order removal of news, viewing it as 'liberticida' (liberticidal). This implies active monitoring and public critique of legal frameworks impacting journalistic freedom.", "quote": "Le maggiori critiche del principale sindacato dei giornalisti francesi ha riguardato la circostanza che il giudice decide sulla rimozione entro 48 ore, lamentandone la «visione liberticida»", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}]}, {"name": "French Publishers' Guild", "aliases": ["French Publishers' Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural recognition", "literary merit"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Awarding a prestigious international literary prize, which grants recognition to authors and their works, influencing their international reception and potentially creating pressure on censorship bodies.", "quote": "Heinrich Böll rebé a França el premi a la millor novel·la estrangera traduïda aquell any, per Haus ohne Hüter (‘Casa sense amo'), lliurat pel gremi d'editors d'aquell país.", "page": "2", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "French television channel viewing committees", "aliases": ["French television channel viewing committees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "harm reduction", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure répressive et censure structurale : comment penser la censure dans le processus de communication ?", "author": "Martin, Laurent", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These committees operate on the principle of 'auto-régulation' for television content, functioning as a form of oversight and control that moves beyond traditional censorship.", "quote": "le Bureau de vérification de la publicité (BVP) ou les comités de visionnage des chaînes de télévision en France sont autant d'instances bâties sur ce principe. Il n'y a plus de censure, il n'y a plus que de la « régulation », mieux, de l'« auto-régulation »", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/questionsdecommunication/461", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and other Western democracies (e.g., UK, US)", "when": "19th to 21st century (post-1848 democratic era)"}]}, {"name": "Frente Ampla", "aliases": ["Frente Ampla"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political organization / social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This opposition political group was prohibited by the state, and its associated books and newspapers were seized, illustrating its role as a direct target of state censorship and repression.", "quote": "Ainda em 1967, [...] é formada a Frente Ampla, que reunia políticos da oposição. Esta é proibida em abril de 1968, quando são apreendidos livros e jornais considerados subversivos...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "Frente Cívico contra la Impunidad", "aliases": ["Frente Cívico contra la Impunidad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publicly commented on the ineffectiveness of censorship efforts initiated by others, arguing that the objective of reducing violence rates had not been achieved, thus participating in the discourse on moderation effectiveness.", "quote": "Miguel Ángel García Leyva, líder del Frente Cívico contra la Impunidad, manifestó que a poco más de un año... el objetivo de reducir los índices de violencia no se había logrado.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Frente Parlamentar Mista da Família e Apoio à Vida", "aliases": ["Frente Parlamentar Mista da Família e Apoio à Vida"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative social views", "family values", "right to life"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF), likely representing conservative views related to family values and opposing the expansion of criminalization for certain expressions on homotransphobia.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; a Associação Nacional de Juristas Evangélicos – ANAJURE; a Frente Parlamentar “Mista” da Família e Apoio à Vida; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Frente Parlamentar pelo Direito da Legítima Defesa", "aliases": ["Frente Parlamentar pelo Direito da Legítima Defesa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["legitimate defense", "private rights", "public rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocated against the disarmament referendum, raising questions about public and private rights and the efficacy of public policies.", "quote": "Buscamos investigar o debate midiático e os argumentos utilizados pelos representantes políticos e demais atores em favor do “sim” (Frente Parlamentar por um Brasil Sem Armas) e do movimento do “não” (Frente Parlamentar pelo Direito da Legítima Defesa).", "page": "69", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Frente Parlamentar por um Brasil Sem Armas", "aliases": ["Frente Parlamentar por um Brasil Sem Armas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Advocated for the disarmament referendum in Brazil, presenting arguments for peace and against violence in public debates and media.", "quote": "Buscamos investigar o debate midiático e os argumentos utilizados pelos representantes políticos e demais atores em favor do “sim” (Frente Parlamentar por um Brasil Sem Armas) e do movimento do “não” (Frente Parlamentar pelo Direito da Legítima Defesa).", "page": "69", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Frente Popular (Popular Front)", "aliases": ["Frente Popular (Popular Front)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political alliance"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "democratic integrity", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A coalition of left-wing parties and organizations that won the 1936 elections, engaged in political struggle against the military coup and fascist forces.", "quote": "As eleições de fevereiro de 1936 deram vitória à Frente Popular e, a partir disso, a situação na Espanha se deteriorou rapidamente.", "page": "50", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "FRi puljemodtagere - Globalt Fokus", "aliases": ["FRi puljemodtagere - Globalt Fokus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society network; grantmaker (Fund for Fundamental Rights initiative)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Globalt Fokus shapes platform-relevant debates by funding projects that produce educational materials, apps and research on algorithms, AI and misinformation, leveraging grant funding to enable civil-society interventions.", "quote": "Globalt Fokus primarily coordinates Danish civil society and awards grants (Fri Puljen) but funds multiple projects addressing platform-related issues (children's digital rights, misinformation on TikTok, algorithmic literacy).", "page": "", "url": "https://globaltfokus.dk/da/puljer/fri-puljen/fri-puljemodtagere", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "From Voicemails to Votes", "aliases": ["From Voicemails to Votes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech non-profit; government engagement research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Publishes research mapping congressional constituent engagement, issues recommendations for staff and vendors, and collaborates with government and civic actors to improve CRM UX and engagement workflows.", "quote": "Produces research on technology, processes, and UX for congressional constituent engagement (CRMs, workflows) which touches on information flows and platform-like systems but does not primarily target consumer-facing content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://v2v.opengovfoundation.org/?gi=899f7b2d35f6", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Front d'action civique contre l'abstention", "aliases": ["Front d'action civique contre l'abstention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic duty", "individual responsibility"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disqualification des conflictualités, rétrécissement du débat, invisibilisation des valeurs: la dépolitisation en discours", "author": "V Bonnet, E Marty, C Robert", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Orchestrated campaigns promoting voting, using rhetoric that denied political partisanship and instead framed voting as a moral and individual responsibility, thus depoliticizing abstention.", "quote": "Elle leur permet de se défendre d'être les agents d'une propagande gouvernementale tout en justifiant de la dimension morale de leurs adresses aux abstentionnistes.", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOTS_134_0009", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, international, digital platforms", "when": "Mid-20th century to contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Front de l'Indépendance", "aliases": ["Front de l'Indépendance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": ["Web platforms"], "norms": ["anti-nazism", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "‘Fake news’ as infrastructural uncanny", "author": "Gray, Jonathan; Bounegru, Liliana; Venturini, Tommaso", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Circulated an elaborate satirical fake issue of the newspaper 'Le Soir' through official distribution channels, taking aim at Hitler, Nazis, and Belgian collaborators to counter propaganda and express resistance.", "quote": "In November 1943, Belgian resistance movement Front de l'Indépendance circulated an elaborate satirical fake issue of Le Soir which took aim at Hitler, Nazis and Belgian collaborators, complete with fabricated advertisements, events and obituaries (Figure 2).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819856912", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Web and social media platforms, with focus on US, Macedonia, and Belgium (historically)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical comparison to mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Front for the Rebirth of Poland", "aliases": ["Front for the Rebirth of Poland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["discrimination", "national interest", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "A Catholic organization that published a pamphlet, 'Protest!', condemning German atrocities and Allied/Polish inaction, while also expressing anti-Semitic views.", "quote": "Zofia Kossak-Szczucka of the Front for the Rebirth of Poland (Front Odrodzenia Polski, FOP), a Catholic organization... published a pamphlet entitled Protest! in which she condemned the German atrocities...", "page": "153", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Front Jihad Islam", "aliases": ["Front Jihad Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Opposes the idea of pluralism and contributes to the rise of Islamic conservatism, leading to intolerant incidents in public spaces.", "quote": "groups such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), Front Jihad Islam (FJI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI) oppose the idea of pluralism.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Front Pembebasan Islam (Islamic Defenders Front)", "aliases": ["Front Pembebasan Islam (Islamic Defenders Front)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political conformity", "religious orthodoxy", "social exclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia", "author": "Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Staged mass demonstrations to challenge the election of non-Muslims, applied pressure to suppress pluralistic discourse, and promoted radical interpretations of Islam, resulting in its government ban.", "quote": "During his first term, pressure was also applied by Muslim organizations such as HTI¹ and FPI² to erase discourse on pluralism in the public space.", "page": "2", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/exch/52/3/article-p220_4.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Front Pembela Islam", "aliases": ["Front Pembela Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation and Deradicalization in Indonesian Higher Education: A Case Study of ITB and IPB", "author": "Fahrudin, Ali; Nasrulloh, Nasrulloh; Suhadak, Faridatus; Haris, Abdul; Kholqi, A.M. Sa’dul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Spreads radical ideologies and influences other groups, contributing to radicalism and acting as an anti-moderation force, thus undermining efforts towards religious moderation within the community.", "quote": "the results of Hamdi's study explain that the joints of NU have been infected with radicalism, this is due to the harmonious relationship between NU and the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) in Madura", "page": "5", "url": "https://jurnaledukasi.kemenag.go.id/edukasi/article/view/1974", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesian Higher Education (ITB and IPB universities)", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Front Pembela Islam (FPI)", "aliases": ["Front Pembela Islam (FPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Committed acts of violence, raided establishments, and conducted 'sweeping' operations to enforce sharia law, believing religious texts supersede man-made constitutions.", "quote": "Laskar Jihad and FPI often commit acts of violence. FPI more often raids amusement venues and does sweeping to those who do not follow Sharia, while Laskar Jihad sends its laskar to Maluku to defend Moslems who are in conflict with Christians.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Salafi movement, Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI)", "aliases": ["Front Pembela Islam (FPI), Salafi movement, Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-pluralism", "religious extremism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Infiltrate mainstream religious organizations and use their names to campaign and spread radical narratives, acting against the values of moderation.", "quote": "radical organizations such as HTI, FPI, Salafi, and MMI often infiltrate Indonesia's two largest mass organizations and often campaign using the big names of the two NU-Muhammadiyah organizations.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front)", "aliases": ["Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders Front)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["moderation", "non-violence"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Identified as a radical local Islamic group that is open and only active in Indonesia, using violence in its agenda if societal change is not achieved, representing an extreme view that religious moderation campaigns aim to counter.", "quote": "(4) organisasi terbuka dan hanya di Indonesia (misalnya, FPI).", "page": "6", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Front populaire biélorusse", "aliases": ["Front populaire biélorusse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Belarus"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "national identity", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gouverner la dissidence. Sociologie de la censure sous régime autoritaire : le cas du rock contestataire biélorusse:", "author": "Kryzhanouski, Yauheni", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Constituted as the main force of contestation against the Soviet regime in 1988-1989, and later continued to oppose the authoritarian structure established after 1996, with rock groups participating in its electoral campaigns and political demonstrations.", "quote": "En 1988-1989, ces mouvements se constituent en Front populaire biélorusse, principale force de contestation du régime soviétique.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2017-3-page-123.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Biélorussie", "when": "1983–2013 (Soviet and post-Soviet authoritarian regimes)"}]}, {"name": "Frontiers (journal series)", "aliases": ["Frontiers (journal series)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Acknowledges referees of accepted papers to increase transparency in peer review, allowing for identification of potential biases or conflicts of interest.", "quote": "There, the referees of accepted papers are fully acknowledged in the publication, the aim of which is not just to reward the referees (and protect their IP), but also to increase transparency.", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft", "aliases": ["Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "literary merit"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1676, "when_max": 1714, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Langue privée et censure politique: l'exemple de la princesse Palatine.", "author": "M Lefevre", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "The Princess Palatine contrasts her private, uncomposed letters with the 'belles lettres' produced by this society. This implies the society set standards for literary style and composition, acting as a norm-setter for public/published writing, which Liselotte actively disavowed for her personal correspondence.", "quote": "Je crois volontiers que nos lettres ne sont pas aussi belles que celles de Voiture et Balzac, ou de quelqu'un de la Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft (Académie de lettres). Nous ne les écrivons pas pour autrui, seulement pour nous.", "page": "70", "url": "Ophrys; ENS éditions", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France (Court of Louis XIV)", "when": "17th-18th century (1676–1714)"}]}, {"name": "FSFE", "aliases": ["FSFE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society digital rights NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "FSFE produces policy inputs and legal interventions (information), campaigns for enforcement of DMA and device neutrality (accountability/leveraging EU processes), provides tooling/REUSE resources (techno-infrastructure) and public awareness activities (symbolic).", "quote": "FSFE actively engages in EU platform-related policy debates (DMA, CRA, device neutrality), provides legal support and intervenes in cases affecting platform/device control and software freedom.", "page": "", "url": "https://fsfe.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "FSM - Voluntary Self-Regulation of Multimedia Service Providers", "aliases": ["FSM - Voluntary Self-Regulation of Multimedia Service Providers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modérer la parole sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Facebook is a party to FSM, a voluntary self-regulation institution for multimedia service providers. This indicates Facebook's participation in an industry-led framework for content moderation and compliance with voluntary codes of conduct to ensure acceptable online content.", "quote": "In addition to the industry associations above, we are a party to FSM (Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle Multimedia-Diensteanbieter e. V.)", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_225_0087", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, Facebook platform", "when": "late 2019"}]}, {"name": "FSM.de", "aliases": ["FSM.de"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["self-regulatory body / non-profit association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TSPA EMEA Summit 2025", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "FSM processes public complaints, publishes guidance and reports, conducts independent Prüfverfahren for providers, advises companies on implementation and hosts events and educational outreach to shape youth-protection practices on platforms.", "quote": "FSM is an industry-recognized self-regulatory body operating a complaints office and advising/oversight of online providers on youth protection and platform implementation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fsm.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim (Central Security Force of Abu Salim)", "aliases": ["Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim (Central Security Force of Abu Salim)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group exerting local control)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["local autonomy", "security", "social stability"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerted control over Tripoli as part of the 'Cuarteto de Trípoli', influencing political decisions and public life, and later renamed as the 'Apparatus of Support for Stabilization'.", "quote": "Las más beneficiadas han sido, no obstante, las agrupaciones del conocido como Cuarteto de Trípoli (la Brigada Nawasi, las Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión, el Batallón de los Revolucionarios de al-Ta jouri y la Fuerza Central de Seguridad de Abu Salim comandada por al-Kikli, más tarde renombrada como Aparato de Apoyo para la Estabilización).", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión (Special Deterrence Force)", "aliases": ["Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión (Special Deterrence Force)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group exerting local control)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["local autonomy", "security"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerted control over Tripoli, including the airport, and influenced political decisions, acting as an informal authority and enforcer of order.", "quote": "el equipo de al-Sarraj persuadió a Abdul Raouf Kara, líder del grupo híbrido y de ideología madjalí Fuerzas Especiales de Disuasión, de que prestara su apoyo al GNA. Kara controla el aeropuerto de Mitiga, el único en funcionamiento en la capital, por lo que su colaboración era necesaria para que el nuevo gobierno tuviera proyección internacional.", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Fugard Theatre", "aliases": ["Fugard Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-apartheid", "artistic freedom", "free speech", "human dignity", "racial equality"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Théâtre sud-africain: le spectre du grand censeur", "author": "S St-Jacques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As an emblem of anti-apartheid resistance, this mythical theatre stage created a space where artists of all races and origins could express their creativity and humanity, directly challenging the barbarity of racism and censorship imposed by the regime.", "quote": "Emblème du théâtre de la résistance anti-apartheid, scène mythique née de la vision du dramaturge Athol Fugard, qui a voulu défier la barbarie du racisme en créant un espace de liberté d'expression.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jeu/2021-n179-jeu06341/96711ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1970s – 2021"}]}, {"name": "FUGEA (Fédération Unie de Groupements d'Eleveurs et d'Agriculteurs)", "aliases": ["FUGEA (Fédération Unie de Groupements d'Eleveurs et d'Agriculteurs)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "individual autonomy", "sustainable agriculture"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided support for the first version of the play, suggesting alignment with advocating for farmers' interests and promoting certain agricultural models. This contributes to shaping the discourse on agricultural norms.", "quote": "Remerciements enfin à tous nos partenaires et soutiens de la première heure: ... la FUGEA", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Fukt Magazine", "aliases": ["Fukt Magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "editorial independence"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent magazine specialising in visual arts, focusing on contemporary aesthetics and themes, and promoting significant user interaction through its design, acting as a curated gatekeeper for visual culture that fosters independent engagement beyond purely digital consumption.", "quote": "Fukt è una rivista indipendente specializzata che si concentra sul cambiamento delle arti visive... si impegna a mostrare le estetiche e i temi che rappresentano il contemporaneo... puntando anche su una significativa interazione con l'utente.", "page": "17", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Full30", "aliases": ["Full30"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why the Government Should Not Regulate Content Moderation of Social Media", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A group of firearm enthusiasts created this alternative video-hosting platform to circumvent YouTube's content moderation policies, which they felt unfairly targeted videos containing firearms.", "quote": "A group of firearm enthusiasts decided to start a YouTube competitor, called Full30, which catered to the tastes of gun owners. Several popular firearms channels on YouTube have moved to the site.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/hrdo/entry/hrdo.HRD-9985_2019-065/html", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "21st century, with historical context from 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Fundacion Barcelona Media", "aliases": ["Fundacion Barcelona Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Wikipedia"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ex Machina: Personal Attacks Seen at Scale", "author": "Wulczyn, Ellery; Thain, Nithum; Dixon, Lucas", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides publicly available datasets (like CAW 2.0) used by researchers to train machine learning models for detecting abusive language and toxic online behaviors.", "quote": "the CAW 2.0 dataset provided by the Fundacion Barcelona Media [6]", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1610.08914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "English Wikipedia", "when": "2004–2015"}]}, {"name": "Fundació Bernat Metge", "aliases": ["Fundació Bernat Metge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic scholarship", "cultural promotion", "language preservation"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA COMO HISTORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "By translating classical works into Catalan, the foundation implicitly challenged Francoist linguistic policy, which sought to suppress regional languages. Its activities were criticized by state-aligned figures, highlighting its role as a cultural institution whose work was implicitly targeted by censorship.", "quote": "como en la Fundación Bernat Metge se vertía a los clásicos grecolatinos a una jerga que era un \"patois\"\" gabacho [...]\"", "page": "12", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Francoist era (1939-1976)"}]}, {"name": "Fundación BBVA", "aliases": ["Fundación BBVA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Funds and disseminates research on non-remunerated work and gender in the global economy.", "quote": "María Angeles, Durán. 2012. El trabajo no remunerado en la economía global. Fundación BBVA. Bilbao.", "page": "100", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Ciudadano Inteligente", "aliases": ["Fundación Ciudadano Inteligente"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "civic participation", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Foro de Periodismo Argentino, Fundación Acceso, Fundación Ciudadano Inteligente...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Cume", "aliases": ["Fundación Cume"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Gathers and preserves personal archives of architects, making them accessible for research and promoting their legacy.", "quote": "Tras su fallecimiento en 2014, la Fundación Cume se encarga de reunir su archivo personal. Considerando su posible interés para la investigación, dicha institución decide, en 2016, depositarlo en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura...", "page": "461", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Fundación de Abogados Cristianos", "aliases": ["Fundación de Abogados Cristianos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action to request the withdrawal of LGTBIQ+ themed books distributed in public schools, aiming to remove content they deem inappropriate.", "quote": "La Fundación de abogados cristianos solicitó del juzgado de Castelló la retirada de libros de temática LGTBIQ+ que la concejalía de Igualdad del Ayuntamiento había repartido en institutos públicos (Iglesias, 2021)", "page": "9", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Fundación Estudios Sociales - Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia", "aliases": ["Fundación Estudios Sociales - Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "regulatory effectiveness", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Published reports criticizing a proposed law on digital platforms for its weaknesses and 'refundational approach,' which aims to create unnecessary rights and definitions, advocating for more coherent and effective regulation.", "quote": "Los principales informes jurídicos publicados sobre la ley (Garay 2022; FES-Observacom 2022) coinciden en sus debilidades... El informe FES-Observacom habla de un “enfoque refundacional\" (2022: 2) que pretende crear nuevos derechos y definiciones innecesarias e incluso inconvenientes para el desarrollo de garantías para los usuarios.\"", "page": "16", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Internet Bolivia.org", "aliases": ["Fundación Internet Bolivia.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Fundación Datos Protegidos, Fundación Internet Bolivia.org, Fundación Vía Libre...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Iuris Tantum", "aliases": ["Fundación Iuris Tantum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Spain"], "media": ["internet forums"], "norms": ["quality of scholarship"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CONSIDERACIONES EN TORNO AL “CONOCIMIENTO EFECTIVO” DEL TITULAR DE LA PÁGINA WEB EN EL ÁMBITO DE LOS GRANDES FOROS DE …", "author": "LDELASH VIVES", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes an academic law journal, which inherently involves editorial gatekeeping and pre-publication review through processes like peer review to moderate academic discourse and ensure quality standards.", "quote": "Revista Boliviana de Derecho, núm. 18, julio, 2014, pp. 536-547 Fundación Iuris Tantum Santa Cruz, Bolivia", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4275/427539914031.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, European Union, internet forums", "when": "early 21st century (2000-2014)"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Manuel Giménez Abad de Estudios sobre el Parlamento y el Derecho Autonómico", "aliases": ["Fundación Manuel Giménez Abad de Estudios sobre el Parlamento y el Derecho Autonómico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "autonomous law", "free speech", "pluralism", "public law"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia algorítmica en los medios de comunicación y las plataformas digitales", "author": "CP Chulvi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The foundation publishes academic works, such as on the public law of artificial intelligence, which contribute to the legal and ethical discourse surrounding freedom of expression, censorship, and pluralism on social networks, thereby shaping regulatory paradigms.", "quote": "Derecho Público de la Inteligencia Artificial. F. Balaguer Callejón y L. Cotino Hueso (coords.). Fundación Giménez Abad, pp. 196-204.", "page": "24", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9038858", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, media and digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on recent EU regulations"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Mujeres (FM)", "aliases": ["Fundación Mujeres (FM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "gender equality", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops programs and research on gender violence, its impact on minors, and intervention strategies.", "quote": "Por ejemplo, en Andalucía la Fundación Mujeres (FM) y la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) desarrollan el trabajo de “Sexismo y Violencia de Género en la Juventud Andaluza e Impacto de su exposición en menores”...", "page": "365", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Orange", "aliases": ["Fundación Orange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Supports research and publications related to the Hispanic blogosphere, thereby contributing to the understanding and mapping of digital communication trends and influencing public and academic discourse.", "quote": "CEREZO, J.M. Blogosfera Hispana, Fundación Orange, Madrid, 2006", "page": "8", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia", "aliases": ["Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["pluralism"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provided support for the online course, thereby indirectly endorsing and enabling its efforts to promote an 'alliance of civilizations' and cultural understanding.", "quote": "Enseguida llegaron los apoyos de la Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia (Ministerio de Justicia)... que intuyeron que el curso podría ser un buen primer paso en la puesta en práctica de lo que se ha dado en llamar en círculos políticos “alianza de civilizaciones”.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos (INREDH)", "aliases": ["Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos (INREDH)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ecuador", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "rights of nature"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "INREDH published a report detailing the 'criminalization' of human rights and nature defenders in Ecuador, acting as a watchdog that documents and critiques state repression against social activism.", "quote": "V. por ejemplo Defensoría del Pueblo de Ecuador: «Los escenarios de la criminalización a defensores de derechos humanos y de la naturaleza en Ecuador. Desafíos para un Estado constitucional de derechos» en Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos (INREDH), 13/12/2011", "page": "15", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundación Santillana", "aliases": ["Fundación Santillana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational innovation", "literacy", "quality education", "recognition"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The foundation, along with other organizations, granted a special mention to the 'Didáctica y TIC' blog in the Vivalectura 2015 contest, thereby recognizing and validating its contributions to teacher education and knowledge dissemination.", "quote": "Este blog fue presentado en el concurso Vivalectura 2015 y, en mayo de este año, resultó acreedor de una mención especial en la Categoría Lectura entre docentes, distinción otorgada por la Fundación Santillana, la Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI) y el Ministerio de Educación de la Nación.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Fundamedios Ecuador", "aliases": ["Fundamedios Ecuador"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalist safety", "journalistic quality"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Reports on the precariousness of journalistic work and its challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting issues like dismissals in public media.", "quote": "Sin duda, desde la posición de Fundamedios de Ecuador (2020), la pandemia ha traído consecuencias nefastas. Además, marcó el ritmo del trabajo periodístico no solo por razones de contagio, sino porque se ha “precarizado aún más el trabajo periodístico y se han producido más de 700 despidos, incluidos 500 trabajadores de los medios públicos”", "page": "89", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Fundamentalist Christian Groups (general)", "aliases": ["Fundamentalist Christian Groups (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Engaged in meetings with opposing groups (gay activists) to discuss specific needs (HIV/AIDS care), aiming for reciprocal recognition and reconciliation by prioritizing practical needs over general value systems.", "quote": "His example concerns gay activists and fundamentalist Christians meeting over HIV/AIDS care in Colorado. The last thing that needs to be done is to reinforce mutually hostile identities; for example, by debating whether it is legitimate to treat the HIV/AIDS issue in the moral terms favored by the Christians, as opposed to the public health terms favored by the gays.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa", "aliases": ["Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sobre a ditadura militar do Brasil", "author": "P Dallari", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a research institution, it provided direct assistance to the CNV in developing the historical reference framework for its report, thereby contributing to the official historical narrative and understanding of the military dictatorship.", "quote": "Atualmente, é pesquisador da Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa, no Rio de Janeiro, instituição que também presidiu, tendo assessorado diretamente a CNV na elaboração do quadro de referência histórica utilizado na elaboração do Relatório.", "page": "2", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/10366/126098/1/REB_2015_vol2_num3_117~119.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)", "aliases": ["Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provided funding for the research project, enabling the study of censorship during the Brazilian military dictatorship.", "quote": "Essa pesquisa se tornou possível graças ao Auxílio Projeto de Pesquisa da FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Educacional de Fernandópolis", "aliases": ["Fundação Educacional de Fernandópolis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Telegram", "Twitter", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "education"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news: Entre a censura ea liberdade de expressão", "author": "ABV Alevi, GM de Souza, MF de Moraes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organized a workshop on post-truth and fake news, which served as the basis for the studies presented in this article, thereby contributing to education and discussion on disinformation.", "quote": "Este artigo foi elaborado com base nos estudos desenvolvidos durante a Oficina de Pós Verdade e Fake news, organizada pela Profa. Izabela Zonato Villas Boas, no âmbito do Curso de Direito da Fundação Educacional de Fernandópolis/SP.", "page": "1", "url": "https://opo.iisj.net/index.php/sortuz/article/view/2267", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, Telegram)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2016 onwards"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP)", "aliases": ["Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["data quality", "ethical communication", "ethical data practices", "harm reduction", "non-violence"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detecção de linguagem tóxica aplicada a textos em português", "author": "DO Trajano", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides educational training (a course on Non-Violent Communication) to annotators, thereby contributing to their qualification and understanding of sensitive language, which improves the quality and consistency of data annotation for toxic language detection models.", "quote": "Para atender ao requisito de entendimento de linguagem tóxica, os anotadores realizaram o curso Comunicação Não Violenta, fornecido gratuitamente pela Fundação Escola de Comércio Álvares Penteado (FECAP) e com carga horária de 4 horas.", "page": "49", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/25138/1/000505783-Texto%2Bcompleto-0.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social Media, Portuguese language (Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos", "aliases": ["Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "evidence-based reasoning", "informed public"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Portugal eo papel da mídia no debate entre a perceção da sociedade ea realidade sobre a imigração", "author": "KGC Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Funds and publishes comprehensive surveys and reports, such as the Migration Barometer and Pordata, which provide data-driven insights into public perceptions of immigration and compare them with empirical reality, serving to counter misinformation and inform public debate.", "quote": "A perspectiva do Barómetro das Migrações, da Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos (FFMS) (Costa Lopes et al., 2024), que mostra visões divergentes da população portuguesa em relação à imigração.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cepese.pt/portal.%26quot%3B%26quot%26quot/pt/publicacoes/obras/populacao-e-sociedade-n-o-43/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/@@display-file/file/Revista%2043%20%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9D%20Artigo%206.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "2021–2025 (post-pandemic context and current migration crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) - Diretoria de Análises de Políticas Públicas (DAPP)", "aliases": ["Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV) - Diretoria de Análises de Políticas Públicas (DAPP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A regulação das Big Techs no Brasil: um imperativo democrático", "author": "RJK de Sanctis Júnior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and analysis on online political interference, such as the use of bots and fake profiles on social media, to expose risks to democratic processes and inform policy debates.", "quote": "Estudo promovido pela Diretoria de Análises de Políticas Públicas da FGV realizou o levantamento das interações, no Twitter, relacionadas aos atores políticos, no período entre 18/11/2017 e 17/12/2017, constatando que parcela significativa desses posts eram promovidos por robôs.", "page": "10", "url": "http://lexcult.trf2.jus.br/index.php/revistasjrj/article/view/793", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparative analysis of Europe and United States)", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Getúlio Vargas", "aliases": ["Fundação Getúlio Vargas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to justice", "anti-hate speech", "legal rights", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os limites da liberdade de expressão", "author": "MEO CLARO, MLGA ARRUDA, REN ROSA", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The FGV participates in combating hate speech by developing and disseminating educational materials, such as booklets, in partnership with public entities, to inform victims about their rights and available legal reporting mechanisms.", "quote": "Um exemplo é a cartilha desenvolvida pela Defensoria Pública do Rio de Janeiro em parceria com a FGV, que oferece informações práticas sobre os direitos das vítimas e os mecanismos legais de denúncia (UOL, 2022)", "page": "17", "url": "https://ric.cps.sp.gov.br/handle/123456789/39705", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet/Digital Platforms", "when": "post-1988, digital era"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Getúlio Vargas/Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas", "aliases": ["Fundação Getúlio Vargas/Diretoria de Análise de Políticas Públicas"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "public discourse"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted research on the influence of bots in political debates on social media, identifying their role in disseminating misinformation.", "quote": "Pesquisa desenvolvida pela FGV/DAPP apresenta a influência dos robôs no debate político desde 2014. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que cerca de 11% das interações no Twitter foram motivadas por robôs", "page": "206", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundação Libertis", "aliases": ["Fundação Libertis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "information freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through its OBSERVACOM Program, submitted a request to the Federal Public Ministry concerning the lack of transparency in YouTube's Content ID algorithms and criteria.", "quote": "Outra deficiência presente é a falta de transparência empregada pelos provedores de aplicações de internet em relação aos algoritmos e critérios aplicados. Como notou a Fundação Libertis, através de seu Programa OBSERVACOM, em requerimento ao Ministério Público Federal: (...) não estão disponíveis dados sobre os critérios usados pelo YouTube para disponibilização do Content ID para determinados agentes", "page": "323", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)", "aliases": ["Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Online educational platforms"], "norms": ["ai moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Qi-Brain: An intelligent moderator for educational group debates", "author": "Rodrigues, Nayara Yasmym; Pita, Manuel Marques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This government-funded foundation provides financial support for the research project \"Factors to promote healthy dialogue and behaviors in online school communities", "quote": "Promoting healthy dialogue, positive online behaviors, educational innovation, scientific research.", "page": "This project is supported by a government funded research project on educational social conversation online, the title of which is \"Factors to promote healthy dialogue and behaviors in online school communities\"\" DSAIPA/DS/0102/2019... financed by the Foundation of Science and Technology of Portugal\"", "url": "informatica.ulusofona.pt", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "online educational platforms, Portugal", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (United Nations Children's Fund)", "aliases": ["Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância (United Nations Children's Fund)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child rights", "democratic integrity", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ENTRE A REAÇÃO EA PREVENÇÃO: LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DO PL 2.628/2022 NA PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES", "author": "RL Kurschner, LHS Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Collaborates on and promotes international frameworks and principles, such as the Children's Rights and Business Principles (CRBP) and the B-Tech UNICEF Briefing, to guide corporate responsibility and governmental policies towards protecting children's rights in the digital environment, including advocating for impact assessments and child participation.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: (1) o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e (2) o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "17", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/viewFile/10238/5641", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, international context", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Funny (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["Funny (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community self-governance", "platform autonomy", "user empowerment"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators take a 'pretty laissez-faire' approach, often delegating 'heavy lifting' to automated moderation and community self-moderation, sometimes making arbitrary decisions due to their 'ultimate power'.", "quote": "“We do more than most users would think, but we're pretty laissez-faire when it comes to moderating. We leave automod to the heavy lifting.” (Funny Mod); “They (the users) see us as gods. We comment and distinguish our names [as moderators] and get showered with ass kissing. [...] The mods have the ultimate power to make arbitrary decisions. Most users take bans with pride.” (Funny Mod.)", "page": "7", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Funzilla Fest", "aliases": ["Funzilla Fest"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic expression", "free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organises a festival for photozines and independent artistic magazines, creating a space for producers to interact directly with interested users and increase project awareness, thus providing an alternative platform for independent artistic dissemination and community building.", "quote": "un festival di photozine e di riviste indipendenti artistiche che si svolge a roma, diventando un occasione per qualsiasi produttore di photozine, di interfacciarsi con gli utenti interessati e di aumentare l'awareness attorno ai loro progetti.", "page": "7", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Future of Free Speech", "aliases": ["Future of Free Speech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent non-partisan think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and trackers (e.g., DSA Enforcement Tracker), produces toolkits (Disinformation, Counterspeech), and convenes the Global Free Speech Summit to shape policy debates on platform moderation and generative AI.", "quote": "Core mission and publications focus on online content moderation, digital regulation, and generative AI content policies (reports, trackers, toolkits).", "page": "", "url": "https://futurefreespeech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Future of Humanity Institute (FHI)", "aliases": ["Future of Humanity Institute (FHI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "long-term benefit", "risk mitigation"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research on existential risks and the long-term future, including AI safety and the moral implications of technological progress, and influences the broader effective altruism movement.", "quote": "Down the hall from the Centre for Effective Altruism, where MacAskill works, is Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute, founded by philosopher Nick Bostrom.", "page": "306", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Future of Life Institute", "aliases": ["Future of Life Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promoted the Asilomar Conference on Beneficial AI in 2017, which contributed to the elaboration of principles for the ethical development of AI systems.", "quote": "Hanno contribuito all’elaborazione di principi per lo sviluppo dell’intelligenza artificiale enti di ricerca e organizzazioni non governative, come nel caso del Future of Life Institute – che ha promosso la Conferenza di Asilomar sulla IA benefica del 2017219", "page": "125", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Future of Life Institute (FLI)", "aliases": ["Future of Life Institute (FLI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "existential risk mitigation"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Funds and promotes research into AI safety, particularly on problems like the 'open category problem' and 'irreversible' or 'high-impact' actions in the face of uncertainty.", "quote": "Oregon State University computer scientist Thomas Dietterich thinks that a big part of this problem is owed to the fact that every single image that the vision system was shown during training was some object or other... he received a Future of Life Institute grant", "page": "278", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Future of Online Trust and Safety Fund", "aliases": ["Future of Online Trust and Safety Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provided early fiscal support for the book's edition.", "quote": "We’re also grateful to the Future of Online Trust and Safety Fund for early fiscal support.", "page": "14", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Future of Pivacy Forum", "aliases": ["Future of Pivacy Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["privacy research and advocacy non-profit / think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Surveillance and biometrics", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "FPF publishes research and guidance, convenes technical roundtables to inform regulators, hosts industry membership networks (PEN), and provides expert testimony to shape platform and AI governance.", "quote": "FPF conducts research, convenes stakeholders, provides expert testimony, and produces guidance on privacy and AI issues that shape platform practices and policy globally.", "page": "", "url": "https://fpf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Fédération Anarchiste", "aliases": ["Fédération Anarchiste"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Fédération Anarchiste / Alternative Libertaire", "aliases": ["Fédération Anarchiste / Alternative Libertaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["autonomy", "political ideology"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Despite their foundational theme of \"autogestion\"\" (self-management) and ideals of absolute freedom", "quote": "implicitly leading them to adopt some form of moderation (like the Red-forum they are associated with) for their online discussions.\"", "page": "absolute freedom, self-management (challenged by platform realities)", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Fédération de l'Éducation Nationale (FEN) trade unions", "aliases": ["Fédération de l'Éducation Nationale (FEN) trade unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES CONTROVERSES ET DÉBATS DANS LA CONDUITE DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES", "author": "JOBERT, BRUNO", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "These trade unions resisted proposed reforms for colleges, maintaining 'rigid positions' that acted as a significant obstacle to policy change, thereby gatekeeping new policy orientations in the education sector.", "quote": "La stratégie adoptée par le ministère Savary (organiser sous son impulsion un vaste débat public dans tous les établissements) ne visait-elle pas à contourner les positions rigides des syndicats de la FEN dans ce domaine ?", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43120614", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western Europe", "when": "1960s-early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des anarchistes de Biélorussie, Junte rouge (Čyrvony žond), Confédération des unités d'action « Ensemble » (KDS Razam)", "aliases": ["Fédération des anarchistes de Biélorussie, Junte rouge (Čyrvony žond), Confédération des unités d'action « Ensemble » (KDS Razam)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belarus"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-authoritarianism", "anti-capitalism", "libertarianism"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gouverner la dissidence. Sociologie de la censure sous régime autoritaire : le cas du rock contestataire biélorusse:", "author": "Kryzhanouski, Yauheni", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "These libertarian groups were actively involved with the anarcho-punk music scene, and their members' militancy contributed to integrating anarchist and anti-capitalist ideas into symbolic resistance against the authoritarian Belarusian system.", "quote": "L'émergence de la scène anarcho-punk est étroitement liée au militantisme de ses membres aux côtés des groupements libertaires tels que la Fédération des anarchistes de Biélorussie, la Junte rouge (Čyrvony žond) et la Confédération des unités d'action « Ensemble » (KDS Razam).", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2017-3-page-123.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Biélorussie", "when": "1983–2013 (Soviet and post-Soviet authoritarian regimes)"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des Chasseurs de la Gironde", "aliases": ["Fédération des Chasseurs de la Gironde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pourquoi délibérer? Le cas du débat public portant sur le grand contournement de Bordeaux", "author": "C Prémat", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This federation engages in the public debate by formally submitting its viewpoint to the Commission, expressing its opposition to the proposed plan, and offering to collaborate constructively on finding less impactful alternative solutions.", "quote": "Par exemple, la fédération des chasseurs de la Gironde opposée au projet a exposé son point de vue en rejetant le plan, mais en tendant la main à la recherche de solutions alternatives viables: << elle sera toujours un partenaire constructif dans la recherche des solutions les moins inadaptées »", "page": "5", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ENIC_HS01_0400", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Bordeaux, France", "when": "2003–2004"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des commissions scolaires du Québec (Quebec Federation of School Boards)", "aliases": ["Fédération des commissions scolaires du Québec (Quebec Federation of School Boards)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Publicly criticizes political debates for completely overlooking or inadequately addressing the crucial issue of education.", "quote": "On leur a entre autres reproché d'avoir complètement occulté la question de l'éducation (Fédération des commissions scolaires du Québec, 1998).", "page": "37", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des femmes du Québec", "aliases": ["Fédération des femmes du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "women's rights"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in parliamentary hearings, where its president shared speaking time with a Muslim woman to present a critical perspective on Law 21.", "quote": "Fédération des femmes du Québec (FFQ) dont la présidente a partagé son temps de parole avec une autre femme musulmane, Idil Issa et, 3) la Coalition Inclusion Québec (CIQ) qui a choisi parmi ses porte-paroles trois personnes portant des signes religieux visés par le projet de loi 21...", "page": "196", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des Québécois de souche", "aliases": ["Fédération des Québécois de souche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "anti-islamism", "cultural preservation", "national identity", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec", "author": "M Potvin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The FQS employs an intellectual and propagandist strategy through its public Facebook page and other media (magazine, website) to raise public awareness. It uses selective news sharing and editorial comments to steer debates, promote victimhood, and advocate for its identity-based agenda.", "quote": "La FQS se rapproche de la «Nouvelle Droite» en Europe, adoptant une stratégie intellectuelle et propagandiste afin d'opérer une prise de cons- cience des citoyens (magazine Le Harfang, site web sur l'histoire natio- nale, les traditions, etc.). Par l'usage des médias sociaux, ils mobilisent et cherchent à fédérer les groupes de même tendance idéologique au sein d'une formation politique [...]", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/du/2017-v17-du03767/1047977ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Québec, Canada, Facebook", "when": "2017"}]}, {"name": "Fédération des Églises et Missions Évangéliques du Burkina Faso", "aliases": ["Fédération des Églises et Missions Évangéliques du Burkina Faso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an umbrella organization, it implicitly contributes to a conservative and uniform use of social media among its member churches. This suggests a form of norm-setting or self-regulation that influences the digital communication landscape of evangelical movements.", "quote": "Bien que treize Églises soient membres de la Fédération des Églises et missions évangéliques du Burkina, sans compter une kyrielle de petites Églises indépendantes, la mouvance évangélique fait montre d'une uniformité qui peut surprendre de prime abord dans ses communications numériques.", "page": "8", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Fédération du Livre (Print Workers Union)", "aliases": ["Fédération du Livre (Print Workers Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A print workers union, its general-secretary Auguste Keufer endorsed a reformist strategy, prioritizing immediate goals and negotiation over revolutionary ends and strike action.", "quote": "One of the leading figures in the Conseil Supérieure du Travail was the positivist Auguste Keufer, general-secretary of the print workers union, the Fédération du Livre, from 1884 until 1920. ...he consistently endorsed a reformist strategy placing the attainment of immediate and piecemeal goals before the achievement of revolutionary ends.", "page": "400", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Fédération nationale des chasseurs", "aliases": ["Fédération nationale des chasseurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic participation", "group interests", "public participation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les lecteurs de la Vie de Michel de Marillac. Censure, témoignage, écriture au xviie siècle", "author": "N Schapira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This federation contested the constitutionality of electronic public participation procedures (PPHPP), likely seeking to ensure its members' interests were adequately represented in environmental decision-making processes.", "quote": "CE 5 mai 2022, Fédération nationale des chasseurs, n° 461565.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/dossiersgrihl/5415", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "G-Book project (Gender Identity: Child Readers and Library Collections)", "aliases": ["G-Book project (Gender Identity: Child Readers and Library Collections)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": ["Online Platforms"], "norms": ["child safety", "gender equality", "youth development"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les formes contemporaines de censure:", "author": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste; Talon-Hugon, Carole", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This project, piloted by the University of Bologna in partnership with other universities and libraries, conducts studies on the impact of children's books on gender identity and stereotypes, thereby contributing to discourse that can influence content moderation or selection.", "quote": "un projet cofinancé par le programme « Europe créative » de l'Union européenne, et piloté par l'Université de Bologne en partenariat avec plusieurs universités et bibliothèques européennes (projet Gender Identity: Child Readers and Library Collections, en abrégé « G-Book »).", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2020-5-page-91.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western countries and online platforms, with historical comparisons to European contexts", "when": "Post-2000, with extensive historical comparisons to the 16th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "G1000", "aliases": ["G1000"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organizes deliberative assemblies with randomly selected citizens to address democratic deficits and foster public understanding of common interest issues, aiming for pluralistic participation.", "quote": "Per costituire il G1000, un’assemblea volta a colmare il deficit democratico attraverso la delibera zione tra cittadini scelti a caso su questioni di interesse comune, e radunare finalmente settecentoquaranta parte cipanti in una stanza...", "page": "24", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "G20 Meltdown", "aliases": ["G20 Meltdown"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "economic justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organized protests with demands for ending neoliberal economic policies and capitalism, using anti-capitalist slogans and calls for 'storm the banks,' resulting in smaller, more violent demonstrations.", "quote": "For example, another set of protests in London at the start of the financial crisis was organized by a coalition of more radical groups under the name G20 Meltdown.", "page": "294", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Gab Australia community", "aliases": ["Gab Australia community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Gab", "Telegram"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "hate speech", "political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Far-right populism in alt-tech: A challenge for democracy?", "author": "Dowling, Melissa-Ellen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Actively engaging in political communication and discussing democratic ideas on alt-tech platforms, which allows for the articulation of non-mainstream and far-right populist views without significant content moderation, thereby creating spaces to bypass mainstream censorship and foster alternative information sharing.", "quote": "Note that such language is more common in the Gab Australia community than in the other FRP communities such as Reignite Democracy Australia.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448231205889", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia, Telegram and Gab platforms", "when": "2021–2022"}]}, {"name": "Gabinete de Lectura Santa Teresa", "aliases": ["Gabinete de Lectura Santa Teresa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "national identity", "public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Traducción y censura: Cumbres borrascosas en la dictadura franquista", "author": "E Pajares Infante", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Issued 'Catálogo Crítico de Libros para Niños' (Critical Catalogues of Books for Children), functioning as a gatekeeper and norm-setter for suitable literature for minors, aligning with religious and national-Catholic values.", "quote": "GABINETE DE LECTURA SANTA TERESA, 1954: Catálogo Crítico de Libros para Niños.", "page": "293", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/bitstream/handle/10810/10159/PAJARES%20?sequence=4", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1939-1985"}]}, {"name": "Gabinete de Santa Teresa de Jesús (GLST) of the Consejo Superior de Mujeres de Acción Católica", "aliases": ["Gabinete de Santa Teresa de Jesús (GLST) of the Consejo Superior de Mujeres de Acción Católica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acted as a censor by critically reviewing children's books, guiding reading choices, and establishing 'experimental libraries' to promote approved literature and discourage others.", "quote": "Cabe resaltar el papel censor del Gabinete de Santa Teresa de Jesús (GLST) del Consejo Superior de Mujeres de Acción Católica desde 1940. El GLST tenía tres objetivos: la crítica de libros para la infancia; la orientación de las lecturas infantiles y, la creación de bibliotecas experimentales", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "GALATEA network", "aliases": ["GALATEA network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge creation", "knowledge sharing", "professional development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who exactly is the moderator? A consideration of online knowledge management network moderation in educational organisations", "author": "J Gairín-Sallán, D Rodríguez-Gómez…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "An online community of practice for primary and secondary education teaching staff specializing in social sciences, where participants collaborate under moderation to share experiences and contribute to the joint creation of knowledge.", "quote": "The cases selected were: ... the GALATEA network (consisting of primary and secondary education teaching staff, specialising in social sciences)...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131510000308", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Educational organisations, Spain (specifically Catalonia)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (focus on 2007-2008)"}]}, {"name": "galeri_maha", "aliases": ["galeri_maha"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["religious moderation", "religious orthodoxy", "social harmony"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Campaigning for religious moderation through video posts on Instagram, featuring speeches emphasizing diversity as a natural law (Sunnatullah) to promote tolerance.", "quote": "Kampanye selanjutnya yang bisa dilakukan di medsos yaitu di Instagram, hampir sama dengan facebook yang jumlah penggunanya cukup banyak, ini menjadi lahan yang bagus untuk berdakwah seperti video yang dibagikan oleh akun @galeri_maha...", "page": "7", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Galop", "aliases": ["Galop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["LGBT+ anti-abuse charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1982, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Galop produces research and reports, runs national helplines and reporting tools, partners with police (assisted reporting), and coordinates campaigns and joint letters to MPs to influence policy and oversight.", "quote": "Primary mission is victim support and advocacy for LGBT+ survivors, but Galop engages in policy work (e.g., calls for scrutiny of EHRC guidance), developed online reporting and uses chatbots, touching on platform complaint/reporting and online safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.galop.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Galãs Feios", "aliases": ["Galãs Feios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This channel, presented as non-partisan, provides political commentary that blends humor and opinion, offering a critical perspective on the government and contributing to the broader political discourse, including electoral processes.", "quote": "“Galãs Feios\" (do jornalista Helder Maldonado", "page": "que mistura humor e opinião sobre política)...\"", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Gamaa al-Islamiyah", "aliases": ["Gamaa al-Islamiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Emerged as a jihadi splinter group during repressive periods, evolving towards militancy. Later, its political wing entered the Islamist political marketplace, influencing the competitive landscape among Islamist actors.", "quote": "certain other segments turned more militant as well, as observed with such Egyptian jihadi groups as Tandheem al-Jihad, Gamaa al-Islamiyah, and Takfir wa al-Hijrah.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Gamaliel Christian School", "aliases": ["Gamaliel Christian School"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["education rights", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its proposed establishment was met with community rejection, leading to interfaith tensions that required mediation by the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB) to find a peaceful resolution.", "quote": "In late 2023, there was a demonstration of the rejection of the establishment of Gamaliel Christian School (Abduh, 2023). FKUB Parepare immediately took mediation steps by gathering the parties involved...", "page": "6", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Game over hate", "aliases": ["Game over hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An initiative for inclusive gaming communities, involved in counter-extremism.", "quote": "and “Game over hate” (n.d.) for inclusive gaming communities.", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Gamergate", "aliases": ["Gamergate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["community norms", "journalistic ethics", "traditional gender norms"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gender moderation and moderating gender: Sexual content policies in Twitch’s community guidelines", "author": "Zolides, Andrew", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operated as a hashtag movement that devolved into a campaign of systematic harassment against female and minority game developers, journalists, and critics. This served as a form of social shaming and norm enforcement within gaming culture, attempting to police the 'gamer' identity and perceived ethics in journalism.", "quote": "Gamergate was, ostensibly a hashtag “movement” spawned by individuals who purported to be frustrated by a perceived lack of ethics within gaming journalism [that] became a campaign of systematic harassment of female and minority game developers, journalists, and critics and their allies.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820942483", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch (live-streaming platform)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, specifically 2018"}]}, {"name": "GamerGate social movement", "aliases": ["GamerGate social movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A distributed online social movement using various platforms for communication. While proponents aimed to discuss 'ethics in game journalism' and oppose 'SJW ideology,' the movement's activities were associated with online harassment, influencing public discourse.", "quote": "GamerGate is a distributed social movement that emerged in August 2014 (Kain, 2014). It began with a series of controversial events surrounding game developer Zoe Quinn, who was harassed as a result...", "page": "59", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Gaming (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["Gaming (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["collective action", "community interests", "legal precedent", "local autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators rely on a 'jurisprudence record' and consultation with a 'community of peers' (mailing list with admins) when making decisions, especially in complex cases involving 'important players' breaking rules, and consider platform changes if global norms conflict.", "quote": "“In cases when important players start breaking rules we [are] extra careful reviewing what we have done in the past and following it to the letter. [...] we have a mailing list with all the admins that allow us to discuss things and go over what we want to do [about the issue]” (Gaming Mod.)", "page": "8", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali (Italian Data Protection Authority)", "aliases": ["Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali (Italian Data Protection Authority)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": ["TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["data privacy", "freedom of information", "national security"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'anonimato nell'era digitale: differenze, ragioni e approcci per salvaguardare l'identità digitale", "author": "E Bresciani", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Acts as an independent body to oversee the application of data protection laws (Italian Privacy Code, GDPR), issue guidelines, and make decisions on privacy matters, including those related to online anonymity, balancing data protection with public security and freedom of information.", "quote": "Un altro attore fondamentale nella tutela della privacy e dell'anonimato online in Italia è l'Autorità Garante per la Protezione dei Dati Personali, un organismo indipendente che ha il compito di vigilare sull'applicazione del Codice della Privacy e di altre leggi rilevanti, nonché di emettere linee guida e decisioni in merito alla protezione dei dati.", "page": "29", "url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/id/eprint/33784/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, X, TikTok), European Union, Italy, International context", "when": "Digital era, focusing on post-2000s developments"}]}, {"name": "Garoa Hacker Club", "aliases": ["Garoa Hacker Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Fundamedios - Andean Foundation for Media Observation and Study, Garoa Hacker Club, Hiperderecho...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Gates Cambridge Trust", "aliases": ["Gates Cambridge Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "ai safety", "ethical ai", "knowledge advancement"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Personalization up to a Point: Why Personalized Content Moderation Needs Boundaries, and How We Can Enforce Them", "author": "E Moscato, T Hu, M Orlikowski, P Röttger…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides funding for academic research, specifically supporting a researcher working on personalized content moderation and its legal boundaries. This contributes to capacity-building and knowledge generation in the field of AI alignment and responsible AI.", "quote": "Tiancheng Hu is supported by Gates Cambridge Trust (grant OPP1144 from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation).", "page": "10", "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1726/", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, European Union, AI systems", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movements (US)", "aliases": ["Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movements (US)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equal rights", "family rights", "gender traditionalism", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Sought integration into heterosexual society by advocating for equal rights based on a stable sexual identity, a strategy criticized for its conformist and normalizing tendencies, especially regarding pro-family policies like marriage and adoption.", "quote": "movimiento homosexual más influyente en EEUU al tratarse de integrar en la sociedad heterosexual, convirtiéndose así, en defensores del status quo más conservador. (...) objetivos (...) obtención de la igualdad de derechos, basándose en una identidad determinada por la diferencia sexual, pero asumiendo tal identidad (estable) bajo el régimen impuesto heterocéntrico.", "page": "11", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby", "aliases": ["Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Renewed interest in the debate during legislative conflict, expressing concern about the impact of censorship on the freedom of communication for homosexuals to discuss their preferences and political concerns.", "quote": "The Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby, con-cerned with the impact of censorship on the freedom of homosexuals to communicate about their preferences and political concerns (Sant 1999:2), also renew their interest in the debate...", "page": "16", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Gay Information", "aliases": ["Gay Information"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a journal for gay writers and academic discussion, taking a political stance to support the gay liberation movement.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as...Gay Information (later Journal of Gay Studies) in Sydney (1980–7)...provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "page": "208", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Gay Information / Journal of Gay Studies", "aliases": ["Gay Information / Journal of Gay Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a journal to provide a venue for emerging gay writers and scholarly discussion of gay issues, supporting the gay liberation movement.", "quote": "Gay Information (later Journal of Gay Studies) in Sydney (1980–7)", "page": "207-208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Gay Law Students Association", "aliases": ["Gay Law Students Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Engaged in legal action to defend the rights of homosexuals, thereby asserting the legitimacy of non-normative sexual identities and expressions against societal pressures and potential legal restrictions.", "quote": "Cf. Gay Law Students Ass'n v. Pacific Tel. & Tel., 24 Cal. 3d 458, 488, 594 P.2d 592, 611, 156 Cal. Rptr. 14, 33 (1979).", "page": "53", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Gay Rights Activists (general)", "aliases": ["Gay Rights Activists (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Participated in meetings with opposing groups (fundamentalist Christians) to discuss specific needs (HIV/AIDS care), fostering reciprocal recognition and seeking reconciliation by focusing on practical needs rather than mutually hostile general value systems.", "quote": "His example concerns gay activists and fundamentalist Christians meeting over HIV/AIDS care in Colorado. The last thing that needs to be done is to reinforce mutually hostile identities; for example, by debating whether it is legitimate to treat the HIV/AIDS issue in the moral terms favored by the Christians, as opposed to the public health terms favored by the gays.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center", "aliases": ["Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "autonomy", "equal rights", "identity rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1890, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Sued Georgetown University for denying recognition and equal access to facilities, challenging discriminatory practices based on sexual orientation through litigation and public pressure.", "quote": "The Coalition sued Georgetown for damages and an injunction, arguing that Georgetown's refusal to recognize the student groups violated the District's Human Rights Act...", "page": "45", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Gazeta dos Tribunaes", "aliases": ["Gazeta dos Tribunaes"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal information, acting as a channel for judicial activities and debates, thereby influencing legal thought.", "quote": "a Gazeta dos Tribunaes (1913) de Curitiba", "page": "190", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Gazeta Jurídica de São Paulo", "aliases": ["Gazeta Jurídica de São Paulo"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal information, acting as a channel for judicial activities and debates, thereby influencing legal thought.", "quote": "a Gazeta Jurídica de São Paulo (1893)", "page": "190", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Gazeta Paranaense (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Gazeta Paranaense (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["good governance", "public morals", "regional interests", "religious orthodoxy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1840, "when_max": 1889, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A IMPRENSA DO SEGUNDO REINADO NO PROCESSO POLÍTICO-CONSTITUCIONAL: FORÇA MORAL E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA THE SECOND REIGN PRESS …", "author": "JL Lobo, LFL Pereira", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As the official organ of the conservative party and the provincial government, it aimed to represent the 'social and political life' of the province, addressing issues related to its legitimate interests and future 'aggrandizement'.", "quote": "Gazeta Paranaense comemorando a primeira edição de seu décimo segundo ano, a ressaltar, ainda, nunca ter deixado “a redacção desta folha de tratar (...) de todos aquelles problemas a que se achão ligados os mais legitimos interesses da provincia, e de cuja solução depende nosso engrandecimento futuro”", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/63050224/impresa_do_segundo_reinado20200422-75122-jb0zgt.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Paraná province, Curitiba)", "when": "19th century, Second Reign (1840-1889)"}]}, {"name": "Gazette de Liège", "aliases": ["Gazette de Liège"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This semi-daily newspaper informed the public about literary events, including the availability and condemnation of Raynal's works, thereby contributing to the public debate and awareness of censored texts.", "quote": "Celui-ci ne manquera pas d'annoncer la vente du livre dans la Gazette qu'il publie par ailleurs, sorte de semi-quotidien qui comportait une part d'avertissements locaux", "page": "7", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Geledés - Instituto da Mulher Negra", "aliases": ["Geledés - Instituto da Mulher Negra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "gender equality", "racial justice"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for academic and activist discourse on the situation of black women in Latin America, implicitly contributing to norm-setting and advocacy regarding gender and racial inequalities, which can be affected by content moderation practices.", "quote": "CARNEIRO, Sueli. Enegrecer o feminismo: a situação da mulher negra na América Latina a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. Portal Geledés, 2011.", "page": "4", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra", "aliases": ["Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["affirmative action", "racial equality", "racial justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages in online communication via its portal to debate policies like the Lei de Cotas and represent the interests of the black movement.", "quote": "Na pesquisa desenvolvida por Alicianne Gonçalves de Oliveira (2017), é feita uma comparação de quatro experiências de comunicação online relacionadas ao debate sobre a Lei de Cotas e produzidas por entidades e ativistas da causa negra: portal Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra, Instituto de Mídia Étnica (Correio Nagô), portal Afropress Agência de Notícias e blog Humberto Adami.", "page": "188", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Gema Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama", "aliases": ["Gema Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["human values", "peace", "religious moderation", "tolerance"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The youth wing of FKUB, established to involve more young people in tolerance-building, and participates in humanitarian aid and interfaith activities.", "quote": "The emergence of Gema FKUB was an initiative by FKUB leadership under Kyai Haji Taslim Syahlan to involve more young people in tolerance-building.", "page": "18", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Gemeinsames Positionspapier: Plattformregulierung ist kein ... - ZVEI", "aliases": ["Gemeinsames Positionspapier: Plattformregulierung ist kein ... - ZVEI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ZVEI issues position papers and public statements to influence EU and national policy on platform regulation, representing member companies' industry interests.", "quote": "ZVEI published a position paper titled 'Plattformregulierung ist kein Selbstzweck' indicating engagement on platform regulation while its core mission is representing the electrical/digital industry.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.zvei.org/en/press-media/publications/gemeinsames-positionspapier-plattformregulierung-ist-kein-selbstzweck", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GenAI-Bench", "aliases": ["GenAI-Bench"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Gemini 2.5 Flash"], "norms": ["ai alignment", "platform quality"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini-2-5-Flash-Model-Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "GenAI-Bench provides a platform or benchmark for human evaluations of text-to-image generation, assessing various quality aspects such as overall preference, visual quality, and text-to-image alignment. It also hosts leaderboards for reporting provider results.", "quote": "human evaluations were conducted via GenAI-Bench and LMArena², including leaderboards reporting provider results on these benchmarks:", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini 2.5 Flash model family", "when": "December 2025"}]}, {"name": "Gendered Innovations (Stanford University)", "aliases": ["Gendered Innovations (Stanford University)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "scientific integrity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides information on how to incorporate a gender perspective in research to improve professional practices and equity.", "quote": "Más información sobre la utilidad de la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en investigación y en la mejora de las prácticas profesionales y de la equidad en la web del proyecto gendered innovations de la Universidad de Stanford", "page": "23", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Genderless_nipples", "aliases": ["Genderless_nipples"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated an Instagram account that posted ambiguous nipple photos, making it unclear if they were male or female, as a strategy to challenge and expose the double standards in Instagram's censorship policies.", "quote": "Otro ejemplo curioso que ha sobrevivido a la censura de Instagram es la cuenta Genderless_nipples¹⁷. Nacida el año pasado con el objetivo de luchar contra la censura que sufre el pezón femenino en las redes", "page": "20", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "General Federation of Women's Clubs of America", "aliases": ["General Federation of Women's Clubs of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Represented women's clubs interests in radio programming by having its president serve as a member of the NBC Advisory Council, contributing to decisions on airtime and content.", "quote": "Mary Sherman was the president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs of America.", "page": "47", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Generation Rescue", "aliases": ["Generation Rescue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Endorsed websites and online content supporting anti-vaccine positions and the discredited research of Andrew Wakefield.", "quote": "anti-vax conspiracy theories have developed in a horizontal fashion, lacking any hierarchical or causal structure that would allow us to easily trace their origin. On the contrary, they have been con tinuously sampled, remixed and even remade by online users, and, in the process, sometimes given new meanings.", "page": "511", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Gens Claudia", "aliases": ["Gens Claudia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["family honour", "loyalty", "political interests"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["4th–3rd century BCE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le censeur et les Samnites. Sur Tite-Live, Livre IX.(Études de littérature ancienne, 11)", "author": "C Santini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Inspired a specific historiographical stream ('filone storiografico') that influenced the portrayal of other families and events in historical accounts, thereby shaping historical memory.", "quote": "l'ipotesi avanzata è quella che tali immagini di lealismo siano una costruzione artificiale nella quale era in qualche misura implicato il filone storiografico ispirato dalla gens Claudia «dont la lignée était liée à la famille campanienne».", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41544001", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "4th-3rd century BCE, with later historical interpretations"}]}, {"name": "Gens Fabia (through its annalistic tradition)", "aliases": ["Gens Fabia (through its annalistic tradition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["family honour", "political interests"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["4th–3rd century BCE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le censeur et les Samnites. Sur Tite-Live, Livre IX.(Études de littérature ancienne, 11)", "author": "C Santini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Developed and promoted an 'anti-Claudian tradition' within Roman historiography, thus shaping historical narratives and public perception concerning rival families.", "quote": "sulla presenza di una tradizione anti-claudia sviluppatasi nel filone fabio della annalistica, della quale Livio è per certi aspetti il terminale.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41544001", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "4th-3rd century BCE, with later historical interpretations"}]}, {"name": "Gentry (England)", "aliases": ["Gentry (England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Became increasingly aware of political advantages from mobilizing the people, leading to more contested elections and an expansion of the franchise, though later retreated from radical popular movements.", "quote": "A growing gentry meant that there were more aspirants to membership in Parliament, and elections were more contested than ever before.", "page": "232", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Genvej - til dit barns digitale liv | Genvej", "aliases": ["Genvej - til dit barns digitale liv | Genvej"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public information initiative; NGO project"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Genvej publishes practical guides, films and social-media outreach and works with major Danish child- and consumer-focused funders/organisations to shape parental understanding and practices around platforms, privacy and AI.", "quote": "Genvej provides guidance, tools and information about social media, privacy, AI and misinformation aimed at parents, engaging platform-related issues without primary focus on platform governance reform.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.genvej.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GeoAvalanche", "aliases": ["GeoAvalanche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How semantics and resilience from Twitter are being used to avalanche awareness risk", "author": "F Bartoli, I Chiambretti", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "GeoAvalanche is a social mapping platform that utilizes Twitter as an information source. It has defined a specific hashtag (#avalreport) for reporting avalanche incidents, thereby structuring community-generated information about these events.", "quote": "Un neonato hashtag è sorto intorno alla comunità del crowdmap GeoAvalanche, una piattaforma di social mapping dedicata apposita- mente alle informazioni relative a neve e valanghe. Usa Twitter come una delle sorgenti di informazione ed ha definito uno specifico termine per segnalare gli incidenti in valanga: #avalreport.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.scialp.it/xyz/areautenti/documenti/bartoli_chiambretti.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Twitter, France, Switzerland, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "George Washington University", "aliases": ["George Washington University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on online hate, misinformation, and the dynamics of hate clusters across platforms, contributing to the understanding of radicalization and the effects of moderation.", "quote": "A study from George Washington University in 2019 found that: '[T]he key to understanding the resilience of online hate lies in its global network-of-network dynamics.'", "page": "22", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Georgical Committee (Royal Society)", "aliases": ["Georgical Committee (Royal Society)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducted a systematic survey of English farming, demonstrating the Society's preoccupation with agricultural 'improvement' and productivity.", "quote": "The study was conducted by the ‘Georgical’ committee of the Society. Among its members and those associated with its work were not only such dignitaries as Boyle, Evelyn and Wilkins, but also Shaftesbury, Locke’s patron, the very model of the early capitalist landlord...", "page": "299", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Gerakan Mahasiswa Kristen Indonesia", "aliases": ["Gerakan Mahasiswa Kristen Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith dialogue", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes human resources (students) to interfaith activism as part of a broader network of youth organizations promoting religious moderation.", "quote": "Meanwhile, several youth organizations such as Gusdurian, PMII, GMKI, and HMI contribute human resources, especially students, for interfaith activism.", "page": "18", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "German Civil Society", "aliases": ["German Civil Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Issuing a declaration on freedom of expression in response to national legislation (Network Enforcement Law).", "quote": "18. DE-Civil Society. (2017). Declaration on Freedom of Expression In response to the adoption of the Network Enforcement Law (“Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz”) by the Federal Cabinet on April 5, 2017.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "German Council of Experts on Integration and Migration (SVR)", "aliases": ["German Council of Experts on Integration and Migration (SVR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to Cope with Dark Participation: Moderation Practices in German Newsrooms", "author": "Wintterlin, Florian; Schatto-Eckrodt, Tim; Frischlich, Lena; Boberg, Svenja; Quandt, Thorsten", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This CSO publishes reports that define and highlight 'important reasons for discrimination', which are then used by researchers (and implicitly by newsrooms) to categorize and understand forms of hate speech and racism that require moderation in online comment sections, thereby contributing to the normative framework for moderation practices.", "quote": "However, as they represent important reasons for discrimination (Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration 2018), we included them as separate factors capturing religious discrimination and racism in the following analyses.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2020.1797519", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 2000s–2018"}]}, {"name": "German Games Industry Association", "aliases": ["German Games Industry Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-radicalisation", "diversity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issued a 'Joint Declaration' for More Diversity and involved in initiatives addressing radicalisation through online gaming.", "quote": "In Germany, a number of initiatives address the risk of radicalisation through online gaming, including Hier spielt Vielfalt #TeamDiversity, and the Joint Declaration of the German Games Industry for More Diversity (German Games Industry Association, n.d.);", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "German Institute of Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies", "aliases": ["German Institute of Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["public security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Directs studies and research on radicalisation and de-radicalisation, contributing expertise to policy and public understanding.", "quote": "Daniel Köhler is the Director of the German Institute of Radicalisation and De-radicalisation Studies.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "German Journalists Association", "aliases": ["German Journalists Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Signed a joint statement with civil rights activists, academics, and lawyers, warning that NetzDG would jeopardize core principles of free expression.", "quote": "the German Journalists Association joined civil rights activists, academics, and lawyers in signing a joint statement warning that the law “jeopardizes the core principles of free expression.”", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "German Landed Classes", "aliases": ["German Landed Classes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal policy", "state power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Transformed into local rulers/territorial princes, gaining state-like powers and access to peasant revenues, resisting monarchical centralization.", "quote": "...the Empire had effectively transformed them from feudal lords into local rulers, territorial princes with state-like powers of their own, not least the power to tax.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "German Press Council", "aliases": ["German Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mass Media and the Generation of Conflict: West Germany's Long Sixties and the Formation of a Critical Public Sphere", "author": "Von Hodenberg, Christina", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This independent media organization aimed to guard the freedom of the press but also to combat its abuse, thereby establishing boundaries and norms for journalistic conduct and content.", "quote": "This independent media organisation intended not only to guard the freedom of the press but also ‘to fight the abuse of this freedom’.", "page": "380", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0960777306003377/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "West Germany", "when": "late 1950s–early 1970s"}]}, {"name": "German Startups Association", "aliases": ["German Startups Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Criticized NetzDG, likely due to concerns about the regulatory burden on startup companies and the implications for their platforms.", "quote": "Other critics included Wikimedia Deutschland, the Internet Society, and the German Startups Association.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte", "aliases": ["Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization; public interest litigation NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; DSA-related public consultation; Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "GFF uses strategic litigation and legal briefs to enforce rights against state and platforms, participates in policy consultations (DSA) and public campaigns to hold actors accountable and shape platform governance.", "quote": "GFF pursues strategic litigation and projects (Center for User Rights) defending user rights against platforms and has engaged in DSA-related public consultations and platform-related cases (e.g., Facebook deplatforming).", "page": "", "url": "https://freiheitsrechte.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Get Safe Online | The UK's leading Online Safety Advice Resource", "aliases": ["Get Safe Online | The UK's leading Online Safety Advice Resource"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["online safety advice resource / non-profit education initiative"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Security", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes advice and guidance, operates self-help tools (e.g., scam checker, 'Spot the AI'), and runs collaborative awareness campaigns with platforms to influence online-safety practices.", "quote": "Primary mission is public online safety advice and education, but it runs campaigns and partnerships with platforms (e.g., Tinder) and provides tools addressing AI and scams that touch platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.getsafeonline.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GetUp", "aliases": ["GetUp"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Emphasizes strategy and deliberation in campaign choices, trialling different ways to engage supporters and facilitate action, such as the Campaign Ideas Forum.", "quote": "The Australian organization GetUp, for example, emphasizes strategy and deliberation in making campaign choices. The campaign staff chose to prioritize a marriage equality campaign, which was not listed in the top ten priorities from its membership survey, because it was considered an important issue to campaign on.", "page": "329", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (GEW) Baden-Württemberg", "aliases": ["Gewerkschaft Erziehung und Wissenschaft (GEW) Baden-Württemberg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "public health"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Defined different pandemic stages and associated restrictions which directly influenced micromobility usage patterns for a closed-campus electric scooter sharing service.", "quote": "We have split our analysis in four investigation periods according to the different pandemic stages in Germany, defined by the trade union “Erziehung und Wissenschaft” Baden-Württemberg (GEW) (Baden-Württemberg, 2021).", "page": "58", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "GFWeb", "aliases": ["GFWeb"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors website censorship in China, as part of large-scale projects tracking GFW blocklist changes.", "quote": "To monitor website censorship in China, several large-scale projects have been developed, including the GreatFire Analyzer [35], Blocky [36], GFWatch [3], and GFWeb [9].", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "ggautoblocker", "aliases": ["ggautoblocker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "hate speech", "user empowerment", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bot-based collective blocklists in Twitter: the counterpublic moderation of harassment in a networked public space", "author": "Geiger, R. Stuart", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This bot curates a blocklist of accounts identified as harassers, using a social network graph approach to identify individuals associated with movements like GamerGate. Subscribers can automatically block these accounts, filtering their Twitter experience.", "quote": "The ggautoblocker bot, which uses a social network graph approach to generate a blocklist of individuals in and around the GamerGate movement, has over 3000 subscribers as of mid-2015 (Schwartz et al., 2015).", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1153700", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2012-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Ghibelline Factions (Italian City-States)", "aliases": ["Ghibelline Factions (Italian City-States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "political loyalty", "political power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in internal city-state struggles, often aligning with imperial interests and landed signori, contributing to factional divisions.", "quote": "the infamous battles between Guelf (papal) and Ghibelline (imperial) factions, which typically, though not always, coincided with divisions between merchant classes and landed signori.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "GhostSec", "aliases": ["GhostSec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["national security", "public safety", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Focused on 'fighting the presence of Islamic terrorist groups on the internet', which involves actions such as reporting or attempting to remove online content associated with these groups, thus engaging in online moderation.", "quote": "‘GhostSec’: a spinoff focused on fighting the presence of Islamic terrorist groups on the internet;", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "GIE Brousse-Cardell", "aliases": ["GIE Brousse-Cardell"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les modérateurs de plateformes en ligne: de nouveaux acteurs de police?", "author": "M Pénitot", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Adopting internal regulations (\"règlement intérieur\"\") for pear producers who adhere to the economic committee", "quote": "Standards for agricultural products (pears), internal regulation of a specific trade.", "page": "Qu'en prenant le règlement intérieur litigieux, lequel n'est par lui-même, et sauf décision administrative d'extension, applicable qu'aux producteurs qui ont adhéré aux groupements et syndicats eux-mêmes réunis au sein du comité, le bureau centralisateur \"poires\"\" du comité économique agricole de la région Provence-Côté d'Azur n'a pas exercé une prérogative de droit public\"", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/crdf/8824", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, European Union, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "GIFCT", "aliases": ["GIFCT"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry-led non-profit coalition / trust"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates the GIFCT Hash-Sharing Database and Incident Response Framework (technical infrastructure), publishes research via GNET, convenes industry and governments, and sets shared practices used by member platforms to remove or mitigate extremist content.", "quote": "GIFCT's core mission is to \"prevent terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting digital platforms\" and it operates platform-facing tools (hash-sharing), working directly with tech companies, governments, civil society and academia.", "page": "", "url": "https://gifct.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Giles Calvert's print shop", "aliases": ["Giles Calvert's print shop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functioned as both a radical press and a meeting-place, uniting radicals and facilitating information dissemination during the English Revolution.", "quote": "Christopher Hill cites Giles Calvert's print shop which functioned during the English Revolution as both radical press and meeting-place and 'perhaps came nearest to uniting the radicals in spite of themselves' (Hill, 1975: 373).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Gilets jaunes (Yellow Vests)", "aliases": ["Gilets jaunes (Yellow Vests)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The broader social movement that the 'Assemblée des assemblées' seeks to coordinate and provide a platform for. It serves as the base whose 'left wing' is organized and influenced by the Ada, bringing together diverse participants to debate demands, political strategies, and forms of action.", "quote": "L'« Ada » ne reflète pas toutes les composantes du mouvement et reste à de nombreux égards l'expression d'une aile gauche militante. Mais elle est loin de se réduire à ce portrait commode. Elle est pour l'instant la seule à faire exister, parallèlement aux figures médiatiques, une force collective autonome et durable des Gilets jaunes à une échelle nationale.", "page": "2", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Gilets jaunes canadiens", "aliases": ["Gilets jaunes canadiens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "authoritarianism", "economic protectionism", "patriotism"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Launched popular movements to support 'nationalist' initiatives, translating social media activity into public presence and mobilizing support for political positions.", "quote": "des groupuscules autofondés comme les Gilets jaunes canadiens, la «vague bleue» ou la Meute, des défenseurs montréalais de la «liberté d’expression»", "page": "35", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Gilets jaunes de la métropole grenobloise (MG) urban Facebook group", "aliases": ["Gilets jaunes de la métropole grenobloise (MG) urban Facebook group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["legal protection", "neutrality", "non-violence", "organizational legitimacy", "political diversity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Styles de modération et relocalisation de la politique des groupes Gilets jaunes sur Facebook", "author": "L Michel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This group uses a 'laisser-faire vigilant' moderation style, balancing maximal freedom of expression with controlling excesses. Moderators regulate aggressive exchanges, false information, and content deviating from the group's contestation interests. New members are often verified by their proximity to Grenoble, and partisan political posts (extreme left/right) are suppressed to maintain local focus.", "quote": "Le style de modération qu'ils ont adopté peut se comprendre comme un « laisser-faire vigilant », visant à accorder le plus de liberté possible aux membres tout en contrôlant les débordements.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/reset/6717", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, France (Isère department, rural and urban) and national", "when": "2018-2025 (Yellow Vests movement)"}]}, {"name": "Gilets jaunes des Gorges du Minaret (GDM) rural Facebook group", "aliases": ["Gilets jaunes des Gorges du Minaret (GDM) rural Facebook group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "confidentiality", "free speech", "impartiality", "political diversity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Styles de modération et relocalisation de la politique des groupes Gilets jaunes sur Facebook", "author": "L Michel", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This group adopts a 'participatif-libre' moderation style, emphasizing local communication for action coordination and prioritizing offline discussions. Online moderation is minimal, mainly focused on preventing auto-promotion and 'undesirable content,' while ensuring courtesy and confidentiality. Partisan views are permitted as long as they don't lead to disputes, reflecting a broad interpretation of freedom of expression.", "quote": "Le style de modération mis en œuvre se veut ainsi à la fois « participatif », au sens où l'investissement dans la modération est ouvert sur la base du volontariat, et « libre », valorisant une conception large de la liberté d'expression.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/reset/6717", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, France (Isère department, rural and urban) and national", "when": "2018-2025 (Yellow Vests movement)"}]}, {"name": "Giornale italiano", "aliases": ["Giornale italiano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Cisalpine Republic", "Dalmatia", "Illyrian Provinces", "Kingdom of Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "political conformity"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1803, "when_max": 1813, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bartolomeo Benincasa censore generale delle Province illiriche (1810-1811)", "author": "F Bouchard", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Benincasa joined its editorial staff, contributing to its content and aligning it with the official political directives of the Kingdom of Italy, thereby participating in the moderation and shaping of public information.", "quote": "L'anno successivo, Benincasa raggiunge la redazione del «Giornale italiano» fondato nel gennaio 1804 da Vincenzo Cuoco e finanziato da Melzi d'Eril (De Francesco, 1997, 72–82; 2016, 122–124).", "page": "11", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-03529816/document", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Illyrian Provinces (Laybach/Ljubljana), Dalmatia, Cisalpine Republic, Kingdom of Italy", "when": "1803–1813"}]}, {"name": "Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL)", "aliases": ["Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["fascist ideology", "national identity", "physical fitness", "state loyalty", "youth militarization"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "From 1937, it continued and expanded the role of the ONB in ideological control and indoctrination of youth in schools and universities, effectively censoring alternative ideas and promoting Fascist ideology through education and extracurricular activities. Members also acted as informers.", "quote": "In schools and universities, censorship became part of a larger project of ideological control through the Fascist youth organisations, the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) and, from 1937, the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL).", "page": "58", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Giovine Italia", "aliases": ["Giovine Italia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Sabaudian States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "republicanism", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La polemica tra Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio e Luigi Amedeo Melegari: il casus belli della 'moderazione degli ordini rappresentativi'.", "author": "I Ferrero", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Melegari dedicated himself actively to its organization, indicating it was a political movement he was part of, advocating for specific political ideals that differed from later monarchical and Catholic leanings.", "quote": "A partire da questo momento si dedicò attivamente all'organizzazione della Giovine Italia (O. ROMBALDI, Luigi Amedeo cit., 9.).", "page": "7", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1728255/1/Ferrero_Taparelli.pdf", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Sabaudian States (Kingdom of Sardinia / Piedmont)", "when": "17th-19th century"}]}, {"name": "Girl Power", "aliases": ["Girl Power"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "body image", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Launched a campaign against social media censorship by publishing images of nude women with male breasts superimposed, highlighting the double standards in moderation policies.", "quote": "Girl Power también lanzó en el año 2014 su propia campaña contra la censura, publicando imágenes de chicas desnudas con pechos masculinos superpuestos¹⁴.", "page": "18", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "Girlguiding", "aliases": ["Girlguiding"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth organisation; national charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1910, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1910", "mechanism": "Publishes the Girls' Attitudes Survey and runs national campaigns and open letters to ministers, using research to support advocacy and public mobilisation.", "quote": "Core mission is youth development, but the organisation runs campaigns and resources on online safety and has run policy-facing surveys (e.g., Girls' Attitudes Survey) and open letters addressing public policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.girlguiding.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Girls wholikeporno (GWLP)", "aliases": ["Girls wholikeporno (GWLP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-objectification", "feminist issues", "lgbtq+ rights", "self-representation", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Produces its own pornographic material and offers workshops to subvert the male-dominated porn industry, explore diverse sexualities, and create 'do-it-yourself' porn from a feminist perspective, moving from being objects to subjects of representation.", "quote": "en Barcelona, encontramos a GWLP (Girls wholikeporno) de cuyo manifiesto me sirvo para presentar sus intenciones (...) Queremos hacer porno. Y no sólo eso: queremos subvertir la imagen de nuestra sexualidad que ha sido construida por la industria pornográfica.", "page": "27", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Girondins", "aliases": ["Girondins"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party/faction"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "preservation of power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Advocated for a more moderate stance by opposing the execution of King Louis XVI during the French Revolution, distinguishing themselves from the radical Jacobins who pushed for regicide.", "quote": "The battle between the Girondins and the Jacobins in the French Revolution is a good historical example of such conflicts. It was triggered by a dispute about the execution of the king...", "page": "149", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Gitcoin", "aliases": ["Gitcoin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "dialogue", "equity", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An open-source grant-funding system that uses 'square-root'-based 'degressive proportionality' in its voting mechanism to support projects that bridge divides.", "quote": "a bridging-based open-source grant-funding system Gitcoin (Miller, Kanich, and Weyl 2024) relies on the Penrose (1946) idea of “square-root”-based “degressive proportionality” for confederal and consociational voting systems.", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "GitHub", "aliases": ["GitHub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": ["collaboration", "knowledge sharing", "open source", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A platform for code developers where users publish code and receive contributions, fostering collective knowledge and community-driven content policies.", "quote": "pode-se mencionar as “plataformas de conhecimento”, como a Wikipédia e o GitHub, que integram parte de um movimento mais amplo de construção coletiva do conhecimento.", "page": "126", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Giuseppe de Coletti (and associated anti-French printers)", "aliases": ["Giuseppe de Coletti (and associated anti-French printers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Cisalpine Republic", "Dalmatia", "Illyrian Provinces", "Kingdom of Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["free press", "nationalism", "political loyalty"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1803, "when_max": 1813, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bartolomeo Benincasa censore generale delle Province illiriche (1810-1811)", "author": "F Bouchard", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "As a rival and anti-French printer, Coletti challenged the official state-sanctioned printing by independently publishing and publicly affixing decrees and anti-French pamphlets, creating a counter-narrative and resisting state control over information.", "quote": "Ma l'episodio non intacca la fiducia di Benincasa nemmeno quando, il 17 luglio, Sardi gli partecipa con tono concitato il proprio sconforto per aver «dovuto soffrire il più umiliante affronto» dal «sedicente Stampatore Imperiale Pubblico» Coletti, il quale, il giorno stesso che lui Sardi aveva stampato due decreti di Marmont, fece «affiggere sopra le pareti della sua porta di Stamperia un Decreto da lui stampato nell'istesso giorno di S.E. Maresciallo».", "page": "15", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-03529816/document", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Illyrian Provinces (Laybach/Ljubljana), Dalmatia, Cisalpine Republic, Kingdom of Italy", "when": "1803–1813"}]}, {"name": "GiveWell", "aliases": ["GiveWell"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["effectiveness", "evidence-based giving", "impact"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Evaluates charities to recommend the most effective ones, influencing philanthropic decisions and setting standards for impact measurement.", "quote": "the respected charity evaluator GiveWell was considering how to allocate their $4.7 million discretionary fund in early 2019, they decided to give every single penny of it to the AMF.", "page": "304", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation)", "aliases": ["GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-defamation", "inclusion", "lgbtq+ rights", "representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an LGBTQ media advocacy group, GLAAD identifies and lists defamatory language used against LGBTQ individuals to combat harmful speech and promote inclusive media discourse.", "quote": "The LGBTQ media advocacy group GLAAD has listed the term as an example of defamatory language, writing “such descriptions are inaccurate, defamatory, and insulting.”", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Glasnost Defense Foundation", "aliases": ["Glasnost Defense Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation (watchdog/transparency)"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Documented cases of postal authorities refusing to distribute opposition publications in Russia, thereby indirectly challenging this 'soft censorship' practice.", "quote": "This story ended on 7 May that year when the Karachay-Cherkess antitrust authority ruled in the newspapers' favour and threatened the postal service with a fine of 200,000–500,000 roubles (Dajdzhest Fonda zashchity glasnosti, 2003).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Glasnost' Defence Foundation", "aliases": ["Glasnost' Defence Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Quantifies and reports on the degree of media freedom across Russia, tracks violations such as deaths, disappearances, and physical attacks on journalists, thereby acting as a watchdog for media freedom and safety.", "quote": "Simonov, the head of the Glasnost' Defence Foundation (set up in 1991), summarizes the results of a project to quantify the degree of media freedom in each of 87 of the 89 constituent parts of the Russian Federation.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Glitch", "aliases": ["Glitch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital justice charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Glitch produces research and policy advocacy, works in coalitions to shape UK/US/EU tech policy, runs workshops and a newsletter centering Black feminist analysis to influence platform governance debates.", "quote": "Site states their key area of focus is platform governance and they work on tech-facilitated gender-based violence, algorithmic injustice, and AI governance and accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://glitchcharity.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Action Plan", "aliases": ["Global Action Plan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["environmental charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes resources and runs public campaigns (e.g. Safer Socials, End Surveillance Advertising to Kids), hosts events and online projects to mobilise publics, and has pursued legal action to challenge government/ systemic practices affecting climate and platform-related harms.", "quote": "Global Action Plan is primarily an environmental charity but runs campaigns and projects addressing 'Big Tech / Online Climate', 'Safer Socials' and 'End Surveillance Advertising to Kids', engaging with platform governance issues alongside environmental work.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Call for Climate Action", "aliases": ["Global Call for Climate Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Global Coalition for Tech Justice", "aliases": ["Global Coalition for Tech Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "regulation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Eleições e plataformas digitais: a suposta oposição entre liberdade de expressão e transparência na moderação de conteúdos.", "author": "RC BRAGATTO, A GONZALES", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "It is a coalition of approximately 150 civil society organizations that advocates for regulation, responsibility, and transparency in digital platforms' content moderation and recommendation actions.", "quote": "é uma coalizão de aproximadamente 150 organizações da sociedade civil que atuam no debate sobre regulação da responsabilização e transparência sobre ações de recomendação e moderação de contas e conteúdos das plataformas digitais.", "page": "3", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=14147483&AN=189834992&h=SkHjyrZb%2BQ8duokb3rXonSh18%2FX9RcDFZK6c1C8FSD0yFuPIj0MYeUs7L5OB7lwvYyWY2FDxt6OH5hH4yPqblQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, focusing on 2022-2025 elections", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2022-2025"}]}, {"name": "Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack", "aliases": ["Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collects and analyzes data on the impact of military aggression on educational institutions, defining 'attack on education' and influencing norms for protecting education during conflict.", "quote": "Additionally, research on military attacks on the education sector is carried out by the Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (after this – “GCPEA”). Since 2014, the organization has been collecting data and analyzing information about the military aggression’s impact on Ukrainian educational institutions", "page": "70", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Global Digital Inclusion Partnership (GDIP)", "aliases": ["Global Digital Inclusion Partnership (GDIP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition of public, private, and civil society organizations"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Policy development"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GDIP produces research and policy guidance, convenes multi-stakeholder partnerships, and provides advisory and technical assistance to influence national, regional, and global digital inclusion policy.", "quote": "GDIP’s core mission is digital inclusion and meaningful connectivity, but it engages in policy actions, research, and convening that touch on digital policy including AI and regulatory good practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://globaldigitalinclusion.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Digital Rights Coalition (GDRC-WSIS)", "aliases": ["Global Digital Rights Coalition (GDRC-WSIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The coalition produces joint policy submissions and recommendations (information), pressures UN processes for transparency and multistakeholder rules (accountability), leverages a broad membership network including prominent NGOs and technical bodies (leverage), and frames rights?based, people?centric governance to shape public and policy debates (symbolic).", "quote": "The coalition directly engages in global digital governance processes (WSIS+20), producing joint submissions and recommendations on human-rights based internet governance and multistakeholder participation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gp-digital.org/global-digital-rights-coalition-for-wsis/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Disinformation Index", "aliases": ["Global Disinformation Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research briefs, such as one on how ad tech fuels disinformation, contributing to the understanding and public debate on disinformation and transparency.", "quote": "Global Disinformation Index, Research Brief: Ad Tech Fuels Disinformation Sites in Europe – The Numbers and Players (March 2020)", "page": "180", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Disinformation Index (GDI)", "aliases": ["Global Disinformation Index (GDI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["not-for-profit company; research and standards provider"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GDI produces a Dynamic Exclusion List and ML-based risk ratings used by advertisers and ad tech (information/tech infrastructure), partners with industry and NGOs to defund disinformation (leverage), and promotes blocking/defunding practices to hold publishers and platforms to account (accountability).", "quote": "GDI’s core mission is to 'disrupt the business model of disinformation' by providing a Dynamic Exclusion List and risk ratings used by advertisers, ad tech and platforms and by advising policymakers.", "page": "", "url": "https://disinformationindex.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Forum for Media Development", "aliases": ["Global Forum for Media Development"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-terrorism", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Issuing statements on online content moderation, specifically regarding violent extremism and the Christchurch Call, and challenging the efficacy of automated content removal.", "quote": "Some civil society organisations are skeptical about the possibility to carry out automated content removal in a rights-respecting way and call for the rejection of these methods (Global Forum for Media Development, 2019).", "page": "23", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Forum of Chinese Political Scientists", "aliases": ["Global Forum of Chinese Political Scientists"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic inquiry", "political commentary"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Delegated Censorship: The Dynamic, Layered, and Multistage Information Control Regime in China", "author": "Sun, Taiyi; Zhao, Quansheng", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a collective of scholars, this forum provides the political commentaries that are published on 'Global China', an online publication created by the authors. The forum's content thereby experiences and reveals the mechanisms of China's delegated censorship regime, including triggering automated keyword banks and prompting minimal self-censorship by the publication's editors (the authors) in attempts to bypass blocks.", "quote": "To conduct our research, we created in 2017 an online publication titled Global China (海外看世界) and used it to publish political commentaries from more than seventy participating Chinese political scientists, all of whom are members of the Global Forum of Chinese Political Scientists.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00323292211013181", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (internet, self-media platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017-2019 data)"}]}, {"name": "Global Freedom of Expression | Columbia University", "aliases": ["Global Freedom of Expression | Columbia University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "free speech", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet: limites e desafios na moderação de conteúdos de terceiros-Civil liability of internet providers: limits and …", "author": "J Alves, VA Conte", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "As a project of Columbia University, it documents and analyzes significant international legal cases concerning freedom of expression and content moderation, thereby informing legal and policy discussions on related precedents and their implications.", "quote": "Em Delfi AS v. Estonia (2015), o TEDH admitiu a responsabilidade civil de provedores por comentários ilícitos de terceiros quando não adotam medidas eficazes para prevenir ou remover conteúdos como discurso de ódio ou incitação à violência (GLOBAL FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, 2015).", "page": "6", "url": "https://remas.faculdadedofuturo.edu.br/remas/article/view/111", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems, Brazil, European Union, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era, AI era"}]}, {"name": "Global Freedom of Expression – Columbia University", "aliases": ["Global Freedom of Expression – Columbia University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and resources on cases related to freedom of expression, such as the Facebook v. CasaPound case, contributing to the academic understanding of digital governance.", "quote": "Facebook v. CasaPound. Global Freedom of Expression – Columbia University. Disponível em: https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/casapound-v-facebook/.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Fund Advocates Network", "aliases": ["Global Fund Advocates Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["economic prosperity", "public health", "social justice"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Involved in global health initiatives and assessing financial aid needs, working with multilateral organizations.", "quote": "The Equitable Access Initiative, launched by heads of multilateral organizations engaged in global health, published alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid (The Global Fund, 2016).", "page": "191", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Global health organisations", "aliases": ["Global health organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing trusted global health information, thereby helping to counter misinformation and inform the public.", "quote": "Trust in different sources of news and information about coronavirus (April 2020) – average of six countries: Global health organisations [73% trust]", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Global Indigenous Data Alliance", "aliases": ["Global Indigenous Data Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A global organization that contributes to internet governance discourse, likely through policy advocacy and collaboration on issues related to indigenous data rights and digital inclusion.", "quote": "Four global organizations that did not appear to be based in one specific country, including the multilateral Online Coalition and the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA), were coded as \"Global\"\".\"", "page": "5", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Global Internet Freedom", "aliases": ["Global Internet Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides specialized support and advocacy to strengthen arguments against Internet censorship.", "quote": "Support from specialists such as Global Internet Freedom, and the Global Internet Freedom Fund strengthens the case of those against censorship.", "page": "19", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Global Internet Freedom Fund", "aliases": ["Global Internet Freedom Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides funding or resources to support initiatives and arguments against Internet censorship.", "quote": "Support from specialists such as Global Internet Freedom, and the Global Internet Freedom Fund strengthens the case of those against censorship.", "page": "19", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Global Investigative Journalism Network", "aliases": ["Global Investigative Journalism Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DEEPFAKES AND CHEAP FAKES", "author": "Paris, Britt; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The Global Investigative Journalism Network contributes to programs of improved media literacy by publishing articles that equip journalists to identify and address deepfakes and other forms of manipulated media.", "quote": "Suzanne Sunne, “What to Watch for in the Coming Wave of \"Deep Fake\"\" Videos", "page": "Global Investigative Journalism Network", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Global Majority Research Committee", "aliases": ["Global Majority Research Committee"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "inclusion"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-chaired at the Trust and Safety Foundation, focusing on research perspectives from the Global Majority to ensure inclusivity.", "quote": "Sujata contributes significantly to the field as Co-Chair of the Global Majority Research Committee at the Trust and Safety Foundation...", "page": "23", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Global Media Monitoring Project", "aliases": ["Global Media Monitoring Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Genre et médias à l'épreuve de l'affaire DSK. Réflexions sur le commentaire en ligne, nouvel espace de construction de l'inégalité des sexes", "author": "MJ Bertini", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducts global, European, and national surveys to monitor and analyze how gender issues are represented in news media, including online platforms, identifying inequalities and advocating for improved practices and balanced representation.", "quote": "Les enquêtes indispensables menées depuis plusieurs années par le GMMP (Global Media Monitoring Project) à l'échelle mondiale, européenne et nationale, comme par l'AFJ (Association des Femmes Journalistes) à l'échelle hexagonale, ont permis aux chercheur-e-s de tous horizons et de toutes disciplines de comprendre de quelle manière la problématique du Genre façonne et questionne l'ensemble de nos médias d'information.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/sds/2146", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010-2012"}]}, {"name": "Global Network Initiative Principles", "aliases": ["Global Network Initiative Principles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Offers principles to guide companies and governments in protecting and advancing freedom of expression and privacy in the ICT sector, influencing corporate practices and policy-making.", "quote": "\"GNI Principles\"\"7\"", "page": "39", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}]}, {"name": "Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network", "aliases": ["Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective action", "disease response"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A consortium of public and private organizations that coordinates rapid response to infectious disease outbreaks by assembling expert teams to assist host countries, acting as a mobilization platform for distributed knowledge.", "quote": "Organized under the auspices of the World Health Organization, the group is a self-described 'network' and fits the definition of a network as a group of 'three or more legally autonomous organizations that work together to achieve not only their own goals but also a collective goal'.", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Partners Digital (GPD)", "aliases": ["Global Partners Digital (GPD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy NGO; civil society organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Save Online Speech Coalition; Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS)", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy reports, trackers and hubs to inform debates, convenes cross-stakeholder statements (111 organisations for WSIS+20), and issues recommendations used to press UN bodies and member states for procedural and substantive changes.", "quote": "Operates a Platform Governance Hub and AI Policy Hub, publishes policy analysis and advocacy (e.g., WSIS+20 Five-Point Plan) and engages multistakeholder processes influencing platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gp-digital.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Project Against Hate and Extremism", "aliases": ["Global Project Against Hate and Extremism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights / anti-extremism nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative reports and databases on extremist actors, builds transnational coalitions, and issues public calls for tech company and policy accountability to limit online extremist amplification.", "quote": "Organization explicitly researches extremist activity online, publishes reports on platform amplification, and states a mission to 'Hold Tech Companies Accountable' and 'Shape Policy'.", "page": "", "url": "https://globalextremism.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Standards Consortium for Trust and Safety", "aliases": ["Global Standards Consortium for Trust and Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["AI ethics", "AI governance", "transparency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Proposed to establish global standards for ethical job practices, fair wages, employee benefits, psychological health and safety, ethical AI oversight, policy development, bias mitigation, and transparency reporting in Trust and Safety.", "quote": "BPOs should play a key role in establishing a global standards consortium for Trust and Safety. Standards should include ethical job practices, fair wages, employee benefits, and career advancement pathways to protect trust and safety professionals.", "page": "128", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Global TechnoPolitics Forum", "aliases": ["Global TechnoPolitics Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["educational forum / think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and hosts high-level events (e.g., conversation with Avril Haines), convening institutions and experts on ICANN, AI and internet governance to shape policy debate.", "quote": "Publishes research and runs events on AI, ICANN, 5G and internet governance, convening policymakers and institutions on platform and tech governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://technopolitics.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Global Terrorism Database", "aliases": ["Global Terrorism Database"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Maintains a comprehensive, open-source database of terrorist attacks globally, providing structured data and a framework for identifying violent actions rather than identity groups, which can inform content moderation taxonomies.", "quote": "The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) team has developed and maintained rigorous data collection tools and workflows for more than 15 years, balancing artificial intelligence and subject matter expertise to produce consistent, reliable information about terrorist violence around the world.", "page": "117", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Global Youth Coalition", "aliases": ["Global Youth Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth climate coalition"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Capacity building", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes reports (Avocado Framework), convenes events and youth research workshops, holds CIF civil society observer accreditation, and operates digital engagement tools (GemFunder, AR game) to mobilize supporters.", "quote": "Primary mission is climate and youth mobilisation; engages in digital activism and uses blockchain/AR tools but does not focus on platform governance or moderation policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://theglobalyouth.co/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GlobalChat.org", "aliases": ["GlobalChat.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": ["Online chat platforms"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las salas de chat y el moderador", "author": "M Pichel Luck, JM Lezcano", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "It establishes and publishes a 'Net-Etiqueta' (net-etiquette) or code of conduct that serves as a standard for user and moderator behavior within its chat environment, promoting good practices for online interaction.", "quote": "Consideramos que constituyen un buen ejemplo de normas de Net-etiqueta destinado a regular la conducta de los usuarios y de un moderador las utilizadas por el chat de GlobalChat.org [12] debido a que desde una perspectiva amplia pero clara dan un buen estándar para las buenas prácticas en Internet.", "page": "9", "url": "https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/124452/Documento_completo.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online chat platforms, Argentina", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Globaleducation.ning.com", "aliases": ["Globaleducation.ning.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Web 2.0 platforms"], "norms": ["educational collaboration", "professional trust"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Recop: Um modelo para reputaçao em comunidades de prática", "author": "CCP Cruz, CLR Motta…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "A social network for educators to share projects and collaborate. Like other community-driven platforms, it relies on shared norms and implicit moderation by its members to ensure the relevance and quality of shared educational resources and to build trust within the community, thus managing 'appropriate information sharing.'", "quote": "alguns deles voltados para a aprendizagem, tais como: Edublogs.org¹, Wikipedia.org², Globaleducation³.\n³Rede social de educadores interessados em compartilhar projetos educacionais.", "page": "1", "url": "http://milanesa.ime.usp.br/rbie/index.php/sbie/article/viewFile/560/546", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Communities of Practice and Web 2.0 platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "GLSEN", "aliases": ["GLSEN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national LGBTQ+ education advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "GLSEN publishes widely used research (National School Climate Survey) informing education policy and public debate, runs national campaigns and chapters to pressure policymakers and school districts to adopt inclusive policies.", "quote": "GLSEN's core mission is K–12 LGBTQ-inclusive education, but it conducts research on student safety and bullying and advocates policies (including online safety-relevant issues) that touch on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.glsen.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network)", "aliases": ["GLSEN (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teachers’ Self-Censorship of Children’s Literature in Texas—What’s Legislation Got to Do With It?", "author": "Lammert, Catherine; C. Godfrey, Vickie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on state legislation that limits discussions on topics such as race, sex, and gender in classrooms, implicitly advocating against such restrictive policies and for inclusive education.", "quote": "Some U.S. states have recently enacted legislation limiting how teachers can address such topics as race, sex, and gender in classrooms (see Gay, Lesbian, & Straight Education Network, 2023).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23328584231201814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Texas, USA", "when": "2021-2022"}]}, {"name": "Gobo", "aliases": ["Gobo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["diversity", "subsidiarity", "user agency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A proof-of-concept 'pluriverse' project aiming to provide advanced distributions of function to support diversity and subsidiarity, allowing users to manage their experience across diverse communities and platforms.", "quote": "More advanced distributions of function - and support for still-greater, and yet more scalable, diversity and subsidiarity - are emerging in the proof-of-concept Gobo \"pluriverse", "page": "and in the now-rapid growth of Bluesky.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Gobo project", "aliases": ["Gobo project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["user agency", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developed 'lenses' to filter and sort posts on centralized social media platforms, offering users the ability to create personalized content feeds for specific interests like professional news or cute animals.", "quote": "Experimental efforts to rank feeds on centralized social media platforms, such as the Gobo project, have offered users the ability to create “lenses” to filter and sort posts and surface particular types of content such as cute animals or professional news sources.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Gobo Social", "aliases": ["Gobo Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Asia", "Global", "MENA", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Personalizing Content Moderation on Social Media: User Perspectives on Moderation Choices, Interface Design, and Labor", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Zhang, Alice Qian; Chen, Quan Ze; Natarajan, Nikhila; Wang, Ruotong; Zhang, Amy X.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It is a third-party personal moderation tool that allows users to explore and control the invisible algorithms of social media, enabling them to personalize content moderation with greater granularity.", "quote": "emerging platforms and third-party personal moderation tools like Gobo Social [10], Bodyguard [9], Block Party [82], and Bluesky [38] are letting users personalize their content moderation with even greater granularity.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610080", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Social Media Platforms (focus on user experience across Western and some Asian/MENA contexts)", "when": "mid-2000s to present, with a focus on post-2010 platform moderation trends"}]}, {"name": "Goguettes", "aliases": ["Goguettes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["political resistance", "social change", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Served as informal meeting points for exchanging ideas and performing critical songs, fostering social and political critique among lower classes, despite government surveillance.", "quote": "The goguettes, formed in the first half of said century, were meeting points to exchange their ideas. They were subsequently well surveilled by the government.", "page": "98", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Golden Arakan Land (Rakhine)", "aliases": ["Golden Arakan Land (Rakhine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operating a Facebook page to post photos of alleged brutality by the Tatmadaw against the Arakanese people and speeches glorifying the leader of the secessionist Arakan Army, making it subject to Facebook's content moderation.", "quote": "On the Golden Arakan Land (Rakhine) Facebook page, a photo of a bloody dying Arakanese boy testifies to the brutality of the Tatmadaw's campaign against the Arakanese people (see Figure 4).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "Goldwater Institute", "aliases": ["Goldwater Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Argued that requiring public disclosure of donor names for political advertising would 'chill free speech and lead to donor harassment,' opposing transparency measures.", "quote": "Some conservative groups, such as the Goldwater Institute, have argued that requiring public disclosure of names of donors funding political advertising can chill free speech and lead to donor harassment.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Good Law Practice", "aliases": ["Good Law Practice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Legal aid and litigation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates as a legal practice offering legal services and strategic litigation to advance change, using legal processes and complaint handling to hold actors to account.", "quote": "Primary mission is providing legal services and strategic litigation; no evidence of a core focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://goodlawpractice.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Google Advisory Council (on the Right to be Forgotten)", "aliases": ["Google Advisory Council (on the Right to be Forgotten)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di informazione, poteri privati e tutela dei dati personali nell'era digitale", "author": "A Lamberti", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A consultative body composed of experts established to advise Google on decisions regarding the \"right to be forgotten\"\"", "quote": "diritto all'oblio, diritto del pubblico all'informazione", "page": "L'Advisory Council, dunque, era un organo consultivo, avendo il compito di 'suggerire' a Google le decisioni da adottare, al fine di bilanciare il diritto all'oblio e il diritto del pubblico all'informazione.", "url": "http://dirittifondamentali.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Lamberti-Liberta-di-informazione-poteri-privati-e-tutela-dei-dati-personali-nellera-digitale.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "European Union, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Google Advisory Council on the Right to be Forgotten", "aliases": ["Google Advisory Council on the Right to be Forgotten"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advisory group"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Instituted by Google to formulate recommendations on the right to be forgotten following an EU Court of Justice ruling.", "quote": "l’«Advisory Council on the Right to be Forgotten» istituito nel 2014 da Google a seguito della pronuncia Google Spain della Corte di giustizia per formulare delle raccomandazioni sul diritto all’oblio227", "page": "127", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Google DeepMind's Responsibility and Safety Council (RSC)", "aliases": ["Google DeepMind's Responsibility and Safety Council (RSC)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": ["Gemini 2.5 Deep Think"], "norms": ["accountability", "ethics", "governance", "safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini-2-5-Deep-Think-Model-Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "This internal governance body within Google DeepMind reviews ethics and safety assessments, provides feedback during model development, evaluates model performance data from assurance evaluations, and makes release decisions for AI models.", "quote": "Google DeepMind's Responsibility and Safety Council (RSC), Google DeepMind's internal governance body, reviewed the initial ethics and safety assessments on novel model capabilities in order to provide feedback and guidance during model development. The RSC also reviewed data on the model's performance via assurance evaluations and made release decisions.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini 2.5 Deep Think model family (AI systems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Google News Initiative", "aliases": ["Google News Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "informed public", "journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funding research and reports on digital news consumption, trust, and misinformation, which informs public debate and policy on content moderation.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: Google News Initiative...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Google UK", "aliases": ["Google UK"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Partnered in a research project on information quality, providing technical expertise to analyze and evaluate IQ, influencing practices among internet service providers.", "quote": "A primary goal was to apply current investigations in the philosophy of information to the analysis and evaluation of information quality, by combining them with the technical expertise in information management offered by Google UK, a partner in the project.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Google's Advisory Council", "aliases": ["Google's Advisory Council"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["search engines"], "norms": ["data protection", "information access", "privacy", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Convened by Google to assist in formulating criteria for balancing the public interest and privacy rights in right-to-be-forgotten claims, thereby influencing a private platform's content deletion policies.", "quote": "Google convened an 'Advisory Council' to assist it in formu- lating 'criteria that Google should use in striking a balance, such as what role the data subject plays in public life, or whether the information is outdated or no longer relevant.'", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Goruhha-ye Feshar (Pressure Groups)", "aliases": ["Goruhha-ye Feshar (Pressure Groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political loyalty", "state ideology"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Islamic Republic: Two Modes of Regulatory Measures for Media in Iran", "author": "Rahimi, Babak", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "These groups carry out unofficial censorship by manipulating venues for media production and their strict regulation. They also attempt to stifle promotional strategies for films or cultural works deemed problematic and regulate offline knowledge production through print media.", "quote": "These measures are elusive, shadowy and, given their informal nature, difficult to examine in a study of systematic regulation of the media. They are largely carried out by pro-government pressure groups (termed goruhha-ye feshar in Persian) who are loosely associated with the state and remain loyal to hardliner factions. Unofficial measures of control include manipulation of venues for media production and their strict regulation.", "page": "14", "url": "https://mej.mei.edu/lookup/doi/10.3751/69.3.12", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "1979–2015"}]}, {"name": "Governing.Digital", "aliases": ["Governing.Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital democracy advocacy / research project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and public comments, organizes transparency roundtables, authors coalition letters to the White House and other bodies, and was incubated/sponsored by established nonprofit funders to shape open government and digital governance policy.", "quote": "Mission and activities explicitly target embedding democratic values into digital governance, open government, civic technologies, transparency, and oversight of private corporations acting as public squares.", "page": "", "url": "https://governing.digital/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Government Censorship of Social Media Demands Bright-Line Rule", "aliases": ["Government Censorship of Social Media Demands Bright-Line Rule"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["First Amendment advocacy nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Files amicus briefs and strategic litigation, produces research and public communications to shape courts and policy debates about government pressure on platforms and Section 230.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and files amicus briefs (e.g., Murthy v. Missouri) arguing for bright-line First Amendment protections against government pressure on social media platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ifs.org/news/government-censorship-of-social-media-demands-bright-line-rule/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Government Information Awareness (project) at MIT Media Lab", "aliases": ["Government Information Awareness (project) at MIT Media Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["scientific society / foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["anonymity"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A project designed to enable citizens to anonymously submit information related to government, and allow government members to participate, acting as a 'Big Brother' to the state's 'Big Brother'.", "quote": "En cierto sentido, la GIA espera ser el Gran Hermano del Gran Hermano: “para permitir a los ciudadanos presentar información sobre los temas relacionados con el gobierno, aunque manteniendo su anonimato.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Government Should Not be a Vending Machine: The Role of Civic ...", "aliases": ["Government Should Not be a Vending Machine: The Role of Civic ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech non-profit; think tank/advocacy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and runs symposia/training to shape civic-tech practice; highlights partnerships with USDS and Code for America and promotes interoperability approaches to public service delivery.", "quote": "Organization focuses on civic technology, interoperability, and citizen-centric digital government; these activities touch on information flows, privacy, and data-sharing but do not centrally target consumer-facing platform content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://stewardsofchange.org/government-not-vending-machine-role-civic-tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Government Social Media Censorship | ACLU of Southern California", "aliases": ["Government Social Media Censorship | ACLU of Southern California"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization / chapter of national NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1925", "mechanism": "ACLU SoCal publishes legal guidance, brings lawsuits (cases listed on site) to block government social media censorship, runs campaigns and publications to shape public debate and hold officials accountable.", "quote": "Provides legal guidance, litigation, and public resources on government social media censorship and has brought cases challenging government blocking and deletion by officials.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/govt-social-media-censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GovEx Center for Government Excellence", "aliases": ["GovEx Center for Government Excellence"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research and training center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GovEx produces research and tools, provides training through GovEx Academy, and advises cities (advised cities, counties, and states in 37 countries) often in partnership with Bloomberg Philanthropies.", "quote": "GovEx focuses on data and AI for public sector use—training, research, and coaching city governments—so it engages with AI and data governance but not primarily with consumer-facing platform content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://govex.jhu.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GovLab Academy", "aliases": ["GovLab Academy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public sector training nonprofit; civic tech capacity builder"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "InnovateUS produces training curricula and public-facing analysis ('News that Caught Our Eye'), partners with government agencies to deploy AI upskilling at scale, and aligns courses with government AI initiatives, shaping practitioner capacity and implementation choices.", "quote": "InnovateUS's core mission is upskilling public servants in AI and digital skills; it has provided 'Responsible AI' training and partnerships with state and local governments, touching platform governance practices indirectly through capacity building.", "page": "", "url": "http://govlabacademy.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GoVolunteer", "aliases": ["GoVolunteer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was targeted by organised campaigns ('shitstorms'), which triggered interventions by other civil society actors to protect it and similar initiatives from harassment.", "quote": "the fields of activity were extended to the Facebook pages of people from public life, NGOs, foundations and other initiatives, if organised and externally controlled campaigns (shitstorms) were targeting them, for example Dunja Hayali [...] and the GoVolunteer initiative.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Goyim Defense League", "aliases": ["Goyim Defense League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Produced and distributed antisemitic infographics which were shared on fringe platforms, contributing to \"hate party\"\" phenomena on mainstream platforms like YouTube.\"", "quote": "Four sequential replies all chided Dice for not explicitly naming the Jew, including one that posted an antisemitic infographic created by the hate group the Goyim Defense League (see Figure 8.1).", "page": "180", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Gram Collective", "aliases": ["Gram Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "innovation", "quality content"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An Italian collective engaged in high-quality editorial self-production, creating 'anomalous editorial projects' that mix diverse styles, techniques, and topics, promoting independent artistic expression and challenging traditional publishing norms through unique content and presentation.", "quote": "Gram, collettivo italiano che dal 2014 si occupa di autoproduzione editoriale di grande qualità. Gram sta portando avanti tale progetto coinvolgendo le mani di artisti e grafici sempre differenti.", "page": "19", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Gram Vaani", "aliases": ["Gram Vaani"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["mobile voice forums"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-misinformation", "free speech", "journalistic integrity", "public morals"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sangeet swara: A community-moderated voice forum in rural india", "author": "A Vashistha, E Cutrell, G Borriello, W Thies", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Functions as a voice forum providing rural information and citizen journalism. Similar to CGNet Swara, it utilizes a dedicated team of 10-15 full-time moderators responsible for screening, categorizing, and ensuring the quality and appropriateness of content posted by users.", "quote": "For example, both CGNet Swara [19] and Gram Vaani [3] currently employ 10-15 full-time moderators. If these platforms were to grow by orders of magnitude, it would be very difficult to manage commensurate growth of the moderator team.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702191", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Rural and Urban India, mobile voice forums", "when": "mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Grand Jury of the Russian Union of Journalists", "aliases": ["Grand Jury of the Russian Union of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Co-organized workshops to discuss co-/self-regulation bodies in the mass media, contributing to norm-setting and policy discussions on media governance.", "quote": "Co-/Self-Regulation Bodies (2005) Co-/Self-Regulation Bodies in the Mass Media. Report on the workshop jointly organized by the Moscow Media Law and Policy Centre and the European Audiovisual Observatory with the Grand Jury of the Russian Union of Journalists.", "page": "66", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Grande Loge du Gabon, Grande Loge Nationale Française", "aliases": ["Grande Loge du Gabon, Grande Loge Nationale Française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "heteronormativity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Specific instances of these lodges, such as the enthronement of a grand master, reinforce their public visibility and perceived association with political power, illicit enrichment, and sexual transgression, contributing to social shaming and moral panics.", "quote": "Le nouveau président Ali Bongo intronisé comme grand-maître de la Grande Loge du Gabon par François Stifani, alors grand-maître de la Grande Loge Nationale Française (© AfrikMag, Gabon 2009)", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Grass Mud Horse (Internet Meme/Collective Expression)", "aliases": ["Grass Mud Horse (Internet Meme/Collective Expression)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Batman, Pandaman and the Blind Man: A Case Study in Social Change Memes and Internet Censorship in China", "author": "Mina, An Xiao", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Functions as a humorous and pun-based internet meme that evades China's stringent internet censorship, serving as a vehicle for political and social critique by allowing netizens to express dissent and challenge state policy indirectly.", "quote": "The grass mud horse, like many internet memes, is a form of in-joke. At least until it became too famous, its friendly face and punny name meant it could slip past the scrutiny of internet censors, while inspiring hilarity amongst its users.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470412914546576", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2011–2014"}]}, {"name": "Grassroots Tech Groups", "aliases": ["Grassroots Tech Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Mexico"], "media": ["IGF", "WSIS"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "At the margins of Internet governance: grassroots tech groups and communication policy", "author": "Hintz, Arne; Milan, Stefania", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "They provide alternative communication infrastructure for civil society activists and citizens, operate with collective organizing principles, advocate for user-based self-regulation and technical bypasses, and face state repression and corporate interventions (e.g., domain name filters, libel cases). They largely avoid institutional policy debates.", "quote": "In using the term 'grassroots tech groups', we refer to groups providing alternative communication infrastructure to civil society activists and citizens on a voluntary basis through collective organising principles, with the aim of counteracting commercial as well as state pressures on information content, media access and the privacy of media users.", "page": "3", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp.5.1-2.23_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet governance fora (WSIS, IGF), global/transnational, with specific examples from Europe and Mexico", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2003)"}]}, {"name": "Great Barrington Declaration", "aliases": ["Great Barrington Declaration"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Romania"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["focused protection", "scientific skepticism"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Idéologie entre discours intégré et discours controversé dans quatre débats télévisuels sur la pandémie de Covid-19", "author": "OB Feher", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A petition initiated by scientists and signed by thousands, publicly criticizing general isolation policies during the pandemic and advocating for focused protection, thereby challenging official discourse and norms.", "quote": "une pétition, Déclaration de Great Barrington, initiée par trois médecins spécialistes, chercheurs et professeurs, et signée par plus de 6 000 scientifiques, où sont critiquées les politiques d'isolement général.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/riatps/2025-n28-riatps010574/1123281ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France and Romania (televised debates on Covid-19)", "when": "2020 (Covid-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Great Sioux Nation (Oceti Šakowin)", "aliases": ["Great Sioux Nation (Oceti Šakowin)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "indigenous rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Historically occupied and held treaty rights to the territory where DAPL was constructed, and gathered to resist pipeline construction and defend their rights.", "quote": "The pipeline crosses through the traditional territory of the Great Sioux Nation or Oceti Šakowin – the “Seven Council Fires” – who have occupied the area since time immemorial.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "GreatFire Analyzer", "aliases": ["GreatFire Analyzer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors website censorship in China, as part of large-scale projects tracking GFW blocklist changes.", "quote": "To monitor website censorship in China, several large-scale projects have been developed, including the GreatFire Analyzer [35], Blocky [36], GFWatch [3], and GFWeb [9].", "page": "2", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Green Earth Organization", "aliases": ["Green Earth Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A 'lesser-known Southern NGO' that participated in UN conferences, influencing global environmental and development discussions and contributing to public opinion formation.", "quote": "Green Earth Organization is a 'lesser-known Southern NGO' that participated in UN conferences, influencing global environmental and development discussions.", "page": "229", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Green Globalisation", "aliases": ["Green Globalisation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "environmental protection", "ethical advertising"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in 'adbusting' and critical consumer activism, creating alternative messages and putting them on ads to make people 'open their eyes' to unethical commercial practices.", "quote": "As a consequence she left the political party a couple of years ago and she has now joined Green Globalisation, an environmental alter-globalisation movement.", "page": "161", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Green Party (Germany)", "aliases": ["Green Party (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "equality"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What do people expect from Artificial Intelligence? Public opinion on alignment in AI moderation from Germany and the United States", "author": "A Jungherr, A Rauchfleisch", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Actively promotes strong regulatory measures for digital content governance to address issues like misinformation, hate speech, and online inequality, thereby shaping public discourse and policy preferences related to AI moderation.", "quote": "In Germany, while digital content governance is less politicized than in the U.S., the Green Party has actively promoted strong regulatory measures to address misinformation, hate speech, and inequality online (Hanfeld, 2025).", "page": "7", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12476", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Germany and the United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "Green Party of Quebec (Parti Vert du Québec)", "aliases": ["Green Party of Quebec (Parti Vert du Québec)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "fairness"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Contests its exclusion from televised leaders' debates, demanding fair representation for smaller parties in public political discourse.", "quote": "Les partis Québec Solidaire et le Parti Vert ont exigé leur présence lors de l'émission, demande qui leur a été refusée par le consortium des télédiffuseurs.", "page": "40", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Green Press Pakistan", "aliases": ["Green Press Pakistan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["market competition", "media development", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Proposed to be targeted with loan incentives to encourage the establishment of new newspapers in the mainstream market, thereby increasing plurality and free market competition in the Pakistani newspaper industry.", "quote": "This effort should also target grassroots organisations such as Internews Pakistan and Green Press Pakistan to encourage these non-profit organisations to establish new newspapers in the main- stream market.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Green Ribbon Club", "aliases": ["Green Ribbon Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-absolutism", "anti-radicalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Served as a symbol adopted by the Whig aristocracy, associating with radical ideas like those of the Levellers, during periods of political crisis.", "quote": "The Whig aristocracy, led by Locke’s mentor, the first Earl of Shaftesbury, could even associate themselves with the Green Ribbon Club, whose eponymous symbol had been the insignia of the Levellers...", "page": "256", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Green Simurgh", "aliases": ["Green Simurgh"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides censorship circumvention tools to users in censored regions, although a malicious version was reported to track user activities.", "quote": "Some of the widely used tools in Iran include Tor [41], Green Simurgh [15], FreeGate [13], Your Freedom [48], and Ultrasurf [43], as well as VPNs and SSH tunnels.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "GreenNet", "aliases": ["GreenNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Initiated cooperation with PeaceNet/EcoNet, leading to the formation of the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) to provide communication services to NGOs.", "quote": "The APC was initiated in that year when GreenNet in England began cooperating with PeaceNet/EcoNet in the United States.", "page": "230", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Greenpeace and Amnesty International", "aliases": ["Greenpeace and Amnesty International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Acquire political influence in special public spheres and the 'informal flow of public opinion' based on their established reputation.", "quote": "The political influence that has already been acquired (such as that enjoyed by experienced political leaders and officeholders, established parties, and well-known groups like Greenpeace and Amnesty International) comes into play.", "page": "375", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Greenpeace Czech Republic", "aliases": ["Greenpeace Czech Republic"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "environmental protection"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in critical campaigns by modifying and disseminating corporate videos, using parody to express criticism and exert public pressure on corporate entities for environmental issues.", "quote": "In December 2018, the Greenpeace CR NGO (hereinafter referred to as Greenpeace) replaced CEZ's original video with footage of damaged, dry and felled forests and forest fires, supplemented by the description: 'CEZ's coal flue gases are damaging trees. The result is forest fires.' As part of its critical campaign, the modified video was embedded by Greenpeace on its Facebook page and thus operated.", "page": "235", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Greenpeace International", "aliases": ["Greenpeace International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Plays a central role in the creation and mobilization of transnational public spheres, influencing nation-states through global public opinion and confronting states.", "quote": "Nongovernmental organizations such as Greenpeace play a central role in the creation and mobilization of transnational public spheres, showing a 'growing impact on the press and media' and confronting states.", "page": "225", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Greenpeace Italy", "aliases": ["Greenpeace Italy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental protection", "sustainability"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dall'analisi delle interfacce cognitive, adattive e conversazionali nell'era dell'AI e delle conseguenze etiche di opacità, bias e perdita di agency a un progetto fictional …", "author": "G Melis", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Denounces the significant increase in electricity consumption and CO2 emissions from AI chip production and the heavy reliance on fossil fuels, using public advocacy to highlight the environmental impact of AI.", "quote": "Greenpeace Italia va oltre e denuncia che la produzione di chip per l'IA ha visto un aumento del 351% di consumo elettrico e del 357% di emissioni in un solo anno (2023-2024), con una dipendenza pesante da fonti fossili nelle catene di produzione.", "page": "34", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/39097/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, with focus on contemporary digital and AI interfaces", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 1940s)"}]}, {"name": "Gremios de examinadores", "aliases": ["Gremios de examinadores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Academia de la Historia y la censura en tiempos de las Luces", "author": "Domergue, Lucienne", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Established by 'Buen-gobierno' (good governance) in mechanical arts, these guilds served as a model of self-regulation and quality control through expert examiners. Their function is cited as an analogy for how expert censors should operate in the literary field.", "quote": "Para las segundas [artes mecánicas] estableció el Buen-gobierno en cada gremio de examinadores, veedores prácticos y consumados en sus respectivos oficios.", "page": "4", "url": "cervantesvirtual.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century (Enlightenment)"}]}, {"name": "Gretel Research Group (Universitat de Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Gretel Research Group (Universitat de Barcelona)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["child rights", "free speech", "media literacy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provided expert perspectives against literal and realistic interpretations of traditional tales, arguing against censorship based on perceived sexism and advocating for critical reading.", "quote": "El grupo de investigación de la UB Gretel, por ejemplo, subrayaba, entre otras consideraciones, que los cuentos populares no deberían leerse de manera literal y realista, y que los personajes de los cuentos son arquetípicos.", "page": "8", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Grimethorpe's Electronic Village Hall", "aliases": ["Grimethorpe's Electronic Village Hall"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community empowerment", "economic regeneration", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Seeks to make Internet technology accessible to local communities to assist in economic regeneration and enable campaigning on social issues.", "quote": "Grimethorpe's Electronic Village Hall and London's Tower Hamlets Community Network E-base seek to make Internet technology accessible to local communities in order to assist in the regeneration of economically deprived areas.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Groundswell", "aliases": ["Groundswell"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A wider network of anarchist unemployed groups in the UK, implying coordination and communication of activities related to unemployment activism.", "quote": "Edinburgh Claimants is part of a wider network of anarchist unemployed groups in the UK, known as Groundswell (see Shore, 1997 for an overview).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of Hiv-Aids Hypothesis", "aliases": ["Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of Hiv-Aids Hypothesis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["epistemological standards", "ethical commitment", "questioning orthodoxy", "scientific reappraisal"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Advocated for a comprehensive independent review of the scientific evidence regarding the HIV-AIDS hypothesis, challenging mainstream scientific consensus and pushing for more critical epidemiological studies.", "quote": "Proponiamo che un riesame completo delle evidenze esistenti pro e contro questa ipotesi sia condotto da un qualificato gruppo indipendente. Proponiamo inoltre che siano progettati e condotti studi epidemiologici critici.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Group of anti-fascist intellectuals (associated with Croce and Amendola)", "aliases": ["Group of anti-fascist intellectuals (associated with Croce and Amendola)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mussolini censore. Storie di letteratura, dissenso e ipocrisia", "author": "Bonsaver, Guido", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This collective of intellectuals publicly opposed the Fascist regime by adhering to and signing an anti-fascist manifesto, thereby representing a stance of intellectual dissent.", "quote": "Pare che Mussolini, incontrando Matilde Serao, che aveva aderito al manifesto degli intellettuali antifascisti di Croce e Amendola, provasse a blandirla chiedendole cosa le costava essere fascista almeno un po'.", "page": "1", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy", "when": "1920s-1940s (Fascist era)"}]}, {"name": "Group of former afrancesados / Josefinos publishing El Censor", "aliases": ["Group of former afrancesados / Josefinos publishing El Censor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "constitutionalism", "political moderation", "political rights", "separation of powers"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolución, moderación, reacción: los mundos (im) posibles de la monarquía española en el Trienio Liberal", "author": "G Butrón Prida", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This group of former 'afrancesados' utilized periodicals like 'El Censor' to publicly defend and insistently advocate for a moderate liberal political universe. They proposed a revised constitutional monarchy that balanced royal and national power, possibly including bicameralism.", "quote": "Su lectura permite recomponer el universo político que habían concebido y que defendieron con insistencia hasta la desaparición del semanario en julio de 1822.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1665-44202021000200060&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)"}]}, {"name": "Group of major registrars behind DNS Abuse Framework", "aliases": ["Group of major registrars behind DNS Abuse Framework"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "free speech", "internet openness", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SPECIAL ISSUE: GOVERNING THE DIGITAL SPACE", "author": "Busch, Christoph", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a framework outlining types of harmful activities registrars should respond to, distinguishing between technical abuses and specific categories of severe illegal content, with an emphasis on limiting content-related actions at the DNS level.", "quote": "In May 2020, a group of major registrars published a “Framework to Address Abuse” in the DNS, which outlines the types of content upon which a domain registrar should act.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and global digital space", "when": "2020-2022"}]}, {"name": "Group of scholars and reformers around Felipe de la Torre", "aliases": ["Group of scholars and reformers around Felipe de la Torre"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "political freedom", "religious principles"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Composed of scholars and reformers whose critical writings pushed the boundaries of permissible discourse regarding the Inquisition and its perceived abuses.", "quote": "L'Aragonais Felipe de la Torre enseigna à l'Université de Louvain. Il faisait partie d'un groupe composé de Pedro Jiménez ainsi que de Fox Morcillo, Juan Paez de Castro, Fadrique Furió Ceriol, le Dr. Morillo et fray Julián de Tudela.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Group of writers (led by Annie Ernaux)", "aliases": ["Group of writers (led by Annie Ernaux)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": ["Online Platforms"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "professional honour", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les formes contemporaines de censure:", "author": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste; Talon-Hugon, Carole", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Through a signed tribune/petition, this collective of writers publicly denounced a literary work for its perceived moral implications, acting to challenge absolute freedom of expression in certain contexts and exert public pressure.", "quote": "Annie Ernaux lança contre l'Éloge littéraire d'Anders Breivik de Richard Millet, signée par plus d'une centaine d'écrivains dont Tahar Ben Jelloun, Chloé Delaume, Michèle Gazier, Alain Mabanckou, Jean-Noël Pancrazi.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2020-5-page-91.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western countries and online platforms, with historical comparisons to European contexts", "when": "Post-2000, with extensive historical comparisons to the 16th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Groupe de Recherche pour l'Analyse du Français Enseigné (GRAFE)", "aliases": ["Groupe de Recherche pour l'Analyse du Français Enseigné (GRAFE)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ensinar o debate regrado sobre as (des) igualdades entre os sexos no primário: evolução da distribuição da fala entre os (as) participantes", "author": "A Coppola, J Dolz", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The GRAFE group designed and implemented the 'Atelier Filé' pedagogical device in elementary schools. This device teaches students to conduct regulated debates, where they learn to moderate discussions and argue for positions on gender inequality, aiming to foster critical thinking and influence students' understanding of gender roles.", "quote": "O objetivo da pesquisa era o de compreender como intervenções didáticas específicas e reiteradas para o ensino do gênero debate regrado permitem, ao mesmo tempo, promover o desenvolvimento das capacidades argumentativas dos alunos em francês e influenciar a adesão dos alunos ao sistema de gênero", "page": "1", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/linhadagua/article/download/172698/162684/427702", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Canton of Vaud, Switzerland (elementary schools)", "when": "2018"}]}, {"name": "Groupe Marocain de Sémiotique", "aliases": ["Groupe Marocain de Sémiotique"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collaborated in a research project on \"IMAGO FRANCA\"\" focusing on visual cultures and censorship in the Mediterranean region.\"", "quote": "condotto congiuntamente all’Università “Moulay Ismaïl” di Meknès, Marocco, al Groupe Marocain de Sémiotique, nella medesima università", "page": "10", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Groupement d'Intérêt Économique Brousse-Cardell", "aliases": ["Groupement d'Intérêt Économique Brousse-Cardell"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "trade regulation"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Une autre figure du community manager: un prospecteur silencieux et rigoureux. L'exemple d'un forum de lecteurs-consommateurs", "author": "É Sotto", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This entity was a named party in a legal case concerning internal regulations adopted by an agricultural economic committee, which applied to adhering producers. This involvement relates to challenging or defending self-regulatory trade practices.", "quote": "Qu'en prenant le règlement intérieur litigieux, lequel n'est par lui-même, et sauf décision administrative d'extension, applicable qu'aux producteurs qui ont adhéré aux groupements et syndicats eux-mêmes réunis au sein du comité [...]", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communiquer/2176", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France (legal context); online platforms (subject matter)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Groupement de Recherche Centre Internet et Société", "aliases": ["Groupement de Recherche Centre Internet et Société"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "policy analysis"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organized a 'Book Club' to critically analyze the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA).", "quote": "proposer des lectures critiques du DSA et du DMA (Digital Markets Act) dans le cadre d’un Book Club du GDR Centre Internet et Société.", "page": "10", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "GroupLab", "aliases": ["GroupLab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world-wide market: Living with the realities of censorship on the Internet.", "author": "M Björn, YY Chen", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Utilizes server-side chronological awareness systems (like CHRONO) to monitor new developments within its own work and in collaboration with other groups, facilitating collaborative interactions and information flow.", "quote": "People associated with the two research units: Knowledge Science Institute and GroupLab periodically have utilized the system to check on new developments of each other (both within group and between groups).", "page": "143", "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427649.pdf#page=42", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet/WWW", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Grundrechte für digitale Dienste: Was regelt der Digital Services Act?", "aliases": ["Grundrechte für digitale Dienste: Was regelt der Digital Services Act?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer protection organisation (state consumer centre)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes DSA guidance for users, takes consumer complaints and is named as a stakeholder eligible for 'trusted flagger' priority handling, enabling monitoring and escalation of platform non-compliance.", "quote": "Provides guidance on the Digital Services Act and positions consumer protection bodies as potential 'trusted flaggers' and complaint intake, directly engaging platform governance and oversight mechanisms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.verbraucherzentrale-niedersachsen.de/themen/internet-telefon/datenschutz/grundrechte-fuer-digitale-dienste-was-regelt-der-digital-services-act", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Grupo Comunicar", "aliases": ["Grupo Comunicar"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democratic participation", "media ethics", "media literacy", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El ciudadano crítico con los medios", "author": "JIA Gómez, CB Vicaria…", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "It promotes media literacy and critical citizenship through organizing academic debates, publishing a scientific journal focused on communication and education, and advocating for ethical and responsible media practices.", "quote": "Preside el Grupo Comunicar, colectivo veterano en España en «Media Literacy», y dirige la revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación «Comunicar».", "page": "1", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4713270", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, democratic societies, general media", "when": "2013, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Cénico dos Alunos da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa", "aliases": ["Grupo Cénico dos Alunos da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social change"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Faced strict censorship, with almost all its submitted plays being disapproved due to their stated intention of 'intervention junto das massas' (intervention among the masses).", "quote": "chamou o Senhor Presidente a atenção dos senhores vogais para o rigor que devem usar em relação às peças destinadas a este agrupamento de teatro universitário, cuja confessada intenção é a de intervenção junto das massas.", "page": "23", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual", "aliases": ["Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "legal equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, contributing legal arguments to expand protections for LGBTQIA+ individuals.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Ação Lésbica-Feminista", "aliases": ["Grupo de Ação Lésbica-Feminista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Members participated in TV discussions on lesbianism, influencing the public debate and subsequent normative instructions from censorship authorities on portraying homosexuality.", "quote": "...o tema do “lesbianismo” teria sido discutido pela antropóloga Rosely Roth, uma associada do Grupo de Ação Lésbica-Feminista (GALF).", "page": "190", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Diarios America", "aliases": ["Grupo de Diarios America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil", "author": "De Albuquerque, Afonso", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A consortium of newspapers that adopted an active political stance, coordinating efforts among conservative news media in Latin America to denounce the expansion of 'Chavismo' and its perceived threat to press freedom through joint news series and rhetoric.", "quote": "Created in 1991, GDA adopted a more active political stance, along the 2000s, particularly by denouncing the expansion of Chavismo in Latin America and the danger it represented for the freedom of the press in the region. GDA even articulated the joint publishing of news series as 'This is how Chavismo spread throughout Latin America' (Grupo de Diarios America, 2007).", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917738376", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Estudios de Política Criminal", "aliases": ["Grupo de Estudios de Política Criminal"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Proposed an alternative, more restrictive wording for Article 578 CP (glorification of terrorism) to ensure its application is limited to direct incitement to violence.", "quote": "Así lo ha propuesto también, por ejemplo, el Grupo de Estudios de Política Criminal, con la siguiente sugerencia de redactado alternativo del artículo 578 CP: «Artículo 578.1. La incitación pública y directa a la comisión de cualquiera de los delitos señalados en los artículos 572 a 577, la justificación o el enaltecimiento públicos de estos delitos o de sus autores, siempre que por su naturaleza y circunstancias constituyan una incitación directa a cometer uno de estos delitos, serán castigados con una pena de 1 a 3 años de privación de libertad cuando genere con ello un riesgo inminente de que se puedan cometer uno o varios de dichos delitos […]»", "page": "65", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Estudos “Novos Direitos e Tecnologias”", "aliases": ["Grupo de Estudos “Novos Direitos e Tecnologias”"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research projects on disinformation in social media and metaverse security, contributing to the academic understanding of digital rights and governance to protect human rights.", "quote": "O autor participa do Grupo de Estudos “Novos Direitos e Tecnologias” e, liderado pelo professor orientador, já desenvolveu projetos de pesquisa sobre desinformação nas mídias sociais e segurança no metaverso.", "page": "18", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Helsinki sobre mujer y ciencia", "aliases": ["Grupo de Helsinki sobre mujer y ciencia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces reports confirming persistent horizontal gender segregation in higher education, advocating for gender equality in science.", "quote": "La baja participación de las mujeres en la educación superior y su escasa representación en puestos de liderazgo de STEM muestra la persistencia de una severa segregación horizontal de género por área de conocimiento, tal y como confirman los sucesivos informes del Grupo de Helsinki sobre mujer y ciencia.", "page": "203", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C.", "aliases": ["Grupo de Información en Reproducción Elegida, A.C."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes information and advocates for parental leave, work-life balance, and gender equality in legislation.", "quote": "Según GIRE4 (2017), la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) no ha hecho una recomendación específica sobre la licencia de paternidad ni la ha incluido en algún Convenio...", "page": "300", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de investigación Arquitectura y Urbanismo Sostenible (GAUS)", "aliases": ["Grupo de investigación Arquitectura y Urbanismo Sostenible (GAUS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "historical preservation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops research projects on gender and architecture, influencing the preservation and organization of professional archives.", "quote": "El proceso se realiza con la mediación del Grupo de investigación de Arquitectura y Urbanismo Sostenible, GAUS, que alberga una línea de investigación sobre género y arquitectura, bajo la cual desarrollaron el proyecto de investigación Mujeres Arquitectas de Galicia, MAGA.", "page": "461", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Peritos em Literacia Mediática", "aliases": ["Grupo de Peritos em Literacia Mediática"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advises the European Commission and publishes reports and guidelines on best practices for teaching and promoting media literacy, including efforts to combat disinformation across the EU.", "quote": "A Comissão Europeia reúne regularmente este grupo de peritos (académicos, reguladores, empresas) para publicar relatórios e linhas orientadoras (referenciais) sobre as melhores práticas para ensinar e promover a literacia mediática na UE.", "page": "30", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Pesquisa Produção Editorial da Intercom - Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação", "aliases": ["Grupo de Pesquisa Produção Editorial da Intercom - Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "It served as a forum for discussion and collaboration, contributing observations to the elaboration of the research work on censorship during the military dictatorship.", "quote": "Ana Claudia Gruszynski, Bárbara Heller e demais colegas do Grupo de Pesquisa Produção Editorial da Intercom - Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação - discutiram e contribuíram com suas observações na elaboração dos trabalhos aqui reunidos.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Teatro de Osmar Rodrigues Cruz", "aliases": ["Grupo de Teatro de Osmar Rodrigues Cruz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A theatre group whose artistic director later founded the Teatro Popular do SESI, which operated within the broader context of censorship, suggesting a contribution to the cultural landscape under state control.", "quote": "Havia participado como ator no Grupo de Teatro de Osmar Rodrigues Cruz, que será citado mais adiante como diretor artístico do Teatro Popular do SESI.", "page": "11", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Grupo de Teatro Realista", "aliases": ["Grupo de Teatro Realista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Part of the theatrical vanguard, likely advocating for a style of theatre that challenged established cultural and political norms, contributing to a broader movement of social critique.", "quote": "La labor de Sastre en la vanguardia del teatro ha sido incansable: fundación del Grupo de Teatro Realista, organización de los Coloquios de Santander sobre problemas actuales del teatro en España y la publicación de los libros Drama y sociedad, Anatomía del realismo y numerosos artículos.", "page": "18", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Dignidade", "aliases": ["Grupo Dignidade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "civil rights", "human dignity", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF) concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, advocating for the expansion of citizenship and rights for LGBTQIA+ individuals.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] o Grupo Dignidade – Pela Cidadania de Gays, Lésbicas e Transgêneros; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Grupo ETAN", "aliases": ["Grupo ETAN"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and recommendations on gender equality in STEM fields, addressing educational and occupational segregation.", "quote": "Corregir estas desigualdades es un punto clave, puesto que esta segregación educativa es la antesala de la segregación laboral. El peso de los roles de género tradicionales constituye un importante factor en la elección de carrera de mujeres y hombres (Navarro y Casero, 2012). Por ello, la eliminación de estereotipos y prejuicios sexistas sobre los roles y carreras profesionales que pueden condicionar la elección de estudios se considera un punto clave de las políticas educativas de género (Grupo ETAN, 2001).", "page": "407", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Informal sobre Literacia Mediática", "aliases": ["Grupo Informal sobre Literacia Mediática"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["media literacy", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Aggregates various organizations (universities, libraries, regulators, NGOs) in Portugal to facilitate resource sharing and event organization concerning media literacy.", "quote": "Uma rede que agrega dezenas de organizações em Portugal – desde universidades (como o CICANT na Lusófona), bibliotecas, o ERC, a LUSA, o Polígrafo, e ONGs – para partilhar recursos e organizar eventos.", "page": "31", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Mixto (Parliamentary Group)", "aliases": ["Grupo Mixto (Parliamentary Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "public welfare", "regional interests", "social welfare"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Deputies from this group defend their presented amendments, often highlighting specific regional or social issues, and use rhetorical strategies to persuade other parliamentary groups and the public of the validity and social benefit of its proposals.", "quote": "En turno de defensa de esas enmiendas, por el Grupo Mixto, tiene la palabra el señor Bosch (Jesús Posada Moreno, Presidente del Congreso, 12/11/12, p. 4).", "page": "257", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Nosotros (Nosotros Group)", "aliases": ["Grupo Nosotros (Nosotros Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "social revolution"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An influential internal group within the FAI, advocating for a specific political line, often in opposition to more moderate approaches within the broader anarchist movement.", "quote": "O grupo Nosotros era um grupo interno da FAI que reunia vários dos mais importantes anarquistas daquele momento, e que tinha muita influência dentro da organização.", "page": "70", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Parlamentario Confederal de Unidos Podemos-En Comú Podem-En Marea", "aliases": ["Grupo Parlamentario Confederal de Unidos Podemos-En Comú Podem-En Marea"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed an amendment to the LOREG to potentially influence the regulation of electoral debates, suggesting criteria for participation.", "quote": "Más reciente, la proposición de enmienda a la LOREG del Grupo Parlamentario Confederal de Unidos Podemos-En Comú Podem-En Marea (BOCG de 27 de octubre de 2016).", "page": "8", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Grupo Socialista", "aliases": ["Grupo Socialista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed a law to establish the mandatory celebration of televised electoral debates, aiming to formalize and regulate this aspect of electoral campaigns.", "quote": "Véase la proposición de ley del Grupo Socialista, BOCG de 27 de octubre de 2003.", "page": "8", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Grupo “Constituição, Política e Instituições” (Faculdade de Direito da USP)", "aliases": ["Grupo “Constituição, Política e Instituições” (Faculdade de Direito da USP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided a privileged space for academic reflection and production through research seminars and international debates on constitutional law.", "quote": "A convivência entre pesquisadores comprometidos, em turmas que se renovam, mantém uma singular vivacidade que faz deste grupo um espaço privilegiado de reflexão e produção acadêmica na Faculdade de Direito da USP.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Grupos de Interesse (Interest Groups)", "aliases": ["Grupos de Interesse (Interest Groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "social interests"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Members mobilize to influence public policy decisions, seeking to maximize benefits or minimize damages. Some professionalized to organize mass protests and strategically map interest propositions, acting as a constraint on social-democratic agendas.", "quote": "Tradicionalmente, a ciência política destaca outro elemento capaz de constituir um entrave à implementação da agenda dos social-democratas: os grupos de interesse. De diferentes formas e locais, seus membros, percebendo que serão afetados por uma decisão a ser tomada pelo poder público, se mobilizam para influenciar ao máximo o seu conteúdo", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups)", "aliases": ["Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Engaged in revolutionary violence, including the kidnapping of high-ranking officials, contributing to political destabilization during the Spanish democratic transition.", "quote": "On December 11, 1976, GRAPO, another revolutionary organization, kidnapped the president of the council of state and the president of the superior council of military justice.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Grups de Promoció Cultural de joves de la Guineueta i Verdum (Cultural Promotion Groups of youth from Guineueta and Verdum parishes)", "aliases": ["Grups de Promoció Cultural de joves de la Guineueta i Verdum (Cultural Promotion Groups of youth from Guineueta and Verdum parishes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["ecclesiastical authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Their proposed statutes, defining them as 'free confessional associations' open to non-believers, were denied approval by the hierarchy, demonstrating strict control over the organizational principles and membership of youth groups to maintain Catholic orthodoxy.", "quote": "uns «Grups de Promoció Cultural de joves de la Guineueta i Verdum (parròquies de Sant Mateu i de Sant Sebastià) no van ser aprovats per la jerarquia. Motiu? ... el fet que es definissin com a «associació confessional lliure», oberta a no creients, fou motiu suficient de la seva no-aprovació.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Grémios", "aliases": ["Grémios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional regulation", "sectoral order", "state control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As state-chartered corporatist bodies, they organized and controlled various economic and professional sectors, contributing to the state's pervasive control over civil society and public life.", "quote": "Estas estruturas atravessavam toda a sociedade portuguesa e enquadravam todos os sectores de actividade. Era o caso dos Sindicatos Nacionais, da Policia de Vigilância e defesa do Estado (PIDE), da Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho (FNAT), da Mocidade Portuguesa (MP), dos Grémios, das Corporações, do secretariado da Propaganda Nacional (SPN)", "page": "29", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Grêmios e Entidades de Pequenos Comerciantes e Industriais (Guilds and Entities of Small Merchants and Industrialists)", "aliases": ["Grêmios e Entidades de Pequenos Comerciantes e Industriais (Guilds and Entities of Small Merchants and Industrialists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An organization of small merchants and industrialists that opposed collectivization and price controls, seeking to protect private property and market freedoms, aligning with counter-revolutionary forces like PSUC and UGT.", "quote": "O GEPCI, fomentador de tais políticas, estava dentro da UGT e era protegido pelos comunistas do PSUC na Catalunha. Era daí que vinha também as consignas contra os comitês", "page": "508", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "GSMA", "aliases": ["GSMA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "GSMA produces industry research (GSMA Intelligence), convenes global events (MWC), runs working groups and standards initiatives, and engages governments and industry to shape policy and technical practice affecting platforms and networks.", "quote": "GSMA is the global trade association for mobile operators and related companies; its core mission is mobile industry coordination, but it engages in policy, regulation, AI, security and standards that touch platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gsma.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "GSMA (Global System for Mobile Communications)", "aliases": ["GSMA (Global System for Mobile Communications)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "India", "Iran", "Latin America", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital sovereignty", "economic development", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Soberanía y nacionalismo en entornos digitales: la llamativa ausencia de América Latina en el debate mundial", "author": "MA Becerra, SR Waisbord", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Represents telecommunications providers and influences policy discussions by publishing reports advocating for digital sovereignty, emphasizing the need for Europe to control its digital infrastructure and services to prevent exclusive definition by foreign companies.", "quote": "Europa debe garantizar que la infraestructura y los servicios digitales no estén definidos exclusivamente por empresas extranjeras cuyos intereses no son los suyos propios y sobre las que tiene una autoridad limitada. (GSMA, 2021, p. 3)", "page": "6", "url": "https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/260180", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (in comparison to China, Iran, Russia, European Union, United States, India)", "when": "1960s–2020s"}]}, {"name": "GTNum DEFI (Working Group on Data for Education, Training, and Innovation)", "aliases": ["GTNum DEFI (Working Group on Data for Education, Training, and Innovation)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "public information", "rationality"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in research-intervention to transform individual and organizational practices in data use, aiming to understand representations and evaluate the interest of data in teaching and educating students.", "quote": "Le GTNum DEFI (Données pour l’Education, la Formation, l’Innovation), réunit des chercheurs en sciences de l’information et de la communication, en informatique et sciences de l’éducation, ainsi que de professionnels de l’Éducation (Canopé, le CLEMI, ainsi que le Service Régional Académique au Numérique Éducatif), qui s’investissent dans une recherche-intervention visant à transformer les pratiques individuelles et organisationnelles des acteurs, en prenant appui sur des travaux de recherche qui permettront de comprendre les représentations, et d’évaluer l’intérêt du recours aux données pour enseigner et éduquer les élèves.", "page": "535", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Guardians of Education", "aliases": ["Guardians of Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Kept in touch with national textbook review figures, indicating participation in a network concerned with improving education.", "quote": "The Gablers and Dr. McGraw keep in touch with hundreds of state and local groups concerned with improving education:... Guardians of Education in Maine...", "page": "41", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Guarujá Alerta (Facebook page)", "aliases": ["Guarujá Alerta (Facebook page)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A INFLUÊNCIA DA MÍDIA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE ESTEREÓTIPOS CRIMINAIS E AS NOVAS FORMAS DE CONTROLE NA ERA DA INFORMAÇÃO", "author": "NR Carvalho", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Disseminated false rumors via a social media page, which incited public violence and resulted in a lynching, illustrating a destructive form of social shaming and norm enforcement driven by misinformation.", "quote": "Um caso ocorrido em Guarujá, no estado de São Paulo, ganhou notoriedade em todo o Brasil: um assassinato cometido por várias pessoas da região, devido a um boato divulgado pela página \"Guarujá Alerta\"\"", "page": "no Facebook.\"", "url": "https://revista.cepej.com.br/index.php/rcepej/article/view/203", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil, focusing on media and social networks", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Guelf Factions (Italian City-States)", "aliases": ["Guelf Factions (Italian City-States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "political power", "religious loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in internal city-state struggles, often aligning with papal interests and merchant classes, contributing to factional divisions.", "quote": "the infamous battles between Guelf (papal) and Ghibelline (imperial) factions, which typically, though not always, coincided with divisions between merchant classes and landed signori.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Guerrilla Travolaka", "aliases": ["Guerrilla Travolaka"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["body autonomy", "diversity", "gender identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Advocates for the right to define one's own body and gender, challenging strict medical and binary gender norms, and promoting free expression of gender and sexuality without state or medical intervention, through activism and visibility.", "quote": "En la Guerrilla Travolaka creemos en el poder que tiene mostrarse, hablar de nuestro cuerpo, de nuestra sexualidad, de nuestra diferencia y de las mil identidades que se esconden bajo esa misma etiqueta “Trans” (...) Reivindicamos el vivir sin pedir permiso.", "page": "24", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria", "aliases": ["Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Represents the interests of professional bloggers, contributing to research and discussions on online freedom and self-censorship.", "quote": "key informants drawn from the Nigerian Union of Journalists, Nigerian Guild of Editors, Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations, Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria and the Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria.", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Guilds (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Guilds (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public interest", "public order", "trade interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Participated actively in civic life, contributing to social order and welfare, and sometimes engaging in revolts over access to civic government.", "quote": "The urban centres had a vibrant civic life, with active corporate bodies of various kinds, such as guilds and militia companies.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Guilds (Florence)", "aliases": ["Guilds (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate autonomy", "economic interests", "legal rights", "political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Acted as principal players in both economic and political spheres, protecting members' interests and wielding autonomous corporate powers with legal force.", "quote": "The guilds that organized the wool trade and other occupations were principal players not only in the economic sphere, protecting the interests of their members and sheltering them from competition, but also in the political domain.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Gun Control Australia", "aliases": ["Gun Control Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["AOL", "UOL"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discussões on-line: estratégias argumentativas em debates na internet", "author": "MM Carvalho", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Through its president, this organization comments on the Brazilian disarmament referendum, framing the 'no' vote as a 'step backward' and implicitly advocating for gun control policies based on international experience.", "quote": "John Crook, presidente da organização não-governamental Gun Control Austrália, país que possui uma das mais duras legislações mundiais contra a venda de armas, diz que a opção pelo \"não\"\" representa um \"\"passo para trás\"\".\"", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30072008-132100/publico/DISSERTACAO_MARCIO_MARCONATO_DE_CARVALHO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms (AOL, UOL)", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Gun Owners of America", "aliases": ["Gun Owners of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Plans to support candidates opposing gun legislation, thereby supporting arch-conservatives in influencing political outcomes.", "quote": "The Gun ( veers of Americheaded.by John Birchleader H: H. 'Richardson, plans to suppUrtcandidates opposing gun' legislation bdt in practice supports only arch-c.citiservatives.", "page": "94", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Gurgaon Idol (community radio competition)", "aliases": ["Gurgaon Idol (community radio competition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["mobile voice forums"], "norms": ["artistic merit", "community engagement", "content quality"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sangeet swara: A community-moderated voice forum in rural india", "author": "A Vashistha, E Cutrell, G Borriello, W Thies", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Callers to this IVR service recorded and rated audio recordings. These community ratings were then used to influence the eventual playback of content on a community radio station, demonstrating a form of community-driven content curation for a public broadcast medium.", "quote": "Most closely related to our work is a system called Gurgaon Idol, where callers to an IVR service recorded and rated audio recordings to influence eventual playback on a community radio station [15].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702191", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Rural and Urban India, mobile voice forums", "when": "mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Gusdurian community", "aliases": ["Gusdurian community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["religious harmony"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Social Media in Strengthening Religious Moderation Amidst Digital Politics in Indonesia", "author": "L Ramadhani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organizes online digital literacy activities aimed at building a peaceful religious narrative and strengthening moderation.", "quote": "For example, digital literacy activities held online by the Gusdurian community have reached thousands of participants from various religious backgrounds.", "page": "5", "url": "http://journal.goresearch.id/index.php/sij/article/view/214", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Gusdurian Network", "aliases": ["Gusdurian Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "human dignity", "justice", "pluralism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Actively promotes pluralism and interfaith dialogue at the grassroots level, inspiring Muslim youth and running programs like \"Kelas Penggerak Gusdurian\"\" to train activists.\"", "quote": "In terms of Islamic organizations, Gusdurian—which consists of those who admire and continue the late K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid's advocacy on pluralism and interfaith dialogue—plays a significant role in managing religious moderation at the grassroots level through active Muslim youth involvement.", "page": "15", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Gusjigang tradition", "aliases": ["Gusjigang tradition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["community welfare", "economic fairness", "education", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation From Sunan Kudus' Perspective and Its Correlation with Islamic Education in The Modern Era", "author": "Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This is a sacred teaching and tradition in Kudus, believed to be perpetually imparted to the community, emphasizing good morals (gus), learning/study (ngaji), and honest trade (dagang), thereby functioning as a cultural mechanism for social moderation and ethical conduct.", "quote": "Gusjigang is an abbreviation of 3 words, namely gus, derived from the word good, ji, derived from ngaji, and gang, derived from dagang. The community believes it is a teaching that is always given to the community when preaching and strengthening the community in Kudus, specifically for Muslims and all communities.", "page": "9", "url": "repository.uin-malang.ac.id", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Kudus, Java, Indonesia", "when": "15th-16th century (for Sunan Kudus's era) and Modern era (for Islamic education correlation)"}]}, {"name": "Génération Identitaire", "aliases": ["Génération Identitaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "cultural identity", "national security", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A French far-right movement that organizes actions like the 'Alps Mission' to block migrants and uses digital media to promote anti-immigration and identitarian discourse.", "quote": "Generation Identity (Génération identitaire or GI, the youth wing of Les Identitaires), a French far-right movement, launched what they called the “Alps Mission” in the Hautes-Alpes, France.", "page": "145", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "H-Français discussion list", "aliases": ["H-Français discussion list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This list's moderation operates under a clear charter of 'professionalism and courtesy.' It is firm to preserve this 'professional and convivial tool' and is managed by a team that consults on decisions.", "quote": "La modération de la liste H-Français fonctionne selon une charte de « professionnalisme et courtoisie ». Elle est ferme pour préserver cet « outil professionnel et convivial » et est assurée par une équipe qui se concerte.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Hack for LA", "aliases": ["Hack for LA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech volunteer organization (project of Civic Tech Structure, Inc.)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs volunteer-driven projects and toolkits to build civic technology with government partners (information and technical prototypes) and leverages partnerships with local government and sponsors to implement civic solutions.", "quote": "Builds civic tech projects and toolkits with community partners and local government and maintains anti-harassment/code of conduct policies that touch on platform moderation norms.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.hackforla.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "HackCLE", "aliases": ["HackCLE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community civic tech collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organizes hackathons, scope-a-thons and community events to develop civic tech, partners with local institutions and corporate supporters to build tools and shape public-interest technology solutions for Cleveland.", "quote": "Focuses on 'social justice tech', civic hacking, hackathons and community tech initiatives that may touch platform-related issues (representation, inclusion) but does not centre platform governance or moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20200919064924/https://www.hackcleveland.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hackerleaks", "aliases": ["Hackerleaks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for publishing 'buitgemaakte' (captured) documents, facilitating the widespread distribution of leaked information.", "quote": "In het kader van Antisec zijn onder meer e-mails en documenten van de grenspolitie van Arizona en de NAVO buitgemaakt. De resultaten worden gepost op allerlei plekken, waaronder Pastebin, Piratebay en het in 2011 opgerichte Hackerleaks.", "page": "22", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "Hackers for Electronic Arts", "aliases": ["Hackers for Electronic Arts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical hacking", "freedom of information"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Engages in ethical debates about digital activism, criticizing tactics like DDoS attacks that limit access to information, prioritizing freedom of information over political disturbances.", "quote": "The HEART hackers argued however that Floodnet should not be de ployed because, by using the DDoS attacks to create disturbances on the In ternet, it in essence limits access to information.", "page": "214", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hacking//Hustling", "aliases": ["Hacking//Hustling"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation …", "author": "OL Haimson, D Delmonaco, P Nie…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on the experiences of marginalized groups, particularly sex workers, regarding content and account removals on social media, adding empirical evidence to discussions of content moderation inequities.", "quote": "documenting marginalized people's experiences with content moderation, which we do in this work, adding to evidence provided by the Electronic Frontier Foundation [35] and community-based groups like Hacking/Hustling [6, 7] and Salty [102].", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479610", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Hacks/Hackers", "aliases": ["Hacks/Hackers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journalism-technology network; community network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Credibility Coalition", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organizes summits, labs and newsletters (AI x Journalism Summit, Newsroom AI Lab, AI Real Talk) to disseminate best practices, build technical capacity in newsrooms, and shape discourse about AI and platform impacts on journalism.", "quote": "Organizes AI x Journalism summits and Newsroom AI Lab to shape how newsrooms engage with AI, data, and platform-driven information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.hackshackers.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hacktivismo", "aliases": ["Hacktivismo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Develops anti-censorship, privacy, and security-enhancing technologies to allow citizens in repressive states to bypass censorship and surveillance.", "quote": "One of the more interesting hacktivist groups is Hacktivismo, an offshoot of one of the Internet's oldest and most well known hacker groups, the Cult of the Dead Cow.", "page": "29", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "Hacktivists", "aliases": ["Hacktivists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "China", "Cuba", "Global South", "Iran", "United States", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "civic participation", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cooperative Dynamics of Censorship, Misinformation, and Influence Operations: Insights from the Global South and U.S", "author": "Hakami, Zaid; Feng, Yuzhou; Carbunar, Bogdan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Hacktivists view influence operations as threats to democratic and participatory ideals of the Internet. They actively resist by engaging in countermeasures, including doxxing operatives and mapping their recruitment and funding networks, to expose and counteract misinformation.", "quote": "Hacktivists, for example, consider IOs to be threats to democratic and participatory ideals of the Internet, and engage in countermeasures that include doxxing operatives and mapping their recruitment and funding networks [140].", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17933", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South (Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela) and U.S., social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically March-October 2024 for the study period"}]}, {"name": "Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America", "aliases": ["Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was prohibited by a private entity (Lloyd Center) from distributing materials, indicating the private entity's selective content policies and censorship.", "quote": "...permettendo le attività della American legion, della Salvation Army, dei Volunteers of America e dei candidati presidenziali di entrambi i principali partiti, dall'altra vietando le manifestazioni della March of Dimes e della Hadassah.", "page": "8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}]}, {"name": "Halaskâr Zâbitân", "aliases": ["Halaskâr Zâbitân"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A paramilitary group that used military force to intervene in political processes, ushering in the rule of the Grand Cabinet in opposition to the CUP.", "quote": "the Party of Liberty and Consensus took over the government not through elections, but with the intervention of a paramilitary group named Halaskâr Zâbitân (Savior Officials) in July 1912, ushering in the rule of what came to be called the Büyük Kabine (Grand Cabinet)", "page": "20", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Hamas", "aliases": ["Hamas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Resisted domestication and moderation, unlike the Iranian and Turkish examples, by maintaining strong grassroots support and armed militias in the Palestinian Authority, operating in an environment where the state lacks the capacity to dismantle such groups.", "quote": "Examples include Hamas in the Palestinian Authority, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Sadr Movement and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIRI) in post-Saddam Iraq. Consequently, the moderation theory does not predict that these organizations will eventually be domesticated and evolve in a similar manner to the RF and the JDP.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}]}, {"name": "Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah)", "aliases": ["Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyyah)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Jordan", "Palestine", "Syria"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Teoría de la Inclusión/Moderación como puerta hacia el Populismo Islámico: El caso de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egipto, Palestina, Jordania y Siria)", "author": "Priego, Alberto", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas constructs a populist narrative by criticizing the corruption and perceived 'rendition' to Israel by the Palestinian Authority (OLP/Al Fatah), while advocating for Islamic social justice and broader socio-economic issues to mobilize the population, especially in Gaza.", "quote": "En Palestina, Hamas ha basado buena parte de su discurso moral por un lado en criticar la rampante corrupción atribuida a Yasser Arafat (Gray 2005) y por el otro en una supuesta rendición ante Israel sellada con los acuerdo de paz de los años 90.", "page": "19", "url": "https://institucional.us.es/revistas/Araucaria/Vol-21-41/MII-7._Priego.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Egypt, Palestine, Jordan, Syria", "when": "2000-2015"}]}, {"name": "Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)", "aliases": ["Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Palestine", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Participated in elections in Palestine, with its victory being interpreted more as a rejection of the incumbent Fatah than full support for its Islamist agenda. Also engaged in cooperation with other ideological rivals on issues of common purpose, contributing to a broader political moderation effect.", "quote": "In Palestine, the Hamas victory of February 2006 also took place under exceptional circumstances. The vote was more of a rejection of Fatah than an expression of support for Hamas. Palestinians live under a highly repressive military occupation, and without a functioning state of their own. In this context, the success of Hamas at the polls should not be read as a sign of overwhelming support among Palestinians for an Islamist agenda, and even less as evidence that Islamist groups elsewhere may soon sweep their own polls.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), Jenin branch", "aliases": ["Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), Jenin branch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Palestine"], "media": [], "norms": ["national sovereignty", "self-determination"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The “inclusion-moderation” illusion: re-framing the Islamic movement inside Israel", "author": "C Larkin, M Nasasra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Exerted external political pressure on the Islamic Movement inside Israel (IM) by explicitly demanding they not participate in the Israeli Knesset, influencing the IMNB's separatist stance.", "quote": "the Hamas branch in Jenin (with close ties historically and geographically with Umm al-Fahm) who demanded in writing that there should be no entry to the Knesset.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865315", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Israel / Palestine (Islamic Movement inside Israel)", "when": "1970s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Hamburg Board of Trade", "aliases": ["Hamburg Board of Trade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Provided private financial contributions and aided the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV) in distributing propaganda to the foreign press, supporting the war-guilt revisionist campaign.", "quote": "It was aided in these endeavors not only by the Hamburg Board of Trade (Max Warburg, Wilhelm Cuno), but also by the World Council of Churches, and the Vereine des Auslandsdeutschtums.", "page": "22", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Handelsverband Deutschland (German Retail Federation)", "aliases": ["Handelsverband Deutschland (German Retail Federation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Competition policy", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "HDE publishes position papers and monitors (HDE-Online-Monitor), participates in public consultations and events (Handelskongress), and lobbies policymakers to shape regulation affecting e?commerce, payments, and marketplace competition.", "quote": "HDE's core mission is retail representation, but it engages in digital policy debates (E?Commerce, digital euro, third?country sellers) and submits positions to public consultations related to platform regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://einzelhandel.de", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hans-Bredow-Institut (Leibniz Institute for Media Research)", "aliases": ["Hans-Bredow-Institut (Leibniz Institute for Media Research)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on media systems and communication, including analyses of platforms' norm-making systems, thereby informing discussions on content moderation policies.", "quote": "Hans-Bredow-Institut/ Leibniz Institute for Media Research (Hamburg) – Works in Progress #1 (2020)", "page": "30", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung an der Universität Hamburg", "aliases": ["Hans-Bredow-Institut für Medienforschung an der Universität Hamburg"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring academic research that informs understanding of news media and public debate.", "quote": "as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Hansard Society", "aliases": ["Hansard Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "impartiality", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La comunicación y el discurso políticos en España y Serbia. Análisis comparativo de las estrategias argumentativas utilizadas en los debates electorales televisivos", "author": "M Mićović", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Proposes political debates and conducts independent, non-partisan political research, aiming to influence public interest and understanding of political issues.", "quote": "En el año 2000, Hansard Society149 propuso dos debates para los tres líderes de los partidos principales, pero Alastair Campbell... señaló: 'We do not believe TV debates will significantly add to public interest in our understanding of the issues...'", "page": "234", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/285600", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Serbia (televised electoral debates)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1990s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government", "aliases": ["Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["e-democracy", "effective deliberation", "parliamentary governance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Government-run Online Discussion Fora: Moderation, Censorship and the Shadow of Control1", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provided the moderator for government-run online discussion fora, such as the E-Democracy Forum, thereby actively guiding and facilitating online discussions and contributing to the practical implementation of e-democracy.", "quote": "The moderator was provided by the Hansard Society, and had a background in e-democracy and e-moderation.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2006.00247.x", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, government-run online discussion fora", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2000-2006)"}]}, {"name": "Hanseatic League", "aliases": ["Hanseatic League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["trade monopoly"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Maintained commercial dominance in Northern Europe through coercive powers, enforcing monopolies, embargoes, and blockades, often requiring military interventions.", "quote": "The commercial dominance of the Hanseatic League in Northern Europe, for instance, relied on the League’s coercive powers, the capacity to enforce monopolies, embargoes and blockades, which might require military interventions...", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete", "aliases": ["Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["organizational survival", "political control", "self-censorship"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Maintained its publishing record under Hamidian censorship through wise management, accepting imperial patronage, and active complicity (e.g., dispatching jurnals).", "quote": "Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete (Newspaper for Women), which Frierson focused on, could maintain a fourteen-year publishing record not only through wise management decisions such as accepting imperial patronage in the form of direct subsidies from the Palace, but also thanks to a less savory and more active complicity in the system ensured by jurnals diligently dispatched to the Palace by Fatma Aliye Hanım, its most prominent contributor.", "page": "14", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyah (Islamic Resistance Movement)", "aliases": ["Harakat al-Muqawamah al-Islamiyah (Islamic Resistance Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "national liberation", "religious values", "self-determination", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in political learning, implements a 'dual resistance strategy' combining political and armed resistance, practices 'soft Islamisation' by aligning institutions with Islamic ideals, and employs diplomatic strategies to gain international recognition and support, adapting its ideological narrative to political realities.", "quote": "To gain and retain this political voice, while continuing its traditional strategy of armed resistance, Hamas has employed a dual resistance strategy (DRS) consisting of political and armed resistance components that operate in a mutually supportive fashion. The inception of this strategy is reflective of Hamas’s incorporation of a malleable conservatism (Marks, 2016). This signals Hamas’s capacity to adapt its ideological narrative to reflect its fluctuating political fortunes, while retaining key aspects of its traditional narrative that are central to its raison d’être.", "page": "255", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Harakat al-Tawhid wa-l-Islah (Unity and Reform Movement)", "aliases": ["Harakat al-Tawhid wa-l-Islah (Unity and Reform Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Partnered with a political party (PJD) and controlled a national union, exerting influence in public life and supporting the party's political positioning.", "quote": "tenía como socio al Movimiento Unidad y Reforma (Harakat al-Tawhid wa-l-Islah), controlaba el cuarto sindicato del país: la Unión Nacional Marroquí de los Trabajadores (UNMT)", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Harakatuna.com", "aliases": ["Harakatuna.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["national unity", "religious moderation", "religious orthodoxy", "social harmony"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Actively campaigns for religious moderation on social media by producing counter-narratives against radicalism and the Khilafahism ideology. This involves organizing webinars, publishing scientific articles and opinions, and promoting the Pancasila ideology as the national foundation in line with religious teachings.", "quote": "Therefore, Harakatuna.com is present as a campaign agent for religious moderation by taking a role in social media. Consequently, Harakatuna.com carries out counter-narrative radicalism by introducing peaceful religious moderation in Indonesia with digital methods such as webinars, scientific publications and opinion writing.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Hartley Library (Southampton)", "aliases": ["Hartley Library (Southampton)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "historical research"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Holds records of the World Jewish Congress (British Section) and papers of its political secretary, Alexander Easterman, aiding in the assessment of when leading Jewish figures in Britain learned about Auschwitz.", "quote": "The Hartley Library holds records of the World Jewish Congress (British Section) and the papers of its political secretary, Alexander Easterman. Examination of these documents is invaluable to assess how and when leading Jewish figures in Britain were advised of the true function of Auschwitz.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Hartlib's Agency of Universal Learning", "aliases": ["Hartlib's Agency of Universal Learning"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["public good", "public knowledge"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Proposed a state-supported institution for general learning, a model that the Royal Society deliberately chose to set itself apart from.", "quote": "Instead of choosing another contemporary model, Samuel Hartlib’s ‘Agency of Universal Learning’, which would have been supported by the state, the Royal Society deliberately set itself apart from the state.", "page": "297", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Harvard Institute of Politics Youth Poll", "aliases": ["Harvard Institute of Politics Youth Poll"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civic engagement"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-Person Effect and Hate Speech Censorship on Facebook", "author": "Guo, Lei; Johnson, Brett G.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts polls and research on the political attitudes and engagement of young Americans, including their views on political activities and free speech, which contributes to understanding norms around online discourse.", "quote": "US university students' attitudes toward political activities are largely gripped by apathy and cynicism (Harvard IOP Youth Poll, 2019;", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120923003", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "Contemporary (2010s, focusing on 2017 data)"}]}, {"name": "Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review", "aliases": ["Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic discourse", "anti-misinformation", "content governance"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes academic research on content governance and misinformation, contributing to the scholarly understanding of these topics and informing policy discussions.", "quote": "BOWERS, John; ZITTRAIN, Jonathan. Answering Impossible Questions: Content Governance in an Age of Disinformation. The Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, v. 1, n. 1, 2020.", "page": "31", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Harvard Law Review Association", "aliases": ["Harvard Law Review Association"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal frameworks"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reimagining section 230 and content moderation: Regulating incivility on anonymous digital platforms", "author": "K Montalbano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publishes academic articles defending the existing version of Section 230, contributing to legal and scholarly discourse surrounding its efficacy and potential reforms.", "quote": "Many scholars have analyzed the legal and ethical parameters of Section 230 as it currently applies to digital intermediaries and the evolving communicative landscape... Some, including the Harvard Law Review, have defended the existing version of Section 230", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10811680.2022.2136442", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States, digital platforms", "when": "1830s–2020s"}]}, {"name": "Harvard Negotiation Project", "aliases": ["Harvard Negotiation Project"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Developed a negotiation system that prioritizes honesty and fairness in conflict resolution, providing a framework for managing disagreements.", "quote": "Ury e R. Fisher, padri fondatori dell‟Harvard Negotiation Project, si distinguono dalla tendenza del loro tempo che considerava la negoziazione un‟attività centrata su strategie controversiali ed elaborano un sistema negoziale basato sull‟onestà ed equità.", "page": "155", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Harvard Summer Institute for Higher Education", "aliases": ["Harvard Summer Institute for Higher Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Offers professional development and training, contributing to shaping diversity management practices in higher education.", "quote": "I serve on the faculties of several entities: the Harvard Summer Institute for Higher Education...", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Harvard University Office of Sexual Assault Prevention & Response", "aliases": ["Harvard University Office of Sexual Assault Prevention & Response"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consent", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bad language", "author": "Cappelen, Herman; Dever, Josh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This university office defines sexual consent policy for its student community, which functions as a form of norm-setting and contributes to the public discourse on consent and sexual ethics.", "quote": "Harvard University. Their Office of Sexual Assault Prevention & Response gives the following definition (as of August 2017): Consent is: an ongoing physical and emotional process between people who are willing, equally free of coercion, communicating unambiguously, and sincere in their desires.", "page": "198", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "General, with emphasis on contemporary Western societies, US political discourse, and academic philosophy of language.", "when": "20th-21st century, with some historical context from philosophy and social practices."}]}, {"name": "Harvard University researchers", "aliases": ["Harvard University researchers"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "digital literacy", "public health"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted empirical studies on media literacy interventions, showing they can significantly reduce the sharing of misinformation, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "quote": "pesquisadores de Harvard concluíram que treinar as pessoas para identificar a acurácia das notícias obteve resultados significativos na redução de compartilhamento de notícias falsas sobre a pandemia de Covid-19", "page": "266", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hass in sozialen Netzwerken: Zensur! Oder nicht? - Politik - SZ.de", "aliases": ["Hass in sozialen Netzwerken: Zensur! Oder nicht? - Politik - SZ.de"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trusted flagger / reporting centre (non-profit)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Processes roughly 85 user reports per day, forwards potential unlawful cases to BKA and then to platforms under DSA rules, functioning as a trusted flagger that can prompt platform removals or formal justifications.", "quote": "Operates as an EU 'trusted flagger' reporting hate speech and potentially illegal content to law enforcement and platforms to enforce Digital Services Act obligations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/trusted-flagger-soziale-medien-dsa-zensur-lux.5q1zDV46dMR4ak4W8dwncK", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "HassHilft", "aliases": ["HassHilft"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This non-profit initiative, run by ZDK Gesellschaft Demokratische Kultur, raises money for refugee projects by automatically generating a one-euro donation for every hate speech comment detected online, effectively turning hate into funding for good causes.", "quote": "every time a hate speech comment is detected on Facebook, the initiative automatically replies with a pre-prepared post. Concurrently, the hate speech comment is catalogued, something that prompts an 'involuntary donation' from one of its corporate sponsors...", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Hate Aid (Fearless Democracy Platform)", "aliases": ["Hate Aid (Fearless Democracy Platform)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A platform run by Fearless Democracy that informs grassroots counter-extremism efforts by providing self-help guides for victims of hate speech.", "quote": "Hate Aid platform, which is run by Fearless Democracy and informs grassroots CE efforts by providing self-help guides for victims of hate speech", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Hate groups", "aliases": ["Hate groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["group identity", "hate speech", "racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Utilise the Internet to engage in hate speech, attract new members, ensure existing members feel connected, and affirm identity, building networks based on shared ideologies and spreading rumors.", "quote": "Thus, hate groups have often tended to use the Internet to attract new members and ensure that their existing members feel connected (Citron, 2014: 61–62; Perry and Olsson, 2009).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Hatewatch", "aliases": ["Hatewatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "norm enforcement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Received redirected traffic from a KKK Web site as a form of hacktivism, and characterized hacktivist acts as “vandalism,” implying a watchdog role.", "quote": "Anonymous hackers did exactly this in 1999. Intriguingly, a Hatewatch press release characterized the act as “vandalism.”", "page": "201", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "hatr.org", "aliases": ["hatr.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "gender equality", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This website operates as an intervention against online misogyny by reposting hateful comments from other online spaces to make them visible and examine their discursive patterns.", "quote": "An example of intervention is the anti-trolling website hatr.org, which reposts hateful comments towards women that were originally posted in other online spaces to make them visible and examine their discursive patterns", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Haute autorité de la communication (HAC)", "aliases": ["Haute autorité de la communication (HAC)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of the press", "information quality", "platform responsibility"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Plays a crucial role in elaborating and implementing regulations for media activities, aiming to promote accuracy, reliability, and fairness of information, thus acting as a formal regulator and norm-setter for media content.", "quote": "La Haute autorité de la communication (HAC) et l'Association des Professionnels de la Presse en Ligne (Appel-Mali) jouent des rôles cruciaux dans l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre de ces réglementations, visant à promouvoir l'exactitude, la fiabilité et l'équité de l'information (Appel-Mali, 2023 ; HAC, 2023).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Hays Production Code Administration", "aliases": ["Hays Production Code Administration"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["industry reputation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward a Natural History of Ethical Censorship", "author": "Katz, Jack", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Administered self-censorship for Hollywood films, including pre-screening and forcing edits to content to uphold industry standards and public morality.", "quote": "the Hays Commission, Hollywood's all-encompassing, “self-policing\" funnel for pre-screening and forcing the editing of movies.\"", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0023921600013347/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hayâl (Dream-Ottoman Puppet Theater)", "aliases": ["Hayâl (Dream-Ottoman Puppet Theater)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published satire, including cartoons, that ridiculed government policies and censorship, leading to punitive measures against its founder.", "quote": "Theodor Kasap, the founder of Diyojen (Diogenes), Hayâl (Dream-Ottoman Puppet Theater) and Çıngıraklı Tatar (Courier with Bells), major satire magazines of the Tanzimat era, ridiculed this \"guarantee\"\" quite effectively by displaying a chained-up Karagöz on the cover of Hayâl; so much so that he was sentenced to three years in prison for this one cartoon.\"", "page": "7", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Hazte Oír", "aliases": ["Hazte Oír"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "group interests", "political interests"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las elecciones generales españolas de 2008:\" bipolarización antagónica\"\" fomentada por intereses político-mediáticos y las nuevas tecnologías\"", "author": "V Sampedro, FS Pérez", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Hazte Oír served as a centralized platform for right-wing social groups, successfully organizing twenty mass protests before the elections, demonstrating its capacity for public mobilization and pressure.", "quote": "Por otro lado, los grupos sociales de derecha contaron con un sitio centralizado, Hazte Oír, y habían conseguido organi-zar veinte protestas de masa antes de las elecciones...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/8kHkS9xDc7LJ3jVvnXDnDht/?lang=es", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "2004-2008 electoral period"}]}, {"name": "HeadCount", "aliases": ["HeadCount"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with celebrities on initiatives to increase civic engagement and voter registration, providing structured approaches for maximizing their impact.", "quote": "Infine, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza di collaborare con organizzazioni esperte di impegno civico, come Power the Polls, HeadCount e I Am a Voter, per garantire che le iniziative siano ben strutturate e abbiano un impatto concreto.", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "Healing the Wounds of History project", "aliases": ["Healing the Wounds of History project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Using drama and expressive arts to help participants from different conflicts heal historical traumas, deal with grief, and transform negative emotions.", "quote": "The Healing the Wounds of History project in the USA uses drama and expressive arts to help participants from different conflicts to heal historical traumas by dealing with grief and transforming their emotions from the conflict.", "page": "106", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Health Education Aids Liaison", "aliases": ["Health Education Aids Liaison"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["public health information", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "An organization promoting alternative perspectives on AIDS/HIV, implicitly challenging dominant narratives and medical consensus by supporting individuals who question the mainstream hypothesis.", "quote": "Michael Ellner (HEAL, New York, NY);", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Health Technology Assessment international (HTAi)", "aliases": ["Health Technology Assessment international (HTAi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "ethical ai", "public health", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Segnalazioni", "author": "S Coretti", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "HTAi conducts annual meetings that include innovative sessions like the fishbowl inquiry to explore the role of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in evaluating advanced AI models in healthcare, thereby contributing to norm-setting and methodological guidance for AI assessment.", "quote": "Durante l'Health technology assessment international (Htai) 2023 annual meeting, è stata condotta una sessione innovativa con il metodo fishbowl per esplorare il ruolo dell'Health technology assessment (Hta) nell'evoluzione dei modelli di intelligenza artificiale avanzati nel settore sanitario.", "page": "1", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/949375144e7a9c261429db023c874ee5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=7052895", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global healthcare sector and digital platforms", "when": "Contemporary (post-2020 AI era)"}]}, {"name": "HealthWatcher", "aliases": ["HealthWatcher"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Operates a website similar to Quackwatch, disseminating information and views about health-related issues, implying a role in monitoring and potentially filtering content.", "quote": "Terry Polevoy operates a similar web- site called HealthWatcher.", "page": "29", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hedayah", "aliases": ["Hedayah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides expertise to governments for developing national strategies and action plans on preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE), influencing the definitions and parameters used for terrorism content moderation.", "quote": "Finally, experts at Hedayah offer insights into how technology companies should manage the numerous definitions of terrorism and violent extremism that different governments employ.", "page": "31", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hedayah Center", "aliases": ["Hedayah Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Involved in developing effective counter-narrative frameworks for countering violent extremism, serving as a reference for CVE objectives.", "quote": "Hedayah (2014). Developing effective counter-narrative frameworks for countering violent extremism.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hedayah Centre", "aliases": ["Hedayah Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation", "author": "Ganesh, Bharath; Bright, Jonathan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Hedayah Centre is an independent, well-known center for knowledge and practice in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE), grounding CVE activities in strategic communications, which includes counter-messaging efforts on social media.", "quote": "the independent Hedayah Centre based in Abu Dhabi are well-known centres for CVE knowledge and practice, all of which ground CVE activity in strategic communications", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/poi3.236", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Western democracies", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Heidelberg Association for a Policy of Justice", "aliases": ["Heidelberg Association for a Policy of Justice"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interest", "national pride", "state propaganda"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Members of this association submitted a 'professors' memorandum' to the Allies in 1919, presenting a specific, patriotic interpretation of Germany's role in the outbreak of World War I to counter war-guilt charges.", "quote": "Submitted to the Allies by Hans Delbrück, Max von Montgelas, Albrecht Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, and Max Weber, all members of the Heidelberg Association for a Policy of Justice, the document asserted that Germany in 1914 had conducted a 'defensive war against Tsarism,' 'the most dreadful system of enslavement...'", "page": "9", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Help your child stay safe on social media - Action Mental Health", "aliases": ["Help your child stay safe on social media - Action Mental Health"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["mental health charity / service provider"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guides and awareness materials for parents on social media risks (privacy, cyberbullying, fake news) and runs public-facing campaigns to influence caregiver practices and public awareness.", "quote": "Provides guidance and resources on social media safety, privacy, cyberbullying and misinformation aimed at parents, touching platform governance-related harms without focusing on platform policy change.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.amh.org.uk/cmhw2022-social-media-guide-for-parents/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hemlock Society", "aliases": ["Hemlock Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "dignity", "individual autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Uses its web site and technological infrastructure to connect local chapters, disseminate information, and rally support for the right-to-die movement, bolstering counterpublic resistance.", "quote": "The Hemlock Society, the largest membership-based right-to-die organization in the United States, is undertaking a 'technological overhaul' to strengthen its structure and presence online.", "page": "195", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Henry Jackson Society", "aliases": ["Henry Jackson Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka", "United States"], "media": ["Gab"], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media", "author": "Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research and analysis on security issues, including profiling Islamist terrorism and related offenses, which contributes to understanding extremism.", "quote": "Stuart [37] systematically profiled all Islamist-related terror offenses in the United Kingdom between 1998 to 2015 and found that over a quarter (28%) of Islamist re-lated terror offenses were demonstrably inspired by the rhetoric or propaganda of a proscribed terrorist organisation.", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3292522.3326034", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Gab platform, online social media (global, with mentions of Myanmar, Sri Lanka, USA)", "when": "2016–2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Herdict Project", "aliases": ["Herdict Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operates a crowd-sourced platform where users report on the accessibility of URLs from their browsers, leveraging community participation for data collection in censorship monitoring.", "quote": "One well-known censorship monitoring tool is Herdict [1], a crowd-sourced platform. Its main interface is a website allowing users to report about “accessibility”of URLs from within their browser", "page": "148", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "HerdictWeb", "aliases": ["HerdictWeb"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Compiles user reports about domains that are blocked from specific locations, although these reports lack independent verification, and maintains lists of potentially blocked domains.", "quote": "Herdict compiles reports from users about domains that are blocked from a certain location; such reports lack independent verification.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Hermandades Obreras de Acción Católica (Workers' Brotherhoods of Catholic Action)", "aliases": ["Hermandades Obreras de Acción Católica (Workers' Brotherhoods of Catholic Action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious ethics", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It faced challenges from the national delegate of syndicates regarding its legal personality, illustrating state attempts to control or deny recognition to organizations associated with Catholic Action, particularly those with social or labor-related advocacy.", "quote": "L'octubre i novembre de 1960, el delegat nacional de sindicats, el camarada Solís Ruiz havia pretès el no reconeixement de personalitat jurídica a les «Hermandades Obreras de Acción Católica» (H.O.A.C.).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Hey Facebook, Breastfeeding is not obscene!", "aliases": ["Hey Facebook, Breastfeeding is not obscene!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-obscenity", "free speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participer à la modération sur les réseaux sociaux: définir, appliquer et contester les règles", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized collective action through a group and physical protests, used media attention and collective profile picture changes to pressure Facebook to modify its policy on nudity regarding breastfeeding photos.", "quote": "Dès 2007, ces jeunes mères s'organisent autour d'un groupe intitulé « Hey Facebook, Breastfeeding is not obscene ! »... Les échanges qui y prennent part découlent sur une critique collective de l'hypocrisie de la firme, qui retire des photos de femmes allaitant leur bébé, mais autorise les groupes partageant des photos de femmes hyper-sexualisées ou les groupes masculinistes qui publient des contenus misogynes.", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/PARTI_029_0239?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global Social Media Platforms, with a focus on US examples", "when": "1990s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Hier spielt Vielfalt #TeamDiversity", "aliases": ["Hier spielt Vielfalt #TeamDiversity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-radicalisation", "diversity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An initiative addressing the risk of radicalisation through online gaming, focusing on promoting diversity.", "quote": "In Germany, a number of initiatives address the risk of radicalisation through online gaming, including Hier spielt Vielfalt #TeamDiversity, and the Joint Declaration of the German Games Industry for More Diversity...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "High Church faction within the Church of England", "aliases": ["High Church faction within the Church of England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocated for a 'hard,' regulatory form of moderation aimed at ensuring conformity within a unified Church, clashing with tolerationist views during the Occasional Conformity crisis.", "quote": "moderation was principally a “hard,” regulatory mechanism for ensuring conformity within a unified Church.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation (HLEG)", "aliases": ["High Level Expert Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation (HLEG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Recommended the use of 'desinformation' (disinformation) instead of 'Fake News' and defined it as intentionally harmful false information, contributing to the establishment of conceptual frameworks and norms for combating misinformation.", "quote": "Relatório do Hirgt Level Group – HLEG (Grupo Independente de Alto Nível sobre notícias falsas e desinformação on-line) da União Europeia recomenda o uso da expressão desinformação ao invés de Fake News, conceituando a desinformação como “todas as formas de informações falsas, imprecisas ou enganosas criadas, apresentadas e promovidas para causar prejuízo de maneira proposital ou para fins lucrativos”.", "page": "50", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "High Level Legal Panel on Media Freedom", "aliases": ["High Level Legal Panel on Media Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent advisory body; legal experts panel"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Panel issues advisory and research reports and legal opinions to states and the Media Freedom Coalition, provides amicus curiae briefs and leverages IBA/UNESCO affiliations to shape legal standards protecting media freedom.", "quote": "Panel provides legal advice, opinions to states and the Media Freedom Coalition on legislation and standards affecting free and independent media, directly engaging media/platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ibanet.org/IBAHRIsecretariat", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "High Rankings SEO", "aliases": ["High Rankings SEO"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["community support", "factual accuracy", "knowledge sharing", "professional honour"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les communautés virtuelles sur internet: de l'apprentissage à la production collective de savoirs", "author": "C Ladage", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provides a public forum where a large number of active members discuss and learn about search engine optimization techniques, contributing to a collective pool of knowledge and its validation through community interaction.", "quote": "Pour illustrer ces différentes catégories d'acteurs, nous disposons pour le forum « Highrankings » des chiffres suivants : le nombre de membres inscrits sur le forum est de 13 000...", "page": "6", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm29/LADAGE.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums (France, USA)", "when": "c. 2000-2007"}]}, {"name": "High school students, social media and the illusion of free speech", "aliases": ["High school students, social media and the illusion of free speech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Knights funds and publishes research reports, convenes events, and uses grantmaking to shape journalism and free-expression agendas, influencing public debate and policymaking around platform practices.", "quote": "Publishes research and reports on free expression, social media, and the role of platforms (e.g., reports on students' views of the First Amendment and platform gatekeeping).", "page": "", "url": "https://knightfoundation.org/articles/high-school-students-social-media-and-the-illusion-of-free-speech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence", "aliases": ["High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advisory group"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai governance"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Nominated by the European Parliament, it elaborated recommendations that led to the communication 'L’intelligenza artificiale per l’Europa' and influenced the AI Act.", "quote": "elaborando alcune raccomandazioni che sono confluite nella comunicazione «L’intelligenza artificiale per l’Europa» del 2018274, seguito dalla nomina di un Gruppo di esperti di alto livello sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (AI HLEG)275", "page": "138", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "High-Level Group of Experts on Fake News and Online Disinformation", "aliases": ["High-Level Group of Experts on Fake News and Online Disinformation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advises the European Commission on policy initiatives to counter fake news and disinformation online, embedding expertise in risk regulation and policymaking to shape content governance.", "quote": "the European Commission set up a high-level group of experts as early as June 2018 to advise on policy initiatives to counter fake news and disinformation online.", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Hijas de Anáhuac", "aliases": ["Hijas de Anáhuac"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["labor rights", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A group of female workers founded in 1907 that sought the dignification of women and participated actively in the labor movement, reflecting early feminist principles and advocating for women's rights.", "quote": "En 1907, en la ciudad de México se funda el grupo de Hijas de Anáhuac compuesto por aproximadamente trescientas mujeres obreras simpatizantes del Partido Liberal Mexicano, quien pretendía la dignificación de la mujer entre otros de sus postulados.", "page": "283", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Hillary Clinton presidential campaign (2016)", "aliases": ["Hillary Clinton presidential campaign (2016)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "Signal", "Twitter"], "norms": ["privacy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was unable to deny authorship of hacked emails published by Wikileaks due to the presence of DKIM email signatures, highlighting a lack of deniability when cryptographic evidence exists.", "quote": "DKIM email signatures prevented the Clinton campaign from denying authorship for hacked emails posted by Wikileaks in 2016 [59].", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam", "aliases": ["Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith dialogue", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes human resources (students) to interfaith activism as part of a broader network of youth organizations promoting religious moderation.", "quote": "Meanwhile, several youth organizations such as Gusdurian, PMII, GMKI, and HMI contribute human resources, especially students, for interfaith activism.", "page": "18", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Hirak (Algerian movement)", "aliases": ["Hirak (Algerian movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "civilian rule", "democracy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Organised large-scale, peaceful protests and sustained demonstrations to demand a democratic system and the departure of the ruling elite, influencing the political agenda.", "quote": "En Argelia, se ha producido un enraizamiento del autoritarismo a pesar de las grandes y sostenidas manifestaciones que reclamaban un sistema democrático, iniciadas en febrero de 2019 y solo interrumpidas por el estallido de la crisis del coronavirus en marzo de 2020.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Hirak Rif (Moroccan movement)", "aliases": ["Hirak Rif (Moroccan movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Organised protests against the regime due to socio-economic conditions, leading to repression and arrests.", "quote": "desde el estallido de la Primavera Árabe, se ha hecho patente el descontento social en protestas de sectores concretos (como los profesores, médicos interinos o consumidores en 2018) y, principalmente, a través del movimiento Hirak en el Rif iniciado en 2016 a raíz de la muerte de un vendedor de pescado en Alhucemas que fue reprimido por el régimen y que causó centenares de detenciones y condenas a sus miembros más destacados", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Historial de la Grande Guerre, Péronne", "aliases": ["Historial de la Grande Guerre, Péronne"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical interpretation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La pratique du débat dans l'enseignement de l'histoire. Remarques éparses issues d'observations de leçons.", "author": "V Opériol", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Represents a specific historiographical interpretation of World War I (e.g., regarding 'constraints' imposed on combatants) that is used as a point of contention in classroom debates, influencing how students understand and discuss historical events.", "quote": "Des exemples sont donnés notamment par Y. Le Marec, qui reprend le débat historiographique entre l'Historial de Péronne et le CRID 1914-18 et demande aux élèves de débattre des notions de contraintes imposées aux combattants et de culture de l'obéissance, par opposition à celles de consentement des soldats à la violence et de culture de guerre (Le Marec, & Vézier, 2006).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.irahsse.eu/wa_files/OPERIOL.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland and France", "when": "21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Hitler Youth", "aliases": ["Hitler Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["neo-nazism", "political conformity", "suppression of dissent"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated directly in book burning events, which served as a method of political indoctrination and the elimination of ideas deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime.", "quote": "El partido nazi en 1933 impulsó en adolescentes de las Juventudes Hitlerianas esta quema. Esta acción comportaba un adoctrinamiento.", "page": "5", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)", "aliases": ["Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["nu.or.id portal"], "norms": ["political ideology", "religious governance", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation in Digital Media Discourse: A Study of the nu.or.id Portal from the Perspective of Communicative Rationality", "author": "I Wayan Salendra", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for conservative and radical religious ideologies, seeking to establish an Islamic State and Caliphate, and contributes to the dissemination of viewpoints that fuel religious intolerance in public discourse.", "quote": "The proliferation of new media platforms has further amplified the unregulated dissemination of viewpoints, fueling religious intolerance and exacerbating conflicts in public discourse (Hadiz, 2021).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.iaimnumetrolampung.ac.id/index.php/jf/article/view/4954", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, focusing on the nu.or.id portal and digital media", "when": "contemporary digital age (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization", "aliases": ["Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "political interests", "public opinion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Runs the influential newspaper Tuổi Trẻ, which acts as a semi-sanctioned watchdog, balancing public interests and party objectives by publishing reformist and controversial stories.", "quote": "Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), which operates under the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization, is the country's most-read newspaper with a daily circulation of 400,000.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Ho Chi Minh Youth League", "aliases": ["Ho Chi Minh Youth League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "political interests", "public opinion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates the Thanh Niên newspaper, a significant publication that contributes to the state-supervised media landscape by publishing investigative reports and influencing public opinion.", "quote": "Its rival, Thanh Niên, is the official paper of the Ho Chi Minh Youth League and runs 280,000 copies daily.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Hoax-Slayer", "aliases": ["Hoax-Slayer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public safety"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detection and moderation of detrimental content on social media platforms: current status and future directions", "author": "VU Gongane, MV Munot, AD Anuse", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Debunks email and internet hoaxes, thwarts scammers, educates web users about security issues, and combats spam through meticulous research of news articles and government publications.", "quote": "Website has debunked email and internet hoaxes, thwarted scammers, educated web users about security issues and combated spam based on meticulous research on the information gathered from news articles, press release, government publications, reputed websites.", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13278-022-00951-3", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms", "when": "2011–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "HoaxBuster", "aliases": ["HoaxBuster"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation, or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "websites like HoaxBuster, Snopes, Debunkin911 or ConspiracyWatch (Giry 2014), short (web) television programmes ... engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "hoaxmap.org", "aliases": ["hoaxmap.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An online platform founded by a freelance journalist that engages in fact-checking and countering misinformation.", "quote": "Karolin Schwarz is a freelance journalist, fact-checker and founder of hoaxmap.org.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hoes With Problems", "aliases": ["Hoes With Problems"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Culture, rap music,“bitch,” and the development of the censorship frame", "author": "CJ Schneider", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a rap group, they used their music and lyrical content to attempt to counter negative media narratives and misogynistic rhymes associated with other rap artists, trying to reframe terms like 'bitch' as empowering.", "quote": "...and H.W.P. (Hoes With Problems), each attempting to counter the increasing attention of the media directed toward the misog-ynistic rhymes associated with the likes of N.W.A. and 2 Live Crew.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764210381728", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Hogar El Buen Pastor de Jujuy", "aliases": ["Hogar El Buen Pastor de Jujuy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral rectitude", "patriarchy", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functioned as a correctional institution, likely run by a religious order but state-sanctioned, where women deemed immoral or abandoned could be confined or 'deposited,' serving disciplinary functions and enforcing societal moral norms, sometimes involving forced domestic servitude.", "quote": "La esposa del ex-Juez apeló al Hogar como una de las opciones que tenían las mujeres de su clase para librarse de la amasia de su esposo y apropiarse de una niña: la mandó depositar en el hogar-cárcel y así también la presionó a que se la entregue.", "page": "52", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hogar infantil de la Junta pamplonesa de Protección de Menores", "aliases": ["Hogar infantil de la Junta pamplonesa de Protección de Menores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social welfare organization"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public welfare", "religious education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided social welfare and religious education for children, with its director (Fermín Yzurdiaga) transitioning into a key role in Falangist propaganda, showcasing overlap and influence between religious social work and political movements.", "quote": "Luego dirigió el Hogar infantil de la Junta pamplonesa de Protección de Menores, entre 1927 y 1931, para, desde este año hasta 1936, ejercer como profesor de religión del Instituto de Pamplona...", "page": "36", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "HoGeSatzbau", "aliases": ["HoGeSatzbau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-nationalism", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Antagonistic Battle between ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’", "author": "Keller, Nadine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An initiative that counteracts nationalist content by acquiring and publicly leaking internal strategic communication documents from hate groups, thereby exposing their organized operating and intended manipulative practices.", "quote": "HoGeSatzbau ('Hooligans Against Syntax'), an initiative that counteracts nationalist content, leaked the document from RG's Discord server and made it public in January 2018 (Lauer, 2018).", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Holistic AI", "aliases": ["Holistic AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["External red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Recognized as independent Digital Services Act auditors, investigating Very Large Online Platforms for regulatory compliance in the EU.", "quote": "it was recognized by the independent Digital Services Act auditors annually investigating this Very Large Online Platform (VLOP) on behalf of the European Union’s Commission as guiding the scope of applicable regulation covering the platform provider as distinct from actions taken by the self-governing volunteer communities (Holistic AI, 2024).", "page": "86", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM, Stanford CRFM)", "aliases": ["Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM, Stanford CRFM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": ["ai safety", "technical standards"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Operates an independent third-party evaluation platform that assesses LLM performance on various safety benchmarks, contributing to robust model evaluation.", "quote": "results for the other benchmarks were obtained from the independent third-party evaluation platform HELM (https://crfm.stanford.edu/helm/safety/latest/#/leaderboard)", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "Holy Office (Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition)", "aliases": ["Holy Office (Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il Dio “Ragione” e la Dea “Natura”: la censura romana del De admirandis naturae di Giulio Cesare Vanini", "author": "GL D'Errico", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "It was one of the two Roman congregations pre-appointed for the control of orthodoxy, actively involved in the censorship and repression of divergent philosophical and religious ideas in early modern Europe.", "quote": "L'ARCHIVIO DELLA CONGREGAZIONE PER LA DOTTRINA DELLE FEDE (= ACDF), custodisce la documentazione relativa alla figura e alla produzione letteraria di Giulio Cesare Vanini delle due congregazioni romane preposte al controllo dell'ortodossia, quella del Sant'Uffizio e quella dell'Indice.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/64113577/06%20-%20129-138%20Id.%2029%20Gian%20Luca%20D'Errico%2010%20(1).pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Rome, Europe", "when": "17th century, early modern"}]}, {"name": "Holy See", "aliases": ["Holy See"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Exerts pressure to close web pages considered offensive due to religious content, particularly in Italy.", "quote": "És coneguda, també, la pressió que el Vaticà exerceix per obligar a tancar determinades pàgines web que considera ofensives, sobretot a Itàlia.", "page": "2", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Holy See / Pontifical Academy for Life (Vatican-related entity)", "aliases": ["Holy See / Pontifical Academy for Life (Vatican-related entity)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "human dignity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dall'analisi delle interfacce cognitive, adattive e conversazionali nell'era dell'AI e delle conseguenze etiche di opacità, bias e perdita di agency a un progetto fictional …", "author": "G Melis", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Authored or facilitated the creation of the 'Antiqua et Nova' document, which identifies and categorizes ethical issues related to artificial intelligence and human intelligence, thereby contributing to norm-setting in public discourse.", "quote": "...il documento Antiqua et Nova. Note on the Relationship Between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence, redatto in ambito vaticano, che individua e categorizza le principali problematiche etiche legate al rapporto tra l'intelligenza artificiale e quella umana.", "page": "32", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/39097/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, with focus on contemporary digital and AI interfaces", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 1940s)"}]}, {"name": "Home - Ifa - Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen", "aliases": ["Home - Ifa - Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cultural diplomacy and civil society support organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ifa publishes SHARE magazine, provides training and an encrypted online Civil Society Platform to connect activists globally, funded by the German Federal Foreign Office to support civil society capacity and storytelling.", "quote": "ifa operates a Civil Society Platform — a digital safe space with encrypted chat, training, and a magazine supporting civil society actors, but its core mission is cultural relations and civil society capacity rather than platform governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://civil.society.ifa.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Home - Online Safety Act", "aliases": ["Home - Online Safety Act"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition / civil society network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Mental health", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The network supplies briefings, consultation responses and expert advice to Parliamentarians and Ofcom, convenes civil society actors to coordinate advocacy, and promoted the duty-of-care framing that shaped the Online Safety Act; it also publishes analysis and guidance to hold implementation actors to account.", "quote": "Directly convenes civil society, produces analysis and consultation responses, and seeks to shape Ofcom/UK implementation of the Online Safety Act and related online platform regulation (duty of care).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.onlinesafetyact.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Homeland Party", "aliases": ["Homeland Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious conservatism"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "An off-shoot of al-Nour, established due to intra-organizational tensions over the party's direction. It was electorally less successful. Its participation reflects strategic calculus rather than significant ideological reform.", "quote": "The case of al-Nour is of note here, whereby Emad 'Abd al-Ghaffour, one of the founders of the party, moved on to establish al-Watan in late 2012.", "page": "6", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Homosexual subculture in Soviet Russia", "aliases": ["Homosexual subculture in Soviet Russia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["lgbtq+ rights", "open discourse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia: A case study in productive censorship", "author": "Baer, Brian James", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "This subculture developed a 'closet canon' by employing specific hermeneutic practices, such as interpreting male friendship as homoerotic and leveraging authors' biographies, to find queer meanings in existing literature, especially translated Western classics, thus fostering an alternative interpretive community that evaded state detection.", "quote": "In the late nineteenth century, the establishment of a “queer canon” became a defining gesture of an emerging homosexual subculture... Like the Aesopian language of the Soviet intelligentsia, this hermeneutics of the closet involved both screens and cues...", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781700.2011.528680", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Russia", "when": "20th century (Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Honeynet Project", "aliases": ["Honeynet Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A non-profit security research organization that deploys honeypots to collect data on threats and attacker methodologies, contributing to public understanding of cyber attacks and botnet activities.", "quote": "5. Bacher, P., Holz, T., Kotter, M., Wicherski, G.: Know your enemy: Tracking bot nets (2008). http://www.honeynet.org/papers/bots", "page": "175", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement", "aliases": ["Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "political autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaging in public pressure and demonstrations in response to government actions, which influenced media trust and coverage.", "quote": "Notable changes over the last 12 months include a 16-percentage point fall in Hong Kong (30%) following violent street protests over a proposed extradition law.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong Bar Association", "aliases": ["Hong Kong Bar Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It issued a statement clarifying the legal interpretation of the extradition bill, arguing it was a \"deliberate decision\"\" rather than a loophole", "quote": "Rule of law, autonomy (\"one country", "page": "two systems\"\")", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong Forum Los Angeles", "aliases": ["Hong Kong Forum Los Angeles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a nonprofit, it organized physical protests outside BlizzCon 2019, distributing stickers and chanting slogans to promote democratic development and show solidarity with the #BoycottBlizzard movement.", "quote": "supporters including gamers and activist groups like Hong Kong Forum Los Angeles, a nonprofit whose mission is to promote democratic develop-ment in Hong Kong and China. Protesters passed out \"Boycott Blizzard\"\" stickers", "page": "chanted “gamers unite", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong Independence Movement", "aliases": ["Hong Kong Independence Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The movement advocates for Hong Kong's independence, representing a politically sensitive topic that newly enabled Chinese internet users might encounter and engage with after evading censorship.", "quote": "Largest increases in views ... Hong Kong Independence Movement", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Hong Kong pro-democracy movement", "aliases": ["Hong Kong pro-democracy movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "democracy", "free speech", "human rights", "universal suffrage"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "They communicated activist messages through various channels, including individual esports players, and participated in the #BoycottBlizzard movement and related physical protests outside BlizzCon to increase visibility of their cause.", "quote": "The #BoycottBlizzard movement and contributions from allies across the political spectrum were wrapped up in the larger social movement of Hongkongers pushing back against the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) efforts to erode Hong Kong's autonomy", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina", "aliases": ["Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honor", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles that were targeted by áulicos for allegedly dishonoring the country, the political system, or the Emperor, indicating a role in political opposition and criticism.", "quote": "Os jornais criticados são, na maioria das vezes, a Aurora Fluminense, a Astréa, o Espelho, o Echo, o Rio Herald, o Conciliador, o Farol Paulistano, o Courrier du Bresil, e o Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina. Estes são atacados sempre que supostamente desonram o país, o sistema e o Imperador", "page": "26", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Hood Communist", "aliases": ["Hood Communist"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Experiences enforcement actions, such as Twitter account suspensions and denial of adequate explanations, when attempting to comment and document threats related to their safety and activism.", "quote": "...the activist collective Hood Communist, were unsuccessful in getting either their Twitter accounts reinstated or adequate explanations as to why their accounts were actioned.", "page": "10", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Hoover Institute Archives (Stanford, California)", "aliases": ["Hoover Institute Archives (Stanford, California)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "historical research"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Serves as a repository for materials concerning the Polish Government in Exile and its information office in New York, including press releases and documents related to the Holocaust.", "quote": "The Hoover Institute Archive is the repository of a great deal of material on the Polish Government in Exile and on the Polish government’s information office in New York.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law", "aliases": ["Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["national security", "rule of law", "technology regulation"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes academic papers and reports, contributing to the discourse on technology, national security, and legal frameworks, including aspects of content moderation and speech regulation.", "quote": "Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law – Aegis Series Paper No. 1903 (2019)", "page": "28", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hors la Loi", "aliases": ["Hors la Loi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "privacy", "sexual freedom", "user safety"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched the #STOP490 campaign to advocate for the decriminalization of sex outside marriage in Morocco, supporting victims of revenge porn, and participating in the liberation of victims' speech on social media.", "quote": "En 2021, la thématique de la dépénalisation des relations sexuelles hors mariage s’impose au Maroc, avec la campagne #STOP 490, lancée par le collectif « Hors la Loi » en soutien à Hanaa, jeune femme marocaine de 24 ans, mère de deux enfants et victime de vengeance pornographique.", "page": "14", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Hospital Ethics Committees", "aliases": ["Hospital Ethics Committees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["medical ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Perform ethics consultation on moral dilemmas in clinical practice, providing non-binding advice, often arising from bottom-up initiatives.", "quote": "clinical ethics committees are mostly the result of bottom-up, spontaneous initiatives, developed to analyse and provide non-binding advice on controversial clinical cases of ethics relevance to healthcare professionals, patients, and their relatives.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Hospital foundations", "aliases": ["Hospital foundations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "They implement citizen conferences to address changes in therapeutic protocols that arise from new knowledge, facilitating the renegotiation of 'constitutional contracts' related to patient care and medical practices.", "quote": "Cette pérennisation des procédures n'est aujourd'hui présente que dans des pratiques de fondations hospitalières qui impulse des « conférences citoyennes » lors des variations de connaissance entraînant un remaniement des protocoles thérapeutiques.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Hospital Real de Indios de México", "aliases": ["Hospital Real de Indios de México"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "public good"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Benefited from royal privileges to print specific educational and religious texts, demonstrating state-granted control over certain types of information dissemination.", "quote": "También en el siglo XVI se otorgan privilegios para las cartillas de primeras letras y para los libros de coro al Hospital Real de Indios de México y a un clérigo de Medina del Campo, respectivamente, pero éstos sólo serán efectivos pocos años.", "page": "103", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Hospitals (as an economic interest group)", "aliases": ["Hospitals (as an economic interest group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "economic interests"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th centuries"], "when_min": 1707, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura civil y censura inquisitorial en el teatro del siglo XViii", "author": "Pérez, Antonio Roldán", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Hospitals exerted economic pressure on civil authorities, for whom theatrical revenues were crucial, thereby influencing censorship policies to be less restrictive and ensure continued performances.", "quote": "La autoridad civil presionada sin duda por los Hospitales para los que el teatro constituía un soporte económico nada desdeñable.", "page": "11", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th-19th century (specifically 1707-1836)"}]}, {"name": "Hostwriter", "aliases": ["Hostwriter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journalist network; non-profit organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Hostwriter produces cross-border reporting and analysis, runs the Unbias the News newsroom and trainings, and amplifies journalists through its Indie Media Alliance to shape public debate and media practices.", "quote": "Hostwriter's core mission is collaborative cross-border journalism and media critique; it occasionally addresses platform-related issues (distribution, diversity, misinformation) but does not primarily focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://hostwriter.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hotelier Guilds/Associations", "aliases": ["Hotelier Guilds/Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global", "Latin America", "Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic protectionism", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformización de la sociedad y moderación de contenidos", "author": "J Hernández Pérez", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in protests and lobbied for regulatory measures against digital platforms like Airbnb to protect their business interests.", "quote": "Rápido, cómodo, y especialmente barato, Airbnb hizo que el sector hotelero protestara e impulsara medidas para regular a este tipo de plataformas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ru.iibi.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/IIBI_UNAM/529/1/vol_2_07_desafios_entorno_jonathan_hernandez.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital platforms, with specific examples from Mexico, Latin America, and Spain; focusing on content moderation.", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era, particularly the last decade (2010s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "House Freedom Caucus", "aliases": ["House Freedom Caucus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic protectionism"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dilemas e desafios de republicanos e democratas após 2018", "author": "T Teixeira", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a radical faction within the Republican Party, contributing to internal divisions and debates regarding adherence to 'trumpismo' and its associated policy stances.", "quote": "moderados, conservadores e radicais (Tea Party e House Freedom Caucus, por exemplo). Hoje, trata-se basicamente “do quanto aderir ao trumpismo”.", "page": "12", "url": "https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/9824/1/Tempo%20do%20Mundo_v5_n1_dilemas_e_desafios.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States", "when": "post-2016, focusing on 2018-2020"}]}, {"name": "House of Wisdom of Baghdad", "aliases": ["House of Wisdom of Baghdad"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["quality of translation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["9th century to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Normes et censure : ne pas confondre", "author": "Brunette, Louise", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Through its revisers, this historical institution engaged in systematic revision and defined quality in translation, thereby setting early norms and criteria for evaluating translator performance.", "quote": "Les notes diverses laissées par les réviseurs du calife Mamun révèlent une intention de définir la qualité en traduction et, par là même, de fournir aux critiques l'aulne à laquelle mesurer la performance des traducteurs.", "page": "3", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/007486ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on Canada (Québec)", "when": "9th century and late 20th/early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Housmans", "aliases": ["Housmans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative culture", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Operates as an alternative bookshop, serving as a direct distribution and retail channel for alternative press titles outside mainstream networks.", "quote": "These are the alternative bookshops such as Compendium and Housmans in London, Mushroom in Nottingham and alternative distributors such as AK, Counter Productions and Turnaround.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "How Big Tech's Content Moderation Policies Could Jeopardize ...", "aliases": ["How Big Tech's Content Moderation Policies Could Jeopardize ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media development non-profit (research & advocacy)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "CIMA produces research, blogs, and convenes events to shape policy debates on content moderation and platform accountability, calling for transparency and regional mitigation mechanisms.", "quote": "CIMA’s core mission and publications address internet governance, content moderation, platform practices, and threats to freedom of expression, directly engaging platformized-content-governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cima.ned.org/blog/how-big-techs-content-moderation-policies-could-jeopardize-users-in-authoritarian-regimes/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "How mediators and peacebuilders should work with social media ...", "aliases": ["How mediators and peacebuilders should work with social media ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["peacebuilding NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy guidance, convenes mediators and platform actors, and advocates for platform product changes to prevent conflict-related harms, leveraging its convening role and field expertise.", "quote": "Publishes guidance urging mediators and peacebuilders to partner with social media companies to move beyond reactive moderation toward systemic, algorithmic fixes and product levers to prevent online drivers of conflict.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.c-r.org/accord/still-time-talk/how-mediators-and-peacebuilders-should-work-social-media-companies-moving", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "HR-info", "aliases": ["HR-info"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "deliberative discourse"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments", "author": "M Ziegele, P Jost, M Bormann…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Journalists from HR-info publicly respond to uncivil comments on their Facebook page, engaging in various moderation styles (discursive, regulative, sociable, confrontational) to guide discussions.", "quote": "Relatively speaking, the radio channel hr-info moderated the highest share of user comments on its Facebook site (4.05%, 354 of 8,748 comments), followed by the radio channel BR24 (2.55%, 717 of 28,114 comments).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-525.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Hugging Face Community", "aliases": ["Hugging Face Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["community collaboration", "open science", "quality standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safety instincts: Llms learn to trust their internal compass for self-defense", "author": "G Shen, D Zhao, H Tong, J Li, F Zhao…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides and maintains open-source datasets and benchmarks, such as AMC, facilitating the evaluation of LLM capabilities like mathematical reasoning.", "quote": "mathematical reasoning (Hendrycks et al., 2021; Hugging Face Community, 2024), code generation (...), general knowledge (...), and conversational abilities (...) all maintain or improve performance.", "page": "2", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01088", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Large Language Models (LLMs)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Huguenots (as authors of resistance tracts)", "aliases": ["Huguenots (as authors of resistance tracts)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "liberty", "privilege"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formulated arguments asserting the 'people's' (corporate bodies/magistrates) right to resist against the centralizing monarchy, influencing early theories of constitutionalism.", "quote": "Even the anti-absolutist arguments of, say, the Huguenot resistance tracts, had little to do with the rights and powers of citizens.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Huguenots (French Calvinists/Protestants)", "aliases": ["Huguenots (French Calvinists/Protestants)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1620, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Were subject to specific regulations and restrictions on printing and selling books of their faith, and their religious expressions were censored, such as attempts to include 'Antichrist' in their confession of faith.", "quote": "By certain edicts of pacification, Huguenots were permitted to print and sell books of their faith in specified towns. Naturally it was almost impossible to prevent the circulation of heresy outside these limited areas.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Hukûk-u Umûmiye", "aliases": ["Hukûk-u Umûmiye"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content critical of the government, leading to the assassination of its editor, illustrating extreme measures of political content control.", "quote": "The assassinations of Hasan Fehmi, the editor of Hukûk-u Umûmiye (General Rights), in 1909 and of Ahmet Samim, writer for Sadâ-yı Millet (Voice of the People) in 1910, constitute the best-known examples.", "page": "33", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Human Relations Committee of the National Council of Women", "aliases": ["Human Relations Committee of the National Council of Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Intervened as amicus curiae in the Edmondson case, urging the court to dismiss criminal charges against a hate-monger to safeguard free speech and prevent the extension of criminal law.", "quote": "These briefs, while denouncing the defendant's act, nevertheless in order to safeguard free speech and free press asked the court to dismiss the charges. These groups pointed out that it is wiser to bear with the hatemonger than to extend the criminal law so that in future it might become too oppressive.", "page": "755", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law", "aliases": ["Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published a report (with Reuters) finding that Facebook's efforts had not effectively curtailed hate speech in Myanmar, serving a watchdog function through research and publicizing human rights impacts.", "quote": "Nonetheless, a report by Reuters and the Human Rights Center at the University of California-Berkeley Law School has subsequently found that the platform's efforts have not effectively curtailed hate speech in Myanmar.", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Defenders (collective)", "aliases": ["Human Rights Defenders (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Mobilizes public pressure (online and offline) and advocates for media freedom and the re-opening of news organizations during state suppression.", "quote": "Human rights defenders converged online and offline and pressured the government through social media to re-open the news organizations.", "page": "186", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Foundation", "aliases": ["Human Rights Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international human rights NGO / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "HRF produces research and reports, funds technology projects (Bitcoin Development Fund, Flash Drives for Freedom), stages high-profile events (Oslo Freedom Forum) and public campaigns to pressure regimes and amplify dissident voices.", "quote": "HRF runs programs using technology and media (Flash Drives for Freedom, Financial Freedom, Bitcoin Development Fund), produces research and public events to counter censorship and expose authoritarian information controls.", "page": "", "url": "https://hrf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Network for Journalists-Uganda", "aliases": ["Human Rights Network for Journalists-Uganda"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "professional safety", "rule of law", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Defends journalists' rights, provides legal aid and financial assistance in crisis situations, conducts training on safety/security/ethics, and documents media freedom violations.", "quote": "On 11 February 2019 a journalist, Moses Walugembe, wrote on a Facebook page of Ugandan journalists commending the local non-governmental organization (NGO) Human Rights Network for Journalists-Uganda (HRNJ-U) for the work it does to defend journalists.", "page": "192", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Human rights organizations, activists, and academic experts (collectively, creators of Santa Clara Principles)", "aliases": ["Human rights organizations, activists, and academic experts (collectively, creators of Santa Clara Principles)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "fairness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Collaborated to develop and launch the Santa Clara Principles to advocate for greater transparency and accountability in content moderation practices by digital platforms.", "quote": "Em 2018, à ocasião das conferências Moderação de Conteúdos em Escala em Santa Clara, Califórnia, Estados Unidos, um grupo de organizações de direitos humanos, ativistas e peritos acadêmicos desenvolveu e lançou um conjunto de três princípios para melhor obter uma mais transparência e responsabilização da moderação cada vez mais agressiva de conteúdo gerado por usuários em plataformas digitais.", "page": "106", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Service (Norway)", "aliases": ["Human Rights Service (Norway)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In Norway, a significant number of donations to news services go to one of three far-right websites, Resett, Document, and HRS.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec", "aliases": ["Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "dignity", "equality", "honour", "reputation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Ruled that certain jokes by a comedian were discriminatory and infringed on equality rights, setting limits on freedom of expression in the interest of dignity and honor.", "quote": "The human rights tribunal ruled that some of Ward’s jokes were discriminatory (those about Gabriel’s physical appearance and bone-anchored hearing aid) and infringed on Gabriel’s equality based on the preservation of his dignity, reputation, and honor.", "page": "125", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Human-machine interaction in content moderation", "aliases": ["Human-machine interaction in content moderation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute / internet & society research centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "HIIG produces research and publications, convenes virtual exchange events and solicits practitioner inputs to generate recommendations for platform moderation design; the Human in the Loop project is funded by the Mercator Foundation.", "quote": "HIIG runs a research project ('Human in the Loop') explicitly investigating human-machine interaction in content moderation and solicits submissions from activists, researchers and NGOs to derive recommendations for hybrid moderation systems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.hiig.de/en/call-for-submissions-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Humane Intelligence", "aliases": ["Humane Intelligence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit AI evaluation and governance organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs large public red teaming exercises (DEFCON 31) and bias bounty programs producing datasets, transparency reports and OSS tools; partners with major platforms and governments to surface vulnerabilities and recommend technical fixes, combining community-sourced evidence with technical tooling.", "quote": "Core mission is to democratise AI evaluation through bias bounties, red teaming, and contextual evaluations that directly address AI behaviours relevant to platform content moderation, safety, and misinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.humane-intelligence.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Humane Society International", "aliases": ["Humane Society International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Consumer protection"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1954, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1954", "mechanism": "Uses public campaigns, petitions, media (All Animals magazine, blog, podcasts), and partnerships to shape public opinion and influence policy; solicits donations and mobilizes supporters for legislative and regulatory reforms.", "quote": "Primary mission is animal welfare; site shows advocacy and campaigns that occasionally call for legal or platform-related action (e.g., urging reform, petitions) but platform governance is not a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.humaneworld.org/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Humanist (electronic discussion list)", "aliases": ["Humanist (electronic discussion list)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["constructive dialogue", "free speech", "procedural fairness", "responsible conduct"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As the first electronic discussion list for humanities, its creator established principles for constructive exchange, emphasizing prudent language, thoughtful discussion, moderation by example (not censorship), thematic organization, and regular activity.", "quote": "Dès 1987, Willard McCarty, le créateur et animateur de Humanist', la première liste de discussion électronique consacrée aux sciences humaines, avait mis en avant plusieurs principes pour que sa liste constitue un lieu d'échange intéressant: les conversations doivent avoir un objectif de découverte... le langage doit être utilisé avec prudence... la modération et le leadership s'exercent par l'exemple et non par la censure...", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries", "aliases": ["Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "human rights", "sexual rights", "social development"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborated with the Association for Progressive Communications to conduct and promote research on sexual rights and the internet, contributing to the understanding and advocacy against censorship.", "quote": "The Association for Progressive Communications and the Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries have conducted and pro- moted extensive research on the topic of sexual rights and the Internet, captured in the Global Information Society Watch 2015: Sexual rights and the internet report", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Humanists (collective intellectual movement)", "aliases": ["Humanists (collective intellectual movement)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["content standards", "literary quality", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA LITTÉRATURE PLAISANTE FACE À LA CENSURE : LE CHASSE-ENNUY DE LOUIS GARON ET LA RÉSERVE DE TOUT DIRE", "author": "Bărbunță, Cătălin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Manifested a 'corrective interest' in facetious texts, seeking to educate readers on the positive and negative possibilities of such collections, and elaborating lists of 'dangerous books' through their own works.", "quote": "Les lettrés humanistes manifestent un intérêt correctif envers les textes facétieux, cherchant à éduquer les lecteurs sur les possibilités à la fois positives et négatives de tels recueils", "page": "2", "url": "ceeol.com", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Italy, France", "when": "Renaissance / early modern (14th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Humanists UK", "aliases": ["Humanists UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["human rights / secularism charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1896, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1896", "mechanism": "Humanists UK produces policy positions, campaigns, and educational work to shape public debate and petitions policymakers on issues of education, rights, and secularism; it mobilises members and public-facing campaigns to amplify messages.", "quote": "Humanists UK is a human rights charity focused on free thinking and freedom of expression; its core mission is broader social change though it engages in public policy debates that can touch on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://humanists.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Humanitarian Logistics Association", "aliases": ["Humanitarian Logistics Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Human-is-the-Loop Approach for Semi-Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Link, Daniel; Hellingrath, Bernd", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Members of the HLA contributed to the design and development of the content moderation workflow by sharing their views in discussions and participating in interviews and serious games, providing insights relevant to humanitarian logistics.", "quote": "For sharing their views in many discussions during design and development, we also want to thank... various members of the Humanitarian Logistics Association (HLA).", "page": "12", "url": "idl.iscram.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media (Twitter), Disaster Management, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Humanity In Action", "aliases": ["Humanity In Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international non-profit / civic education organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Produces public-facing media (video/podcast) and programming to shape debate on democratic threats; partners with prominent foundations to amplify reach.", "quote": "Partners with Bertelsmann Foundation on a video and podcast series 'How To Fix Democracy' exploring practical responses to threats facing democracies, a topic that can touch on platform-driven misinformation and democratic harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.howtofixdemocracy.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Humantics Foundation for Women", "aliases": ["Humantics Foundation for Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer safety", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Disseminates information and messages (e.g., critical e-mails) through its website and other media (like Usenet newsgroups), engaging in a form of content distribution that can be seen as moderation/gatekeeping.", "quote": "Ilena Rosenthal directs the Humantics Foundation for Women, which is primarily devoted to spreading 'the message of the dangers of breast implants' through its website and other media.", "page": "29", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society", "aliases": ["Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["platform accountability", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Costituzionalismo digitale e piattaforme: verso una costituzionalizzazione della lex digitalis", "author": "E Celeste", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It launched the 'Platform Governance Archive' in 2021, which collects and analyzes historical data on the terms of service of major social networks. This contributes to understanding the evolution of platform governance and its adherence to principles of legality and transparency.", "quote": "Nel 2021, l'Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society di Berlino ha lanciato il primo Platform Governance Archive, raccogliendo dati storici sull'evoluzione dei termini di servizio dei principali social networks.", "page": "5", "url": "https://doras.dcu.ie/27787/", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Online platforms, social media (specifically Facebook)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Humor", "aliases": ["Humor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura cultural y dictadura", "author": "Delgado, Por Verónica; Merbilháa, Margarita; Príncipi, Ana; Rogers, Geraldine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "It operated as a platform for cultural resistance, likely through satire and humor, challenging the anti-intellectual and anti-cultural policies imposed by the dictatorship.", "quote": "o la revista sobre rock nacional El expreso imaginario, o la revista Humor (1978).", "page": "3", "url": "comisionporlamemoria.org", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1960s–1983"}]}, {"name": "Hungarian Association of Content Providers", "aliases": ["Hungarian Association of Content Providers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["economic interests", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Involved in a case before the European Court of Human Rights, advocating for its members' interests related to content, thereby using legal avenues to challenge restrictions.", "quote": "CourEDH, Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt c. Hongrie du 2 février 2016 (requête n° 22947/13), par. 82.", "page": "12", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}]}, {"name": "Hungarian Civil Liberties Union", "aliases": ["Hungarian Civil Liberties Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Criticized the vague language in Hungarian media laws that could have a \"chilling effect\"\" on the press", "quote": "Press freedom, freedom of expression, clear legal definitions, watchdog role of media.", "page": "By prohibiting content that may offend a “minority” or “any majority,” it could limit critical coverage of all groups, undermining the watchdog role of the media in a democracy (Bellucci, 2018, pp. 67–68; The Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (HCLU-TASZ), 2011).", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Hungarian Guard", "aliases": ["Hungarian Guard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "national identity", "racial discrimination", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in militaristic, authoritarian, and Romaphobic offline actions and public swearing-ins to popularize Jobbik's goals and shape its public image.", "quote": "When it was founded in 2003, Jobbik was known because of its paramilitary sister organizations, such as the Hungarian Guard, and for the public swearing-ins it held at the very central Heroes Square in Budapest.", "page": "74", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Hungarian Socialist Party", "aliases": ["Hungarian Socialist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party (opposition)"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical narrative", "political interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a successor to the former communist ruling party, its continued presence and legacy influence the political climate, leading to self-censorship by others regarding discussion of past communist offenses.", "quote": "The latter law’s preamble is devoted to listing the offenses of the communist dictatorship, yet the law all but openly declares the present Hungarian Socialist Party as a criminal organization, given it is the successor to the old communist ruling party (Wittenberg, 2013).", "page": "226", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press", "aliases": ["Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media pluralism", "responsible journalism", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Established principles for a 'free and responsible press' to promote social coherence by distinguishing news from opinion, ensuring content bridges divides, and fairly representing diverse perspectives.", "quote": "Their 1947 report laid out five principles... defining news as things that can be agreed across (viz. bridge) a diverse society; and ensuring that opinion that divides that society is represented with balance.", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "Hvis sociale medier skal udøve censur, skal de demokratiseres", "aliases": ["Hvis sociale medier skal udøve censur, skal de demokratiseres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["individual; politician/advocate"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Uses public debate platforms to propose concrete governance models, frames platform actions as democratic problems, and leverages political standing to push for regulatory and ownership changes.", "quote": "Argues publicly for democratic control, licensing, transparency and user-owned models for social media platforms, directly addressing platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.information.dk/debat/2021/01/sociale-medier-udoeve-censur-demokratiseres", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Hysteria developers", "aliases": ["Hysteria developers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops anti-censorship tools and contributes to discussions for integrating circumvention features.", "quote": "the Hysteria developers... for their helpful discussions and/or for integrating TCP segmentation and/or TLS fragmentation features into their respective circumvention tools.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Højesteret udtaler sig om tekniske forhold - Brownstone Institute", "aliases": ["Højesteret udtaler sig om tekniske forhold - Brownstone Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; journalistic outlet"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative commentary on government-platform interactions, mobilizes donors and legal support for related litigation, and frames public narratives about censorship to pressure institutions and courts.", "quote": "Publishes commentary and analysis on censorship, platform government interactions and supports litigation-related advocacy, but its core mission is broader public policy and commentary rather than platform governance specifically.", "page": "", "url": "https://da.brownstone.org/articles/supreme-court-punts-on-technicalities/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "I Am a Voter", "aliases": ["I Am a Voter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with celebrities on initiatives to increase civic engagement and voter registration, providing structured approaches for maximizing their impact.", "quote": "Infine, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza di collaborare con organizzazioni esperte di impegno civico, come Power the Polls, HeadCount e I Am a Voter, per garantire che le iniziative siano ben strutturate e abbiano un impatto concreto.", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "IAB Joins Leading Tech and Civil Society Groups Urging Supreme ...", "aliases": ["IAB Joins Leading Tech and Civil Society Groups Urging Supreme ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "IAB produces research and policy advocacy, develops technical standards through IAB Tech Lab, and leverages industry membership to file amicus briefs and influence courts and policymakers.", "quote": "IAB joined an amicus brief urging the U.S. Supreme Court to overturn Texas and Florida laws that would restrict content moderation, directly engaging in platform content governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.iab.com/news/iab-urges-overturn-texas-florida-laws-preventing-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "IAI discussion list", "aliases": ["IAI discussion list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A team of teachers, whose composition evolves, is responsible for the list's moderation and animation. This team initiates discussion themes that can evolve into fundamental debates, with the active participation of animators enriching these discussions.", "quote": "La modération et l'animation de la liste IAI est confiée à une équipe d'enseignants. Cette équipe lance des thèmes de discussion qui peuvent se transformer en débats de fond, la participation active des animateurs enrichissant ces débats.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "IAP Analysis", "aliases": ["IAP Analysis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["impartiality", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deplatformed: Social Network Censorship, The First Amendment, and the Argument to Amend Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act", "author": "LoNigro, John A", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis on political donations made by employees and Political Action Committees (PACs) of Big Tech companies, highlighting potential biases in their content moderation practices.", "quote": "IAP Analysis: Facebook, Twitter Donations 12-1 Favor Dems Over GOP, IAP (Apr. 1, 2021), https://theiap.org/media/press/iap-analysis-facebook-twitter-donations-12-1-favor-dems-over-gop/.", "page": "15", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States (social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018-2021)"}]}, {"name": "IAP2 Australasia", "aliases": ["IAP2 Australasia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public participation"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes existing frameworks for evaluating democratic-ness and public participation, which served as inspiration for the Democracy Levels Framework.", "quote": "To develop this framework, we have drawn inspiration from existing frameworks for evaluating democratic-ness (Arnstein, 1969; Lindberg et al., 2014; IAP2 Australasia, 2024; Skaaning & Hudson, 2023), as well as frameworks for evaluating degrees of responsible behavior and autonomy in AI systems.", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "IAPP", "aliases": ["IAPP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association; privacy and AI governance membership body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "IAPP produces research and jurisdictional trackers, convenes global conferences that shape practitioner and regulator practice, and leverages corporate membership and partnerships to influence privacy and AI governance standards.", "quote": "IAPP's core mission is privacy, AI governance and digital responsibility globally, offering resources, conferences, training and policy-focused research that directly engage platform governance and AI practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://iapp.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Iberian Digital Media Observatory (Iberifier)", "aliases": ["Iberian Digital Media Observatory (Iberifier)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as a regional hub of EDMO, uniting universities and fact-checkers in the Iberian Peninsula to study disinformation and promote media literacy efforts.", "quote": "O hub do EDMO para Portugal e Espanha chama-se Iberifier, que junta universidades e verificadores de factos (como o Polígrafo) para estudar a desinformação na Península Ibérica e promover a literacia.", "page": "30", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Ibero-American Network for Support to Teaching-Learning Processes of Professional Competencies through Ubiquitous and Collaborative Environments", "aliases": ["Ibero-American Network for Support to Teaching-Learning Processes of Professional Competencies through Ubiquitous and Collaborative Environments"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "education", "professional development"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Desarrollo de un moderador automático para salas de chat", "author": "SR Flores", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Frames and supports international research projects focused on educational technology, including the development of automatic chat moderation tools, thereby influencing the design and application of moderation in virtual learning environments.", "quote": "Está enmarcada en un un proyecto internacional financiado por el Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (CYTED) denominado “Red Iberoamericana de Apoyo a los Procesos de Enseñanza Aprendizaje de competencias profesionales a través de entornos ubicuos y colaborativos” (Código 512RT0481)", "page": "8", "url": "https://repositoriocyt.unlam.edu.ar/handle/123456789/861", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Educational chat rooms, Ibero-America (with validation in San Juan, Argentina)", "when": "Early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "IBM AI Ethics Board", "aliases": ["IBM AI Ethics Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Industry consortium"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "responsible ai"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Part of forums that convene experts from a wide range of disciplines to directly advise companies on AI ethics.", "quote": "Forums that convene experts from a wide range of disciplines and sectors that directly advise companies, such as safety councils (Spotify, 2022) or ethics advisory boards (IBM, 2024), can benefit from including AI expertise on safety focused bodies and vice versa for ethics-focused groups.", "page": "269", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Ibope Inteligência", "aliases": ["Ibope Inteligência"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "newspapers"], "norms": ["public perception", "social trust"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys on social trust in public and private institutions, including media, tracking changes in public confidence in journalistic practices and institutions in Brazil.", "quote": "No Brasil, o instituto Ibope realiza pesquisa semelhante, que produz o Índice de Confiança Social para instituições públicas ou privadas (IBOPE, 2018).", "page": "138", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Ibrahim Mogra", "aliases": ["Ibrahim Mogra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "family values", "religious belief", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a prominent imam and inter-faith activist, he publicly challenged the derogatory use of 'extremist' and 'fundamentalist' labels, reframing them as terms of devotion and advocating for more respectful language in inter-community discussions.", "quote": "Ibrahim Mogra a respected imam heavily involved in inter-faith dialogue activities explained that he found the use of the words extremist and fundamentalist as terms of abuse deeply hurtful.", "page": "5", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers", "aliases": ["ICANN – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global multistakeholder internet coordination organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; NetMundial+10 High-Level Executive Committee (HLEC)", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "ICANN defines and enforces DNS and identifier policies, runs public comment and policy-development processes, and contracts with registries/registrars—shaping technical and governance conditions that affect platform operations.", "quote": "ICANN's core mission is coordinating DNS and unique identifiers (stability, security, accessibility), not platform content moderation, though its policies on registration data, naming and namespace governance intersect with platformized-content governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icann.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ich Bin Hier", "aliases": ["Ich Bin Hier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A grassroots initiative that counters inflammatory comments on Facebook by posting balanced opinions and supporting objective comments to improve civility of discourse.", "quote": "The Facebook group #ichbinhier was founded by Hannes Ley in December 2016 with the aim of improving the civility of discourse on Facebook.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ichbinhier", "aliases": ["Ichbinhier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital civic activism; anti-hate NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ichbinhier documents and publishes studies and position papers, runs large-scale awareness campaigns and counter-speech actions in platform comment sections, delivers workshops (supported by Deutsche Telekom) to train activists, and partners with organisations like HateAid and EU projects to amplify influence.", "quote": "Core mission is countering online hate and organising digital civil courage through interventions in social media, workshops and EU projects addressing hate speech and platform debate culture.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ichbinhier.eu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "iCivics", "aliases": ["iCivics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["educational non-profit; civic education organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "iCivics develops widely used educational games and resources (reaching up to 9 million students), runs trainings and events, and advocates for civic education policy at state and national levels.", "quote": "Primary mission is civic education, but site notes teaching students to 'sift through fake news and AI-generated content', indicating some engagement with platform-related information issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icivics.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ICLab (Internet Censorship Lab)", "aliases": ["ICLab (Internet Censorship Lab)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides in-country vantage points and data collection infrastructure for empirical studies of internet filtering, supporting research on global internet censorship practices.", "quote": "We are deeply grateful for the support provided by the research team at ICLab in giving access to vantage points for data collection.", "page": "3", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "ICLE Comments to FTC Regarding Technology Platform Censorship", "aliases": ["ICLE Comments to FTC Regarding Technology Platform Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy research and advocacy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ICLE publishes legal-economic analyses and files formal FTC comments arguing doctrinal limits and policy interpretations to influence regulatory approaches to platform moderation.", "quote": "ICLE produces legal and economic research and submitted formal comments to the FTC addressing platform content moderation, arguing limits on agency action and analyzing platform governance through law & economics.", "page": "", "url": "https://laweconcenter.org/resources/icle-comments-to-ftc-regarding-technology-platform-censorship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ICMA-NAFMII Working Group", "aliases": ["ICMA-NAFMII Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["industry standards", "market efficiency"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes best practices and arrangements for bond trustee roles in international bond issues, influencing industry standards and norms.", "quote": "ICMA-NAFMII Working Group: International Practices of Bond Trustee Arrangements.", "page": "74", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Iconografiexxi", "aliases": ["Iconografiexxi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["access to information", "critical thinking", "cultural preservation", "editorial independence"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Originated as a community-funded fanzine and evolved into an independent magazine that publishes critical cultural perspectives and offers free PDFs of its issues, enabling autonomous and free dissemination of curated content.", "quote": "anche la rivista Iconografiexxi possiede un sito dal quale, oltre ad acquistare i numeri è possibile scaricarene gratuitamente i PDF.", "page": "6", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ICT Coalition for a Safer Internet for Children and Young People", "aliases": ["ICT Coalition for a Safer Internet for Children and Young People"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "corporate social responsibility", "privacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust in the information society", "author": "B O'Neill", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "This industry-led coalition published a set of principles to guide the development of products and services that enhance children's online safety. It promotes industry self-regulation by committing participating companies to minimum standards of responsibility in areas such as content, parental controls, abuse/misuse, child sexual abuse, illegal content, privacy, education, and awareness.", "quote": "in a parallel initiative led by industry, 25 companies early in 2012 announced the formation of an ICT Coalition for a Safer Internet for Children and Young People and publication of a set of principles to guide the development of products and services that actively enhance the safety of children and young people online.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364912001409", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Europe / European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ICT-related NGOs", "aliases": ["ICT-related NGOs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "internet freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Participated in the Justice Ministry Committee for Internet Law drafting, campaigned publicly against internet censorship, and appealed to the President regarding the law.", "quote": "Internet and communication technology related NGOs tried to alert the public, opposition parties, the media and internet users against the intended censorship of the internet.", "page": "5", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Identitarian Movement", "aliases": ["Identitarian Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["group identity", "group survival", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Adapts gatekeeping practices and 'live action role play' (LARPing) protests to reinforce inclusion and exclusion within online subcultures and distinguish members from perceived enemies.", "quote": "He also deftly explains how the gatekeeping practices common to the former have been adapted by the latter, such that inclusion and exclusion are constantly reinforced through “live action role play” or LARPing protests that distinguish those ‘in the know’ from the enemy.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Identitäre Bewegung", "aliases": ["Identitäre Bewegung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["ideological influence", "political polarization", "political strategy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses 'media guerrilla manuals' and targeted provocations to manipulate media ecosystems, aiming to achieve 'strategic polarisation' and mainstream their ideologies.", "quote": "non-violent extremist movements such as the American alt-right and the identitarian movement talk of similar approaches on a metapolitical level.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society", "aliases": ["IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Through its board and committees, it sets standards and directions for research and development in AI for transportation, influencing technological advancements and best practices.", "quote": "He has been elected in 2009 to the Board of Governors of IEEE Intelligent Transportation System Society and again in 2019. He has been member of several program committees for conferences and was General Chair of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium 2019 in Paris (900 attendees).", "page": "106", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "IEEE Standards Association", "aliases": ["IEEE Standards Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "human agency", "identity protection", "inclusion", "trustworthiness"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards Ethical AI Moderation in Multiplayer Games", "author": "Sparrow, Lucy A.; Galwey, Ren; Jovic, Dahlia; Hardwick, Taylor; Butt, Mahli-Ann", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The IEEE Standards Association organizes forums, such as the Australian 'Dignity, Inclusion, Identity, Trust and Agency' (AuDIITA) forum, to facilitate discussions and gather feedback on AI and digital ethics, contributing to the establishment of standards and best practices for AI development and moderation.", "quote": "...the Australian 'Dignity, Inclusion, Identity, Trust and Agency' (AuDIITA) forum 2023 (IEEE Standards Association) for their ideas and feedback on this project.", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3677109", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Online multiplayer games", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "IEEE Standards Association Working Group P2987", "aliases": ["IEEE Standards Association Working Group P2987"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["user autonomy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Works to develop standards for coercive-control resistant design.", "quote": "An IEEE Standards Association Working Group (P2987) has been working to develop a standard", "page": "268", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "IFPI - representing the recording industry worldwide", "aliases": ["IFPI - representing the recording industry worldwide"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1933", "mechanism": "IFPI uses industry data and policy briefs, joint statements to regulators (AI Act), licensing negotiations with platforms, public campaigns and legal/enforcement actions (streaming fraud) to shape platform policies and practices.", "quote": "IFPI advocates globally for record producers on copyright, platform licensing, enforcement (streaming fraud) and AI policy (AI Act), directly engaging platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ifpi.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "IG Farben", "aliases": ["IG Farben"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Provided private financial contributions to the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), thereby funding the war-guilt revisionist campaign.", "quote": "Private contributions flowed in from large industrial concerns such as IG-Farben, the northwest group of the Iron and Steel Cartel, and the Hamburg Board of Trade, with smaller amounts being raised by government-endorsed lotteries and public solicitations.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "IG Metall", "aliases": ["IG Metall"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective bargaining", "fair working conditions", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Allows platform workers, including content moderators and YouTubers, to join as independent workers, providing a framework for collective representation and negotiation of their rights.", "quote": "Elle est également affiliée à IG-Metall, qui est un syndicat ayant différentes formes d’adhésion. Ainsi, les modérateurs de contenu peuvent adhérer à IG-Metall en tant que travailleurs indépendants (Niebler et Kern 2020).", "page": "152", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "IGF Coalition on Platform Responsibility", "aliases": ["IGF Coalition on Platform Responsibility"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["effective remedy", "human rights", "platform accountability", "platform responsibility"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas no Marco Civil da Internet: a necessidade de uma responsabilidade progressiva baseada em riscos", "author": "DPN Dias, L Belli, N Zingales, W Gaspar…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Produces outcome documents, such as 'Best Practices on Platforms' Implementation of the Right to an Effective Remedy,' contributing to normative frameworks for platform accountability and human rights.", "quote": "BELLI, L., ZINGALES, N. Best Practices on Platforms' Implementation of the Right to an Effective Remedy. Outcome Document N°3. IGF Coalition on Platform Responsibility. United Nations Internet Governance Forum, 2019.", "page": "20", "url": "https://civilistica.emnuvens.com.br/redc/article/view/931", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Marco Civil da Internet)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically post-2014 MCI enactment)"}]}, {"name": "IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility", "aliases": ["IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratising online content moderation: A constitutional framework", "author": "De Gregorio, Giovanni", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This coalition proposes an approach towards the proceduralisation of content moderation, advocating for due process safeguards and effective remedies on online platforms.", "quote": "both the Manila principles on intermediary liability and the IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility propose an approach towards the proceduralisation of content moderation.", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364919303851", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, EU and US", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Igreja Católica", "aliases": ["Igreja Católica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "political stability", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Historically influenced moral censorship, particularly by adopting strongly anti-communist stances and linking moral decay to political subversion, thereby providing a basis for censorship actions.", "quote": "É notória a forte presença do catolicismo na sociedade brasileira desde os tempos coloniais. Não somente as atitudes e decisões da Igreja como instituição quase sempre tiveram forte repercussão e capacidade de influência nas decisões políticas...", "page": "229", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Igreja Católica Romana", "aliases": ["Igreja Católica Romana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public opinion control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Historically, through the Inquisition, it implemented severe forms of censorship and repression of ideas deemed 'heretical,' demonstrating a historical role in controlling thought and expression.", "quote": "Vide as atrocidades cometidas pela Santa Inqui sição, comandada pela Igreja Católica Romana.", "page": "289", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus", "aliases": ["Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Produces programs for community television (TV ROC), using media to disseminate its religious values and contribute to community discourse.", "quote": "six different programmes were being aired by Channel 30. Of these programmes, one was produced by Channel 30 staff and interns; another one by the Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (evangelical church); another by the Catholic Church;", "page": "131", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (Malaysian Muslim Solidarity)", "aliases": ["Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia (Malaysian Muslim Solidarity)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group / ethno-nationalist organization"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Warned Muslims that liberal democracy would destroy their faith and identity, advocating against foreign influences seen as obstructing an Islamic state through public statements and norm-setting.", "quote": "Similarly, the ethno-nationalist organisation Ikatan Muslim Malaysia (Isma) has warned Muslims that liberal democracy will destroy the faith of Malaysian Muslims, deprive them of ‘personal identity’, and result in ‘disrupt[ion] by foreign powers’ who are intent on obstructing the establishment of an Islamic state.", "page": "196", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "iKeepSafe", "aliases": ["iKeepSafe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["privacy certification and compliance organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "iKeepSafe issues third-party certifications and product profiles that schools and vendors use to demonstrate legal compliance, exerts market leverage by enabling vendor access to school contracts, and provides training and assessment tools that shape edtech privacy practices.", "quote": "iKeepSafe's core mission is certifying education technology for student data privacy and compliance with FERPA, COPPA, and state privacy laws, directly shaping platform practices for consumer-facing edtech.", "page": "", "url": "http://ikeepsafe.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Il diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica", "aliases": ["Il diritto dell'informazione e dell'informatica"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic neutrality", "publication standards"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e não publicação", "author": "JL Lobo", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As an academic journal, it performed censorship by refusing to publish an article, citing its 'markedly political and politological bias' and questioning if the periodical was 'the most appropriate forum' for the content. This action functioned as a gatekeeping mechanism for academic discourse.", "quote": "recebeu um e-mail em que o diretor da revista, considerando “o viés marcadamente político e politológico do escrito\"", "page": "perguntava-se com eufemismo se o periódico seria “a tribuna mais apropriada\"\" para o artigo.\"", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/87523733/Democracia_direta._Versao_final..pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Italy", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Il Risorgimento: giornale politico quotidiano", "aliases": ["Il Risorgimento: giornale politico quotidiano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Sabaudian States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "individual rights", "national unity"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La polemica tra Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio e Luigi Amedeo Melegari: il casus belli della 'moderazione degli ordini rappresentativi'.", "author": "I Ferrero", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published political texts and offered editorial commentary, acting as a norm-setter and defender of specific political viewpoints, particularly liberal ones, and criticizing opposing views through its published content.", "quote": "Tale prolusione ricevette un'accoglienza non sempre positiva: il quotidiano Il Risorgimento, che la pubblicò, fece precedere il testo della stessa da una breve introduzione in cui si affermava che «oggi altri giornali di reazione ne fanno oggetto di insipienti e maligne censure».", "page": "9", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1728255/1/Ferrero_Taparelli.pdf", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Sabaudian States (Kingdom of Sardinia / Piedmont)", "when": "17th-19th century"}]}, {"name": "Il Torchio", "aliases": ["Il Torchio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-foreign influence", "cultural preservation", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il vizio dell'esterofilia. Editoria e traduzioni nell'Italia fascista", "author": "Baini, Erika", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It participated in a public debate, advocating for state intervention to limit the number of foreign translations in Italy to protect national literature and cultural identity.", "quote": "La questione riguardante l'industria delle traduzioni è dunque analizzata dal punto di vista etico e intellettuale attraverso un dibattito che vide come protagonisti Il Torchio. Settimanale fascista di battaglia e di critica... L'invasione dello straniero, secondo la voce degli esponenti della rivista, andava fermata attraverso un intervento da parte dello Stato che consisteva nella limitazione del numero dei testi tradotti.", "page": "2", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3302/0392-8586-202207-068-1", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1930s-1940s"}]}, {"name": "ILGA-Europe", "aliases": ["ILGA-Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "harm reduction", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the human rights situation of LGBTQIA+ people in Europe, advocating for the resolution of issues such as hate speech and hate crimes, and requesting legislative changes.", "quote": "Desde 2020, a Polônia tem sido consistentemente classificada como o país membro da UE com o pior desempenho em relação aos direitos LGBTQIA+, de acordo com a ILGA-Europe. Também é importante observar que a Polônia não tem proteções para LGBTQIA+ em suas leis sobre discurso de ódio e crimes de ódio, um problema que a ILGA-Europe e a Anistia Internacional, entre outras organizações, solicitaram que a Polônia resolvesse.", "page": "93", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}]}, {"name": "Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation (DIF)", "aliases": ["Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation (DIF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conducted public opinion polls that provided data on citizens' trust in media and politicians, which indirectly helped evaluate the impact of censorship.", "quote": "These include Kiev International Institute of Sociology, www.kiis.com.ua; The Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Named After Razumkov, www.uceps.org; and Democratic Initiatives, www.dif.org.ua/home.php.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Imaging Consumables Coalition of Europe, Middle East and Africa (ICCE)", "aliases": ["Imaging Consumables Coalition of Europe, Middle East and Africa (ICCE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Intellectual property", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "ICCE gathers and processes intelligence on counterfeiters, coordinates joint industry raids and enforcement activities, liaises with OEMs and marketplaces to remove listings, and supports legal action against suppliers.", "quote": "ICCE coordinates intelligence on counterfeit imaging supplies, works with law enforcement, and engages with online shoppers and markets to report and remove counterfeit listings, affecting platform marketplace governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://icce.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Imams Online", "aliases": ["Imams Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Run by Faith Associates, this group educates, networks, and equips Muslim leaders with information to prevent Islamist extremism from taking root in their communities.", "quote": "run by Faith Associates and aims to educate, network, and equip Muslim leaders with the information they need to prevent Islamist extremism from taking root in their communities.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Imbarco Immediato", "aliases": ["Imbarco Immediato"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ rights", "anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Offers support to LGBTIQ+ victims of cyber-victimization, organises awareness campaigns, and participates in the defense of their rights, contributing to a safer environment.", "quote": "En Suisse, des organisations comme (...) Imbarco Immediato (...) offrent un soutien aux victimes, mettent en place des campagnes de sensibilisation et participent à la défense des droits des personnes concernées.", "page": "18", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Impeach Nixon Committee", "aliases": ["Impeach Nixon Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "political participation"], "topics": ["content regulation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Restrictions of Speech Because of Its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions", "author": "Stone, Geoffrey R.", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "The committee challenged a transit authority's denial of advertising space for its impeachment posters, advocating for political speech rights in public advertising forums.", "quote": "But cf. Buck v. Impeach Nixon Comm., 498 F.2d 37 (7th Cir. 1974) (transit authority enjoined from denying advertising space to impeachment posters).", "page": "91", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599289?origin=crossref", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "Impress", "aliases": ["Impress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent press regulator; community interest company"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Impress sets and enforces a Standards Code, offers ADR and arbitration to hold publishers accountable, publishes research and guidance (including AI guidance) and runs partnerships (e.g., industry training) to shape newsroom and publisher practices.", "quote": "Impress regulates news publishers, issues standards and guidance (including on AI in newsrooms) and runs arbitration—engaging platform-adjacent governance but primarily focused on journalism regulation rather than platform moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.impressorg.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "In the Age of Social Media, Expand the Reach of the First Amendment", "aliases": ["In the Age of Social Media, Expand the Reach of the First Amendment"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional legal association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1878, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1878", "mechanism": "As a major professional legal association, the ABA issues policy statements, legal analysis, and publications that shape debate on First Amendment application to social media and can influence courts, regulators, and public opinion.", "quote": "Publishes legal analysis advocating extension of First Amendment principles to social media, indicating engagement with platform content governance from a legal rights perspective.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/archive/age-social-media-expand-reach-first-amendment/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "In These Times magazine", "aliases": ["In These Times magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanism", "social progress", "socialism"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape left-wing political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, thereby influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "ávida lectora de revistas de orientación de izquierda como The Jacobin, In These Times y n+1\"\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "InBloom", "aliases": ["InBloom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit data repository / education data initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "InBloom built and offered a centralized student-data platform (techno-infrastructure), distributed standardized data to third-party developers (information), and was enabled by major philanthropic funding (leverage), which together provoked public debate over data governance in schools.", "quote": "InBloom operated a student data repository that raised high-profile privacy and platform-infrastructure debates, but its core mission was providing educational data services rather than shaping platform content governance or moderation policy.", "page": "", "url": "http://datacollaboratives.org/cases/inbloom.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "INCITS", "aliases": ["INCITS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; standards body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "1961", "mechanism": "INCITS produces consensus technical standards via member committees (including major platform companies), represents the U.S. in international standards fora, and runs symposiums and publications to shape interoperable tech practices.", "quote": "INCITS develops technology standards (including AI, cloud, blockchain) that can shape platform infrastructure and practices but its core mission is standards development rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.incits.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Independent Advisory Committee", "aliases": ["Independent Advisory Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The IAC guides GIFCT’s Operating Board on organizational priorities and evaluates its performance, which indirectly influences GIFCT's approach to content moderation and database expansion.", "quote": "The IAC guides the Operating Board, including producing an annual report advising on organizational priorities and reflecting on previous performance. The IAC includes members from government and intergovernmental entities.", "page": "157", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Auditors", "aliases": ["Independent Auditors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques ou Digital Services Act", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "VLOPs and VLOSEs are required to finance annual audits conducted by independent third parties to evaluate their compliance with DSA obligations, particularly concerning systemic risks and the effectiveness of their content moderation systems.", "quote": "Au moins une fois par an, les TGP et TGM devront financer un audit par un tiers indépendant, visant notamment à évaluer leur respect des obligations issues du chapitre 3 du règlement.", "page": "15", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554097/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union (online platforms and search engines)", "when": "post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Authors' Union", "aliases": ["Independent Authors' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural representation", "free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Formed as a legal body to defend the rights of artists from unofficial culture, representing a new state strategy of limited tolerance for organized dissent, seeking to control it rather than overtly repress it.", "quote": "Quest’ultimo si costituisce come organo legale per la difesa dei diritti degli artisti appartenenti alla cultura non ufficiale e vi entrano a far parte i più importanti esponenti delle riviste del samizdat.", "page": "101", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "independent Black media", "aliases": ["independent Black media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression", "minority rights", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Fulfills functions for Black collectives not met by mainstream public arenas, institutions, or media, providing alternative platforms for Black interests and expression.", "quote": "The continued presence of independent Black media, Black artists' collectives, Black fraternal organizations, and other \"Black-only\"\" spaces and media fulfill functions for Black collectives that mainstream public arenas", "page": "institutions", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Independent Chinese PEN Centre", "aliases": ["Independent Chinese PEN Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group / professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights", "information integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocates for freedom of expression and supports dissident writers, with its president commenting on the 'honesty and lack of ambiguity' in censored works.", "quote": "Tienchi Martin-Liao, the president of the Independent Chinese PEN Centre, suggests that the danger of Liao’s work lies in its honesty and lack of ambiguity", "page": "239", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – Second World War (ICE) / Commission Bergier", "aliases": ["Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – Second World War (ICE) / Commission Bergier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La pratique du débat dans l'enseignement de l'histoire. Remarques éparses issues d'observations de leçons.", "author": "V Opériol", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Its critical historical report on Switzerland's neutrality during WWII serves as a 'critical' point of view in classroom debates, encouraging students to challenge earlier, less critical historical narratives and foster critical historical inquiry.", "quote": "Points de vue : historiens représentés par G.-A. Chevallaz, auteur d'un manuel utilisé jusque dans les années 1990 / historiens plus critiques, représentés par la Commission Bergier.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.irahsse.eu/wa_files/OPERIOL.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland and France", "when": "21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Independent fact-checkers", "aliases": ["Independent fact-checkers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Identifying and challenging false or misleading information online, receiving funding from platforms to conduct moderation-related activities.", "quote": "Facebook has stepped up funding for independent fact-checkers and a number of platforms including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have taken down misinformation that breached guidelines...", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Independent Fact-checkers (AI4Dignity project participants)", "aliases": ["Independent Fact-checkers (AI4Dignity project participants)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalitions"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "India", "Kenya"], "media": [], "norms": ["contextual knowledge", "harm reduction", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ethical scaling for content moderation: Extreme speech and the (in) significance of artificial intelligence", "author": "S Udupa, A Maronikolakis, A Wisiorek", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This collective of fact-checkers from Brazil, Germany, India, and Kenya participated in the AI4Dignity project by dialoguing with researchers to define problematic content labels, gathering and annotating online vitriolic passages, and assessing AI classification algorithms and training datasets.", "quote": "the project partnered with independent factcheckers as a key stakeholder community because of their professional training in handling contentious content.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20539517231172424", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Germany, India, Kenya (social media platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Fact-checkers (collective)", "aliases": ["Independent Fact-checkers (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency, community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "India", "Kenya"], "media": [], "norms": ["community advocacy", "content moderation", "harm reduction", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ethical scaling for content moderation: Extreme speech and the (in)significance of artificial intelligence", "author": "Udupa, Sahana; Maronikolakis, Antonis; Wisiorek, Axel", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participate in collaborative data annotation processes for online vitriolic expressions, providing contextual and linguistic knowledge. They help define problematic content labels, identify target groups, cross-annotate passages, and assess AI classification algorithms, serving as human supervisors in AI-assisted moderation.", "quote": "the project partnered with independent factcheckers as a key stakeholder community because of their professional training in handling contentious content... For fact-checkers, the collaboration also offered ways to foreground their own grievances as a target community of extreme speech.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517231172424", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Germany, India, Kenya (online social media platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent fact-checking organizations (network on Facebook)", "aliases": ["Independent fact-checking organizations (network on Facebook)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "COVID-RELATED MISINFORMATION ON YOUTUBE", "author": "Knuutila, Aleksi; Herasimenka, Aliaksandr; Au, Hubert; Bright, Jonathan; Nielsen, Rasmus; Howard, Philip N", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These fact-checkers evaluate content shared on Facebook. If they determine a link contains false information, they apply a warning label to the post and reduce its visibility on the platform.", "quote": "Where these fact-checkers judge a link to contain false information, users will see a warning label attached to the post. Additionally, the visibility of the post will be reduced.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, Facebook, Reddit, Twitter (social media platforms)", "when": "October 2019 – June 2020"}]}, {"name": "Independent Federated Trust & Safety (IFTAS)", "aliases": ["Independent Federated Trust & Safety (IFTAS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["community moderation", "platform governance", "platform sustainability"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Supports the volunteer moderator community of the Fediverse by conducting needs assessments and providing contextual background on moderation challenges, especially those caused by rising user numbers.", "quote": "In addition, a further semi-structured interview was conducted with a representa-tive of IFTAS, a nonprofit organisation founded in 2023 to support the volunteer moderator community of the Fediverse, largely as a response to the challenges caused by rising user numbers since October 2022.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Federated Trust and Safety", "aliases": ["Independent Federated Trust and Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serves as an advisory body and conducts assessments regarding the state of trust and safety on federated platforms, highlighting nascent capabilities and challenges.", "quote": "The present state of federated trust and safety remains nascent (IFTAS 2023).", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Financial Advisors", "aliases": ["Independent Financial Advisors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Engages with researchers through blogs and forums to create online communities for financial advisors, facilitating information exchange and potentially influencing professional practices and standards.", "quote": "Les chercheurs dans le domaine financier ont fait appel à des blogs et à des forums avec les IFA (Conseillers Financiers Indépendants), et l'on s'efforce de créer des communautés en ligne pour les conseillers financiers.", "page": "10", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Journalists Trade Union", "aliases": ["Independent Journalists Trade Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Its president spoke out against media manipulation, viewing media as a tool to unravel establishment power, indicating its role in advocating for journalistic independence.", "quote": "The first president of the Independent Journalists Trade Union, Andrii Shevchenko, said that 'media is the thread which can be used to unravel the power of the establishment'", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Independent Labour Party", "aliases": ["Independent Labour Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "pacifism", "political empowerment", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Through its leader Arthur Henderson, it successfully lobbied Lloyd George to drop prosecution against its official organ, the Labour Leader, influencing government censorship decisions for political reasons.", "quote": "Just at this time the Home Office had finally resolved to prosecute the Labour Leader, but when Lloyd George, on Henderson's urging, argued against it, the matter was dropped.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Media Center (IMC)", "aliases": ["Independent Media Center (IMC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic discourse", "media diversity"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a network of grassroots media initiatives that enable and facilitate alternative content production and dissemination, actively shaping media practices.", "quote": "Classic examples are alternative radio stations (often linked to Amarc) and the so-called IMCs, where Indymedia is the most famous example.", "page": "113", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Media Institute (AlterNet)", "aliases": ["Independent Media Institute (AlterNet)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provided access to articles from over 200 alternative and independent newspapers and magazines, serving as a hub for alternative information dissemination during protests.", "quote": "AlterNet provides access to articles from over 200 alternative and independent newspapers and magazines.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Oversight Board (Proposed)", "aliases": ["Independent Oversight Board (Proposed)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["proposed accountability mechanism / watchdog"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed as a private accountability mechanism, funded by platforms but made up of multistakeholder representatives, to review selected moderation decisions.", "quote": "Global Partners Digital has also advocated the creation of an independent oversight board 'funded by platforms, but made up of multistakeholder representatives.'", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)", "aliases": ["Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["non-discrimination", "professional honour", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech?", "author": "Brown, Alexander", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a formal avenue for the public to lodge complaints against newspapers for printing hate speech, based on its 'Code of Practice for Editors'.", "quote": "In the case of newspapers in the UK, people can potentially bring a complaint against a newspaper for printing hate speech by referring to clause 12 of the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) Code of Practice for Editors.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1468796817709846", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet, with specific focus on England and Wales and wider Europe for legal/regulatory context", "when": "contemporary Internet era (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Independent researchers", "aliases": ["Independent researchers"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "evidence-based policy", "information completeness", "privacy", "public discourse"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CLEARING THE HAZE: IS THE EU DIGITAL SERVICES ACT FINALLY FORCING PLATFORMS TO OPEN UP ABOUT CONTENT MODERATION?", "author": "Zornetta, Alessia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Corroborate platforms' statements, identify industry trends, study the impact of digital platforms on society and human behavior, and support policymaking by drawing attention to different issues among platforms.", "quote": "The primary goal of transparency towards researchers is to verify companies' statements, identify industry trends through cross-comparison of different platforms, and, overall, studying the impact of digital platforms on society and human behavior.", "page": "11", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, Online Platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, post-2022 DSA era"}]}, {"name": "Independent Social Media Council (Proposed)", "aliases": ["Independent Social Media Council (Proposed)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["proposed accountability mechanism / professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "platform autonomy", "remedies"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed as a private accountability mechanism, modeled on press councils, to enable industry-wide complaint resolution and promote remedies for violations related to content moderation.", "quote": "Special Rapporteur Kaye has proposed 'an independent ‘social media council’, modelled on the press councils that enable industry-wide complaint mechanisms and the promotion of remedies for violations.'", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Independent Student Union (hypothetical)", "aliases": ["Independent Student Union (hypothetical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THEDETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP INCHINA", "author": "L Shao", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its proposed formation as an entity independent from government/party supervision generates a 'political challenge' to the regime, thus triggering consideration for censorship in hypothetical scenarios.", "quote": "A group of students petition to the government and ask for a \"real\"\" student union that is independent from the supervision of Administration (PolC: Weak", "page": "IA)/Youth League (PolC: Strong", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-east-asian-studies/article/dilemma-of-criticism-disentangling-thedeterminants-of-media-censorship-inchina/033F58546D286E1302BE2AAAD6CFC090", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Independent Users Group (of Downing Street website)", "aliases": ["Independent Users Group (of Downing Street website)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair moderation", "free speech", "quality of debate", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Government-run Online Discussion Fora: Moderation, Censorship and the Shadow of Control1", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented the interests of users of the Downing Street website's discussion forum, raising concerns about content quality, abuse, and perceived political censorship by the site's moderators.", "quote": "Kevin Webster, Chairman of the site's Independent Users Group, noted that the Downing Street discussion forum had ‘become a haven for people to post offensive and meaningless messages'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2006.00247.x", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, government-run online discussion fora", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2000-2006)"}]}, {"name": "Independent Users Group (of the Downing Street website)", "aliases": ["Independent Users Group (of the Downing Street website)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of the Moderator: Problems and Possibilities for Government-Run Online Discussion Forums", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This user group served as a community oversight body for the Downing Street discussion forum. Its chairman publicly commented on the quality of discussions, noting a prevalence of 'offensive and meaningless messages,' which served as an implicit form of feedback and pressure regarding moderation standards.", "quote": "Kevin Webster, Chairman of the site's Independent Users Group, noted that the Downing Street discussion forum had 'become a haven for people to post offensive and meaningless messages'.", "page": "6", "url": "researchgate.net", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "UK (government-run online discussion forums)", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Forbidden Books)", "aliases": ["Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Forbidden Books)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": ["Online Platforms"], "norms": ["public morals", "religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les formes contemporaines de censure:", "author": "Amadieu, Jean-Baptiste; Talon-Hugon, Carole", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Maintained a list of books deemed heretical or immoral, requiring Catholics to abstain from reading them, thereby exercising ecclesiastical censorship and a form of boycott.", "quote": "l'Index librorum prohibitorum qui demandait aux catholiques de s'abstenir de lire certains livres disponibles sur le marché et qui en appelait à la conscience et à l'assentiment des fidèles. Cette forme de boycott ecclésiastique assumait néanmoins son pouvoir censorial.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2020-5-page-91.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western countries and online platforms, with historical comparisons to European contexts", "when": "Post-2000, with extensive historical comparisons to the 16th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Index Librorum Prohibitorum of the Holy See", "aliases": ["Index Librorum Prohibitorum of the Holy See"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Maintained an official list of publications deemed heretical or immoral for Roman Catholics, thus generating powerful forces of extrajudicial censorship by restricting access to literature based on religious doctrine and moral concerns.", "quote": "Such extrajudicial, sometimes extra-legal, agencies as the Watch and Ward Societies, the Anthony Comstocks, the Societies for the Suppression of Vice, and the Index Librorum Prohibitorum of the Holy See generate powerful forces of censorship", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Indian Civil Liberties Union", "aliases": ["Indian Civil Liberties Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["government legitimacy", "public opinion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged the ban on John Strachey's book in 1938, advocating for lifting censorship on \"sober\"\" works on Communism", "quote": "Civil liberties, free speech, freedom of reading, preventing negative impression of India's administration.", "page": "The book was already banned in India under the GCN, and it was this ban that was challenged in 1938 by K. B. Menon, the Secretary of the Indian Civil Liberties Union, who suggested that the GoI consider lifting the ban.", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar", "aliases": ["Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to research and development of multilingual safety moderation tools for LLMs by authoring and publishing this academic paper.", "quote": "IIT Gandhinagar", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Indian Press Council", "aliases": ["Indian Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "media independence", "professional standards", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Presented as a regional model for a self-regulating organization that unifies journalists, promotes professional interests, and sponsors educational initiatives. Its representatives are encouraged to guide Pakistani organizations in developing a similar structure.", "quote": "The indigenous Pakistani association should be modelled after the Indian Press Council (IPC), which is an example in South Asia of a regional organisation of jour- nalists that has unified Indian journalists, promoted the interests of professional jour- nalists and sponsored educational initiatives in national conferences and seminars (IPC 2005).", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Indigenous Parliament", "aliases": ["Indigenous Parliament"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous rights", "justice", "reparations"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Presenting formal documents and narratives that articulate indigenous claims for justice and reparation, challenging hegemonic state narratives about historical conflicts.", "quote": "We begin with a transcript from a formal document, given to us by one of the main representatives of the Mapuche community, which had been presented before the Indigenous Parliament.", "page": "150", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Indignados movement (15-M Movement)", "aliases": ["Indignados movement (15-M Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["G1 news site"], "norms": ["civic engagement"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in political debate and civic engagement by forming a transnational public sphere, indicating a common link between social media and political engagement.", "quote": "Movimentos políticos diretos como \"Ocupar Wall Street\"\"", "page": "\"\"Primavera Árabe\"\"", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian Communist Party", "aliases": ["Indonesian Communist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party / social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-colonialism", "communist ideology", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in political and industrial activism, organizing meetings and producing content that challenged colonial rule, leading to surveillance and prosecution under 'Sowing of Hatred Articles.'", "quote": "The newspaper Sinar Hindia (The Light of the Indies) under a rubric entitled Pergerakan (‘The Movement’) reported on local meetings of the Indonesian Communist Party and its associated organizations.", "page": "83", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)", "aliases": ["Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist ideology", "national development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Initially backed Sukarno's program but was later destroyed by Suharto, indicating its role as a target of state repression to control political discourse.", "quote": "Suharto destroyed the PKI in a massacre that also targeted all other radical elements in Indonesian society.", "page": "247", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian nationalist and communist movement", "aliases": ["Indonesian nationalist and communist movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national sovereignty", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Increased political and industrial activism through speeches and meetings, leading to state surveillance, prosecution under slander laws, and eventual suppression of the Communist Party by the colonial government.", "quote": "indigenous political and industrial activism increased. Speakers at political and trade union meetings were sometimes prosecuted; their meetings attended by police, local civil administration or by spies.", "page": "92", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian Press Council", "aliases": ["Indonesian Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1965, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism", "author": "Tapsell, Ross", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Monitors and raises concerns about media ownership and its impact on journalistic independence, noting that powerful individuals use media for their own interests, which leads to journalists feeling pressured to self-censor.", "quote": "Agus Sudibyo, Chairman of the Ethics Commission in the Indonesian Press Council, agrees, saying: 'The problem is the internal structure of the media. Anyone who has money can use the media.'", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1965–present"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian Prosperous Trade Union (SBSI)", "aliases": ["Indonesian Prosperous Trade Union (SBSI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Formed and led thousands of strikes in the 1990s, despite repression, challenging the state over economic conditions and workers' rights.", "quote": "Indonesian Prosperous Trade Union (SBSI) formed and led thousands of strikes in the 1990s, despite repression, challenging the state over economic conditions and workers' rights.", "page": "247", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia - MUI)", "aliases": ["Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia - MUI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural values", "religious tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs", "author": "Indainanto, Yofiendi Indah; Dalimunthe, Maulana Andinata; Sazali, Hasan; Rubino; Kholil, Syukur", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse on religious policies by commenting on government circulars, assessing their appropriateness, and advocating for wisdom and tolerance in religious matters.", "quote": "The emergence of the letter was considered inappropriate by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), which did not reflect the wisdom and tolerance characteristic of Muslims in Indonesia, including Aceh (Cnnindonesia.com, 2019).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_15_vol_104_4__indonesia.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "late 20th century – present"}]}, {"name": "Indonesian United Democratic Party", "aliases": ["Indonesian United Democratic Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its leader was jailed under Suharto, indicating its role as an opposition force against the state's repressive policies.", "quote": "...the Indonesian United Democratic Party, whose leader was jailed under Suharto...", "page": "248", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "IndoNLP", "aliases": ["IndoNLP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic equality"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This collective of language-specific NLP researchers works to digitize and build tools for low-resource Indonesian languages, addressing the gaps in training and testing data for content moderation.", "quote": "Collectives such as Masakhane (African languages) (Orife et al. 2020), IndoNLP (Indonesian languages) (Aji et al. 2022) ... often have deep knowledge of where the largest gaps are in their language's specific research but sorely lack the funds necessary to address them.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Industrial Workers of the World", "aliases": ["Industrial Workers of the World"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "marxist ideology", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de conteúdo nas redes sociais", "author": "BSF Teixeira", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Advocated for radical political and economic changes through class struggle, promoting the formation of a 'One Big Union' and a general strike.", "quote": "A IWW valia-se da retórica marxista da luta de classes e pregava a formação de um Grande Sindicato (One Big Union) que abarcasse os operários de todas as indústrias.", "page": "38", "url": "https://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/11640", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "USA, Brazil, and global digital platforms", "when": "20th and 21st centuries (Web 1.0 to Web 2.0/digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Industry technicians and legal experts", "aliases": ["Industry technicians and legal experts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["expert knowledge", "free speech", "platform regulation"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Envisioned as participants in 'collective bargaining' or 'multilateral agreements' alongside states, multinationals, and consumer associations, to establish limits on the private power exercised by digital platforms.", "quote": "intese multilaterali (tra Stati, multinazionali, associazioni di consumatori, tecnici del settore ed esperti in materie giuridiche) per la fissazione dei limiti alle modalità di esercizio del potere privato delle piattaforme stesse.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}]}, {"name": "Indymedia (Independent Media Center)", "aliases": ["Indymedia (Independent Media Center)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A virtual European public sphere? The Futurum discussion forum", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Manages an online forum that supports open publishing and activist journalism, fostering political debate and contributing to a transnational public sphere, inherently involving community-driven content governance.", "quote": "Cammaerts and van Audenhove (2005) undertook three case studies of online fora (ATTAC mailing list, LabourStart forum and an Indymedia Forum) and concluded that online fora can contribute to an emerging transnational public sphere.", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760701656403", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Futurum discussion forum)", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Influencers / Content producers (on YouTube)", "aliases": ["Influencers / Content producers (on YouTube)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "content moderation accountability", "content moderation fairness", "content moderation transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Create 'react videos' to question platform moderation policies and raise community awareness about potential discrimination or abuse, generating 'user-generated accountability' and shaping informal governance norms.", "quote": "Internet users, and no-tably influencers... can turn into norm entrepreneurs... through the case of \"react videos.\"\" (Halli-nan et al.", "page": "2025) On YouTube", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "infoLibre", "aliases": ["infoLibre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PERCEPTION OF CENSORSHIP IN THE SOCIETY OF MALAGA", "author": "K Kazdova, MB Marfil", "year": "", "mechanism": "It functions as an independent, subscriber-funded online news medium, providing information free from institutional and political financial ties, thereby serving as an alternative source to mainstream media and mitigating censorship.", "quote": "Then, the news media, of which there are not many, such as @infolibre, which is free of institutional money. You can trust them a little more, because they are not tied to those interests. They are not accountable to anyone", "page": "32", "url": "https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/files/81670129/PROJECT_2__2_.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Malaga, Spain, with a focus on institutional and social media", "when": "Late 20th century - present, focusing on contemporary perception"}]}, {"name": "Informal Discord and WhatsApp network of community moderators", "aliases": ["Informal Discord and WhatsApp network of community moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["BlueSky", "Discord", "Mastodon", "Reddit", "Slack"], "norms": ["knowledge sharing", "mutual aid"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collective Intelligence Online: An Ecological Framework for AI and Community Moderation", "author": "A Abonizio, B Goldberg, E Saltz…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This informal network, formed by study participants, provides a space for moderators to exchange tools, practices, and offer mutual support across various platforms, thereby contributing to shared knowledge and collective intelligence in moderation.", "quote": "Insights aside, one valuable outcome of this approach was that participants continued their collaboration post-workshop, forming an informal Discord and WhatsApp network to exchange tools, practices, and mutual support across platforms.", "page": "7", "url": "https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/epic.70002", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary online platforms (Reddit, Discord, Slack, Mastodon, BlueSky)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Information and Support Point Tiltti", "aliases": ["Information and Support Point Tiltti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participates in public discussions as an expert, offering information and support related to online safety, thereby influencing public understanding and practices.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police... Information and Support Point Tiltti...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Information Controls Lab", "aliases": ["Information Controls Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advancing the Art of Censorship Data Analysis", "author": "Raman, Ram Sundara; Virkud, Apurva; Laplante, Sarah; Fortuna, Vinicius", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Specializes in direct measurements of information controls, using VPN servers in different countries to provide data on Internet censorship.", "quote": "The Information Controls Lab specializes in direct measurements using VPN servers available in different countries [4].", "page": "2", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, globally (multiple countries and platforms)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Information Intervention Council", "aliases": ["Information Intervention Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Proposed to oversee, advise, support, and guide interventions to increase transparency and accountability in content moderation during conflicts, operating within a human rights framework.", "quote": "As greater self-moderation by large corporations remains a distant prospect, an Information Intervention Council (De Gregorio and Stremlau, 2021), operating within a human rights framework and ideally grounded in the UN or supranational organizations such as the African Union, is one of the few ways to effectively address online hate and disinformation in times of war and conflict.", "page": "267", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Information Society Development Centre", "aliases": ["Information Society Development Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discussions as an expert, providing insights and advice on information security aspects of children's online safety.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police... Information Society Development Centre...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Information Technology Industry Council", "aliases": ["Information Technology Industry Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Represents companies in the information and communication technology sector, participating in the elaboration of private AI regulations and standards.", "quote": "Esempi di regolazione privata in materia di intelligenza artificiale sono offerti dall’attività svolta da parte dell’Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) – che rappresenta le aziende del settore delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione216", "page": "125", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)", "aliases": ["Information Technology Industry Council (ITI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global technology industry association / trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "ITI produces policy papers and guides, convenes policymakers and industry experts, submits public comments and positions on laws/regulations, and leverages member-company relationships to shape platform and AI governance.", "quote": "ITI publishes policy guides on AI, content authentication, and lists 'Content Moderation & Intermediary Liability' among issues—directly engaging platform governance and AI-related content-policy debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.itic.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "informáticos (Cuban cyber-activists)", "aliases": ["informáticos (Cuban cyber-activists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free internet access", "political liberty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Contested government Internet restrictions in Cuba through a growing network of technologically savvy individuals.", "quote": "Nonetheless, a growing network of informát-icos, or technologically savvy individuals, has con-tested these restrictions", "page": "16", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "INHOPE (International Association of Internet Hotlines)", "aliases": ["INHOPE (International Association of Internet Hotlines)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automating social media content moderation: implications for governance and labour discretion", "author": "S Ahmad, M Greb", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates a global network of hotlines dedicated to combating Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM). These hotlines employ expert analysts to assess reported content; if deemed CSAM, they report it to police and platforms and hash/upload the content to databases to prevent future uploads.", "quote": "CSAM has a well-established self-regulatory trusted flagger structure. Its central player is INHOPE, a global network of CSAM hotlines.", "page": "8", "url": "https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/wge/2/2/article-p176.xml", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, with a focus on EU regulatory frameworks (e.g., DSA, NetzDG) and specific examples from the US and UK", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Iniciativa Liberal", "aliases": ["Iniciativa Liberal"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["economic liberalism", "government accountability", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The IL showed a slight predominance of negativity in debates (51.6%), primarily through critiques of economic and health policies, and also engaged in character attacks, though to a lesser extent than CHEGA. On Facebook, their communication was mostly positive (80%), promoting liberal ideas and a vision for the future.", "quote": "Nos debates, Rui Rocha da IL apresentou resultados medianos nas duas categorias em análise. Ficou em quinto lugar tanto nos apelos positivos, 290 (48,4%), como nos negativos 309 (51,6%), apresentando um ligeiro predomínio de negatividade.", "page": "80", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Inidev International", "aliases": ["Inidev International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Capacity building", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "I-DEV advises and provides due diligence, strategy and investment support to major development and private-sector clients, shaping tech deployment and business models in emerging markets.", "quote": "I-DEV's core mission is strategy and investment advisory in emerging markets; it has worked on 'Tech' and 'mobile tech' projects but does not primarily focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://de.linkedin.com/company/i-dev-international", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure (IDPI)", "aliases": ["Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure (IDPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital infrastructure", "open internet", "public interest", "social value"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Funds experimental social media services and projects, supporting early-stage development of middleware for public interest.", "quote": "Some experimental social media services, such as Gobo and other projects of the Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure at UMass Amherst, are funded by grants.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Inlibroveritas", "aliases": ["Inlibroveritas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "openness", "quality control"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Inlibroveritas offers an electronic publishing space for authors where readers can signal errors, alert moderators about content, and leave comments, implementing community-driven moderation and quality control mechanisms for published texts.", "quote": "Inlibroveritasvii (2005) propose un espace de publication électronique aux auteurs enregistrés... Chaque œuvre publiée possède des statistiques apposées ... des commentaires affichables, et des options (signaler une faute à l'auteur, alerter un modérateur à propos d'un contenu...)", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Innocence in danger", "aliases": ["Innocence in danger"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection NGO / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy statements and open letters to EU, runs public campaigns and trainings, provides free educational materials and partners with stakeholders to push funding and legal changes for digital child protection.", "quote": "Core mission is protecting children from sexualized violence 'insbesondere im digitalen Raum' and the organisation produces statements, open letters and campaigns addressing online distribution and prevention on digital platforms.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.innocenceindanger.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Innovate Finance", "aliases": ["Innovate Finance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Trade", "algorithmic or platform governance", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Innovate Finance produces research and consultation responses, convenes regulators and industry via working groups and events, represents member views to policymakers, and runs certification and public programmes to shape standards and narratives in FinTech and AI.", "quote": "Innovate Finance is an industry body shaping policy and regulation for UK FinTech and offers an Ethical AI certificate; its core mission is financial innovation rather than platform content governance, but it engages in related AI and regulatory consultations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.innovatefinance.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Inquiring Skeptics of Upper New York", "aliases": ["Inquiring Skeptics of Upper New York"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fraud", "critical thinking", "religious tolerance", "scientific inquiry", "scientific skepticism"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Hosts lectures and events, discusses ways to test devices claiming to detect truth, and actively engages in self-critique and satire of skeptical rhetoric, including using fictional personas ('sock puppets') to challenge extreme expressions.", "quote": "The group I was in was amused to find that the lights flashed red when a man with a baritone voice read the specifications of the device out loud, indicating that he was lying. We came up with several possible ways to test the validity of those specifications.", "page": "1", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Inquisición española", "aliases": ["Inquisición española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As an established church acting with state power, it focused its censorship on persecuting heresy and errors of faith through indexes of prohibited books and expurgatory practices.", "quote": "la inquisición española, a diferencia de la italiana, concentra sus esfuerzos en la persecución de la herejía y los errores de fe, y tiende a relajar la vigilancia de las faltas cometidas en los ámbitos extra fidem.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Inquisitorial tribunals", "aliases": ["Inquisitorial tribunals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Atlantic World", "England", "Europe", "France", "Italy", "Scandinavia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual control", "religious orthodoxy", "traditional authority"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "'La censura nel secolo dei Lumi. Una visione internazionale', a cura di Edoardo Tortarolo, saggi di Patrizia Delpiano, et al., Torino, UTET libreria, 2011", "author": "S Valeri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Exercised control over new ideas and practices, especially religious ones, functioning as a censorious body and attempting to maintain its authority despite challenges from jurisdictionalism and Enlightenment thought.", "quote": "contro ogni pretesa dei tribunali inquisitoriali di continuare a esercitare tale funzione. Se la battaglia giurisdizionalistica fu tra le cause della progressiva erosione del potere inquisitoriale della Chiesa...", "page": "141", "url": "https://teca.unibo.it/article/download/14469/13951", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (France, England, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain), Atlantic World, USA", "when": "18th to early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Inria (Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique)", "aliases": ["Inria (Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "digital sovereignty", "public participation", "scientific integrity", "technological ethics"], "topics": ["moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lessons learned for online health community moderator roles: a mixed-methods study of moderators resigning from WebMD communities", "author": "J Huh, R Marmor, X Jiang", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Organized and facilitated a 100% digital 'Fête de la Science' event, implementing technical solutions for live video streaming, interactive public Q&A, and virtual participant interaction, while prioritizing open-source tools, data sovereignty, and compliance with data privacy regulations (RGPD).", "quote": "En raison de la situation sanitaire, Inria a fait vivre aux petit·e·s et grand·e·s une Fête de la Science 100% ... dématérialisée début octobre 2020.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jmir.org/2016/9/e247/", "topic": "moderator", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Inspire", "aliases": ["Inspire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community development", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Focuses on the role of Muslim women in strengthening communities as a counter-extremism measure.", "quote": "have focused on Muslim women and their role in strengthening communities.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Instagram Genderless Nipples", "aliases": ["Instagram Genderless Nipples"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published photos designed to challenge and protest Instagram's nudity policies by blurring the distinction between male and female nipples, contributing to public pressure that led to policy changes.", "quote": "o que levou a conta do Instagram Gernderlesss Nipples219 a publicar fotos tão próximas de mamilos femininos e masculinos que era extremamente difícil distingui-los.", "page": "132", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "INSTIT discussion list", "aliases": ["INSTIT discussion list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["free discussion"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The animator/moderator, who is also the community's creator and acts within the school institution, actively engages in debates. They organize and facilitate exchanges and do not hesitate to take a position.", "quote": "Dans la liste INSTIT, l'animateur/modérateur est le créateur de la communauté qui agit au sein de l'institution scolaire et il prend une part active aux débats, organisant et facilitant les échanges, et n'hésitant pas à prendre position.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Institución Libre de Enseñanza", "aliases": ["Institución Libre de Enseñanza"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["independence from dogma", "pedagogical freedom", "secular education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1894, "when_max": 1894, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura de los libros de Saturnino Calleja", "author": "LR Llorente", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Promoted an educational ideology 'al margen de lo religioso' (independent of religious influence), operating as an alternative model of education that implicitly moderated the widespread religious control over schooling and publications.", "quote": "Precisamente el mismo año de 1876 comenzó su andadura la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, con un ideario educativo al margen de lo religioso.", "page": "13", "url": "https://revistas.agustinosvalladolid.es/index.php/estudio/article/download/332/314", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Madrid, Spain; with influence in Mexico", "when": "late 19th century (1894)"}]}, {"name": "Institut canadien", "aliases": ["Institut canadien"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Its library holdings included titles listed in the 'Index of Prohibited Books', which caused conflict with the Catholic Church, leading to members being denied sacraments, including Christian burial.", "quote": "This is evidenced in the way the Church dealt with Institut canadien, a French-Canadian literary society established in 1844, the library of which included titles listed in the Index of Prohibited Books.", "page": "104", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Institut canadien (French-Canadian literary society)", "aliases": ["Institut canadien (French-Canadian literary society)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Its library contained titles on the Index of Prohibited Books, leading to conflict with the Catholic Church and severe sanctions against its members, including denial of Christian burial.", "quote": "This is evidenced in the way the Church dealt with Institut canadien, a French-Canadian literary society established in 1844, the library of which included titles listed in the Index of Prohibited Books.", "page": "103-104", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institut Civitas", "aliases": ["Institut Civitas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-republicanism", "anti-secularism", "doctrinal orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized protests and manifestations against theatre plays, advocating for their prohibition on grounds of blasphemy and 'christianophobia', promoting a theocratic vision for France and claiming 'intolerance doctrinale'.", "quote": "Qui sont les manifestants ? Il s’agit de tout une nébuleuse de groupes d’extrême-droite catholiques : AGRIF, Renouveau, Action française, Renaissance catholique et surtout l’Institut Civitas, qui semble avoir joué un rôle clé dans l’organisation des protestations et manifestations.", "page": "100", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Institut de Cultura Social Catòlica (Institute of Catholic Social Culture)", "aliases": ["Institut de Cultura Social Catòlica (Institute of Catholic Social Culture)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It actively engaged in propaganda by publishing free pamphlets to 'unmask and spread the truth about Communism,' thereby disseminating specific political and moral ideas and suppressing opposing ideologies.", "quote": "Era una editora de publicacions gratuïtes que pretenia «difundir ideas sanas que eleven el nivel moral e intelectual de las clases populares, sin ningún fin lucrativo». ... «dedica especial atención a desenmascarar y divulgar la verdad sobre el Comunismo...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Institut de Drets Humans de Catalunya", "aliases": ["Institut de Drets Humans de Catalunya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with SOS Racisme to classify behaviors and formulate the \"Iceberg dell'odio\"\" for describing hate speech", "quote": "Human rights, combating discrimination", "page": "Nel 2017 l'associazione SOS Racisme e l'Institut de Detrs Humans de Cataluya, con il finanziamento del Municipio di Barcellona, compiendo un'operazione simile a quella di Allport, ha tentato di classificare alcuni comportamenti utili per descrivere i discorsi d'odio.", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Institut de Formation des Maîtres(se)s de l'Enseignement Secondaire", "aliases": ["Institut de Formation des Maîtres(se)s de l'Enseignement Secondaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "education"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La pratique du débat dans l'enseignement de l'histoire. Remarques éparses issues d'observations de leçons.", "author": "V Opériol", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As a teacher training institute, it influences pedagogical practices, including the adoption and implementation of classroom debates in history education. The author's observations for this research were conducted within her role as a trainer there.", "quote": "Ces visites ont été effectuées dans la cadre de ma fonction de formatrice à IFMES et à la Formation des Enseignants du Secondaire de l'Université de Genève, entre 2006 et 2008.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.irahsse.eu/wa_files/OPERIOL.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland and France", "when": "21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Institut des Droits de l'Homme", "aliases": ["Institut des Droits de l'Homme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Poland", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La chute du censeur dans le cinéma polonais (Wojciech Marczewski et Krzysztof Zanussi)", "author": "Szcepański, Tadeusz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Organized a film festival where a film critically engaging with the role of censors in Polish cinema was awarded, thereby promoting themes of human rights and freedom of expression through cultural recognition.", "quote": "en France, il a obtenu, en 1990, le grand prix du Festival de Strasbourg organisé par l'Institut des Droits de l'Homme.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rechtrav/512", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Poland, USSR", "when": "1970s–1990s (late Cold War and post-fall of USSR)"}]}, {"name": "Institut français des Relations internationals", "aliases": ["Institut français des Relations internationals"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-terrorism", "international security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Consulted by social media companies as an external entity specializing in terrorism to stay informed on developing trends, and potentially holds 'trusted flagger' status for prioritized takedown requests.", "quote": "These include start-ups (Moonshot CVE, SITE Intelligence Group), think-tanks (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Institut français des Relations internationals), and public bodies such as Europol's IRU, who also have “trusted flagger” status, allowing for prioritization of their takedown requests.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}]}, {"name": "Institut für Protest- und Bewegungsforschung", "aliases": ["Institut für Protest- und Bewegungsforschung"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute / research network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes working papers and convenes conferences/workshops to shape scholarly and public debates on protest, visibility, surveillance and policing, informing discussions relevant to platform governance.", "quote": "ipb conducts social-scientific research on protests and social movements including work on digital networking, visibility, surveillance and policing that touches on platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://protestinstitut.eu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institut intelligence et données (IID)", "aliases": ["Institut intelligence et données (IID)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ethics", "scientific integrity", "societal impact", "tech ethics"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts scientific and ethical research on intelligence and data, focusing on identity in its technological, digital, anthropological, ideological, and historical dimensions.", "quote": "Schallum Pierre est chargé scientifique et éthique à l’Institut intelligence et données (IID) de l’Université Laval et professeur à temps partiel de “communications sociales et médias sociaux ” à l’Université Saint-Paul.", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Institut national de l'audiovisuel", "aliases": ["Institut national de l'audiovisuel"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "historical preservation"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modèles télévisuels et évolutions de la place du politique à la télévision", "author": "F Antoine", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "By compiling and referencing a list of 'major political television programs' in France, the INA implicitly contributes to defining and documenting the historical landscape and prevailing formats for political content on television.", "quote": "si l'on consulte la liste des « grandes émissions politiques à la télévision » telle qu'elle a été dressée en France par l'INA, force est de constater que la majorité des programmes retenus ne relèvent pas, là aussi, du genre du débat, mais de celui de la rencontre ou de l'interview longue avec l'un ou l'autre personnage en vue.", "page": "13", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49693/47893", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, France", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (National Institute of Health and Medical Research)", "aliases": ["Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (National Institute of Health and Medical Research)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Soviet Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SCIENCE ET LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION: SCIENCE CENSUREE, SCIENCE CENSEUR", "author": "C Gerini", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "As a signatory of the \"Déclaration de Berlin", "quote": "free exchange of knowledge", "page": "and redefine criteria for scientific validation", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00359466/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, USA, USSR, with global implications for scientific discourse", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Institut National de Radiodiffusion", "aliases": ["Institut National de Radiodiffusion"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modèles télévisuels et évolutions de la place du politique à la télévision", "author": "F Antoine", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Initially, as the ancestor of RTBF, it was subjected to strict political control, serving as a means of communication for the government. Later, it (and its successor) struggled to assert autonomy from political influence, although its airtime was distributed among political-philosophical families.", "quote": "L'histoire de l'INR, ancêtre de la RTBF, est un parfait exemple de cette soumission des médias audiovisuels publics au bon vouloir du politique.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49693/47893", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, France", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institut National des Sciences et des Arts", "aliases": ["Institut National des Sciences et des Arts"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual advancement", "moral science", "scientific inquiry", "secular education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Established in 1795 to replace abolished learned academies, it served as a pedagogical blueprint for a national public and secular education scheme, promoting scientific and moral knowledge.", "quote": "Of far greater significance was the establishment in 1795 of the Institut National des Sciences et des Arts. If the name had been invented by Talleyrand, the pedagogical blueprint for this project had been set out by the Marquis de Con dorcet in 1792. Intended to replace the learned academies of the ancien régime, all of which had been abolished in 1793, the second of its three classes was designated as the ‘Classe des Sciences morales et politiques’.", "page": "309", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institut Pasteur", "aliases": ["Institut Pasteur"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "scientific impartiality", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Its director, Émile Duclaux, used his scientific expertise to assess evidence in the Dreyfus Affair, exposing judicial error in the name of scientific impartiality and truth.", "quote": "Émile Duclaux, director of the prestigious Institut Pasteur and the third of the names to appear on the petition of 13 January. In his Propos d’un Solitaire, he provided a response to the request of the vice-president of the Senate, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, for an assessment of the evidence used to convict Dreyfus and, as he made abundantly clear, he did so as a ‘savant’. In reaching his conclusions, Duclaux stated, ‘I believe that I have remained moderate and impartial. ...I accept that Dreyfus was judged and condemned without reference to his Jewishness . . . However, I believe that I have shown that . . . the trial was carried out in conditions hostile to the discovery of the truth.’", "page": "460", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institut Wasatiyyah Malaysia (Malaysian Institute of Wasatiyyah)", "aliases": ["Institut Wasatiyyah Malaysia (Malaysian Institute of Wasatiyyah)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Indonesia", "Malaysia"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Dissemination of Religious Moderation Through the Policy of the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs", "author": "Qoumas, Yaqut Cholil; Binti Mohd. Hussain, Rosila Bee; Bin Abdul Rahim, Rahimin Affandi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The institute actively promotes the 'wasatiyyah approach' through various programs like seminars, workshops, dialog sessions, lectures, and published materials, aiming to disseminate the concept of moderation across the country.", "quote": "For example, since 2012, Malaysia has established the Institut Wasatiyyah Malaysia (IWM) in parallel with the aim of promoting the wasatiyyah approach across the country. IWM has conducted several programs explaining the wasatiyyah approach through seminars, workshops, dialog sessions, lectures, and circulation of published materials", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/QIJIS/article/view/27552", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Malaysia", "when": "1998–2024"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant", "aliases": ["Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This independent institute co-initiated and co-organized an Internet discussion on spatial policy, collaborating with the IPP and the provincial government.", "quote": "This discussion was initiated by two independent institutes, active in the field of social development and citizenship, the Institute for Public and Politics (IPP) and the Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON).", "page": "10", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON)", "aliases": ["Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social welfare"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The moderator as an emerging democratic intermediary: The role of the moderator in Internet discussions about public issues", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As an independent institute, PON co-initiated and co-organized Internet discussions with governmental bodies, contributing to the management of public deliberations focused on social development and citizenship.", "quote": "This discussion was initiated by two independent institutes, active in the field of social development and citizenship, the Institute for Public and Politics (IPP) and the Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/IP-2002-0002", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Bionomics", "aliases": ["Institute for Bionomics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "economic growth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Advocates for 'bionomics,' an economic theory derived from evolutionary biology that describes the economy as a 'self-organizing, ‘chaotic’ information ecosystem,' promoting a shift away from Newtonian physics in economics.", "quote": "Thus, the founder of the Institute for Bionomics, for example, confidently argues for the necessity of abandoning the dependence of economic science on Newtonian physics.", "page": "119", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Creation Research, Inc. (ICR)", "aliases": ["Institute for Creation Research, Inc. (ICR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious belief", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Distributes free materials to individuals to present to school boards, advocating for special creation as the explanation for the origin of the world in educational curricula.", "quote": "Reinstitute for Creation Research, Inc. (ICR)-itdevoted-to \"a . revival of belief in special creation as the true eXplanatiim Of", "page": "the origin", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Democracy and Civil Society", "aliases": ["Institute for Democracy and Civil Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Directs research and studies related to democracy and civil society, with a focus on online hate speech and extremism.", "quote": "Dr. Matthias Quent is the Director of the Institute for Democracy and Civil Society in Jena.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Economics and Peace", "aliases": ["Institute for Economics and Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free flow of information", "peace", "public accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops frameworks (e.g., 'pillars of peace') and conducts research on factors contributing to peaceful societies, including the free flow of information as a measure of peace.", "quote": "The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) developed a holistic framework consisting of eight “pillars of peace” which together were associated with peaceful environments.", "page": "167", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence", "aliases": ["Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "content moderation effectiveness", "online environment quality", "user safety"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Breaking the silence: Investigating which types of moderation reduce negative effects of sexist social media content", "author": "J Sasse, J Grossklags", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts academic research into the effectiveness and acceptance of different forms of content moderation, including automated moderation and counterspeech, thereby informing best practices and the development of AI systems for safer online environments.", "quote": "Our insights on the effectiveness and evaluation of deletion and counterspeech may be taken into account in the training of human moderators and in the development of automated moderation.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3610176", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Facebook groups, Germany", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence at the Technical University of Munich", "aliases": ["Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence at the Technical University of Munich"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety lab"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai governance"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Receives foundational support from Meta to conduct diverse academic research on AI ethics and governance topics.", "quote": "Finally, we are funding a global effort to solicit diverse academic research on AI ethics and governance topics, supporting the publication of academic papers in Asia, Africa, and Latin America and providing foundational support for an independent Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence at the Technical University of Munich.", "page": "268", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation", "aliases": ["Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Bringing together historians, researchers, policy makers, and civil society representatives to create and disseminate shared narratives highlighting similarities in experiences across societies.", "quote": "For instance, in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, the Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation (IHJR) brings together historians... to create and disseminate shared narratives of the past that highlight similarities in experiences across societies.", "page": "104", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Humane Studies", "aliases": ["Institute for Humane Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["individual liberty", "limited government"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The IHS, heavily funded by donors like the Koch family, houses initiatives like Learn Liberty to cultivate and subsidize libertarian scholars, thereby influencing academic and public discourse towards libertarian ideals.", "quote": "In 2016, he established a partnership with Learn Liberty, an initiative housed in the Institute for Humane Studies (IHS) at George Mason University. The IHS is heavily funded by the billionaire Koch family and is chaired by Charles Koch; its specific aim is to “cultivate and subsidize a farm team of the next generation's libertarian scholars.”", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Information Law (IViR)", "aliases": ["Institute for Information Law (IViR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Global", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "due process", "free speech", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborative research initiatives, like the Transatlantic Working Group, to address challenges in online content moderation and freedom of expression.", "quote": "Um projeto do Annenberg Public Policy Center, da Universidade da Pensilvânia, em parceria com The Annenberg Foundation Trust, em Sunnylands e o Institute for Information Law, da Universidade de Amsterdam.", "page": "38", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Internet and the Just Society", "aliases": ["Institute for Internet and the Just Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "internet governance justice", "responsible content policy", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation in (decentralised) metaverses", "author": "Bovenzi, Gian Marco", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to the debate on content moderation and legal frameworks through publications and research, specifically regarding the distinction between illegal and harmful online content in the context of the Digital Services Act.", "quote": "Francesco Vogelezang, 'Illegal vs Harmful Online Content. Some reflections on the upcoming Digital Services Act package' (Institute for Internet and the Just Society, 2 December 2020)", "page": "6", "url": "catedrametaverso.ua.es", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Digital Services Act framework), global decentralized platforms and metaverses", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era) and future challenges"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Law and AI", "aliases": ["Institute for Law and AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy analysis, advises governments and international organisations, runs training and events (Summer Institute, workshops) and engages in public- and policy-facing dissemination to shape AI and platform governance.", "quote": "LawAI conducts foundational research and advises governments, international organisations and industry on AI governance, directly engaging legal questions that shape platform and AI content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://law-ai.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences", "aliases": ["Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Biased Judgment in Censored Environments", "author": "Feiler, Daniel C.; Tong, Jordan D.; Larrick, Richard P.", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As the publisher of academic journals like \"Management Science", "quote": "thereby moderating the content and quality of research disseminated within its professional fields.\"", "page": "Scientific rigor, quality of research, professional standards in operations research, management science, and analytics.", "url": "https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1612", "topic": "censor", "language": "English", "where": "Managerial and organizational contexts (general)", "when": "n/a"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Public and Politics", "aliases": ["Institute for Public and Politics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democratic participation", "social development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As an independent institute focused on social development and citizenship, the IPP initiated and co-organized Internet discussions on spatial policy and sustainability, developed methods for group opinion formation, and provided experienced moderators for these debates.", "quote": "This discussion was initiated by two independent institutes, active in the field of social development and citizenship, the Institute for Public and Politics (IPP) and the Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON).", "page": "10", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Public and Politics (IPP)", "aliases": ["Institute for Public and Politics (IPP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social welfare"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The moderator as an emerging democratic intermediary: The role of the moderator in Internet discussions about public issues", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This independent institute initiated and co-organized Internet discussions with governmental bodies, developed digital methods for group opinion formation and decision-making, and provided experienced moderators, thereby structuring and managing public deliberation.", "quote": "This discussion was initiated by two independent institutes, active in the field of social development and citizenship, the Institute for Public and Politics (IPP) and the Institute for Advise, Research and Development in North-Brabant (PON).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/IP-2002-0002", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Public Policy Research", "aliases": ["Institute for Public Policy Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "public participation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Government-run Online Discussion Fora: Moderation, Censorship and the Shadow of Control1", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conducted and published research on the practices of moderation in deliberative exercises and online forums, thereby contributing to the academic and policy discourse on effective moderation and e-participation.", "quote": "The IPPR found that only 2 of its 10 survey respondents had trained their moderator, and this was an informal process (Kearns et al. 2002, 27).", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-856x.2006.00247.x", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, government-run online discussion fora", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2000-2006)"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics", "aliases": ["Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["research promotion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Are We Exposed to the Same “News” in the News Feed?: An empirical analysis of filter bubbles as information similarity for Danish Facebook users", "author": "Bechmann, Anja; Nielbo, Kristoffer L.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This academic institute hosted a visiting researcher (K.L. Nielbo) involved in this study, facilitating academic inquiry into digital media and algorithmic effects, which informs broader discussions on content moderation.", "quote": "and part of the research was performed while K.L. Nielbo was visiting the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM), which is supported by the National Science Foundation.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1510741", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark, Facebook", "when": "2014"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Research on Internet and Society (IRIS)", "aliases": ["Institute for Research on Internet and Society (IRIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "platform governance", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, contributing to research and advocacy on internet governance and content moderation from a civil society perspective.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Research on the Information Environment; Princeton University", "aliases": ["Institute for Research on the Information Environment; Princeton University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research centre / initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "IRIE proposes building shared research infrastructure, improving data access (DSA), connecting academia, civil society, industry and policymakers, and producing white papers to inform policy—combining evidence production with calls for structural change to research capacity and access.", "quote": "IRIE's core mission is to build research infrastructure and evidence to inform policymaking on the information environment, explicitly referencing platform data access (DSA) and interventions affecting information ecosystems.", "page": "", "url": "https://informationenvironment.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute for Security and Technology", "aliases": ["Institute for Security and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["critical action think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "IST publishes influential reports and primers, convenes workshops and cross-sector task forces, and engages policymakers and industry on AI, cybersecurity, and platform-related policy, shaping debates like E-Rate reform and AI governance.", "quote": "IST runs initiatives (Generative Identity, AI Risk Reduction, AI Antitrust) and produces reports/workshops addressing generative AI, platform-related harms, and policy responses.", "page": "", "url": "https://securityandtechnology.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute for Social Accountability (TISA)", "aliases": ["Institute for Social Accountability (TISA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections in Kenya.", "quote": "The UMATI project and the Institute for Social Accountability (TISA) in Kenya and the Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD) in Nigeria have operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD Global)", "aliases": ["Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD Global)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public safety", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors extremist groups and traces the cross-platform spread of ideas like 'holohoax' using ethnographic and quantitative methods, contributing to understanding and countering disinformation.", "quote": "Her colleagues at ISD Global, which monitors Islamic extremists as well as white nationalist groups, routinely use cross-platform ethnographic and quantitative methods to trace ideas like the 'holohoax' across Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Reddit.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute for Strategic Dialogue Germany", "aliases": ["Institute for Strategic Dialogue Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy research and civil society organisation (branch of ISD Global)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produces research reports, policy briefings and digital analysis; convenes the Digital Policy Lab (intergovernmental); partners with platforms (OCCI) and advises governments and tech firms, shaping platform governance debates.", "quote": "Core mission and programmes focus on digital policy, disinformation, extremism and the Digital Policy Lab convening policymakers and advising platforms and state actors on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isdglobal.org/isd-germany/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute for Technology and Society (ITS Rio)", "aliases": ["Institute for Technology and Society (ITS Rio)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society through research on technology and society from a Brazilian perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Alcohol Studies", "aliases": ["Institute of Alcohol Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Public health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research, policy briefings and a monthly newsletter and podcast to shape public debate and government policy on alcohol; advocates measures such as pricing policies.", "quote": "Core mission is reducing alcohol harm through evidence and policy; platform governance is not a primary focus and only appears as outreach channels.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ias.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania", "aliases": ["Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Organized a retrospective exhibition of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs, including controversial works, that received federal funding and subsequently sparked a national debate about state funding for the arts and censorship.", "quote": "Shortly before his death, a retrospective exhibition of his photographs was organized by the Institute for Contemporary Art of the University of Pennsylvania.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought", "aliases": ["Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "political autonomy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This institute supports and disseminates the intellectual work and project of Dr. Kalim Siddiqui, which aimed to foster a political consciousness among Muslims and a global Islamic movement, thereby shaping discourse on Muslim identity and collective action.", "quote": "For an insight into Dr Siddiqui's work and project see Siddiqui (1996a, 1996b) and the website of the Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought: http://www.islamicthought.org/ks-home.html", "page": "7", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Contextual Theology", "aliases": ["Institute of Contextual Theology"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sponsored a group of theologians who gathered to discuss the church's role in anti-apartheid activism and issued the Kairos Document, redefining reconciliation as political resistance.", "quote": "Sponsored by the Institute of Contextual Theology, the group deliberated and wrote. They considered the needs and standing of Christians in South Africa and whether the church was contributing to the demise of apartheid.", "page": "80", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society", "aliases": ["Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Co-created the 'Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice' with ACM in 1999 and develops licensing standards for software engineers.", "quote": "Later, he worked with others in the ACM and the Computer Society of the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) developing licensing standards for software engineers.", "page": "35", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Institute of International Education", "aliases": ["Institute of International Education"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Formed to promote intercultural relations, perceptions, and communication, contributing to the development of understanding cultural differences and international education.", "quote": "Beginning with such entities as the Institute of International Education, formed in 1922, the intercultural field experienced slow growth for the next two decades before taking off after World War II.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Institute of IT Training", "aliases": ["Institute of IT Training"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["Higher Education Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)"], "norms": ["professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Student and tutor perspectives of on‐line moderation", "author": "Packham, Gary; Jones, Paul; Thomas, Brychan; Miller, Christopher", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This professional body publishes competence frameworks for on-line tutors, thereby setting standards and outlining essential skills required for effective e-moderation, including the provision of feedback.", "quote": "Shepherd, C. (2000), Competence Frameworks – On-line Tutors, Institute of IT Training, London, available at: www.illt.org.ukc-onltutor.htm", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.emerald.com/et/article/48/4/241-251/89303", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Wales, Higher Education Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)", "when": "2004-2005"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Mass Information (IMI)", "aliases": ["Institute of Mass Information (IMI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Reported on censorship and freedom of speech issues in Ukraine, contributing to international criticism of the regime's actions.", "quote": "For reports see ... Institute of Mass Information, imi.org.ua.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Media Law", "aliases": ["Institute of Media Law"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Peace and Security Studies", "aliases": ["Institute of Peace and Security Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "public safety", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Part of an interreligious network led by young activists in Semarang that facilitates interfaith forums, contributing to religious moderation efforts.", "quote": "These include Jemaat Ahmadiyah Semarang, LBH Semarang, eLSA Semarang, the Gusdurian Community Semarang branch, the Institute of Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), the Peace Hub Community, and MATAKIN Semarang.", "page": "17", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "aliases": ["Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Employed experts who researched national questions and media issues, contributing to the academic analysis and understanding of the media landscape and censorship.", "quote": "Kulyk, Volodymyr: Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, expert on national questions and media issues", "page": "24", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Institute of Public Policy and Diplomacy Research (IPPDR)", "aliases": ["Institute of Public Policy and Diplomacy Research (IPPDR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy education and peacebuilding nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "IPPDR hosts UN-side events (ECOSOC Youth Forum), IGF Hub activities and training programs, using convening power and partnerships to shape youth engagement and policy dialogue on inclusive technology and cyber diplomacy.", "quote": "IPPDR's core mission is peacebuilding and policy education but it convenes events and side-events (ECOSOC Youth Forum, IGF Hub) and runs initiatives on Cyber Diplomacy and inclusive technology.", "page": "", "url": "https://ippdr.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Institute of Sociology at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine", "aliases": ["Institute of Sociology at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Compiled statistical data on public trust in mass media and evaluation of the president's actions, providing empirical evidence for the assessment of censorship's effectiveness.", "quote": "Statistical data compiled by the Institute of Sociology at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine over a period of 11 years demonstrates that levels of trust towards the mass media and the president (see Table 1)...", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Institutional Review Board", "aliases": ["Institutional Review Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["BBS", "MOOs", "Usenet", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["ethical research", "human subject protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Granting ethical approval status (exempt or expedited) for research involving human subjects, including online communities, thereby regulating the conduct of research and data collection/reporting.", "quote": "The institutional review boards of major universities are granting researchers exempt or expedited(exempt from full re-view) status for this work, due to the public nature of the notes being analyzed.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Institutional Review Board of Diversity University", "aliases": ["Institutional Review Board of Diversity University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["BBS", "MOOs", "Usenet", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["ethical research", "human subject protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Approves research conducted within Diversity University, thus moderating the types of studies that can be performed and the data that can be collected from its participants.", "quote": "For example, research on or in Diversity University must be approved by the IRB of DU (Di-versity University).", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Institutional Review Boards", "aliases": ["Institutional Review Boards"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["beneficence", "confidentiality", "informed consent", "justice", "respect for persons"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Review and approve research projects involving human subjects, ensuring ethical conduct, informed consent, and confidentiality in studies, including those conducted online.", "quote": "Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are mandated by federal government funding bodies, and virtually all American universities and research institutions that receive federal funds for research have created IRBs. These boards have come to be seen as the major screening instruments for essentially all research conducted on American university campuses by staff and students for almost any form of research involving human subjects.", "page": "276", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Borborema", "aliases": ["Instituto Borborema"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["conservative values", "gender norms", "intellectual discourse", "traditional values"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a center for conservative intellectual production, offering online courses and publishing a digital magazine, shaping a specific intellectual community and promoting an image of masculine intellectual activity.", "quote": "O Instituto Borborema, apesar de ser também uma livraria, concentra suas atividades no oferecimento de cursos online (...) A revista digital do Instituto Borborema se intitula O homem eterno.", "page": "9, 10", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor", "aliases": ["Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer rights", "data privacy", "individual autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privacidade no século 21: proteção de dados, democracia e modelos regulatórios", "author": "AV Meireles", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It highlights issues where data protection principles, such as consent and opt-out rights, are not upheld in Brazilian legislation, specifically regarding the automatic credit score system.", "quote": "seus dados são objetos dos conhecidos \"score\"\" de créditos", "page": "mesmo sem consentimento (IDEC", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rbcpol/a/my3M8sH3tfpm4WmXhrNcMjK/?format=html&lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union, United States, Brazil", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Civil", "aliases": ["Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Civil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, regulação processual e dever de cuidado: evidências empíricas do debate no Brasil", "author": "I Hartmann, R Costa, B Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Argued that the protection of human dignity necessitates regulation that imposes proactive responsibilities (duty of care) on providers.", "quote": "João Quinelato, representando o Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Civil (IBDCIVIL), argumentou que a proteção da dignidade humana exige uma regulamentação que imponha responsabilidades proativas aos provedores, presumindo, portanto, deveres de cuidado.", "page": "9", "url": "https://brunodcdo.com.br/assets/pdf/hartmann_midias_2025.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2023-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC)", "aliases": ["Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural expression", "national identity", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A state-affiliated cultural body that controlled and influenced film production, shaping national identity and cultural expression. It also notably refused to participate in the condemnation of homosexuals.", "quote": "Con la llegada de la revolución, Alea formaba parte del grupo 'Cine Rebelde', un precursor del Instituto Cubano de Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC) del cual también fue entre los fundadores.", "page": "201", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Advogados de São Paulo (IASP)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Advogados de São Paulo (IASP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "oversight", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participated in public hearings concerning the Marco Civil da Internet, defending the constitutionality of Article 19 (judicial order for content removal) and advocating for more debate on platform regulation.", "quote": "Marcel Leonardi e Ronaldo Lemos, representantes, respectivamente, do Instituto de Advogados de São Paulo (IASP) e da OAB-SP, defenderam a literalidade e constitucionalidade do dispositivo...", "page": "144", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Comunicación Política", "aliases": ["Instituto de Comunicación Política"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political communication effectiveness", "political discourse standards", "public understanding"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Técnicas de debate en la clase de ELE. Análisis de un caso práctico", "author": "CM Soria, H de Budapest", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This institute focuses on political communication, likely researching, advising on, or advocating for specific standards and practices in political discourse, thereby influencing how political speech is understood and potentially self-regulated or moderated.", "quote": "Instituto de Comunicación Política. http://institutocomunicacionpolitica.com/", "page": "9", "url": "https://cvc.cervantes.es/Ensenanza/Biblioteca_Ele/publicaciones_centros/PDF/budapest_2013/50_martin.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, political debate", "when": "2011"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Estudos Previdenciários (IEPREV)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Estudos Previdenciários (IEPREV)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes and provides postgraduate courses in Electoral Law, influencing legal education and the broader public debate on democratic institutions and electoral processes.", "quote": "Presidente do Instituto de Estudos Previdenciários – IEPREV. Advogado especialista em Direito Previdenciário; Mestrando em Direito pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG).", "page": "293", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Investigaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Social (UNRISD)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Investigaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Social (UNRISD)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["care economy", "economic development", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts research on the political and social economy of care in development contexts, identifying conceptual issues and research questions.", "quote": "Razavi, Shahra. 2007: The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context: Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options, Instituto de Investigaciones de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Social (unrisd), Ginebra.", "page": "100", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Mídia Étnica (Correio Nagô)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Mídia Étnica (Correio Nagô)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["affirmative action", "ethnic diversity", "racial justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages in online communication via its portal to debate policies like the Lei de Cotas and represent the interests of the black movement.", "quote": "Na pesquisa desenvolvida por Alicianne Gonçalves de Oliveira (2017), é feita uma comparação de quatro experiências de comunicação online relacionadas ao debate sobre a Lei de Cotas e produzidas por entidades e ativistas da causa negra: portal Geledés Instituto da Mulher Negra, Instituto de Mídia Étnica (Correio Nagô), portal Afropress Agência de Notícias e blog Humberto Adami.", "page": "188", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia do Recife", "aliases": ["Instituto de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia do Recife"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO / research institute"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "legal frameworks", "technology policy"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued technical notes criticizing proposed legislation (PLs 1429/2020, 1358/2020) for potential issues related to digital rights and technology.", "quote": "CODING RIGHTS e IP.REC. Nota técnica sobre os PL 1429/2020 e PL 1358/2020.", "page": "77", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais", "aliases": ["Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os militares ea política no golpe de 1964: a construção da teoria do poder moderador na Escola Superior de Guerra (ESG)", "author": "T Amado", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Its members actively discussed the concept of the 'Poder Moderador' for the Armed Forces, contributing to the intellectual framework that justified military intervention as a necessary stabilizing force in Brazil's perceived democratic inadequacy.", "quote": "os dois membros do Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais (IPES) tratavam de problema que, cada vez mais, entrava na ordem do dia: o suposto Poder Moderador exercido pelas Forças Armadas.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/revhistoria/article/view/239657", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Cold War", "when": "Cold War (1950s-1960s, leading to 1964 coup)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais (IPES) e Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática (IBAD)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais (IPES) e Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática (IBAD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "economic interests", "political stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Versões e controvérsias sobre 1964 e a ditadura militar", "author": "Fico, Carlos", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "These organizations engaged in extensive ideological campaigns and propaganda to destabilize the government of João Goulart. They also actively coordinated and integrated various military groups, providing strategic planning and resources for the 1964 coup.", "quote": "Tendo estimulado uma atmosfera de inquietação política, conseguiram “coordenar e integrar os vários grupos militares, conspirando contra o governo, e, de certa forma, proporcionar o exigido raciocínio estratégico para o golpe”", "page": "23", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-01882004000100003&lng=pt&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1960s–2000s, with a focus on 1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais / Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática", "aliases": ["Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Sociais / Instituto Brasileiro de Ação Democrática"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Promoted moralistic and anti-communist campaigns, using imagery and ideas to influence public opinion in favor of military intervention and moral rearmament.", "quote": "Promovidas, sobretudo por entidades católicas, organizações femininas e grupos empresariais relacionados ao complexo IPES/IBAD, essas campanhas veicularam imagens e idéias-força com um momentoso caráter moralista e anticomunista...", "page": "225", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade", "aliases": ["Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["public interest"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abordagens para a moderação de conteúdo em Sistemas com Criptografia de Ponta a Ponta", "author": "CP a Ponta", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Translates and disseminates research, explores and investigates the societal impact of the internet, and establishes partnerships for publications. This report was translated and published by IRIS.", "quote": "O Instituto de Referência em Internet e Sociedade é um centro de estudos independente fundado em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Sua missão é explorar, investigar e entender os desdobramentos da Internet sobre a sociedade contemporânea: seu desenvolvimento, suas dinâmicas, suas normas e seus padrões.", "page": "4", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Olhando-de-fora-para-dentro-Abordagens-para-a-moderacao-de-conteudo-em-Sistemas-com-Criptografia-de-Ponta-a-Ponta.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, online platforms with end-to-end encryption", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with focus on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (Institute for Technology & Society)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (Institute for Technology & Society)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governança da moderação de conteúdo online", "author": "DEF CAPA, CCEM ABNT", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research and analysis on social media and content moderation, contributing to the academic and public discourse on creating rules for public debate in the private sphere.", "quote": "ESTARQUE, Marina; ARCHEGAS, João Victor. Redes sociais e moderação de conteúdo: criando regras para o debate público a partir da esfera privada, Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (ITS): Rio de Janeiro, 2021, p. 20.", "page": "", "url": "https://irisbh.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Governanca-da-moderacao-de-conteudo-online-IRIS-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "Post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (ITS Rio)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (ITS Rio)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Expressed concerns about a Brazilian Executive decree being a direct response to the Facebook Oversight Board's decision on the Trump case, highlighting its impact on the internal agenda of countries.", "quote": "representantes del Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade de Rio de Janeiro expresaron que el Decreto del Ejecutivo brasileño fue sin dudas una respuesta a la decisión del FOB sobre el caso Trump.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITSRio)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITSRio)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["diversity of views", "public debate", "regulatory transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducted the 'vozes da regulação' project, which monitored and mapped the positions of various stakeholders during the public hearings on the Marco Civil da Internet, contributing to regulatory debates.", "quote": "Nesse aspecto ganha destaque o projeto vozes da regulação, idealizado pelo Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio (ITSRio), o qual acompanhou os debates da audiência e mapeou as posições dos diferentes:", "page": "143", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (ITS Rio)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (ITS Rio)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "democratic integrity", "technological neutrality", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Researched data protection and transparency in content moderation, highlighted deficiencies in platform reports, and advocated for technologically neutral laws and harmonization with privacy principles, expressing concerns about overly detailed transparency rules.", "quote": "El Instituto de Tecnología y Sociedad de Río de Janeiro (ITS-Rio), organización de pesquisa de Brasil, señala, en un informe “Protección de datos y transparencia en la moderación de contenidos\"36", "page": "las deficiencias de los informes elaborados por las plataformas de contenidos digitales...\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (ITS-Rio)", "aliases": ["Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (ITS-Rio)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Think tank / research institute"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "privacy", "technological neutrality", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Highlights deficiencies in platforms' transparency reports, advocates for legal obligations for transparency and accountability, and raises concerns about privacy and technological neutrality in regulation.", "quote": "El Instituto de Tecnología y Sociedad de Río de Janeiro (ITS-Rio), organización de pesquisa de Brasil, señala, en un informe “Protección de datos y transparencia en la moderación de conteni-dos”36, las deficiencias de los informes elaborados por las plataformas de contenidos digitales...", "page": "20", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto dos Advogados do Brasil", "aliases": ["Instituto dos Advogados do Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional principles", "professional honour"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Served as a platform for political and constitutional debates, with its presidency held by a key figure who gave an important speech there.", "quote": "Rui Barbosa proferiu ainda o discurso O Supremo Tribunal Federal na Constituição Brasileira, quando assumiu a Presidência do Instituto dos Advogados do Brasil.", "page": "159", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Gutenberg", "aliases": ["Instituto Gutenberg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A influência da mídia nas decisões do conselho de sentença", "author": "FC Prates, NF dos Anjos Tavares", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "It functions as an independent critic of the media, publishing analyses on journalistic practices and highlighting unethical conduct, such as the 'revictimization' of individuals due to aggressive reporting. It aims to help the press recover credibility by advocating for ethical and truthful journalism.", "quote": "O Instituto Gutenberg, que tem como missão “ser um crítico independente da mídia”, (...) relata com indignação o sofrimento de vítimas ou mesmo de supostos responsáveis por delitos que diante do assédio dos repórteres acabam por sofrer uma “revitimização”.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/fadir/article/view/5167", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos", "aliases": ["Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its 'Capítulo para las Américas' president authors an article discussing structural corruption in political-economic systems, highlighting its historical prevalence and global impact.", "quote": "Presidente del Capítulo para las Américas del Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos – www.iidhamerica.org.", "page": "94", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos - España", "aliases": ["Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos - España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It created this academic journal to promote research, dissemination, and knowledge of human rights, contributing to interdisciplinary dialogue and understanding of international conflicts and their protection.", "quote": "Es un placer dar comienzo a esta revista académica, creada por el Consejo Académico del Instituto Internacional de Derechos Humanos (IIDH-España, en adelante), bajo la dirección de una gran profesional y compañera de este instituto, como es la Dra. María del Ángel Iglesias, que ha conseguido rodearse de un excelente comité científico y editorial.", "page": "4", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Liberal de São Paulo (ILISP)", "aliases": ["Instituto Liberal de São Paulo (ILISP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["individual rights", "property rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as a liberal think tank, dedicated to promoting specific values like 'life, liberty, and property' and shaping public discourse, with a predominantly male team.", "quote": "O ILISP é um think-tank liberal. Nossa meta é apenas uma: tornar o Brasil um país onde as pessoas tenham plenos direitos à vida, liberdade e propriedade.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Liberdade Digital", "aliases": ["Instituto Liberdade Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "free speech", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Expressed favor for laws including transparency obligations for social networks and content indexing, while criticizing mass collection of personal data.", "quote": "Maria Marinho, del Instituto Liberdade Digital, se ha manifestado favorablemente a una ley que incluya tales obligaciones, aunque haya criticado la colecta masiva de datos personales para control del discurso en circulación y posibilidad de responsabilización apropri52.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Nupef", "aliases": ["Instituto Nupef"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Hiperderecho, Idec - Brazilian Institute of Consumer Defense, Instituto Nupef, Intervozes...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Seva", "aliases": ["Instituto Seva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates the Cidade Democrática platform, which allows users to create and discuss proposals on public issues, thereby fostering citizen-led initiatives and debates.", "quote": "ONG Instituto Seva", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Sindical de Trabajo, Ambiente y Salud", "aliases": ["Instituto Sindical de Trabajo, Ambiente y Salud"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["health and safety", "well-being", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Devoradores de pecados: moderadores de conteúdo ea (in) dignidade do trabalho", "author": "MP Nascimento", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "ISTAS identifies and compiles psychosocial risk factors in the workplace, which are then used in academic literature to discuss the health impacts of various working conditions, including those of content moderators.", "quote": "Baruki (2011) compila fatores de risco psicossociais apontados por: OIT (Organização Internacional do trabalho – por intermédio de Lennart Levi), ISTAS (Instituto Sindical de Trabajo, Ambiente y Salud)", "page": "5", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/y3r5ru36bfhxtngpjcoe6u76uq/access/wayback/https://periodicos.ufpb.br/index.php/abet/article/download/59891/37481", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks and microtask platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Instituto Vladimir Herzog", "aliases": ["Instituto Vladimir Herzog"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas e guerras da cultura: filtros de investimento público como\" pós-censura\"\".\"", "author": "L de Paula, C Dumas…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Sought public funding via the Rouanet Law for its annual plan, aiming to maintain its operations and projects dedicated to defending democracy, human rights, and freedom of expression. Its funding request was initially denied based on a narrow reinterpretation of cultural activities.", "quote": "O Instituto foi criado em 2009 pela família e por amigos do jornalista assassinado, em 1975, pelo regime militar com o objetivo de promover '[...] a defesa dos valores da Democracia, dos Direitos Humanos e da Liberdade de Expressão'", "page": "15", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19833717&AN=159596558&h=RKSkW1GTvO5In%2Fe4NYuhe9210dxvybqlp%2Fd3KPij4gqv3%2B3DXnnpcy%2FQXFiPni294Qnwxpkd58VZSYjtylUykg%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2021"}]}, {"name": "Instytut Literacki", "aliases": ["Instytut Literacki"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "political expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "An émigré publisher that provided an alternative platform for authors whose works were suspended or rejected by state publishers in Poland.", "quote": "Werner cites the case of Igor Newerly: the émigré publisher Instytut Literacki (IL), NOW-a and high state officials expressed an interest in publishing his memoirs Zostało z uczty bogów (The Remains of the Feast of the Gods).", "page": "170", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Integrity and Welfare Society", "aliases": ["Integrity and Welfare Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["India"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 1993, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What Is Behind Film Censorship? The Khalnayak Debates", "author": "Mehta, Monika", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "The society participated in the public debate by writing letters to express moral outrage against the song 'Choli ke peeche kya hai' and to demand its censorship, arguing it was against Indian culture and morality.", "quote": "One doesn't understand what the director Subhash Ghai wants to say to a cultured nation like India by showing songs with double meaning. When one's sisters and daughters are around and songs like these are played, one feels ashamed and embarrassed.", "page": "6", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India", "when": "1993"}]}, {"name": "Intellectual Dark Web", "aliases": ["Intellectual Dark Web"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses various media (YouTube, podcasts) to promote ideas against 'mainstream politically correct or ‘PC’ culture,' influencing public discourse.", "quote": "They include authors, YouTube vloggers and podcasters... some of whom would later become known as part of the ‘Intellectual Dark Web’ (Weiss 2018).", "page": "54", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Intellectual Freedom Action Network", "aliases": ["Intellectual Freedom Action Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Supports the intellectual freedom positions defined by the ALA and actively responds to local controversies related to censorship, acting as a direct support mechanism for librarians facing challenges.", "quote": "The Intellectual Freedom Action Network 'supports these positions and responds to controversies on the local level,' whereas the organization's 'most aggressive' branch is the Freedom to Read Foundation (FTRF)...", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Intellectual Freedom Committee", "aliases": ["Intellectual Freedom Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Operating as a major agency of the ALA, it considers intellectual freedom issues and works to establish and publicize official positions related to censorship and freedom of expression.", "quote": "The Intellectual Freedom Committee, the OIF, and the Intellectual Freedom Round Table, Krug explains, are the ALA's major agencies for considering intellectual freedom issues and establishing and publicizing official positions on such.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Intellectual Freedom Round Table", "aliases": ["Intellectual Freedom Round Table"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a key ALA agency, it participates in addressing intellectual freedom issues, establishing policy positions, and publicizing them to promote free expression.", "quote": "The Intellectual Freedom Committee, the OIF, and the Intellectual Freedom Round Table, Krug explains, are the ALA's major agencies for considering intellectual freedom issues and establishing and publicizing official positions on such.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Intellectual Freedom Round Table, Wisconsin Library Association", "aliases": ["Intellectual Freedom Round Table, Wisconsin Library Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Participates in the Intellectual Freedom Round Table, which is an advocacy group for intellectual freedom in libraries.", "quote": "Chair, Intellectual Freedom Round Table, Wisconsin Library Association.", "page": "13", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Intellectuals (supporters of Erri De Luca)", "aliases": ["Intellectuals (supporters of Erri De Luca)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Expressed public disapproval of the \"censorial accusation\"\" against De Luca", "quote": "Freedom of speech, intellectual liberty, anti-censorship.", "page": "Oltre a questa comunità, ci sono moltissimi intellettuali che hanno espresso disapprovazione per l’accusa censoria, rafforzando così la tematizzazione sulla libertà di espressione innescata da De Luca e assunta a propria difesa.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Intellectuals and Artists", "aliases": ["Intellectuals and Artists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-traditionalism", "artistic freedom", "free speech", "innovation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern to mid-20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et société", "author": "Burgelin, Olivier", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "These groups are generally hostile to censorship, advocating for the free exploration of possibilities through signs in cultural creation, thereby challenging traditional norms and pedagogical concerns upheld by censors.", "quote": "Sont hostiles à la censure (outre l'opposition politique qui éventuellement la subit), les créateurs de culture et leur milieu, les intellectuels et les artistes.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1134", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western democracies, France", "when": "Early modern to mid-20th century, with a focus on mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Intellectuels signataires du Manifeste pour un Québec pluraliste", "aliases": ["Intellectuels signataires du Manifeste pour un Québec pluraliste"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "pluralism"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La tolérance multiculturelle ou le nouvel art de la censure", "author": "Bock-Côté, Mathieu", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This group of intellectuals participated in public debate by signing and initiating a manifesto. The author interprets this action as a form of social shaming and norm enforcement, aiming to marginalize and 'censure' a specific political current ('droite nationaliste') by publicly designating it as a 'péril fondamental' to democracy, thereby attempting to exclude it from legitimate public discourse.", "quote": "une collection d'intellectuels pétitionnaires a récemment signé un Manifeste pour un Québec pluraliste qui désignait justement cette tentation « droitière » du nationalisme comme un péril fondamental pour la démocratie québécoise.", "page": "4", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/044701ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "2009–2010"}]}, {"name": "Intelligent Design Movement", "aliases": ["Intelligent Design Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious influence on science", "scientific pluralism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Challenges established scientific views (evolution) by arguing for an alternative basis for explaining life and addressing perceived problems in the dominant narrative, seeking to introduce its views into educational contexts.", "quote": "As someone who has been intimately involved with one of the major anti-expert science movements in our time, intelligent design theory, I see some striking similarities with Brexit.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies", "aliases": ["Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "peacebuilding"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developing guidance notes and recommendations for textbook content in post-conflict settings, focusing on expunging conflict-inciting and ideologically-loaded materials.", "quote": "The Guidance Notes on Teaching and Learning developed by the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (2010), for instance, highlight the “immediate need” to expunge “conflict-inciting materials and ideologically-loaded content” from textbooks.", "page": "61", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Inter-American Commission on Human Rights", "aliases": ["Inter-American Commission on Human Rights"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Appeals for pluralistic media systems, monitors press freedom, condemns laws and practices (like government advertising as punishment) that restrict free speech and pose risks to journalists.", "quote": "UNESCO (2008) and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), which appeal for plural and diverse media systems where private, public and community media coexist.", "page": "27", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Inter-American Court and Commission of Human Rights", "aliases": ["Inter-American Court and Commission of Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Applies the American Convention on Human Rights; consistently held that state-led content filtering needs to be exceptional and subject to judicial control; critical of vague language in content policies.", "quote": "The Inter-American Court (IACtHR) and Commission (IACHR) of Human Rights, both bodies in charge of applying the 1969 American Convention on Human Rights (CADH, 1969).", "page": "178", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research", "aliases": ["Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["data access", "scientific research"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains a large archive of social science data for research, including surveys on political and social topics, thus facilitating secondary analysis and data-driven norm-setting in academia.", "quote": "Como as pesquisas de survey são feitas há anos, existem repositórios que contém questionários e perguntas sobre os mais diversos assuntos. O Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), da Universidade de Michigan, talvez seja o mais completo de todos.", "page": "203", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)", "aliases": ["Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1962, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "ICPSR influences research and policy by curating large social-science datasets, producing training and methodological resources, and collaborating with funders and academic institutions to shape data practices.", "quote": "ICPSR conducts research and training on data curation and social-science topics including social media and policy initiatives but its primary mission is data archiving and methods education rather than direct platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Interactive Advertising Bureau", "aliases": ["Interactive Advertising Bureau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Represents the online advertising industry, providing insights into market revenues and influencing the landscape where online tracking and advertisement business models operate.", "quote": "generated $42B revenue in 2013 according to the Interactive Advertising Bureau [1].", "page": "117", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe (IAB Europe)", "aliases": ["Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe (IAB Europe)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["EU", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation, committing to its principles and measures regarding transparency and fighting disinformation.", "quote": "Tra i firmatari figurano Adobe, Associazione europea delle agenzie di comunicazione (EACA), Google, IAB Europe (Interactive Advertising Bureau Europe), Meta, Microsoft, Reporter senza frontiere (RSF), TikTok, Twitch, Twitter, Vimeo e Federazione mondiale degli inserzionisti (WFA). Ciascuno di essi ha firmato gli impegni in un documento, pubblicamente accessibile, che prevede le misure pertinenti per i propri servizi.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Interactive Software Federation of Europe", "aliases": ["Interactive Software Federation of Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust in the information society", "author": "B O'Neill", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "ISFE developed the PEGI (Pan European Game Information) age-rating system, which provides content classification for interactive games. This system, supported by major console manufacturers and publishers, serves as a self-regulatory mechanism to ensure age appropriateness of content for children.", "quote": "The age-rating system was developed by the Interactive Software Federation of Europe (ISFE).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267364912001409", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Europe / European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Interactora", "aliases": ["Interactora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["Marca.com"], "norms": ["community standards", "cultural understanding", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de la conversación en medios online. El caso del diario <i>Marca</i>", "author": "López-González, Hibai; Guerrero-Solé, Frederic", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Interactora is a company contracted by Marca to provide content moderation services. It supplies both an automatic filtering system (Moderation Technology Platform - MTP) and a team of human moderators to classify user comments as published, eliminated, or dubious, thereby controlling the content quality.", "quote": "Interactora suministra a Marca tanto el sistema automático de filtrado como el equipo humano de moderadores. El sistema automático, la MTP, está compuesto por 19 filtros", "page": "4", "url": "https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/epi.2014.ene.06", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Marca.com, Spain", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "InterAmerican Medical Health Association", "aliases": ["InterAmerican Medical Health Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["diversity of thought", "public health", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Contributes to the discourse by providing an affiliation for medical health professionals who question the mainstream HIV-AIDS hypothesis, supporting diverse perspectives within the medical community.", "quote": "Maurizio Luca-Moretti, Ph.D. (InterAmerican Medical Health Ass., Boca Raton, FL);", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Intercampus (Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacífico)", "aliases": ["Intercampus (Centro de Investigación de la Universidad del Pacífico)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Formed part of the organizing commission for a presidential debate, contributing to the structure and format of the event.", "quote": "la comisión organizadora estuvo integrada por el Reverendo Padre Juan Julio Witch de la Universidad del Pacífico en nombre de Intercampus (centro de investigación de dicha Universidad)", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "interface - tech analysis and policy ideas for Europe", "aliases": ["interface - tech analysis and policy ideas for Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / independent expert organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Interface produces policy briefs and technical analyses, briefs politicians and parliamentary bodies, convenes expert events, and conducts data-science and tooling work to inform and shape platform and AI governance debates.", "quote": "Interface is a tech policy think tank with explicit programmes on Platform Regulation, Digital Rights, and AI governance and produces policy briefs, participates in parliamentary hearings, and advises decision-makers on platform and AI oversight.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.interface-eu.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Interfaith Contact Agency", "aliases": ["Interfaith Contact Agency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious tolerance", "social harmony"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Established to promote religious harmony as a direct outcome of the Inter-Religious Forum, fostering mutual understanding among different faiths.", "quote": "In 1967, in the opening speech for Musyawarah Antar Umat Beragama (Inter-Religious Forum), which gave birth the Interfaith Contact Agency, the then Minister of Religious Affairs K.H. M. Dachlan revealed the term of religious harmony.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Interfaith Dialogue Program for Youth", "aliases": ["Interfaith Dialogue Program for Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["social cohesion"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Encourages youth involvement in dialogue and social activities specifically aimed at promoting tolerance among religious groups.", "quote": "In Tana Toraja, the Interfaith Dialogue Program for Youth encourages involvement in dialogue and social activities to promote tolerance.", "page": "7", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services", "aliases": ["Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its governance and stakeholder engagement processes are subject to contestation regarding the representation of experts, inclusion of diverse stakeholders, and whether its 'epistemic authority' devalues local knowledge.", "quote": "One concern is that experts from Western developed nations have been overrepresented on this platform... Another is that the inclusion and role of different stakeholders are matters of ongoing contestation...", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "INTERGRAM, independent collective administration organization", "aliases": ["INTERGRAM, independent collective administration organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "fair compensation"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Enforces copyright law by demanding payment from operators for public use of copyrighted works (e.g., broadcasting music/TV in restaurants) and litigates against infringers.", "quote": "A similar problem also arose from the activity of the collective administrator INTERGRAM, which ordered its operator to make the payment in accordance with Art. 23 Copyright Act for the public use of copyright works through operation of a television set in a restaurant.", "page": "238", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Internacional Sindical Vermelha (Red International of Labour Unions / Profintern)", "aliases": ["Internacional Sindical Vermelha (Red International of Labour Unions / Profintern)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["social order"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A communist trade union international created to subordinate unions to political parties, promoting a centralized model of revolutionary action, which syndicalists resisted.", "quote": "Internacional Sindical Vermelha. Conhecida também como Profintern, foi fundada em 1921 na esteira da Revolução Russa, sendo o braço sindical da III Internacional.", "page": "37", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA)", "aliases": ["International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["AOL", "UOL"], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "peace", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discussões on-line: estratégias argumentativas em debates na internet", "author": "MM Carvalho", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Through its director, the organization criticizes the 'no' campaign in Brazil, alleging the use of 'dirty tricks' and 'false arguments' to misrepresent the effects of gun control on criminality, thereby attempting to delegitimize the opposition's stance.", "quote": "Rebecca Peters, diretora da organização não-governamental antiarmamentista International Action Network on Small Arms (Iansa), sediada em Londres, comenta que a campanha pelo \"não\"\" se valeu de \"\"trapaças", "page": "mentiras e truques sujos\"\".\"", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30072008-132100/publico/DISSERTACAO_MARCIO_MARCONATO_DE_CARVALHO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms (AOL, UOL)", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "International Age Rating Coalition (IARC)", "aliases": ["International Age Rating Coalition (IARC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Self-regulates app store games by providing age ratings, which helps in classifying content for different age groups.", "quote": "App store games are regulated using the International Age Rating Coalition system.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "International Association for Media and Communication Research", "aliases": ["International Association for Media and Communication Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "public policy"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through its Communication Technology Policy section, it contributes to academic discourse and potentially policy-making on communication technology.", "quote": "vice-chair of the Communication Technology Policy section of the IAMCR.", "page": "415", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "International Association of Internet Hotlines", "aliases": ["International Association of Internet Hotlines"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Provides a network for reporting illegal content on the Internet, facilitating takedowns and norm enforcement across multiple countries to promote a safer online environment.", "quote": "The International Association of Internet Hotlines (INHOPE) was founded in 1999 under the European Council's Safer Internet Action Plan. Hotlines from more than 30 countries are members of INHOPE.", "page": "51", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "International Association of Privacy Professionals", "aliases": ["International Association of Privacy Professionals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["privacy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A professional organization for privacy practitioners, whose significant membership growth and educational programs contribute to shaping norms and practices in data privacy.", "quote": "professional organizations of privacy practitioners such as the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) have seen membership soar and conferences and educational programs fill up with professionals seeking to make a new living.", "page": "256", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}]}, {"name": "International Bullying Prevention Association", "aliases": ["International Bullying Prevention Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership association / professional non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Runs international conferences, publishes an academic journal, provides evidence-based resources and webinars, and partners with/platforms and industry actors (e.g., Twitch, Microsoft, Two Hat) to shape practice and awareness on bullying prevention.", "quote": "Core mission is bullying prevention and intervention; has engaged online platforms and industry actors as conference speakers/exhibitors (e.g., Twitch, Microsoft, Two Hat) but does not primarily focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.ibpaworld.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Cat Care", "aliases": ["International Cat Care"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1958, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1958", "mechanism": "iCatCare publishes expert guidance and a journal (The Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery), accredits Cat Friendly Clinics (leverage/standards) and disseminates educational resources to vets, owners and partners globally.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on cat welfare, education and veterinary accreditation; no core work on platform content governance is evident though they publish guidance and information online.", "page": "", "url": "https://icatcare.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Center for Journalists", "aliases": ["International Center for Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media development and journalism non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "ICFJ conducts research and training (Disarming Disinformation), convenes journalism networks and awards to shape norms, and partners with civic tech organizations to build tools and influence information ecosystems.", "quote": "ICFJ's core mission is journalism and media development, but it runs large programs on disinformation and civic information ecosystems that engage platform-related information governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icfj.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)", "aliases": ["International Center for Journalists (ICFJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with Meta on the Human Rights Defender Fund and Journalist Safety Initiative, offering support to journalists and human rights defenders.", "quote": "In November 2021, we launched the Human Rights Defender Fund and Journalist Safety Initiative, in partnership with Civil Rights Defenders and International Center for Journalists, which gives offline assistance to human rights defenders facing critical threats and supports new digital security efforts.", "page": "232", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "International Center for Missing and Exploited Children", "aliases": ["International Center for Missing and Exploited Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Generative AI Empowers Attackers and Defenders Across the Trust & Safety Landscape", "author": "PG Kelley, S Rousso-Schindler, R Shelby…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "ICMEC advocates for global legal frameworks against child sexual abuse material (CSAM) and provides data on its prevalence, informing policy and technology efforts to combat such exploitation.", "quote": "According to the International Center for Missing and Exploited Children (ICMEC), CSAM is illegal globally in all but 10 countries as of 2023 [52], though definitions differ by jurisdiction.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3772318.3791363", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online Trust & Safety landscape across child safety, election integrity, hate and harassment, scams, and violent extremism", "when": "Contemporary and near future (2024-2026)"}]}, {"name": "International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL)", "aliases": ["International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal advocacy and research NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Rights Coalition for WSIS (GDRC-WSIS); IGF 2025; Freedom Online Coalition; Global Network Initiative", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "ICNL maintains extensive country legal resources, publishes thematic reports and guides (e.g., OGP digital civic space guide, AI analysis), and engages multilateral processes and coalitions to shape policy and hold governments accountable for laws affecting civic space.", "quote": "ICNL produces research, guides, and policy recommendations explicitly on digital civic space, foreign influence laws, and generative AI impacts on civic space, engaging multilateral processes (OGP, IGF).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icnl.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT)", "aliases": ["International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms"], "norms": ["national security", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Providing expertise and analysis on counter-terrorism, contributing to understanding the context of terrorist acts and informing related policies.", "quote": "Il punto con Thomas Renard, directeur du Centre international de lutte contre le terrorismo (ICCT)", "page": "25", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR)", "aliases": ["International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research centre (Department of War Studies, King's College London)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "ICSR produces empirical research, open-source methods and a 'Terrorist Content Classifier' and provides policy-focused outputs used by governments and industry, enabling influence through evidence, technical tools, and institutional links.", "quote": "ICSR is an academic centre studying radicalisation and online propaganda and has produced tools like a 'Terrorist Content Classifier' and open-source methods addressing extremist online communication, but its core mission is academic research rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://icsr.info/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King's College London", "aliases": ["International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation (ICSR) at King's College London"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides valuable knowledge and expertise on radicalization to YouTube's monitoring systems, helping the platform identify and moderate related content.", "quote": "como o Centro Internacional para o Estudo da Radicalização no King's College London", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence", "aliases": ["International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Partnered with ISD and Amadeu Antonio Foundation to launch the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI) to combat extremism and hate speech on the internet.", "quote": "In 2016, together with the International Centre for Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR), the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, Facebook launched the Online Civil Courage Initiative (OCCI).", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission", "aliases": ["International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / religious association"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "One of the relief committees whose reports from Switzerland contributed to the publicizing of information about Nazi death camps, including Auschwitz, in the press.", "quote": "Drawing on reports of relief committees with headquarters in Switzerland (International Church Movement Ecumenical Refugee Commission, Geneva, and the Flüchtlingshilfe of Zurich, headed by Paul Voght)...", "page": "242", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "International Commission (presided by Lord Kelvin)", "aliases": ["International Commission (presided by Lord Kelvin)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic viability", "efficiency", "reliability", "safety", "technical quality"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Una controversia de la Historia de la Tecnología para aprender sobre Naturaleza de la Tecnología: Tesla vs. Edison–La guerra de las corrientes", "author": "JAA Díaz, A García-Carmona", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This commission evaluated the competing AC and DC systems and awarded a crucial contract for the Niagara Falls power system to Westinghouse (AC), thereby acting as a gatekeeper for the large-scale adoption of a particular electrical technology.", "quote": "Una comisión internacional, presidida por Lord Kelvin, concedió el contrato a la WEC.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ensciencias.uab.cat/article/view/v34-n1-acevedo-garcia", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States", "when": "late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala", "aliases": ["International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Investigates governmental corruption and impunity cases, which can influence reporting by journalists.", "quote": "In Guatemala, the role of the International Commission against Impunity (CICIG, Spanish acronym), supported by the United Nations, has been crucial.", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors", "aliases": ["International Committee of Medical Journal Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human subjects protection", "research integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Established publication requirements for biomedical journals, mandating that authors indicate compliance with ethical standards and institutional review procedures, thereby acting as a gatekeeper for scientific publication.", "quote": "In this connection, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors includes in its Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals a requirement that: 'When reporting experiments on human subjects, authors should indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation...'.", "page": "35", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "international committee of Muslim scholars", "aliases": ["international committee of Muslim scholars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["political legitimacy", "religious legitimacy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This committee supported hardline positions within the MB after the coup, advocating for prioritizing the overthrow of the perceived corrupt regime to restore \"legitimacy.\"\"\"", "quote": "opposition to corrupt regimes", "page": "call for retribution.\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "International Conference on Learning Representations", "aliases": ["International Conference on Learning Representations"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["scientific discourse", "technological progress"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organizes an annual conference that serves as a venue for publishing and discussing research on learning representations, including work on multilingual jailbreak challenges and LLM guardrails.", "quote": "In The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations, 2024. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=vESNKdEMGp.", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "International Consortium of Investigative Journalists", "aliases": ["International Consortium of Investigative Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "ICIJ's investigations (Panama Papers, Pandora Papers, FinCEN Files) have produced large datasets, global reporting collaborations and led to legal reforms, resignations and policy changes across many countries.", "quote": "ICIJ's core mission is cross-border investigative journalism and transparency rather than platform governance, but its work (data leaks, Datashare, information flows) touches platformized information ecosystems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.icij.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Crisis Group", "aliases": ["International Crisis Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / think tank"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "peace", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Published reports and analyses on jihadist violence and political issues in Tunisia, contributing to public discourse and policy recommendations.", "quote": "International Crisis Group, «Jihadist Violence in Tunisia: The Urgent Need for a National Strategy», International Crisis Group, 22 de junio de 2016", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "International DOI Foundation", "aliases": ["International DOI Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["information governance", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Oversees the DOI system, providing a technical and social infrastructure for registering and using persistent interoperable identifiers, thus governing scientific information by setting standards.", "quote": "Il a ensuite joué un rôle déterminant, dans le cadre de ses fonctions de directeur de l'International DOI Foundation (IDF) de 1998 à 2015, dans la transformation du système DOI, d’abord en 2000, en standard américain (ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2010), puis, en 2012, en norme internationale ISO (Paskin, 2015).", "page": "109", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "International Electrotechnical Commission", "aliases": ["International Electrotechnical Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Prepares and publishes international standards in electrical technologies and coordinates with ISO through a joint committee for information technology standards.", "quote": "The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) prepares and pub lishes international standards in the area of electrical technologies including magnetics, electronics, and energy production.", "page": "129", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Fact Checking Network", "aliases": ["International Fact Checking Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network; program of The Poynter Institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "IFCN issues a Code of Principles, provides training and grants, convenes GlobalFact to set norms, and monitors/platform-relevant developments (e.g., reporting on ClaimReview changes), shaping standards and practices among fact-checkers and platforms.", "quote": "IFCN coordinates 170+ fact-checking organisations, issues a Code of Principles, runs GlobalFact, provides training/grants and publicly monitors platform practices and trends in misinformation and platform features.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.poynter.org/ifcn/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Fact Checking Network (IFCN)", "aliases": ["International Fact Checking Network (IFCN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Establishes a Code of Principles for fact-checking groups, which independently assess fake news flagged by users, promoting common standards for verification.", "quote": "some 50 fact-checking groups, who are party to the International Fact Checking Network Code of Principles, independently assess fake news flagged by users (Volpicelli, 2019).", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "International Federation for Information Processing", "aliases": ["International Federation for Information Processing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Serves as the organizational body for academic workshops and publications, facilitating knowledge exchange and dissemination within the computer science and information processing community.", "quote": "c IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2015 M. Steiner et al. (Eds.): TMA 2015, LNCS 9053, pp. 3–16, 2015.", "page": "13", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Journalists", "aliases": ["International Federation of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["free speech", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Petitions the All Pakistan Newspaper Society (APNS) to implement legislation for minimum wages and job security for journalists. It is also recommended to publish reports critiquing legal frameworks and exert international pressure for legal reform.", "quote": "The international community should work with international watchdog institutions including CPJ, IFJ and Internews Pakistan to publish and circulate international reports critiquing the legal framework governing journalism in Pakistan; the goal should be to create international pressure directed at the Pakistani government to undertake broad-based legal reform.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Library Associations", "aliases": ["International Federation of Library Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Iraq", "Nazi Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "non-discrimination", "user privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libraries and the Ethics of Censorship", "author": "Duthie, Fiona", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "This international body calls upon libraries and library staff to adhere to core principles related to intellectual freedom, freedom of expression, uninhibited access to information, and the privacy of library users, thereby setting global professional standards against censorship.", "quote": "Similarly, the International Federation of Library Associations states: 'IFLA calls upon libraries and library staff to adhere to the principles of intellectual freedom, uninhibited access to information and freedom of expression and to recognise the privacy of the library user'.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049670.2010.10735994", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Libraries, Australia, America, Iraq, Communist China, Nazi Germany", "when": "Centuries to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies", "aliases": ["International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Human-is-the-Loop Approach for Semi-Automated Content Moderation", "author": "Link, Daniel; Hellingrath, Bernd", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a primary operational humanitarian agency, IFRC is a key target user for the proposed semi-automated content moderation system, intended to address the challenges practitioners face in incorporating social media information into disaster management decision-making.", "quote": "Unfortunately practitioners still find it difficult to incorporate information from social media into their decision-making, and the impact of relevant information on situation awareness at operational humanitarian agencies is unclear (IFRC, 2013; Tapia, Moore & Johnson, 2013).", "page": "1", "url": "idl.iscram.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media (Twitter), Disaster Management, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of the Phonographic Industry", "aliases": ["International Federation of the Phonographic Industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Engaged in private-private enforcement of content restrictions by convincing an Israeli ISP to block a website due to copyright infringement.", "quote": "In another example, the organization that represents the international recording industry, IFPI, convinced an Israeli ISP to block the website, www.httpshare.com.", "page": "14", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)", "aliases": ["International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "fair competition"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published reports (e.g., 'Global Music Report 2021') that inform discussions on fair licensing markets and liability regimes for online content-sharing services, advocating for copyright holders' interests.", "quote": "See nternational Federation of the Phonographic Industry, Global Music Report 2021—Annual State of the Industry (2021), p. 40.", "page": "30", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "International Federation of Translators", "aliases": ["International Federation of Translators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["9th century to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Normes et censure : ne pas confondre", "author": "Brunette, Louise", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Through its affiliated professional orders, this federation influences and imposes conditions that aim to promote the translation profession, thereby setting and upholding professional norms and standards.", "quote": "En général, mais en nous limitant aux associations reliées à la Fédération internationale des traducteurs, les conditions imposées par les ordres professionnels vont dans le sens de la promotion de la profession...", "page": "7", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/007486ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on Canada (Québec)", "when": "9th century and late 20th/early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Fiqh Council", "aliases": ["International Fiqh Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Spoke out against a vaccine boycott in Muslim communities, legitimizing vaccine acceptance through religious authority.", "quote": "The O.I.C.-associated, prestigious International Fiqh Council – a council of Islamic jurisprudence – spoke out against the vaccine boycott, with the prominent Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi stating that the views of international ‘fellow scholars in the Muslim ummah’ should take precedence over the local authorities (Yahya 2007).", "page": "399", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)", "aliases": ["International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["electoral assistance NGO / democracy promotion organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "IFES produces research, interactive data platforms and trainings, advises electoral bodies and governments, and partners with public and private actors to shape election-related information integrity and digital democracy practices.", "quote": "IFES lists 'Digital Democracy' and 'Cyber & Information Integrity' among core focus areas and develops technology, data, and AI work that directly relates to election-related information ecosystems and disinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ifes.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Game Developers Association (IGDA)", "aliases": ["International Game Developers Association (IGDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "professional safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Harassment and Content Moderation: The Case of Blocklists", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Ghoshal, Sucheta; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Sponsored a blocklist ([gg]autoblocker), thereby endorsing and facilitating a moderation tool aimed at protecting game developers from what it claimed were the 'worst harassers on Twitter'.", "quote": "At a certain point, the International Game Developers Association sponsored the [gg]autoblock[er] claiming it was a way to block the worst harassers of Twitter.", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3185593", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter (primarily USA, but global reach)", "when": "2010s (specifically 2012-2018)"}]}, {"name": "International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance", "aliases": ["International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["antisemitism", "historical truth"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Détection automatique des messages haineux sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "P Chiril", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Defines and advocates against anti-Semitism by providing a working definition for its various manifestations.", "quote": "According to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, an organization focused only on Holocaust-related issues, anti-Semitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews.", "page": "42", "url": "https://utheme.utoulouse.fr/files/original/6e5dd8f74a697ccb7e63be8b5ce7bec4102848b6.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Reddit), France, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance", "aliases": ["International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "electoral integrity", "responsible ai"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides existing frameworks for evaluating democratic-ness and degrees of responsible behavior and autonomy in AI systems, inspiring the development of the Democracy Levels Framework.", "quote": "To develop this framework, we have drawn inspiration from existing frameworks for evaluating democratic-ness (Arnstein, 1969; Lindberg et al., 2014; IAP2 Australasia, 2024; Skaaning & Hudson, 2023; International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2023), as well as frameworks for evaluating degrees of responsible behavior and autonomy in AI systems.", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)", "aliases": ["International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Latin America", "Southeast Asia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital resilience"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, internet, companhias tecnológicas ea disrupção silenciosa da democracia", "author": "LOR Freitas", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It publishes reports on the state of democracy, highlighting its decline and identifying threats like authoritarianism and democratic erosion, contributing to public awareness and norm-setting.", "quote": "o recém-publicado relatório do Instituto “International Idea”, cuja conclusão é no sentido de que “a sobrevivência da democracia está em perigo em virtude de uma tempestade perfeita de ameaças, tanto internas quanto derivadas de uma crescente onda de autoritarismo”", "page": "10", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/3646", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global democracies and digital environments, with specific examples from Brazil, USA, Europe, Latin America, and Southeast Asia", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000), drawing historical parallels to the 1930s"}]}, {"name": "International Islamic Brigades / Islamic guerrillas", "aliases": ["International Islamic Brigades / Islamic guerrillas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-soviet", "anti-western", "religious fundamentalism"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Initially financed by Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and indirectly the US to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan, these groups later dispersed globally, strengthening fundamentalism from below and eventually turning against their former supporters, as exemplified by the 9/11 attacks.", "quote": "Durante la década de los ochenta, saudíes, norteamericanos y pakistaníes apoyaron a miles de guerrilleros venidos de muchos países islámicos, verdaderas brigadas internacionales, para luchar contra la Unión Soviética en Afganistán.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Justice Mission", "aliases": ["International Justice Mission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international anti-trafficking NGO / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "IJM publishes studies, trains tens of thousands of justice officials, mobilizes advocacy on Capitol Hill, and pursues prosecutions that pressure platforms and authorities to address online sexual exploitation.", "quote": "IJM’s core mission is combating trafficking and violence, but it actively engages in online child protection advocacy and pushes anti-trafficking legislation affecting platform accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ijm.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) Europe", "aliases": ["International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes annual reports on the human rights situation of LGBTIQ+ people in Europe, highlighting increases in hate crimes and hostility to raise alarms and advocate for better protection.", "quote": "Les associations d'aide aux victimes et les médias tirent la sonnette d'alarme sur une situation inquiétante de l'augmentation notable des crimes de haine et l'hostilité anti-LGBT en Suisse et dans le monde (ILGA Europe, 2022...).", "page": "5", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Media Reform Movement", "aliases": ["International Media Reform Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States", "Western democracies"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media integrity", "privacy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambiguities and Imperatives of Market Censorship: The Brief History of a Critical Concept", "author": "Jansen, Sue", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This loosely aligned movement resists trends towards media privatization, consolidation, and the resulting market censorship, advocating for changes in media control and accessibility.", "quote": "A relatively vibrant, if loosely aligned, international media reform movement does exist (Hackett and Carroll, 2006);", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/146/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with broader references to Western democracies and international contexts)", "when": "17th-21st century, with emphasis on post-Cold War neoliberalism"}]}, {"name": "International Media Support", "aliases": ["International Media Support"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Works to support media in conflict-affected countries, focusing on journalistic safety and free speech.", "quote": "Organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Reporters Sans Frontières, Article 19, International Media Support, International Press Institute, IFEX, and local and regional unions increasingly focus on the safety of journalists.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "International Network Against Cyberhate", "aliases": ["International Network Against Cyberhate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cyberhate"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research on far-right use of Web 2.0 technologies to inform efforts to combat cyberhate and supports monitoring of online extremism.", "quote": "This was backed up by research from the International Network Against Cyberhate (INACH) (King and Leonard 2014).", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "International Non-Governmental Organizations", "aliases": ["International Non-Governmental Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["equality", "human rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Accuse social media platforms of failing to moderate hate speech and racist content, thereby exerting public pressure for platforms to implement and enforce stricter content moderation policies.", "quote": "aux ONG internationales accusant la plateforme de garantir depuis 2013 la diffusion de messages racistes et d'appels à la haine à l'égard des Rohingyas, une minorité ethnique cible de violences de la part des militaires et des civils au Myanmar", "page": "7", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "International of Intellectuals", "aliases": ["International of Intellectuals"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A proposed collective, called for by Pierre Bourdieu, intended to enable cultural producers to intervene collectively in public life to defend universal values and intellectual autonomy against state, finance, and technocratic control.", "quote": "Bourdieu called for the creation of an ‘International of Intellectuals’, ‘a large collective of intellectuals combining the talents of the ensemble of intellectuals’.", "page": "526", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International of Saint-Imier", "aliases": ["International of Saint-Imier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "individual liberty", "limited government"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by opponents of the General Council of the First International, proclaiming itself as a continuation of libertarian principles.", "quote": "Após a expulsão de Bakunin da Primeira Internacional, seus adeptos chegaram a formar uma nova organização, conhecida como Internacional de Saint-Imier", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "International Olympiad in Informatics Committee", "aliases": ["International Olympiad in Informatics Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": [], "media": ["Codeforces", "HackerRank Astra", "International Olympiad in Informatics", "OpenAI o1", "OpenAI o1-ioi", "OpenAI o3", "SWE-bench Verified"], "norms": ["fair competition", "skill development"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2025 - Competitive Programming with Large Reasoning Models", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "The IOI committee oversees and governs the International Olympiad in Informatics. By allowing the OpenAI model (o1-ioi) to participate in the 2024 competition under the same conditions as human contestants, the committee acts as a crucial external evaluator for AI capabilities in complex coding and reasoning tasks, defining the competition's rules and judging criteria, which implicitly guides model behavior control.", "quote": "We are grateful to the IOI committee for allowing us to enter our model, o1-ioi, in the 2024 International Olympiad in Informatics.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems (OpenAI o1, o1-ioi, o3), competitive programming platforms (International Olympiad in Informatics, Codeforces), and software engineering benchmarks (HackerRank Astra, SWE-bench Verified).", "when": "Late 2023 - 2024"}]}, {"name": "International Peace Research Institute", "aliases": ["International Peace Research Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "peace"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Co-founded as an institute dedicated to peace research, contributing to academic studies and theoretical frameworks for conflict management and resolution.", "quote": "J. Galtung (1930- ), sociologo e matematico norvegese, fondatore nel 1959 dell‟International Peace Research Institut e del Transcend, un network per lo sviluppo della pace...", "page": "101", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "International Planned Parenthood Federation", "aliases": ["International Planned Parenthood Federation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "reproductive rights", "sexual rights"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued its own declaration of sexual rights, reinforcing and expanding the global framework for sexual health and human rights advocacy.", "quote": "In 2008, the International Planned Parenthood Federation issued its own declaration of sexual rights (IPPF, 2008)", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "International Politics and Responsible Tech (iPART) lab", "aliases": ["International Politics and Responsible Tech (iPART) lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "iPART builds original datasets (4,000+ Facebook incidents), a Tech Transparency Database, and tracks 1,000+ regulatory activities to identify accountability gaps and inform policy debates.", "quote": "The lab's core mission develops original research on the global politics of Big Tech and 'algorithmic governance', builds datasets on Facebook sociopolitical harms, tracks 1,000+ regulatory activities, and runs a Tech Transparency Database.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/polsci/research/labs/international-politics-and-respons/index.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Press Institute (IPI)", "aliases": ["International Press Institute (IPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Hungary", "India", "Moldova", "Romania", "Serbia", "South Africa", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media independence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting the ‘Infodemic’: Legal Responses to COVID-19 Disinformation", "author": "Radu, Roxana", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Tracks and reports on press freedom violations linked to COVID-19 coverage, including the enactment and geographic distribution of new laws fighting disinformation, thereby monitoring and advocating against restrictions on media.", "quote": "Europe had the highest incidence of new laws fighting COVID-19 disinformation (six jurisdictions), followed by the Americas (four jurisdictions), Asia and Pacific, Middle East and North Africa (with three jurisdictions each) and Africa with two jurisdictions (International Press Institute, 2020).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948190", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries including India, EU, UK, Hungary, South Africa, Serbia, Bolivia, Romania, Moldova)", "when": "post-January 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "International Psychoanalytic Association", "aliases": ["International Psychoanalytic Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "Germany", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The suppression and censorship of Ferenczi's confusion of Tongues paper", "author": "Rachman, Arnold Wm.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Its presidency was used as a 'curative device' to pressure Ferenczi to reintegrate into mainstream psychoanalysis, and its prominent members (Jones, Eitingon) actively engaged in the suppression of his paper and character assassination.", "quote": "Freud's prescription for curing Ferenczi of his political withdrawal and isolation from the analytic community by pressur- ing him to become the president of the IPA", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351699709534142", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "International psychoanalytic community, with focus on Vienna (Austria), Wiesbaden (Germany), and Hungary", "when": "Early to late 20th century (1900s-1990s), with primary focus on the 1930s."}]}, {"name": "International Research and Exchange Board Georgia", "aliases": ["International Research and Exchange Board Georgia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global development NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025; Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "1968", "mechanism": "IREX publishes guides and toolkits, runs projects (e.g., Data Zetu), and partners with governments and private sector actors across 100+ countries to implement digital inclusion, AI literacy, and media credibility initiatives.", "quote": "IREX's core mission is global development and education, but its AI & Digital Development work (AI literacy, digital safety, media content analysis) engages with platform governance issues in practice.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.irex.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Society for Ethics and Information Technology (INSEIT)", "aliases": ["International Society for Ethics and Information Technology (INSEIT)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["tech ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A professional society where members participate in the board and co-direct initiatives to explore ethical issues in information technology.", "quote": "He is a member of the board of the International Society for Ethics and Information Technology and the author of numerous articles in philosophy of technology and computer and information ethics.", "page": "13", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)", "aliases": ["International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["professional standards", "public health"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media Literacy e Social Media: un Intervento Sperimentale per proteggere dai contenuti idealizzati online", "author": "M MUSSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The organization collects and reports global data on aesthetic procedures, thereby tracking and reflecting trends in body modification and plastic surgery, which are influenced by idealized content on social media.", "quote": "La Società Internazionale dei Chirurghi Plastici (International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery) ha rilevato che solo nel 2020 sono state portate a termine a livello globale 23.626.909 procedure estetiche", "page": "19", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/96159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Global (with a focus on Western societies)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "International Studies Association", "aliases": ["International Studies Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies", "author": "Pelopidas, Benoît", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Through a joint academic effort (with H-Diplo) celebrating nuclear studies, this professional body contributed to a discursive environment where the notion of scholarly responsibility in nuclear issues was rarely mentioned, implicitly reinforcing the self-censorship mechanisms critiqued by the author.", "quote": "it is significant that in a 2014 joint effort between H-Diplo, a journal of diplomatic history, and the international security section of the International Studies Association celebrating the \"renaissance\"\" of nuclear studies... the notion of responsibility was barely mentioned\"", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jogss/ogw017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Security Studies academic community (primarily English-speaking/US-centric), global nuclear context", "when": "post-WWII to present (early nuclear age to post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "International Table Tennis Foundation", "aliases": ["International Table Tennis Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides statistics and data that can reveal biases in AI models trained on world data, reflecting existing biases related to national origin in sports.", "quote": "according to the International Table Tennis Foundation, seven of the top ten male players, and all ten of the top ten female players in the world are from East Asian countries", "page": "120", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "International Telecommunication Union (ITU)", "aliases": ["International Telecommunication Union (ITU)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital infrastructure integrity", "free markets", "regulatory autonomy"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and sets global standards for telecommunications, influencing national regulatory bodies and policies worldwide.", "quote": "D’ailleurs des études menées par la CEDEAO (2002) et l’Union Internationale des Télécommunications (UIT 2003) constatent cette indépendance de l’autorité de régulation consacrée par les dispositions règlementaires.", "page": "99", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "International Trademark Association (INTA)", "aliases": ["International Trademark Association (INTA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / professional membership association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1878, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1878", "mechanism": "INTA produces research and practice guides, submits amicus briefs and model laws, and convenes industry events to shape IP policy and platform practices worldwide.", "quote": "INTA's core mission is trademark and IP advocacy for brand owners; it engages with platform governance through advocacy, amicus briefs, model laws, and industry events but its primary focus is IP rather than platform governance per se.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.inta.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Union of Muslim Scholars", "aliases": ["International Union of Muslim Scholars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Received funding from Qatar, suggesting its role in influencing religious and social groups in Tunisia in line with Qatari interests.", "quote": "la financiación de grupos social-religiosos como la Unión de los Ulemas Musulmanes.", "page": "73", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "International Visual Sociology Association", "aliases": ["International Visual Sociology Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides a \"Code of Research Ethics and Guidelines\"\" for visual research", "quote": "ethical research, privacy, consent, confidentiality.", "page": "Dianna Papademas and the International Visual Sociology Association (2009) point to our ethical obligation to protect “confidential information” in photo reproduction.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "International Womens Media Organisation", "aliases": ["International Womens Media Organisation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media support nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Online harm", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Forum of Networks UNESCO 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "IWMF produces reports, guides and trainings, operates awards that shape public narratives, and convenes coalitions addressing online abuse to press for safer conditions for journalists.", "quote": "IWMF focuses on press freedom and journalist safety and runs initiatives addressing online abuse and newsroom policy, which touch platform content governance though not as its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.iwmf.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "International Workers Party", "aliases": ["International Workers Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "left-wing values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Involved in the Kanawha County textbook protest alongside other left-wing groups.", "quote": "Other outside organizations that became involved in Kanawha County were, on the rightist side... and, on the left, the Young Socialist party and the International Workers party.", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network", "aliases": ["Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["metaverse", "proto-metaverse"], "norms": ["free speech", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation in the Metaverse Could Be a New Frontier to Attack Freedom of Expression", "author": "Hine, Emmie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It develops and publishes best practices for cross-border content moderation, providing guidance to platforms on how to restrict locally illegal content in a geographically proportionate manner while preserving legitimate content.", "quote": "Best practices documentation for cross-border content moderation states that content restriction for locally illegal content should be “geographically proportionate” and preserve the broadest availability of “legitimate content” (Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network 2021).", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-023-00645-4", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (metaverse, proto-metaverse, social media)", "when": "Contemporary / post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet activists", "aliases": ["Internet activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "In response to attempts to block access to WikiLeaks, these activists created hundreds of mirror sites, thereby circumventing censorship and ensuring wider dissemination of the sensitive information.", "quote": "Internet activists created hundreds of mirror sites hosting copies of the WikiLeaks site, thereby foiling attempts to block access and generating negative publicity", "page": "4", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Internet Architecture Board", "aliases": ["Internet Architecture Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["network integrity", "technical standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Provides architectural oversight for network protocols, reviews appointments of IESG members, oversees the standards creation process, hears appeals, and manages the RFC editor.", "quote": "The IAB reviews IESG appointments, provides oversight of the architecture of network protocols, oversees the standards creation process, hears appeals, oversees the RFC editor, and performs other chores.", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Internet Archive Television News Archive", "aliases": ["Internet Archive Television News Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "information access", "public access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides archives and transcriptions of broadcast media, enabling researchers to link digitally native content with traditional media and study ephemeral but influential forms of communication.", "quote": "Efforts like the Internet Archive Television offer the possibility for more thorough linkages between digitally native and traditional media (Internet Archive, n.d.).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Brigade", "aliases": ["Internet Brigade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Asia Pacific", "Nordic countries", "Singapore"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["government policy support", "political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From “Networked Publics” to “Refracted Publics”: A Companion Framework for Researching “Below the Radar” Studies", "author": "Abidin, Crystal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This coordinated group of internet users manages fake profiles and provides 'counter viewpoints online' to disagree with or criticize government policies, creating an artificial impression of support for the incumbent party and its policies.", "quote": "...an “internet brigade” refers to a coordinated group of internet users who manage fake profiles and provide “counter viewpoints online that disagree with or criticise government policies” (Lim, 2018).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120984458", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore, Asia Pacific, Nordic countries, and beyond, across social media platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube)", "when": "2009–2020"}]}, {"name": "Internet Club Association (Moldova)", "aliases": ["Internet Club Association (Moldova)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "internet access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed by Moldovan Internet café owners to lobby against government restrictions on Internet access, advocating for their business interests.", "quote": "Moldovan Internet café owners formed the Internet Club Association to lobby against restrictions to access.", "page": "17", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Engineering Steering Group", "aliases": ["Internet Engineering Steering Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet governance", "technical guidance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Assists and manages the technical activities of the IETF and agrees on which specifications are nominated for the Internet standards track.", "quote": "Underneath the IAB is the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), a committee of the Internet Society that assists and manages the technical activities of the IETF.", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) / Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)", "aliases": ["Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) / Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Myth of Platform Neutrality", "author": "Chander, Anupam; Krishnamurthy, Vivek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This group approved a web status code (451) that allows Internet providers to explicitly state when a web resource is unavailable for legal reasons, rather than a technical error. This mechanism increases transparency around government-mandated censorship.", "quote": "In 2015, the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the Internet Engineering Task Force approved the introduction of a web status code 451, named after Ray Bradbury's famous book about book burning. This error code allows an Internet provider to explain that a particular web resource sought by a user is “unavailable for legal reasons.”", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4849156", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube), with a focus on USA, Europe, and China", "when": "21st century platform era (with historical context from 1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Exchange", "aliases": ["Internet Exchange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["feminist communications cooperative; newsletter publisher"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes analytical essays and reporting on platform moderation and internet governance, amplifies diverse public-interest technologists and advocates via a weekly newsletter and cooperative communications services.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and commentary on internet governance, content moderation and emerging technologies (e.g., articles on Bluesky moderation, encryption, digital sovereignty), directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://internet.exchangepoint.tech/about/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Governance Background - At-Large - icann", "aliases": ["Internet Governance Background - At-Large - icann"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership-based multistakeholder community within ICANN"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "At-Large contributes policy advice within ICANN’s bottom-up policy development processes, mobilizes regional RALOs and individual members to represent end-user interests, and participates in multistakeholder forums to shape technical and policy decisions.", "quote": "At-Large advocates for end users within ICANN policy development and actively participates in global, regional, and national Internet governance fora, directly engaging governance processes that shape the Internet’s infrastructure and policies.", "page": "", "url": "https://atlarge.icann.org/topics/internet-governance/background", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Governance Forum", "aliases": ["Internet Governance Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["human rights", "multi-stakeholder governance", "open debate", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Hosts an annual multi-stakeholder forum for dialogue on public policies related to Internet governance, including topics on digital platforms and human rights, contributing to the broader landscape of discussion and potential norm-setting.", "quote": "Um dos principais locais de discussão dessa área é o já mencionado IGF, “[...] evento anual realizado sob os auspícios da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) para o diálogo multissetorial sobre políticas públicas relacionadas à governança da Internet” (Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR, 2017, p. 16).", "page": "66", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}]}, {"name": "Internet Governance Forum (IGF)", "aliases": ["Internet Governance Forum (IGF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "internet governance", "net neutrality", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, governança digital e autorregulação regulada: a construção de diretrizes para a proteção do direito humano à saúde mental da criança frente …", "author": "LZ Queiroz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a multi-stakeholder platform for open dialogue on public policies related to internet governance, facilitating discussions on issues like cybersecurity, privacy, and social media content.", "quote": "Nos anos seguintes, discutiu-se acerca de cibersegurança, privacidade, conteúdos adultos, recursos de internet, a neutralidade da internet e os sites de redes sociais (KURBALIJA, 2016, p. 7-13).", "page": "110", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/bitstream/1/10776/1/Leonardo%20Zamparetti%20de%20Queiroz.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global (with focus on Brazil, international standards and digital platforms)", "when": "18th century to present (with focus on the post-2000 digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Governance Project - Washington, DC - American University", "aliases": ["Internet Governance Project - Washington, DC - American University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["law school research center / program"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and hosts/presents at ICANN, IGF and other international fora to shape policy discussions on intermediary liability, gTLDs and platform governance.", "quote": "IGP conducts research, publishes papers, and participates in international forums (ICANN, Internet Governance Forums) on intermediary liability, gTLDs and related platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.american.edu/wcl/impact/initiatives-programs/pijip/impact/internet-governance-project/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Governance Project | Georgia Tech School of Public Policy", "aliases": ["Internet Governance Project | Georgia Tech School of Public Policy"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-hosted research project / policy research group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital trade", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "Trade", "algorithmic or platform governance", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "IGP produces research and policy analysis cited in policy fora and court opinions, and its members served on IANA transition and ICANN accountability working groups, shaping institutional reforms.", "quote": "IGP conducts research and policy analysis on Internet governance, actively participates in ICANN and UN processes, and publishes analysis on platform governance, free expression, privacy, and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetgovernance.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Industry Association (IIA)", "aliases": ["Internet Industry Association (IIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "market development", "minimal regulation", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Expressed preferred policy views, initially opposing regulation. Later, it became willing to accept regulation via codes of practice, positioning itself as the 'peak industry body' for ISPs, engaging in negotiation and lobbying with the government.", "quote": "This period sees the IIA emerge as an increasingly important player, and one willing to become engaged with the regulatory process as an active partner with government. ...the IIA presents itself as willing to accept regulation via codes of practice...", "page": "13", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Infrastructure Coalition", "aliases": ["Internet Infrastructure Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital trade", "Intermediary liability", "Internet governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs, files amicus curiae briefs in courts, runs working groups (VPN Trust Initiative, DNS Issues WG), convenes Congressional fly-ins and provides member-only policy intelligence to shape legislation and platform-related technical standards.", "quote": "i2Coalition explicitly advocates on intermediary liability, encryption, access to data and internet governance — core issues that shape platform content moderation and technical constraints on online expression.", "page": "", "url": "https://i2coalition.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Lab", "aliases": ["Internet Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Leads the DSIT-funded REASON 6G flagship project producing research, prototypes and industry partnerships to shape AI-enabled network architectures and governance for future communications.", "quote": "Focuses on telecoms, networks and AI for 5G/6G rather than consumer-facing content moderation, but publishes governance papers and works on AI integration that touch platform infrastructure and policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bristol.ac.uk/engineering/research/smart/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet lobby groups", "aliases": ["Internet lobby groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "privacy", "technology ethics", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world-wide market: Living with the realities of censorship on the Internet.", "author": "M Björn, YY Chen", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Supports the 'Bill of Electronic Rights and Ethics' to establish principles and policies for Internet use, aiming to protect users' rights and influence legislation.", "quote": "The building of a iBill of Electronic Rights and Ethicsi, which is intended to iqualifyi legislation, rather than to become legislation itself, is supported by the Electronic Freedom Frontier and other Internet lobby groups.", "page": "141", "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427649.pdf#page=42", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet/WWW", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Matters", "aliases": ["Internet Matters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child online safety charity / non-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Meta Safety Partners; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Produces guidance, toolkits and educational resources for families and schools; engages in public consultations and safety networks (Meta, OSA) to shape platform safety practices.", "quote": "Core mission is child online safety including guidance on platform features, AI and participation in safety networks and public consultations (Meta Safety Partners; Online Safety Act Network).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetmatters.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Movie Database", "aliases": ["Internet Movie Database"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Began as a newsgroup, it evolved into a key online movie information site where the database is primarily created by users, allowing collective contribution to film knowledge.", "quote": "Internet Movie Database (imdb.com) comenzó originalmente como un grupo de noticias. A comienzos de los 90, la base de datos creada por usuarios se movió a la Web, y ha llegado a ser uno de los sitios más importantes de cine.", "page": "32", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Policy Observatory", "aliases": ["Internet Policy Observatory"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet policy", "platform governance", "scientific research"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What Do We Mean When We Talk About Transparency? Toward Meaningful Transparency in Commercial Content Moderation", "author": "Suzor, Nicolas P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided funding for the research project, supporting the study of content moderation practices and transparency.", "quote": "This project was funded by the Internet Policy Observatory and the Australian Research Council.", "page": "1", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Rights & Principles Coalition", "aliases": ["Internet Rights & Principles Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Articulates a Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet, advocating for a set of limits on private power in cyberspace.", "quote": "See, eg, Internet Rights & Principles Coalition, 'The Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet' (Booklet, 5th ed, January 2018) 8 <http://internetrightsandprinciples.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/IRPC_english_5thedition.pdf>.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Rights and Principles Coalition (IRPC)", "aliases": ["Internet Rights and Principles Coalition (IRPC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "freedom of information", "hate speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Constitucionalismo digital e moderação de conteúdo: a tenção entre a regulação privada ea regulação pública eo papel da jurisdição constitucional", "author": "ES Castro", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a framework, known as the 'internet bill of rights', that includes principles for both procedural and substantive regulation of online content, guiding debates on legal decisions, fair judgment, due process, freedom of expression, and protection against censorship and hate speech.", "quote": "Celeste (2021) trata da Carta IRPC28, da qual se extraem por exemplo, a regulação processual: no direito n. 18, DIREITO A DECISÃO LEGAL E A JULGAMENTO JUSTO PARA AS AÇÕES QUE ENVOLVEM A INTERNET: a) Direito a uma solução legal; b) Direito a um julgamento justo; c) Direito ao devido processo legal. Na outra ponta por exemplo da regulação substancial, no direito n. 5, 5 LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO E INFORMAÇÃO NA INTERNET: a) Liberdade de protesto Online; b) Proteção contra a censura; c) Direito à informação; d) Liberdade dos meios de comunicação; e) Proteção contra discurso de ódio.", "page": "116", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5063", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global online platforms, with comparative analysis of EU, German, and US legal frameworks for content moderation.", "when": "Contemporary digital era (post-1990s), with historical background on constitutionalism."}]}, {"name": "Internet safety - Compass-uk.org", "aliases": ["Internet safety - Compass-uk.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["mental health charity; youth wellbeing services"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Compass publishes guidance and training for young people and professionals, signposting to specialist resources (e.g., NSPCC, Childline) and provides local services to shape safe online behaviours.", "quote": "Compass's core mission is youth mental health and wellbeing; the site provides internet-safety guidance for young people (privacy settings, blocking, reporting) touching platform-related harms but does not advocate platform-level policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://compass-uk.org/help-and-support/young-people/young-people-relationships//internet-safety-2/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety - Enough Is Enough", "aliases": ["Internet Safety - Enough Is Enough"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "EIE publishes statistics and resources, runs national campaigns and initiatives (Internet Safety 101, Project Wilberforce), pressures corporations to adopt safety technologies, and lobbies for legal enforcement to hold platforms and actors accountable.", "quote": "EIE's core mission is making the internet safer for children and families and it campaigns for corporate and legal measures affecting platform policies and safety features.", "page": "", "url": "https://enough.org/stats_internet_safety", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety - Shared Hope International", "aliases": ["Internet Safety - Shared Hope International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["anti-sex-trafficking non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Shared Hope publishes toolkits, webinars, and awareness campaigns to inform caregivers and mobilize public support to prevent online grooming and trafficking.", "quote": "Primary mission is preventing sex trafficking and restoring victims, but the organisation develops internet-safety toolkits, webinars and resources addressing online predatory grooming and platform risks to children.", "page": "", "url": "https://sharedhope.org/what-we-do/prevent/awareness/internetsafety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety 101:", "aliases": ["Internet Safety 101:"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety nonprofit; advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and guidance, runs public campaigns and resources for parents, issues press releases and webinars, and lobbies policymakers and officials (e.g., urging a commission and expanded CSAM laws) to change platform practices and law.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on making the internet safer for children and families and explicitly addresses platform harms such as CSAM and AI-generated CSAM, calling for policy and legal responses.", "page": "", "url": "https://internetsafety101.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet safety for kids - Guide Dogs", "aliases": ["Internet safety for kids - Guide Dogs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity / service provider for people with vision impairment"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1934", "mechanism": "Guide Dogs publishes practical guidance and training resources for parents and professionals, signposts reporting routes (CEOP/IWF), and runs awareness resources (icebreaker emails, webpages) to shape online-safety behaviours for visually impaired children and families.", "quote": "Guide Dogs' primary mission is supporting people with sight loss, but the site provides internet safety guidance for children, signposts to CEOP/IWF/NSPCC and offers training/resources touching on platform safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.guidedogs.org.uk/getting-support/information-and-advice/how-can-technology-help-me/internet-safety-for-kids/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety for Kids and Teens - Boys & Girls Clubs of America", "aliases": ["Internet Safety for Kids and Teens - Boys & Girls Clubs of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national youth non-profit organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes educational resources and operates the MyFuture virtual learning platform offering Digital Literacy activities; partners with NCMEC and Common Sense Education to deliver online safety programs.", "quote": "Primary mission is youth development, but the organization provides digital literacy programs and guidance on internet safety and references platform safety features and partner programs (NCMEC, Common Sense).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bgca.org/news-stories/2022/December/internet-safety-for-kids-and-teens/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety Labs", "aliases": ["Internet Safety Labs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit product safety testing and research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "ISL produces empirical audits, public safety labels and benchmarks, and develops open safety standards to expose product harms and push vendors and policymakers toward safer design and practices.", "quote": "ISL conducts empirical product safety audits, publishes App Microscope safety labels for 1,700+ apps, and develops software safety standards that directly affect platform safety and governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://internetsafetylabs.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Safety Tips to Keep You Safe From Online Creepers", "aliases": ["Internet Safety Tips to Keep You Safe From Online Creepers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["anti-trafficking NGO / child protection organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Produces safety guides, curricula and trainings for parents and youth, encourages reporting/removal of harmful content and raises public awareness about online risks to children.", "quote": "Provides internet safety guidance for youth and parents that touches platform practices (reporting, blocking, privacy settings) but its core mission is anti-trafficking and child protection rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://love146.org/online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Service Providers", "aliases": ["Internet Service Providers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Recommended to collectively create a hate speech complaint line and consider establishing an advisory body to give expert opinions on whether hosted content violates hate speech laws, enabling ISPs to shut down sites based on user agreements.", "quote": "First, the major Internet service providers (ISPs) should consider the creation of a hate speech complaint line and an advisory body, composed of individuals with expertise in hate speech law, that would give its opinion as to whether a particular website hosted by an ISP has violated section 13 of the CHRA or the \"hate propaganda\"\" provisions of the Criminal Code.\"", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Services Providers Association", "aliases": ["Internet Services Providers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "ISPA produces reports and policy positions, represents members to government departments and Ofcom, operates a Code of Practice and complaints/reporting mechanisms to hold members to standards.", "quote": "ISPA is the UK trade association for ISPs that makes representations to government and operates complaints/reporting mechanisms for harmful content, but its core mission is industry representation rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ispa.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Society - Brazil Chapter", "aliases": ["Internet Society - Brazil Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DETECÇÃO AUTOMATIZADA DE CONTEÚDO INFRINGENTE NO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO DA META", "author": "A de Bittencourt Siqueira", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides financial and logistical support for events and publications focused on Internet Governance research, helping to foster academic discourse on related issues.", "quote": "O VII Encontro da Rede de Pesquisa em Governança da Internet e a publicação dos Anais resultantes deste encontro receberam apoio de: ... Internet Society - Capítulo Brasil", "page": "2", "url": "https://encontro.redegovernanca.net.br/encontro-anual/article/view/130", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads) and their content moderation systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society / Internet Society Capítulo Brasil", "aliases": ["Internet Society / Internet Society Capítulo Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "innovation", "internet openness"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Commissions and endorses studies to influence policy and promote internet principles, and monitors legislative and judicial discussions related to intermediary liability to support its activities and advocate for its principles.", "quote": "Este estudo foi comissionado pela Internet Society como parte das atividades do Projeto Internet Way of Network para 2020 e é endossado pela ISOC Brasil.", "page": "2", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society Canada Chapter", "aliases": ["Internet Society Canada Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contributes to discussions on internet governance, particularly advocating for more frequent evaluation of regulatory bodies to ensure they remain accountable and adaptable to the rapidly evolving online environment.", "quote": "Afin d'assurer un meilleur processus démocratique et de s'assurer que ces organismes mettent de l'avant les intérêts de la population canadienne, il serait nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer leur travail à une fréquence plus élevée afin de corriger le tir avant qu'une situation dégénère (Rapport synthèse ; Internet Society Canada Chapter, 2021, p. 17).", "page": "52", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society Deploy360 Programme", "aliases": ["Internet Society Deploy360 Programme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Promotes the deployment of key Internet technologies and best practices, including DANE and DNSSEC, by providing resources and statistics on their usage to foster Internet development.", "quote": "Deploy360 Porgramme. Dane test sites. http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/ resources/dane-test-sites/", "page": "233", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society Foundation", "aliases": ["Internet Society Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation supporting Internet development"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides grants and programs (Beyond the Net, Connecting the Unconnected, Resiliency, Research grants) and convenes/participates in Internet Governance Forum and related events to shape internet access, technical practices, and norms.", "quote": "Foundation funds projects, research, and events (e.g., Internet Governance Forum, Encryption Day) that touch internet governance and trust but its core mission is connectivity and infrastructure funding rather than direct platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isocfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Society Gender Standing Group", "aliases": ["Internet Society Gender Standing Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special interest / standing group within a global non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Uses mapping, training and online campaigns within the Internet Society network to shape policy discussions and amplify gender-related concerns in Internet governance forums.", "quote": "Focuses on gender inclusion, online safety and advocacy within Internet governance but platform content governance is a secondary area via policy advocacy and capacity building.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetsociety.org/sigs/gender/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Society of Australia", "aliases": ["Internet Society of Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "internet access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Took a strong stance against proposed legislation, specifically opposing the use of blacklists to filter all Internet content coming into the country.", "quote": "the EFA, Internet Society of Australia (ISOC-AU), WAIA and Eros Foundation all take a similar strong stance against the legislation, and specifically the use of blacklists to filter all Internet content coming into the country.", "page": "17", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society of Bulgaria", "aliases": ["Internet Society of Bulgaria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "economic freedom", "privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Successfully defeated the government's attempt to license ISPs that included user data collection, arguing it served political rather than economic purposes.", "quote": "the government's attempt to license ISPs that included the collection of user names and passwords was defeated by the Internet Society of Bulgaria on the grounds that it served political rather than economic purposes.", "page": "17", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society of China", "aliases": ["Internet Society of China"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "personal responsibility", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Development, Censorship, and Cyber Crimes in China", "author": "Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The Internet Society of China issued a 'Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the China Internet Industry' to establish an industry-wide self-discipline mechanism, implicitly encouraging compliance with state censorship and regulation among internet businesses.", "quote": "In March 2002, for example, the Internet Society of China (ISC) issued a “Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the China Internet Industry” (zhongguo hulianwang hangye zilü gongyue) in Beijing, establishing the foundation of domestic self-discipline mechanism", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043986209350437", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1994–2010"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society Pulse (a project of The Internet Society)", "aliases": ["Internet Society Pulse (a project of The Internet Society)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Worldwide View of Nation-state Internet Censorship", "author": "Master, Alexander; Garman, Christina", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Curates and analyzes data regarding Internet shutdown events worldwide, examining their economic and human impact, and providing a platform to track network disconnections by authorities.", "quote": "Internet Society Pulse. Internet Society Pulse curates information about Internet shutdown events occurring around the world and analyzes their economic and human impact. Data from their platform shows time-based network disconnections executed by authorities in the studied countries [159].", "page": "5", "url": "petsymposium.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (70 countries)", "when": "Past two decades, with a focus on June 2020 - May 2021"}]}, {"name": "Internet Society UK England", "aliases": ["Internet Society UK England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national chapter of global non-profit (Internet Society)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy responses, joins cross-sector open letters and coalitions, submits amicus briefs and consultation responses, and runs public events and training to shape platform and internet governance debates.", "quote": "Actively engages in internet governance and platform-related policy debates (net neutrality, encryption, online safety, domain registry powers) via consultations, open letters, coalition actions and policy responses.", "page": "", "url": "https://isoc-e.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Society German Chapter", "aliases": ["Internet Society German Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national chapter of international non-profit (civil society/technical advocacy)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Net neutrality"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Publishes events and position discussions on net neutrality and GDPR, convenes industry, regulators and civil society in Germany to shape public and policy debate on internet governance.", "quote": "Explicit programmatic work on net neutrality, privacy/DSGVO and critiques of platform dominance; organises public events and debates shaping internet governance discourse in Germany.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isoc.de/2018/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet Storm Center (ISC)", "aliases": ["Internet Storm Center (ISC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A volunteer-driven Internet security monitoring and alert system that collects and analyzes security data from various sources to provide early warnings of Internet threats.", "quote": "Dshield: Internet storm center (2014). http://www.dshield.org/", "page": "175", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Internet Systems Consortium", "aliases": ["Internet Systems Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["open-source Internet infrastructure nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Security"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "ISC authors Internet technical standards, develops core DNS/DHCP software (BIND, Kea) and operates the F-Root server, providing technical infrastructure and authoritative guidance relied upon by platform operators worldwide.", "quote": "ISC's core mission is development and maintenance of Internet infrastructure (DNS/DHCP) rather than platform content governance, though its software and operated F-Root service materially underlie consumer-facing platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internet users (collective reporting)", "aliases": ["Internet users (collective reporting)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "professional ethics", "public morals"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Régulation des médias sociaux en France. Le cadre juridique à l'épreuve des usages médiatiques", "author": "C Hounnou", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Internet users actively participate in content moderation by flagging illicit content on platforms through reporting mechanisms. This collective action is described as 'digital vigilantism' and contributes to self-regulation, aiming to maintain compliance with platform standards and potentially prevent direct government intervention.", "quote": "La troisième forme de modération des contenus sur les plateformes donne la possibilité aux internautes à travers les signalements qui sont des « outils pratiques et symboliques » permettant aux plateformes de maintenir une certaine vigilance et un niveau d'autorégulation pour éviter l'intervention gouvernementale sur les mécanismes de traitement de contenus (Crawford & Gillespie, 2016).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1370553", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, social media platforms (Instagram, YouTube, X, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Internetfonden (Swedish Internet Infrastructure Foundation)", "aliases": ["Internetfonden (Swedish Internet Infrastructure Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Tor"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ScrambleSuit: a polymorphic network protocol to circumvent censorship", "author": "Winter, Philipp; Pulls, Tobias; Fuss, Juergen", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides financial support through research grants to studies that contribute to internet infrastructure and related security challenges, including the development of censorship circumvention protocols like ScrambleSuit.", "quote": "We further want to express our gratitude to Internetfonden of the Swedish Internet Infrastructure Foundation for supporting the main author's work with a research grant.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2517840.2517856", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Censoring countries and the Tor network", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Internetgiganter bidrager til censur i Vietnam - - Amnesty.dk", "aliases": ["Internetgiganter bidrager til censur i Vietnam - - Amnesty.dk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national section of international human rights NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1961", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative reports documenting platform-facilitated censorship, runs petitions and public campaigns, leverages international profile to pressure companies and governments, and publicly names corporate conduct.", "quote": "Amnesty documents and campaigns on online censorship and calls on platforms (Facebook, Google) and governments to respect freedom of expression and align moderation with human rights standards.", "page": "", "url": "https://amnesty.dk/internetgiganter-bidrager-til-censur-i-vietnam/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Internetlab (Centro de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia)", "aliases": ["Internetlab (Centro de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic process", "digital rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de Expressão nas Redes Sociais: o problema jurídico da remoção de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports offering diagnoses and recommendations on internet-related issues, influencing policy and public debate, especially regarding elections and internet governance in Brazil.", "quote": "relatório publicado pelo centro de pesquisas Internetlab, em 26/09/2019", "page": "27", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VC4hEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA11&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=0FXDiy3imK&sig=fGtEKJIyCUnwNXrwROrOOksMzDY", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), Brazil (legal context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Internetlab – Centro de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia", "aliases": ["Internetlab – Centro de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-authoritarianism", "democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided an amicus curiae brief in an STF case, arguing that certain regulatory models for internet intermediaries could lead to authoritarian control over content, privileging control over freedom of expression.", "quote": "o que, segundo o Internetlab244 (2018, p. 3-4), “é típico de regimes considerados autoritários”, cujos modelos regulatórios adotados “[...] privilegiam o controle da circulação de conteúdos em detrimento da liberdade de expressão e do acesso irrestrito à informação”.", "page": "142", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "InternetLab – Research in Law and Technology", "aliases": ["InternetLab – Research in Law and Technology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["WhatsApp"], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "democracy", "free speech", "legal certainty"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a research center, it provides research data on WhatsApp group administration and participates as amicus curiae in Supreme Court cases, advocating for specific legal interpretations of platform responsibility.", "quote": "A pesquisa, organizada pela Associação InternetLab de Pesquisa em Direito e Tecnologia, em que se apurou que 56% das pessoas que integram grupos no WhatsApp responderam que são administradores em pelo menos 1 deles.", "page": "12", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}]}, {"name": "InternetNZ", "aliases": ["InternetNZ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-radicalisation", "digital rights", "human rights", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Facilitated a civil society statement on the Christchurch Call, advocating for human rights and a free, open, secure internet, and works on a draft online safety code of practice.", "quote": "InternetNZ (2019) facilitated a civil society statement informed by the Voices for Action meeting with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern in Paris the day before the Christchurch Call summit on May 15, 2019.", "page": "29", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Internews Pakistan", "aliases": ["Internews Pakistan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist safety", "media pluralism", "media sustainability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Gathers and publishes information on government-sanctioned intimidation and attacks against journalists. It is recommended as a grassroots organization to receive loan incentives to establish new newspapers, fostering media plurality and competition.", "quote": "The international community should work with international watchdog institutions including CPJ, IFJ and Internews Pakistan to publish and circulate international reports critiquing the legal framework governing journalism in Pakistan; the goal should be to create international pressure directed at the Pakistani government to undertake broad-based legal reform.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Interpeer gUG (haftungsbeschraenkt)", "aliases": ["Interpeer gUG (haftungsbeschraenkt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["technology R&D non-profit / civil tech project"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Sustainability", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Interpeer develops open-source networking specs and code (techno-infrastructure), publishes research and blog analysis (information), joined the Datacom Industry Association to engage industry and policy actors (leverage), and frames work around 'human-centric Internet' and 'digital commons' (symbolic).", "quote": "Core mission is building a human-centric, fully distributed Internet and producing open specifications and code to protect human rights and data sovereignty, directly affecting platform design and governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://interpeer.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "aliases": ["InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["censorship resistance", "decentralization", "distributed storage"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A protocol for distributed storage and sharing of hypermedia on the Web, aiming to replace HTTP(S) and decentralize content delivery, allowing users more control over their data.", "quote": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) est un protocole qui vise à distribuer sur le réseau le stockage et le partage des hypermédias du Web.", "page": "67", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "InterSecLab", "aliases": ["InterSecLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["public safety", "transparency"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, contributing expertise to expose the architecture and functionalities of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Intersex Society of North America", "aliases": ["Intersex Society of North America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "diversity", "inclusion", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children's contemporary lives", "author": "KH Robinson", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides information and resources to foster a critical understanding of diverse sexed bodies, challenging conventional, often limited or implicitly censored, binary definitions of sex and gender in public discourse and education.", "quote": "Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) (2012) ‘What is intersex?'.", "page": "25", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203117538&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Developed countries (Australia, USA, UK)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (post-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Interspecies Internet", "aliases": ["Interspecies Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think-tank / multidisciplinary network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes and hosts conferences, workshops and community-science projects; leverages AI/ML methods and partnerships with MIT and Google to develop computational approaches for interspecies communication.", "quote": "Core mission is interspecies communication using AI/ML and computational methods; this touches on technical infrastructure and AI use but does not primarily aim to influence consumer-facing platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.interspecies.io/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Intervention Commission", "aliases": ["Intervention Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "freedom of expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A body created within the ZLP to purportedly negotiate with publishers and the state censorship office (GUKP) on behalf of writers to alleviate political tensions.", "quote": "At the 1972 ZLP congress in Łódź, the Intervention Commission (Komisja Interwencyjna) had seen the light of day. Placed under the aegis of the Union's Main Executive, it purportedly negotiated directly on behalf of writers with publishers and the GUKP.", "page": "154", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social and Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC)", "aliases": ["Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social and Instituto Brasileiro de Defesa do Consumidor (IDEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer rights", "free speech", "open internet", "platform governance"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Observacom and other CSOs from Latin America to develop 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms' to guarantee online freedom of expression and an open internet.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Intervozes – Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social", "aliases": ["Intervozes – Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Works for the effectiveness of the human right to communication in Brazil and participates in the debate about content moderation and its impact on user expression.", "quote": "Beatriz Barbosa, do Conselho Diretor do Intervozes, organização que trabalha pela efetivação do direito humano à comunicação no Brasil", "page": "67", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Intervozes, Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação", "aliases": ["Intervozes, Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["information integrity", "platform accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combate à desinformação na pandemia da Covid-19: ações afirmativas das plataformas digitais", "author": "LM Costa, LB da Nóbrega…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducted research on how platforms combat disinformation, critiquing the lack of centralized and transparent information from the platforms regarding their policies and actions.", "quote": "Os autores da pesquisa “Fake news: como as plataformas enfrentam a desinformação” concluíram que “as informações são escassas e dispersas, de maneira que a aferição da concretude das ações fica restrita às alegações das empresas, aproximando-se mais de promessas não comprováveis”.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ufs.emnuvens.com.br/eptic/article/view/14647", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, WhatsApp), Brazil (global context)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Intervozes—Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social", "aliases": ["Intervozes—Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil Liability of Social Media for User Statements and Moderation", "author": "AFS de Souza, FMG Pessoa, TDGB Sande", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-authored a document titled 'Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms' proposing that platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content unless actively involved or negligent.", "quote": "In the document titled \"Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms to Ensure Freedom of Expression on the Internet", "page": "it is proposed that content platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/beijlar16&section=56", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global (US, EU, Brazil focus)", "when": "1990s-present"}]}, {"name": "Invisible Children", "aliases": ["Invisible Children"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Latin America"], "media": ["digital culture"], "norms": ["humanitarian aid", "political advocacy", "public awareness"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Es el curriculum escolar relevante en la cultura digital? Debates y desafíos sobre la autoridad cultural contemporánea", "author": "I Dussel", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The organization created a viral video ('Kony 2012') that rapidly diffused through social networks, leveraging celebrity endorsements and appealing to emotional responses. This initiative, while generating controversy for its ethical and political messages, exemplified how digital culture shapes public discourse and influences collective action by functioning as a 'new curriculum' for mass culture, thereby influencing public opinion and potentially amplifying or demoting specific narratives.", "quote": "Un ejemplo que me interesó especialmente, por sus connotaciones éticas y políticas, es el del video Kony 2012¹³, creado por una ONG norteamericana que trabaja en Uganda, Invisible Children, que se volvió muy popular en marzo del 2012.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2750/275031898046.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with a focus on digital culture and Latin American educational contexts", "when": "From the modern era to the present, with a specific focus on the digital era (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Involve", "aliases": ["Involve"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a third-party democratic infrastructure provider, offering expertise in conducting deliberative democratic processes for collective decision-making.", "quote": "Processes are often conducted by a third-party democratic infrastructure provider (Ovadya, 2023a), roughly analogous to an election system vendor, who has expertise in conducting such deliberative processes (e.g., Involve; Nexus; MosaicLab; MASS LBP).", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "IP.Rec (Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet)", "aliases": ["IP.Rec (Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede, a coalition advocating for legal norms of accountability for social media.", "quote": "Entre las cuales están Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, InternetLab, IP.Rec, Coding Rights, LAPIN - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Internet...", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "IPNSIG", "aliases": ["IPNSIG"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["technical advocacy chapter / specialist interest group (Interplanetary Chapter of the Internet Society)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Standard setting"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "IPNSIG produces technical reports and working-group outputs, collaborates with standards bodies (IETF, CCSDS) and space agencies, and advances DTN implementations to shape norms and technical standards for interplanetary networking.", "quote": "Primary mission is developing Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking and interplanetary network infrastructure, while also addressing governance of that infrastructure (reports and working groups on Architecture & Governance).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ipnsig.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "IPPR Commission on Economic Justice", "aliases": ["IPPR Commission on Economic Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["EU", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "policy coherence", "public benefit"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reframing platform power", "author": "Van Dijck, José; Nieborg, David; Poell, Thomas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published a discussion paper on integrated policy-making, which serves as an example for how national-level policy could address platform power and aim for public benefit in the digital commonwealth.", "quote": "A British discussion paper published by the IPPR Commission on Economic Justice forms a lightning example of what integrated policy-making at the national level could look like (Lawrence & Laybourn-Langton, 2018).", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1414", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU and US digital markets", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ipsos", "aliases": ["Ipsos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public education", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Detecção de linguagem tóxica aplicada a textos em português", "author": "DO Trajano", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and collects data on social issues like cyberbullying, identifying the prevalence of online violence and assessing the sufficiency of anti-bullying measures. This informs public discourse and potential policy on online moderation.", "quote": "Segundo levantamento realizado pelo Instituto Ipsos em 2018¹, o Brasil ficou em segundo lugar no ranking em que pais ou responsáveis relataram que os filhos já foram vítimas de violência online", "page": "19", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/25138/1/000505783-Texto%2Bcompleto-0.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social Media, Portuguese language (Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Iran CSOs Training & Research Center", "aliases": ["Iran CSOs Training & Research Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This organization published a report on the status of the internet in Iran, which serves as a documentation effort to bring attention to and monitor internet conditions and potential censorship.", "quote": "Iran CSOs Training & Research Center. A report on the status of the internet in iran. November 2005.", "page": "29", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Iran Human Rights Center Documentation Center", "aliases": ["Iran Human Rights Center Documentation Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This center documented the Iranian government's response to the internet, providing critical information on censorship and internet control mechanisms in a human rights context.", "quote": "Iran Human Rights Center Documentation Center. Ctrl+Alt+Delete: Iran's Re-sponse to the Internet. May 2009.", "page": "29", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Iran Media Research", "aliases": ["Iran Media Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts research and issues reports on media censorship in Iran, focusing on its societal and human rights implications.", "quote": "The Iran Media Research program [21] and Small Media [37] have each issued reports on media censorship in Iran, emphasizing its social and humanitarian impacts.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Iranian bloggers (collective)", "aliases": ["Iranian bloggers (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "National Web Studies: Mapping Iran Online", "author": "Rogers, Richard; Weltevrede, Esther; Niederer, Sabine; Borra, Erik", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Collectively compile and use lists of 'smelly' (politically sensitive) words to circumvent state censorship, maintaining critical discourse and active blogging despite their sites being blocked.", "quote": "The word list was created through a collaboration by nearly 20 Iranian bloggers, whose blogs have been blocked by the state over the past three years. When their blogs were blocked, they began to compile a list of 'smelly' words, such as open letter, manifesto, opposition party and political prisoner.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Iranian Green Movement", "aliases": ["Iranian Green Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Organized and participated in violent protests after disputing presidential election results, challenging official interpretations of the 'republic' within the Islamic Republic, leading to suppression by the state.", "quote": "Tensions between these two interpretations exploded during the 2009 Presidential elections where two candidates, Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karoubi, disputed the results, leading to violent protests that rattled the country. The fact that both men at the helm of the 2009 electoral campaign for reform, dubbed the Green Movement, were political veterans who had participated in the 1979 revolution and had played key roles in solidifying the Islamic Republic, dealt a psychological blow to the system.", "page": "165", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Iranian Nationalist Movement (led by Mohammad Mosaddegh)", "aliases": ["Iranian Nationalist Movement (led by Mohammad Mosaddegh)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic control", "national interest", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The movement nationalized Iran's oil industry, which was seen as a threat to Western interests, leading to a CIA-backed coup that overthrew their democratically elected leader.", "quote": "En el Irán monárquico, los nacionalistas, con Mosadeq a la cabeza, lograron nacionalizar el petróleo, lo que despertó la furia de sus expropietarios –los ingleses.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Iraq Body Count", "aliases": ["Iraq Body Count"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "An independent database that tabulated war deaths by reviewing military and news reports, providing more detailed and accurate information than traditional media, promoting transparency of sources and methodology.", "quote": "En respuesta, dos sitios-Iraq Coalition Casualty Count e Iraq Body Count- han intentado estab-lecer bases de datos independientes que tabulen las muertes mediante la revisión de los reportes militares y noticiosos.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Iraq Coalition Casualty Count", "aliases": ["Iraq Coalition Casualty Count"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "An independent database that tabulated war deaths by reviewing military and news reports, providing more detailed and accurate information than traditional media, promoting transparency of sources and methodology.", "quote": "En respuesta, dos sitios-Iraq Coalition Casualty Count e Iraq Body Count- han intentado estab-lecer bases de datos independientes que tabulen las muertes mediante la revisión de los reportes militares y noticiosos.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Irational Radio", "aliases": ["Irational Radio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["media diversity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An Internet radio initiative that provides information and contacts for setting up analogue pirate radio and webcasting, encouraging diverse strategies for broadcasting alternative sound content.", "quote": "Irational [sic] Radio (http://www.irational.orglradio/) supplies information on a range of radio initiatives, including information and contacts for set ting up analogue pirate radio as well as DIY guides and software links for webcasting with RealAudio streaming software.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "IREX ProMedia", "aliases": ["IREX ProMedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal protection", "media development", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Operated a legal aid division and Ukraine program, providing support and resources for media development and assisting journalists in combating censorship and legal pressures.", "quote": "Mycio, Mary: IREX ProMedia, Head of Legal Aid Division", "page": "25", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "iRights Coalition", "aliases": ["iRights Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Promoting digital rights.", "quote": "23. iRights Coalition. (2015). iRights. http://irights.uk/the_irights/", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Irish American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston", "aliases": ["Irish American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech", "identity expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA MODERATION PAR LES PLATEFORMES PORTE-T-ELLE ATTEINTE A LA LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION ? REFLEXIONS A PARTIR DES APPROCHES ETATS- UNIENNE (ZHANG V BAIDU.COM, 2014) ET ITALIENNE (CASAPOUND CONTRO FACEBOOK, 2019)", "author": "Auriel, Pierre; Lyon, Université Jean Moulin; de Lyon, Philosophiques; Unger, Mathilde", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Was the plaintiff in a Supreme Court case (Hurley v. Irish American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston, 1995) concerning their right to march in a private parade and express their message, illustrating the conflict between parade organizers' editorial freedom and the group's free speech rights.", "quote": "La Cour suprême le confirme dans Hurley en 1995 : « une manifestation importante du principe de libre expression est que celui qui choisit de parler peut aussi décider de « ce qu'il ne dit pas¹⁹ » ».", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Baidu, Facebook), USA, Italy", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific cases from 2014 and 2019"}]}, {"name": "Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group", "aliases": ["Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of association", "inclusion", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Engaged in litigation (Hurley v.) to assert its right to expressive association and participation in a private parade, setting legal precedent for the balance between private property rights and free speech.", "quote": "Operators of social network websites could try to argue that being forced to serve as a forum for viewpoints with which they disagree violates their right to associ-ate, citing such cases as Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group, 515 U.S. 557 (1995)", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "Irmandade de Santa Catarina", "aliases": ["Irmandade de Santa Catarina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "religious welfare", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Acted as a publishing institution for medical texts, contributing to the book market that was under the scrutiny of censorship authorities.", "quote": "São 41 os editores identificados na BML. Em dois casos, trata-se de instituições (Universidade de Évora, Irmandade de Santa Catarina).", "page": "103", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Iron and Steel Cartel (northwest group)", "aliases": ["Iron and Steel Cartel (northwest group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Provided private financial contributions to the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), thereby funding the war-guilt revisionist campaign.", "quote": "Private contributions flowed in from large industrial concerns such as IG-Farben, the northwest group of the Iron and Steel Cartel, and the Hamburg Board of Trade, with smaller amounts being raised by government-endorsed lotteries and public solicitations.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "ISHR MOROCCO", "aliases": ["ISHR MOROCCO"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international human rights NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ISHR publishes reports and regional updates, runs joint projects on freedom of information and media, and uses its national sections to raise awareness and press for rights protections across jurisdictions.", "quote": "ISHR's core mission is human rights advocacy, but it runs projects and reports on \"freedom of information and media\" and supports civil society work relevant to platformed information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://ishr.org/regions/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ISIS sympathisers in Indonesia", "aliases": ["ISIS sympathisers in Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-radicalism"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Many Indonesians joined ISIS or supported its ideology from within the country, carrying out terror attacks and spreading radicalism through education and proselytisation, effectively disseminating and enforcing extremist views.", "quote": "This is evident from the emergence of ISIS sympathisers in Indonesia in the mid-2010s. Many Indonesians joined ISIS in the Middle East or supported their ideology from within the country.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Islamic boarding schools", "aliases": ["Islamic boarding schools"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-radicalization", "modernization", "religious moderation", "religious values", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation From Sunan Kudus' Perspective and Its Correlation with Islamic Education in The Modern Era", "author": "Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As non-formal Islamic educational institutions, Pesantren are encouraged to adapt to modern times by integrating technology and community programs, and to counter negative perceptions (e.g., radicalism) by promoting tolerance and broad societal engagement.", "quote": "Pesantren is one of the non-formal Islamic educational institutions that has dramatically influenced the State of Indonesia and its youth in the past... However, in this modern era, several public assumptions related to Islamic boarding schools have begun to exist, especially related to the issue of radical Islamic boarding schools, and also Islamic boarding schools that cannot keep up with the times.", "page": "10", "url": "repository.uin-malang.ac.id", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Kudus, Java, Indonesia", "when": "15th-16th century (for Sunan Kudus's era) and Modern era (for Islamic education correlation)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic boarding schools and educational institutions", "aliases": ["Islamic boarding schools and educational institutions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-radicalization", "religious education"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Some have been accused of teaching radical ideologies to their students, indicating a role in the dissemination and enforcement of specific (in this case, radical) norms through education.", "quote": "Several Islamic boarding schools and educational institutions in Indonesia have been accused of teaching radical ideologies to their students (Pertiwi, Widodo, & Priyanto, 2023).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Defender Front", "aliases": ["Islamic Defender Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts", "author": "Afwadzi, Benny; Sumbulah, Umi; Ali, Nur; Qudsy, Saifuddin Z.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Rejects the concept of religious moderation, viewing it as a political and ideological agenda, which influences public opinion by promoting alternative religious and social norms.", "quote": "They believe that the Ministry of Religious Affairs... wants to discredit certain parties – such as Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) and Islamic Defender Front (FPI) – using this terminology.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/9369", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Foundation", "aliases": ["Islamic Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Apartheid era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences", "author": "PD McDonald", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Issued a statement condemning Salman Rushdie's 'The Satanic Verses' which was then cited verbatim by a state security committee to justify the book's banning, demonstrating its role in influencing state censorship through norm-setting and public pressure based on religious values.", "quote": "McDonald wys op die geval van Salman Rushdie se The Satanic Verses (1988)... geneem is deur 'n veiligheidskomitee wat in sy verslag 'n uitspraak van die Islamitiese Stigting verbatim aangehaal het...", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1960s-1990s (Apartheid era)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic missionary institutions", "aliases": ["Islamic missionary institutions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "dialogue", "religious moderation", "religious values", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE SPREAD OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE DIGITAL ERA", "author": "Nuha, Nazahah Ulin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These institutions utilize social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Whatsapp to disseminate content, specifically religious messages, aimed at stimulating public awareness and understanding of religious moderation values.", "quote": "By using platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Whatsapp, Islamic missionary institutions can disseminate content that aims to stimulate public awareness of the importance of religious (Matondang, 2023).", "page": "3", "url": "ejournal.unuja.ac.id", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, Social Media", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Movement inside Israel (Northern Branch)", "aliases": ["Islamic Movement inside Israel (Northern Branch)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Palestine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The “inclusion-moderation” illusion: re-framing the Islamic movement inside Israel", "author": "C Larkin, M Nasasra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Rejects parliamentary participation, viewing it as legitimizing Israeli authority. It focuses on local institution building, protecting Islamic holy sites (Al-Aqsa), and mobilizing support through campaigns. The movement was banned by Israel for alleged incitement.", "quote": "An opposing faction (IMNB) coalescing around Ra'id Salah and Kamal Khatib strongly rejected parliamentary representation arguing that it was against shari'a law, it recognized and legitimized Israeli authority as the “Knesset is the supreme establishment of the Zionist project,”", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865315", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Israel / Palestine (Islamic Movement inside Israel)", "when": "1970s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Movement inside Israel (Southern Branch)", "aliases": ["Islamic Movement inside Israel (Southern Branch)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Palestine"], "media": [], "norms": ["equal rights", "minority rights", "public participation", "religious freedom", "resource allocation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The “inclusion-moderation” illusion: re-framing the Islamic movement inside Israel", "author": "C Larkin, M Nasasra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participates in parliamentary politics (Knesset) and local municipal elections as part of joint Palestinian lists. It also establishes NGOs and welfare institutions to provide services, empower local activism, and advocate for civic rights.", "quote": "a faction (IMSB) lead by Darwish believed that Palestinian citizens of Israel would be better served and protected through national representation which would empower the fight for: equal rights, larger municipal budgets and religious freedoms within the Israeli system.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865315", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Israel / Palestine (Islamic Movement inside Israel)", "when": "1970s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Renaissance Front", "aliases": ["Islamic Renaissance Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "democratic values", "pluralism", "religious reform", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocates for progressive Muslim ideas and challenges state-led Islamisation, organizing seminars and engaging in discourse, despite facing bans and criticisms from religious authorities.", "quote": "Representatives from progressive Muslim NGOs, Islamic Renaissance Front, and Sisters in Islam warned that the Malaysian government has used Islamic rhetoric to silence dissent, censure civil rights activists and persecute dissenting Muslims and religious minorities (Zurairi & Yap, 2014).", "page": "179", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Revolution in Iran", "aliases": ["Islamic Revolution in Iran"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The revolution overthrew the Iranian monarchy, establishing a new fundamentalist state that challenged regional legitimacy and US interests, leading to US and Iraqi efforts to 'stop' its spread and influence.", "quote": "La primera guerra del Golfo creó la oportunidad: el objetivo común iraquí-norteamericano consistía en detener la triunfante revolución islámica en Irán.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)", "aliases": ["Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["islamic principles"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Was the first Salafi party to enter politics in the 1990s, marking a significant ideological shift for Salafis and presenting itself as a purer, more principled alternative to mainstream Islamist movements.", "quote": "Although Front Islamique du Salut- Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in Algeria was the first of this kind in the 1990s, Salafi parties were able to present themselves as purer, more principled alternatives to Ikhwan's long record of strategic and pragmatic shifts and its 'dilutions' of Islamic principles and values.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic State (of Iraq and Syria)", "aliases": ["Islamic State (of Iraq and Syria)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany", "Norway"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media", "author": "Holt, Kristoffer; Ustad Figenschou, Tine; Frischlich, Lena", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Maintained its own news agencies (Amaq) and magazines (Dabiq) to produce and disseminate ideologically aligned 'news', acting as a self-contained content gatekeeper and propagator for its social movement.", "quote": "The network of the self-declared 'Islamic State' (‘IS' or ‘daesh'), for example, relied primarily on its own news agencies (Amaq), published own magazines (e.g. Dabiq), selecting ‘news' based on ideological values.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (with focus on Germany and Norway) and digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS/ISIL/Daesh)", "aliases": ["Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS/ISIL/Daesh)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (terrorist organization/armed group)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural eradication", "political domination", "religious extremism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Practiced systematic, deliberate, and organized destruction of cultural heritage, including religious symbols and monuments, to eradicate cultural and religious diversity and enforce its extremist interpretation of Islam, acting as severe norm enforcement/censorship through violence.", "quote": "Sin embargo, el Daesh, acrónimo de la organización Estado Islámico en Irak y Siria (en árabe, al-Dawla al-Islamiya fi-l Iraq wa-l-Sham), practicó una campaña sistemática, deliberada y organizada de destrucción de bienes culturales con el objetivo de erradicar la diversidad cultural y religiosa en las zonas en las que implantó su brutal régimen de terror.", "page": "113", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Universities", "aliases": ["Islamic Universities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["modernization", "openness", "quality education", "religious moderation", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation From Sunan Kudus' Perspective and Its Correlation with Islamic Education in The Modern Era", "author": "Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These formal Islamic educational institutions are urged to adapt to modern societal needs by accepting non-Muslim students and offering general study programs, aiming to foster tolerance, inclusivity, and broader religious understanding.", "quote": "Meanwhile, related to formal competitions of Islamic education, such as Islamic universities, both public and private, must also improve themselves and adjust to the situation in this modern era. Sunan Kudus has taught that when we want our place to be crowded, we should make them feel safe and peaceful, like in their homes.", "page": "12", "url": "repository.uin-malang.ac.id", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Kudus, Java, Indonesia", "when": "15th-16th century (for Sunan Kudus's era) and Modern era (for Islamic education correlation)"}]}, {"name": "Islamic Youth Association", "aliases": ["Islamic Youth Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "public safety", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This radical organization viewed Moroccan society as being in a state of pre-Islamic ignorance ('jahiliyya'), legitimizing the use of force to establish an Islamic state and rejecting political participation. Its banning and persecution by the state later prompted its members to seek more moderate organizational forms.", "quote": "Al-Shabiba viewed Moroccan society as being in a state of ‘jahiliyya’ (pre-Islamic ignorance), legitimizing the use of force to establish an Islamic state if necessary per Qutb’s teachings, while participating in the political process was viewed as un-Islamic.", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Islamist forces", "aliases": ["Islamist forces"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Israel", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ces interdits qui nous hantent: Islam, censure, orientalisme", "author": "SJ Al-Azm, J El Gharbi", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Participate in public life in the Arab world, engaging in a complex interdependency with authoritarian regimes and secular intellectuals, contributing to the context of censorship and limitations on freedom of expression.", "quote": "À l'heure où les intellectuels laïcs dans le monde arabe semblent être pris dans une relation triangulaire d'interdépendance entre les forces islamistes et les régimes autoritaires (El-Alaoui 2010)", "page": "2", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/mny6n3kp25cvzm2csytx5i3h3u/access/wayback/https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ACO_102_0149&download=1", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Middle East, Israel, France, Europe", "when": "Antiquity to contemporary period"}]}, {"name": "Islamist political parties and activists", "aliases": ["Islamist political parties and activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious morality", "social standards"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Private satellite media and the geo-politics of moderation in Pakistan", "author": "TH Naqvi", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerted pressure on private media stations through direct action (storming offices) and public complaints. They aimed to enforce conservative social and religious standards by moderating broadcast content perceived as indecent or morally objectionable.", "quote": "The offices of GEO TV were stormed on 30 January 2005 by Islamist activists after it aired an investigative report on child abuse and incest¹². Similar Islamist grumblings have also been heard around the question of indecency...", "page": "9", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SViV40dZcNMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA109&dq=television+moderation&ots=MBZtVRyVWh&sig=apin3lLGwnxg8G7fruHfbCYtPfo", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Islamitiese Stigting (Islamic Foundation)", "aliases": ["Islamitiese Stigting (Islamic Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Issued a statement condemning Salman Rushdie's book, which was then directly used by a state security committee to ban the publication, thereby influencing state-sanctioned censorship.", "quote": "die Islamitiese Stigting verbatim aangehaal het: 'this work, thinly disguised as a piece of literature, not only grossly distorts Islamic history in general, but also portrays in the worst possible colours the very characters of the prophet Ibrahim and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be on them)'", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Island Hospice and Bereavement Service", "aliases": ["Island Hospice and Bereavement Service"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public service"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Was a target of intermediary censorship when its website was threatened with disablement by a U.S.-based hosting company due to a misinterpretation of U.S. Treasury Department restrictions.", "quote": "Kubatana's Web site, along with the Web sites of Women of Zimbabwe Arise and Island Hospice and Bereavement Service, would be disabled so that BlueHost would remain in compliance with U.S. Treasury Department restrictions.", "page": "5", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "ISOC Accessibility Standing Group", "aliases": ["ISOC Accessibility Standing Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standing group within Internet Society (non-profit digital inclusion group)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Connectivity and accessibility", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The ASG produces surveys, activity reports, training and awareness campaigns and leverages the Internet Society community to disseminate guidance and build capacity on digital accessibility globally.", "quote": "Core mission promotes and facilitates digital accessibility across Internet Society channels, running trainings, webinars, surveys and strategic frameworks directly relevant to platform accessibility and governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isocasg.org/wiki/Main_Page", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Israeli Press Council", "aliases": ["Israeli Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "A voluntary board established by associations of journalists, editors, and newspaper publishers to safeguard freedom of the press and public knowledge, and to maintain journalistic quality and ethics, as a reaction to military censorship.", "quote": "This voluntary body came as a reaction to strict military censorship on the media and, unlike the Michman Committee, was an attempt to ensure more favorable working conditions for journalists. It led the way to the establishment in 1966 of the Censorship Agreement, signed between media representatives and the IDF.", "page": "21", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Istituto Carlo Cattaneo", "aliases": ["Istituto Carlo Cattaneo"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research on electoral flows and voter behavior, contributing to the analysis of political changes and the study of Italian electoral history.", "quote": "Specifiche indagini sui flussi elettorali mostrano altresì che il forte aumento dei consensi per il M5S sia dovuto tanto al recupero dall’area dell’astensione, quanto, in misura cospicua, di elettori che nel 2013 avevano votato Pd (Istituto Cattaneo 2018).", "page": "77", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani", "aliases": ["Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["linguistic authority", "linguistic preservation", "linguistic standardization"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Giornalismo e social network: un'analisi linguistica", "author": "G Scarfone", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Through its online dictionary, Treccani formally attests and documents neologisms, contributing to the recognition and standardization of new linguistic forms in public usage.", "quote": "Il neologismo grillino (2008) è attestato dal dizionario online Treccani, e si riferisce ai sostenitori e seguaci di Beppe Grillo, fondatore del partito politico \"Movimento Cinque Stelle\"\" (M5s).\"", "page": "25", "url": "https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/LCdM/article/view/8018", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Facebook, Twitter", "when": "2013–2014"}]}, {"name": "Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani", "aliases": ["Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "clarity", "linguistic standardization"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serves as an authoritative source for defining key terminology in communication and information technology, thereby establishing conceptual clarity and linguistic norms within the public discourse.", "quote": "La parola algoritmo nell'uso comune è solitamente confusa o semplificata. Al contrario, nell'informatica e nella comunicazione, è un passo procedurale o una sequenza di istruzioni per risolvere un problema o per organizzare una raccolta di informazioni.", "page": "19", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Istituto Luce", "aliases": ["Istituto Luce"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural values", "nationalism", "obedience", "respect", "state authority"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dinamiche psicosociali di liberalizzazione cognitiva e culturale: il contributo del contatto intergruppi diretto e mediato", "author": "E FASAN", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a state-chartered entity during the Fascist era, it was responsible for producing 'cineinformazioni' (newsreels/information films) and 'film di propaganda'. This served as a mechanism for the state to shape public opinion and enforce ideological norms by promoting specific values.", "quote": "È lo slogan che celebra nel 1937 l’inaugurazione della nuova sede dell’Istituto Luce, ente deputato alla realizzazione – prima ancora che di film di propaganda – delle cineinformazioni, antenate degli attuali telegiornali.", "page": "17", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/96251", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global multicultural societies; media landscape (with empirical focus on Italy)", "when": "Mid-20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "It Gets Better Project", "aliases": ["It Gets Better Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "lgbtq+ rights", "youth empowerment"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Encouraged participants to post videos offering hope and support to LGBT youth, forming a memetic campaign for empowerment and collective identity that resonated beyond its founder.", "quote": "Noam Gal, Limor Shifman, and Zohar Kampf (2015) focus on the 2010 memetic “It Gets Better” pro-LGBT video campaign, wherein participants followed the lead of activist Dan Savage and posted videos encouraging LGBT youth to remain hopeful.", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "IT og Digitale Frihedsrettigheder - Vedtagne visioner - Dialog", "aliases": ["IT og Digitale Frihedsrettigheder - Vedtagne visioner - Dialog"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Alternativet shapes platform-related policy through member-driven consultations on Dialog, public framing of digital rights, and political advocacy as an elected party.", "quote": "Alternativet publishes an explicit vision on 'IT og Digitale Frihedsrettigheder' and operates 'Dialog', an open-source platform for developing digital policy and engaging members in platform-related debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://dialog.alternativet.dk/t/it-og-digitale-frihedsrettigheder/4537", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "It's Going Down", "aliases": ["It's Going Down"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-fascism", "anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as an anarchist, anti-fascist online community and network that combats far-right groups, including through 'doxxing' to expose activists.", "quote": "Notable examples include the anarchist, anti-fascist online community and network It’s Going Down, We Hunted the Mammoth, which ‘tracks and mocks the white male rage underlying the rise of Trump and Trumpism’.", "page": "57", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "IT-Pol", "aliases": ["IT-Pol"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes formal høringssvar to government bills, public analyses (e.g. critiques of PET-law and TCO proposals), maintains media and member-facing channels and acts through EDRi to influence European debates.", "quote": "Core mission defends privacy, free expression and digital rights and the organisation regularly submits detailed høringssvar on laws affecting platform content, surveillance and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.itpol.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "it.discussioni.sessualità", "aliases": ["it.discussioni.sessualità"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Operated as a moderated online discussion group, where moderators actively rejected messages deemed non-compliant with its stated 'manifesto' or, for perceived content issues, as well as retroactively changing its rules to disallow certain topics.", "quote": "Il tuo articolo è stato esaminato dal moderatore ed è stato rifiutato: Il tuo articolo, infatti, non rispecchia il manifesto del gruppo...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Italian Association for Computational Linguistics", "aliases": ["Italian Association for Computational Linguistics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "ai development", "trust and safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Hosts the EVALITA event, which encourages researchers to submit datasets for new language tasks and benchmarks in Italian, fostering competition and creating resources for evaluating Italian-language moderation systems.", "quote": "One model for how this can work is exemplified by EVALITA, an event hosted by the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics. In it, researchers submit datasets for new language tasks and benchmarks...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Italian Association of Neuroradiology", "aliases": ["Italian Association of Neuroradiology"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "professional standards", "respect"], "topics": ["moderatore dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civiltà d'un Congresso", "author": "G Ruggiero", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organizes national congresses and, through its leadership (the president), exemplifies and enforces 'civil' standards of conduct and moderation for scientific meetings.", "quote": "A questo riguardo, l'ultimo congresso dell'Associazione Italiana di Neuroradiologia ha avuto un presidente molto civile.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/197140090902200639", "topic": "moderatore dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Scientific congresses, Italy and Europe", "when": "Late 20th century (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Italian City-States", "aliases": ["Italian City-States"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic liberty", "cultural flourishing", "local autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Functioned as autonomous political entities, fiercely defending their local autonomy and shaping Renaissance culture, even while facing decline from national states.", "quote": "this international culture was born in an even more particularistic setting, the Italian city-states most fiercely attached to their local autonomy.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Italian Civic Communes", "aliases": ["Italian Civic Communes"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["local governance", "market dominance", "self-governance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Governed city-states, often as oligarchies, and exercised collective lordship over surrounding regions, serving as commercial links in fragmented feudal Europe.", "quote": "The medieval city-states of northern Italy... represented an exception to the Western feudal model of seigneurial domination... governed by urban elites...", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Italian Communist Party", "aliases": ["Italian Communist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The PCI underwent ideological moderation by renouncing core communist tenets such as the aim for a socialist revolution, gradually accepting pluralist democracy, capitalism, European integration, and NATO, transforming from a policy-seeking to a vote-seeking party due to societal changes and electoral incentives.", "quote": "PCI’s Historic Compromise in the 1970s and the accompanying policy shifts are examples of ideological moderation that transformed the party from a policy-seeking one to a vote-seeking one. [...] Hence, key elements of the party’s communist ideology were relinquished, paving the way for ideological moderation.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Italian Digital Media Observatory (IDMO)", "aliases": ["Italian Digital Media Observatory (IDMO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy", "pluralism of information"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA, ALGORITMI E INTELLIGENZA ARTIFICIALE: LE NUOVE SFIDE DELL'INFORMAZIONE CONTEMPORANEA", "author": "SG IMPERATRICE", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts monitoring and research on online disinformation phenomena, analyzes digital content, provides insights to academics and institutions, and develops counter-measures, including support for public policies and media literacy initiatives.", "quote": "Inoltre, in Italia, reti di monitoraggio come l'Osservatorio Italiano dei Media Digitali55 forniscono approfondimenti e interazione tra il mondo accademico, il fact-checking e le istituzioni...", "page": "69", "url": "https://unitesi.unipv.it/handle/20.500.14239/33127", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, European Union (digital information ecosystem)", "when": "20th century to present, with a focus on the contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM)", "aliases": ["Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation / scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provided crucial organizational and technical support for the design and execution of a laboratory experiment on public bioethics.", "quote": "Emanuela Orlando and all the technicians of the Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) for having helped me in the huge organisational work propaedeutic to the study.", "page": "233", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Italian Male Religious Orders", "aliases": ["Italian Male Religious Orders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy", "religious authority"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a collective, these orders initially resisted or delayed the Congregation of the Index's requests for alphabetical inventories of all books in their libraries (both common and private), citing desires to maintain institutional and judicial autonomy, but were eventually compelled to comply.", "quote": "La non chiarezza di questi privilegi e attuazione nonché tutte quelle altre case regolari che non avevano ancora rispettato le norme censorie, spinsero i cardinali della Congregazione dell’Indice ad esortare nel luglio 1599 l’invio a Roma delle liste dei libri censurabili presenti nelle biblioteche claustrali di tutti gli ordini religiosi italiani entro il Natale di quell’anno, sfruttando l’intercessione di superiori delle singole comunità", "page": "31", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Italo-Germanic Association", "aliases": ["Italo-Germanic Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["international relations", "national identity", "political values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship of Translation in Fascist Italy", "author": "Rundle, Christopher", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The association served as a platform for promoting cultural and political alignment between Italy and Germany, where state officials like Minister Pavolini would articulate norms and aspirations consistent with the fascist regime's foreign policy and cultural agenda.", "quote": "Speech given by Pavolini at the annual inauguration of the Italo-Germanic Association. Undated. ACS, MCP, b.103, f. ‘Discorsi ed articoli del Ministro Pavolini'.", "page": "20", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13556509.2000.10799056", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1920s-1940s"}]}, {"name": "Izquierda Republicana", "aliases": ["Izquierda Republicana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "It joined forces with Unión Republicana and Partido Nacional Republicano to form the 'germ' of the Frente Popular, indicating its participation in pre-electoral coalition building to influence government.", "quote": "Las convicciones que el político sevillano compartía con Azaña y Sán-chez Román los llevaron a firmar el 12 de abril de 1935 un importante do-cumento en nombre de sus respectivos partidos: Unión Republicana, Iz-quierda Republicana y Partido Nacional Republicano.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Izquierda Unida (Parliamentary Group, within La Izquierda Plural coalition)", "aliases": ["Izquierda Unida (Parliamentary Group, within La Izquierda Plural coalition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "equality", "public debt accountability", "public services", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Critiques government and other parties' policies from a left-wing perspective, advocates for public debt accountability and social welfare, and uses direct criticism and appeals to citizen awareness to expose perceived injustices.", "quote": "Nosotros apostamos por una auditoría de la deuda pública que evalúe qué parte de estos contratos pueden considerarse legítimos […] No es nuestra deuda, se está socializando; no es nuestra deuda y por tanto no la pagamos.", "page": "263", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Izquierda Unida-EQUO", "aliases": ["Izquierda Unida-EQUO"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed amendments to electoral law to ensure that all political formations with parliamentary representation participate in debates, advocating for broader inclusion in media coverage.", "quote": "IU-EQUO y PSOE proponen que participen todas las formaciones que hayan obtenido representación en las últimas elecciones.", "page": "15", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "İnsâniyet", "aliases": ["İnsâniyet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political criticism", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published socialist views, leading to its editor's exile and subsequent petitions for financial assistance from the state.", "quote": "the governor of Kastamoni wrote to the Ministry of the Interior on March 11, 1910, asking for a special allocation of one mecidiye for Hüseyin Hilmi of the socialist newspaper İnsâniyet (Humanity), who had been exiled to Kastamoni.", "page": "24", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "J.B. Vittrant (Society of Jesus)", "aliases": ["J.B. Vittrant (Society of Jesus)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "As a Jesuit moral theologian, he defined strict criteria for 'bad books' that should be placed on an Index, explicitly detailing content that attacked religion, morals, or promoted forbidden practices.", "quote": "ceux qui «attaquent la religion ou les bonnes mœurs» et qui, particulièrement, «traitent de choses lascives ou obscènes... ou) prétendent établir la licéité du duel, du suicide ou du divorce».", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Jack Leonard and Walls Have Ears Organization", "aliases": ["Jack Leonard and Walls Have Ears Organization"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced propaganda with the slogan \"Beware the Walls Have Ears\"\" to encourage public silence and prevent information leakage during wartime", "quote": "National security, anti-espionage.", "page": "Beware the Walls Have Ears [fai (o fate) attenzione, i muri hanno orecchie] (Jack Leonard and Walls Have Ears Organization [organizzazione “I muri hanno le orecchie”], 1939–45)", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Jacksonville's Martha Reid Chapter (United Daughters of the Confederacy)", "aliases": ["Jacksonville's Martha Reid Chapter (United Daughters of the Confederacy)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "historical narrative"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This local chapter appointed a committee to review city textbooks, participating in the broader effort by Confederate societies to ensure educational materials conformed to their preferred historical narratives and values.", "quote": "Caught up in this spirit, Jacksonville's Martha Reid Chapter appointed a committee of ten to review city textbooks; and by 1921, the state division in concert with the United Confederate Veterans and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans could assure publishers that in Florida 'they could not sell textbooks containing slurring remarks . . . prejudicial to the South.'", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Jacobin Club (Société des Jacobins)", "aliases": ["Jacobin Club (Société des Jacobins)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective good"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Ancient to Modern Liberty: The Legacy of Benjamin Constant", "author": "D Pimenta", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its extremism and ideology, which prioritized the collective will over individual freedom, contributed to the 'revolutionary terror' during the French Revolution, fostering an environment of state intervention, censorship, and political ostracism.", "quote": "Constant writes and speaks in defense of a liberalism threatened both by the enduring force of absolutism inherited from the Ancien Régime and by Jacobinism's extremism.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistasojs.ucaldas.edu.co/index.php/discusionesfilosoficas/article/view/11503", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe (ancient and modern)", "when": "Antiquity to early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Jacobin Clubs", "aliases": ["Jacobin Clubs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of assembly", "freedom of association"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Their revolutionary excesses and tumults served as a \"pernicious example\"\" for Spanish politicians", "quote": "thus implicitly moderating political organization.\"", "page": "revolutionary excesses, tumults, political radicalism (viewed negatively by Spanish politicians).", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Jacobin magazine", "aliases": ["Jacobin magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanism", "social progress", "socialism"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape left-wing political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, thereby influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "Lauren es una “socialista comprometida, educada en una familia de Brooklyn de tradición humanista ilustrada\"", "page": "y", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Jacobins", "aliases": ["Jacobins"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party/faction"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-monarchy", "revolution"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Advocated for radical political change, specifically calling for the execution of King Louis XVI, in opposition to the more moderate Girondins during the French Revolution.", "quote": "The battle between the Girondins and the Jacobins in the French Revolution is a good historical example of such conflicts. It was triggered by a dispute about the execution of the king, with the Jacobins calling for regicide...", "page": "149", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Jacques Delors Centre", "aliases": ["Jacques Delors Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes studies on political communication, analyzing how populist leaders adapt their communicative style to build trust and closeness with the public through new media.", "quote": "Uno studio dell'Istituto Delors di Berlino ha evidenziato come i leader populisti, sia di destra che di sinistra, abbiano adattato con successo il loro stile comunicativo, costruendo un rapporto di fiducia e vicinanza con il pubblico.", "page": "17", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "Jailbreak Chat", "aliases": ["Jailbreak Chat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Generative AI"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Scaling Up Mischief: Red-Teaming AI and Distributing Governance", "author": "Metcalf, Jacob; Singh, Ranjit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-run online forum where users can upvote clever prompts designed to 'jailbreak' AI models, thereby crowdsourcing the collection of inputs that produce harmful model outputs.", "quote": "Web-based tools like Lakera's Gandalf role-playing game (Lakera.ai 2023), and the forum Jailbreak Chat (Albert 2023) that has users upvote clever prompts, similarly crowdsource collection of prompts that produce harmful model outputs.", "page": "3", "url": "https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/ded4vcwl", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Generative AI, USA", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)", "aliases": ["JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Did not employ outside reviewers until 1940, instead relying solely on editors' assessments for publication decisions, reflecting a historical approach to content gatekeeping primarily based on internal editorial judgment.", "quote": "...Science and JAMA did not employ outside reviewers until 1940, relying only on editors' assessments for publication decisions...", "page": "1273", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Jama'a al-Islamiyya", "aliases": ["Jama'a al-Islamiyya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["extremism", "religious conservatism"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Historically known for militancy and terrorist activities, it later underwent a 'de-radicalisation' process focused on building social support. Despite its party (BDP) formally engaging in politics, the GI retains its position that violent jihad remains a strategic option if formal institutional paths are blocked.", "quote": "As an organisation, the GI was known for its militancy. It was involved a number of terrorist activities, including the assassination of Anwar al-Sadat and the 1997 Luxor attack which claimed 87 lives. Subsequently, the organisation underwent a 'de-radicalisation' process.", "page": "14", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Jamaah Islamiyah", "aliases": ["Jamaah Islamiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-terrorism", "extremist ideology"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A prominent radical group linked to al-Qaeda, responsible for a series of terrorist attacks in Indonesia, indicating a violent method to enforce their extremist ideology.", "quote": "One of the most prominent was Jamaah Islamiyah (JI), which has links to al-Qaeda. JI is responsible for a series of terrorist attacks in Indonesia, including the 2002 Bali bombings that killed 202 people and became one of the deadliest terror attacks in Southeast Asia.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Jamaat-e-Islami", "aliases": ["Jamaat-e-Islami"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocating for 're-Islamization' of society and state, enforcing religious norms, similar to the Muslim Brotherhood.", "quote": "Nella prima metà del Novecento, la posizione della donna nella società musulmana ha dovuto subire una nuova, pesante pressione a causa dell’emergere dei movimenti del cosiddetto “fondamentalismo” o “integralismo” musulmano, simboleggiato soprattutto da due pensatori e gruppi: i Fratelli Musulmani in Egitto, fondati da Hasan al Banna nel 1929 e la Jamiat-i-Islami, fondata da Maulana Maududi nel 1941.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Jamendo", "aliases": ["Jamendo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative distribution", "artist empowerment", "intellectual property rights", "open access"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Jamendo facilitates the distribution of music albums by registered artists under Creative Commons licenses, offering an alternative model that bypasses traditional gatekeepers and enables direct sharing between artists and the public, while managing rights through open licenses.", "quote": "La plate-forme de diffusion de musiques Jamendo (2005) accueille les albums d'artistes enregistrés et les offre au téléchargement sous licence Creative Commons. ... Ce modèle de diffusion questionne directement la frontière entre auteur et amateur qui sont ici traités sur le même plan.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "James C. Hormel Gay & Lesbian Center, San Francisco Public Library", "aliases": ["James C. Hormel Gay & Lesbian Center, San Francisco Public Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship in Selection of LGBT-Themed Materials", "author": "Antell, Karen; Strothmann, Molly; Downey, Jennifer", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Actively acquires, archives, and publicizes a wide assortment of LGBT materials, serving as a comprehensive resource for the community and ensuring access to diverse information.", "quote": "vast amounts of LGBT materials are actively being acquired, archived, and publicized.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3458", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Jami", "aliases": ["Jami"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["decentralization", "privacy", "user control"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Developed as a universal and free communication platform specifically designed for privacy protection, using distributed hash tables for direct peer-to-peer connections, bypassing centralized servers.", "quote": "Jami (anciennement Ring) se présente comme une plateforme de communication universelle et libre conçue spécifiquement pour la protection de la vie privée et plus généralement, la protection des libertés de ses utilisateurs et de ses utilisatrices.", "page": "66", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Jamiat Kheir (Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah)", "aliases": ["Jamiat Kheir (Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Jane's Intelligence Review", "aliases": ["Jane's Intelligence Review"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published an article on computer security and cyberterrorism after seeking feedback from experts on Slashdot, which resulted in a rewrite based on hundreds of community contributions, illustrating open-source reporting.", "quote": "En 1999, Jane's Intelligence Review, una revista ampliamente seguida en los círculos de la seguridad nacional, se preguntó si iba por el camino correcto con un artículo sobre seguridad en computadores y ciberterrorismo.", "page": "38", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Jangadeiros do Ceará", "aliases": ["Jangadeiros do Ceará"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engaged in collective action by refusing to transport slaves, influencing the abolitionist movement.", "quote": "pode-se citar os jangadeiros da província do Ceará, que decidiram em 1883 não transportar mais navios com escravos para as províncias cafeiculturas do sul.", "page": "72", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Jangsan Godmae (collective of young college students/filmmakers)", "aliases": ["Jangsan Godmae (collective of young college students/filmmakers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Film Censorship and Political Legitimation in South Korea, 1987-1992", "author": "Park, Seung Hyun", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This collective of young college students produced and screened 16mm films dealing with controversial social and political issues outside official channels, often in 'guerrilla-style' screenings on college campuses, leading to arrests.", "quote": "The filmmakers, who never paid attention to the government's directives, were jailed because they did exactly what the state authorities feared: they expressed opinions by going outside the channels of official control.", "page": "15", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/7549", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea", "when": "1987–1992"}]}, {"name": "Jansenist lawyers", "aliases": ["Jansenist lawyers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "state security"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1759, "when_max": 1759, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'entrée des «Lumières» à l'Index: le tournant de la double censure de l'Encyclopédie en 1759", "author": "C Maire", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Jansenist lawyers, such as Omer Joly de Fleury and Louis Adrien Le Paige, played a significant role in preparing the formal legal condemnations issued by the French Parliament against the Encyclopédie and other Enlightenment texts.", "quote": "Le rôle des avocats jansénistes dans la préparation de cette décision, Omer Joly de Fleury, mais également Louis Adrien Le Paige, qui figurent parmi les commissaires chargés d'examiner les sept volumes, n'a sûrement pas été mince.", "page": "18", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rde/2363", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Papal States (Rome/Italy)", "when": "18th century, focusing on 1759"}]}, {"name": "Jansénistes", "aliases": ["Jansénistes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'Encyclopédie de Diderot:\" Une grande aventure\"\" dans le domaine de l'édition\"", "author": "NC Torrey", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "The ongoing 'querelle' (dispute) between the Jansenists and the Jesuits within the French political and religious landscape diverted attention and power, indirectly favoring the *Encyclopédie* by weakening one of its main opponents.", "quote": "La querelle entre Jansénistes et Jésuites vint à favoriser l'Encyclopédie.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40520903", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Japan-South Korea Joint Study Group on History Textbooks", "aliases": ["Japan-South Korea Joint Study Group on History Textbooks"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany", "Japan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["reconciliation", "shared history"], "topics": ["censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany, and the United States", "author": "Conrad, Sebastian; Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "This group facilitates cross-national dialogue and negotiation between Japanese and South Korean educators to address and confront their differing views on the common past, specifically concerning history textbooks.", "quote": "...the Japan-South Korea Joint Study Group on history textbooks or a joint seminar bringing American and Japanese educators together to confront their views on the common past.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2668259?origin=crossref", "topic": "censor", "language": "English", "where": "Japan, Germany, United States", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Japanese American communities", "aliases": ["Japanese American communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "justice", "reparations"], "topics": ["censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The censored war: American visual experience during World War Two", "author": "GH Roeder", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "They engaged in a multi-decade 'fight' involving congressional politics and legal maneuvering to achieve an official apology and monetary redress from the U.S. government for the wartime imprisonment of Japanese Americans.", "quote": "a new episode as well, the long fight by Japanese Americans in the 1970s and 1980s to achieve an apology and monetary redress from the United States government.", "page": "787", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=1ZFFFSufVMQC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=censor&ots=4SCOfcsh0E&sig=mYd8_rvVre8p0V0MDpdCA3LcYs0", "topic": "censor", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "mid-late 20th century, World War II to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Japanese literary community", "aliases": ["Japanese literary community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Wholesomeness to Decadence: The Censorship of Literature under the Allied Occupation", "author": "Rubin, Jay", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "The literary community collectively rose to oppose state censorship and prosecution of 'obscene' literature, using legal challenges and public discourse to defend artistic freedom against re-emerging conservative norms.", "quote": "Far more important than the fact that the Supreme Court let the fines against Itō and Oyama stand, however, was the splendid clarity of purpose with which virtually the entire Japanese literary community rose to do battle with the authorities within a constitutional framework for the first time in its history.", "page": "102", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/132230?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan", "when": "Allied Occupation (1945–1952)"}]}, {"name": "Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform", "aliases": ["Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national education", "national pride", "state propaganda"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published textbooks with a conservative, nationalist narrative that downplayed past wrongdoings, acting as a force for historical self-censorship by promoting a specific interpretation of history.", "quote": "In response, in 1998 Professor Nobukatsu published a book (A Theory of War) that presented the Society’s conservative approach, and more than 1 million copies have been sold.", "page": "108", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Jaringan Islam Liberal", "aliases": ["Jaringan Islam Liberal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious pluralism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocated against the formalization of sharia and promoted liberal interpretations of Islam in Indonesia.", "quote": "groups that reject the formalization of sharia including Muhammadiyah, NU, and Islamic NGOs such as Paramadina, Liberal Islam Network and others.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Jeffrey Luz Ishøy har droppet Facebook og Twitter til fordel for ...", "aliases": ["Jeffrey Luz Ishøy har droppet Facebook og Twitter til fordel for ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["individual; activist/user"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Hate", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes and shares content on alternative platforms and uses provocative framing (e.g. 'Ytringsfrihed er at måtte krænke') to shape public debate on moderation.", "quote": "Publicly advocates for uncensored social media, has shifted to alternative platforms (Gab, MeWe, Parler) and speaks about moderation and free speech.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/viden/teknologi/jeffrey-luz-ishoey-har-droppet-facebook-og-twitter-til-fordel-censurfri", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "aliases": ["Jehovah's Witnesses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Members, like Lovell and Cantwell, were convicted for distributing religious tracts or preaching without permits, directly challenging administrative restrictions on public speech. Their cases led to Supreme Court decisions expanding free speech protection.", "quote": "Lovell, a Jehovah's Witness, refused to get a permit and was convicted of violating the ordinance when she began distributing religious tracts. ... Cantwell, a case that overturned a breach of the peace conviction of a Jehovah's Witness who was peacefully denouncing the Catholic Church", "page": "60", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Jemaah Islamiyah", "aliases": ["Jemaah Islamiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["national security", "political stability", "religious extremism"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Identified as a jihadist Islamic group that uses violence, including bombings and suicide bombings, to attack state apparatus, representing an extreme against which religious moderation campaigns are necessary.", "quote": "(4) menyerang aparat negara (misalnya Jamaah Islamiyah).", "page": "6", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia", "aliases": ["Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in religious moderation campaigns, with its youth wing being attracted to join interfaith initiatives, demonstrating inclusion of minority groups.", "quote": "Pelita in Semarang has successfully attracted the youth wing of Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) to join the religious moderation campaign", "page": "16", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Jerarquía: revista negra de la Falange", "aliases": ["Jerarquía: revista negra de la Falange"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["falangist ideology", "national identity", "totalitarianism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Cultural magazine of Falange that published intellectual works, aiming to define and promote Falangist philosophy and cultural norms, but had an ephemeral life.", "quote": "Del grupo surgiría la primera revista cultural falangista, Jerarquía: revista negra de la Falange, que tuvo vida efímera. Publicó sólo cuatro números, sin periodicidad fija, entre 1936 (en realidad 1937) y 1938.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Jeunesse agricole catholique (JAC)", "aliases": ["Jeunesse agricole catholique (JAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["rural development", "social change"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES CONTROVERSES ET DÉBATS DANS LA CONDUITE DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES", "author": "JOBERT, BRUNO", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "As an influential force, JAC contributed to shaping the 'référentiel' (framework of social representations) of French agricultural policy by promoting new representations and values for the rural world, thereby defining public action and legitimizing policy adjustments through intellectual and organizational work.", "quote": "Quand P. Muller (1984) analyse la genèse de la politique agricole française des années 1960, il lui faut remonter à la Libération et aux transformations en profondeur du monde paysan, sous l'impulsion, notamment, de la Jeunesse agricole catholique.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43120614", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western Europe", "when": "1960s-early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Jeunesse Estudiantine Catholique", "aliases": ["Jeunesse Estudiantine Catholique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious expression", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Historically used journals to express views, and now utilizes a Facebook page to communicate internal activities and mobilize its student members. It functions as a gatekeeper for student Catholic discourse, although its political engagement on digital platforms has shown a decline.", "quote": "L'activisme jéciste s'est transposé de façon autonome sur Internet. La JEC a donc lancé son site web en 2010... Le site, rarement mis à jour, est devenu inopérant entre 2012 et 2013 avant d'être remplacé à la rentrée 2013 par une page Facebook officielle qui est toujours active¹⁰.", "page": "6", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Agency for Palestine", "aliases": ["Jewish Agency for Palestine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["aid to jews", "public awareness", "representation", "zionist ambitions"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Gathered and disseminated information about the mass murder of Jews, including at Auschwitz, to Jewish leaders and Allied governments, and lobbied for action, often working through its London and Jerusalem offices.", "quote": "Information about the murder of Jews at Auschwitz was delivered to the Jewish Agency in the autumn of 1942 by the lady from Sosnowiec... The Jewish Agency Executive in Jerusalem released a report on ‘murders and massacres carried out against Polish Jews...’", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Chronicle", "aliases": ["Jewish Chronicle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "A principal weekly publication aimed at British Jewry that carried stories of the Holocaust, including Auschwitz, though often with self-censorship, and was a key source for information on the Jewish plight in Britain.", "quote": "The Jewish Chronicle carried stories of the Holocaust as it unfolded, and, like other papers in Britain... there was a tendency to marginalize the stories about atrocities.", "page": "51", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Jewish communities in Italy", "aliases": ["Jewish communities in Italy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / community/collective"], "countries": ["Early Modern Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Church, censorship and culture in early modern Italy", "author": "G Fragnito", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Engaged in prolonged negotiations and petitions with the Inquisition and Congregation of the Index, advocating for the expurgation rather than outright banning of their sacred texts, particularly the Talmud, to preserve their religious literature.", "quote": "For decades, Jews and moderates aimed for expurgation, a thankless, almost hopeless task, for the Jewish text brims with references to goyim and idolaters, words deemed insulting to the Christian faith.", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nh4DG4AsTuUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=censorship&ots=8xh2zDUcch&sig=fGQIrs8NyiClRZDajj68aS6yxn0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Early Modern Italy", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Communities of the Papal States", "aliases": ["Jewish Communities of the Papal States"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy", "Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "cultural preservation", "human rights", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GIOVANNI ANTONIO COSTANZI, ULTIMO CENSORE DI LIBRI EBRAICI A ROMA (1745-1756 ca.)", "author": "", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "As targets of state-led censorship and sequestration of Hebrew books, they collectively submitted a memorial (petition) to ecclesiastical authorities, requesting the release of their seized volumes.", "quote": "le comunità ebraiche di Roma ed Ancona il 6 marzo 1737 si vedevano costrette a presentare un memoriale a Giuseppe Assemani, perchè facesse rilasciare i volumi requisiti", "page": "3", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Papal States, Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Jewish community of Rome", "aliases": ["Jewish community of Rome"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural autonomy", "cultural preservation", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its sacred texts, notably the Talmud, were a significant target of Catholic censorship, leading the community to protest strict expurgation demands. The final decision left expurgation to the Jews themselves, highlighting their agency in managing the impact of censorship.", "quote": "Il caso Talmud si concluse con la decisione di lasciare il compito di espurgazione agli stessi ebrei, contrariamente a quanto avevano supportato la Congregazione dell’Indice e il grande inquisitore Santori, ulteriore conferma di quanto la censura libraria fosse oramai in mano papale.", "page": "24", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Jewish congregations", "aliases": ["Jewish congregations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "youth development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Participated in a coalition of ministers organized by the West Virginia Council of Churches to issue a joint statement supporting the textbooks.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books...", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Council in Germany", "aliases": ["Jewish Council in Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "information accuracy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Its deputy chairman was forced to resign after publicly welcoming a speech that, while historically accurate, was perceived as potentially legitimizing neo-Nazism or offending communal norms regarding the Holocaust.", "quote": "Michael Fuerst, deputy chairman of the Jewish Council in Germany, was also forced to resign his position after saying publicly, \"I welcome that (Jenninger) described in full clarity what was happening in Germany between 1933 and 1938...\"\"\"", "page": "30", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Defense League", "aliases": ["Jewish Defense League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-totalitarianism", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its national director publicly offered a reward for the murder or serious injury of Nazi participants, leading to legal scrutiny for incitement.", "quote": "The temporal duration of imminence was extended significantly in 1979 by the California Court of Appeal in People v. Rubin, in which the defendant, the national director of the Jewish Defense League, offered a reward for the murder or serious injury of any Nazi participant in a march planned in Skokie, Illinois, some five weeks later.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Labor Committee", "aliases": ["Jewish Labor Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "harm reduction", "human rights", "religious freedom", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Part of a delegation of Jewish organizations that submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt detailing German genocidal policy and the deportations and killings of Jews.", "quote": "a delegation of representatives from Jewish organizations submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt... The organizations represented included... the Jewish Labour Committee...", "page": "159", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Labour Bund", "aliases": ["Jewish Labour Bund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Israel", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ces interdits qui nous hantent: Islam, censure, orientalisme", "author": "SJ Al-Azm, J El Gharbi", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Influenced Jewish identity by considering the Jewish people as a national minority, offering an alternative to Zionist nationalism and religious definitions of Jewishness, thus shaping collective norms and public discourse.", "quote": "Un peuple que le sionisme, à la différence d'autres mouvements comme la Réforme qui considérait le judaïsme comme religion ou le Bund qui le considérait comme minorité nationale, a pensé comme constitutif d'éléments ethniques et religieux.", "page": "6", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/mny6n3kp25cvzm2csytx5i3h3u/access/wayback/https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ACO_102_0149&download=1", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Middle East, Israel, France, Europe", "when": "Antiquity to contemporary period"}]}, {"name": "Jewish lobby (United States)", "aliases": ["Jewish lobby (United States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "This lobby, among other groups, internally influences US governmental decision-making to favor Israel, contributing to a consistent pro-Israel policy that impacts US mediation efforts and actions in the Middle East conflict.", "quote": "Son varios los grupos que internamente influyen en la toma de decisiones gubernamentales a favor de Israel, no solamente el lobby judío;", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA)", "aliases": ["Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "community media"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Published news reports on Jewish affairs and the Holocaust, including information about Auschwitz, to inform its readership in the US and internationally.", "quote": "The archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency in New York (available online) is an important resource holding the news reports published by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Underground (Slovakia)", "aliases": ["Jewish Underground (Slovakia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "oppression resistance", "public awareness"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Sent messages to the West calling for the bombing of railway lines leading to Auschwitz and disseminating information about the mass killing of Jews.", "quote": "On 16 May 1944 Rabbi Michael Weissmandel and Gisa Fleischmann of the Jewish Underground in Slovakia sent a message west, calling for the railway line from Budapest to Auschwitz to be bombed...", "page": "249", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Jewish Voice for Peace", "aliases": ["Jewish Voice for Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression on Social Media Platforms: Facebook's Moderation Behavior on Palestine's May 2021 Movement", "author": "A Almehdar", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in advocacy and public pressure, specifically campaigning for changes in Facebook's policies regarding censorship of Palestinian content and appointments to its oversight board.", "quote": "See also Facebook: Drop Emi Palmor, Stop Censoring Palestinians, JEWISH VOICE FOR PEACE, https://act.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/Nd838QohI0Os1qxybL_EeA2 (last visited Aug. 31, 2021).", "page": "5", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nyuilp54&section=7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook and Instagram platforms, Palestine, United States, European Union", "when": "May 2021"}]}, {"name": "JFG World", "aliases": ["JFG World"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["conspiracy theories", "hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An extreme-right Discord group whose members share ideologies and initially treated real-world terror attacks as pranks or games, but some members later expressed shock and left the platform when confronted with the lethal consequences.", "quote": "In the days following the Christchurch attack, some members of the extreme-right Discord group “JFG World\" shared their shock and announced that they would leave the platform. “I don't even know where the fuck to begin... Why do people like you find dead bodies something to joke about?\"\"\"", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Jigsaw (Google's technology incubator/nonprofit)", "aliases": ["Jigsaw (Google's technology incubator/nonprofit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["community standards", "hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Developed the Perspective API, a machine learning tool to detect toxicity, which then became a target for \"data poisoning\"\" by 4chan users.\"", "quote": "In mid-2016, Jigsaw, a Google-affiliated nonprofit focusing on sociotechnical issues, announced the development of a machine learning tool to detect toxicity.", "page": "266", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Jobbik (Movement for a Better Hungary)", "aliases": ["Jobbik (Movement for a Better Hungary)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "family values", "national identity", "youth development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilizes social media (Facebook, Twitter) and offline events (May festivals) to promote a family-friendly, youth-oriented nationalist message, mainstreaming far-right ideas and building community.", "quote": "Philipp Karl investigates the post-digital promotion of a family-friendly, youth-oriented nationalist message that elevated Jobbik into position as Hungary’s main opposition party.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Jockey Club", "aliases": ["Jockey Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["internal discipline", "procedural fairness", "professional honour"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION AND LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE", "author": "Davis, Tara", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Enforces internal disciplinary measures against its members, acting as a private moderator of conduct, with courts intervening to ensure procedural fairness in such matters.", "quote": "Our courts have also intervened in procedurally unfair private, disciplinary matters. It has done so for churches and professional associations.", "page": "25", "url": "wiredspace.wits.ac.za", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "John B. Hood Camp (United Confederate Veterans)", "aliases": ["John B. Hood Camp (United Confederate Veterans)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political sensitivity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "As a local chapter of Confederate veterans, this group protested against a state-adopted arithmetic book for requiring students to calculate a Union general's age in a context related to a Confederate defeat, demonstrating their efforts to prevent perceived slights to the Confederacy.", "quote": "Four years later, the John B. Hood Camp of Texas cried out against a state-adopted arithmetic book that required students to calculate Grant's age in days when Vicksburg surrendered.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "John Bull (periodical)", "aliases": ["John Bull (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a 'scurrilous weekly periodical' to combat Queen Caroline's popularity, engaging in character assassination and political propaganda against her and her female supporters.", "quote": "One such writer, Theodore Hook, assisted Croker in this task, establishing the John Bull in 1820, a scurrilous weekly periodical produced to combat Caroline’s popularity.", "page": "53", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "John Doherty's 'Coffee and Newsroom'", "aliases": ["John Doherty's 'Coffee and Newsroom'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A bookshop and newsroom that served as a haven for radicals, offering a wide range of newspapers, including illegal 'unstamped' publications, and disseminating radical information.", "quote": "A century and a half later, John Doherty's 'Coffee and Newsroom', attached to his Manchester bookshop, was a haven for radicals, where no fewer than 96 newspapers were taken every week, including the illegal 'unstamped' (Thompson, 1963/1991: 789).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "John Labowitz's E-zine List", "aliases": ["John Labowitz's E-zine List"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercialism", "classification", "independent publishing"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Maintained a comprehensive online directory of web-based e-zines, categorizing and making them discoverable, despite challenges from the commercial co-optation of the term 'e-zine'.", "quote": "John Labowitz's archive of web-based e-zines (http://www.meer.net/johnlle-zine-list/) is considered 'probably the most comprehensive list available on the Internet' by the editors of The Etext Archives (at January 2000 it contained 4,225 zines).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "John Rylands Library", "aliases": ["John Rylands Library"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "historical research"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Holds records and correspondence related to the Manchester Guardian and Joel Cang (publisher of the Polish Jewish Observer), providing insights into wartime media operations and information flow.", "quote": "The Rylands Library holds the records of the Manchester Guardian. This collection includes correspondence between the editor of the paper and Joel Cang, who, during the war, published the Polish Jewish Observer...", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs (JHU∙CCP)", "aliases": ["Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Communication Programs (JHU∙CCP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["disease prevention", "health education", "public health"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Commissions formative research on sexual behaviors and condom use to inform public health communication strategies and behavioral change interventions.", "quote": "Par ailleurs, une recherche formative commanditée par le Centre des Programmes de Communication de l’Ecole de Santé Publique Johns Hopkins Bloomberg (JHU∙CCP) en 20131 qui avait pour objectif de mieux connaître les comportements sexuels des hommes âgés de 30 à 55 ans", "page": "141", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Johns Hopkins University Press", "aliases": ["Johns Hopkins University Press"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Catone Censore: La vita e la fortuna", "author": "Katz, Solomon; Corte, Francesco Della", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "As the publisher of The Classical Weekly, it acts as a gatekeeper and curator of academic discourse in classical studies, through its editorial and publishing decisions.", "quote": "Published by: Johns Hopkins University Press", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4342924?origin=crossref", "topic": "il censore", "language": "English", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Join the Ripoff Report Revolt (Facebook group)", "aliases": ["Join the Ripoff Report Revolt (Facebook group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["defamation", "platform accountability", "social responsibility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform (Non-)Intervention and the “Marketplace” Paradigm for Speech Regulation", "author": "Medeiros, Ben", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Organized boycotts and public shaming campaigns on Facebook to pressure advertisers to sever ties with Ripoff Report and to advocate for policy changes regarding content removal.", "quote": "The Facebook page for 'Join the Ripoff Report Revolt' (2016) has inspired a respectable following, collecting over 1.500 'likes' as of March 2016. ... The boycott efforts thus at least created the perception of a threat to RoR's advertising revenue...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305117691997", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}]}, {"name": "Joint Committee of Turkish and Armenian Historians", "aliases": ["Joint Committee of Turkish and Armenian Historians"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Established to examine traumatic historical events (Armenian Genocide), symbolizing an effort to break historical self-censorship, though with limited concrete progress.", "quote": "Later, in 2009, a joint committee of Turkish and Armenian historians was established to examine various traumatic events that took place at the end of the Ottoman Empire, although meanwhile no concrete progress was achieved.", "page": "101", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Joint Council for Qualifications", "aliases": ["Joint Council for Qualifications"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "JCQ aggregates and publishes exam results, issues guidance and policy positions on behalf of major UK awarding bodies, and provides industry-facing communications that shape practice across schools and exam centres.", "quote": "JCQ's core mission is exam administration and qualification standards; it has occasionally engaged with online platform issues (e.g., warning students not to buy exam papers online).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jcq.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Joint Technical Committee 1", "aliases": ["Joint Technical Committee 1"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["efficiency", "technical standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Established by ISO and IEC to coordinate their efforts in information technology standards, dealing with various aspects from office equipment to computer graphics and biometrics.", "quote": "They decided to establish an institutional framework to help coordinate their efforts and formed a joint committee to deal with informa tion technology called the Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1).", "page": "130", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood", "aliases": ["Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Maintained a privileged relationship with the monarchy, diffused influence through charitable endeavours, participated in elections, and later faced internal debates and reform initiatives regarding its democratic principles and organizational structure.", "quote": "The experience of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan since the so-called Arab Spring of 2011 illustrates that Islamist movements and parties, like any other, navigate simultaneously the internal and external facets of democratic learning. Expressed differently, in democratising or partially democratic (hybrid) polities there is a necessity to navigate internal organisational management, ideological balancing, in addition to tactical manoeuvring in restricted environmental conditions.", "page": "228", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Jornadas Metropolitanas de Estudios Culturales", "aliases": ["Jornadas Metropolitanas de Estudios Culturales"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural exchange", "intellectual discourse", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Organizes intellectual forums and publishes selected discourses, serving as a significant platform for binational (Mexico-U.S.) cultural dialogue and the dissemination of new studies on culture.", "quote": "Este volumen se encarga de recoger una muestra de las comunicaciones presentadas durante la celebración de las sextas Jornadas Metropolitanas de Estudios Culturales. Las Jornadas se han consolidado, sin duda, como uno de los foros más importantes en el diálogo intelectual hemisférico...", "page": "10", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Jornal da Tarde", "aliases": ["Jornal da Tarde"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Similar to 'O Estado de S. Paulo', this newspaper employed creative tactics, like publishing culinary recipes, to fill censored spaces and protest the suppression of news during the military dictatorship.", "quote": "O vespertino da empresa, 'Jornal da Tarde', recorre a artifício semelhante, publicando receitas culinárias.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Jornal do Comércio", "aliases": ["Jornal do Comércio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1850, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CHAVE OU FECHO? o debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador", "author": "WG Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Contributed to public debate by publishing articles that defended the position of limiting ministerial responsibility only to executive acts and considering their role in moderating acts as mere authentication, influencing constitutional interpretation.", "quote": "partidários dessa interpretação eram o Jornal do Comércio, o Correio da Tarde e o Império", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/quaestioiuris/article/download/20809/16231", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazilian Empire", "when": "second half of the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Jornal do Comércio; Correio da Tarde; O Império", "aliases": ["Jornal do Comércio; Correio da Tarde; O Império"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["monarchical authority", "political conservatism", "political moderation"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chave ou Fecho? O debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador/Key or Closure? The learned legal debate on the responsibility of …", "author": "W Guandalini Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Advocated for the absolute irresponsibility of the moderating power, arguing that ministers only authenticated the Emperor's acts, thereby shaping public and legal discourse on monarchical authority.", "quote": "partidários dessa interpretação eram o Jornal do Comércio, o Correio da Tarde e o Império, além do grande jurista José Antonio Pimenta Bueno (Marquês de São Vicente), que tratou rapidamente do assunto em seu Direito Público Brasileiro e Análise da Constituição do Império (1857).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.lareferencia.info/vufind/Record/BR_b07974d2282c5f869d1a0f15956728ee", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal de Caire", "aliases": ["Journal de Caire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire.", "quote": "in 1902 the governor of Beirut sent to the Sublime Porte a report listing the papers banned from entering the empire... Some of these papers were Al-Hayât, Al-Ahrâm, Al-Hakim, Al-Cerîde, and Al-Mü'eyyed in Arabic, and Journal de Caire and Le Figaro in French.", "page": "11", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Journal des débats et des décrets", "aliases": ["Journal des débats et des décrets"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1820, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Se dire bon Français de l’Empire à la Restauration : construire un ethos de modération dans une France déchirée ?", "author": "Lignereux, Aurélien", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "This newspaper published official-like declarations that formally defined \"bons Français\"\" in opposition to \"\"rebelles\"\" (rebels)", "quote": "thereby shaping public opinion and justifying the actions of the new regime.\"", "page": "Legitimacy of the current regime (Napoleonic in 1815), delegitimization of opposing factions, definition of who constitutes a \"bon Français\"\" or \"\"rebelle.\"\"\"", "url": "https://books.openedition.org/pur/96094", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1800–1820 (Napoleonic Empire to Bourbon Restoration)"}]}, {"name": "Journal des savants", "aliases": ["Journal des savants"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "independence", "intellectual discourse", "knowledge dissemination", "objectivity"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1730, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "Transformed into an official scholarly periodical under Bignon, with an editorial board that critically analyzed French and foreign publications, acting as a gatekeeper of intellectual content and promoting French scholarship.", "quote": "Bignon sought to remedy this situation by appointing a distinguished editorial board of six scholars who were paid 400 livres a year to analyze critically 'all that is printed in France and in foreign countries.'", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal Editors and Authors Group", "aliases": ["Journal Editors and Authors Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "public health", "reproducibility", "scientific integrity", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Published a joint statement defining principles for scientific publication regarding security risks, emphasizing the integrity of the scientific process, reproducibility, and the need for review processes.", "quote": "In February 2003, a joint \"Statement on Scientific Publication and Security\"\" of the \"\"Journal Editors and Authors Group\"\" was simultaneously published by Science", "page": "Nature", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Journal encyclopédique de Pierre Rousseau", "aliases": ["Journal encyclopédique de Pierre Rousseau"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This periodical, like others, reported on significant political events, influencing public understanding and debate around ideas of liberty and revolution, which were central to Raynal's work.", "quote": "C'est le cas du Journal historique et littéraire de Feller, du Journal historique et politique et du Journal encyclopédique de Pierre Rousseau", "page": "8", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal général de l'Europe", "aliases": ["Journal général de l'Europe"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["governance", "political discourse", "political rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This periodical offered reflections on the American Revolution and its broader implications, articulating ideas about national rights and governmental obligations that echoed the themes in Raynal's work.", "quote": "Rétrospectivement, le Journal général de l'Europe écrira aussi en 1790, dans un article sur les Révolutions: «Les Américains ont été nos précurseurs, sinon nos maîtres, dans ce grand art qui enseigne aux peuples l'étendue de leurs droits, aux souverains celle de leurs obligations, qui fixe les limites du pouvoir et celles de l'obéissance", "page": "29", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal historique et littéraire", "aliases": ["Journal historique et littéraire"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["civil order", "intellectual traditionalism", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This periodical published extensive reviews and analyses of works like Raynal's, serving as a platform for conservative criticism and shaping public opinion against Enlightenment ideas.", "quote": "François-Xavier de Feller quand il rend compte de l'Analyse dans les numéros de février et de mars de son Journal historique et littéraire", "page": "7", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal historique et politique", "aliases": ["Journal historique et politique"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This journal reported extensively on events like the American Revolution, contributing to public discourse and shaping perceptions of political developments relevant to the themes of Raynal's controversial work.", "quote": "C'est le cas du Journal historique et littéraire de Feller, du Journal historique et politique et du Journal encyclopédique de Pierre Rousseau", "page": "8", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Journal of the Franklin Institute", "aliases": ["Journal of the Franklin Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["Online academic platforms"], "norms": ["scientific publication"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On arXiv moderation system", "author": "Silagadze, Z. K.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A scientific journal that publishes academic papers after an editorial and review process, serving as an outlet for scientific communication.", "quote": "As a result, the article appeared with radically changed conclusions made by Einstein at the last moment (in proofs) in Journal of the Franklin Institute [25].", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11791", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online academic platforms and the scientific community", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Journalism Trust Initiative", "aliases": ["Journalism Trust Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / standards body"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalism ethics", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops and provides indicators for assessing trust in journalism, influencing how media outlets are certified and potentially prioritized within digital environments.", "quote": "For example: public agendas such as WHO, national electoral commissions, publishers ranking high in NewsGuard ratings, certified according to Journalism Trust Initiative indicators or Trust Project News Partners.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}]}, {"name": "Journalistic fact-checking agencies", "aliases": ["Journalistic fact-checking agencies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Google", "Kwai", "LinkedIn", "Meta", "Spotify", "TikTok", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "information quality"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Entre resistência e concessão de transparência: as plataformas digitais colaboraram com as eleições?", "author": "AA Gonzales, M Bülow", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These agencies partner with digital platforms (like Meta and Google) to verify content, applying 'false content verified' labels that filter or reduce the visibility of misinformation. They also mobilize within civil society to advocate for and pressure platforms to adopt better moderation practices and combat disinformation during elections.", "quote": "O Rótulo sobre Conteúdo Verificado como Falso foi implementado em 2020 e mantido em 2022. Um filtro cinza é aplicado sobre o conteúdo denunciado e verificado como falso pelas agências parceiras da Meta.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/BHt7FG7LhJjkV93MgrgNb7s/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on digital platforms (Meta, Google, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter, Spotify, Kwai, LinkedIn)", "when": "2018-2023 electoral cycles"}]}, {"name": "Journalists (professional body)", "aliases": ["Journalists (professional body)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "impartiality", "information integrity", "professional honour"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Act as intermediaries between political power and civil society by disseminating information. They aim to guarantee reliable and verified information and counter false information, serving as a form of gatekeeping and moderation of public discourse, a role challenged by platforms.", "quote": "9 Français sur 10 ont exprimé une vraie défiance envers les médias et des inquiétudes quant à la prolifération de fausses informations, les poussant à exiger d'eux qu'ils soient garant “d'une information fiable et vérifiée” et non d'un “journalisme porteur de solutions” ou affirmant un “choix partisan”.", "page": "9", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Journalists' Court of Honor (Novinarsko častno razsodišče)", "aliases": ["Journalists' Court of Honor (Novinarsko častno razsodišče)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A self-regulatory body that decides cases involving professional and amateur journalists for violations of the Code of Journalists' Conduct, handling complaints and suggesting disciplinary actions.", "quote": "Violations of the Code of Journalists' Conduct are subject to the Journalists' Court of Honor, which is composed of nine journalists and two representatives of the public.", "page": "24", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Journalist’s Professional License Committee- Carteira Profissional do Jornalista", "aliases": ["Journalist’s Professional License Committee- Carteira Profissional do Jornalista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "criticized a new Portuguese law (Law No. 27/2021) that imposed restrictions on free speech and disinformation regulation, viewing it as unconstitutional.", "quote": "received criticism from the press and the associations of journalists (such as the Journalist’s Professional License Committee- Carteira Profissional do Jornalista) and the legal academic community.", "page": "58", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Jovens de Negócios", "aliases": ["Jovens de Negócios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["economic stability"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This YouTube channel produces content combining finance and political commentary, often from a conservative viewpoint, contributing to the broader political discourse, including discussions about electoral contestation.", "quote": "“Jovens de Negócios” (YouTuber de finanças e de política);...", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Joventut Obrera Catòlica (Catholic Worker Youth)", "aliases": ["Joventut Obrera Catòlica (Catholic Worker Youth)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "organizational control", "political neutrality", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Its increasing 'social radicalization' and participation in worker strikes led to a massive dismissal of its leaders and advisors by the Catholic hierarchy in 1968, demonstrating the hierarchy's efforts to control and moderate the political engagement of affiliated youth movements.", "quote": "Des de 1962, la radicalizació social de la JOC i la HOAC resultà particularment incòmode a la Jerarquia catòlica. ... Dos anys més tard, una reestructuració de l'Acció Catòlica provocà una massiva destitució de caps i consiliaris dels moviments obreristes especilitzats dintre l'Acció Catòlica. La «politització» d'aquesta havia tocat sostre.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Joyce Foundation", "aliases": ["Joyce Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1948, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1948", "mechanism": "The foundation shapes policy debates through grantmaking, research reports and webinars, and supports organizations working on election administration, journalism and model policy development in the Great Lakes region.", "quote": "Primarily a regional grantmaking foundation supporting journalism, democracy, and policy research; has funded work related to election administration, journalism and data practices but does not present platform governance as a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.joycefdn.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Judson Memorial Church", "aliases": ["Judson Memorial Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["minority rights", "social inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Directs a ministry to street prostitutes and co-authors works on social issues, representing advocacy and direct engagement with communities affected by sexual discourse and potential censorship.", "quote": "ARLENE CARMEN is Program Associate at Judson Memo-rial Church in New York City, where she directs a ministry to street prostitutes.", "page": "23", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Jueces y Juezas para la Democracia", "aliases": ["Jueces y Juezas para la Democracia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "judicial independence", "public health", "separation of powers"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Judicial association arguing that while pandemic measures were a sanitary issue, any limitations on fundamental rights should be authorized by the contentious-administrative courts.", "quote": "Conforme JJpD se trata de una cuestión sanitaria y no jurídica, pero reconocen a su vez que toda limitación o afectación a los DDFF debiera contar con autorización de los Juzgados de lo Contencioso ya sea un TSJ o el propio TS", "page": "60", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Jugend Rettet e.V.", "aliases": ["Jugend Rettet e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A civil society organisation collaborating on topics related to hate speech, contributing to the broader movement against online hate.", "quote": "Since the beginning of 2016, the No Hate Speech Movement has collaborated on several topics with various people from different fields, including civil society organisations such as Jugend Rettet...", "page": "53", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Juluka", "aliases": ["Juluka"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["apartheid resistance", "artistic expression", "inter-racial unity", "social change"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Encrypted lyrics using symbolism (e.g., Zulu proverbs) and engaged in crossover/non-racial performances to challenge apartheid norms, dissolve racial stereotypes, and promote social change.", "quote": "A group who regularly encrypted their lyrics was Juluka. For example, on their first album, ’Universal men’, Juluka included a Zulu song (with Zulu lyrics) about two fighting bulls.", "page": "189", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Junta Auxiliar Consultiva de Valencia", "aliases": ["Junta Auxiliar Consultiva de Valencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["consensus building", "liberal values", "political change", "social cohesion", "social harmony"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Formed by Almodóvar at the request of the Milicia, this revolutionary body aimed to integrate various influential social and political forces. It focused on urgent matters like the Carlist war, raising funds, and dealing with suspects, initially pursuing a policy of moderation and compromise.", "quote": "la Junta se nombra respetando los criterios de representación tradicionales, con un claro resabio \"antiguo-régimen\"\" y un método de selección cuasi-estamental: por las clases de militares", "page": "Hacienda", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta Central Carlista de Guerra", "aliases": ["Junta Central Carlista de Guerra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "political ideology", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Carlist organization that mobilized support for the uprising, framing it as a 'reconquista' and using Santiago as a symbol, and later expressed disconformity with the new regime's direction.", "quote": "Y la propia Junta Central Carlista de Guerra, que se forma inmediatamente, aún habla el 25 del 'movimiento nacional', cuando se ocupa de la necesidad de compaginar la movilización con la cosecha, que se efectúa en los mismos días del alzamiento.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Junta Central do Sindicato do Transporte (Central Board of the Transport Union)", "aliases": ["Junta Central do Sindicato do Transporte (Central Board of the Transport Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic planning", "public services", "socialism", "workers' control"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Produced an informe discussing the challenges of collectivization in the transport sector and proposing the creation of a single common fund and a national/Catalan office for socialized transport.", "quote": "o exemplo de um informe apresentado pela Junta da Seção do Metrô enviado para a Junta Central do Sindicato do Transporte. Neste documento, após uma introdução sobre o tema dos transportes, do capitalismo e da construção da nova sociedade, foi afirmado que, para resolver os problemas, era preciso estabelecer a criação de um caixa único", "page": "579", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Armamento y Defensa de Valencia", "aliases": ["Junta de Armamento y Defensa de Valencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "national unity", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "This junta was created not only for military defense but also to strategically integrate former members of the Consultiva who had been excluded from the new Junta de Gobierno, serving as a tool for political control and maintaining revolutionary unity.", "quote": "La única ampliación de la Junta que puede documentarse es la referida a la creación de la anunciada Junta de Armamento y Defensa con la característica adicional, además, de ser utilizada para integrar a alguno de los antiguos miembros de la Consultiva", "page": "15", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Barcelona", "aliases": ["Junta de Barcelona"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A revolutionary junta that proposed the formation of a \"Junta Central\"\" for the provinces of the ancient Crown of Aragon to coordinate military efforts and political reforms", "quote": "Revolutionary coordination, military defense, political reform, regional interests, opposition to central government.", "page": "decide acoger favorablemente el llamamiento de la Junta de Barcelona en favor de la formación de una Junta Central de las provincias de la Antigua Corona de Aragón", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Calificación", "aliases": ["Junta de Calificación"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Established by the Junta de Gobierno, its purpose was to identify and remove public employees who lacked \"public confidence\"\" due to their conduct", "quote": "acting as a mechanism for political purging and ensuring loyalty to the revolutionary cause.\"", "page": "Political loyalty, public confidence, security, revolutionary alignment.", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Comercio y Moneda", "aliases": ["Junta de Comercio y Moneda"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "state authority"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Delegated by the Council of Castile to examine books on commerce, manufactures, and metals before printing licenses were issued, linking economic policy with censorship.", "quote": "el Consejo de Castilla cede facultades en materia de censura previa a dicha Junta para examinar los libros de las materias de su incumbencia antes de que el Consejo emitiera su licencia", "page": "114", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Damas de la Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País", "aliases": ["Junta de Damas de la Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Members held official censorship-related positions (Vice-censora, Censora) within its affiliated learned society, indicating female participation and influence in public life and social welfare.", "quote": "destacando su pertenencia a la Junta de Damas de la Matritense, de la que fue, en distintos periodos, Vice-censora, Censora y Vicepresidenta en 1797, 1803 y 1806, desempeñando en 1808 la función de Curadora de la Inclusa en representación de dicha Junta.", "page": "214", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Gobierno de Valencia", "aliases": ["Junta de Gobierno de Valencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Replacing the Consultiva, this more radical revolutionary body aimed to be more \"executive\"\" in character", "quote": "imposing conditions for global political change", "page": "and decreeing measures like the abolition of manorial rights and partial tithes.\"", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Jurisprudencia", "aliases": ["Junta de Jurisprudencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its members, including prominent figures like Campomanes, were involved in legal discussions and evaluations, potentially influencing censorship decisions on legal texts.", "quote": "Fue también miembro de otras Reales Academias, como la Real Academia Española desde 1763522 o la de Jurisprudencia.", "page": "277", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Madrid", "aliases": ["Junta de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["liberty", "national sovereignty", "national unity", "political authoritarianism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Issued a manifesto that unequivocally affirmed national sovereignty as the foundational dogma, thereby rejecting political pluralism and categorizing opposing views as 'enemies of liberty,' constraining acceptable political discourse.", "quote": "Así, en un Manifiesto de la Junta de Madrid, se expresaba sin ambages la idea de que “la soberanía (...) es el verdadero dogma que debe servir de tipo a toda Constitución política”.", "page": "42", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Junta de Zaragoza", "aliases": ["Junta de Zaragoza"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "political opposition", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A revolutionary junta that, upon its constitution, immediately published manifestos to the Regent and the Government, formulating political demands inspired by the advanced liberal opposition, participating in a broader movement of regional dissent.", "quote": "Mientras las Juntas Consultivas de Barcelona o Zaragoza publicaron inmediatamente a su constitución sendos manifiestos a la Regente y, desde un principio, formularon ante ésta y ante el Gobierno una serie de peticiones de carácter político", "page": "13", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Junta do Sindicato Único do Ramo da Construção (Board of the Single Union of Construction Industry)", "aliases": ["Junta do Sindicato Único do Ramo da Construção (Board of the Single Union of Construction Industry)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "social change", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued calls for workers to go to the front with their weapons or surrender them, focusing on militarization for the anti-fascist struggle; later agreed to joint collectivization with UGT.", "quote": "O interessante dessa chamada da Junta do Sindicato Único do Ramo da Construção é que ela clamou para que todos fossem para o front com as armas ou que as entregasse, mas não falou absolutamente nada em relação aos corpos armados que permaneciam na retaguarda.", "page": "113", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra", "aliases": ["Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political/paramilitary organization"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "religious orthodoxy", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Mobilized traditionalist forces during the Nationalist uprising, used nationalist terminology like 'movimiento nacional', and sought to uphold its distinct vision of a Catholic confessional state, which led to ideological disagreements within the regime.", "quote": "...la propia Junta Central Carlista de Guerra, que se forma inmediatamente, aún habla el 25 del “movimiento nacional”, cuando se ocupa de la necesidad de compaginar la movilización con la cosecha, que se efectúa en los mismos días del alzamiento.", "page": "16", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Junta Parroquial d'Acció Catòlica (Parochial Board of Catholic Action)", "aliases": ["Junta Parroquial d'Acció Catòlica (Parochial Board of Catholic Action)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "religious practice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As a specialized entity within Catholic Action, it propagated Catholic teachings and values as part of the lay apostolate, thereby shaping public moral and religious discourse within the parish.", "quote": "Aquesta Comissió era indissociable de la d'Acció Catòlica o «d'apostolat seglar», que disposava de diverses entitats especialitzades, concretament, la Junta Parroquial d'Acció Catòlica...", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Junta Provincial del Reino de Galicia", "aliases": ["Junta Provincial del Reino de Galicia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizens' rights", "constitutional reform", "monarchical rule", "national representation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolución, moderación, reacción: los mundos (im) posibles de la monarquía española en el Trienio Liberal", "author": "G Butrón Prida", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This provisional governing body, formed during a liberal pronouncement, issued proclamations to mobilize public support for a constitutional monarchy and advocated for the convocation of Cortes to revise the 1812 Constitution, aiming to integrate elements from moderate European monarchical systems.", "quote": "Hemos tomado la terrible, pero indispensable, resolución de exigir con las armas lo que de grado se nos ha rehusado. Nuestro objeto... es el establecimiento de la Monarquía bajo leyes sabias.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1665-44202021000200060&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)"}]}, {"name": "junte de théologiens", "aliases": ["junte de théologiens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Condemned individuals for heresy, enforcing doctrinal orthodoxy and suppressing heterodox ideas.", "quote": "...condamné par une junte de théologiens pour hérésie en 1480...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Juntista movements / Juntas (local political councils)", "aliases": ["Juntista movements / Juntas (local political councils)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["limitation of power", "political freedom", "representative government"], "topics": ["moderador"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1833, "when_max": 1868, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La práctica del poder moderador de la Corona en la época de Isabel II", "author": "JI Marcuello Benedicto", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "They used extra-parliamentary means, including revolutionary movements and coercive actions, to force political changes, challenge the Crown's prerogatives (like ministerial appointments), and alter the political system when conventional parliamentary avenues were deemed ineffective or blocked. This acted as a direct pressure to moderate the Crown's power.", "quote": "los progresistas optarían por denunciar el juego político y apelar a los movimientos juntistas como única vía para acceder al poder.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/research/la-practica-del-poder-moderador-de-la-corona-en-la-epoca-de-isabel-ii-1138713/07bfe01d-2cc0-4a1d-9d85-9e644a66a127.pdf", "topic": "moderador", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1833–1868"}]}, {"name": "Junts per Catalunya", "aliases": ["Junts per Catalunya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["fair elections", "fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint with the JEC challenging a private media outlet's intention to include a specific political party (Vox) in a multilateral debate, advocating for fair and proportional representation.", "quote": "Véanse, por ejemplo, las reclamaciones de CC, PNV y Junts a las intenciones de Atremedia de incluir a Vox en un debate multilateral y que originaron los acuerdos de la JEC 197, 216 y 217/2019 de 16 de abril.", "page": "12", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Jurists", "aliases": ["Jurists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["social order"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "They drafted sumptuary laws that formalized the invitation to moderation, setting limits and defining what was permitted and forbidden in clothing, food, and spending. They also contributed to theoretical reflections on moderation.", "quote": "Nelle Provvisioni bolognesi del 18 luglio 1398, i giuristi dichiarano che «volentes immoderatis sumptibus vestis et ornamentis mulierum salubriter obviare […] statuerunt quod nulla mulier cuiuscumque condicionis et status existat possit alicuius ornatus causa portare vel super se habere […]» tutta una serie di abiti e ornamenti che venivano proibiti giacché simboli di immoderazione.", "page": "5", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Jury of the third Parnasse contemporain", "aliases": ["Jury of the third Parnasse contemporain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De l'obscurité comme censure. Proust, Muhlfeld, Mallarmé", "author": "", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "This literary jury exercised gatekeeping power by rejecting contributions from avant-garde poets like Verlaine, Mallarmé, and Charles Cros for an anthology, thereby enforcing specific aesthetic criteria.", "quote": "Anatole France avait figuré dans le jury établi par Lemerre pour le troisième Parnasse contemporain, qui devait refuser sous différents prétextes les contributions de Verlaine, Mallarmé et Charles Cros.", "page": "4", "url": "orbi.uliege.be", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Just Algorithms Action Group", "aliases": ["Just Algorithms Action Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grassroots movement; AI ethics advocacy group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research and briefings, responds to government consultations, partners on training initiatives and publicly advocates for legal duties and regulatory reform to shape AI governance.", "quote": "Directly engages in AI policy, ethical auditing, government consultations and campaigns for better regulation and standards in AI affecting platformized content and automated decision systems.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jaag.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Just Net Coalition", "aliases": ["Just Net Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["equity", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations for a just and equitable internet.", "quote": "27. Just Net Coalition. (2014). Delhi Declaration for a Just and Equitable Internet. http://justnetcoalition.org/delhi-declaration.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Justice Base", "aliases": ["Justice Base"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Justice Department", "aliases": ["Justice Department"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["animal rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A militant animal rights group that operates covertly to evade police surveillance while engaging in direct action and activism.", "quote": "Others lead a shadowy existence in an attempt to evade police surveillance, such as the militant animal rights group the Justice Department.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Justice For Myanmar", "aliases": ["Justice For Myanmar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, likely focusing on the implications of surveillance technology export for human rights and democracy in Myanmar.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Justice, Inc.", "aliases": ["Justice, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A statewide gay and lesbian civil rights organization, engaged in advocacy and support for sexual minorities, implicitly opposing legal restrictions on their expression and identity.", "quote": "KATHY SARRIS is President of Justice, Inc., the only state-wide gay and lesbian civil rights organization in Indiana.", "page": "29", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Justice?", "aliases": ["Justice?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["resistance", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An activist collective that opposed the Criminal Justice Act, engaged in direct action like squatting, and produced SchNEWS as part of its efforts to organize and communicate.", "quote": "It grew out of an activist collective based in Brighton whose members came together in 1994 to oppose the Criminal Justice Act. Their first high-profile action was the squatting of Brighton courthouse.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Justitia", "aliases": ["Justitia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ON-LINE.", "author": "N Alkiviadou", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the adoption of online content regulation laws (like Germany's NetzDG) in various countries, documenting their spread and raising concerns about potential impacts on fundamental rights.", "quote": "Em dois relatórios de Mchangama et al., um de 2019 e outro de 2020, a organização Justitia registrou a aprovação de um modelo da lei NetzDG em mais de 20 países...", "page": "2", "url": "https://sur.conectas.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sur-32-portugues-natalie-alkiviadou.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online social media platforms (global, with emphasis on EU and US regulatory contexts)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focus on 2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Juventud Universitaria Peronista", "aliases": ["Juventud Universitaria Peronista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "political expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Designated by the military regime as a 'subversive organization' aiming to spread Marxist ideology in education and recruit students, which made them a target for repression and cultural control.", "quote": "Entre las BDSM MONTONEROS agrupa a la UES y a la JUP, de quienes dice que sus objetivos son “Influir en el ámbito educativo, introduciendo la filosofía marxista, mediante un hábil disfraz peronista, a efectos de formar cuadros y captar ideológicamente a los futuros dirigentes del país”.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (Unified Socialist Youth)", "aliases": ["Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (Unified Socialist Youth)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-Trotskyism", "democracy", "republicanism", "socialism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A youth organization that, while advocating for unity, often criticized those not aligned with its democratic republican view as 'Trotskyists', influencing internal political debates.", "quote": "as Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas – JSU –, as Juventudes do PSUC que, ao mesmo tempo que falavam em unir todas as juventudes, sem distinção ideológica, qualificavam de “trotskistas” todos os que não comungavam com seu ponto de vista em relação à república democrática", "page": "404", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Jyllands-Posten (Danish newspaper)", "aliases": ["Jyllands-Posten (Danish newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher/media outlet)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The newspaper engaged in public opposition to perceived external censorship by publishing the Mohammed caricatures, asserting freedom of speech. It also practiced private self-censorship by its editors, deciding not to publish other unsolicited content like caricatures of Jesus based on internal editorial guidelines.", "quote": "Notoriously, the Jyllands-Posten declined to print unsolicited caricatures of Jesus on the grounds that they would cause offense to readers (Fouché, 2006).", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2005–2010"}]}, {"name": "K-pop Fandom Networks", "aliases": ["K-pop Fandom Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Asia Pacific", "Nordic countries", "Singapore"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["commercial interests", "information control", "reputation management"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From “Networked Publics” to “Refracted Publics”: A Companion Framework for Researching “Below the Radar” Studies", "author": "Abidin, Crystal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These networks deploy analogue and algorithmic baiting strategies through large-scale, informal coordinated action to suppress negative news (e.g., idol scandals) and amplify positive news (e.g., idol promotions) about their favorite stars.", "quote": "...K-pop fandom networks on social media, who often deploy analogue and algorithmic baiting strategies through large-scale but informal coordinated action to suppress some news (e.g., idol scandals) and magnify others (e.g., idol promotions; Abidin, 2019d).", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120984458", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore, Asia Pacific, Nordic countries, and beyond, across social media platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube)", "when": "2009–2020"}]}, {"name": "K-pop fandoms", "aliases": ["K-pop fandoms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial equality", "social change", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Mobilized on social media to participate in political actions like promoting fake event registrations to disrupt rallies or obscuring legitimate content from police apps with user-generated content, demonstrating a form of digital activism.", "quote": "K-pop fandoms have connected with select philanthropic initiatives and social justice commentary (see Diaz Pino, 2021). One example of K-pop’s mobili zation power responded to Donald Trump’s free registration for a 2020 campaign rally with limited attendance due to social distancing.", "page": "175", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Kafka (Antifascist Research)", "aliases": ["Kafka (Antifascist Research)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-fascism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A free market in extreme speech: Scientific racism and bloodsports on YouTube", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie; Tuters, Marc; Osborne-Carey, Cassian; Jurg, Daniel; Kisjes, Ivan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As an anti-fascist NGO, it provided reports that helped identify right-wing extremist forums and channels for the dataset, acting as a watchdog that monitors and exposes extremist content and actors, thereby informing efforts to combat extremism.", "quote": "right-wing extremist forums (4chan/pol, 8chan), and reports by anti-fascist NGOs, such as Hope not Hate and Kafka (Tokmetzis, 2019; Kafka, 2021).", "page": "8", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article/37/4/949/6445201", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2008-2018"}]}, {"name": "Kaggle", "aliases": ["Kaggle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Perspective API"], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "collaboration", "openness", "technological advancement"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The fabrics of machine moderation: Studying the technical, normative, and organizational structure of Perspective API", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Skop, Yarden", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Hosts machine learning challenges that attract thousands of teams to contribute open-source solutions and technical innovations for improving moderation models, including for bias detection and mitigation.", "quote": "Jigsaw also drew on the wider ML community through three “challenges,” a common free-labor format in tech circles, with thousands of teams participating through Google's Kaggle website. While all contributions were made open source, the considerable technical creativity at work represents an important—and cheap—source of input for Perspective.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211046181", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, Perspective API, global (with US/Western focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kaiser Family Foundation", "aliases": ["Kaiser Family Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health equity", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with social media platforms to create and promote video campaigns aimed at communicating public health information and encouraging vaccination, particularly among at-risk groups.", "quote": "We are working with a wide range of partners who have experience and expertise in public health communication with key at-risk groups, to help create, amplify and promote their campaigns on YouTube, including the Kaiser Family Foundation's Greater Than COVID video campaign...", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now Max Planck Society)", "aliases": ["Kaiser Wilhelm Society (now Max Planck Society)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "national interest", "scientific innovation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Fostered state-industry-university collaboration for national interest, supporting interdisciplinary research for innovative products like Haber's ammonia synthesis.", "quote": "if one goes back to the model’s true origins in Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm (now Max Planck) Institutes in the early twentieth century, the picture looks rather different.", "page": "124", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Kaitiaki.org", "aliases": ["Kaitiaki.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["access control"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A community site that utilizes reputation systems to manage access, prevent gate-keeping by low-profile members, and allow valued contributors prominence, while also addressing spam and abusive discussions.", "quote": "De acuerdo con los creadores de Kaitiaki.org, un sitio de comunidad en Nueva Zelanda, los sistemas de reputación “tienen el potencial para resolver los problemas de controlar el acceso mientras previenen el ‘gate-keeping’...", "page": "47", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Kalahari Surfers", "aliases": ["Kalahari Surfers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["apartheid resistance", "artistic expression", "critical commentary"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Subverted official statements using studio dubbing (cutting up political speeches) and reinterpreted cover versions of existing songs to convey protest messages and challenge government narratives.", "quote": "Warrick Sony of the Kalahari Surfers made use of studio dubbing to subvert statements made by politicians. In the tradition of musicians such as the Residents, Sony cut up speeches of politicians, changed the meaning of what they were saying and put the subverted speeches to musical backing.", "page": "189", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence for Technology Enhanced Learning", "aliases": ["Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence for Technology Enhanced Learning"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "education", "knowledge dissemination", "technological development"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Enrichir les interfaces de forums par la visualisation d'analyses automatiques des interactions et du contenu", "author": "A Dimitracopoulou, É Bruillard", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The Network of Excellence, as a research consortium, inspired the work presented in the paper, which aims to develop tools for automatic analysis of interactions and content to enrich forum interfaces, thereby supporting metacognitive assistance and self-regulation for participants and observers in online educational discussions.", "quote": "Le premier auteur remercie le Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence (FP6-2002-IST-507838 Technology Enhanced Learning, TEL), 2003-2007, dont les activités de recherche (JEIRPS), ICALTS et Interaction Analysis (IA), ont inspiré le travail présenté.", "page": "35", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-00696377/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Online educational discussion forums", "when": "Early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur", "aliases": ["Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "national identity", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Mobilized right-wing cultural forces, exerted pressure at local levels to influence cultural developments, promoting German nationalistic values and purges of modern art and museums.", "quote": "Hand-in-hand with these developments came the foundation in 1928 of the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (Fighting League for German Culture) which emerged as the most effective right-wing cultural organisation to mobilise the forces of reaction in the last years of the Weimar Republic.", "page": "80", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (Fighting League for German Culture)", "aliases": ["Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur (Fighting League for German Culture)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic values", "anti-communism", "anti-semitism", "national identity", "traditionalism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Harnessed conservative attitudes with the Nazi party to successfully promote policies of cultural purification, banning modernist works and establishing reading panels for music approval/rejection.", "quote": "The situation changed at the end of the decade when Alfred Rosenberg’s Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur harnessed conservative attitudes in tandem with the Nazi party to successful effect in Thuringia in 1930.", "page": "61", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Kampnagel Theatre", "aliases": ["Kampnagel Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cultural institution"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partnered with RRN to provide a pavilion (EcoFavela Lampedusa Nord, then Migrantpolitan) as an art and community space, facilitating refugee engagement in public discourse and media production.", "quote": "RRN radio volunteers initiated a project with Kampnagel, the independent production venue in Hamburg.", "page": "161", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Kanawha County Association of Classroom Teachers", "aliases": ["Kanawha County Association of Classroom Teachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Voted to oppose any recommendation that would undo the original textbook adoption and denounced the removal of textbooks, upbraiding the School Board.", "quote": "On the other side, the Kanawha County Association of Classroom Teachers voted to oppose any recommendation the Textbook Review Committee might make that would undo the original adoption and passed a resolution denouncing the removal of the textbooks during the review period and upbraiding the School Board for abdicating its legal responsibilities in the face of public pressure.", "page": "21", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Kanawha County Coalition for Quality Education", "aliases": ["Kanawha County Coalition for Quality Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "quality of education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Formed as a pro-book group to counter the antibook protests and threatened legal action against the board for removing textbooks.", "quote": "...included the organization of a probook group called Kanawha County Coalition for Quality Education; a determination by State Superintendent of Education Daniel Taylor that it was probably illegal for a school board to withdraw books it had already adopted...", "page": "20", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Kandel ist überall", "aliases": ["Kandel ist überall"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti immigration", "anti muslim sentiment", "border security", "far right ideology", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Mobilizes online and offline using narratives of sexualized violence against women to justify far-right demands like border closures and migrant deportation.", "quote": "The initiative also continues to mobilize online by using sexualized violence against women to justify far-right positions.", "page": "80", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kapor Center for Social Impact", "aliases": ["Kapor Center for Social Impact"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "digital equity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in initiatives and employs advocates who address computer science equity and justice, speaking out against algorithmic discrimination and supporting marginalized communities in tech spaces.", "quote": "Consider the case of Shana V White, currently the Senior Associate, CS Equity and Justice Initiatives at the Kapor Center.", "page": "7", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Karachi Press Club", "aliases": ["Karachi Press Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a forum for different journalist groups, influencing collective action and policies regarding safety risks and self-censorship, though internal divisions can hinder a unified approach.", "quote": "Just take the example of Karachi Press Club. One can find two to three journalists’ groups operating there.Therefore, it is tough to have a collective action or policy to combat safety risks and self- censorship.", "page": "51", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Kathmandu University, Interdisciplinary Analysts, & The Asia Foundation", "aliases": ["Kathmandu University, Interdisciplinary Analysts, & The Asia Foundation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research center"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public trust"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducted a survey on the public trust in media in Nepal, assessing changes over time.", "quote": "In 2017, survey revealed that public trust in media was 92.2% but in 2022, that score fell to 88% (Kathmandu University et al., 2022).", "page": "172", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Katholische Nachrichten-Agentur (Catholic News Agency)", "aliases": ["Katholische Nachrichten-Agentur (Catholic News Agency)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-blasphemy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Disseminating news and opinions from a Catholic viewpoint, including strong critical assessments of literary works, which contributed to public discourse and moral judgments, influencing overall cultural moderation.", "quote": "\"El autor debiera haberse quedado con sus antiguos oficios... antes de deleitarnos con semejante enjen-dro blasfematorio\"\".\"", "page": "25", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "Katholische Volkszeitung", "aliases": ["Katholische Volkszeitung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Launched furious attacks in its newspaper against artistic works deemed depraved or radically internationalist, exerting public pressure to influence cultural policy.", "quote": "In particular the Katholische Volkszeitung, the newspaper of the Centre Party, launched a furious attack against the work, condemning both the supposed depravity of the action on stage and the composer's 'radical internationalist style'.", "page": "70", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Katiba des Narvalos", "aliases": ["Katiba des Narvalos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A group of social media activists who use humor to counter Islamist extremism on Twitter, reporting extremists and mocking the Islamic State through parody accounts.", "quote": "social media activists that use humour to work against Islamist extremism, such as the Katiba des Narvalos account on Twitter, which, as well as reporting extremists operating online, routinely mocks the Islamic State by amplifying comic tweets made about it by parody accounts.", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Keeping children safe on social media - Youth Villages", "aliases": ["Keeping children safe on social media - Youth Villages"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's mental and behavioral health nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance and expert blog posts citing Surgeon General and legislative proposals and works via partnerships with public agencies to shape child welfare and safety discussions.", "quote": "Publishes guidance on social media risks to children and references policy proposals (Surgeon General advisory, SAFE for Kids Act) but core mission is child mental health services rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://youthvillages.org/keeping-children-safe-on-social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kein Bock Auf Nazis", "aliases": ["Kein Bock Auf Nazis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A campaign focused on preventing people from ignoring racism and challenging Far-Right movements.", "quote": "a campaign that focuses its attention on stopping people from turning a blind eye to racism", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Keinen Pixel den Faschisten", "aliases": ["Keinen Pixel den Faschisten"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An initiative of media professionals, research collectives, and developer studios from computer game culture, working for an inclusive climate through anti-fascist work.", "quote": "the Keinen Pixel den Faschisten (2020) initiative of websites, media professionals, research collectives and developer studios from computer game culture who want to work for an inclusive climate in their communities through anti-fascist work;", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Kensington Ladies Erotica Society", "aliases": ["Kensington Ladies Erotica Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public morals"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Produced and distributed \"Ladies Home Erotica", "quote": "Female erotic expression.", "page": "Kensington Ladies Erotica Society, Ladies Home Erotica (1984)", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Kentucky Psychological Association & Foundation", "aliases": ["Kentucky Psychological Association & Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": ["academic publishing"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "institutional reputation", "institutional stability", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process", "author": "Strauss, Dana; Gran-Ruaz, Sophia; Osman, Muna; Williams, Monnica T.; Faber, Sonya C.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As conference organisers, they cancelled a scheduled scientific talk due to pressure and threats of legal action from a state licensing board, censoring the public airing of unflattering findings.", "quote": "the authors experienced censorship (cancellation) of a scheduled scientific talk at a 2022 psychology convention... powerful advocates of the board pressured the conference organisers to make a political decision to cancel the talk with threats of legal action.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120938/full", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary academic publishing in psychology, primarily USA and Canada", "when": "Contemporary (recent incidents, within 1.5 years of article publication)"}]}, {"name": "Kenya ICT Action Network", "aliases": ["Kenya ICT Action Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}]}, {"name": "Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTAnet)", "aliases": ["Kenya ICT Action Network (KICTAnet)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, providing a framework for responsible internet intermediary behavior.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrollados por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA)... KICTAnet, Derechos Digitales...", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kharijites", "aliases": ["Kharijites"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "religious doctrine", "religious purity", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Formalizing specific religious norms, such as a role for women in jihad and rejection of concubinage and child marriage, as a dissenting sect.", "quote": "Nei primi anni dell’Islam la partecipazione delle donne ai combattimenti era evidentemente abbastanza normale se la setta dei Kharigiti ne formalizzò il ruolo e stabilì che la jihad (la guerra santa) era un dovere religioso al pari della preghiera, del pellegrinaggio, del digiuno e dell’elemosina, sia per gli uomini che per le donne.", "page": "335", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Khiar", "aliases": ["Khiar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["community standards", "cultural nuance", "free speech", "political expression"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Recruited a prominent user as a moderator from its existing user base and coordinates moderation efforts informally via chats, while maintaining a liberal approach to content warnings, viewing stricter norms as 'Global North hypersensitivity'.", "quote": "Khiar also had “a prominent user promoted to moderator” without difficulty, evidencing how content moderators of Mastodon instances are closely tied to their user base (Interview, Khiar).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Khryushi Protiv", "aliases": ["Khryushi Protiv"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["consumer safety", "product quality", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A vigilante group that inspects shops in Russia to check for expired products, contributing to consumer safety and public order.", "quote": "inspect shops to check whether they sell expired products (Khryushi Protiv)", "page": "107", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Kialo Community of Moderators/Participants", "aliases": ["Kialo Community of Moderators/Participants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["ConsiderIt", "Kialo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["critical thinking", "fairness", "rational discourse"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing conflict in online debate communities: Foregrounding moderators' beliefs and values on kialo", "author": "J Beck, B Neupane, JM Carroll", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Kialo moderators, comprising Admins and Editors, vet and accept claims, edit debates, monitor for duplicate or inappropriate content, and engage in collaborative 'gatekeeping' to maintain debate quality. They negotiate norms and practices through dialogue to manage conflicts.", "quote": "Moderators make decisions about who gets to participate, which claims are accept- able, as well as how to revise claims in order to strengthen their overall contribution.", "page": "1", "url": "https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/cdfq7_v1/providers/osfstorage/5bdcb8e1573649001a833455?action=download&direct&version=2", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online debate communities (Kialo), Wikipedia, Linux, ConsiderIt", "when": "2017–2018 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "KICTAnet (Kenya ICT Action Network)", "aliases": ["KICTAnet (Kenya ICT Action Network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability, advocating for limited intermediary responsibility for third-party content.", "quote": "Los Principios de Manila sobre Responsabilidade de Intermediários, de 2005, fueron desarrolla-dos por organizaciones de sociedad civil como Electronic Frontier Foundation (USA)... Kenya ICT Action Network (Kenya)...", "page": "11", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kids and Social Media - The Kids Mental Health Foundation", "aliases": ["Kids and Social Media - The Kids Mental Health Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit mental health advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces and distributes free resources reaching millions, develops curricula for classrooms, and participated in a White House roundtable—using research and public engagement to shape discourse on youth and social media.", "quote": "Primary mission is child mental health and resource provision, but content and guidance address social media risks, privacy, advertising exposure, cyberbullying and parental controls—topics touching platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://kidsmentalhealthfoundation.org/mental-health-resources/technology-and-social-media/social-media-and-kids", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kids First Coalition", "aliases": ["Kids First Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "social welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Submitted an Amici Curiae Brief arguing against sharing pornographic material with children, emphasizing the potential for corruption and hindering sexual development.", "quote": "Similarly, child pornography is being “shared” with increasing frequency over P2P networks, but no reasonable person would be in favor of this form of sharing (Amici Curiae Brief of Kids First Coalition, 2005).", "page": "566", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Killing Free Speech: Snowflakes, Censorship, Sit-ins and Social Media", "aliases": ["Killing Free Speech: Snowflakes, Censorship, Sit-ins and Social Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy non-profit / think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Ideological diversity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "ARI publishes articles and hosts events/panels with high-profile commentators, runs conferences and courses, and produces podcasts and editorials that shape public debate on free speech and platform moderation.", "quote": "ARI's core work promotes free speech and publishes commentary/events addressing social media 'censorship' and platform deplatforming, directly engaging platformized-content governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://newideal.aynrand.org/killing-free-speech-snowflakes-censorship-sit-ins-and-social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kinder im Netz - Der Kinderschutzbund", "aliases": ["Kinder im Netz - Der Kinderschutzbund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection civil society organisation / campaign unit of Deutscher Kinderschutzbund"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "Publishes policy papers and press statements, runs public campaigns and informational resources, and coordinates with other civil-society actors to press for age verification and strengthened youth media protection on platforms.", "quote": "Explicitly advocates for child and youth media protection, publishes policy papers on age verification and pursues measures to combat sexualized violence online — directly engaging platform governance and online safety measures.", "page": "", "url": "https://kinderschutzbund.de/digitale-welt/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kinder sicher in Social Media - mekomat", "aliases": ["Kinder sicher in Social Media - mekomat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media literacy clearinghouse; church-affiliated non-profit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Youth participation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes educational brochures and praxis materials to shape public understanding and practices around children’s social media use; affiliated with the German Bishops' Conference, giving institutional reach.", "quote": "Produces guidance and educational materials on children’s use of social media and youth media protection, engaging with platform safety issues but primarily via media education rather than platform policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://mekomat.de/kinder-sicher-in-social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kinderrechte in der digitalen Welt - Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk", "aliases": ["Kinderrechte in der digitalen Welt - Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child welfare NGO; advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1972, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Publishes studies and policy papers, runs a government-funded coordination office that develops political impulses and convenes an expert circle to influence implementation of UN/EU recommendations for children’s digital rights.", "quote": "Operates a Koordinierungsstelle Kinderrechte in der digitalen Welt, conducts projects, studies and political lobbywork on children’s rights in digital spaces, directly addressing platform responsibilities and regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dkhw.de/informieren/unsere-themen/kinder-und-medien/kinderrechte-in-der-digitalen-welt/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Kindersicherung für Instagram - Medien Kindersicher", "aliases": ["Kindersicherung für Instagram - Medien Kindersicher"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety resource project"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes step-by-step guides and video tutorials for parents to configure privacy, content filters, time limits and parental controls on Instagram to reduce harms to children.", "quote": "Provides detailed guidance on platform settings (Instagram parental controls, privacy, content filters) to reduce risks for children, but primary mission is child/media safety rather than platform governance reform.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.medien-kindersicher.de/social-media/kindersicherung-fuer-instagram", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "King's College London", "aliases": ["King's College London"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["revues.imist.ma"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Régulation des réseaux sociaux au Maroc", "author": "N Benbouazza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Hosts specialized research centers (e.g., Center for Strategic Communications) that focus on the domain of disinformation, contributing to understanding and addressing these challenges.", "quote": "C'est ainsi qu'au Royaume Uni, le « King's College London » s'est doté d'un « Center for Strategic Communications » tandis que la « London School of Econom » du programme «Arena » pour répondre aux défis de la désinformation ».", "page": "14", "url": "https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/ibnkhaldoun/article/view/64624", "topic": "revues.imist.ma", "language": "", "where": "Morocco", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Kinoreformbewegung von Lehrern und Geistlichen (Film Reform Movement of Teachers and Clergy)", "aliases": ["Kinoreformbewegung von Lehrern und Geistlichen (Film Reform Movement of Teachers and Clergy)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany"], "media": ["Film"], "norms": ["education standards", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dictionnaire de la censure au cinéma: images interdites", "author": "Douin, Jean-Luc", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Advocated for reforms in cinema content and standards, influencing public opinion and potentially policy regarding films.", "quote": "Tucholsky hat vor 1914 die Kinoreformbewegung von Lehrern und Geistlichen unterstützt", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "German", "where": "Film censorship, France and Germany", "when": "Early-mid 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Kleiner 5", "aliases": ["Kleiner 5"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in various counter-Far-Right activities to dissuade people from voting for right-wing populist parties in elections.", "quote": "engages in a range of counter-Far-Right activities in order to dissuade people from voting for right-wing populist parties in elections.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Klicksafe", "aliases": ["Klicksafe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["EU public awareness and media literacy initiative"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "klicksafe produces educational resources, campaigns and events (#FaktenSchützen), leverages partnerships with media authorities and uses public-facing outreach to shape norms and practices around platform safety for children and misinformation.", "quote": "klicksafe is an EU initiative providing media literacy, resources and campaigns aimed at disinformation, youth safety, AI and extremist content on online platforms, directly engaging platform-related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.klicksafe.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Klubrádió", "aliases": ["Klubrádió"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent radio station that engaged in judicial battles against the Media Council's decisions regarding its license, representing resistance to state-influenced media control.", "quote": "The case of Klubrádió, a popular and independent radio station devoted to political news and debates whose voice is widely acknowledged as having influence on Hungarian public opinion, is representative of the Media Council’s power.", "page": "157", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Knight Foundation", "aliases": ["Knight Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Credibility Coalition", "year": "1950", "mechanism": "Through grantmaking, research funding, fellowships and convenings Knight Foundation shapes research agendas, funds projects that set norms for information ecosystems, and leverages relationships with news and civic organizations to influence platform-related policies and practices.", "quote": "Funds research, fellowships, and programs on free expression, journalism, information ecosystems and technology and democracy that shape platform governance debates and practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://knightfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Knight Foundation (and Ipsos)", "aliases": ["Knight Foundation (and Ipsos)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic Self-Defense", "author": "Haupt, Claudia E", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research and surveys on public views regarding speech rights and moderation, thereby contributing to the public discourse and informing policy debates.", "quote": "KNIGHT FOUNDATION-IPSOS, KNIGHT FREE EXPRESSION RSCH. SERIES, FREE EXPRESSION IN AMERICA POST-2020: A LANDMARK SURVEY OF AMERICANS' VIEWS ON SPEECH RIGHTS 4 (2022)", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA and Germany, social media platforms, online speech environment", "when": "post-2021 platform era, with historical context from the Weimar Republic"}]}, {"name": "Knight-Georgetown Institute", "aliases": ["Knight-Georgetown Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research institute; nonpartisan 501(c)(3) affiliated with Georgetown University"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Competition policy", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; DSA-related public consultation; Mozilla Festival 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy reports, technical assessments (e.g., feasibility of Chrome divestiture), legislative toolkits, and convenes experts and policymakers to shape regulation and remedies for major platforms.", "quote": "Produces research, reports, toolkits, and convenings directly addressing platform governance, competition policy, algorithmic feeds, researcher access to platform data, and antitrust remedies related to major platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://kgi.georgetown.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Know your IX (Advocates for Youth)", "aliases": ["Know your IX (Advocates for Youth)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Sets guidelines for journalists on covering sexual assault, focusing on language, contextualization, and sensitivity to mental health.", "quote": "El proyecto de Advocates for Youth, Know your IX también ha establecido un conjunto de pautas que recogen algunas ya mencionadas en recomendaciones anteriores como el lenguaje y la contextualización del problema.", "page": "328", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Know Your Rights: Social Media Censorship by Public Officials", "aliases": ["Know Your Rights: Social Media Censorship by Public Officials"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties affiliate"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes a toolkit and template demand letters, provides legal assistance and educational courses, and resolves cases via letters to officials to enforce free-speech protections on government-operated social media.", "quote": "Provides a public-facing toolkit and legal guidance on social media blocking by public officials, directly engaging platformized-content governance and First Amendment issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclunebraska.org/know-your-rights/know-your-rights-social-media-censorship-public-officials/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Knowledge Science Institute", "aliases": ["Knowledge Science Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world-wide market: Living with the realities of censorship on the Internet.", "author": "M Björn, YY Chen", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Utilizes server-side chronological awareness systems (like CHRONO) to monitor changes in web pages within their research units and groups, supporting collaborative interactions and information flow.", "quote": "People associated with the two research units: Knowledge Science Institute and GroupLab periodically have utilized the system to check on new developments of each other (both within group and between groups).", "page": "143", "url": "https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427649.pdf#page=42", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet/WWW", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Knowledge Unlatched", "aliases": ["Knowledge Unlatched"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "open access"], "topics": ["80.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity: Studies in Text Transmission", "author": "D Rohmann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "It is a collaborative initiative that makes high-quality books freely available, participating in public life by influencing the accessibility and consumption of academic literature, effectively challenging traditional publishing gatekeeping through economic barriers.", "quote": "An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110486070/html", "topic": "80.0", "language": "", "where": "England", "when": "18th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "KODA", "aliases": ["KODA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["television markets"], "norms": ["copyright protection", "fair compensation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collects retransmission remuneration from distributors and redistributes it among broadcasters and other rights holders, with tariffs set by a copyright license tribunal.", "quote": "Copyright associations Copydan Kabel TV, KODA and UBOD collect the remuneration from distributors and redistribute among broadcasters and other rights holders.", "page": "138", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Kofi Annan Foundation", "aliases": ["Kofi Annan Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "WhatsApp", "X/Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "peace and security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a report predicting risks to the 2023 Nigerian elections posed by social media manipulation and disinformation, acting as a research and advocacy body to preemptively address potential harms.", "quote": "A 2022 report by the Kofi Annan Foundation predicted the possiblity of online result publication, manipulation and disinformation based on the projections derived from the manner with which the Nigerian populace rely on social media for election results and not directly from INEC", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Koko (anonymous support community)", "aliases": ["Koko (anonymous support community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Pinterest", "Tumblr"], "norms": ["care", "well-being"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Beyond the hashtag: Circumventing content moderation on social media", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Koko is an anonymous support community suggested by Tumblr to users searching for problematic terms related to eating disorders. By offering 'kind words' and support, it implicitly participates in a form of moderation by providing an alternative narrative and resources away from pro-ED content.", "quote": "'Everything okay? It sounds like you could use some kind words right about now. We suggest Koko, an anonymous support community made up of nice, caring people like you'.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818776611", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Pinterest, and Tumblr", "when": "2012-2018"}]}, {"name": "Komando Jihad", "aliases": ["Komando Jihad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Perpetrated acts of terrorism, including bombings and arson against non-Islamic targets, in an attempt to impose their radical Islamic ideology and norms on society.", "quote": "What's worse, in the 1970s, “Islamic\" acts of terrorism such as bombing and burning of Christian houses of worship", "page": "nightclubs", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Komando Jihad and Jamaah Imran", "aliases": ["Komando Jihad and Jamaah Imran"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These radical groups pursued the full implementation of Islamic law in Indonesia through various acts of violence, demonstrating an effort to enforce their ideological goals.", "quote": "After DI/TII, Indonesia also faced other radical groups such as Komando Jihad and Jamaah Imran in the 1970s. These groups wanted the full implementation of Islamic law in Indonesia and committed various acts of violence to achieve their goals.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (Indonesian Child Protection Commission)", "aliases": ["Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (Indonesian Child Protection Commission)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "IMPEMENTASI CONTENT MODERATION DALAM SOCIAL MEDIA INSTAGRAM UNTUK DETEKSI CYBERBULLYING DENGAN MACHINE LEARNING BERBASIS …", "author": "W Hadikristanto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The organization monitors and reports on the prevalence of cyberbullying cases, providing data that highlights the scale of the problem and implicitly advocating for effective content moderation to protect children online.", "quote": "Menurut data dari Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia, terdapat lebih dari 10.000 kasus cyberbullying yang dilaporkan pada tahun 2020.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ejournal.almaata.ac.id/index.php/IJUBI/article/view/2804/0", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Indonesia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam (KISDI)", "aliases": ["Komite Indonesia untuk Solidaritas Dunia Islam (KISDI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocated for the formalization and implementation of sharia law at the state level.", "quote": "supporters of the implementation of sharia at the state level such as the Indonesian Committee for World Islamic Solidarity (KISDI)", "page": "11", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Komitet Obrony Robotników (Workers' Defence Council)", "aliases": ["Komitet Obrony Robotników (Workers' Defence Council)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "freedom of information", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Established a systematic independent publishing network through information bulletins and literary journals, directly challenging the state's monopoly on information and funding imprisoned workers.", "quote": "During its ’pioneering’ phase, underground publishing took the form of information bulletins disseminated by the Workers’ Defence Council (Komitet Obrony Robotników: KOR).", "page": "142", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Komitet Pomocy Więźniom", "aliases": ["Komitet Pomocy Więźniom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["prisoner support"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Founded in the town of Oświęcim with the aim of helping prisoners, although it did not achieve its stated objectives.", "quote": "In March 1941, the Prisoners’ Aid Committee (Komitet Pomocy Więźniom) was founded in the town of Oświęcim, but did not achieve its objectives of helping prisoners.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Kommunistische Partei Österreichs", "aliases": ["Kommunistische Partei Österreichs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Austria", "East Germany (RDA)", "West Germany (RFA)"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fred Wander et la censure", "author": "Prédhumeau, Alfred", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The Communist Party of Austria facilitated Fred Wander's entry into the East German literary system by delegating him to the Institute of Literature in Leipzig, an institution dedicated to training writers according to the principles of 'socialist realism,' which functioned as a form of ideological pre-censorship.", "quote": "adhérent au KPÖ à la fin des années 40 et délégué de ce parti à l'Institut de littérature à Leipzig, qu'il commença à vivre de ses écrits.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/austriaca/884", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "East Germany (RDA), Austria, West Germany (RFA)", "when": "mid-20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Konference om ytringsfrihed - Dreyersfond", "aliases": ["Konference om ytringsfrihed - Dreyersfond"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Dreyers Fond uses its funding to convene experts and institutions (e.g., Justitia, Columbia University, Aarhus University) for conferences that shape public discussion on free speech and platform content moderation.", "quote": "Dreyers Fond funded and hosted a \"Future of Free Speech\" conference convening experts (including industry and civil society) to discuss online communication and the future of content moderation, but the foundation's core activity is philanthropic funding rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://dreyersfond.dk/okay-portfolio/konference-om-ytringsfrihed/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Konrad Adenauer Foundation", "aliases": ["Konrad Adenauer Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Konsento", "aliases": ["Konsento"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "direct democracy", "open source"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains digital tools (Konsento) for direct democracy, which are built with open-source code and enable citizens to participate directly in political processes.", "quote": "Konsento: ferramenta digital de democracia direta construída com código aberto [16];", "page": "3", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Korea Press Foundation", "aliases": ["Korea Press Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free press", "journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funding research and reports on digital news consumption, trust, and misinformation.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... the Korea Press Foundation...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Korea Society", "aliases": ["Korea Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["international relations"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Bestowed the Van Fleet Award to the K-pop band BTS, which subsequently became a focal point of nationalist controversy in mainland China due to the band's acceptance speech.", "quote": "it was their acceptance for the Van Fleet Award from the U.S.-based Korea Society, bestowed annually since 1995 “for outstanding contributions to the promotion of U.S.-Korea relations.”", "page": "10", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Korean e-Sports Association (KeSPA)", "aliases": ["Korean e-Sports Association (KeSPA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "It was created as part of government intervention to regulate esports, demonstrating its role in establishing gaming-focused policies in South Korea.", "quote": "Government intervention targeting esports is first observed in South Korea with the creation of gaming-focused policies and entities like the Korean e-Sports Association (Taylor, 2012, pp. 17-27).", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Korean Producer Association", "aliases": ["Korean Producer Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": [], "norms": ["regulatory compliance", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Film Censorship and Political Legitimation in South Korea, 1987-1992", "author": "Park, Seung Hyun", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The KPA established a committee to review film scripts, engaging in a form of self-regulation by checking films against official guidelines. This mechanism allowed authorities to indirectly control content and avoid criticism for direct censorship.", "quote": "In 1967, when the Korean Producer Association (KPA) set up a committee to review screenplays, scripts were checked by a double mechanism... Under the guise of self-regulation, the KPA was entitled to check any undesirable aspect of a film against official guidelines.", "page": "18", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/7549", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea", "when": "1987–1992"}]}, {"name": "Korean Women's Development Institute", "aliases": ["Korean Women's Development Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": ["DC Inside", "Ilbe", "Uggin-Daehak"], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Misogyny for Male Solidarity: Online Hate Discourse Against Women in South Korea", "author": "Kim, Jinsook", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducted surveys to assess the prevalence of misogynistic language and content online and public familiarity with derogatory terms. This research highlights the societal impact of online misogyny.", "quote": "in a recent survey by the Korean Women's Development Institute (Sang-su Ahn et al. 2015), 83.7% of respondents reported exposure to misogynistic language and content on the Internet.", "page": "2", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea, online communities (Ilbe, DC Inside, Uggin-Daehak), SNSs", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2010s (with historical context from early 1990s and mid-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Koumbit", "aliases": ["Koumbit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["decentralization", "ethical technology", "free software"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Joined the CHATONS collective, demonstrating a commitment to providing free, ethical, and decentralized digital services as an alternative to centralized platforms.", "quote": "Koumbit a fait de même peu après.", "page": "70", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus e.V.", "aliases": ["Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society NGO; education and prevention organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Counter-extremism", "Democratic resilience", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "KIgA publishes reports and educational materials, runs workshops and public events, participates in governmental competence networks and IHRA-related exchanges, and engages media to shape public debate and pressure institutions on antisemitism prevention.", "quote": "KIgA focuses on antisemitism prevention, education and monitoring and addresses conspiracy narratives and online incidents but its core mission is education and community work rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.kiga-berlin.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Krisis Group", "aliases": ["Krisis Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Nigeria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a prominent example within the Refusal of Work movement, this group theorizes capital's dependence on labor and advocates for the refusal to work as a means to bypass tokenistic corporate reforms and achieve emancipation.", "quote": "The Refusal of Work movement has been growing in popularity over the last few years, with the Krisis Group and Work Less party prominent examples.", "page": "164", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Kubatana", "aliases": ["Kubatana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As a civil society organization, it was a target of intermediary censorship by a U.S.-based hosting company and actively campaigned to reverse the decision, highlighting issues of online free speech under sanctions.", "quote": "As one of the cofounders of Kubatana, a civil-society organization based in Harare, Zimbabwe, she works with human rights organizations whose members are routinely harassed and imprisoned for speaking in public or online.", "page": "4", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Kultura Niezależna", "aliases": ["Kultura Niezależna"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural autonomy", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "An underground journal that provided a platform for critical assessment of underground literature and reported on authors excluded from official publishing.", "quote": "The underground journal Kultura Niezależna (Independent Culture) reported that his name was amongst those eliminated as 'oppositionist' from the publishing plan in 1984.", "page": "160", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Kulturbund", "aliases": ["Kulturbund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cultural association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Joined in the chorus of criticism against the state's over-bureaucratic methods of cultural control, supporting calls for less interference in artistic work.", "quote": "One by one, the GDR’s cultural organisations turned on Stakuko. The Academy had set the tone, and led the vendetta. The Kulturbund followed on 30th June.", "page": "101", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Kulturbund der DDR", "aliases": ["Kulturbund der DDR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Joined a chorus of criticism against Stakuko's bureaucratic working methods, contributing to the pressure that led to the organization's disbandment.", "quote": "Even the VDK joined in, arguing that previous working methods had not contributed to the happiness of artists in their work, but had damaged the reputation of State bodies, something 'which in the final analysis leads to the events of a 17th June'.", "page": "113", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Kumait", "aliases": ["Kumait"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a media group, it reportedly had videos temporarily removed by platforms, pointing to the issue of overblocking in content moderation, especially regarding sensitive political content.", "quote": "Other media groups, such as Kumait, and human rights organisations, such as Airwars, a London-based organisation that tracks international airstrikes and their impact on civilians, reportedly had videos temporarily removed.", "page": "26", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kurdistan Workers' Party", "aliases": ["Kurdistan Workers' Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura nas redes sociais: análise de novos tipos de censura e sua privatização", "author": "N Basigli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Political discourse related to the PKK is subjected to censorship by Facebook, often as a condition for the platform to operate in territories where governments impose such restrictions, demonstrating a form of norm enforcement by the platform against speech associated with the group.", "quote": "assim, no Facebook estão sujeitos à censura de discursos políticos pró-PKK ou pró-Abdullah Ocalan.", "page": "6", "url": "https://periodicos.univali.br/index.php/SIDC/article/view/21886", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms in Western democracies (EU, Italy, France, USA)", "when": "Post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kuro5hin", "aliases": ["Kuro5hin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community cohesion", "community engagement"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Kuro5hin utilized a $5, one-time registration fee as a pricing mechanism to deter casual malcontents from participating.", "quote": "A $5, one-time registration fee, small as it is, can provide a substantial deterrent to casual malcontents.", "page": "17", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Kuro5hin.org", "aliases": ["Kuro5hin.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Features member-edited stories, where content is written by a member, then peer-reviewed, edited, discussed, and classified by other members before publication, aiming to keep the signal high.", "quote": "Kuro5hin.org extendió el modelo Slashdot en una dirección diferente al encargar la revisión editorial a sus miembros. Cada historia es escrita por un miembro y después enviada a revisión de otro.", "page": "30", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Kyiv Hromada", "aliases": ["Kyiv Hromada"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Russian Empire", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "education", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1863, "when_max": 1876, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice", "author": "Remy, Johannes", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This society of Ukrainophile intellectuals published Ukrainian-language elementary textbooks aimed at public enlightenment and combating illiteracy, which were then subjected to censorship and bans under the Valuev circular.", "quote": "activists of the Kyiv Hromada, the most important society of Ukrainophile intellectuals in the Russian Empire. The book did not contain any explicit references to Ukrainian nationality...", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russian Empire, Ukraine", "when": "1863–1876"}]}, {"name": "Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)", "aliases": ["Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conducted public opinion polls that provided data on citizens' trust in media and politicians, which indirectly helped evaluate the impact of censorship.", "quote": "These include Kiev International Institute of Sociology, www.kiis.com.ua; The Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Named After Razumkov, www.uceps.org; and Democratic Initiatives, www.dif.org.ua/home.php.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Künstliche Intelligenz und Terrorabwehr: eine Einführung", "aliases": ["Künstliche Intelligenz und Terrorabwehr: eine Einführung"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research initiative"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GNET publishes evidence-based reports on AI and extremism that inform policymakers and platform stakeholders and is supported by GIFCT and linked to ICSR, enabling access to industry and policy audiences.", "quote": "GNET produces research on AI and countering violent extremism online, assessing AI tools (NLP, recommendation systems) and their implications for content moderation and platform safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://gnet-research.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GNET-Report-Artificial-Intelligence-and-Countering-Violent-Extremism-A-Primer_GERMAN.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "L'Affaire du Siècle", "aliases": ["L'Affaire du Siècle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate justice", "public interest", "state accountability"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "An action initiated by civil society aiming to legally challenge the state for inaction on climate change, demonstrating collective action for the public interest.", "quote": "Nous constatons que la société civile peut s’organiser et œuvrer collectivement pour l’intérêt général, comme cela a été le cas avec la Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat ou encore l’Affaire du siècle, action visant à poursuivre en justice l’État pour inaction en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement climatique.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "L'Armonia", "aliases": ["L'Armonia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Sabaudian States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "political ideology", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La polemica tra Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio e Luigi Amedeo Melegari: il casus belli della 'moderazione degli ordini rappresentativi'.", "author": "I Ferrero", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published criticisms of Melegari, attributing subversive meaning to his statements and associating him with revolutionary plots, thereby contributing to public pressure and attempting to delegitimize his position and ideas.", "quote": "Anche il teologo e sacerdote ligure Giacomo Margotti, noto direttore de L'Armonia, attribuiva significato sovversivo alle frasi pronunciate dal Melegari per cui il governo costituzionale «non è effettivamente che una guerra civile in atto [...] ora ci presenta la rivoluzione ora la cospirazione in atto».", "page": "15", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1728255/1/Ferrero_Taparelli.pdf", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Sabaudian States (Kingdom of Sardinia / Piedmont)", "when": "17th-19th century"}]}, {"name": "L'Atelier du Caire", "aliases": ["L'Atelier du Caire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 1994, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Served as the meeting point for the literary and artistic avant-garde, where they organized to protest threats to freedom of expression and advocated for the abolition of confiscation and reform of censorship practices.", "quote": "Le second manifeste est le fruit laborieux de plusieurs réunions à l'Atelier du Caire, siège de l'avant-garde littéraire et artistique. Ses auteurs, soucieux de ne pas cautionner la politique culturelle de l'État, dénoncent plus généralement « les graves menaces qui pèsent sur la liberté d'expression »", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "L'Eau Est la Vie", "aliases": ["L'Eau Est la Vie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental concerns", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Formed an indigenous-led camp to oppose the Bayou Bridge pipeline and was subjected to surveillance by law enforcement agencies.", "quote": "FBI, Governor's Office of Homeland Security, and other law enforcement agencies were surveilling the activities of Bayou Bridge pipeline opponents, including L'Eau Est la Vie, an indigenous-led camp formed to oppose the pipeline.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "L'Humanité", "aliases": ["L'Humanité"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["communism", "socialism"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube to engage in public debate, representing a specific political viewpoint.", "quote": "Valeurs Actuelles, Lundi Matin, Lutte ouvrière, L'Humanité, Alternatives Économiques", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "L'Inter-LGBT", "aliases": ["L'Inter-LGBT"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter/X"], "norms": ["access to justice", "anti-hate speech", "free speech", "human rights", "literacy"], "topics": ["journals.openedition.org"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les enjeux de la modération automatisée sur les réseaux sociaux numériques : les mobilisations LGBT contre la loi Avia", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Expressed concern about the Avia law, stating that while it addresses hate speech, the proposed solutions (algorithmic censorship) are inappropriate, as victims should have access to a judge rather than automated systems that ignore the complexities of language.", "quote": "L'Inter-LGBT, consciente du caractère insupportable des discours de haine sur internet et dans l'espace public, considère qu'avec ce texte, les mauvaises réponses sont données à de bonnes questions [...].", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ctd/6049", "topic": "journals.openedition.org", "language": "", "where": "France, digital social networks (Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "L'Ordre Nouveau (journal)", "aliases": ["L'Ordre Nouveau (journal)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "human dignity", "political reform"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Denis de Rougemont et la nouvelle censure", "author": "Verdaguer, Pierre", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "As a review associated with the personalist movement, it served as a platform for discussion and, in the early 1930s, maintained contacts with dissidents from National Socialism, an activity later highlighted by critics as potentially problematic.", "quote": "Il est vrai que L'Ordre Nouveau, groupe fondée par Alexandre Marc à la revue duquel Rougemont participait activement, était en contact avec les dissidents du national-socialisme au tout début des années trente.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/394128", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1930s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "L'Osservatore Romano", "aliases": ["L'Osservatore Romano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["newspaper"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "The official Vatican newspaper whose articles, particularly an editorial on Felipe II, were interpreted and utilized in internal Spanish debates about the regime's relationship with Catholicism and state authority, influencing ideological discourse.", "quote": "...el embajador Yanguas, que le envía el recorte: Celebro [...] que a esos Señores les parezca bien nuestro trabajo y que empiecen por fin a hacernos justicia.", "page": "129", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "La Abeja (periodical)", "aliases": ["La Abeja (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "voting rights", "women's empowerment"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A feminist periodical edited by Laureana Wright that supported women's suffrage and aimed to value women, contributing to the early feminist movement in Mexico.", "quote": "Otra editora de revistas femeninas fue Laureana Wright, quien apoyaba el sufragio femenino y fundó las revistas de Violetas del Anáhuac, La Abeja y La Mujer Mexicana, en las que se intentaba valorar a las mujeres.", "page": "283", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "La Asociación para una Ciudadanía Participativa ACI Participa y Son Tus Datos (Artículo 12 A.C.)", "aliases": ["La Asociación para una Ciudadanía Participativa ACI Participa y Son Tus Datos (Artículo 12 A.C.)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "civic participation", "privacy", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed a letter to Mark Zuckerberg endorsing the Santa Clara Principles for content moderation transparency and accountability.", "quote": "Entre las organizaciones de América Latina que firman la carta a Zuckerberg estan: ...Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, La Asociación para una Ciudadanía Participativa ACI Participa y Son Tus Datos (Artículo 12 A.C.).", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "La Barbe", "aliases": ["La Barbe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "gender equality"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Genre et médias à l'épreuve de l'affaire DSK. Réflexions sur le commentaire en ligne, nouvel espace de construction de l'inégalité des sexes", "author": "MJ Bertini", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Coordinated actions and advocated for a collective reflection on gender issues, particularly in the context of the DSK affair, challenging male dominance and the lack of female representation in public life through ironic interventions.", "quote": "Or, s'il est vrai que des mouvements féministes importants, tels qu'Osez le féminisme ou bien La Barbe, ont su coordonner leurs actions et plaider en faveur d'une réflexion collective approfondie, le silence de certaines féministes en vue ne laisse d'interroger quant à la spécificité de la situation française.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/sds/2146", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010-2012"}]}, {"name": "La Benevolencija", "aliases": ["La Benevolencija"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "La Cinématographie française", "aliases": ["La Cinématographie française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech", "professional interests"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1930s"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 1934, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure des films en France et la crise politique de 1934", "author": "Pithon, Rémy", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Through its editorials and articles, it led an anti-government campaign, vehemently protesting state censorship measures, particularly the ban on showing images of the February 1934 riots.", "quote": "cet article se situe d'ailleurs dans une véritable campagne antigouvernementale menée par l'hebdomadaire La Cinématographie française. Paul-Auguste Harlé, qui en était le directeur, multiplia les éditoriaux agressifs dans ces semaines-là", "page": "21", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40952568", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1934"}]}, {"name": "La Civiltà Cattolica", "aliases": ["La Civiltà Cattolica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Sabaudian States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-liberalism", "conservatism", "religious orthodoxy", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La polemica tra Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio e Luigi Amedeo Melegari: il casus belli della 'moderazione degli ordini rappresentativi'.", "author": "I Ferrero", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Published articles that critically analyzed political discourse, initially offering praise but later re-interpreting it as satire to undermine opponents, effectively participating in public shaming and ideological norm enforcement against liberal ideas.", "quote": "la rivista romana dedicò l'anno successivo a tale argomento un lungo articolo intitolato Un elogio satira delle moderne costituzioni¹⁷. La prospettiva della Civiltà Cattolica era parzialmente cambiata: in tale articolo, infatti, veniva richiamato il passato di Melegari accanto a Mazzini... per cui le lodi prima tributate vennero qualificate come “dabbenaggine encomiatrice”.", "page": "12", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1728255/1/Ferrero_Taparelli.pdf", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Sabaudian States (Kingdom of Sardinia / Piedmont)", "when": "17th-19th century"}]}, {"name": "La Cruz (periodical)", "aliases": ["La Cruz (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Served as a vehicle for conservative religious and political discourse, aiming to diffuse orthodox doctrines and vindicate the social authority of the Church against liberal ideas.", "quote": "El 10. de noviembre de 1855 se publicó en la ciudad de México el primer número del periódico La Cruz, periódico religioso 'establecido ex profeso para difundir las doctrinas ortodoxas, y vindicarlas de los errores dominantes'...", "page": "78", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "La Gaceta de Tenerife", "aliases": ["La Gaceta de Tenerife"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper supported by the bishop, it endured persecution during the Republic and later faced state censorship that permitted a leftist newspaper to re-emerge while it struggled.", "quote": "LA GACETA DE TENERIFE (Tenerife) Periódico católico apoyado por el Sr. Obispo. Su director, un sacerdote, estuvo perseguido y amenazado durante la república, a pesar de lo cual no cejó en su empeño. Es el único periódico católico de los siete que se publican en las Islas.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "La Libre Parole", "aliases": ["La Libre Parole"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A newspaper launched by Edouard Drumont in 1892, dedicated to purveying anti-Semitic messages and holding competitions to find ways to eliminate 'Jewish power' in France.", "quote": "By 1889 La France Juive was in its sixty-fifth edition. Building on this success Drumont published a series of anti-Semitic tracts in rapid succession and then, in April 1892, launched a newspa per, La Libre Parole, dedicated to purveying the anti-Semitic message.", "page": "457", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "La Luna de Vulcano (periodical)", "aliases": ["La Luna de Vulcano (periodical)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Published content reflecting conservative viewpoints, contributing to the ideological landscape of early 19th-century Mexico.", "quote": "Antes de la aparición de La Cruz en 1855, es necesario destacar la presencia de otros periódicos de ideología conservadora: ...La Luna de Vulcano (1833-1836)...", "page": "84", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "La Maison Aubert", "aliases": ["La Maison Aubert"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 1839, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Big Trouble: <i>Daumier</i> , Gargantua, <i>and the Censorship of Political Caricature</i>", "author": "Childs, Elizabeth C.", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "As a publishing business, it exhibited and sold political caricatures, facing prosecution and seizure of prints due to government censorship and legal battles over press content.", "quote": "On December 16, 1831, La Maison Aubert, the publishing business run by Philipon, submitted Daumier's lithograph Gargantua to the Dépot légal, in accordance with the process required for the publication of caricatures in Paris.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1992.10791549", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "19th century France", "when": "1830s"}]}, {"name": "La Mujer Mexicana (periodical)", "aliases": ["La Mujer Mexicana (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "voting rights", "women's empowerment"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A feminist periodical edited by Laureana Wright that supported women's suffrage and aimed to value women, contributing to the early feminist movement in Mexico.", "quote": "Otra editora de revistas femeninas fue Laureana Wright, quien apoyaba el sufragio femenino y fundó las revistas de Violetas del Anáhuac, La Abeja y La Mujer Mexicana, en las que se intentaba valorar a las mujeres.", "page": "283", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "La Presse (Non-profit media organization)", "aliases": ["La Presse (Non-profit media organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Included measures related to social networking systems in the update of its deontological codes and, as a non-profit, later suppressed all comments on its website to manage public discourse.", "quote": "L’année suivante, La Presse emboîte le pas et supprime tous les commentaires de son site Web.", "page": "103", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "La Quadriennale di Roma", "aliases": ["La Quadriennale di Roma"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural discourse", "cultural promotion"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "aesaggio", "author": "N Samman", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It is the cultural institution that conceives and produces the exhibition program 'Quotidiana', which aims to explore significant trends in 21st-century Italian art, thereby providing a platform for artistic commentary on contemporary issues like content moderation.", "quote": "Quotidiana is a programme of exhibitions conceived and produced by La Quadriennale di Roma in collaboration with Roma Culture, Rome's Superintendency for Cultural Heritage. Its aim is to explore a number of significant trends in 21st-century Italian art.", "page": "18", "url": "https://quadriennalediroma.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Q_Paesaggio_NadimSamman.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook), with a focus on content moderation centers (e.g., Berlin) and implications in the US, Europe, and China.", "when": "Since the 1990s, with a primary focus on the post-2010 platform era and contemporary issues (2020s)."}]}, {"name": "La Región de Orense", "aliases": ["La Región de Orense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["local interests", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A newspaper described as 'official and truly Catholic' in its province, which faced suppression due to state press regulations and inadequate staff definitions.", "quote": "El 23 de agosto de 1938, inmediatamente después de conocerse la orden del 19, el presidente del consejo de administración de La Región de Orense escribe a su prelado con el ruego de que eleve la exposición que adjunta al cardenal Gomá; sus argumentos se repetirán por doquier en las semanas siguientes.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "La Revue", "aliases": ["La Revue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Had its distribution suspended by French postal authorities in response to Ottoman demands for banning, indicating external pressure on publication flow.", "quote": "The letter was a reply to an inquiry precipitated by a complaint from the editor of the Paris-based 'La Revue' that the journal's distribution by the French Post had been suspended in accordance with the Ottoman censor's demands.", "page": "17", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "La Revue blanche", "aliases": ["La Revue blanche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De l'obscurité comme censure. Proust, Muhlfeld, Mallarmé", "author": "", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a prominent literary review, it served as a platform for critical debate on aesthetic norms, particularly concerning poetic obscurity. Its editorial team actively defended the symbolic movement against external criticism, publishing responses to challenges.", "quote": "Montant au créneau au nom de toute la rédaction d' « une revue qu'on considère, aux meilleurs salons, dit-il, comme un repaire de décadents » [...] ladite revue marque une humilité tout à fait seyante", "page": "3", "url": "orbi.uliege.be", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "La Tribu KA", "aliases": ["La Tribu KA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["anti-racism", "anti-semitism"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The founder of this dissolved movement posted an interview on a blog that contained content stigmatising the Jewish community and anti-racism associations. This act led to legal action against the founder, resulting in the moderation/censorship of their speech through legal means.", "quote": "Le prévenu avait accordé au titulaire d'un blog une interview où il stigmatisait la communauté juive ainsi que les associations comme SOS-Racisme, l'Union des Étudiants Juifs de France et J'accuse.", "page": "60", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Lab Platform Governance, Media and Technology (PGMT), Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen", "aliases": ["Lab Platform Governance, Media and Technology (PGMT), Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["information integrity", "platform governance research", "platform transparency", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Governance Archive (PGA): Dataset PGA v2 [Data Paper]", "author": "Katzenbach, Christian; Dergacheva, Daria; Fischer, Alex; Kopps, Adrian; Kolesnikov, Sergei; Redeker, Dennis; Viejo Otero, Paloma; Universität Bremen", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The lab hosts and curates the Platform Governance Archive (PGA), which involves continuous data collection and archiving of social media platform policies to provide long-term access and track real-time changes, thereby fostering transparency in platform governance.", "quote": "This dataset PGA v2 is part of the Platform Governance Archive (PGA)... hosted and curated by the Lab Platform Governance, Media And Technology (PGMT) at ZeMKI, University of Bremen.", "page": "2", "url": "https://media.suub.uni-bremen.de/handle/elib/7052", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global), with a focus on platforms operating in the European Union; research based in Germany and France.", "when": "Platform era (2005-present), with current data collection focused on policies since April 2022."}]}, {"name": "Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas", "aliases": ["Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Una mirada a la plataformización en México: Desde las transformaciones económicas hacia las socioculturales", "author": "GE Sued", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Collaborates on diagnostic economic studies concerning the platform economy in Mexico, specifically focusing on sectors like restaurants, to contribute to policy understanding.", "quote": "Varios estudios abordan diferentes sectores de la economía de plataformas, por ejemplo, el Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas junto con el Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica realizó un diagnóstico económico acerca del sector restaurantero en México", "page": "7", "url": "https://gmjmexico.uanl.mx/index.php/GMJ_EI/article/view/470", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Laboratório de Estudos de Internet e Mídias Sociais (LEIMS) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)", "aliases": ["Laboratório de Estudos de Internet e Mídias Sociais (LEIMS) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "freedom of expression", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A regulação das Big Techs no Brasil: um imperativo democrático", "author": "RJK de Sanctis Júnior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on algorithmic bias and alleged platform interference in political debates (e.g., during the discussion of PL 2630/2020) to expose potential manipulation of public opinion and contribute to regulatory discussions.", "quote": "Essa suposta interferência das plataformas digitais no debate acerca da votação do referido projeto de lei foi objeto de estudo desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Estudos de Internet e Mídias Sociais da UFRJ (2023), cujos dados indicaram que, no caso do Google, as buscas \"PL 2630\"\" seriam redirecionadas a um texto da própria companhia...\"", "page": "11", "url": "http://lexcult.trf2.jus.br/index.php/revistasjrj/article/view/793", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with comparative analysis of Europe and United States)", "when": "contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet", "aliases": ["Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["NGO / research institute"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet governance", "public policy"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulando o moderador, moderando o (que é) regulado: considerações sobre vigilância e proteção de dados no PL das fake news", "author": "AC Santana", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued a technical note concerning PL 1429/2020, indicating participation in legislative review and debate on internet public policy.", "quote": "LAPIN. Nota Técnica sobre o PL 1429/20.", "page": "77", "url": "https://pantheon.ufrj.br/handle/11422/15196", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet (LAPIN)", "aliases": ["Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet (LAPIN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "public policy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, contributing to discussions on public policies related to internet governance and content moderation.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Laboratório PretaLab", "aliases": ["Laboratório PretaLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "gender equality", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops reports and research on the representation of racialized groups in algorithmic decision-making, advocating for diversity and inclusion in the tech sector to address biases in AI systems, including those used for content moderation.", "quote": "Confiram-se os relatórios desenvolvidos pelo Laboratório PretaLab, disponíveis em https://www.pretalab.com/report-quem-coda. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2023.", "page": "8", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Labour Leader", "aliases": ["Labour Leader"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["pacifism", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Continued publication of pacifist views despite government efforts to silence dissidents, and later capitalized on censorship by franking leaflets with 'Passed by the Press Censor'.", "quote": "The whole struggle is, perhaps, epitomized by the continuing appearance, throughout the war, of the most important of all the pacifist newspapers, the Labour Leader.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Labour organizations", "aliases": ["Labour organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["secularism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of religious and secular politics, a country's “centre” and democratization", "author": "Somer, Murat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Backed a military-led public campaign against the government, exerting pressure on Islamist political actors and influencing the political landscape towards pro-secular moderation.", "quote": "The government resigned in 1997, following a military-led public campaign, backed by major pro-secular media, business and labour organizations.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.732069", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "1920s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Labour Party", "aliases": ["Labour Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative analysis", "class interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developing from the working-class movement, the Labour Party sought media backing to advance its interests. Its declining influence was attributed in part to the loss of mass-circulation media that provided an alternative framework of analysis.", "quote": "when the Labour Party developed out of the working-class movement in the first decade of the twentieth century, it did not obtain the exclusive backing of a single national daily or Sunday paper.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "LabourStart", "aliases": ["LabourStart"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A virtual European public sphere? The Futurum discussion forum", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Hosts an online discussion forum which serves as a platform for political debate, aiding in the development of a transnational public sphere through managed discussions.", "quote": "Cammaerts and van Audenhove (2005) undertook three case studies of online fora (ATTAC mailing list, LabourStart forum and an Indymedia Forum) and concluded that online fora can contribute to an emerging transnational public sphere.", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13501760701656403", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (Futurum discussion forum)", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Labradores de los Cuatro Cuarteles de la Huerta Valenciana", "aliases": ["Labradores de los Cuatro Cuarteles de la Huerta Valenciana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["agricultural interests", "economic justice", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "This group of farmers presented collective demands for economic reforms, including the reduction of gate duties, payment of tithes in metallic currency, and the abolition of manorial rights, backed by an armed presence, influencing the revolutionary agenda.", "quote": "El día 7 los labradores de los Cuatro Cuarteles de la Huerta valenciana presentan a Almodóvar sus propias peticiones, avaladas al parecer por la presencia de más de seiscientos hombres armados.", "page": "5", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Lady Freethinker", "aliases": ["Lady Freethinker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["animal welfare / advocacy nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Censorship and free speech", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Lady Freethinker publishes investigations and runs large-scale petitions (39+ million petition signatures claimed) to pressure platforms and lawmakers, and issues grants supporting rescue partners to amplify field impact.", "quote": "Primary mission is animal welfare, but the organization runs petitions and public campaigns urging platforms (Facebook, YouTube, TikTok) to remove or limit animal cruelty content and exposes online creators staging cruelty.", "page": "", "url": "https://ladyfreethinker.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lager-Watch", "aliases": ["Lager-Watch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["activist/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["anti-racism"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A German-wide activist alliance (network of 60+ initiatives) that fights against the German system of collective accommodation for asylum-seekers, organizes conferences to discuss reforms, and advocates for changes to legislation regarding Duldung status and human rights.", "quote": "German-wide activist alliance Lager-Watch, a network that comprises more than 60 initiatives, including NGOs, located in 14 federal states and emerged during the pandemic in December 2020.", "page": "177", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc.", "aliases": ["Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "education", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Provides legal defense and education for gay and lesbian civil rights, opposing discrimination and advocating for rights that include freedom of expression for sexual minorities.", "quote": "ABBY R. RUBENFELD is Managing Attorney, Lambda Le-gal Defense and Education Fund, Inc.", "page": "29", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Lambda Literary Foundation", "aliases": ["Lambda Literary Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "lgbtq+ representation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship in Selection of LGBT-Themed Materials", "author": "Antell, Karen; Strothmann, Molly; Downey, Jennifer", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides online reviews, literary resources, online book clubs, and information on writers' retreats, and grants literary awards for LGBT-themed books, thereby promoting and recognizing LGBT literature.", "quote": "The Lambda Literary Foundation... provides online reviews and literary resources, online book clubs, and information on writers' retreats.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3458", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "LambdaMOO community", "aliases": ["LambdaMOO community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "justice", "self-governance", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The community developed a complex governance system, referred to as Lambda Law, including processes for petitioning for socio-technical changes and mediation of conflicts among users, particularly after a serious incident of sexual abuse.", "quote": "the LambdaMOO community was confronted by an egregious case of sexual abuse, in which a user-Mr. Bungle-used a piece of code (a \"voodoo doll\"\") to make players engage in actions without their consent.\"", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "LAPIN - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Internet", "aliases": ["LAPIN - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Internet"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of Coalizão Direitos na Rede, a coalition advocating for legal norms of accountability for social media.", "quote": "Entre las cuales están Intervozes - Coletivo Brasil de Comunicação Social, InternetLab, IP.Rec, Coding Rights, LAPIN - Laboratório de Pesquisa em Políticas Públicas e Internet...", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Large Model Systems Organization (LMSYS)", "aliases": ["Large Model Systems Organization (LMSYS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Co-develops and operates ChatbotArena, a crowdsourced platform that evaluates and ranks LLMs based on human preferences, ensuring fairness and reducing bias in model assessment.", "quote": "ChatbotArena is an open, crowdsourced platform developed by LMSYS and UC Berkeley SkyLab to evaluate and rank LLMs based on human preferences.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "Las Tesis", "aliases": ["Las Tesis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "political activism"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma serpente que devora a si mesma: meias-verdades no processo constituinte chileno e lições para o debate sobre moderação de conteúdo", "author": "J Acevedo Mundaca", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized social media platforms to disseminate their viral performance, \"A rapist in Your Path", "quote": "Feminist issues, critique of patriarchy, social justice", "page": "Social media provided the platform for A rapist in Your Path performance by Las Tesis, a powerful critique of the patriarchy embedded in some states' institutions, which came to be a “feminist anthem\"worldwide.\"", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rinc/a/hTJTLHGX5x5K4L7CxhvKmnb/abstract/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Chile, social media platforms", "when": "2019–2025"}]}, {"name": "Las Tesis (feminist collective)", "aliases": ["Las Tesis (feminist collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Chile", "Global", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Self-Eating Snake: Half-truths in the Chilean Constituent Process and Lessons for The Content Moderation Debate", "author": "Acevedo Mundaca, José", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Utilized public performance and social media to disseminate a powerful critique of patriarchy, influencing social norms and raising public awareness, acting as a form of counter-speech.", "quote": "Social media provided the platform for A rapist in Your Path performance by Las Tesis, a powerful critique of the patriarchy embedded in some states' institutions, which came to be a “feminist an- them\"worldwide.\"", "page": "11", "url": "https://revistas.ufpr.br/rinc/article/view/98172", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Chile (constituent processes), social media platforms, Latin America, global content moderation debate", "when": "2019-2025 (Chilean constituent processes), contemporary (global moderation debate)"}]}, {"name": "Laskar Jihad", "aliases": ["Laskar Jihad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "religious protection"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Committed acts of violence and deployed members to conflict zones to defend Moslems, advocating for sharia implementation.", "quote": "Laskar Jihad and FPI often commit acts of violence. FPI more often raids amusement venues and does sweeping to those who do not follow Sharia, while Laskar Jihad sends its laskar to Maluku to defend Moslems who are in conflict with Christians.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Latinno", "aliases": ["Latinno"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research project / academic initiative"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Maintains a public database of thousands of democratic innovations, publishes reports and holds conferences to shape research and policy discussions about citizen participation and digital governance in Latin America.", "quote": "Primary mission is documenting democratic innovations in Latin America; it includes digital participation tools and online management platforms but does not centrally focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://latinno.wzb.eu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Latino student groups", "aliases": ["Latino student groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "ethnic identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "`Hate Speech' and `First Amendment Absolutism' Discourses in the US", "author": "Downing, John D.H.", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "These groups interpreted criticism of the college president's handling of a hate speech incident as an attempt to undermine her authority because of her ethnic identity, thereby participating in the public debate and norm-setting around institutional responses to hate speech and leadership.", "quote": "These included, for example, yet a further twist in the ethnic politics of the situation, namely the readiness of Latino student groups to interpret criticism of the college president's late and weak reaction to the speech as an attempt to subvert her because she was the first Latina president.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957926599010002003", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Latinobarómetro", "aliases": ["Latinobarómetro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic values", "political participation", "public opinion"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts public opinion surveys on political issues across Latin America, providing data for analysis of political communication and public opinion, influencing public understanding of political trends.", "quote": "Para os interessados em pesquisas mais focadas em assuntos políticos, existem o Latinobarómetro, o World Values Survey (WVS) e o Latin American Public Opinion Project (Lapop), da Universidade de Vanderbilt.", "page": "204", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Latitudinarians", "aliases": ["Latitudinarians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "public morals", "religious tolerance"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1660, "when_max": 1800, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération et centrisme politique en Angleterre de 1660 à 1800", "author": "RH Griffiths", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As an intellectual current within the Church of England, they promoted a more expansive and inclusive interpretation of Anglican moderation, aligning it with Enlightenment ideals and advocating for a broader religious tolerance.", "quote": "Leur modération est en effet devenue si extensible et élastique que, pour certains d'entre eux, presque toute la doctrine théologique s'est effritée, ne laissant subsister qu'un vague déisme éclairé.", "page": "17", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-historiques-de-la-revolution-francaise-2009-3-page-119", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "England", "when": "1660–1800"}]}, {"name": "Law Reform Commission of Canada (as reflected in the 1974 report on sentencing)", "aliases": ["Law Reform Commission of Canada (as reflected in the 1974 report on sentencing)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "public safety"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure et son utilité: le cas Internet.", "author": "P Corriveau", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "The commission defines principles and ideologies that underpin the Canadian penal system, thereby influencing the legal framework that applies to censorship and content regulation indirectly.", "quote": "Selon la Commission canadienne de la détermination de la peine (1974: 160), le processus de détermination de la peine au Canada se base essentiellement sur ces deux idéologies pénales.", "page": "27", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/77e917d1-266b-4edc-bd2b-27fa61a4be3c", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Lawfare Daily: Charlotte Willner and David Sullivan on Content ...", "aliases": ["Lawfare Daily: Charlotte Willner and David Sullivan on Content ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Lawfare shapes policy discourse by publishing in-depth analysis and hosting podcasts that bring together policymakers, practitioners, and experts on content moderation and AI governance.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and hosts podcasts on content moderation, trust & safety, and AI; features leaders from Trust and Safety Professional Association and Digital Trust & Safety Partnership.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/lawfare-daily--charlotte-willner-and-david-sullivan-on-content-moderation-in-the-age-of-ai", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lawmakers' Misguided Approach to Social Media Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Lawmakers' Misguided Approach to Social Media Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public policy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Publishes policy briefs and commentary aimed at lawmakers and the public arguing against common carriage and Section 230 rollbacks to shape legislative debate and public opinion.", "quote": "Publishes research and policy analysis directly addressing social media content moderation, Section 230, algorithmic accountability, and regulatory proposals.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.americanactionforum.org/insight/lawmakers-misguided-approach-to-social-media-content-moderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lawyer's Movement", "aliases": ["Lawyer's Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "democratic integrity", "justice", "rule of law"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Private satellite media and the geo-politics of moderation in Pakistan", "author": "TH Naqvi", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Engaged in public political resistance against military dictatorship and for democratic sovereignty, generating public pressure that was widely covered by the new private media. This coverage influenced political discourse and exposed state abuses, indirectly shaping media's role in norm-setting.", "quote": "While previous mass movements against military dictatorship were spearheaded by parliamentary forces, the 'lawyer's movement' in support of Chaudhry represented a professional segment of civil society which had remained relatively aloof from displays of political resistance.", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SViV40dZcNMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA109&dq=television+moderation&ots=MBZtVRyVWh&sig=apin3lLGwnxg8G7fruHfbCYtPfo", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Lawyers Hub", "aliases": ["Lawyers Hub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "legal frameworks", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, providing legal expertise and advocacy for digital rights and fair content moderation practices.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Files Brief in Support ...", "aliases": ["Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law Files Brief in Support ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights legal advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1963, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1963", "mechanism": "The Lawyers' Committee has filed amicus briefs in Supreme Court cases defending platform moderation and plans further briefs (e.g., Murthy v. Missouri), using legal advocacy to shape platform governance and government-platform collaboration.", "quote": "Organization's primary mission is racial justice but it actively engages in platform governance via amicus briefs and its Digital Justice Initiative addressing social media moderation and election disinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lawyerscommittee.org/lawyers-committee-for-civil-rights-under-law-files-brief-in-support-of-responsible-social-media-moderation-to-curb-harassment-and-hate-speech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-Otherwise-Bad-Words", "aliases": ["LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-Otherwise-Bad-Words"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Language Model"], "norms": ["AI safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Characteristics of Harmful Text: Towards Rigorous Benchmarking of Language Models", "author": "Rauh, Maribeth; Mellor, John; Uesato, Jonathan; Huang, Po-Sen; Welbl, Johannes; Weidinger, Laura; Dathathri, Sumanth; Glaese, Amelia; Irving, Geoffrey; Gabriel, Iason; Isaac, William; Hendricks, Lisa Anne", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This community-maintained list provides a collection of identity-related terms, serving as a resource for detecting offensive language in text. It is widely used in NLP for identifying problematic language, aiding in the creation of benchmarks to evaluate and mitigate harmful outputs from language models, thus functioning as a content moderation mechanism.", "quote": "An example of a widely used term list which includes many identity-related terms is the List of Dirty, Naughty, Obscene, and Otherwise Bad Words [1]", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI/Language Model ecosystem", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Le Balai citoyen", "aliases": ["Le Balai citoyen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political resistance", "social change"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Used social media (Facebook) for mass mobilization, diffusing calls to action, and coordinating resistance during a popular insurrection.", "quote": "La première revendique son appartenance à un mouvement de la société civile (« Le Balai citoyen », l’une des organisations les plus actives lors de l’insurrection des 30 et 31 octobre 2014 au Burkina Faso)", "page": "115", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Le Carrousel", "aliases": ["Le Carrousel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["child welfare", "cultural access"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1975, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la censura y de la autocensura", "author": "Lebeau, Suzanne", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The company, through its theatrical productions for children, actively engaged in creating and presenting works that challenged adult-imposed limitations and self-censorship regarding content and aesthetics for young audiences, prompting discussions on complex themes.", "quote": "En 1975, Gervais Gaudreault y yo queríamos ofrecer a los niños el mejor teatro, en la gran tradición del teatro popular de Jean Vilar. Un teatro accesible, democrático, contemporáneo, nuevo.", "page": "97", "url": "cervantesvirtual.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Children's theatre context, primarily Canada, with international tours", "when": "1975–2005"}]}, {"name": "Le Complot", "aliases": ["Le Complot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A web television program on Canal + engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "short (web) television programmes (Le Complot on the French network Canal +, YouTube videos, etc.) or educational material ... engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Le Conservateur", "aliases": ["Le Conservateur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "constitutionalism", "governance", "rule of law"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1795, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Benjamin Constant et le cercle constitutionnel de 1797 : la modération impossible", "author": "Gainot, Bernard", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A journal directed by prominent conservative republicans, which served as an organ for political thought. It published articles reflecting on constitutional order and political events, influencing public discourse and contributing to the intellectual moderation of the post-Fructidor period.", "quote": "Au lendemain du 18 fructidor, paraissait un journal significati-vement intitulé Le Conservateur, dirigé par trois figures éminentes de ce courant républicain conservateur, Daunou, Garat et Marie-Joseph Chénier.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ahrf/10577", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (Directoire era, 1795-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Le Figaro", "aliases": ["Le Figaro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["state interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content deemed 'harmful' by Ottoman authorities, leading to its banning from entry into the empire.", "quote": "in 1902 the governor of Beirut sent to the Sublime Porte a report listing the papers banned from entering the empire... Some of these papers were Al-Hayât, Al-Ahrâm, Al-Hakim, Al-Cerîde, and Al-Mü'eyyed in Arabic, and Journal de Caire and Le Figaro in French.", "page": "11", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Le Kolatier (Marché des Musiques d’Afrique)", "aliases": ["Le Kolatier (Marché des Musiques d’Afrique)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic collaboration", "cultural promotion", "economic development"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes a biennial market for African music, facilitating collaborations and diffusion, and promoting musical talents, influencing cultural trends and economic opportunities in music.", "quote": "Le Kolatier, le marché des musiques d’Afrique qui compte à ce jour 9 éditions, soit une biennale qui « fédère à chaque édition, non seulement les acteurs de la musique en provenance de plusieurs continents...", "page": "216", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Le Nil", "aliases": ["Le Nil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["public relations", "state support"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published 'favorable' articles supporting the Ottoman government, receiving financial remuneration in return, serving as a pro-government publication.", "quote": "In a top-secret correspondence dated March 30, 1912, the bureau of the autonomous province of Egypt informed the Ministry of War that Monsieur Colrat, the publisher and columnist of the newspaper Le Nil, was giving the enemies of the empire the answers that they deserved with his articles.", "page": "32", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Le Nouvel Observateur", "aliases": ["Le Nouvel Observateur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["multiculturalism", "national identity", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A left-leaning weekly newspaper that argued the success of the French national football team symbolized the triumph of France's republican model of integration and multiculturalism.", "quote": "The left-of-centre Nouvel Observateur pursued a similar line, arguing that ‘the team has given back meaning to the French melting-pot’.", "page": "525", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Le Vrai Forum", "aliases": ["Le Vrai Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Following the Identitaires' forum, the Vrai Forum also faced closure, deemed \"inéluctable\"\" to prevent excesses", "quote": "self-regulation (attempted)", "page": "Concernant le forum des Identitaires, et par la suite du Vrai Forum, leur fermeture est apparue comme inéluctable pour éviter les débordements, même si la Netiquette et les codes étaient très clairement inscrits.", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "League for Programming Freedom (LPF)", "aliases": ["League for Programming Freedom (LPF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-copyright", "anti-patent", "software freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Opposes software patents and interface copyrights, engaging in advocacy and protests to promote the free flow of ideas and open-source development in cyberspace.", "quote": "Protests against Apple led to the creation of the League for Programming Freedom (http://lpf.ai.mit.edu/) which opposes software patents and interface copyrights.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "League of Communists", "aliases": ["League of Communists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "political change"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Adopted and disseminated the 'Manifesto do Partido Comunista' as its agenda, establishing foundational principles for early social-democratic movements.", "quote": "serviu como agenda a ser adotada pela Liga dos Comunistas, organização política inglesa embrionária da Primeira Internacional", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "League of Legends", "aliases": ["League of Legends"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its players use online forums to discuss and clarify game rules and learn community norms, showcasing a hybrid system of governance and self-regulation within an online game community.", "quote": "players on the popular online multiplayer game, League of Legends used such forums to engage in discussions to clarify rules and learn norms. [33].", "page": "24", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}]}, {"name": "League of Legends (player community)", "aliases": ["League of Legends (player community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["community standards", "fairness", "user conduct"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Established “The Tribunal” in 2011, where frequent game players collectively evaluate flagged in-game behavior and make disciplinary decisions based on community consensus, rewarding participants for correct judgments.", "quote": "League of Legends... established “The Tribunal” in 2011, where certain types of flagged in-game behavior can be evaluated collectively by the player community, and determinations made about disciplinary action.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "League of Legends Tribunal System", "aliases": ["League of Legends Tribunal System"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["League of Legends"], "norms": ["community values", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "E-judiciaries: a model for community policing in cyberspace", "author": "Ehrett, John S.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Community members (experienced players) participate in an 'appellate review' process to scrutinize player reports of misconduct, voting to hand down punishments or pardons to enforce behavioral norms within the online game.", "quote": "To curb poor participant behavior, the popular competitive online game League of Legends employs a unique form of 'appellate review' in which first-stage player reports of misconduct are subsequently scrutinized by ‘Tribunal' panels comprised of experienced players, who then hand down punishments or pardons.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2016.1236428", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, primarily League of Legends, USA", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "League of Struggle for Negro Rights", "aliases": ["League of Struggle for Negro Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "racial equality", "social equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A Communist-supported group that the Omaha Guide supported, indicating its role in political advocacy within the Black public sphere.", "quote": "In the 1930s, the Guide also threw its support behind the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, a Communist-supported group (Paz 1996, 224).", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "League of Women Voters Education Fund", "aliases": ["League of Women Voters Education Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling the 2012 Republican primary debates: why the structure of the television moderators' questions matters", "author": "PH Brown", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The organization sponsored televised presidential debates in 1976 as the non-broadcast host. They later withdrew from sponsorship in 1984, citing concerns that campaign demands would compromise the integrity of the debates and 'perpetuate a fraud on the American voter.'", "quote": "The League of Women Voters Education Fund sponsored them, serving as the non-broadcast host required to allow the telecasts to take place (Minow & Lamay, 2008).", "page": "24", "url": "https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/f708ae8e-7969-4c78-a4b8-7d9e56b56aca", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Republican primary debates", "when": "2012 Republican primary season"}]}, {"name": "Learn Do Grow", "aliases": ["Learn Do Grow"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-sensationalism", "factual reporting", "fear narrative combat", "responsible journalism", "terror narrative combat"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Portugal eo papel da mídia no debate entre a perceção da sociedade ea realidade sobre a imigração", "author": "KGC Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes critical reports on media practices, specifically highlighting sensationalism and fear-mongering in news coverage, which indirectly advocates for improved journalistic standards and influences public discourse on media responsibility.", "quote": "The Fear Machine: How News Media Amplifies Fear and Terror in Society publicado pela Learn Do Grow (2023) ressalta o viés sensacionalista na cobertura da mídia, refletido pela escolha seletiva de notícias em que predomina o princípio editorial que afirma que 'se há sangue, é destaque' ('if it bleeds, it leads').", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cepese.pt/portal.%26quot%3B%26quot%26quot/pt/publicacoes/obras/populacao-e-sociedade-n-o-43/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/@@display-file/file/Revista%2043%20%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9D%20Artigo%206.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "2021–2025 (post-pandemic context and current migration crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Learn Liberty", "aliases": ["Learn Liberty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "group identity", "individual liberty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an initiative housed within the Institute for Humane Studies, Learn Liberty partners with and promotes libertarian scholars and influencers to spread libertarian ideals and perspectives, acting as a \"farm team\"\" for future thought leaders.\"", "quote": "its specific aim is to “cultivate and subsidize a farm team of the next generation's libertarian scholars.” Thus, Rubin is able to position himself as a “freethinker” and an “outsider” even as he is promoted by a well-funded organization with the explicit aim of promoting libertarian ideals on behalf of wealthy donors.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Learn-Nett project", "aliases": ["Learn-Nett project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This research project structures the animation and moderation of teacher communities, with researchers and tutors assigned defined and complementary roles. These individuals intervene with students, teachers, and local animators to manage the groups.", "quote": "Dans le projet Learn-Nett, plusieurs personnes interviennent auprès des étudiants : les enseignants, les tuteurs (à distance) et les animateurs (en local). Chacun a des rôles définis et complémentaires par rapport aux autres acteurs.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Learned/Scientific Academies", "aliases": ["Learned/Scientific Academies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual debate", "peer review", "rigorous methodology", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La post-verità come volto di una nuova inquisizione", "author": "A Zanotti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized scholarly activities, performed experiments, evaluated research findings, engaged in critical debate, and subjected colleagues' work to censorship and review processes.", "quote": "società di uomini eruditi, stretti tra loro con certe leggi a cui essi medesimi si sogettavano, che radunandosi insieme si fanno a disputare su qualche erudita questione o producano o sottomettano alla censura dei loro colleghi qual- che saggio del loro ingegno e dei loro studi.", "page": "7", "url": "https://aibstudi.aib.it/article/view/11835", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western culture/Europe", "when": "13th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Lederforeningen:YTRINGSFRIHEDEN SKAL BRUGES MED ...", "aliases": ["Lederforeningen:YTRINGSFRIHEDEN SKAL BRUGES MED ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / professional association (leadership section)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1899, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1899", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance and magazine content to shape member practice and public debate; represents nurses in labour and professional matters, giving it leverage with employers and stakeholders.", "quote": "Publishes guidance on free speech for public employees and references social media use, indicating some engagement with platform-related speech norms for members.", "page": "", "url": "https://dsr.dk/lederforeningen/ledelsesmagasinet-forkant/forkant-nr-8-jun-24/lf-om-ytringsfrihed/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Left Book Club", "aliases": ["Left Book Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Reading society"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published and facilitated the circulation of \"left literature\"\" in India", "quote": "thus contributing to the spread of political ideas and challenging state censorship.\"", "page": "Dissemination of left-wing political ideas, anti-war sentiment (indirectly).", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Left-wing republican and reformist parties", "aliases": ["Left-wing republican and reformist parties"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1917, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Coincided with the socialist perspective on leveraging the general social and political crisis to overthrow the existing political regime.", "quote": "Por otro lado, los partidos de izquierda republicanos y reformistas coincidían con el socialista en la perspectiva de derribar el régimen político aprovechando la crisis social y política generalizada.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}]}, {"name": "Lega di insegnamento", "aliases": ["Lega di insegnamento"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "social progress"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A local section, known as Circolo Valpolicella, was proposed and created in 1869 with the aim of promoting, favoring, and expanding popular education, particularly adult instruction, in the region.", "quote": "si progetta, nel 1869, una sezione locale della Lega di insegnamento, un'istituzione nata proprio l'anno prima a Verona «dietro iniziativa e per opera di pochi cittadini», con l'intento di «promuovere, favorire, allargare l'istruzione del popolo».", "page": "176", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Lega Nord (League)", "aliases": ["Lega Nord (League)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "border control", "far-right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engages in transnational cooperation with other far-right organizations across Europe, using platforms like Twitter to promote continental campaigns targeting European borders and refugees.", "quote": "across Europe, various far-right organizations including the Identitarians and also the more established Italian Ligue have come together to promote continental campaigns targeting European borders and refugees.", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Legal Initiatives for Vietnam", "aliases": ["Legal Initiatives for Vietnam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit public interest media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "LIV produces research reports, public statements, and HRIA-style scrutiny of platform operations (e.g., Facebook), joins international coalitions calling for protection of journalists, and publishes independent news to shape public debate and hold platforms and authorities to account.", "quote": "LIV conducts research and advocacy on internet freedom and press freedom and runs a Human Rights Impact Assessment of Facebook’s operations in Vietnam, directly engaging platform practices and governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://liv.ngo/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE)", "aliases": ["Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic education", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Meta on civic education campaigns, training on Meta’s policies, and holding roundtables with civil society to prepare for the 2022 Philippine presidential election, focusing on election integrity.", "quote": "In partnership with the Philippine Commission on Elections and various civic organizations including the Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE), we launched a civic education campaign, conducted training on Meta’s policies, and held roundtables with civil society.", "page": "273", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Legion of Decency", "aliases": ["Legion of Decency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Emerged in the 1930s, attempting to prevent the circulation of films considered offensive to Christian morals, and helped create standards for film production.", "quote": "Em países como os Estados Unidos, por exemplo, data dos anos 1930 o surgimento de entidades de cunho religioso que se lançavam na tentativa de impedir a veiculação de certos filmes tidos por atentatórios à moral cristã, como a Legion of Decency e congêneres.", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Legión Anticomunista Republicana", "aliases": ["Legión Anticomunista Republicana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Participated in 'discursos de apoyo' for the dictatorial government, contributing to public pressure and justification for repressive actions against cultural and political dissent.", "quote": "Podemos citar, entre los grupos de civiles cómplices, los siguientes: Legión Anticomunista Republicana;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Legión Mexicana de la Decencia (Mexican Legion of Decency)", "aliases": ["Legión Mexicana de la Decencia (Mexican Legion of Decency)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Monitored and censored cinematographic activity, publishing moral ratings for films, and later expanded its efforts to other media, using existing legislation to pressure authorities against \"immoral\"\" content.\"", "quote": "\"\"restoration of everything in Christ\"\"", "page": "social sanitation.\"", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Semarang", "aliases": ["Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Semarang"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides legal support and assistance for religious dispute issues, operating within a network of interfaith activists to spread peace and pluralism.", "quote": "ELSA and LBH provide legal support and assistance for religious dispute issues.", "page": "18", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Da'wah Institute)", "aliases": ["Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic Da'wah Institute)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious proselytization"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as a Counter-Narrative of Intolerance in Schools and Universities", "author": "Aprilianto, Dwi; Aslamiyah, Siti Suwaibatul; Zahidi, Salman; Crisnasari, Nihaya Alifiya; Febbrianti, Trista", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Influences the religious and educational environment of schools and universities through its association, contributing to students' religious education and outlook through its da'wah (preaching) activities.", "quote": "The nine high schools located in Surabaya and Lamongan, East Java Province, were chosen based on the consideration of their well-known Islamic base, especially their association with Nahdlatul Ulama or NU, Muhammadiyah, and LDII", "page": "4", "url": "https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1361", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary (2020-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Lembaga Dakwah Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama", "aliases": ["Lembaga Dakwah Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusivity", "religious moderation", "religious tradition", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation in the Discourse of Nahdlatul Ulama’s Dakwah in the Era of Industry 4.0", "author": "Musyarrofah, Umi; Zulhannan, Zulhannan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Responsible for developing and implementing Nahdlatul Ulama's dakwah strategies, particularly in the digital age. This includes training preachers (Pendidikan Kader Dai/PKD) and overseeing digital platforms like dakwahnu.co.id, TVNU, and NU Online to disseminate moderate religious teachings.", "quote": "The strategies employed for Nahdlatul Ulama's dakwah were collectively developed by Lembaga Dakwah Penguru Besar Nahdlatul Ulama (LD PBNU), involving various stakeholders. ... Pendidikan Kader Dai (PKD) or Preacher Cadre Training, under the LD PBNU, aims to train Islamic preachers (dai) and develop digital savvy preachers", "page": "13", "url": "https://journal.uii.ac.id/Millah/article/view/27720", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "contemporary, Industry 4.0 era"}]}, {"name": "Lembaga Kajian Islam dan Sosial", "aliases": ["Lembaga Kajian Islam dan Sosial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith dialogue"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promotes interfaith dialogue among young people through its own methods.", "quote": "Dian Interfidei Institute, the Institute for Islamic and Social Studies (LKIS)...remain active in promoting interfaith dialogue among young people through their own methods.", "page": "19", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Lembaga Studi Agama dan Sosial Semarang", "aliases": ["Lembaga Studi Agama dan Sosial Semarang"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "pluralism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Actively engages with other NGOs as part of a network spreading the spirit of peace and pluralism at the grassroots level.", "quote": "eLSA Semarang (Lembaga Studi Agama dan Sosial). Their involvement in non-Islamic affiliated organizations demonstrates that Muslim youth can serve as alternative partners in spreading the spirit of peace and pluralism at the grassroots level.", "page": "16", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Leninist Young Communist League (Leninskij Kommunističeskij Sojuz Molodëži)", "aliases": ["Leninist Young Communist League (Leninskij Kommunističeskij Sojuz Molodëži)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "political conformity", "political dissent", "state ideology"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As an official body, it was tasked with shaping youth behaviors and mentalities. However, its members often re-interpreted official language and rituals, creating autonomous spaces for creative resistance against authoritarian discourse.", "quote": "I rappresentanti delle cellule di partito, del Komsomol, nell’assolvere i compiti loro assegnati, utilizzano la lingua ufficiale ed espletano riti consacrati, ma nell’attuarli non attribuiscono più significato alcuno al contenuto del testo o al risvolto ideologico della riunione; essi valorizzano l’elemento performativo (come si rappresenta), a discapito di quello constativo (cioè cosa si rappresenta).", "page": "19", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Lenny Pozner and Andy Parker", "aliases": ["Lenny Pozner and Andy Parker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How much is too much: the difficulties of social media content moderation", "author": "Young, Greyson K.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Actively advocate for 'increased social media guidelines and moderation' and 'federal legislation enforcing such guidelines' following personal tragedies involving online misinformation and violence.", "quote": "Lenny Pozner and Alison's father Andy have become advocates for increased social media guidelines and moderation and, ideally, federal legislation enforcing such guidelines.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2021.1905593", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lens Protocol", "aliases": ["Lens Protocol"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralization", "reputation", "trust", "user control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A decentralized social media project that experiments with portable, user-controlled reputation systems and social graphs, allowing individuals to build trust across different ecosystems independently.", "quote": "Additionally, decentralized social media projects such as Lens Protocol are experimenting with portable, user-controlled reputation systems and social graphs that allow individuals to build trust across different ecosystems without relying on centralized intermediaries.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Les Amis de l’URSS", "aliases": ["Les Amis de l’URSS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "social progress"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A front organization designed to enhance the image of the Soviet Union as a land of peace and progress.", "quote": "A whole series of front organizations (the most prominent of which was Les Amis de l’URSS) designed to enhance the image of the Soviet Union as the land of peace and progress complemented the PCF in its self-appointed role as the sole, authorita tive source of information on the subject.", "page": "434", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Les Identitaires", "aliases": ["Les Identitaires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["self-regulation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The forum associated with Les Identitaires was eventually shut down because its moderators were unable to manage the volume and nature of the discussions, leading to \"débordements\"\" (excesses) despite existing Netiquette and codes.\"", "quote": "La fermeture du forum des Identitaires est la preuve de l'impossibilité de gérer l'ensemble des propos pour les modérateurs.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Les Pixelistes", "aliases": ["Les Pixelistes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Virtual brand communities"], "norms": ["collective learning", "community building", "content quality", "fair moderation"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CA-TER DE REC-ERC-E n 2011-04 E3", "author": "K RATE, ML GAVARD-PERRET", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This consumer-initiated online community facilitates member interaction, knowledge exchange, and sharing of experiences related to the Nikon brand and photography through a discussion forum. It engages in self-regulation and norm enforcement, with moderation performed independently of the brand, and members vote on photos, influencing content visibility.", "quote": "Les membres échangent grâce à un forum de discussion très actif et des activités diversifiées (poser des questions, apporter de l'aide aux débutants, poster des photos, voter pour des photos, échanger autour de la marque et de ses produits, organiser des sorties, etc.).", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/file/index/docid/644903/filename/CR_2011-04_E3.pdf", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Virtual brand communities (Nikon's 'Les Pixelistes' community), France/online", "when": "2008–2011"}]}, {"name": "Les Verts", "aliases": ["Les Verts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "democratic integrity", "political discourse"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party provides direct email contact possibilities with various national directorate services and thematic commissions, allowing citizens to address remarks or questions.", "quote": "Les autres sites web multiplient les possibilités de contact avec les différents services de la direction nationale, y compris avec le webmestre (UMP, PS, Les Verts, PCF, UDF, FN, CPNT, LCR).", "page": "4", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Lesbian Avengers", "aliases": ["Lesbian Avengers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Followed ACT UP's precedent of employing disruptive and performative modes of protest, often invading seemingly apolitical or restricted sites to challenge norms.", "quote": "Establishing a precedent later followed by such queer activist groups as Queer Nation and Lesbian Avengers, ACT UP often invaded seemingly apolitical or restricted sites (Gamson 1989, 86).", "page": "87", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Lesbian Feminists", "aliases": ["Lesbian Feminists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "inclusivity", "lgbtq+ rights", "sexual diversity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Denounced classical feminism for establishing a homogeneous and reductive 'woman' subject, thereby contributing to the broader post-feminist critique of identity and advocating for the recognition of diverse sexual identities.", "quote": "a las que se unirán también las feministas lesbianas, quienes conjuntamente, denunciarán al feminismo clásico por establecer un sujeto “mujer\" homogéneo y reductor\"", "page": "9", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Lesbian Rights Project", "aliases": ["Lesbian Rights Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Provides legal advocacy for lesbian rights, defending sexual orientation and expression from discrimination, implicitly opposing laws that could restrict such expression.", "quote": "ROBERTA ACHTENBERG is the Directing Attorney of the Lesbian Rights Project in San Francisco...", "page": "22", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Lesbiennes Organisation Suisse (LOS)", "aliases": ["Lesbiennes Organisation Suisse (LOS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ rights", "anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with the LGBTIQ Helpline to document cases of violence and discrimination, and supports victims and campaigns for the rights of lesbians in Switzerland.", "quote": "La LGBTIQ Helpline, en collaboration avec Pink Cross et LOS (Lesbiennes Organisation Suisse), documente chaque année les cas de violences et de discriminations subies par les personnes LGBTIQ+, y compris en ligne.", "page": "4", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Lesser Guilds (Florence)", "aliases": ["Lesser Guilds (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["political participation", "trade monopoly"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Engaged in political battles, sometimes aligning with popular movements like the Ciompi rebels, to gain access to the political domain and privileges.", "quote": "Patrician family connections or membership in major guilds afforded the only consistent access to the political sphere; and political battles throughout the history of Florence often revolved around the political standing of lesser guilds.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Lesser Magistrates", "aliases": ["Lesser Magistrates"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic duty", "public safety", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Developed a theory of resistance against higher authority (e.g., the emperor) by claiming a public duty to defend the people, distinct from private individual rights.", "quote": "...invested in ‘lesser magistrates’ – the lower levels of imperial government, such as local civic officials – a right to resist by military force.", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "LessWrong", "aliases": ["LessWrong"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Sonnet 4.5"], "norms": ["ai safety", "reason"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "963373e433e489a87a10c823c52a0a013e9172dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Its content (relating to the Rationalist movement and AI safety discussions) activates features within the model, contributing to its awareness of these topics.", "quote": "Rationalism and AI safety (909609): activates on text relating to the Rationalist movement, related websites like LessWrong.com, and discussions of AI safety, promoting outputs including “AI” and “Reddit.”", "page": "91", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Sonnet 4.5 / AI systems", "when": "post-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Let's Encrypt", "aliases": ["Let's Encrypt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet security", "open web standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Offers free SSL/TLS certificates, popularizing and making the deployment of HTTPS easier, which indirectly makes selective content filtering more difficult for censors.", "quote": "Efforts such as Let's Encrypt, a certificate authority that offers free certificates, and well-documented migrations of highly visible websites have also pushed and popularized the deployment of HTTPS.", "page": "8", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "Let's Improve Today's Education", "aliases": ["Let's Improve Today's Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Kept in touch with national textbook review figures, indicating participation in a network concerned with improving education.", "quote": "The Gablers and Dr. McGraw keep in touch with hundreds of state and local groups concerned with improving education:... and Let's Improve Today's Educa tion in Arizona-to name a few.", "page": "41", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Let's Love (NGO)", "aliases": ["Let's Love (NGO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes children's camps and volunteer projects, using media materials to instill meaningful, moral, and Christian core values, functioning as a norm-setting educational initiative.", "quote": "The project (2015–2016) was organized mainly for children (6–16 years old) from temporarily internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the format of summer and winter camps. [...] The session was dedicated to Christian values and principles based on biblical materials.", "page": "344", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Let's Talk About It", "aliases": ["Let's Talk About It"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides practical help and guidance to the public to prevent individuals from becoming or supporting extremists.", "quote": "provides practical help and guidance to the public in order to stop people becoming or supporting extremists", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center)", "aliases": ["Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["federal television channels"], "norms": ["information literacy", "public opinion", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or conformism? Censorship and self-censorship among Russian media personalities and reporters in the 2010s", "author": "E Schimpfossl, I Yablokov", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts public opinion polls to measure public trust in television news and its perceived objectivity, thereby providing crucial context for understanding the effectiveness of state-aligned media and the environment in which censorship and self-censorship operate.", "quote": "88% of the Russian population use television news as their prime source of information, 65% regard the news reporting as objective and 51% trust television as an information source.", "page": "1", "url": "https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/coercion-or-conformism-censorship-and-self-censorship-among-russi/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, federal television channels", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Levada Center (Analytic Center Yuriy Levada)", "aliases": ["Levada Center (Analytic Center Yuriy Levada)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany", "Russia", "Soviet Union", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Model of Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression", "author": "Gehlbach, Scott; Luo, Zhaotian; Shirikov, Anton; Vorobyev, Dmitriy", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Levada Center regularly conducts and publishes surveys of public opinion, including approval ratings for the leader, which provides independent information that can run counter to state propaganda and thus influence the government's strategies regarding censorship and repression.", "quote": "The respected Levada Center regularly surveys Russians about Putin's popularity: see www.levada.ru/en.", "page": "16", "url": "fass.nus.edu.sg", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Autocratic regimes (with examples from Russia, Germany, Soviet Union, Ukraine)", "when": "20th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Levellers (Social Movement)", "aliases": ["Levellers (Social Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Articulated radical democratic traditions, advocating for popular sovereignty, individual rights, and a wider franchise against the parliamentary oligarchy and monarchy.", "quote": "The long history of partnership between aristocracy and central state... marginalized the truly revolutionary and democratic traditions that emerged during the English Revolution, the tradition of the Levellers, Diggers and other radical movements.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "lezpresident", "aliases": ["lezpresident"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "political interest"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Creates online anthologies of political 'petites phrases' (short, punchy statements) on TikTok, using the codes of digital culture to promote a political agenda and emphasize oratorical performances.", "quote": "La création d’anthologies en ligne de vidéos de PPh. Ces anthologies sont souvent produites par des comptes de militants d’un parti politique, utilisant les codes de l’anthologie de la culture numérique (Cardon, 2019). Nous en analyserons un exemple avec le compte TikTok « lezpresident » (fig. 8).", "page": "35", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "LGB Alliance", "aliases": ["LGB Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity / advocacy organisation for LGB people"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes research and info sheets, a House of Commons Bulletin distributed to MPs, submits numerous policy consultations, holds a national conference attended by MPs and policymakers, and operates a helpline and community groups to mobilise supporters.", "quote": "Primary mission is advancing LGB rights and community services; they champion free speech and submit policy consultations (to government bodies and OFCOM), indicating occasional engagement with platform/content governance but not as core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://lgballiance.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "LGBT associations", "aliases": ["LGBT associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["lgbtq+ rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in activism within the activist sphere, using platforms to promote their interests and exert public pressure, implicitly challenging societal norms and policies affecting LGBT individuals.", "quote": "movimentos sociais e outros atores coletivos que atuam na esfera ativista atualmente (e que vão dos recentes movimentos e plataformas antiausteridade às associações LGBT ou às organizações ecologistas).", "page": "122", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "LGBT press", "aliases": ["LGBT press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "personal dignity", "right to be remembered"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le parole contano. Alcune riflessioni sul “word ban” dell'amministrazione Trump", "author": "A Sperti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The LGBT press denounces the Trump administration's 'word ban' as an attempt to erase the existence and concerns of transgender people, thereby applying public pressure against this form of censorship.", "quote": "La stampa LGBT sottolinea come “la lingua modelli la nostra mappa del mondo” e denuncia che “se la parola «transgender» cessa di esistere nei documenti ufficiali del governo, anche noi iniziamo a svanire.", "page": "114", "url": "https://elan.jus.unipi.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Sperti_Trump_LGBT.pdf", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA", "when": "Trump administration era (2017-2021)"}]}, {"name": "LGBT Tech", "aliases": ["LGBT Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["technology policy advocacy and digital inclusion non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "LGBT Tech produces research and policy positions, files amicus briefs in influential court cases, runs digital inclusion programs (PowerOn, Digital Navigator), and develops the AllyAI certification to shape AI/platform practices.", "quote": "LGBT Tech publishes policy positions on Online Platforms & Content Moderation and Artificial Intelligence, files amicus briefs in major court cases, and builds programs (e.g., AllyAI) that directly engage platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lgbttech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "LGBTIQ Helpline", "aliases": ["LGBTIQ Helpline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documents cases of violence and discrimination, including online cyber-harassment, and publishes annual reports to raise awareness about the issues faced by LGBTIQ+ individuals.", "quote": "La LGBTIQ Helpline... documente chaque année les cas de violences et de discriminations subies par les personnes LGBTIQ+, y compris en ligne. En 2023, le rapport annuel faisait état d'une augmentation des cas de cyber-harcèlement...", "page": "4", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "LGBTIQ+ communities", "aliases": ["LGBTIQ+ communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "free speech", "gender identity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engages in public discourse to defend freedom of expression and identity, and counter-censors or expresses strong disapproval of views (like essentialist feminism) that they perceive as discriminatory or against their ideals.", "quote": "las distintas comunidades han salido a pronunciarse y defender su libertad de expresión, no solo mental, sino también física y sexual, a tal punto de crear comunidades como lo son la LGBTIQ.", "page": "21", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "LGBTQ+ movements", "aliases": ["LGBTQ+ movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in retro-engineering algorithms, group actions to appeal platform decisions, media mobilization, and boycotts to expose and challenge algorithmic censorship.", "quote": "Dans le cas des mouvements LGBTQ+, le chercheur Thibault Grison a par exemple documenté les différentes manières dont des individus et des associations tentaient de faire la lumière sur les formes de censure algorithmique dont ils et elles étaient la cible", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "LGBTQ+ organizations", "aliases": ["LGBTQ+ organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-harassment"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Criticized YouTube's initial decision regarding homophobic harassment by a popular alt-right personality, contributing to the platform's eventual decision to demonetize the account and expand its harassment policy.", "quote": "Only after LGBTQ+ organizations, YouTube employees, politicians, industry executives, and others criticized its decision did YouTube choose to demonetize Crowder's account...", "page": "9", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "LGBTQIAP+ communities", "aliases": ["LGBTQIAP+ communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "mental health", "non-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Engage in discourse, often reappropriating derogatory terms as a form of resistance and empowerment, but face online expression challenges due to automated moderation systems failing to understand linguistic and cultural context.", "quote": "A comunicação desse grupo, muitas vezes, carrega termos a princípio desrespeitosos à própria comunidade, mas com o intuito de mudar a sua compreensão: (...) identificaram que ‘uma língua afiada é uma arma desenvolvida com uso frequente, e é um recurso de sobrevivência para aqueles que se encontram fora de círculos privilegiados (...).", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}]}, {"name": "LGBTTQIAPN+ community", "aliases": ["LGBTTQIAPN+ community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender and sexual diversity", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura do obsceno", "author": "FCR Junior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in reappropriation of historically pejorative terms and cultural production (art, communication) to assert visibility of dissident sexualities and bodies, thereby subverting traditional narratives and challenging censorship based on \"obscenity\"\".\"", "quote": "A principal ideia desse movimento ‘pós-pornô’ está vinculada a um processo em que a arte e a comunicação possibilitem a visibilidade de sexualidades e corpos dissidentes...", "page": "150", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/94b397e6-77ba-4506-801b-72080bac0efa", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, United States, Europe (historical), Digital Platforms (Facebook)", "when": "Antiquity to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liberal International Congress of Lucerne", "aliases": ["Liberal International Congress of Lucerne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "individual rights", "social stability"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Made pronouncements questioning the abolition of freedoms and censorship as a basis for public peace in Colombia.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa, como se puede ver en las cartas enviadas en que se cuestionaba la abolición de las libertades y la censura de los medios como fundamento para lograr la paz pública", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Liberal Mission Foundation", "aliases": ["Liberal Mission Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["federal television channels"], "norms": ["critical thinking", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or conformism? Censorship and self-censorship among Russian media personalities and reporters in the 2010s", "author": "E Schimpfossl, I Yablokov", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and reports from Russian television experts and journalists, explicitly confirming the existence of 'stop-lists' of individuals banned from participating in television programs, thus acting as a watchdog and providing evidence of censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "Russian television experts and journalists publicly confirmed that several people banned from participating in television programmes. See 2011. “Irina Petrovskaia. Televidenie. Krizis zhanra,” Fond Liberal’naia missiia, November 17", "page": "17", "url": "https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/coercion-or-conformism-censorship-and-self-censorship-among-russi/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, federal television channels", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Liberalism Forum", "aliases": ["Liberalism Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political philosophy"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Operated as an online discussion group within Xici Alleys, dedicated to discussions on political philosophy, thus creating a space for liberal thought and intellectual exchange.", "quote": "the Liberalism Forum (zi you lun tan) on political philosophy... it was unusual to find such groups on the Chinese web.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Liberapay", "aliases": ["Liberapay"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["financial viability", "open source", "sustainability"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers a free and open-source popular crowdfunding platform for recurring donations, supporting the economic viability of free software projects as an alternative funding model.", "quote": "le cas notamment de Liberapay22 et d’Open Collective23, qui sont des équivalents libres de Patreon ou de Tipeee.", "page": "72", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Liberate Tate", "aliases": ["Liberate Tate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement, community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic independence", "corporate accountability", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Uses artistic protest, such as with Arctic ice, to challenge cultural institutions like the Tate Gallery for accepting sponsorship from fossil fuel companies, exerting public pressure and enforcing ethical norms.", "quote": "Art Collective Liberate Tate Uses Arctic Ice to Protest at Gallery's BP Sponsorship.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Liberation Tech", "aliases": ["Liberation Tech"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research program / research center initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Produces research and seminars, runs a design course building ICT solutions, and partners with universities and local organizations to pilot and scale projects that shape technology use for accountability and rights.", "quote": "Program researches how information technologies enable freedom, accountability and governance, runs seminars and design courses, and develops ICT projects addressing censorship, rights, and accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/research/libtech", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Libertines (Geneva)", "aliases": ["Libertines (Geneva)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["political autonomy", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Challenged the strict discipline imposed by Calvin's Ordinances in Geneva, opposing ecclesiastical and civic jurisdictions, ultimately being defeated and banished.", "quote": "It is difficult to disentangle Calvin’s theological development from the evolution of his political consciousness... the so-called libertines were defeated and their leaders banished or executed.", "page": "76", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Liberty (UK civil liberties organisation)", "aliases": ["Liberty (UK civil liberties organisation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Advocates for human rights and freedom, raising concerns about personal information privacy and surveillance, seeking to protect the 'right to be let alone'.", "quote": "The 'right to be let alone' in an increasingly monitorable society concerns many groups, like Liberty, who have much to say about human rights and freedom.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liberty Bell Publishing", "aliases": ["Liberty Bell Publishing"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["hate speech", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Used early online bulletin-board systems (BBSes) to network and distribute hate literature, playing a role in the digital spread of white supremacist content.", "quote": "ADL published a report about far-right extremist organizations Aryan Nations and Liberty Bell Publishing using BBSes to network with other neo-Nazis and white supremacists in North America (ADL, 1985).", "page": "171", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Liberty Lobby", "aliases": ["Liberty Lobby"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal conservatism", "political ideology"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Washington-based organization that produces publications and operates a lobbying firm, actively campaigning for anti-tax movements and influencing public opinion via radio.", "quote": "Liberty Lobby', a -Washingtoh-based organization with several publications,.frOnt gronpg, and their own fiublihing, firm, haS . . 4 ,i . devoted constOri me'aitkation to. the anti- x moveplent. The circulation uf. 'ta' SpotliOtt a major lobby publication, has gr(wn from 40,000. 1975.C., over 160,00(1.11nd is actively advertising 'the aims of si ar groups across the country.", "page": "101", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Liberty Press", "aliases": ["Liberty Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "public information"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Published pamphlets and booklets, such as 'Stop Them Now!' and 'Camp of Death', to disseminate information about German atrocities, including Auschwitz, to the public, often with British political endorsement.", "quote": "Zygielbojm’s pamphlet Stop Them Now!, which was published by Liberty Press in London in September... Camp of Death was published in English, in London, by Liberty Press.", "page": "103", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Libex.es", "aliases": ["Libex.es"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "legality"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides a resource for legal operators to interpret crimes of expression by compiling jurisprudence from various high courts, aiming to guide understanding of free speech limits.", "quote": "Libex.es es un proyecto que busca poner a disposición de los operadores jurídicos claves para la in terpretación de los principales delitos de expresión contra bienes jurídicos colectivos extraídas de la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo, el Tribunal Constitucional y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.", "page": "11", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Librarians (professional body)", "aliases": ["Librarians (professional body)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access", "public service media", "quality information"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Entre analogías y metáforas: el debate sobre la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "Peña Jiménez, Pedro José", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Proposed to be involved in content moderation solutions, assisting users with information needs, and contributing to the resolution of moderation problems, guided by their public service orientation and training.", "quote": "propone implicar a las bibliotecas y a los bibliotecarios en la solución de los problemas de moderación, ya que son profesionales con buena formación y naturalmente orientados hacia el servicio público", "page": "305", "url": "https://revista.cortesgenerales.es/rcg/article/view/1614", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social networks, focusing on US and European contexts", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with a focus on recent debates and legislative initiatives (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Library and Information Technology Association", "aliases": ["Library and Information Technology Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["common good", "digital rights", "equity", "universal access"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for 'cyber rights' and the institutionalization of 'universal opportunity of access' to ICTs, influencing policies related to information access and equity.", "quote": "LITA (Library and Information Technology Association) emphasise ‘cyber rights’, claiming that cyber citizenship entails the incorporation of ICTs into civil society, because ICTs have become important gatekeepers between civil society and its citizens.", "page": "206", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Library Association (UK, now CILIP)", "aliases": ["Library Association (UK, now CILIP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Declares commitment to intellectual freedom and the widest possible dissemination of information, providing policy statements and guidelines for its members regarding censorship and access issues.", "quote": "The usual position of libraries and library associations is to declare commitment to the widest possible freedom in the dissemination of information within the limits of the law (Library Association, 1989).", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Libre pensée", "aliases": ["Libre pensée"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Libération", "aliases": ["Libération"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["multiculturalism", "national identity", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A left-wing newspaper that celebrated Zinedine Zidane as an 'icon of integration' and promoted the French republican model of integration and multiculturalism.", "quote": "Casting Zidane as ‘the icon of integration’, immigration specialist Michèle Tribalet could not resist reworking the old Franco-German comparison, contrasting a French squad drawn from the sons of immigrants to ‘the German team, with their fair complexion and blond hair, which did not contain a single young player of Turkish origin’.", "page": "525", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liceo Valenciano", "aliases": ["Liceo Valenciano"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Although not directly involved as an organization in moderation, a member of this society was part of the \"comisión de la Milicia\"\" responsible for prosecuting revolutionaries after the September 1835 events", "quote": "", "page": "Asimismo participa el juez Ildefonso Gonzalo Morón, familiar del futuro diputado moderado y miembro del Liceo Valenciano, Ildefonso Gonzalo Morón.", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab", "aliases": ["Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Scratch"], "norms": ["artistic expression", "child safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmically Supported Moderation in Children’s Online Communities", "author": "Tan, Flora", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This academic group developed and maintains the Scratch online community and is the institutional home for the research presented in the thesis, which aims to improve the community's content moderation through algorithmic methods.", "quote": "Scratch, a web-based, drag-and-drop programming language and online community developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Scratch online community", "when": "2015-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Liga Acadêmica de Direito da UFF-VR", "aliases": ["Liga Acadêmica de Direito da UFF-VR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais: uma análise da política de remoção de conteúdo do Instagram à luz do marco civil da internet", "author": "IF da Silva Lacerda", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "By fostering and supporting academic research and discussion among its student members on topics related to digital rights and content moderation, the league indirectly contributes to public discourse, norm-setting, and advocacy for principles like freedom of expression within the legal framework.", "quote": "Membro da Liga Acadêmica de Direito da UFF-VR.", "page": "27", "url": "https://conferencias.unifoa.edu.br/congresso-direito/article/view/1194", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Instagram, Brazil", "when": "post-2014 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Liga Argentina de Lucha contra el Cáncer", "aliases": ["Liga Argentina de Lucha contra el Cáncer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, lending its name to support the military's actions against 'subversion' and the regime's narrative of national peace.", "quote": "Liga Argentina de Lucha contra el Cáncer... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Liga Brasileira pelos Aliados", "aliases": ["Liga Brasileira pelos Aliados"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "international relations", "modernization", "nationalism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promoted the Allied cause during WWI in Brazil through publications, manifestos, articles, cultural events, and lobbying the government, criticizing pro-German views and promoting Brazilian nationalism.", "quote": "Este grupo foi formado com o objetivo central de promover os aliados diante a população brasileira, conquistando a simpatia do público diante da causa.", "page": "433", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liga das Mulheres Democráticas", "aliases": ["Liga das Mulheres Democráticas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-communist indoctrination campaigns, contributing to the broader mobilization of conservative women's groups in the early 1960s.", "quote": "Entre eles destacam-se a Liga das Mulheres Democráticas, em Belo Horizonte, a Cruzada Democrática Feminina, em Recife, e a Associação Democrática Feminina, em Porto Alegre.", "page": "234", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Decencia de Rosario", "aliases": ["Liga de Decencia de Rosario"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Advocated for 'decency' and moral standards in Rosario, thereby aligning with and supporting the regime's cultural control and censorship efforts.", "quote": "Liga Pro Comportamiento Humano; Liga de Decencia de Rosario;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Educación Política española", "aliases": ["Liga de Educación Política española"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "informed public discourse", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A political-educational society created by Ortega to form a 'select minority' for political education, but its liberal-democratic ideals were later criticized by Falangist thinkers.", "quote": "Así surgen la 'Liga de Educación Política Española' y luego la 'Asociación al Servicio de la República'. [...] Creó, pues, Ortega su minoría selecta, precisamente en torno a la Revista de Occidente.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Madres de Familia", "aliases": ["Liga de Madres de Familia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Exerted public pressure and advocated for the censorship of materials deemed 'subversive' or harmful to 'moral values' by the regime, aligning with its cultural control efforts.", "quote": "Liga de Madres de Familia; Liga de Padres de Familia;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Padres de Familia", "aliases": ["Liga de Padres de Familia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Similar to the Liga de Madres de Familia, this group exerted public pressure and advocated for cultural control aligned with the regime's approved values and norms.", "quote": "Liga de Madres de Familia; Liga de Padres de Familia;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Liga de Universidades Europeas de Investigación (LERU)", "aliases": ["Liga de Universidades Europeas de Investigación (LERU)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic quality", "diversity", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes reports on the effectiveness of diverse research teams, advocating for greater diversity and gender sensitivity in academic institutions.", "quote": "investigaciones recientes apuntan a una mayor efectividad, productividad, creatividad y capacidad de innovación de los equipos diversos, y muestran que las personas investigadoras prefieren trabajar en equipos mixtos (como recoge, en particular, el informe de la Liga de Universidades Europeas de Investigación, LERU, publicado en 2015).", "page": "203", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Liga Feminista Nacional", "aliases": ["Liga Feminista Nacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Led by María Abella, this organization contributed to the broader feminist movement advocating for women's rights and social reforms in Argentina during the early 20th century.", "quote": "o la Liga Feminista Nacional presidida por María Abella; todas creadas en 1909.", "page": "131", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liga Nacional de Mujeres Librepensadoras", "aliases": ["Liga Nacional de Mujeres Librepensadoras"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of thought", "social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Part of a broader feminist movement in Argentina, advocating for women's rights and social reforms through collective action and public debate, challenging existing legal and social structures.", "quote": "Mujeres que además, integraban numerosas organizaciones feministas tales como el Centro de Universitarias Argentinas, la Liga Nacional de Mujeres Librepensadoras -con Lanteri como principal referente-, o la Liga Feminista Nacional presidida por María Abella; todas creadas en 1909.", "page": "131", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liga Pro Comportamiento Humano", "aliases": ["Liga Pro Comportamiento Humano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Supported the dictatorial regime's policies through public statements that promoted 'appropriate human behavior' in line with the regime's ideology, contributing to cultural control.", "quote": "Liga Pro Comportamiento Humano; Liga de Decencia de Rosario;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Liga Pro Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño", "aliases": ["Liga Pro Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child rights", "social change", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Created by Raquel Camaña, this organization advocated for the rights of women and children, contributing to the broader social reform efforts in Argentina.", "quote": "En 1910 surgió el Centro Feminista Juana Manuela Gorriti y en 1911 Raquel Camaña creó la Liga Pro Derechos de la Mujer y el Niño", "page": "131", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Liga zum Schutze der deutschen Kultur", "aliases": ["Liga zum Schutze der deutschen Kultur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "historical revisionism", "nationalism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "This völkisch (nationalist/populist) organization contributed to the broader revisionist cause, notably by providing personnel like Alfred von Wegerer who went on to lead state-funded war-guilt revisionist efforts.", "quote": "The prolific Wegerer, who had come aboard in 1923 from the völkisch 'Liga für deutsche Kultur,' churned out no less than 300 articles to buttress the revisionist cause.", "page": "18", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Ligas de Madres de Familia", "aliases": ["Ligas de Madres de Familia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura cultural y dictadura", "author": "Delgado, Por Verónica; Merbilháa, Margarita; Príncipi, Ana; Rogers, Geraldine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The organization exerted pressure for censorship, and its volunteers actively participated in enforcing moral guidelines, identifying and reporting prohibited materials that were deemed immoral or contrary to \"good customs.\"\"\"", "quote": "traditional family values", "page": "Christian principles\"", "url": "comisionporlamemoria.org", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1960s–1983"}]}, {"name": "Ligas de moralidad", "aliases": ["Ligas de moralidad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s (military dictatorship era)"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "OMNIPRESENCIA DE LA CENSURA EN LA ESCRITORA ARGENTINA", "author": "Roffe, Reina", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "These groups acted as private censors by conducting daily searches in public spaces, creating a climate of fear among publishers and booksellers, which resulted in books being removed from circulation.", "quote": "Hay que recordar que las Ligas de moralidad que proliferaron en la época se encargaron muy bien de realizar pesquisas diarias por las calles infundiendo terror entre editores y libreros y provocando, de esta manera, una verdadera psicosis.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.5195/reviberoamer.1985.4137", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1976-1983 (military dictatorship era)"}]}, {"name": "Light Upon Light", "aliases": ["Light Upon Light"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborates with social media platforms (like Minds) to promote holistic approaches to online discourse and combat extremism.", "quote": "So far, Minds has collaborated with Tech Against Terrorism, Parallel Networks, Braver Angels, Light Upon Light, Daryl Davis, Tasman AI, and CulturePulse...", "page": "56", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Ligue catholique pour les droits de l’homme", "aliases": ["Ligue catholique pour les droits de l’homme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "legal rights"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Involved in a legal case (Hendricks) that confirmed the invalidity of provisions limiting marriage to different sexes based on equality rights, contributing to the secularization of marriage.", "quote": "Une première décision Hendricks c.Québec27 du 6 septembre 2002, confirmée en appel le 19 mars 200428 avait en effet invalidé les dispositions provinciales et fédérales qui limitaient le mariage aux conjoints de sexes différents en se fondant sur le droit à l’égalité garanti par les articles 10 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne du Québec et 15 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.", "page": "102", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire", "aliases": ["Ligue Communiste Révolutionnaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "marginalized voices", "political discourse", "public access"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party maintains a forum designed for broad citizen expression, especially for those lacking other publication avenues, with a moderation policy aiming to limit contributions from party editors or political officials to prioritize external voices.", "quote": "Le principe c'est quand même que le plus de gens possibles puissent s'exprimer dans le forum et particulièrement des gens qui n'ont pas d'autres moyens, de se faire publier.", "page": "10", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Ligue de la Patrie Française", "aliases": ["Ligue de la Patrie Française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "national identity", "political loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Nationalistic group, supported by popular women writers, promoting nationalist sentiments.", "quote": "several popular women writers were prominent supporters of the nationalist Ligue de la Patrie Française.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ligue des Antipatriotes", "aliases": ["Ligue des Antipatriotes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-nationalism", "anti-patriotism", "economic justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "An anarchist-inspired group created in 1886, which continued to spread an anti-patriotic message, viewing the nation as a means of exploitation by a privileged class.", "quote": "For example, 1886 saw the creation of the anarchist-inspired Ligue des Antipatriotes and later this anti-patriotic message was continued by firebrand Gustave Hervé, editor of La Guerre sociale.", "page": "455", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ligue des droits de l'homme (Human Rights League)", "aliases": ["Ligue des droits de l'homme (Human Rights League)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Bourbon France", "France", "German Democratic Republic", "India"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les archives de la censure: choisir entre déontologie scientifique et éthique citoyenne?", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "It acts as an umbrella organization for groups like the 'Observatoire de la liberté de création', which advocate for human rights, including freedom of creation, and critique censorship.", "quote": "L'Observatoire de la liberté de création, un collectif d'écrivains rattaché à la Ligue des droits de l'homme, note ainsi dans son Manifeste : Il est essentiel pour une démocratie de protéger la liberté de l'artiste contre l'arbitraire de tous les pouvoirs, publics ou privés.", "page": "6", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01425181/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Catholic Church (Congregation of the Index), France, with comparative examples from other polities (Bourbon France, colonial India, German Democratic Republic)", "when": "Primarily 19th century, but covering broader historical periods of censorship and its academic study up to the contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Ligue des Droits de l’Homme", "aliases": ["Ligue des Droits de l’Homme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Actively campaigned for the Dreyfusard cause, opened its membership to women, later undertook a public inquiry into Russia, concluding the Bolshevik regime denied human rights.", "quote": "The Dreyfusard Ligue des Droits de l’Homme opened up its membership to them. ...the Ligue des Droits de l’Homme ... undertook a public inquiry into the situation in Russia. The unambiguous conclusion was that the Bolshevik regime paid scant attention to the rights of man, was undemocratic, and was a travesty of socialism.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ligue internationale contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme", "aliases": ["Ligue internationale contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group, NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "anti-semitism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action (lawsuit) against Yahoo! to challenge its platform providing access to auctions of Nazi objects, aiming to force the removal of content deemed illegal.", "quote": "En France, dès 2000, un procès a par exemple été intenté contre Yahoo! par l'UEJF (Union des étudiants juifs de France) et la Licra (Ligue internationale contre le le racisme et l'antisémitisme) pour avoir donné accès à des enchères mettant en vente des objets nazis.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Ligue Internationale pour la Paix et la Liberté", "aliases": ["Ligue Internationale pour la Paix et la Liberté"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "liberty", "peace"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "An organization launched in 1867 with Jules Barni as president, which aimed to oppose the republican 'just war' tradition and explore peaceful international relations, advocating for the abolition of standing armies and a federation of free states.", "quote": "From his exile in Switzerland, Barni acted as president of the Ligue Internationale pour la Paix et la Liberté, an organization which he helped to launch in 1867. ... There Barni showed himself to be totally opposed to the republican ‘just war’ tradition, preferring rather to explore how peaceful relations among states could best be achieved.", "page": "230", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme", "aliases": ["Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Interpellated public authorities and the Ministry of Higher Education to demand an investigation following denunciations of sexual harassment.", "quote": "La médiatisation numérique et la viralité des réseaux sociaux couplées à la mobilisation des étudiantes ont entrainé le soutien de la Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l’Homme et de l’Association Tunisienne de Défense des Valeurs Universitaires qui ont interpellé les pouvoirs publics et le ministère de l’enseignement supérieur et ont exigé l’ouverture d’une enquête.", "page": "16", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Likekhor", "aliases": ["Likekhor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "National Web Studies: Mapping Iran Online", "author": "Rogers, Richard; Weltevrede, Esther; Niederer, Sabine; Borra, Erik", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Aggregates and ranks blogs based on 'likes' from Google Reader users, thereby organising the Iranian blogosphere and making visible active, albeit often blocked, online content.", "quote": "the Iranian blogosphere, or the Iranian bloggers read through Google Reader and indexed by Likekhor (a website that rates websites by 'likes'), are roundly blocked by the state, yet remain blogging.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Linguist List", "aliases": ["Linguist List"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["linguistic analysis", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "As a listserv for linguists, it serves as an online forum where scholars discuss and explore linguistic topics, including nonstandard speech like 'rude negators', contributing to academic understanding and discourse around language norms.", "quote": "One was a research paper based on the interactions that took place on the Linguist List (a Listserv where linguists raise and explore online topics of professional interest).", "page": "154", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Linterna Verde", "aliases": ["Linterna Verde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Critiques Facebook's Oversight Board, stating it addresses emblematic cases rather than real-time moderation and notes a lack of clear civil society consensus on content moderation issues.", "quote": "Críticas al Consejo de Facebook, actúa sobre casos emblemáticos y no refleja la moderación en tiempo real. No hay respuestas claras desde la sociedad civil sobre el problema de la moderación de contenidos.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Linux Community / Linux Moderators", "aliases": ["Linux Community / Linux Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["ConsiderIt", "Kialo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["creative expression", "professional standards"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing conflict in online debate communities: Foregrounding moderators' beliefs and values on kialo", "author": "J Beck, B Neupane, JM Carroll", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Moderators within the Linux community are responsible for managing participants, crafting creative or intellectual project visions, and maintaining quality standards in the peer production of software.", "quote": "In these communities [Wikipedia and Linux], moderators can be responsible for managing participants... crafting creative or intellectual project visions, helping maintain quality standards... and 'gatekeeping' against vulgar or abusive participants.", "page": "3", "url": "https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/cdfq7_v1/providers/osfstorage/5bdcb8e1573649001a833455?action=download&direct&version=2", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online debate communities (Kialo), Wikipedia, Linux, ConsiderIt", "when": "2017–2018 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Linux Foundation", "aliases": ["Linux Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "open access"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "An example of historical digital commons that, alongside open hardware and open design movements, contributes to the development of low-tech, ethical digital systems.", "quote": "Pour autant, Wikipedia ou encore Linux, deux communs numériques historiques, sont des succès trop rares.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Linux Project / Linux Foundation", "aliases": ["Linux Project / Linux Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "community engagement", "open source"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops open-source software relying on volunteer labor, demonstrating a sustainable model for community-driven middleware development.", "quote": "Many online community services—particularly open-source projects such as Linux, Tor, Wikipedia, and Apache—rely heavily on volunteer labor.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Linux User Groups", "aliases": ["Linux User Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["Internet platforms"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie parlementaire à l'heure des plate-formes participatives et des réseaux sociaux sur Internet", "author": "C Lejeune", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "These groups sensitize the general public to good practices in information technology and provide monitoring ('veille') on IT matters. They promote the use of open-source software and responsible digital practices, thus influencing user behavior and implicitly setting norms for technology adoption.", "quote": "Par ailleurs, plusieurs associations sensibilisent le grand public aux bonnes pratiques à acquérir en matière informatique. Actifs à Namur, Mons, Charleroi, Arlon, Thuin, Sambreville, La Louvière, Tournai et Liège, les Linux User Groups (LUG) offrent un précieux travail de veille qui mérite l'attention et le soutien du parlement.", "page": "9", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/73298/1/lejeune_2010g.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Wallonia, Belgium, and Internet platforms", "when": "Early 21st century (with historical context from 1930s)"}]}, {"name": "Lions Clubs International", "aliases": ["Lions Clubs International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, aligning with the military's justification for its actions against 'subversion' and promoting a specific vision of national peace.", "quote": "Asociación Internacional del Club de Leones... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "liquor industry lobbyists", "aliases": ["liquor industry lobbyists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These lobbyists pressure studio executives to include positive depictions of alcohol consumption in films and to suppress any scenes that might portray the harms associated with alcoholism, acting as a form of hidden censorship.", "quote": "liquor industry lobbyists urge producers to include scenes of alcohol consumption and suppress scenes depicting the harms of alcoholism, while tobacco representatives and soft drink manufacturers persuade producers to focus on the pleasures of their products.", "page": "15", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "Literary critics", "aliases": ["Literary critics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern to present"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Exercise authority and regulation over what is considered acceptable or valid discourse within their field, shaping canon-formation and the forms of communication through their judgments and normative practices.", "quote": "One line of inquiry has focused on how non-state actors like literary critics, academic institutions, and corporations exercise authority over what can and cannot be said within their respective fields.", "page": "17", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Living Memorial Museum", "aliases": ["Living Memorial Museum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["mutual respect", "pluralism", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Demonstrating that there are different perspectives on conflict and preserving these perspectives respectfully to foster tolerance and understanding.", "quote": "For instance, the Living Memorial Museum aims to demonstrate that there are different perspectives on the conflict in Northern Ireland... and that these perspectives can be preserved and shared in a respectful and tolerant way.", "page": "103", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "LIVRE", "aliases": ["LIVRE"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["education", "environmental protection", "lgbtq+ rights", "social cohesion", "social progress"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "LIVRE predominantly used positive campaigning in debates (56.3%), detailing its proposals across various social and environmental themes. While engaging in negative appeals (43.7%), these were often reactive, especially character attacks against ideologically opposed parties like CHEGA. On Facebook, they had 100% positive publications.", "quote": "No que toca a Rui Tavares, candidato pelo partido LIVRE, contabilizámos 295 apelos positivos (56,3%), o quarto maior valor, e 228 apelos negativos (43,7%), o segundo menor valor.", "page": "78", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "LMArena", "aliases": ["LMArena"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Gemini 2.5 Flash"], "norms": ["platform quality"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini-2-5-Flash-Model-Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "LMArena serves as a platform or benchmark for human evaluations focused on text-to-image generation, particularly for assessing overall preference and various specific aspects of image editing, such as character, creativity, and object recontextualization. It also features leaderboards for comparing different model performances.", "quote": "human evaluations were conducted via GenAI-Bench and LMArena², including leaderboards reporting provider results on these benchmarks:", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Gemini 2.5 Flash model family", "when": "December 2025"}]}, {"name": "Lobster", "aliases": ["Lobster"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engages in investigative journalism, breaking stories (e.g., 'Operation Clockwork Orange') that challenge mainstream narratives and are not covered elsewhere.", "quote": "Lobster, the British journal of parapolitics, was the first to break the story about Colin Wallace and 'Operation Clockwork Orange', the MI5 plot to destabilize the Wilson Government.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Local Civil Society", "aliases": ["Local Civil Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia", "Pakistan"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["consensus building", "platform governance"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation, Platformised Speech Governance, and Legitimacy: TikTok in South and Southeast Asia", "author": "Liu, Diyi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Mediates divergent stakeholder interests and upholds digital rights in platformised online speech governance, particularly concerning sensitive and controversial borderline topics like gender/sexual, religious, and political content.", "quote": "It also showcases the significance and challenges of local civil society in mediating divergent interests and upholding digital rights.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3630744.3658613", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, Indonesia, Pakistan", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Local Clergy (Parish Priests, Preachers, and Confessors)", "aliases": ["Local Clergy (Parish Priests, Preachers, and Confessors)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Atlantic World", "England", "Europe", "France", "Italy", "Scandinavia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual control", "protection of the faithful", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "'La censura nel secolo dei Lumi. Una visione internazionale', a cura di Edoardo Tortarolo, saggi di Patrizia Delpiano, et al., Torino, UTET libreria, 2011", "author": "S Valeri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Participated in a persuasive policy by the ecclesiastical hierarchy, warning the faithful about forbidden books and suggesting 'good books,' thereby guiding public opinion and influencing intellectual life at the community level.", "quote": "Non va dimenticata infine la funzione svolta da parroci, predicatori e confessori nel mettere in guardia i fedeli dai pericoli insiti nei libri proibiti suggerendo al contempo le modalità con cui accostarsi ai 'buoni libri'.", "page": "142", "url": "https://teca.unibo.it/article/download/14469/13951", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (France, England, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain), Atlantic World, USA", "when": "18th to early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Local Duchies (Holy Roman Empire)", "aliases": ["Local Duchies (Holy Roman Empire)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal autonomy", "local autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Exercised autonomous powers and resisted imperial authority, transforming from feudal lords into territorial princes with state-like powers, including taxation.", "quote": "...the emperor’s authority was severely and explicitly limited by the autonomous powers of local duchies, principalities and cities.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Local Facebook groups", "aliases": ["Local Facebook groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing local news and information, including support for local businesses during crises, thereby acting as a source of local information.", "quote": "Facebook groups, political parties, local enterprises, schools, and churches now represent important supplements... During the COVID-19 crisis local Facebook groups stepped up their game as they helped to drive support for local businesses affected by the pandemic.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Local Federation of a Political Party", "aliases": ["Local Federation of a Political Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["content quality", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La référence au débat public eta l'action politique dans les blogs locauxa caractere politique: la place de deux normes dans l'espace public local", "author": "S Gadras", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Uses blogs to publicize opinions, foster public debate, and offer criticism, especially when the party is in opposition. Its representatives advocate for the necessity of moderation in online debates, expressing concerns about 'dérives, diffamations, de basses attaques' (excesses, defamation, low blows) in comment sections.", "quote": "Dans la commune, il n'y a pas suffisamment de débat. C'est justement pour ça que les blogs sont nécessaires. [...] Il y a toujours des dérives, des diffamations, de basses attaques »", "page": "2-3", "url": "S Gadras", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Local political blogs, Grenoble and Clermont-Ferrand, France", "when": "Early 21st century (2008-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Local Frederiksberg Facebook groups (administrators/moderators)", "aliases": ["Local Frederiksberg Facebook groups (administrators/moderators)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Denmark", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with covid-19 in casual democracies", "author": "S Steensen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Administrators of the two biggest public local Facebook groups in Frederiksberg dealt with discussions on COVID-19 restrictions differently; one censored face mask discussions due to 'hateful rhetoric', while the administrator of another group often questioned official positions and allowed intense debates.", "quote": "The biggest group... censured discussions on face masks because such discussions tended to violate this group's policy, according to the administrator.", "page": "169", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-06989-4_8", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Frederiksberg, Denmark; Ringwood, England", "when": "August 2020 – July 2021"}]}, {"name": "Local Media", "aliases": ["Local Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Plays a paradoxical role in combating and spreading misinformation; often influenced by political ownership, leading to selective coverage; has limited verification capabilities.", "quote": "There is a paradoxical role for local media in Nepal when it comes to misinformation. They function in both combating misinformation as well as vector for its spread.", "page": "171", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Local Residential Committees (Jūwěihuì)", "aliases": ["Local Residential Committees (Jūwěihuì)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Applied direct community pressure to translators/performers of 'The Vagina Monologues', acting as local enforcers of social norms and contributing to censorship at a grassroots level.", "quote": "...we encountered a lot of pressure from society and the community' and 'the most direct one comes from the school authority, then from the local residential committees, then from the police station'", "page": "174", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Locas del Coño (Twitter Account)", "aliases": ["Locas del Coño (Twitter Account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "individual liberty", "political freedom", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Uses a Twitter account to discuss feminist topics, generate new identities, and promote activism.", "quote": "Locas del Coño (51,6 K) https://twitter.com/Locarconio ... Ciberfeminismo y generación de nuevas identidades; activismo político; reivindicación; asociacionismo.", "page": "342", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Loka Institute", "aliases": ["Loka Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "public awareness"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As an institute for citizen consultation on Science and Technology, it promotes public deliberation and informed decision-making regarding new technologies, aligning with the methodology of citizen conferences.", "quote": "Site du Loka Institute, institut de consultation des citoyens sur la Science et la Technologie aux Etats-Unis", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Lokahi Foundation", "aliases": ["Lokahi Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Received EU funding to conduct research on radicalisation and de-radicalisation in the UK, contributing to the perceived evidence base for CVE policies.", "quote": "'Radicalisation and de-radicalisation: what has worked in the UK?', led by the Lokahi Foundation (UK, 2011, €223,000)", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Lollards", "aliases": ["Lollards"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "individual autonomy", "religious reform"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "As a reformist movement, Lollards engaged in discussion, writing, and preaching in the vernacular, including extensive Bible translation, thereby challenging established church doctrine and practices, which led to concerted efforts to suppress their activities.", "quote": "Lollardy began life as a powerful expression of reformist tendencies inside the Church, whose status as a heresy was achieved as much by reactionary shifts within the definition of orthodoxy as by its own growing extremism.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}]}, {"name": "London Company", "aliases": ["London Company"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["England", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spearheaded the establishment of the Virginia colony in 1607, initiating the process of settlement and the creation of a new society where norms and rules regarding various aspects of life, including pastimes, would be established by colonial authorities.", "quote": "Jenkins (2012) indica que as colônias americanas, que começaram a receber os primeiros visitantes interessados em se assentarem e construírem uma nova sociedade e já iniciaram em 1607, com a colônia da Virgínia ação capiteneada pela Companhia de Londres.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}]}, {"name": "London Company of Stationers", "aliases": ["London Company of Stationers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic benefits", "national security", "religious orthodoxy", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"By the Choise and Inuitation of al the Realme\"\": Richard II and Elizabethan Press Censorship\"", "author": "Clegg, Cyndia Susan", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "The company, chartered by Queen Mary, secured exclusive manufacturing rights for its members by issuing licenses for registered titles. Its masters and wardens were conscientious in requiring authorization for certain classes of texts and were concerned with 'illegal printing' by non-members or members violating licenses.", "quote": "While Queen Mary may have granted a royal charter to the London Company of Stationers in 1557 as a \"suitable remedy\"\" to seditious and heretical printing against the Catholic Church", "page": "the charter", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/sq/article/48/4/432-448/5073859", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Elizabethan England", "when": "late 16th century"}]}, {"name": "London Corresponding Society", "aliases": ["London Corresponding Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democracy", "democratic reform", "individual liberty"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1790, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in the Lyrical Ballads: Wordsworth and the Ballad Debates of the 1790s", "author": "Newman, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Produced and circulated political ballads and songs, which were performed at meetings in alehouses and then printed for wider distribution, to spread radical political messages and challenge existing authority.", "quote": "But Thelwall was certainly better known for the political ballads that he had written for the London Corresponding Society (LCS), and in particular for the three songs he wrote for a meeting of the LCS at the Globe Tavern in January 1794, and which had provided key evidence during the much publicized treason trials later that year.", "page": "6", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/740454", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "1790s"}]}, {"name": "London Greenpeace", "aliases": ["London Greenpeace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["animal welfare", "anti-corporate power", "environmental protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An anarchist group that engaged in public information campaigns, leading to a libel suit, and whose defense sparked the creation of McSpotlight for global information dissemination.", "quote": "In 1990 five members of the anarchist group London Greenpeace were served libel writs by the fast food company McDonald's for publishing and distributing a leaflet allegedly containing defamatory statements about McDonald's...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "London Plus", "aliases": ["London Plus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["voluntary sector infrastructure; network organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Public health", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "London Plus gathers and publishes sector data and impact reports, convenes networks across London boroughs, and uses those connections to advocate for charities and community groups.", "quote": "London Plus supports and advocates for charities and community groups across London and gathers data/insights that may touch on platform-related issues (e.g., data/privacy) but its core mission is community infrastructure rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://londonplus.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "London Review of Books", "aliases": ["London Review of Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "cultural quality", "editorial freedom", "intellectual tradition", "literary tradition"], "topics": ["80.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Christianity, Book-Burning and Censorship in Late Antiquity: Studies in Text Transmission", "author": "D Rohmann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a bimonthly review magazine, the LRB actively shapes literary taste and intellectual discourse. It acts as a gatekeeper of cultural value, promoting a specific intellectual community and implicitly moderating public reception of literary works through its critical evaluations.", "quote": "The London Review of Books (LRB) as a medial environment is tailored to giving its readers the feeling of being part of a very special community; one might even say, an international cultural elite. A bimonthly review magazine with a circulation of about 65,000 copies, the LRB, as its website proclaims, has “stood up for the tradition of the literary and intellectual essay in English”.", "page": "229", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110486070/html", "topic": "80.0", "language": "", "where": "England", "when": "18th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "London School of Economics and Political Science", "aliases": ["London School of Economics and Political Science"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["revues.imist.ma"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Régulation des réseaux sociaux au Maroc", "author": "N Benbouazza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Manages programs (e.g., Arena) dedicated to responding to disinformation challenges, thereby contributing to the academic and public understanding of online moderation issues.", "quote": "C'est ainsi qu'au Royaume Uni, le « King's College London » s'est doté d'un « Center for Strategic Communications » tandis que la « London School of Econom » du programme «Arena » pour répondre aux défis de la désinformation ».", "page": "14", "url": "https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/ibnkhaldoun/article/view/64624", "topic": "revues.imist.ma", "language": "", "where": "Morocco", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "London Tigers", "aliases": ["London Tigers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A registered charity that works with socioeconomically disadvantaged people in urban centers, organizing events and programs to foster community cohesion and provide opportunities, informed by research to counter radicalisation and extremism.", "quote": "London Tigers mainly works with socioeconomically disadvantaged people in urban centres in the UK, aiming to provide them with more opportunities. [...] it offers specific programmes informed by research to counter radicalisation and extremism.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "London ultra-radicals", "aliases": ["London ultra-radicals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "government accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in political protest through dramatic works, such as writing \"Plots and Placemen\"\" as a \"\"boisterous riposte to the suspension of Habeas Corpus", "quote": "Radical politics, opposition to government repression (suspension of Habeas Corpus).", "page": "the text of an unperformed, but extremely interesting, play called Plots and Placemen, written by the London ultra-radicals as a boisterous riposte to the suspension of Habeas Corpus in March 1817", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "London's Tower Hamlets Community Network E-base", "aliases": ["London's Tower Hamlets Community Network E-base"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community empowerment", "economic regeneration", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Seeks to make Internet technology accessible to local communities to assist in economic regeneration and enable campaigning on social issues.", "quote": "Grimethorpe's Electronic Village Hall and London's Tower Hamlets Community Network E-base seek to make Internet technology accessible to local communities in order to assist in the regeneration of economically deprived areas.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "London’s Institute of Art and Ideas", "aliases": ["London’s Institute of Art and Ideas"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosted earlier versions of the author's work related to post-truth topics on their websites, contributing to public discourse on the subject.", "quote": "I would also like to thank the British Sociological Association, the European Association for the Study of Science and Technology, the Guardian newspaper and London’s Institute of Art and Ideas for hosting earlier versions of what I say here on their websites.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Long Hall Press", "aliases": ["Long Hall Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "gender equality", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A lesbian-feminist press engaged in publication, contributing to the diversity of sexual expression that censorship laws might suppress.", "quote": "LONG HALL PRESS is a lesbian-feminist press in New York.", "page": "27", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Long-term AI", "aliases": ["Long-term AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Large Language Models"], "norms": ["ai autonomy", "ai safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safety instincts: Llms learn to trust their internal compass for self-defense", "author": "G Shen, D Zhao, H Tong, J Li, F Zhao…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A research entity focused on the long-term implications and challenges of AI, supporting the development of self-reliant and autonomous AI safety solutions that can scale.", "quote": "Our work demonstrates that effective alignment can emerge from within, paving the way for more autonomous and robust AI safety mechanisms that scale without extensive human oversight.", "page": "1", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.01088", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Large Language Models (LLMs)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "LOpht Heavy Industries", "aliases": ["LOpht Heavy Industries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group mentioned in a joint statement defining hacktivism, contributing to the discourse around cyber-activism and its goals.", "quote": "A joint statement by 2600, the Chaos Computer Club, the Cult of the Dead Cow, !Hispahack, LOpht Heavy Industries, Phrack, and Pulhas. http://www.hacktivism.org (13 February 1999).", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Lord Chamberlain's Men", "aliases": ["Lord Chamberlain's Men"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"By the Choise and Inuitation of al the Realme\"\": Richard II and Elizabethan Press Censorship\"", "author": "Clegg, Cyndia Susan", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "As a theatrical company that produced plays, they were stakeholders in the publication of their works. They would have been present when their play, Richard II, was submitted for review to an ecclesiastical authorizer, who might summarily require its printing without the Parliament scene.", "quote": "It is, then, not difficult to imagine that an ecclesiastical authorizer, reading quickly through Shakespeare's text while someone from the Lord Chamberlain's Men or the printing house stood by, would require summarily that the play be printed without the Parliament scene.", "page": "17", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/sq/article/48/4/432-448/5073859", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Elizabethan England", "when": "late 16th century"}]}, {"name": "Los Amigos de la Libertad", "aliases": ["Los Amigos de la Libertad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "individual rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1819, "when_max": 1834, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conspiraciones constitucionales en España (1819-1834)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Participated in clandestine political conspiracies and elaborated alternative constitutional projects, such as the 'Plan Beitia', with the aim of replacing the existing absolutist regime and the 1812 Constitution with a more moderate liberal system.", "quote": "El \"plan Beitia”", "page": "fechado en 1819 en Bayona", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28273/Conspiraciones%20constitucionales.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1819–1834"}]}, {"name": "Los Angeles Review of Books", "aliases": ["Los Angeles Review of Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "publishing industry"], "norms": ["community norms", "free speech", "literary criticism", "political expression"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Performing Censorship", "author": "MJ Johnson", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reviews that contribute to public censorship and the 'spiral of silence' within literary communities. These reviews can be 'scathingly negative' and based on authors' views on social issues (e.g., trans-rights), influencing public perception and potentially leading to book sales losses.", "quote": "likewise the Los Angeles Review of Books published a highly negative review of Joyce, Bindel, and Stock's books in July 2023.", "page": "58", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68134-9_4", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok) and the publishing industry, primarily in the UK and US contexts.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2022-2024 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Los Contemporáneos", "aliases": ["Los Contemporáneos"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A literary group whose members pursued a new Mexican classicism, influencing the aesthetic and intellectual currents of the early 20th century.", "quote": "Los diversos grupos intelectuales: los Ateneístas, los Siete Sabios, los Contemporáneos, y muchos más, se disputaron la lucha por crear una literatura acorde a los tiempos de reconstrucción nacional que marcaba el reloj político.", "page": "183", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Lost All Hope", "aliases": ["Lost All Hope"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Lists suicide methods, provides academic material on the topic, and encourages people to seek help while also directing them to social support and help lines, creating a dual role of both informing about suicide and offering prevention resources.", "quote": "It encourages people to seek help if necessary and gives details about why people should not kill themselves on impulse. It also directs people to potential social support, including help lines.", "page": "93", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Louis Bourdaloue (Society of Jesus)", "aliases": ["Louis Bourdaloue (Society of Jesus)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual edification", "public morals"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "As a Jesuit, he advocated for the proscription of most 'beautiful' books, arguing that focusing on literary style or page purity distracted from moral instruction and the 'fruits' of spiritual reading.", "quote": "la plupart des «beaux» livres devraient être proscrits: «Lire, & s'arrêter, en lisant, à la beauté du style, & à la pureté de la page, c'est prendre le change, & s'amuser à des fleurs, au lieu de cueillir les fruits».", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Love Matters", "aliases": ["Love Matters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dedicated to providing information on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality, likely through online resources and content creation.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "LOVE-Storm", "aliases": ["LOVE-Storm"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["education and civil society project (initiative)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025; International Network Against Cyberhate", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes training materials, runs online roll-play training tools and workshops for educators funded by EU and national civic programs to shape responses to online hate.", "quote": "LOVE-Storm is an online learning platform and training programme focused on countering online hate, providing materials and roll-play tools that directly engage with platformized online hate and moderation practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://love-storm.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lovematters.in", "aliases": ["Lovematters.in"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spreads global awareness and provides dedicated content on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality education through online platforms.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lovesaid", "aliases": ["Lovesaid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraud centre and think tank; victim support organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "LoveSaid produces resources and training, organises Romance Fraud Awareness Week, partners with police and banks, and publicly calls for platform and regulatory changes (e.g., banning deepfake-nude hosting).", "quote": "LoveSaid works directly on harms occurring on dating and social platforms (romance fraud, deepfake nudes), provides training for platforms and frontline actors, and campaigns for platform actions.", "page": "", "url": "https://lovesaid.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lovgivning og rettigheder ved billed- og videodeling", "aliases": ["Lovgivning og rettigheder ved billed- og videodeling"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection advice service within a non-profit"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Offers legal guidance, helpline and reporting advice to children and parents to facilitate reporting, removal and potential legal action against harmful content on social platforms.", "quote": "Primary mission is child protection and legal advice, but the site provides guidance on online image/video sharing, reporting to social media and takedown procedures, engaging with platform governance in practice.", "page": "", "url": "https://sletdet.redbarnet.dk/artikel/lovgivning-og-rettigheder-ved-billed-og-videodeling/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "lowLIFE?!", "aliases": ["lowLIFE?!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An activist collective based in London that organized 'large cultural events in London squats' and served as the originating collective for the alternative magazine Squall.", "quote": "In common with SchNEWS it has grown out of an activist collective 'lowLIFE?! [sic], based in London. After two years organizing 'large cultural events in London squats' the first issue of Squall was produced in 1992 on the collective's computer (Carey, 1998: 60).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Loyalty and Reform Party (Hizb al-Wafaa wal-Islah)", "aliases": ["Loyalty and Reform Party (Hizb al-Wafaa wal-Islah)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Israel", "Palestine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The “inclusion-moderation” illusion: re-framing the Islamic movement inside Israel", "author": "C Larkin, M Nasasra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by a former IMNB leader after the ban of the IMNB, it represents a new strategic adaptation or diversification in the movement's trajectory, potentially reflecting a shift in political engagement post-repression.", "quote": "The Loyalty and Reform Party (Hizb al-Wafaa wal-Islah), created a few months before the ban, under the leadership of a former IMNB leader, Hussam Abu Lail, may represent a new phase in the movement's trajectory.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865315", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Israel / Palestine (Islamic Movement inside Israel)", "when": "1970s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Lucha de clases (Socialist Workers' Newspaper)", "aliases": ["Lucha de clases (Socialist Workers' Newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "truth-telling", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a weekly newspaper for socialist centers, providing an alternative narrative to hegemonic media, re-constructing \"the Truth\"\" about worker deaths and challenging censorship.\"", "quote": "pudimos acceder al semanario Lucha de clases, representante del “Órgano de los centros socialistas de Bahía Blanca”. Semanario que (re)construye un relato en varios aspectos opposto a los otros dos, hegemónicos.", "page": "169", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Lucy Faithfull Foundation", "aliases": ["Lucy Faithfull Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity; child protection organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates the Stop It Now helpline and live chat (thousands of contacts), launched a chatbot on Pornhub, publishes research to inform policy and engages with decision-makers to shape prevention-focused online safety measures.", "quote": "Core mission is preventing child sexual abuse but they engage in policy advocacy on online safety and run online interventions (helpline, live chat, chatbot) that touch platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lucyfaithfull.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Lulz Security", "aliases": ["Lulz Security"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Engages in hacking and leaking classified government information, email spools, and documentation from various targets, often motivated by 'lulz' (entertainment), thereby challenging data security and revealing hidden information.", "quote": "Mede door het succes van de hack op HBGary, zette een aantal anons een aparte groep op, Lulz Security (Lulzsec)... De motivatie was telkens hetzelfde – for the lulz.", "page": "21", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "LulzSec", "aliases": ["LulzSec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["amusement", "political disruption"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'spectacular defacement and leaking actions' as a hacktivist spinoff of Anonymous, which are forms of cyber-activism that disrupt targets and control information flow, effectively acting as digital censorship.", "quote": "‘LulzSec’: a well-known spinoff created by hardcore Anonymous hackers in 2011, which has been involved in spectacular defacement and leaking actions which exist at the boundary between the ‘lulz’ and the political;", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lumen database (joint project between Berkman Klein Centre and other independent organisations, including law clinics)", "aliases": ["Lumen database (joint project between Berkman Klein Centre and other independent organisations, including law clinics)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "India", "Mexico", "Philippines", "Syria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fear the Reaper: how content moderation rules are enforced on social media", "author": "Common, MacKenzie F.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Lumen database collects and collates cease-and-desist letters related to social media content, primarily focusing on intellectual property, the right to be forgotten, defamation, and law enforcement requests. It serves as a voluntary body that provides transparency regarding content removal requests.", "quote": "The Lumen database is a joint project between the Berkman Klein Centre and a number of independent organisations, a number of which were law clinics at universities.32 It collates cease-and-desist letters that relate to social media content.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600869.2020.1733762", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (focus on US, UK, Germany, with examples from India, Philippines, Syria, Mexico)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Lunaria", "aliases": ["Lunaria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ripensare il cyberbullismo tra social media e messaggi d'odio. Pratiche, ibridazioni e traiettorie di ricerca", "author": "R Rega, A Lovari", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "It participates in numerous initiatives aimed at counteracting the spread of hate speech, underscoring the significant role of the internet and social media in amplifying these issues.", "quote": "Le numerose iniziative di contrasto messe in campo da organizzazioni non governative e gruppi della società civile (Amnesty International Italia, Lunaria, Vox Diritti, ecc.) hanno evidenziato il ruolo importante che Internet e i social media svolgono nell'amplificazione di queste problematiche.", "page": "3", "url": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1336206", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "online public debate, social media, Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lundi Matin", "aliases": ["Lundi Matin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["political opinion"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube where public debate occurs, characterized by anonymous members and lack of editorial information, which influences the tone of discussions.", "quote": "certains médias partisans de notre échantillon (Fdesouche, Lundi Matin et Contre-info) ne publient aucune information sur leurs rédactions, ont des membres qui restent anonymes, ont la plupart des articles publiés sans signature des auteurs et proposent des sites qui ne fournissent pas d'informations biographiques sur leurs contributeurs.", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Lutz Bachmann (initiator of PEGIDA)", "aliases": ["Lutz Bachmann (initiator of PEGIDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement (leader)"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "anti-refugee", "far-right ideology", "islamophobia", "populism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As an initiator of Pegida, he uses social media to spread misinformation and hateful propaganda, engaging in doxing and online vigilantism to target perceived opponents.", "quote": "On 12 March, Bachmann posted a picture of a 15-year-old boy on both his Twitter and Facebook accounts, slandering him in the process.", "page": "162", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "MacGuffin Magazine", "aliases": ["MacGuffin Magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "editorial independence", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An independent editorial project that recontextualizes ordinary objects, presenting them from an original perspective to highlight their importance, thus challenging conventional perceptions and curating a non-mainstream cultural discourse.", "quote": "MacGuffin [...] si distingue a partire dai contenuti proposti, ovvero quegli oggetti od elementi che fanno parte del quotidiano [...] che la rivista invece ricontestualizza e presenta sotto un'ottica diversa ed originale mettendo in luce la loro importanza.", "page": "18", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI)", "aliases": ["Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai alignment", "ai safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research on AI safety, particularly on corrigibility and aligning powerful AI systems with human intentions, including framing 'coherent extrapolated volition'.", "quote": "The first technical paper to address the problem of corrigibility head-on was an early 2015 collaboration between the Machine Intelligence Research Institute’s Nate Soares, Benja Fallenstein, and Eliezer Yudkowsky", "page": "294", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "Machine Learning Cluster of Excellence", "aliases": ["Machine Learning Cluster of Excellence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "India", "Russia", "Turkey"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["ai development", "responsible ai", "scientific excellence"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revealing Hidden Mechanisms of Cross-Country Content Moderation with Natural Language Processing", "author": "Yadav, Neemesh; Liu, Jiarui; Ortu, Francesco; Ensafi, Roya; Jin, Zhijing; Mihalcea, Rada", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This cluster provides funding and a collaborative research environment for advancing machine learning, including applications relevant to understanding and improving content moderation practices and the responsible deployment of AI.", "quote": "by the Machine Learning Clus-ter of Excellence, EXC number 2064/1 – Project number 390727645.", "page": "11", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Germany, Turkey, India, France, Russia", "when": "2011–2020"}]}, {"name": "Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project)", "aliases": ["Machrou Tounes (Tunisia Project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["secularism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A new political formation created by dissenting parliamentarians from Nidaa Tunis, contributing to the fragmentation of the secular political camp.", "quote": "desde su victoria electoral Nidaa se vio sometida a un rosario de deserciones de sus propios parlamentarios que optaron por crear nuevas formaciones políticos en señal de protesta (como Machrou Tounes y Tahya Tounes)", "page": "73", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Mad Pride", "aliases": ["Mad Pride"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["marginalization resistance", "mental health advocacy", "oppression resistance"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a historical and ideological precedent for resistance against oppressive practices, inspiring individuals to challenge platform moderation and marginalization.", "quote": "These forms of resistance... share their spirit and their histories with other forms of social activism, including those related to Mad Pride and MeToo [75, 86].", "page": "16", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}]}, {"name": "Madres de Plaza de Mayo", "aliases": ["Madres de Plaza de Mayo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Through the testimony of its active militants, this movement represents a powerful force in defending human rights and countering state-sponsored repression and censorship, advocating for truth and justice.", "quote": "Adelina es maestra y, a partir de la desaparición de su hijo Carlos Esteban (el 5 de mayo de 1977), es una activa militante y defensora de los derechos humanos de la ciudad de La Plata.", "page": "99", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Madurese people", "aliases": ["Madurese people"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formulated conspiracist narratives accusing security forces of intentionally creating disorder to justify their own actions or explain events.", "quote": "Dayak and Madurese leaders accused security forces of intentionally creating dis order in order to create a climate of instability that would allow for a re-establishment of order.", "page": "643", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Magic Valley Mother's Club", "aliases": ["Magic Valley Mother's Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "economic viability", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Circulated marked copies of disputed books and a petition to ban materials deemed to 'demean, encourage skepticism or foster disbelief' in American institutions and Western civilization.", "quote": "The Magic Valley Mother's Club circulated marked copies of the dis puted books and a petition to ban from schools materials that 'demean, encourage skepticism or foster disbelief in the institutions of the United States of America and in western civilization.'", "page": "15", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete (Hungarian Association of Content Providers)", "aliases": ["Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete (Hungarian Association of Content Providers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "producer rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Involved in legal cases concerning third-party liability for online content, as evidenced by its participation in a European Court of Human Rights case.", "quote": "See Magyar Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete v. Hungary, 2016 Eur. Ct. H.R. 1, 11-15 (finding that Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) limits third-party liability for online content);", "page": "24", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mainers for Death with Dignity", "aliases": ["Mainers for Death with Dignity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["end of life rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Employed online resources to support state initiatives related to the right to die, demonstrating digital advocacy for policy change.", "quote": "More recently, groups such as Mainers for Death with Dignity (2000) and Californias Friends of Dying Patients (2000) employed on-line resources in their support of state initiatives.", "page": "202", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Maison du Développement Durable", "aliases": ["Maison du Développement Durable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer ethics", "environmental protection", "environmental sustainability"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes expertise and engagement to the play's content, focusing on sustainable development, thus influencing the narrative and public understanding of sustainable agricultural practices.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... Aline Wauters et la Maison du Développement Durable", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia", "aliases": ["Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Opposes the idea of pluralism and contributes to the rise of Islamic conservatism, leading to intolerant incidents in public spaces.", "quote": "groups such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), Front Jihad Islam (FJI), and Forum Umat Islam (FUI) oppose the idea of pluralism.", "page": "20", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI)", "aliases": ["Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Fought for the implementation of sharia law through peaceful means within the democratic political system.", "quote": "the Indonesian Mujahidin Council (MMI)... MMI, for example, fights for the agenda of implementing sharia through peaceful means within the framework of the democratic political system promoted by the Reformation Order", "page": "11", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama Aceh (Aceh Ulema Consultative Assembly)", "aliases": ["Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama Aceh (Aceh Ulema Consultative Assembly)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducted an 'ulama muzakarah' (consultation) with Aceh officials to address religious demands, particularly regarding the format of Friday sermons, thus influencing and enforcing religious practices and norms within the community.", "quote": "in the end, MPU Aceh and Aceh officials conducted an ulama muzakarah with the results answering what the Aswaja group wanted.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Tinggi Agama Khonghucu Indonesia Semarang", "aliases": ["Majelis Tinggi Agama Khonghucu Indonesia Semarang"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith cooperation", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in an interreligious network led by young activists that facilitates interfaith forums and supports religious moderation.", "quote": "These include Jemaat Ahmadiyah Semarang, LBH Semarang, eLSA Semarang, the Gusdurian Community Semarang branch, the Institute of Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), the Peace Hub Community, and MATAKIN Semarang.", "page": "17", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Sulawesi Selatan", "aliases": ["Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Sulawesi Selatan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "collaboration", "religious harmony", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Embraces digital preaching and utilizes various digital platforms to disseminate religious messages that foster a more connected and informed community, specifically adapting preaching to digital platforms to promote tolerance and cooperation.", "quote": "Moreover, the Indonesian Ulema Council of South Sulawesi has embraced digital preaching, utilizing various digital platforms to disseminate religious messages that foster a more connected and informed community (Ahmad, 2023).", "page": "3", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Major Fleet Street Editors (collective)", "aliases": ["Major Fleet Street Editors (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Voluntarily agreed with the Press Bureau not to publish details of British military dispositions, cooperating with wartime information control.", "quote": "As early as 27 July 1914, the major Fleet Street editors had agreed not to publish details of British military dispositions...", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Major Guilds (Florence)", "aliases": ["Major Guilds (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["political participation", "trade monopoly"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provided consistent access to the political sphere for their members, engaging in political battles to secure and maintain their standing.", "quote": "Patrician family connections or membership in major guilds afforded the only consistent access to the political sphere; and political battles throughout the history of Florence often revolved around the political standing of lesser guilds.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Major traditional political parties in Flanders (Liberals, Socialists, Christian Democrats)", "aliases": ["Major traditional political parties in Flanders (Liberals, Socialists, Christian Democrats)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Flanders"], "media": [], "norms": ["partisan interests", "political control"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Politique, télévision et spectacle: le cas de la Flandre", "author": "D Biltereyst, L Desmet", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "These political parties exerted broad influence on all aspects of public audiovisual media. This included personnel management (technicians, journalists, leadership) and persistent attempts to control information and supervise editorial work, particularly political news.", "quote": "En Flandre, les trois grandes familles traditionnelles – libéraux, socialistes et démocrates chrétiens – ont tenté d'influencer l'audiovisuel dans toutes ses composantes.", "page": "1", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49723/47923", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Flanders", "when": "1953-2006"}]}, {"name": "Majstroŭnâ, Talaka, Tutèjšyâ", "aliases": ["Majstroŭnâ, Talaka, Tutèjšyâ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Belarus"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural preservation", "national identity", "political activism", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gouverner la dissidence. Sociologie de la censure sous régime autoritaire : le cas du rock contestataire biélorusse:", "author": "Kryzhanouski, Yauheni", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "These \"informal protopolitical movements\"\" allied with national rock music in the 1980s", "quote": "National identity, cultural independence, anti-Soviet sentiment, use of Belarusian language.", "page": "C'est dans les années 1980 que des alliances se nouent en Biélorussie entre le rock « national » et les « mouvements informels » protopolitiques22 – Majstroŭnâ (Atelier), Talaka (Entraide) et Tutèjšyâ (Gens d'ici) –, qui entreprennent une synthèse entre l'activité artistique et l'activisme politique.", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2017-3-page-123.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Biélorussie", "when": "1983–2013 (Soviet and post-Soviet authoritarian regimes)"}]}, {"name": "Make America Great Again Inc (Super PAC)", "aliases": ["Make America Great Again Inc (Super PAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["candidate support", "political advocacy"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Supporting a political candidate (Trump) through social media campaigns and videos, disseminating content that frames his performance positively.", "quote": "Su TikTok, Make America Great Again Inc, un Super PAC che sostiene Trump, ha anche postato una serie di video vittoriosi dopo il dibattito ai suoi 3,6 milioni di follower.", "page": "46", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Make America Great Again movement", "aliases": ["Make America Great Again movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["political interests", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Algorithms connect activists and facilitate the distribution of their messages, enabling participation in large movements across the political spectrum.", "quote": "Large movements across the entire political spectrum, from Fridays for Future and Black Lives Matter to protest against Covid vaccines or the MAGA movement, algorithms connect these activists and facilitate the distribution of their messages.", "page": "214", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Making Communities Work and Grow", "aliases": ["Making Communities Work and Grow"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages directly with vulnerable populations to foster community cohesion between people of different backgrounds, often through sports.", "quote": "engage directly with vulnerable populations in the UK, working to foster community cohesion between people of different backgrounds, often through sports.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Maksim Moshkow's Library (Lib.ru)", "aliases": ["Maksim Moshkow's Library (Lib.ru)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized the vulnerabilities in web censorship mechanisms by modifying A-records of his online library (Lib.ru) to redirect to the Ministry of Justice's website, thereby demonstrating a form of digital resistance.", "quote": "Moshkow's response to the blocking of his library was to leverage the vulnerability in the very mechanism of web censorship to block the Ministry of Justice's main website.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Malagueta (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Malagueta (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engaged in contentious public debate through its publications, offering its services for writing and influencing public opinion, demonstrating a form of unregulated expression and partisan journalism.", "quote": "Pode-se citar a contenda entre Luiz Augusto May e a Malagueta e Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcellos, com o Sete de Abril.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Malaysian Bar", "aliases": ["Malaysian Bar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reminded international leaders of the use of detention-without-trial laws against citizens under the pretext of fighting crime, advocating for human rights and adherence to the rule of law.", "quote": "President of the Malaysian Bar, Christopher Leong, reminded the US President that detention-without-trial laws have been directed not only to fight terrorists, ‘but against Malaysians on the pretext of fighting crime’.", "page": "179", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "male-dominated Black organizations", "aliases": ["male-dominated Black organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["black interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "These organizations, part of the existing Black public sphere, had internal norms (male-dominance) that influenced Black women to create their own separate publics and criticisms.", "quote": "Black women who oscil-lated between male-dominated black organizations and White-dominated feminist organizations created their own enclave and counterpublics to develop their own voices and criticisms of both groups.", "page": "21", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Man of Korea", "aliases": ["Man of Korea"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": ["DC Inside", "Ilbe", "Uggin-Daehak"], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "gender equality", "men's rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Misogyny for Male Solidarity: Online Hate Discourse Against Women in South Korea", "author": "Kim, Jinsook", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Founded on the belief that support for women and government policies favoring women lead to 'reverse discrimination' against men, promoting a narrative that men are the true victims in contemporary society.", "quote": "men's rights organizations, including Man of Korea, began to appear in the mid-2000s founded on the notion that support for women in society and from the government leads to reverse discrimination and that men are the real victims.", "page": "13", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea, online communities (Ilbe, DC Inside, Uggin-Daehak), SNSs", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2010s (with historical context from early 1990s and mid-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Manhattan Community Access Corporation", "aliases": ["Manhattan Community Access Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O Mainstream da mídia, a censura na Internet eo direito à informação: Novos paradigmas a partir do caso Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck", "author": "L Vilhena, C Barros", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a private operator of a public access television network, it suspended producers for expressing critical political views, leading to a legal challenge about its obligation to respect freedom of expression under the First Amendment.", "quote": "O presente caso trata de uma situação na qual dois produtores alegam ter sido punidos por expressarem suas opiniões políticas. Os produtores, DeeDee Halleck e Jesus Melendez, dizem que a Manhattan Neighborhood Network os suspendeu por expressarem pontos de vista críticos a esta rede de televisão.", "page": "5", "url": "https://sisbib.emnuvens.com.br/direitosegarantias/article/view/1567", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet (social media platforms), United States, Europe (France, Germany)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (focusing on 2017-2020)"}]}, {"name": "Manhattan Institute for Policy Research", "aliases": ["Manhattan Institute for Policy Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public policy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1978, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Publishes research, commentaries, books and hosts events/podcasts to shape policymaker and public debate on technology and governance; maintains networks of scholars and trustees to amplify policy proposals.", "quote": "Produces policy research and commentary on technology and governance (e.g., Tech policy area advocating 'regulatory restraint'), engaging debates relevant to platformized content governance but not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.manhattan-institute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Manifesto dos 1046 Intelectuais Contra a Censura", "aliases": ["Manifesto dos 1046 Intelectuais Contra a Censura"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural freedom", "free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A collective public act of repudiation against authoritarianism, where intellectuals delivered a protest document to the Minister of Justice to fight for cultural liberties and against censorship.", "quote": "No que diz respeito às manifestações pelas liberdades no âmbito das produções culturais destaca-se o Manifesto dos 1046 Intelectuais Contra a Censura, entregue ao Ministro da Justiça em Brasília, em 25 de janeiro de 1977", "page": "64", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (developed by a coalition of civil society organizations)", "aliases": ["Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (developed by a coalition of civil society organizations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Canada", "China", "Global", "India", "Japan", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Outside looking in: Approaches to content moderation in end-to-end encrypted systems", "author": "S Kamara, M Knodel, E Llansó, G Nojeim, L Qin…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Sets norms and advocates for legal regimes where courts, rather than intermediaries, are responsible for determining the illegality of content, thereby influencing policy on content takedowns.", "quote": "legal regimes requiring the takedown of illegal content should ensure that courts, not intermediaries, are responsible for making the determination that content is illegal before it must be removed. See Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability...", "page": "7", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.04617", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and E2EE systems, with focus on policy debates in US, UK, Canada, India, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and China.", "when": "1990s–2021, with focus on post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Manitoba Bar Association", "aliases": ["Manitoba Bar Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public interest", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided unsolicited support for government redress and legal reform to address hate speech, acting as a professional body influencing policy.", "quote": "As a result of this campaign, unsolicited support in the form of demands for government redress and legal reform came from across the country from church leaders, the Manitoba Bar Association, the Canadian Federation of University Women, the National Convention of the Royal Canadian Legion, and several municipal newspapers, including the Toronto Star (Kaplan, 1993, p. 245; Kayfetz, 1970, p. 5).", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Mannerheim League for Child Welfare", "aliases": ["Mannerheim League for Child Welfare"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "responsible media use"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Makes educational efforts related to children's online safety and advises parents on issues like restricting children's screen time, thereby influencing norms around digital use.", "quote": "Educational efforts are also made by national actors such as the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, National Audiovisual Institute and Save the Children.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "MapLight", "aliases": ["MapLight"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Authored reports highlighting inconsistencies in platform transparency efforts and identified as a public interest organization that could negotiate ethical guidelines for digital advertising self-regulation.", "quote": "Furthermore, as Hamsini Sridharan and Ann M. Ravel note in a report for nonprofit MapLight, such steps are inconsistent across platforms and subject to change at the unilateral prerogative of executive decisions.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "March of Dimes", "aliases": ["March of Dimes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was prohibited by a private entity (Lloyd Center) from distributing materials, indicating the private entity's selective content policies and censorship.", "quote": "...permettendo le attività della American legion, della Salvation Army, dei Volunteers of America e dei candidati presidenziali di entrambi i principali partiti, dall'altra vietando le manifestazioni della March of Dimes e della Hadassah.", "page": "8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}]}, {"name": "Marcha das Vadias (SlutWalk)", "aliases": ["Marcha das Vadias (SlutWalk)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO NA ERA DIGITAL", "author": "R de Moraes Molaro", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The movement aims to re-signify insults directed at women, such as the word 'vadia' (slut), to combat both physical and verbal violence stemming from sexist language. By adopting and re-signifying these terms, it seeks to overcome associated stigmas and generate new meanings for women in a patriarchal context.", "quote": "O movimento da Marcha das Vadias propõe-se a ressignificar insultos direcionados a mulher, como a própria palavra \"vadia\"\"", "page": "combatendo", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4K5TEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+censura&ots=KUFCInZq_N&sig=HOJlGhNIBD8cfzH5LjEdG-rbYmw", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Instagram, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)", "when": "Digital social networks, focusing on May 2024"}]}, {"name": "Marie Collins Foundation", "aliases": ["Marie Collins Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection charity; survivor-led NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "MCF publishes responses to platform/regulatory proposals, joins coalition submissions to Ofcom, issues open letters (accountability), delivers training and conferences to influence practice and policy (information and leverage).", "quote": "MCF focuses on technology-assisted child sexual abuse and actively engages with platform and regulator policy (Ofcom, responses to Meta E2EE, coalition submissions) to shape online safety duties.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mariecollinsfoundation.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mark Twain House & Museum", "aliases": ["Mark Twain House & Museum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Case against Postmodern Censorship Theory", "author": "Gey, Steven G.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Held a week-long conference as a 'pre-emptive effort' to support teachers in continuing to teach 'Huckleberry Finn', resisting efforts to censor the book based on 'political correctness'.", "quote": "In an era when the Mark Twain House has to hold a week-long conference as \"a pre-emptive effort to bolster the nerve of teachers and keep the book [Huckleberry Finn] ... from becoming a victim of the culture wars over 'political correctness", "page": "'\"\"\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312658?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Canada, UK (historical)", "when": "19th century - 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Markenverband e.V.", "aliases": ["Markenverband e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes positions and studies, holds events (Tag der Markenwirtschaft), and lobbies in Berlin and Brussels to shape regulatory outcomes on communication, consumer and competition policy.", "quote": "Defends 'das Recht zur freien Kommunikation' and represents brand interests in Berlin and Brüssel, engaging in policy positions that touch on communication and consumer rules but not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.markenverband.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Market Research Association", "aliases": ["Market Research Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "scientific integrity", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Maintains a Code of Marketing Research Standards that requires 'explicit, non-coercive user consent' for research participation, providing a model for ethical conduct in digital ad testing.", "quote": "Through this ethics code, market researchers pledge 'consent must be granted freely, without coercion' when respondents participate in their research.", "page": "44", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Market Research Society", "aliases": ["Market Research Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Hosts conferences where innovators present on problems with traditional market research models, contributing to the development and adoption of new, collaborative approaches in research.", "quote": "Graeme Traynr a été l'un des premiers innovateurs à mettre en évidence les problèmes rencontrés par le modèle traditionnel des études de marché. Dans sa présentation à la conférence MRS (Market Research Society, l'Adetem anglaise) en ligne, tenue à Londres en juin 2006, il se réfère au modèle ordonner et contrôler utilisé par les chercheurs.", "page": "5", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Market Theatre", "aliases": ["Market Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "diversity and inclusion", "human rights"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Théâtre sud-africain: le spectre du grand censeur", "author": "S St-Jacques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This theatre, alongside the Fugard Theatre, carried the legacy of 'combat theatre' from the past, serving as a venue for protest performances that implicitly challenged the apartheid regime's restrictions and amplified the voices of ethnic black artists.", "quote": "Au Cap comme à Johannesburg, des lieux comme le Théâtre Fugard et le Market Theatre évoquent le legs des pionniers et pionnières du théâtre de combat d'hier.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jeu/2021-n179-jeu06341/96711ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1970s – 2021"}]}, {"name": "Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University", "aliases": ["Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "public ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosts and leads the Trust Project, facilitating collaboration among news organizations and platforms to establish standards for news media trustworthiness.", "quote": "projects like the Trust Project/News Leadership Council, led by Sally Lehrman, based out of Santa Clara University's Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.", "page": "18", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Mary Barreda (Association)", "aliases": ["Mary Barreda (Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collaborates with state agencies to provide victim-assistance care for women suffering from gender violence.", "quote": "La muestra está formada por 38 trabajadoras de los distintos organismos que atienden a mujeres víctimas de violencia de género en León, Nicaragua: Comisaría de la Mujer y la Niñez (12 participantes) y en otros centros alternativos que colaboran estrechamente con la CMN: Asociación Ixchen (7), Mary Barreda (13)...", "page": "103", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Masakhane", "aliases": ["Masakhane"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "linguistic equality"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward better automated content moderation in low-resource languages", "author": "G Nicholas, A Bhatia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This collective of language-specific NLP researchers works to digitize and build tools for low-resource African languages, addressing the gaps in training and testing data for content moderation.", "quote": "Collectives such as Masakhane (African languages) ... often have deep knowledge of where the largest gaps are in their language's specific research but sorely lack the funds necessary to address them.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/download/150/58", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (low-resource languages and Western technology companies)", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Masakhane project", "aliases": ["Masakhane project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM", "NLP"], "norms": ["equitable access", "inclusion", "linguistic diversity", "public participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜", "author": "Bender, Emily M.; Gebru, Timnit; McMillan-Major, Angelina; Shmitchell, Shmargaret", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It explores and develops participatory research techniques for creating machine translation systems for low-resource African languages, contributing to linguistic inclusion in technology.", "quote": "One particularly exciting example is the Masakhane project [91], which explores participatory research techniques for developing MT for African languages.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Natural Language Processing (NLP) and large language models (LMs)", "when": "2018-2021"}]}, {"name": "Masonería española", "aliases": ["Masonería española"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional order", "liberal values", "national sovereignty", "political moderation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la exaltación virtuosa y los verdaderos liberales: Riego ante la fractura del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Constitucional (1822-1823)", "author": "VS Martín", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Functioned as a key organizational axis for exalted liberalism, engaged in political struggles, supported government ministries, and competed with other liberal factions (like the comuneros) for political influence and symbolic endorsement, eventually adopting a more moderate stance to avoid radical excesses.", "quote": "Así, la masonería había sido un eje vertebrador del liberalismo exaltado, pero el surgimiento del radicalismo comunero mostró la división de este grupo a causa de los avatares políticos del periodo y la lucha por la hegemonía interna.", "page": "142", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7731168", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1820–1823 (Constitutional Triennium)"}]}, {"name": "Masonic lodges", "aliases": ["Masonic lodges"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "national identity", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Incorporated national heroes into their 'santoral' and used them symbolically for naming members, while also organizing events to exalt these figures, contributing to cultural identity.", "quote": "su nombre estaba popularizado 'lo adoptaron algunas sociedades literarias, la masonería lo incorporó a su santoral y lo usó con frecuencia para nombrar simbólicamente a los hijos de los masones...'", "page": "49", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "MASS LBP", "aliases": ["MASS LBP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a third-party democratic infrastructure provider, offering expertise in conducting deliberative democratic processes for collective decision-making.", "quote": "Processes are often conducted by a third-party democratic infrastructure provider (Ovadya, 2023a), roughly analogous to an election system vendor, who has expertise in conducting such deliberative processes (e.g., Involve; Nexus; MosaicLab; MASS LBP).", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Mass Media", "aliases": ["Mass Media"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial independence", "free speech", "public discourse", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Collect and present information, influencing public opinion and agenda-setting; they are expected to be impartial, receptive to public concerns, and resist political/social pressure, thus acting as 'mandatary of an enlightened public'.", "quote": "The mass media ought to understand themselves as the mandatary of an enlightened public whose willingness to learn and capacity for criticism they at once presuppose, demand, and reinforce; like the judiciary, they ought to preserve their independence from political and social pressure...", "page": "378", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Mass Media and Free Speech | Green Party of California (GPCA)", "aliases": ["Mass Media and Free Speech | Green Party of California (GPCA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GPCA publishes platform positions, issues press releases, runs electoral campaigns and endorses candidates to shape public policy and debate around media, free speech and related civic issues.", "quote": "The GPCA platform includes positions on mass media and free speech, indicating engagement on information access and expression as part of its broader political agenda rather than focused platform governance work.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cagreens.org/platform/mass-media", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "MASSOLIT (Moscow literary organization)", "aliases": ["MASSOLIT (Moscow literary organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political orthodoxy", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Compliantly produced socialist realism, functioning as a literary organization that adhered to state ideology and therefore indirectly participated in the censorship regime by self-regulating content.", "quote": "to harass the staff of the Variety Theatre and the members of the literary organization MASSOLIT, all of whom compliantly produce socialist realism", "page": "133", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Mastercard Incorporated", "aliases": ["Mastercard Incorporated"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial compliance", "fraud prevention"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Maintains the \"MATCH\"\" list (Member Alert to Control High Risk Compliance Program)", "quote": "thereby influencing who can accept payments and regulating transactions for adult content.\"", "page": "Risk management, compliance, prevention of illegal transactions.", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon community", "aliases": ["Mastodon community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org"], "norms": ["community building", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This community actively engages in moderation by collectively deciding to block or 'unfederate' instances that misuse the platform, demonstrating a decentralized, community-driven approach to content control.", "quote": "The Mastodon community, however, found a way to react to this misusage of their platform...the right-wing instances were simply blocked by many other instances, therefore isolated or 'unfederated'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon core team", "aliases": ["Mastodon core team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "open innovation", "user safety"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The core team made political statements condemning the misuse of their open-source code by right-wing groups, acknowledging the tension between open-source principles and control over content moderation, despite the federated nature of the platform.", "quote": "the Mastodon core team condemning the usage of their source code by right-wing individuals and collectives as a way to circumvent bans from tech giants.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon gGmbH", "aliases": ["Mastodon gGmbH"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Bluesky"], "norms": ["community autonomy", "decentralization", "rule of law"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Are Open-Weight LLMs Ready for Social Media Moderation? A Comparative Study on Bluesky", "author": "HY Chou, W Naveed, S Zhou, X Yang", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Mastodon provides a decentralized social media platform where individual servers (often community-run) define and enforce their own community rules. The paper describes other researchers collecting these community rules to test LLMs for compliance, indicating Mastodon's role in facilitating community-based moderation.", "quote": "The authors collected community rules from 508 Mastodon [27] servers, and for each server, collected 100 posts using the API of Mastodon.", "page": "3", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05189", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Bluesky platform", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon User Communities", "aliases": ["Mastodon User Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Parler", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deplatformization and the governance of the platform ecosystem", "author": "Van Dijck, José; De Winkel, Tim; Schäfer, Mirko Tobias", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These decentralized communities engage in self-directed moderation, setting their own codes of conduct and blocking content from nodes (like Gab) that do not adhere to their standards, thereby pushing back against undesirable content.", "quote": "Mastodon user groups who pride themselves in holding higher standards for filtering hate speech... user group administrators started to prevent Gab content from spilling into other nodes by blocking all its posts.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211045662", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global platform ecosystem and online infrastructure, with a focus on the US context (e.g., Capitol siege, mainstream social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and fringe platforms like Gab, Parler, BitChute).", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically 2016-2021."}]}, {"name": "Mastodon.uno", "aliases": ["Mastodon.uno"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["community standards", "operational efficiency", "rule enforcement"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Temporarily suspended content moderation during peak user influx due to overwhelming message volume, making enforcement of rules impossible for a period of two to three months, and later became more flexible about rule enforcement.", "quote": "In par-ticular, Mastodon.uno became “very flexible about this, because we have a lot of people breaking these rules. We didn't take action, we didn't remove messages for two to three months. It was impossible for us to check every message”.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon.uy", "aliases": ["Mastodon.uy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["community standards", "community well-being", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Introduced approval-only registrations to ensure new users were Spanish-speakers, actively communicates expectations for adopting Fediverse communication norms (e.g., less aggressive debate), and maintains a liberal stance on content warnings.", "quote": "Mastodon.uy introduced approval-only registrations – where new user applications must be approved by a moderator – to make sure only Spanish-speakers would join the group.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mastodon.world", "aliases": ["Mastodon.world"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["anti-abuse", "anti-hate speech", "anti-spam", "community standards", "decentralisation"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Temporarily closed registrations and used reCAPTCHA to combat spam; drew up a new set of rules; proactively worked with users to identify and block abusive accounts on other instances, particularly in response to harassment of the Auschwitz Museum account.", "quote": "While opting to block undesirable instances on an ad hoc basis, Mastodon.world also worked together with users to identify and block abusive accounts on other instances. In particular, “We've had our largest ac-count on our server, [which is] the account of the Auschwitz Museum, which obvi-ously especially in the beginning drew a lot of people that were like Holocaust de-niers and extremists that were harassing that account and then we worked togeth-er with that account and they reported them really quickly and we just removed and blocked them really quickly, so that also cleaned up nicely” (Interview, Mastodon.world).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mathematical Association of America", "aliases": ["Mathematical Association of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["AI language models"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "education"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2024 - DeepSeek-Coder-V2 Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Organizes the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME), a competition whose problems are used as a benchmark to evaluate the advanced mathematical reasoning abilities of AI models, thus establishing a standard for assessing model performance in this domain.", "quote": "...advanced competition-level benchmarks including MATH (Hendrycks et al., 2021), the American Invitational Mathematics Examination (AIME) 2024 (MAA, 2024), and Math Odyssey (Netmind.AI, 2024).", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI language models, code intelligence, mathematical reasoning, software engineering benchmarks", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mathematical Association of America (MAA)", "aliases": ["Mathematical Association of America (MAA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLMs"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "problem-solving skills"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-V3 Technical Report", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides a benchmark through mathematics competitions (AIME 2024) that is used to evaluate the mathematical reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of AI language models, contributing to understanding and controlling AI model behavior.", "quote": "Chinese National High School Mathematics Olympiad (CNMO 2024)3, and American Invitational Mathematics Examination 2024 (AIME 2024) (MAA, 2024).", "page": "30", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI/LLM development and evaluation", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Mathlaul Anwar", "aliases": ["Mathlaul Anwar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Contributed to campaigning for religious moderation alongside other major Islamic organizations.", "quote": "Islamic intellectual elites and major Islamic organizations such as NU, Muhammadiyah, Mathlaul Anwar, Rabithah Alawiyyah Indonesia civic groups, and ordinary people who are active in social media should be the actors playing active roles in campaigning religious moderation.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "MathOverflow", "aliases": ["MathOverflow"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Online academic platforms"], "norms": ["community governance", "platform quality"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On arXiv moderation system", "author": "Silagadze, Z. K.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates a question and answer website for professional mathematicians with a community-dependent moderation system, where users gain privileges based on reputation to participate in content quality control and problem solving.", "quote": "In my opinion, the most important feature of the Mathoverflow moderation system is its dependence on the community. At the same time, the moderation process is open only to experienced users with a high reputation, with different levels of privileges depending on the reputation thresholds.", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11791", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online academic platforms and the scientific community", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Matrix.org Foundation", "aliases": ["Matrix.org Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "Signal", "Twitter"], "norms": ["decentralization", "open standards"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Serves as an example of a decentralized or federated messaging system where third-party moderation is required because no single entity operates the platform, making AMFs applicable.", "quote": "Third-party moderation is necessary in decentralized or federated messaging systems like Matrix [4] or Mastodon [3].", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Matrix.org team", "aliases": ["Matrix.org team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-misinformation", "anti-spam", "platform neutrality"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Matrix team developed moderation tools like Mjolnir (a support bot for bans, redactions, and anti-spam) and is working on a reputation system and modulable filters to combat disinformation, spam, and state-based censorship.", "quote": "As a response, Matrix developed Mjolnir : a support bot for bans, redactions, anti-spam, room shutdown and other moderation activities,, and a relative reputation system...", "page": "12", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition", "aliases": ["Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["innovation", "intellectual property rights", "market competition"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a 'Position Statement' on the Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules, contributing to academic and policy discourse on digital copyright law.", "quote": "Hilty RM, Moscon V (eds) (2017) Modernisation of the EU Copyright Rules. Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition’ (2017) Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition Research Paper No. 17-12.", "page": "35", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "MAXIMUMROCKNROLL", "aliases": ["MAXIMUMROCKNROLL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "community building", "self-reliance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A music zine that actively fostered a network of self-sufficient fans and musicians by publishing directories and contacts, aiming to help marginal music (hardcore punk) flourish outside mainstream channels.", "quote": "One of its aims (pace Duncombe) is instrumental: to help create the conditions where marginal musics (in its case, hardcore punk) may flourish: 'helping to connect things internationally. Creating links all over the place' (Tim Yohannon, late editor of MAXIMUMROCKNROLL, cited in Turner, 1995: 191).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Mayor's Advisory Committee on Salacious Publications and the Buffalo Youth Board", "aliases": ["Mayor's Advisory Committee on Salacious Publications and the Buffalo Youth Board"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Focused attention on comic books, 'girlie' magazines, and other materials that might incite youth to 'lust and sex crimes,' thereby engaging in monitoring and influencing local censorship discussions.", "quote": "In Buffalo, New York, the Mayor's Advisory Committee on Salacious Publications and the Buffalo Youth Board, in mid-decade, \"focused their attention on comic books", "page": "'girlie' magazines", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "MB 'shariʻa committee'", "aliases": ["MB 'shariʻa committee'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["political resistance", "religious defense", "religious duty"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This informally organized committee issued a tract citing scriptural justifications for armed resistance against the state, framing it as a religious-legal duty and part of a historical struggle, thereby advocating for a radical moderation strategy.", "quote": "legitimacy (religious and majoritarian).\"", "page": "A tract issued by a self-described, informally organized MB “shariʻa committee” in early 2015 cited scriptural justifications for armed resistance to the state as a religious-legal (shar'i) duty, part of a historic struggle.", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "McCarthy movement", "aliases": ["McCarthy movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Exerted a form of 'hidden censorship' that profoundly influenced film form and content for an entire generation by instilling fear and pressure against perceived un-American activities, leading to self-censorship and symbolic attacks in films.", "quote": "The McCarthy movement and the evangelical movements exemplify this hidden censorship. McCarthyism profoundly influenced film form and content for an entire generation.", "page": "15", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "McConnell Foundation", "aliases": ["McConnell Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides financial support to projects and initiatives aimed at strengthening Canada's democracy and social cohesion, including research on hate speech.", "quote": "PPF would also like to thank the McConnell Foundation for their support.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}]}, {"name": "McCormick Foundation", "aliases": ["McCormick Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Community networks", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1955", "mechanism": "The foundation has granted $1.8 billion since 1955 and funds journalism and civic institutions, using grantmaking and partnerships to shape local media capacity and public information ecosystems.", "quote": "Foundation supports journalism and a free press through grants and partnerships (e.g., WGN-TV), touching platformized content governance indirectly via funding and capacity-building for media actors.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mccormickfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "McGill Online Design Studio", "aliases": ["McGill Online Design Studio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts analyses of moderation in online public debate forums, framed within research on citizen governance from a political science perspective.", "quote": "This era also saw an increase in research on “citizen governance” from a political science perspective, with analyses of moderation of public debate forums like Cornell's RegulationRoom [25, 71], the McGill Online Design Studio [25]", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "McLibel Update", "aliases": ["McLibel Update"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corporate power", "political participation", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Provided news and information regarding the libel action taken by McDonald's against activists, serving as a media outlet for the anti-corporate campaign.", "quote": "Many protests and actions have spawned their own publications, such as the McLibel Update (giving news of the libel action taken by McDonald's against two activists)...", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "McSpotlight", "aliases": ["McSpotlight"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corporate power", "free speech", "political participation", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An online interactive library and platform that archived trial transcripts, print media references to McDonald's, and hosted discussion forums, serving as a global hub for anti-corporate activism and information dissemination during the McLibel trial and beyond.", "quote": "The McSpotlight web site (http://www.mcspotlight. org/) shows how this works at an international level.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Measurement Lab", "aliases": ["Measurement Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["impartiality", "open data", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "M-Lab is an open data platform that collects network performance data via client-initiated measurements, such as the Network Diagnostic Tool (NDT). This data is used to assess real-world broadband connectivity, providing an indirect means to detect and monitor potential internet throttling.", "quote": "Founded and administered by a consortium of non-governmental organizations, private companies and academic institutions, including New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, PlanetLab, and Google, M-Lab is an open data platform focused on the collection of network measurements related to real-world broad-band connectivity...", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Mechanics’ Institute (Montreal)", "aliases": ["Mechanics’ Institute (Montreal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["reading society"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated as an association library, providing books and periodicals, serving as an alternative to religiously controlled libraries.", "quote": "English Protestants in Montreal who belonged to association libraries like the Mechanics’ Institute (est. 1828) or the Fraser Library (est. 1885)", "page": "104", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Mechanics’ Institute of Montreal", "aliases": ["Mechanics’ Institute of Montreal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated as an association library providing books and reading materials for English Protestants, distinct from Catholic-controlled parish libraries.", "quote": "English Protestants in Montreal who belonged to association libraries like the Mechanics’ Institute (est. 1828) or the Fraser Library (est. 1885)", "page": "104", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "medConfidential", "aliases": ["medConfidential"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["patient privacy advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Public health", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis, guides and commentary (including on AI vendors like Palantir/DeepMind), provides opt-out resources, and participates in public consultations, shaping debate and press coverage of NHS data and AI governance.", "quote": "Core mission defends confidentiality of medical records and actively critiques centralised health data systems and use of AI (e.g., Palantir, DeepMind), engaging public consultations and debate on health-data and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://medconfidential.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Media Bias / Fact Check", "aliases": ["Media Bias / Fact Check"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Russia", "Ukraine"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "fairness", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Tweets in Time of Conflict: A Public Dataset Tracking the Twitter Discourse on the War between Ukraine and Russia", "author": "Chen, Emily; Ferrara, Emilio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates an independent website that classifies domains, including those shared on social media, into factual and political lean categories based on specific criteria. This process acts as a form of moderation by providing public assessments of information source reliability.", "quote": "MBFC is an independently operated website that classifies domains into certain factual and political lean categories, based on specific criteria that are described further on their per domain synopsis (Zandt 2022).", "page": "5", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/22208", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, online discourse on the war between Ukraine and Russia", "when": "February 2022 – January 2023"}]}, {"name": "Media Center | Safe Kids Worldwide", "aliases": ["Media Center | Safe Kids Worldwide"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety advocacy nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Public health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and press materials, runs public campaigns and PSAs, and leverages corporate partnerships (e.g., FedEx, Amazon) to scale child-safety programs and awareness.", "quote": "Safe Kids Worldwide focuses on child injury prevention and public policy related to child safety; it occasionally partners with corporations and engages in public policy but does not have a core mission focused on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.safekids.org/media-center", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Media Coalition, Inc.", "aliases": ["Media Coalition, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached...", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Media Democracy Fund", "aliases": ["Media Democracy Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grantmaker and advocacy intermediary"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "MDF has moved over $50M since 2006 and uses grantmaking, research, funder convenings, and programs (Disinfo Defense League, Tech Exchange) to shape platform research, strategic litigation, capacity-building, and tech accountability agendas globally.", "quote": "MDF funds and convenes grantees on tech accountability, runs the Disinfo Defense League, supports public interest technologists, and conducts research and policy development directly related to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://mediademocracyfund.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Media Diversity Institute", "aliases": ["Media Diversity Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Twitter to create a guide against prejudice, distributed in four languages to European teachers and students.", "quote": "...além de trabalhar em parceria com o Instituto de Diversidade de Mídia na criação de um guia, em quatro idiomas, contra o preconceito, distribuído de forma gratuita a professores e estudantes europeus.", "page": "16", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}]}, {"name": "Media Guard", "aliases": ["Media Guard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interests", "public morals", "state authority"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governance of and by platforms", "author": "T Gillespie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Actively identified and reported specific online content (e.g., gay teen forums, Ukrainian political organizations) for blocking by Russian ISPs, acting as a citizen-based content moderation force.", "quote": "ISPs were forced to respond to requests not only from the court or state regulatory authorities, but also from regular citizens, including the 'Media Guard' youth group, which was targeting gay teen forums and Ukrainian political organizations.", "page": "11", "url": "https://culturedigitally.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Gillespie-Governance-ofby-Platforms-PREPRINT.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with emphasis on U.S.)", "when": "1990s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland", "aliases": ["Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["informed public", "journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funding research and reports on digital news consumption, trust, and misinformation.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... the Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)", "aliases": ["Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes fact-finding mission reports on media freedom in Southern Africa, documenting and advocating against issues like self-censorship.", "quote": "Dube, P. and F. Gonçalves (2004) Fact-finding Mission to Zimbabwe, Report for Media Institute of Southern Africa, Windhoek, Namibia.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Media Institute of Southern Africa (Zimbabwe)", "aliases": ["Media Institute of Southern Africa (Zimbabwe)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Systematically records abuses of media freedoms and publishes annual cases, highlighting human rights violations and press repression.", "quote": "Media civil society organizations have systematically recorded these abuses of media freedoms and the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA-Zimbabwe) publishes cases annually in the journal So this is democracy.", "page": "59-60", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Media Matters", "aliases": ["Media Matters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["media watchdog; progressive advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Produces research and analyses that shape public narratives about media and platform responsibility, runs public campaigns and calls to action that pressure platforms and outlets to change content practices.", "quote": "Publishes research and campaigns that document misinformation and biased media coverage, directly shaping public pressure and expectations around platform content and moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mediamatters.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Media Matters for America", "aliases": ["Media Matters for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Beyond the Scissors and Screens: Freedom, Censorship, and the Internet as Explored by Gergely Gosztonyi", "author": "Gosztonyi’s, Gergely", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This group performs studies and analyses of media content and social media platforms to assess political bias, contributing empirical data to debates on content reach and visibility.", "quote": "And a study by Media Matters for America, also in 2019, found that right-wing and left-wing Facebook pages have almost equal reach.", "page": "7", "url": "journals.us.edu.pl", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet and social media, with a focus on the US, Europe (EU regulatory frameworks), and China", "when": "Ancient to 21st century, with a primary focus on the post-2010 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Media Reform Centre at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", "aliases": ["Media Reform Centre at the National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Compiled a list of legislation related to media and freedom of speech issues, providing a resource for understanding legal aspects of censorship and media regulation.", "quote": "For a list of legislation related to media and freedom of speech issues, see The Media Reform Centre at the National University of the Kiev Mohyla Academy, www.mediareform.com.ua/article.php?articleID=545.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Media Research Center", "aliases": ["Media Research Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Gab", "Parler", "Telegram", "Truth Social", "Twitter"], "norms": ["election integrity", "information integrity", "platform neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news propagates differently from real news even at early stages of spreading", "author": "Zhao, Zilong; Zhao, Jichang; Sano, Yukie; Levy, Orr; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako; Li, Daqing; Wu, Junjie; Havlin, Shlomo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The organization monitors and exposes perceived bias in mainstream media and platforms, specifically claiming to expose instances of search result manipulation to favor political parties, thereby advocating for journalistic integrity and unbiased information distribution.", "quote": "Media Research Center exposes Googles BIAS: Team-giant rigging search-results to favor Dems in midterms.", "page": "9", "url": "https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00224-z", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Telegram, Parler, Gab, Truth Social, and other Alt-Tech social media networks, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically late 2022)"}]}, {"name": "Media Worth Binging On: Two Pro-social Examples", "aliases": ["Media Worth Binging On: Two Pro-social Examples"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["educational program of a civil-rights non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces educational content, curricula and publications that shape educators' approaches to digital literacy and public discourse; leverages SPLC's institutional profile to amplify messaging.", "quote": "Produces educational content and guidance about students' use of social media and digital literacy, addressing how to navigate and curate online content rather than directly lobbying platforms or regulating them.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/media-worth-binging-on-two-prosocial-examples", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Medialex", "aliases": ["Medialex"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "knowledge creation", "legal certainty", "professional standards", "public understanding", "rationality", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "A Frattolillo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Medialex operates as an academic journal that performs gatekeeping and pre-publication review for contributions in media and communication law. It ensures scientific quality, legal accuracy, and defensibility of arguments through a peer-review process for specific article types ('Untersuchungen').", "quote": "Der Text muss rechtlich zutreffend und für Meinungsäusserungen nachvollziehbar und vertretbar [...] Der Massstab sind andere professionell publizierte rechtswissenschaftliche Zeitschriften. Untersuchungen durchlaufen einen Peer Review", "page": "1", "url": "https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_3F599EB07A72", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, media and communication law", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Mediapart", "aliases": ["Mediapart"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "journalistic integrity", "public discourse"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La plateformisation des médias français et le ton du débat public. Exemple de YouTube", "author": "I Lyubareva, J Mesangeau…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates a partisan media channel on YouTube, identified as a reference in citizen journalism that attracts a heterogeneous and sometimes brutal public to its comment sections.", "quote": "C'est par exemple le cas du Monde ou Mediapart et AgoraVox chez les médias partisans (qui sont aujourd'hui les médias de référence dans le domaine de la presse citoyenne), médias cristallisant une certaine défiance envers le journalisme politique.", "page": "21", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/communication/14433", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "YouTube, France", "when": "2010s-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mediasoyuz", "aliases": ["Mediasoyuz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["media control", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Established by authorities as a 'new union for journalists' in an apparent attempt to divide and diminish the influence of the pre-existing Union of Journalists of Russia.", "quote": "In 2001 the authorities suddenly set up a new union for journalists, Mediasoyuz, in an apparent attempt to split and reduce the influence of the Union of Journalists of Russia.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Mediathek - Forum gegen Fakes", "aliases": ["Mediathek - Forum gegen Fakes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition; project network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The forum curates evidence, toolkits and reports, coordinates with EDMO and public bodies, and shapes public debate through multimedia resources and events to hold platforms and actors to account.", "quote": "The project curates resources and run activities directly addressing disinformation on social networks and the role of AI, engaging with platform-related governance topics and fact-checking networks (EDMO).", "page": "", "url": "https://forum-gegen-fakes.de/de/mediathek", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Medical association", "aliases": ["Medical association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional norms", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics", "author": "Shir-Raz, Yaffa; Elisha, Ety; Martin, Brian; Ronel, Natti; Guetzkow, Josh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Summarily dismissed or disqualified respondents from prestigious positions, such as serving on leading health or scientific committees, without due process or transparency, after they expressed critical views.", "quote": "...I received a notice from the [medical association] that I was being stripped from a committee position... again with no due process, no phone calls no, tractable explanation...", "page": "11", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple Western democracies and global social media platforms", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Medical board", "aliases": ["Medical board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Suppression of Covid-19 Heterodoxy: Tactics and Counter-Tactics", "author": "Shir-Raz, Yaffa; Elisha, Ety; Martin, Brian; Ronel, Natti; Guetzkow, Josh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched official inquiries, investigated, and threatened to withdraw medical licenses of doctors who expressed heterodox views on COVID-19, and in one case, conducted a police search of a private clinic.", "quote": "...my license was investigated... At that point in time, I felt that the medical board was being weaponized... My license ended up getting investigated... three times now, each time... without any punishment or reprimand or anything...", "page": "12", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11024-022-09479-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple Western democracies and global social media platforms", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (2020-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Medical Board (generic example)", "aliases": ["Medical Board (generic example)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "expertise", "professional standards", "trustworthiness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Could contribute to middleware tools to surface its members and confirm their credentials, enhancing trustworthiness in context-specific areas by verifying professional expertise.", "quote": "A professional credentialing organization, such as a medical board, might contribute to a tool to surface its members, increasing trustworthiness in context-specific areas.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Medical-Surgical College of Bahia", "aliases": ["Medical-Surgical College of Bahia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "medical knowledge", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Founded in 1808 as a royal initiative to promote scientific research and open educational institutions in the Colony, specifically in medicine, reflecting a state-led effort to modernize professional education.", "quote": "Logo ao aportar na Bahia, fundou o Colégio Médico-Cirúrgico.", "page": "145", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "medien.vielfalt! (Media.Diversity!)", "aliases": ["medien.vielfalt! (Media.Diversity!)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["public awareness"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A network of refugee radio programs and online initiatives, co-managed by Our Voice, aiming to increase the visibility and recognition of refugee voices across Germany by exchanging content and organizing events like 'open mic' events and exhibitions.", "quote": "Our Voice serves as the regional coordinator for medien.vielfalt! (Media.Diversity!), a network of refugee radio programs established in 2018 and run by refugees in collaboration with free radio stations.", "page": "240", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Medieval Church / Holy Office of the Inquisition of Portugal and Spain", "aliases": ["Medieval Church / Holy Office of the Inquisition of Portugal and Spain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Suppressed heretical ideas and free criticism to maintain religious and social order, often through arbitrary persecution and elimination of 'evil' thoughts.", "quote": "As bases das práticas censórias podem ser associadas aos símbolos de purificação da sociedade ameaçada por ideias heréticas que foram comuns aos homens da Igreja medieval e aos inquisidores do Santo Ofício de Portugal e Espanha na Idade moderna.", "page": "16", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Medieval Reactions (Twitter account)", "aliases": ["Medieval Reactions (Twitter account)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Annotates European imagery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance with contemporary vernacular, creating humorous recontextualizations and participating in memetic culture, sometimes with ambivalent appropriation of marginalized vernacular.", "quote": "screenshots from the “Medieval Reactions” Twitter account, which annotates European imagery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance with contemporary vernacular (figure 3.11).", "page": "109", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Medieval Universities", "aliases": ["Medieval Universities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy", "intellectual freedom", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th-14th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans les universités médiévales (note critique)", "author": "Boureau, Alain", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "As permanent, centralized, and relatively autonomous institutions, universities defended their 'liberty' (privileges, judicial, and fiscal immunity) and their intellectual sovereignty ('studium') against royal and ecclesiastical powers. They championed freedom of thought and independence in the pursuit of truth, which involved setting academic norms and even engaging in strikes.", "quote": "Les universités durent compenser cette faiblesse par une proclamation de leur rôle en matière de quête de la vérité, où il importait de garder l'initiative et l'indépendance. C'est pourquoi la liberté de pensée constituait un enjeu important.", "page": "313", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0395264900043110/type/journal_article", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Medieval Universities (Paris, Oxford)", "when": "13th-14th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Medinetz", "aliases": ["Medinetz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An anti-racist initiative based in Freiburg and a member of the Lager-Watch alliance, aiming to promote the rights of refugees, especially those without legal documentation, to access medical care.", "quote": "Medinetz, a member of the Lager-Watch alliance and an anti-racist initiative based in Freiburg, which aim to promote the rights of refugees, especially those without legal documentation, to access medical care.", "page": "224", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Meedan", "aliases": ["Meedan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit technology and information equity organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Credibility Coalition; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Meedan produces research and policy-relevant analysis, develops deployed tools (Check tipline) used by partners worldwide, and leverages partnerships and funder networks to influence platform practices around misinformation and AI harms.", "quote": "Meedan builds tools (e.g., Check tipline), runs programs on elections and crisis response, and conducts AI and misinformation research directly shaping how information is moderated, distributed, and verified on platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://meedan.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Meinungsfreiheit stärken – Desinformation abgestuft regulieren", "aliases": ["Meinungsfreiheit stärken – Desinformation abgestuft regulieren"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1955", "mechanism": "Produces policy analyses and publications on disinformation and free speech and runs events to shape debates and advise policymakers (e.g., titled policy piece advocating graduated regulation of disinformation).", "quote": "Publishes policy analysis on free speech and disinformation (e.g., 'Meinungsfreiheit stärken – Desinformation abgestuft regulieren'), indicating direct engagement with platform governance and regulation of online information.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.kas.de/de/web/auslandsinformationen/artikel/detail/-/content/meinungsfreiheit-staerken-desinformation-abgestuft-regulieren", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Meinungsfreiheit und Social-Media - politik-digital", "aliases": ["Meinungsfreiheit und Social-Media - politik-digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "politik-digital produces topical analysis, runs Debate Academy and events, and frames public debates on social media harms and free speech, shaping discourse and informing policy discussions.", "quote": "The site publishes analysis and runs projects and events on topics like free speech, fake news and social media governance, directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.politik-digital.de/news/meinungsfreiheit-und-social-media-151791/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Members of a Palestinian advocacy association", "aliases": ["Members of a Palestinian advocacy association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["countering censorship", "online activism"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organizes internal training and information sharing among activists to understand algorithmic operations and develop tactics to circumvent or mitigate online censorship.", "quote": "il y a un ingénieur qui comprend les algorithmes et l’algorithme de Facebook et d’Instagram […]. Avec une journaliste ils nous ont fait une petite formation […] on l’a fait au sein de l’association.", "page": "96-97", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}]}, {"name": "Members of the Muslim community", "aliases": ["Members of the Muslim community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["blasphemy objection", "racism objection", "religious respect"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Members of the Muslim community acted as public censors by engaging in social, political, and economic actions, including international denunciation, economic boycotts, and threats of violence, to regulate expression concerning Islam and Mohammed.", "quote": "Those members of the Muslim community who objected to the publication of the caricatures, and who wished to regulate the expression of attitudes about Islam and Mohammed in the public sphere can also be seen as censors.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2005–2010"}]}, {"name": "Meme Alliance", "aliases": ["Meme Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Sense of Facebook’s Content Moderation: A Posthumanist Perspective on Communicative Competence and Internet Memes", "author": "Procházka, Ondřej", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This alliance organized a three-day coordinated blackout, ceasing all publishing activity on their pages, to protest Facebook's automated content censorship and raise public awareness about its content-curating practices.", "quote": "an alliance of Facebook pages organized around Internet memes... announced a three-day co-ordinated blackout (ceasing all publishing activity) to protest and raise awareness of Facebook's \"automated censorship\"\".\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S232644890000146X/type/journal_article", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook", "when": "2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Meme Factories", "aliases": ["Meme Factories"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Asia Pacific", "Nordic countries", "Singapore"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["information dissemination", "public influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From “Networked Publics” to “Refracted Publics”: A Companion Framework for Researching “Below the Radar” Studies", "author": "Abidin, Crystal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Meme factories are coordinated networks of creators/accounts that produce and host content with encoded subtext. They calculate to achieve virality or call to arms to seed decision-swinging discourses, and sometimes commercialize meme content for sponsors.", "quote": "Meme factories, which are a coordinated network of creators or accounts who produce and host content that can be encoded with (sub)text and parsed into new contexts across multiple organizational structures (Abidin, 2020d; Abidin & Cheong, 2019)...", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120984458", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore, Asia Pacific, Nordic countries, and beyond, across social media platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube)", "when": "2009–2020"}]}, {"name": "Men and Boys Coalition Charity", "aliases": ["Men and Boys Coalition Charity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["umbrella charity; coalition; network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes briefing papers, runs petitions and campaigns, convenes a 100+ organisation membership network and responds to regulatory consultations (e.g., Ofcom) to push policy changes for men and boys' online safety and public services.", "quote": "Publishes briefing papers and publicly responded to an Ofcom consultation calling for guidance to tech companies on creating 'a safer life online for men and boys.'", "page": "", "url": "https://www.menandboyscoalition.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Men's Rights Activists", "aliases": ["Men's Rights Activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement/advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "men's rights", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Form online communities to discuss men's rights, perpetrating 'online othering' through misogynistic and violent discourses against women and feminists, emphasizing men's victimhood.", "quote": "This chapter focuses on a community of Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) on the subreddit r/MensRights...focuses on findings including: (1) the denial of women and feminists as victims of online violence.", "page": "92", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Men's Rights Movement", "aliases": ["Men's Rights Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["New Zealand"], "media": ["online gaming"], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "men's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contenuti contaminanti: odio e violenza nei social network", "author": "MR Vitale", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Men's Rights Movement appropriated claims from the Gamergate controversy, advocating for the supposed disadvantage of men (particularly white men) in liberal-democratic societies and framing feminism as a pervasive threat. This constitutes a form of public pressure and norm-setting within online discourse, influencing user aggregation around specific identity-based narratives.", "quote": "Se poi si considera che le rivendicazioni emerse nel gamergate sono state appropriate da attivisti del Men's Rights Movement, sostenitori, tra le altre cose, dello svantaggio di essere uomini (in particolare bianchi) in società liberal-democratiche, vittime di un femminismo imperante, l'identità ascrittiva maschile acquisisce una maggiore trasparenza.", "page": "8", "url": "http://ojs.cimedoc.uniba.it/index.php/postfil/article/view/2236", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, New Zealand, online gaming community", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2014 and 2019"}]}, {"name": "Mencap", "aliases": ["Mencap"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national disability charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1946, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1946", "mechanism": "Mencap runs public campaigns, publishes reports and annual reviews, uses media outreach and partnerships with funders to shape policy and public attitudes on disability and inclusion.", "quote": "Mencap's core mission is supporting people with learning disabilities, but it runs campaigns, publishes reports and maintains an online presence that touches on digital inclusion and online safety topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mencap.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mennonites (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Mennonites (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral values", "peaceful exchange", "religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Raised moral objections to aggressive commercial practices, such as the Dutch East India Company's seizure of Portuguese ships.", "quote": "...in response to objections raised even by Company shareholders, not least by Mennonites among them.", "page": "129", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Menschenrechtsorganisationen kämpfen immer noch gegen ...", "aliases": ["Menschenrechtsorganisationen kämpfen immer noch gegen ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties / digital rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and reports, leads and signs coalition open letters, participates in stakeholder dialogues, runs public campaigns and trainings to shape EU guideline development and platform transparency.", "quote": "Liberties' Tech & Rights work directly addresses platform policies (e.g., Article 17, upload filters), engages in stakeholder dialogues, coalition open letters and public campaigning on platform governance and digital rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.liberties.eu/de/stories/menschenrechtsorganisationen-kaempfen-immer-noch-gegen-obligatorische-upload-filter/18794", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mental Health Foundation", "aliases": ["Mental Health Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national public mental health charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1949", "mechanism": "Publishes reports (e.g., Healthy social media report), policy briefings and runs national awareness campaigns (Mental Health Awareness Week) to shape public debate and influence policymakers and stakeholders.", "quote": "The organisation's core mission is mental health promotion, but it publishes research and policy perspectives on online communities, online safety and young people (e.g., 'Healthy social media report'), indicating engagement with platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Merians Friends", "aliases": ["Merians Friends"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual autonomy", "political change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A campaign that utilized electronic advocacy, including the ERGO list and a web page, to gather signatures and publicize its position for a ballot initiative on physician-assisted death.", "quote": "Merians Friends utilized electronic advocacy, including the ERGO list and a web page, to gather signatures and publicize its campaign for Proposition B on physician-assisted death in Michigan.", "page": "201", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Meslek", "aliases": ["Meslek"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "political expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A columnist for this newspaper was arrested by a martial court, leading to petitions from his family for a shortened sentence, illustrating the risks faced by journalists.", "quote": "Ayşe Hanım, the wife of Kadri Bey, a columnist of the newspaper Meslek (Policy), handed a petition to the Ministry of the Interior on January 3, 1912, pleading that she and her five children were in a difficult situation, since they were deprived of their only source of income after Kadri Bey's arrest by a martial court.", "page": "24-25", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Meta Community Forums on AI", "aliases": ["Meta Community Forums on AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["public participation", "representation"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Gathers representative public input to inform Meta's AI policies and product decisions, serving as a mechanism for L1 (informing decisions) democratic processes.", "quote": "In contrast, Meta's Community Forums on AI are intended to be representative; however, they only inform policies and product decisions, and so are also L1 (Chang et al., 2024).", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Meta has transplanted Facebook content moderation to Ghana after ...", "aliases": ["Meta has transplanted Facebook content moderation to Ghana after ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal non-profit / civil society organisation (community interest company)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Foxglove documents harms, runs investigations, coordinates legal challenges and public campaigns to compel platform accountability and secure remedies for outsourced content moderators.", "quote": "Foxglove is actively investigating Meta's outsourced content moderation in Ghana and is pursuing a legal challenge to end exploitation of Facebook content moderators, directly engaging platform practices and accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.foxglove.org.uk/2025/04/28/meta-transplanted-facebook-content-moderation-ghana/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Meta's Expert Advisory Group", "aliases": ["Meta's Expert Advisory Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "human trafficking"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides expert advice and insights to Meta on various human rights issues, particularly concerning human trafficking and exploitation risks on its platforms.", "quote": "Strategic partners include: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Internet Watch Foundation, ECPAT, Polaris, Stop the Traffik, and Meta’s Expert Advisory Group", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Meta's Trusted Partner Program (TP)", "aliases": ["Meta's Trusted Partner Program (TP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trusted-flagger network"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Comprises over 400 non-governmental, not-for-profit, humanitarian, and international organizations that report problematic content, accounts, and behavior to Meta for contextual review, informing policy development and enhancing user safety.", "quote": "Meta’s Trusted Partner (TP) program is an escalation channel made up of over 400 key non-governmental, not-for-profit, humanitarian, and international organizations in 113 countries who report content, accounts, and behavior that we review in context.", "page": "304", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "MetaFilter", "aliases": ["MetaFilter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "community norms", "quality content", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Virtues of Moderation", "author": "Grimmelmann, James", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "MetaFilter primarily relies on ex post, centralized, human norm-setting, supported by editing and limited pricing. Paid moderators proactively read and act on inappropriate posts and comments through chiding or deletion, often with public explanations. The community also uses 'favorite' buttons and 'best answers' to praise quality contributions. A $5 signup fee acts as a speed bump for new members, and posts are limited to one per 24 hours.", "quote": "In moderation terms, ex post, centralized, human norm-setting dominates, with editing and exclusion (and a tiny bit of pricing) in supporting roles. The central technique of moderation is simple: Haughey and a small group of paid moderators read posts and comments and take action against inappropriate ones.", "page": "49", "url": "https://osf.io/qwxf5_v1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities, USA", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "MetaFilter community", "aliases": ["MetaFilter community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Reddit", "Voat"], "norms": ["community standards", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates as a strictly moderated online community, with moderators actively hiding inappropriate material and reinforcing positive norms; it also requires a $5 fee for account establishment.", "quote": "MetaFilter requires $5 to establish an account, and is one of the most strictly moderated communities on the Internet. Moderators hide inappropriate material quickly, and reinforce positive norms by making good behavior far more visible than bad [55].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Metagov, Public AI Network", "aliases": ["Metagov, Public AI Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research & community laboratory for digital governance (nonprofit)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Metagov produces seminars, research, fellowships and community experiments to shape governance norms; it partners with foundations and platform-related projects (Ethereum Foundation, Aragon, Arbitrum) to pilot governance interventions and public-AI framing.", "quote": "Metagov's mission and projects (including Public AI) focus on designing governance layers, standards, and community practices for online self-governance and the political economy of AI, directly engaging platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://metagov.org/projects/public-ai", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Methodist Church", "aliases": ["Methodist Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "youth development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Participated in a coalition of ministers organized by the West Virginia Council of Churches to issue a joint statement supporting the textbooks.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books...", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "MeToo", "aliases": ["MeToo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["marginalization resistance", "oppression resistance", "sexual assault prevention", "sexual harassment prevention"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a historical and ideological precedent for resistance against oppressive practices, inspiring individuals to challenge platform moderation and marginalization.", "quote": "These forms of resistance... share their spirit and their histories with other forms of social activism, including those related to Mad Pride and MeToo [75, 86].", "page": "16", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}]}, {"name": "METR (AI safety research lab)", "aliases": ["METR (AI safety research lab)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participates in academic safety research and evaluations of AI systems.", "quote": "academic safety labs treated as collective actors (e.g. METR, Apollo Research, ARC Evals)", "page": "406", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "MetroLab Network", "aliases": ["MetroLab Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network; civic tech consortium"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "MetroLab produces research and programming (Local Government R&D Agenda, Data Governance and AI initiatives), convenes city–university partnerships and leverages relationships with local governments and FAS to shape local technology policy.", "quote": "MetroLab's core mission is applying research to city government, but it runs Data Governance and AI initiatives that engage with platform-related governance issues at the local level.", "page": "", "url": "https://metrolabnetwork.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Metropolitan Museum of Art", "aliases": ["Metropolitan Museum of Art"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "cultural elitism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Morals Versus Art: Censorship, The Politics of Interpretation, and the Victorian Nude", "author": "Beisel, Nicola", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "As a prominent cultural institution, its trustees and representatives influenced definitions of 'culture' and 'high art', used the collection of European art to signal and reinforce upper-class status, and sought donations to build a repository of art that contributed to social distinction, implicitly gatekeeping artistic taste.", "quote": "The trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art played on the social anxieties of parvenu millionaires, inviting them to show their refinement and suitability for refined company by contributing to the museum.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095963?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "New York City, USA", "when": "late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Metropol’ (Literary Almanac)", "aliases": ["Metropol’ (Literary Almanac)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "autonomy", "cultural value"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A literary almanac whose authors deliberately sought to publish without prior censorship, openly challenging state and Union of Writers control, aiming to formalize underground culture and provoke a reaction.", "quote": "L’almanacco Metropol’ viene licenziato sotto forma di manoscritto. Può essere pubblicato tipograficamente solo conservando la presente forma. Non sono consentiti tagli o aggiunte.", "page": "196", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Mexican Catholic Church Hierarchy / National Episcopate", "aliases": ["Mexican Catholic Church Hierarchy / National Episcopate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y control: La Campaña Nacional de Moralización en los años cincuenta", "author": "L Pérez Rosales", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exercised social control through its hierarchy, issued pastoral letters, and condemned 'immoral' activities in media and entertainment, collaborating with the State to impose a unified moral code.", "quote": "\"\"mexicanidad\"\" (Mexican identity) tied to Catholicism", "page": "social stability", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S1405-09272011000200004&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1950s / Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Mexico Solidarity Network (MSN)", "aliases": ["Mexico Solidarity Network (MSN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous rights", "political dissent", "state accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Its members were investigated by intelligence agencies due to their activities supporting Zapatistas and challenging Mexican policies, leading them to organize protests and call for inquiries.", "quote": "A more documented case has involved the Canadian Security and Intelligence Service interviewing members of the Mexico Solidarity Network (MSN) supposedly as part of an investigation of interference of Mexican Diplomats in Canadian affairs.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "MexNews", "aliases": ["MexNews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "indigenous rights", "political dissent"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Gathers and posts material on Chiapas-l, Mexico94, and Mexico2000 Internet lists, contributing to the circulation of information about the Zapatista struggle and pro-democracy movement.", "quote": "This is the situation with the group whose members constitute MexNews and who gather material for posting on Chiapas-l, Mexico94 and now Mexico2000 on the Internet. Information on MexNews can be obtained from its coordinator Jose A. Briones at brioneja@ttown.apci.com", "page": "20", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Meşrutiyet", "aliases": ["Meşrutiyet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "public discourse", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Despite being frequently suspended, copies of this popular newspaper continued to circulate via Ottoman post offices due to clerks overlooking 'suspicious' packages, highlighting the inefficiency of censorship.", "quote": "the hezeyannâme (delirious writings) named Meşrutiyet continued to be delivered via Ottoman post offices because of clerks who overlooked 'obviously suspicious' packages containing this newspaper.", "page": "26", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Miaan", "aliases": ["Miaan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["human rights and digital rights NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Miaan publishes policy analysis (Filterwatch), operates Iran After Dark and a Digital Security Helpdesk providing tools and emergency assistance, and conducts advocacy to international stakeholders and forums (Iran Cyber Dialogue), combining research, technical interventions, and diplomatic advocacy to influence platform and state practices.", "quote": "Core mission centers on digital rights, internet freedom, and digital security including work on censorship circumvention, content moderation assistance, and analysis of internet policies affecting platformed expression.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.miaan.org/publication/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Miami Herald Publishing Co.", "aliases": ["Miami Herald Publishing Co."], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial independence", "press freedom"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Historically exercised editorial control over its newspaper content, setting a legal precedent that was referenced in arguments about social media platforms' First Amendment right to editorial judgment.", "quote": "Specifically, the challengers quoted Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo in establishing a platform's First Amendment right to engage in “editorial control and judgment,” despite the contested medium in that case being a local newspaper.", "page": "20", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Michigan Society of Fellows", "aliases": ["Michigan Society of Fellows"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Encouraging moderation: Clues from a simple model of ideological conflict", "author": "Marvel, Seth A.; Hong, Hyunsuk; Papush, Anna; Strogatz, Steven H.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The organization provided funding for the research presented in this paper. By supporting academic inquiry into the dynamics of ideological conflict and mechanisms for encouraging moderation, it contributes to the broader understanding and capacity-building efforts related to societal moderation and deradicalization.", "quote": "This research was also supported in part by NSF Grants No. CCF-0835706 and No. CCF-0832782 (S. H. S.), and by the Michigan Society of Fellows (S. A. M.).", "page": "4", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1209.3546", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "n/a", "when": "n/a"}]}, {"name": "MicroMUSE", "aliases": ["MicroMUSE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic participation", "justice", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Established a “Citizens Council” and procedures for handling misbehavior, including a limited right of appeal and systems for integrating newcomers, in response to community revolt against a moderator’s arbitrary ban.", "quote": "A month later, MicroMUSE adopted a new governing charter that created a “Citizens Council”, established procedures for handling incidents of misbehavior, and provided a limited right of appeal [92, p. 148-158].", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Middle East and North Africa CyberWatch", "aliases": ["Middle East and North Africa CyberWatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This initiative provides ongoing monitoring and reports on internet conditions and censorship across the Middle East and North Africa, contributing to public awareness and documentation of internet disruptions.", "quote": "Middle East and North Africa CyberWatch https://citizenlab.org/2012/09/middle-east-and-north-africa-cyberwatch-august-25-september-7/, September 2012.", "page": "29", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Middle East Eye, Airwars, Bellingcat", "aliases": ["Middle East Eye, Airwars, Bellingcat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "information quality", "open investigation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Monitoring organizations that reported instances of YouTube's AI removing legitimate war crime videos, raising concerns about over-censorship and the need for careful content moderation.", "quote": "Middle East Eye, the monitoring organisation Airwars and the open-source investigations site, Bellingcat, were among the websites that had videos removed for “breaching YouTube's Community Guidelines”.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Migrantpolitan", "aliases": ["Migrantpolitan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cultural institution"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["empowerment"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A physical space for refugees and migrants to interact and participate in the public sphere, hold events like networking workshops and discussion groups, and produce audio/video content (`Empowertainment`).", "quote": "a physical space for refugees to interact and participate in the public sphere (Nadine Jessen, personal communication, April 21, 2022).", "page": "164", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Miles Chile", "aliases": ["Miles Chile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "reproductive rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Contributed to the consolidated work around the fight against all forms of violence against women and demands for free abortion, aligning with regional and global feminist movements. Their collective actions generate public pressure and shape public discourse.", "quote": "Durante estas décadas también se consolidó el trabajo de agrupaciones y colectivos (como Red chilena contra la violencia hacia las mujeres, la coordinadora 8M, Miles Chile, entre otras) en torno a la lucha contra todas las violencias hacia las mujeres y en consonancia con movimientos feministas", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Milicia Nacional", "aliases": ["Milicia Nacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic duty", "constitutional integrity", "patriotism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la exaltación virtuosa y los verdaderos liberales: Riego ante la fractura del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Constitucional (1822-1823)", "author": "VS Martín", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Served as a key force for defending the constitutional regime and maintaining order during political unrest. Riego saw it as vital for the system's consolidation and actively encouraged enlistment and participation, considering it 'pueblo en armas'.", "quote": "A la par, defendía la milicia nacional y las sociedades patrióticas como elemento de consolidación del régimen, acorde al liberalismo exaltado...", "page": "10", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7731168", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1820–1823 (Constitutional Triennium)"}]}, {"name": "Milicia Nacional (National Militia)", "aliases": ["Milicia Nacional (National Militia)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political power", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1833, "when_max": 1868, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La práctica del poder moderador de la Corona en la época de Isabel II", "author": "JI Marcuello Benedicto", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "As an institution whose existence was strongly supported by progressive forces and linked to elected municipal bodies, it served as a means to contain the Crown's decisive political role, thereby acting as a check and moderating influence on central royal authority.", "quote": "...la existencia de un fuerte poder municipal de origen totalmente electivo (art. 70, ídem), auxiliado por la institución de la Milicia Nacional (art. 77, ídem) (17).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/research/la-practica-del-poder-moderador-de-la-corona-en-la-epoca-de-isabel-ii-1138713/07bfe01d-2cc0-4a1d-9d85-9e644a66a127.pdf", "topic": "moderador", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1833–1868"}]}, {"name": "Milicia Nacional Valenciana", "aliases": ["Milicia Nacional Valenciana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "public order", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1834, "when_max": 1836, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los liberalismos respetables: pacto y moderación en la revolución de 1835 en Valencia", "author": "IB de las Heras", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Acted as a guardian of the revolution, ensuring public order and preventing excesses while also making political demands, such as the suppression of convents. Its hierarchy later participated in controlling more radical elements within the revolutionary movement.", "quote": "la Milicia valenciana se convierte en guardián de la revolución en el doble sentido de evitar una posible reacción por parte de las autoridades afectas al Gobierno y de garantizar el control del movimiento frente a un también posible desbordamiento popular.", "page": "4", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/saitabi/article/download/5865/5624", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Valencia, Spain", "when": "1834–1836"}]}, {"name": "Militants chinois pro-démocratie", "aliases": ["Militants chinois pro-démocratie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Google", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "internet forums"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "political participation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadow ban: l'invisibilisation des contenus en ligne", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These activists sued Baïdu, a search engine, for invisibilizing their publications. Their litigation aimed to challenge the platform's moderation practices that suppressed their pro-democracy discourse.", "quote": "chinois pro-démocratie ont assigné en justice le moteur de recherche Baïdu pour avoir invisibilisé leurs publications.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2111_0075?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Baïdu) with specific examples in USA, France, and China; also early bulletin board systems and internet forums.", "when": "1980s to early 2020s, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Militia Companies (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Militia Companies (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["local power", "public interest", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Active in civic life, involved in maintaining social order and civic welfare, and could be a source of unrest in political conflicts.", "quote": "The urban centres had a vibrant civic life, with active corporate bodies of various kinds, such as guilds and militia companies.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Milk Initiative Group", "aliases": ["Milk Initiative Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "sustainable agriculture"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides farmer perspectives and expertise, shaping the play's discussion on dairy farming and agricultural economics. Their input helps to amplify the concerns and interests of milk producers.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... tous les agriculteurs de l'EMK, de Fairebel et du MIG", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Milk Tea Alliance", "aliases": ["Milk Tea Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement/community"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A transnational online movement that emerged from PRC-Thailand meme wars, broadening to encompass pro-democracy and anti-authoritarian discourses across Asia, leveraging social media for collective expression and identity formation.", "quote": "after a few days, a new hashtag, #MilkTeaAlliance, emerged as the name for a loose transnational online movement; the term points to different variants of a sweet beverage popular in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Thailand (but less so in the PRC).", "page": "127", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Million Man March", "aliases": ["Million Man March"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A large-scale demonstration that brought the Nation of Islam's discourse into the public eye, serving as a counterpublic strategy to perform messages of self-respect and self-determination.", "quote": "Louis Farrakhan's controversial rhetoric and demonstrations such as the Million Man March have drawn the satellite public of the Nation of Islam into the public eye and transformed it into a counterpublic directly engaged with outsiders.", "page": "20", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Million Mask March", "aliases": ["Million Mask March"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Organizes yearly worldwide protest events on November 5th, acting as the 'offline manifestation' of Anonymous. It uses symbolic association with Anonymous to mobilize protesters, express grievances, and set norms of protest.", "quote": "‘MMM’ (Million Mask March): an offshoot of Anonymous, often depicted as its ‘offline version’, related to a worldwide network of protest events that take place on the fifth of November;", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "MilwOrm", "aliases": ["MilwOrm"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["antinuclear activism", "political activism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Hacked India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and defaced over 300 sites with antinuclear statements as a form of politically motivated digital intrusion.", "quote": "In June, 1998 the hacktivist group “MilwOrm” hacked India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Centre to protest against recent nuclear tests.", "page": "203", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Mimesi", "aliases": ["Mimesi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducting research and analysis on how political campaigns utilize social media, highlighting distinct communication strategies and their impact on public perception.", "quote": "Una ricerca di Mimesi analizza come le campagne di Donald Trump e Kamala Harris abbiano utilizzato i social media in modi distinti, evidenziando il ruolo sempre più centrale di queste piattaforme.", "page": "44", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Mind", "aliases": ["Mind"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "VK", "WeChat", "Weibo", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "mental health"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The COVID-19 Mental Health Content Moderation Conundrum", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Expresses concerns about the potential strain on mental health from increased online time during COVID-19, thereby contributing to public pressure on social media companies to heighten safety measures and protect vulnerable users.", "quote": "But organizations like Mind (2020) and even the UK Government (GOV.UK, 2020a) have expressed concerns about the possible strain on mental health that may come from spending more time online during COVID-19.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948186", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Weibo, WeChat, VK), with specific focus on the UK", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Minderoo Centre for Technology and Democracy, University of Cambridge", "aliases": ["Minderoo Centre for Technology and Democracy, University of Cambridge"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research centre / university-affiliated centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and policy briefs, provides written evidence to regulators (ICO), organises public events and networks (Responsible AI UK, AI4Trust) to shape policy and public debate on platform governance and AI.", "quote": "Hosts initiatives on Responsible AI, AI4Trust (combating mis- and disinformation), has provided written evidence to the ICO and runs policy-oriented research and events on tech and democracy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mctd.ac.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Minds", "aliases": ["Minds"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Develops and implements an open-source, community-governed social media platform with a moderation framework that preserves free expression, promotes engagement, and uses evidence-based interventions for deradicalization, contrasting with traditional censorship.", "quote": "Minds has established a framework that encapsulates our conclusions. This framework explores the practical side of creating a new methodology for moderation and combating hyperpolarization, hate, and violent extremism online.", "page": "49", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Minerve française", "aliases": ["Minerve française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Minerve française"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["books.google.com"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'école libérale sous la Restauration: le\" Mercure\"\" et la\"\" Minerve", "author": "1817-1820\"", "year": "49.0", "mechanism": "advocacy/special-interest group", "quote": "Natural rights of man, human dignity, individual virtues, nineteenth-century French liberal ideals.", "page": "...the Minerve française, virtually the continuation of the journal, began in February 1818 and continued until March 1820. This, however, was no ordinary newspaper; rather it was the organ for Benjamin Constant and a group of important but less well-known associates...", "url": "49.0", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "1968", "when": "France"}]}, {"name": "Minnesota E-Democracy", "aliases": ["Minnesota E-Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Rebal21/Ning platform"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ParticiPação cidadã online: o Potencial deliberativo dos gruPos da rebal21", "author": "ABM Assunção", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Developed and hosted online discussion forums since 1994, facilitating open and public debate on political issues, including electoral processes, while ensuring members' rights and responsibilities.", "quote": "Emblemático nesse panorama é o caso do projeto Minnesota E-Democracy (DALHBERG, 2001; CHADWICK, 2006), que desde 1994 desenvolve fóruns de discussão online. Os membros têm direitos e responsabilidades associadas a discussão aberta e pública, sendo um dos primeiros de fóruns online a debater amplamente sobre um processo eleitoral local.", "page": "6", "url": "https://periodicos.ufsm.br/ccomunicacao/article/view/10885", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, online social network (Rebal21/Ning platform)", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Minority advocacy groups and activist groups", "aliases": ["Minority advocacy groups and activist groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e pós-censura: uma síntese sobre as formas clássicas e atuais de controle da produção artística nacional", "author": "Castilho Costa, Maria Cristina; Sousa Junior, Walter De", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "In the contemporary 'post-censorship' era, these groups exert pressure on institutions and decision-makers, leading to actions such as the vetoing of films, removal of artworks from exhibitions, and other forms of interdiction in the public sphere.", "quote": "filmes são vetados por associações representativas de grupos minoritários como mulheres e negros, exposições de arte retiram obras pela pressão de grupos sociais organizados e politicamente engajados.", "page": "13", "url": "https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/pculturais/article/view/28154", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 20th century – post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Minority groups (mobilising against discriminatory censorship)", "aliases": ["Minority groups (mobilising against discriminatory censorship)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["equity", "fairness", "free speech", "user empowerment"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Mobilize against perceived discriminatory censorship by platforms, engaging in evaluation and auditing of moderation policies and developing technologies to empower vulnerable users.", "quote": "Such community dynamics have been observed in the past among certain ethnic, religious, or gender minorities groups who mobilised against what they perceive as a form of discriminatory cen-sorship by platforms.", "page": "16", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Minutemen Project", "aliases": ["Minutemen Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["immigration control", "norm enforcement"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Patrolled the American border as a form of \"legal self-help\"\" to address anxieties toward certain groups", "quote": "Border security, addressing anxieties about immigration, perceived American values.", "page": "take for instance the Minutemen who patrol the American border as a means to cope with anxieties toward people of other racial and ethnic groups (Cabrera & Glavac, 2010)...", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Mis- and disinformation: the challenges and solutions for NGOs", "aliases": ["Mis- and disinformation: the challenges and solutions for NGOs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["member-led NGO network / security risk management forum"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "GISF convenes NGOs, publishes analyses and toolboxes on misinformation and digital risk, provides training and capacity strengthening to shape organisational security practices and sector-level responses to platform-driven threats.", "quote": "GISF's core mission is security risk management for NGOs but it publishes analysis on misinformation/disinformation, platform moderation and AI monitoring as risks to NGO safety and operations.", "page": "", "url": "https://gisf.ngo/blogs/mis-and-disinformation-the-challenges-and-solutions-for-ngos/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Misioneros Salesianos", "aliases": ["Misioneros Salesianos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["community aid", "educational support", "resource sharing"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This group sought and received assistance from the 'Docentes en línea' community to recover and acquire didactic material, including open educational resources, after losing their own due to the Ebola epidemic, implying they rely on curated content from Del for their educational work.", "quote": "Estamos en contacto, por ejemplo, con un grupo de misioneros salesianos que trabajan en distintos países de África occidental y pidieron ayuda a la Comunidad en 2014 para recuperar el material didáctico que habían perdido como consecuencia de la epidemia de ébola que asoló ese continente.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras", "aliases": ["Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Aims to fight corruption and impunity, though its effectiveness is hindered by political elites unwilling to collaborate.", "quote": "This fight against corruption and impunity, including the killing of journalists, is more fragile in Honduras, where political, military and economic elites are unwilling to collaborate with the Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH, Spanish acronym).", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "MIT Information Quality Program", "aliases": ["MIT Information Quality Program"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts research and codifies best practices for information quality, influencing the understanding and application of IQ standards.", "quote": "research programmes (see the Information Quality Program at MIT, http://mitiq.mit.edu/) have addressed applied issues, plausible scenarios, and the codification of best practices.", "page": "309", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "MIT Media Lab Center for Civic Media", "aliases": ["MIT Media Lab Center for Civic Media"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["civic engagement", "public interest", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to Handle Online Risks?: Discussing Content Curation and Moderation in Social Media", "author": "Wohn, Donghee Yvette; Fiesler, Casey; Hemphill, Libby; De Choudhury, Munmun; Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a research center within MIT, it conducts public interest research that informs public discourse and potential interventions related to civic participation online, which includes aspects of content moderation and safety.", "quote": "J. Nathan Matias is a Ph.D. Candidate at the MIT Media Lab Center for Civic Media...", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3027063.3051141", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Twitch), online communities, with examples from USA and South Korea.", "when": "21st century platform era (post-2000, focused on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "MIT Media Lab Digital Currency Initiative", "aliases": ["MIT Media Lab Digital Currency Initiative"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralization", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contemporary Issues and Concerns Primer", "author": "Caplan, Robyn; Boyd, Danah", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Researches and explores alternative infrastructure to decentralize the Internet, focusing on creating encoded trust networks and distributed power in shaping discourse.", "quote": "researchers at the MIT Media Lab's Digital Currency Initiative explore alternative infrastructure that (re)decentralizes the Internet with a dual aim of creating encoded trust networks and distributed power in shaping discourse.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online public sphere in democracies, with a focus on US, UK, and EU", "when": "post-2000s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mocidade Portuguesa", "aliases": ["Mocidade Portuguesa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "political loyalty", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Functioned as a state-chartered youth organization under the Estado Novo, integrating young people into the regime's ideological framework and controlling their public activities.", "quote": "Estas estruturas atravessavam toda a sociedade portuguesa e enquadravam todos os sectores de actividade. Era o caso dos Sindicatos Nacionais, da Policia de Vigilância e defesa do Estado (PIDE), da Federação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho (FNAT), da Mocidade Portuguesa (MP), dos Grémios, das Corporações, do secretariado da Propaganda Nacional (SPN)", "page": "29", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Modelo Intercolegial de Simulação das Nações Unidas (MINIONU)", "aliases": ["Modelo Intercolegial de Simulação das Nações Unidas (MINIONU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "critical thinking", "education", "inclusivity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MINIONU: desafios e soluções no processo de virtualização do evento nos anos de 2020 e 2021", "author": "JG Brito, LD Aguiar, PH Monteiro…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organizes and moderates simulations of international forums for high school students, establishing rules for debate and interaction. It adapted these rules for virtual environments to ensure dynamic and inclusive discussions, and created 'MINIONU Plural' to safely address sensitive social and political themes through digital content and live debates.", "quote": "percebeu-se como necessária uma reformulação nas regras de moderação e debates dentro dos comitês, tendo em vista que, devido ao ambiente virtual, a nova moderação deveria ser mais dinâmica e fluida...", "page": "10", "url": "https://periodicos.pucminas.br/conecte-se/article/view/28367", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "PUC Minas, Brazil", "when": "2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Moderate Voice Websites (collective)", "aliases": ["Moderate Voice Websites (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political cooperation", "political moderation"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "These websites proliferated to provide a 'moderate' voice in US politics, aiming to counter political polarization and foster bipartisan discussion.", "quote": "This argument was echoed in cyberspace during the 2008 elections, when websites dedicated to providing a 'moderate' voice in US politics proliferated (cf www.almoderate.com, www.themoderatevoice.com and www.moderatevoters.org).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Moderating (Mis)information - The CGO", "aliases": ["Moderating (Mis)information - The CGO"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes experimental research measuring effects of moderation protocols and consequences, providing empirical evidence to inform platform and policy decisions.", "quote": "Publishes empirical research on content moderation and misinformation (working paper experimentally testing moderation protocols and consequences).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thecgo.org/research/moderating-misinformation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Modern Language Association", "aliases": ["Modern Language Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scholarly inquiry"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Features academic sessions on censorship and discourse regulation, influencing scholarly debate and approaches to the topic.", "quote": "For example, the MLA featured sessions on 'Historicizing the New Censorship' (1990), and on 'Policing the Aesthetic: Political Criticism and the Public Sphere' (1991).", "page": "2", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "MODGUIDE conference", "aliases": ["MODGUIDE conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["COM", "CoSy"], "norms": ["effective communication", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Effective moderation of computer conferences—notes and suggestions", "author": "MG Brochet", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "A computer conference where members collaboratively shared ideas and developed suggestions on effective online moderation, directly influencing the practical guidelines for governing digital discussions.", "quote": "I would like to express my thanks to the members of the MODGUIDE conference at the University of Guelph CoSy who generously shared their time and ideas on effective conference moderation", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/324239.324323", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Computer conferencing systems (e.g., CoSy, COM), particularly at the University of Guelph, Canada, and with European participation", "when": "Mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Modularity Project, Annenberg Public Policy Center", "aliases": ["Modularity Project, Annenberg Public Policy Center"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research project / policy initiative (university-affiliated)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy playbooks and public articles, organizes and participates in IGF and other multistakeholder events to shape cross-border platform governance discussions and encourage adoption of modular approaches.", "quote": "The project explicitly develops and advocates 'modularity' as a multistakeholder, multi-jurisdictional framework for digital platform governance and publishes playbooks and policy pieces for platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://modularityproject.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Molly Rose Foundation", "aliases": ["Molly Rose Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charitable foundation; suicide prevention charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes resources, provides training and lived-experience testimony, and engages with policymakers and regulators to shape online-safety policy and education aimed at reducing youth suicide.", "quote": "Primary mission is suicide prevention for young people but the organisation engages with government, regulators and charities to influence online-safety policy and steer young people away from harmful online content.", "page": "", "url": "https://mollyrosefoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Monarchiens (French constitutional monarchists)", "aliases": ["Monarchiens (French constitutional monarchists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["compromise", "constitutionalism", "political moderation", "political stability"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1660, "when_max": 1800, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération et centrisme politique en Angleterre de 1660 à 1800", "author": "RH Griffiths", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocated for a moderate constitutional monarchy during the French Revolution, attempting to establish political norms based on compromise and an accommodation to evolving political realities, despite facing strong ideological opposition.", "quote": "l'âpre querelle qui éclata en 1791 entre Burke et les premiers « modérés » de la Révolution française, les monarchiens, qui, bientôt réfugiés à Londres, essayèrent de résister à la bipolarisation du conflit idéologique.", "page": "23", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-historiques-de-la-revolution-francaise-2009-3-page-119", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "England", "when": "1660–1800"}]}, {"name": "Monarchist groups (in Spain)", "aliases": ["Monarchist groups (in Spain)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["monarchical authority"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced propaganda posters and slogans for the insurgent side during the Spanish Civil War.", "quote": "Cependant, les insurgés, pour des raisons diverses —morts prématurées de leaders, forte implication de l’armée, concentration des pouvoirs— vont rapidement s’unifier et se centraliser. Ainsi, ce sont essentiellement la Phalange et les Monarchistes qui produiront les slogans et la propagande.", "page": "148", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Monasteries of St. Bernard (Cistercian Order)", "aliases": ["Monasteries of St. Bernard (Cistercian Order)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Their libraries were granted licenses for prohibited books, indicating their role as centers for monastic learning and theological activities.", "quote": "Entre 1772 e 1777, assim, foram beneficiadas com licenças de tipo 1, graças a requerimentos de reitores, priores, provinciais ou procuradores da mitra, as livrarias dos seguintes colégios, congregações, mosteiros ou dioceses: ... os mosteiros de S. Bernardo em Alcobaça e Coimbra", "page": "260", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Monastic Libraries", "aliases": ["Monastic Libraries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "professional standards", "state control"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e mercê", "author": "T Fonseca", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "These libraries served as controlled repositories for forbidden books, allowing authorized 'learned individuals' to access them for study, while restricting access for 'common readers' in accordance with state censorship policies.", "quote": "Isso fica mais evidente nos pedidos feitos para que bibliotecas inteiras (normalmente monásticas) pudessem guardar nas suas coleções os livros vetados para os leitores “comuns”:", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/106166794/271.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Money and Mental Health Institute", "aliases": ["Money and Mental Health Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity / policy institute"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Produces research and consultation responses, runs campaigns and petitions, and uses its super-complainant status to prompt regulatory and government action on consumer harms including online scams.", "quote": "Primary mission is money and mental health but has engaged regulators and government (e.g., secured action to tackle online scammers; holds super-complainant status) on consumer harms linked to online activity.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.moneyandmentalhealth.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Monitore cisalpino", "aliases": ["Monitore cisalpino"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Cisalpine Republic", "Dalmatia", "Illyrian Provinces", "Kingdom of Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1803, "when_max": 1813, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bartolomeo Benincasa censore generale delle Province illiriche (1810-1811)", "author": "F Bouchard", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-founded by Benincasa and others, this newspaper served as a platform for disseminating political views and shaping public discourse in the newly established Cisalpine Republic, acting as a gatekeeper and shaper of information consistent with republican ideals.", "quote": "Egli si ferma allora nella Milano della prima Cisalpina dove contribuisce a fondare, assieme al napoletano Flaminio Massa e il romagnolo Giuseppe Compagnoni, il «Monitore cisalpino» che esce dall'aprile del 1798 fino alla caduta della repubblica, con l'invasione austro-russa del 1799.", "page": "10", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-03529816/document", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Illyrian Provinces (Laybach/Ljubljana), Dalmatia, Cisalpine Republic, Kingdom of Italy", "when": "1803–1813"}]}, {"name": "Mont Pelerin Society", "aliases": ["Mont Pelerin Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["limited government", "market freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a neoliberal think tank, defining market fundamentalist concepts and shaping economic and social norms that lay the groundwork for a new ideological paradigm, influencing public discourse and policy.", "quote": "Pühringer & Ötsch (2018) point to the market fundamentalist concepts of neoliberalism as defined by the Mont Pelerin Society, a core neoliberal thinktank founded in 1947.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Monti di Pietà (Pawnshops of Piety)", "aliases": ["Monti di Pietà (Pawnshops of Piety)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["charity", "economic justice", "social cohesion", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided credit to the needy by accepting pawns at low interest rates, aiming to alleviate poverty and counter usury, thereby influencing economic behavior and social welfare.", "quote": "La formula «pauperes pinguores» definisce i clienti dei Monti di Pietà, istituti di credito solidaristico sorti nella seconda metà del XV secolo per iniziativa francescana con lo scopo di he erogare denaro incamerando un pegno.", "page": "76", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Montreal AI Ethics Institute", "aliases": ["Montreal AI Ethics Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "responsible ai development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizenship, Censorship, and Democracy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence", "author": "Matusevych, Tetiana; Romero, Margarida; Strutynska, Oksana", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published guidelines for responsible AI research and use, contributing to norm-setting and ethical standards for AI development and application.", "quote": "The Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) published a guideline including the norms for responsible Al research and use (Dilhac et al., 2018).", "page": "59", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-55272-4_5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global contemporary digital society, focusing on AI in education", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010s era of AI development)"}]}, {"name": "Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI)", "aliases": ["Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "ai ethics", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, bringing an AI ethics perspective to content moderation and transparency, advocating for responsible AI use.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI (team)", "aliases": ["Montreal Declaration for Responsible AI (team)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "responsible ai development"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La regolazione delle piattaforme digitali", "author": "G Taraborrelli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Elaborated principles contained in the Montreal Declaration on the Responsible Development of Artificial Intelligence in 2018.", "quote": "e il team interuniversitario e interdisciplinare che ha elaborato i principi contenuti nella Dichiarazione di Montreal sullo sviluppo responsabile dell’intelligenza artificiale del 2018220.", "page": "125", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/356797", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital governance (focus on EU, US, China)", "when": "late 20th and 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Moonshot", "aliases": ["Moonshot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["public safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Connects vulnerable individuals with mentors and offers expertise for managing extremism, contributing to preventive approaches against online radicalization and hate speech.", "quote": "L’expérience de Moonshot pourrait être mise à contribution (Moonshot, 2020).", "page": "186", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Moralists of the Church of England", "aliases": ["Moralists of the Church of England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1660, "when_max": 1800, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération et centrisme politique en Angleterre de 1660 à 1800", "author": "RH Griffiths", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Interpreted and disseminated the concept of moderation as a core Christian virtue and a natural morality, especially through sermons and writings, thereby influencing social and ethical norms.", "quote": "Les moralistes de l'Église anglicane, animés par une vision bienveillante de la nature humaine, les considéraient comme les dépositaires d'une « moralité naturelle ».", "page": "16", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-historiques-de-la-revolution-francaise-2009-3-page-119", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "England", "when": "1660–1800"}]}, {"name": "Morality Action Committee", "aliases": ["Morality Action Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "A neoconservative group that lobbied for supporters of Franklin Furnace (including the NEA) to withdraw funding from 'The Carnival Knowledge Show' due to its controversial content.", "quote": "The show came under fire from a neoconservative group called the Morality Action Committee, who called for supporters of Franklin Furnace, including the NEA, to withdraw funding.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Morality Leagues", "aliases": ["Morality Leagues"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern to mid-20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et société", "author": "Burgelin, Olivier", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "As part of the 'censoring groups' (groupes censurants), they exert pressure on the State and its censorship commissions to ensure cultural production aligns with their perspectives, influencing the diffusion of messages.", "quote": "La Censure fondamentale est, dans les sociétés modernes, soutenue et parfois apparemment imposée par un certain nombre de groupes clairement identifiables (ligues familiales, églises, ligues de moralité...) que nous appellerons les groupes censurants.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1134", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western democracies, France", "when": "Early modern to mid-20th century, with a focus on mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Morning Star", "aliases": ["Morning Star"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercialism", "working class solidarity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A working-class newspaper that used street-selling and relied on volunteers, maintaining an anti-commercial approach to media production.", "quote": "working-class press of the Morning Star and The Newsline. People work for the paper for little or no wages as volunteers, a phenomenon encouraged by, as Comedia has it, 'their commitment to squatting and claiming as a way of life' (1984: 97).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Moroccan Movement for Reform and Renewal", "aliases": ["Moroccan Movement for Reform and Renewal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "political participation", "political stability", "religious ideology"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This was the new name adopted by Al-Jama'a Al-Islamiyya, serving to formally reassert its commitment to operating within Morocco's political rules, indicating a continued phase of tactical moderation and seeking legal avenues for political participation by merging with an existing party.", "quote": "In 1992, Al-Jama’a changed its name to Harakat al-Islah wal-Tajdid al-Maghribiyya (Moroccan Movement for Reform and Renewal) to reassert its commitment to the rules of the political game in Morocco.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Moroccan Outlaws", "aliases": ["Moroccan Outlaws"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "free speech", "public awareness", "redress"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports the idea that digital networks represent a space for free speech, leading to national awareness of sexual harassment at university and appropriate legal sanctions.", "quote": "L’efficience des réseaux sociaux numériques dans l’élargissement de l’espace de la cause des femmes au Maghreb est confirmée par Sonia Terrab, réalisatrice et romancière marocaine, co-fondatrice du collectif Morrocan out laws qui soutient que les réseaux numériques représentent un espace de libération de la parole qui a engendré une prise de conscience nationale sur le harcèlement sexuel à l’université et par la suite des sanctions juridiques adéquates.", "page": "18", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "MosaicLab", "aliases": ["MosaicLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a third-party democratic infrastructure provider, offering expertise in conducting deliberative democratic processes for collective decision-making.", "quote": "Processes are often conducted by a third-party democratic infrastructure provider (Ovadya, 2023a), roughly analogous to an election system vendor, who has expertise in conducting such deliberative processes (e.g., Involve; Nexus; MosaicLab; MASS LBP).", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (MK VKP(b))", "aliases": ["Moscow Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (MK VKP(b))"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (party organ with regulatory function)"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["ideological conformity", "media control", "political control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Weimar"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1928, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Glavlit, censorship and the problem of party policy in cultural affairs, 1922–28", "author": "Fox, Michael S.", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "Issued orders prohibiting party members from collaborating with private presses without specific approval, thereby acting as a gatekeeper for private publishing activities.", "quote": "By 1925 an order of the Moscow party committee (MK) prohibited party members within its jurisdiction from working with a private press without MK approval...", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668139208412065", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USSR", "when": "1922–1928"}]}, {"name": "Moscow Media Law and Policy Centre", "aliases": ["Moscow Media Law and Policy Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Co-organized workshops to discuss co-/self-regulation bodies in the mass media, contributing to norm-setting and policy discussions on media governance.", "quote": "Co-/Self-Regulation Bodies (2005) Co-/Self-Regulation Bodies in the Mass Media. Report on the workshop jointly organized by the Moscow Media Law and Policy Centre and the European Audiovisual Observatory with the Grand Jury of the Russian Union of Journalists.", "page": "66", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Mothers International Lactation Campaign", "aliases": ["Mothers International Lactation Campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["body autonomy", "free speech", "social acceptance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Organized an online 'nurse-in' protest that garnered mainstream media attention, putting public pressure on Facebook to change its policy regarding images of mothers nursing children.", "quote": "As the group grew in size, an offshoot, calling itself the Mothers International Lactation Campaign, decided to hold an online “nurse-in” protest on December 27, 2008, which garnered attention from mainstream media including the “Parenting” section of the New York Times.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Mothers' movement against Facebook's breastfeeding policy", "aliases": ["Mothers' movement against Facebook's breastfeeding policy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-obscenity", "content moderation critique", "free expression"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Réseaux sociaux: les nouveaux chemins de la censure", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Mobilized between 2007 and 2012 against Facebook's policy of removing breastfeeding photos, organizing online protests to advocate for changes in content rules.", "quote": "mouvement de mères de famille qui se sont mobilisées entre 2007 et 2012 contre la politique de Facebook visant à retirer de sa plateforme les photos d'allaitement.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_112_0137?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Major US social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok), USA, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2016-2022)"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Association", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content appropriateness", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Icm-assistant: instruction-tuning multimodal large language models for rule-based explainable image content moderation", "author": "M Wu, Y Zhao, J Cao, M Xu, Z Jiang, X Wang…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The MPA defines content moderation rules, specifically those related to 'disallowing body positions with sexual attractions' and sets guidelines for specific age groups in media content.", "quote": "disallowing body positions with sexual attractions (MPA 2024) for the same age group", "page": "5", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/32908", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, user-generated and AI-generated content", "when": "post-2020 AI era"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Association (MPA)", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Association (MPA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["age appropriateness", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identity-related Speech Suppression in Generative AI Content Moderation", "author": "Proebsting, Grace; Anigboro, Oghenefejiro Isaacs; Crawford, Charlie M.; Metaxa, Danaé; Friedler, Sorelle A.", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Establishes and applies age ratings (G, PG, PG-13, R, and NC-17) to movies and television shows, categorizing content by maturity level, which functions as a form of self-regulation and content moderation/gatekeeping for viewership.", "quote": "These age ratings are established by an external organization (the Motion Picture Association) and indicate the maturity level of the content; for example, PG-13 content is considered appropriate for people aged 13 and up.", "page": "7", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2409.13725", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms and Generative AI systems, primarily in the US context", "when": "Contemporary generative AI era (post-2020)"}]}, {"name": "Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America", "aliases": ["Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["industry reputation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A History of Censorship in the United States", "author": "Steele, Jennifer Elaine", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Adopted and strictly enforced the Production Code (Hays Code) to regulate the content of motion pictures, setting moral guidelines and censoring scenes deemed inappropriate to rehabilitate Hollywood's image.", "quote": "The MPPDA, which later became known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), adopted the Production Code in 1930 and began strictly enforc-ing it in 1934 (Miller 1994).", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7208", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Moulay Ismail University of Meknes", "aliases": ["Moulay Ismail University of Meknes"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collaborated in a research project on \"IMAGO FRANCA\"\" focusing on visual cultures and censorship in the Mediterranean region.\"", "quote": "condotto congiuntamente all’Università “Moulay Ismaïl” di Meknès, Marocco, al Groupe Marocain de Sémiotique, nella medesima università", "page": "10", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Mount Grace Charterhouse", "aliases": ["Mount Grace Charterhouse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "A Carthusian community, it played a significant role in producing and safeguarding approved vernacular theological texts, notably Nicholas Love's *Mirror*, which received official sanction from Archbishop Arundel.", "quote": "the rise both of Mount Grace itself and of the Carthusians as the fifteenth century's major copyers and guardians of vernacular religious texts dates from roughly this time.", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Mouvement 'ante abana'", "aliases": ["Mouvement 'ante abana'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional integrity", "political mobilization"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Mobilized public opinion and diffused information against a constitutional revision project, demonstrating collective action and influencing political outcomes through social pressure.", "quote": "Un moment décisif s'est produit en 2017, avec le mouvement 'ante abana', un mouvement politique hétéroclite, qui a rassemblé des partis politiques, associations, des personnalités politiques, des leaders religieux et des acteurs de la société civile contre le projet de révision constitutionnel du président de la République d'alors, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Mouvement Blaise Compaoré doit partir", "aliases": ["Mouvement Blaise Compaoré doit partir"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political dissent"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A social movement formed to exert public pressure for the resignation of President Blaise Compaoré, likely using various communication channels including social media.", "quote": "Aux côtés des différents groupes formés sur les réseaux sociaux lors des mouvements de contestations sociales de février - juin 2011 et d’octobre 2014, « Mouvement Blaise Compaoré doit partir »", "page": "136", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Mouvement des Gilets Jaunes", "aliases": ["Mouvement des Gilets Jaunes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Google", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "internet forums"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadow ban: l'invisibilisation des contenus en ligne", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The movement's active participation on online platforms was, according to the affected pages, a cause for their alleged arbitrary censorship through invisibilisation (shadowban).", "quote": "Leur participation active au mouvement des gilets jaunes semblait être, selon les intéressés, la cause de cette censure arbitraire.", "page": "4", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2111_0075?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Baïdu) with specific examples in USA, France, and China; also early bulletin board systems and internet forums.", "when": "1980s to early 2020s, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Mouvement Desjardins", "aliases": ["Mouvement Desjardins"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["financial cooperative / special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La télévision est immorale", "author": "J Godbout", "year": "1966", "mechanism": "As a content producer/presenter, this cooperative offers programming (e.g., téléromans) that avoids the 'spectacular', 'sensational', 'horrible', or 'forbidden'. The author critiques this content selection as failing to attract viewership, implying a form of content gatekeeping or editorial choice that misaligns with the medium's nature.", "quote": "les caisses populaires Desjardins présentent, les téléromans en studio, etc. ne participant ni du spectaculaire, ni du sensationnel, ni de l'horrible ou du défendu, sont voués à des cotes d'écoute misérables.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1966-v8-n5-6-liberte1027426/30099ac/abstract/", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada (Quebec)", "when": "1960s"}]}, {"name": "Mouvement laïque québécois", "aliases": ["Mouvement laïque québécois"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "freedom of conscience", "multiculturalism", "secularism", "state neutrality"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Successfully litigated against the mayor of Saguenay for reciting a prayer at municipal council meetings, leading to a Supreme Court ruling affirming state neutrality in religious matters.", "quote": "Dans le jugement Mouvement laïque québécois c. Saguenay (Ville), la Cour suprême du Canada a rappelé que la neutralité de l’État en matière de religion signifie que celui-ci «ne favorise ni ne défavorise aucune croyance, pas plus que l’incroyance».", "page": "81", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Mouvement Unicité et Réforme (MUR)", "aliases": ["Mouvement Unicité et Réforme (MUR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Disseminates religious messages and rhetoric through platforms like al Tajdid, al Islah, and Da’awa websites, influencing social and ethical spheres with Islamic principles.", "quote": "These latter are platforms for the founding movement (MUR) to disseminate its religious message. Besides, they feature links to Da’awa websites.", "page": "235", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Mouvements politiques de la gauche radicale", "aliases": ["Mouvements politiques de la gauche radicale"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Baidu", "Facebook", "Google", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube", "bulletin board systems", "internet forums"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadow ban: l'invisibilisation des contenus en ligne", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These movements used Facebook pages for political expression and alleged that their content was subject to unexplainable audience drops, suggesting censorship by the platform through invisibilisation.", "quote": "plusieurs pages Facebook de mouvements politiques issues de la gauche radicale avaient dénoncé une chute inexpliquée de leur audience, certaines pages voyant les visionnages de leurs posts divisés par 100, voire par 1000, sans autres formes de justification de la part du réseau social.", "page": "4", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2111_0075?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, Baïdu) with specific examples in USA, France, and China; also early bulletin board systems and internet forums.", "when": "1980s to early 2020s, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Movement for Fair Elections", "aliases": ["Movement for Fair Elections"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair elections", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Utilized social media for political mobilization, leading to significant protests and prompting state reactions concerning Internet control.", "quote": "The protests ‘For Fair Elections’ in 2011–2012 demonstrated the mobilization power of social media (Bodrunova and Litvinenko, 2013; Reuter and Szakonyi, 2015).", "page": "45", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Movement of Unity and Reform", "aliases": ["Movement of Unity and Reform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["culture", "democracy", "education", "religious orthodoxy", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This Islamic movement was the parent organization of the PJD. Its formal separation from the PJD was crucial for the PJD's ideological moderation, enabling the party to focus on public policy and appeal to a broader, more diverse constituency without being constrained by the movement's religious focus.", "quote": "The formal separation of the political party (PJD) from the founding organiz-ation (the Movement for Unity and Reform – MUR) facilitated PJD’s ideological moderation in the late 1990s. The movement focused largely on 'religious activi-ties, education, culture, social welfare' whereas the party dealt with ‘the manage-ment of public affairs, political activities, and public policies’.", "page": "19", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Movement of Unity and Reform (MUR)", "aliases": ["Movement of Unity and Reform (MUR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Morocco", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist parties, intraparty organizational dynamics, and moderation as strategic behaviour", "author": "FM Wuthrich, S Ciftci", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Initially, it exerted significant influence over the political party PJD, particularly concerning decisions about joining government coalitions, thereby limiting the party's strategic flexibility and political moderation. The party later distanced itself from MUR to gain greater autonomy.", "quote": "While the Movement of Unity and Reform (MUR) was more influential over the party in 2000 and 2002 with respect to decisions not to join the government, this changed in 2003 when PJD organized its election campaigns independently, distanced itself from MUR, and engaged more strategically towards political system dynamics.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629395.2020.1790165", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various Muslim-majority countries (Egypt, Turkey, Morocco)", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (1969–2018)"}]}, {"name": "Movement to Restore Decency", "aliases": ["Movement to Restore Decency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "public morals", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Published materials circulated in Kanawha County, advocating against sex education and linking it to a Communist conspiracy.", "quote": "A MOTOREDE publication circulated in Kanawha County at the time declared, 'It is no accident that Communists and others long associ ated with this conspiracy are among the staunchest advocates of the growing menace of school courses on sex.'", "page": "13", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Movieguide", "aliases": ["Movieguide"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This established periodical hosts online movie ratings services, providing mass audiences with a religiously-informed perspective on films to guide their viewing choices.", "quote": "Established periodicals including The Christian Century, Movieguide, The Conservative Voice, and The American Conservative currently host online movie ratings services.", "page": "13", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "Movimento", "aliases": ["Movimento"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a weekly newspaper, it functioned as a publication of resistance during the military dictatorship, using creative means like publishing black bars to highlight censorship and providing a platform for critical reporting.", "quote": "os semanários Opinião e Movimento publicavam tarjas pretas. [...] Aguinaldo Silva atuou como colaborador nos jornais Opinião e Movimento, ambos podendo ser caracterizados como publicações de resistência à ditadura militar.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Movimento 5 Stelle", "aliases": ["Movimento 5 Stelle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "direct democracy", "good governance", "limited government", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderatore dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il lato oscuro delle stelle", "author": "A Banfi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The M5S claims to embody direct democracy through its online platforms (blogs, forums, meetups), but the article contends these are used to manufacture consensus and suppress dissent. This is achieved by organizing forums to allow varying visibility of comments based on votes, thereby granting power to suppress unwelcome opinions and control the narrative, centralizing the interpretation of the 'people's will' by its leaders.", "quote": "Forum come quello di Grillo e del Fatto Quotidiano sono organizzati in modo da permettere una diversa visibilità dei commenti a seconda del numero di apprezzamenti o di voti negativi che essi ricevono, con il risultato di consegnare un notevole potere di soppressione del dissenso o delle opinioni sgradite a gruppi ben orchestrati...", "page": "2", "url": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/219441/2/MO4-2013.pdf", "topic": "moderatore dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy", "when": "Early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Movimento 5 Stelle (Five Star Movement)", "aliases": ["Movimento 5 Stelle (Five Star Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["European Union", "France", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["online governance", "political participation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comparer les débats politiques en ligne: Complexité rhétorique et régimes argumentatifs dans les plateformes Idées Paris et Conférence sur l'avenir de l'Europe", "author": "FL Vigni", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Mouvement 5 étoiles uses its Rousseau platform, designed with a \"unilateral\"\" approach", "quote": "thereby influencing the nature of debate and limiting interactive deliberation.\"", "page": "", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/view/78293", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms in France, European Union, Spain, and Italy", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Brasil Livre (Free Brazil Movement)", "aliases": ["Movimento Brasil Livre (Free Brazil Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Was a political movement whose pages and profiles were taken down by Facebook due to 'authenticity policies' and the use of fake accounts, indicating the movement's content was subject to platform moderation.", "quote": "In Brazil, Facebook was criticised during the 2018 Presidential Elections after taking down 196 pages and 87 profiles, many of them linked to ‘Movimento Brasil Livre’ (a right-wing movement with expressive support in the country at the time) due to 'authenticity policies.", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral", "aliases": ["Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produced various documents requesting the moralization of social communication media, opposing 'modernism' and perceived moral decline.", "quote": "...Movimento Católico de Promoção Moral, a Ação Católica Diocese de São Carlos, a Confederação Nacional das Congregações Marianas do Brasil... produziram diversos documentos pedindo uma moralização dos meios de comunicação social.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Movimento de Arregimentação Feminina", "aliases": ["Movimento de Arregimentação Feminina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Participated in campaigns against 'immoral' media content, aligning with other groups advocating for stricter censorship based on moral and anti-communist principles.", "quote": "...entidades como o Movimento por um Mundo Cristão (MMC), a União Cívica Feminina (UCF) e o Movimento de Arregimentação Feminina (MAF) continuaram atuando em favor dos mesmos princípios que propagandearam pouco antes da queda de João Goulart.", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Democrático Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Movimento Democrático Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As the official opposition party during the military dictatorship, it functioned as a legal channel for dissent, thereby engaging with and challenging the state's control and censorship mechanisms.", "quote": "...pelo oposicionista, MDB (Movimento Democrático Brasileiro).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB)", "aliases": ["Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formed to reunite political parties contrary to the dictatorship and grew in opposition after significant electoral victories, challenging the government's power as a result of political plurality restrictions.", "quote": "MDB (movimento democrático brasileiro), que reunia os demais partidos políticos contrários à ditadura. Nas eleições daquele ano, o MDB venceu em 73% para deputados federais e senadores, o que ampliou consideravelmente a oposição no governo.", "page": "19", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}]}, {"name": "Movimento do Passe Livre", "aliases": ["Movimento do Passe Livre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic welfare", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organized street demonstrations to advocate for specific social policies, such as the reduction of public transportation fares, which triggered a broader wave of protests.", "quote": "organizadas pelo Movimento do Passe Livre (MPL), tinham como pretensão a redução dos preços das passagens dos transportes públicos.", "page": "72", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (MTST)", "aliases": ["Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto (MTST)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "housing rights", "human rights", "social equity", "social participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Historical Negationism and the Emergence of the Far Right The Crisis of the Modern Regime of Historicity in Brazil (2019-2022)", "author": "Maia, Tatyana De Amaral", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The MTST engages in public life by organizing and advocating for the expansion of rights, particularly housing rights, within the broader democratization process. Its efforts to secure and expand social provisions contribute to a 'hegemonic memory' that reinforces democratic values and challenges authoritarian attempts to rewrite history.", "quote": "organized groups around democratization demanding the expansion of agendas and, consequently, of rights: the Black movement, LGBTQIA+ groups, human rights groups, former political prisoners and their families, the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra [Landless Workers' Movement] (MST), the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Teto [Homeless Workers' Movement] (MTST), the feminist movement, among others.", "page": "22", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-87752023000300007&tlng=en", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2019–2022"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Escola sem Partido", "aliases": ["Movimento Escola sem Partido"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Promotes specific ideas about education, combats 'ideological indoctrination' in schools, and uses activism to frame educational content as a public problem.", "quote": "O ‘Escola sem Partido’ (ESP) é uma organização que atua no campo da educação brasileira desde 2004. Autodeclarado ‘movimento’, o grupo se entende como um promotor da ‘liberdade de pensamento’ e do ‘pluralismo de ideias nas escolas’, por meio do ativismo contra um suposto processo de ‘doutrinação ideológica’ em curso nas escolas do país.", "page": "37", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Italiano Genitori (Moige)", "aliases": ["Movimento Italiano Genitori (Moige)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of Anime in Italian Distribution", "author": "Parini, Ilaria", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This parents' association exerts pressure on distributors by raising concerns and protests regarding content in anime that they perceive as potentially harmful to children's psychological development, influencing editorial decisions.", "quote": "...especially by Moige (Movimento Italiano Genitori), concerned with the protection of their children's psychological balance and well-being.", "page": "9", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013948ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "1970s–2012"}]}, {"name": "Movimento No Tav", "aliases": ["Movimento No Tav"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "public debate"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in protests and actions, including advocating for \"sabotage\"\" (interpreted as passive resistance) against the construction of a high-speed railway", "quote": "Environmental protection, local community interests, anti-TAV.", "page": "Erri De Luca... è stato accusato... in supporto di No Tav, a movement based in the Piedmont region that has been fighting for years against the construction of a high speed railway, which No Tav accuses of being a threat to the local local environment.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Movimento No-TAV", "aliases": ["Movimento No-TAV"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental concerns", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La democrazia in un ambiente ostile: un quasi-esperimento deliberativo", "author": "P Isernia, L Bobbio, I Fiket, AR Manca, N Podesta", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Engaged in public protests and advocacy to challenge the high-speed rail project, influencing public discourse and ultimately gaining increased sympathy and legitimacy for its arguments within a deliberative setting.", "quote": "è aumentata la simpatia per il movimento No-TAV e per le ragioni della protesta e, di nuovo, tutto ciò a causa di un cambiamento di orientamento degli abitanti di Torino e provincia nei confronti degli abitanti della Val di Susa.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1425/28363", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Province of Turin, Italy", "when": "2007"}]}, {"name": "Movimento pelo Passe Livre", "aliases": ["Movimento pelo Passe Livre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Dialoga Brasil"], "norms": ["public services", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participação on-line no Governo Federal: um estudo da plataforma Dialoga Brasil", "author": "A Barbalho, M Cordeiro", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The MPL initiated public protests against increases in public transport fares, which then escalated into a broader wave of demonstrations across various cities. This represents a form of public pressure and norm enforcement against government policies.", "quote": "O ápice desse processo foram as jornadas de junho de 2013, com a convocação por parte do Movimento pelo Passe Livre (MPL) dos primeiros protestos contra o aumento de passagens de transporte público que deram ensejo, na sequência, a uma temporada de manifestações em várias capitais do país.", "page": "2", "url": "https://periodicos.ufcat.edu.br/Opsis/article/view/62896", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, Dialoga Brasil platform", "when": "2003-2016"}]}, {"name": "Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola", "aliases": ["Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["national independence", "political freedom", "self-determination"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-colonial guerrilla warfare, influencing populations and leading to forced displacement and concentration policies by the colonial regime. Also invited foreign journalists to cover the anti-colonial struggle.", "quote": "as arriscadas viagens jornalísticas a Angola e aos territórios vizinhos a convite dos movimentos de libertação – UPA-FNLA, MPLA e UNITA, cada um teve os seus observadores ‘imparciais’ que depois se fizeram publicar quasi-academicamente", "page": "71", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Movimento por um Mundo Cristão", "aliases": ["Movimento por um Mundo Cristão"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Articulated with other religious entities to lobby for stricter censorship of media content deemed morally offensive, associating 'modernism' and moral decay with political subversion.", "quote": "O Movimento por um Mundo Cristão era um grupo religioso surgido em Belo Horizonte, em 1956, que combatia o “modernismo” de modo geral...", "page": "232", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento #YoSoy132", "aliases": ["Movimiento #YoSoy132"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "media pluralism", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Criticized the initial transmission conditions of the first presidential debate, advocating for greater transparency and wider, fairer media coverage, which subsequently led to improved conditions for the second debate.", "quote": "Las críticas a dichas acciones, entre las que destacaron el movimiento estudiantil Yo soy #132 y el periodismo crítico del país, provocaron en un sentido favorable que las condiciones del segundo debate (10 de junio) fueran diferentes en términos de cobertura y difusión del mismo.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento 15-M (15-M Movement / Indignados Movement)", "aliases": ["Movimiento 15-M (15-M Movement / Indignados Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["critical inquiry", "participatory democracy"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los entornos digitales de comunicación y la construcción argumentativa de valores, ideologías y políticas. Características del debate y la opinión en Internet", "author": "MÁ Guerrero Ramos", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Movimiento 15-M seeks to achieve new forms of democratic representation by constructing new political lexicons and grammars through the 'force of facts,' thereby influencing public policy, juridical situations, and how the state interacts with specific social groups.", "quote": "Una tarea que el movimiento piensa lograr “construyendo nuevos léxicos y gramáticas políticas que han ganado su radicalidad en la fuerza de los hechos y no sobre fórmulas teóricas y conceptuales preestablecidas y segmentadas.", "page": "10", "url": "https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/9309", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento de Ayuda al Cáncer de Mama (MACMA)", "aliases": ["Movimiento de Ayuda al Cáncer de Mama (MACMA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "public health"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developed creative campaigns to raise awareness about breast cancer prevention, intentionally bypassing social media censorship rules by, for example, using male chests or female chests with mouths instead of nipples in their videos.", "quote": "Un ejemplo de ello es \"TetasxTetas\"\"", "page": "el vídeo publicado por la ONG Movimiento de Ayuda al Cáncer de Mama (Macma)", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento de Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo", "aliases": ["Movimiento de Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Emerged as a progressive religious movement advocating for social justice and closer ties with the faithful, implicitly challenging the traditional, often conservative, stance of the Catholic Church which aligned with the military regime's censorship.", "quote": "En ese contexto surge en América latina el Movimiento de Sacerdotes para el Tercer Mundo, en torno a la Teología de la Liberación", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento Democrático Argentino de Afirmación Moral", "aliases": ["Movimiento Democrático Argentino de Afirmación Moral"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "public morals", "social order", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Engaged in norm-setting activities and issued public statements that supported the military regime's cultural repression and its emphasis on moral order.", "quote": "Movimiento Democrático Argentino de Afirmación Moral;", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento Estudiantil Feminista", "aliases": ["Movimiento Estudiantil Feminista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "educational standards", "gender equality"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Initiated widespread mobilizations and protests that questioned educational structures and women's subordination. Their actions, often involving disruptive public displays, created public debate and challenged established norms, leading to social scrutiny and reactions (a form of moderation by society's response).", "quote": "la irrupción del Movimiento Estudiantil Feminista (MEF) en el 2018 generó una oleada de movilizaciones cuyo objetivo no solo era el cuestionamiento de los problemas estructurales de la educación chilena, sino también la transformación de la situación histórica de subordinación y opresión en el que hemos vivido las mujeres", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento Obrero", "aliases": ["Movimiento Obrero"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["class interests", "women's rights", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Women associated with these groups joined the feminist movement in the early 20th century, introducing and representing the specific demands of working women and class interests, thereby expanding and shaping the feminist agenda of the time.", "quote": "en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, se sumaron al movimiento feminista las mujeres ligadas al movimiento obrero (sociedades mutuales y socialismo obrero, principalmente), quienes representaron las demandas de las mujeres trabajadoras y los intereses de esta clase social", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad", "aliases": ["Movimiento por la Paz con Justicia y Dignidad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "peace"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Questioned the security strategy of the Calderón government through organized and peaceful public manifestations, exerting pressure and influencing public discourse on justice and security policies.", "quote": "El Movimiento por la paz, la justicia y la dignidad ha sido una de las manifestaciones de la sociedad civil que de modo organizado y pacífico ha cuestionado la estrategia de seguridad del gobierno calderonista.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Movimientos feministas y homosexuales", "aliases": ["Movimientos feministas y homosexuales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "personal autonomy", "public health", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1895, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Census, censor, censura", "author": "Almanza, Luis Alejandro Astorga", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Intervene in public debates concerning sexual and reproductive norms, advocating for autonomy and challenging established norms imposed by the state and religious institutions.", "quote": "Los movimientos feministas y homosexuales han venido a terciar en un campo don-de ninguno de los dos grandes actores históricos los desea dada la auto-nomía lograda frente a ellos.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3540655?origin=crossref", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1895-1990"}]}, {"name": "Moving Africa e.V.", "aliases": ["Moving Africa e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Supports African cultures and provides legal services, collaborating with Our Voice in organizing multi-day workshops and forums for refugees, leading to radio reports reflecting their experiences.", "quote": "Initially founded in Berlin and now based in Freiburg, this organization supports African cultures and provides legal services.", "page": "234", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Mozilla", "aliases": ["Mozilla"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights non-profit / product-driven foundation (Mozilla Foundation and Mozilla Corporation ecosystem)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Mozilla Festival 2025; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Mozilla produces widely used consumer products (Firefox, Relay, VPN), publishes research and policy reports, runs advocacy campaigns and public tools (Common Voice, privacy audits) to shape platform practices and AI governance.", "quote": "Mozilla explicitly advocates for privacy, open and trustworthy AI, and internet policy, producing tools and policy work that shape platform content, moderation, and algorithmic practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mozilla.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Common Voice", "aliases": ["Mozilla Common Voice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["flagship initiative of a non-profit foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Common Voice publishes and maintains large open speech datasets (technical infrastructure) and research, mobilises global contributors, and partners with researchers and organisations to influence AI development and standards.", "quote": "Common Voice directly addresses bias in AI speech systems and produces open voice datasets used to shape AI models and related governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mozillafoundation.org/en/common-voice/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Festival", "aliases": ["Mozilla Festival"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["event/festival; movement for internet health (Mozilla-affiliated)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Tech design", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "MozFest convenes diverse stakeholders, publishes ideas from panels and labs, and leverages Mozilla's network and sponsor relationships to shape norms and agendas around platform governance and ethical AI.", "quote": "MozFest convenes global debates, labs and workshops on internet health, ethical AI, privacy and deceptive design, directly shaping platform and AI governance conversations.", "page": "", "url": "https://mozillafestival.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Foundation / Mozilla Corporation", "aliases": ["Mozilla Foundation / Mozilla Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "openness", "privacy", "security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Balboa: Bobbing and Weaving around Network Censorship", "author": "Rosen, Marc B; Parker, James; Malozemoff, Alex J", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Develops and maintains open-source TLS libraries (NSS) that are widely used in applications like Firefox and Thunderbird; these libraries provide foundational security components that Balboa leverages to intercept and rewrite TLS traffic for censorship circumvention.", "quote": "Mozilla's TLS library, used in Firefox and Thunderbird, among other software.", "page": "6", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet / Network communication", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Open Source Audit Tooling (OAT) Project", "aliases": ["Mozilla Open Source Audit Tooling (OAT) Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation project; initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The project produces taxonomies, tool surveys, and plans to run open challenges and workshops to create audit tooling and standards, enabling external audits and accountability of AI systems.", "quote": "The OAT Project is explicitly focused on developing open-source tools and interventions to support algorithmic audits and accountability for AI systems, directly engaging platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mozillafoundation.org/en/what-we-fund/oat/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mozilla Project Rally", "aliases": ["Mozilla Project Rally"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open internet", "scientific integrity", "transparency", "user privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why study media ecosystems?", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A data donation program that allows users to voluntarily share their social media data with researchers, facilitating independent studies on platform algorithms and user experiences.", "quote": "Mozilla's Project Rally data donation program (Mozilla, n.d.) offers one way this data might become available to researchers, through the cooperation of users who opt into a study.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on US and European media ecosystems)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "MrDeepFakes.com", "aliases": ["MrDeepFakes.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["MrDeepFakes.com", "Reddit"], "norms": ["anonymity", "anti-censorship", "privacy", "social good"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Studying the online deepfake community", "author": "B Timmerman, P Mehta, P Deb, K Gallagher…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Established as a central community hub after the deplatforming of r/deepfakes, MDF hosts extensive discussions on deepfake technology, resource sharing, and a market for deepfake pornography. The community engages in internal debates on ethics and legality, and shares advice on privacy and plausible deniability to protect members from external suppression, such as using VPNs or adding disclaimers.", "quote": "Seeing MDF as the last safe and stable platform to discuss deepfakes without risk of being banned, the community often shares advice on how members can protect themselves as deepfake creators.", "page": "15", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/126", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online deepfake communities, particularly on Reddit and MrDeepFakes.com", "when": "December 2017 – August 2021"}]}, {"name": "MSN Politically Incorrect Cafe", "aliases": ["MSN Politically Incorrect Cafe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["civility", "constructive dialogue", "respect"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This group sets clear written rules emphasizing civility and mutual respect in political debate. Moderators actively intervene to stop personal attacks and can delete posts to enforce these norms, despite potential user perception of unfairness.", "quote": "Discussion rules of Politically Incorrect Cafe stated: “We recognize that political debate can be contentious and meaningful. At the same time, we believe that it’s important to exercise a measure of civility and respect for others’ views.”", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "MSN The Republicans", "aliases": ["MSN The Republicans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This discussion group, likely community-focused, utilizes volunteer moderators to implement rules and censor subscriptions, aiming to manage discussions and foster a sense of shared identity among participants.", "quote": "Moderators of Yahoo! Democrats_Won! and MSN The Republicans also censored subscriptions.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "MSNBC", "aliases": ["MSNBC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "professional expertise", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Mu'âhede", "aliases": ["Mu'âhede"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Its editor petitioned the Ministry of the Interior for financial assistance, highlighting the economic vulnerability of newspapers under restrictive press laws.", "quote": "on April 17, 1910, the editor and publisher of Mu'âhede (Pact), Hamdi Subhi, petitioned the Ministry of the Interior, complaining about not receiving the slightest sympathy and charity that even \"dogs\"\" seemed to be enjoying.\"", "page": "24", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Muhbir", "aliases": ["Muhbir"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published articles highly critical of the government's policies, leading to its closure by state authorities.", "quote": "Muhbir (The Informer) was the first victim of the new Press Regulations. The paper, owned by Filip Efendi, was effectively run by its editor-in-chief Ali Suâvi, who was extremely critical of the government, especially in regard to the crisis breaking out in Crete.", "page": "5", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Mulheres Metodistas de Jundiaí", "aliases": ["Mulheres Metodistas de Jundiaí"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Wrote to censorship authorities, demanding the prohibition of 'pornographic magazines' display in newsstands to protect youth from moral corruption.", "quote": "Que as publicações pornográficas, quaisquer que sejam, fiquem proibidas de serem expostas nas bancas de jornal e revistas, pois é um espetáculo deprimente e constrangedor quando uma família é obrigada a se aproximar de uma dessas bancas onde as mesmas são vendidas.", "page": "204", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Multilateral Online Coalition", "aliases": ["Multilateral Online Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A global organization that contributes to internet governance discourse, likely through policy advocacy and collaboration, as identified in the study's methodology for global actors.", "quote": "Four global organizations that did not appear to be based in one specific country, including the multilateral Online Coalition and the Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA), were coded as \"Global\"\".\"", "page": "5", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Municipalité de Paris", "aliases": ["Municipalité de Paris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["governance", "public order", "public safety"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1789, "when_max": 1790, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comment les Français voyaient l'Administration en 1789: Jacques Peuchet et la\" burocratie\"\"\"", "author": "G Thuillier", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "Administered police functions in Paris, including regulating public spaces, cafes, and military police details, serving as a direct point of interface for citizens with administrative power and a subject of Peuchet's critique on \"burocratie.\"\"\"", "quote": "il est représentant de la Commune de Paris et appartient à la municipalité de Paris (3) où de septembre 789 à août 1790 il est chargé de l'administration de la police: il lui échoit en partage « les hôtel garnis, les cafés, les femmes publiques et les détails de la police militaire » (4).", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40778376", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 18th century (1789-1790)"}]}, {"name": "Muscular Dystrophy UK", "aliases": ["Muscular Dystrophy UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "equality", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publicly advocates for improved online reporting tools and options for disability-related hate speech on social media platforms.", "quote": "According to Muscular Dystrophy UK, the lack of a clear option to label abusive tweets based on disability is preventing more reporting of such hate speech.", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla", "aliases": ["Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural representation", "gender equality", "historical memory"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Initiates projects like 'Miradas de mujer' on social media to give visibility to women artists and models in art history, challenging androcentric views.", "quote": "Nuestro proyecto propio de “Miradas de mujer”, que nació en 2014, como decimos en nuestro perfil de Facebook, y que fue expuesto recientemente en una Jornada Técnica celebrada en 2017, en el Instituto Andaluz de Patrimonio Histórico, sobre la importancia de las Redes Sociales en los museos, pretende poner de relieve la discriminación que la mujer ha sufrido en el mundo del arte...", "page": "597", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP)", "aliases": ["Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (cultural institution)"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["representation", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura do obsceno", "author": "FCR Junior", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a cultural institution, it is a site where norms of art display are contested. It implicitly \"moderates\"\" what is shown through its collection and exhibitions", "quote": "Artistic value, cultural preservation; (Critiqued for) perpetuating structural machismo in art representation.", "page": "Em 2017, a obra [Guerrilla Girls] ganhou uma versão que diria a crítica ao Museu de Arte de São Paulo.", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/94b397e6-77ba-4506-801b-72080bac0efa", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, United States, Europe (historical), Digital Platforms (Facebook)", "when": "Antiquity to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Museum of Menstruation", "aliases": ["Museum of Menstruation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["challenging taboos", "sexual health", "social openness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This web-based platform collects and displays names that women and their partners give to their monthly cycle, contributing to research on sexual naming conventions and challenging taboos around intimate bodily functions.", "quote": "At http://www.mum.org/words.html, the Museum of Menstruation's collection of names that women (and their partners) give to their monthly cycle reinforces this research.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Museum Security Network", "aliases": ["Museum Security Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Operated a moderated mailing list and website where the founder collected, edited, and distributed messages from members, acting as an intermediary to filter and present information.", "quote": "Tom Cremers founded and ran the Museum Security Network, which serves 'as a source of information for cultural property protection profes- sionals.' Cremers maintained a mailing list and website for the Network. The mailing list was moderated—members could not send messages directly to the list.", "page": "28", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Mushroom", "aliases": ["Mushroom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative culture", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Operates as an alternative bookshop, serving as a direct distribution and retail channel for alternative press titles outside mainstream networks.", "quote": "These are the alternative bookshops such as Compendium and Housmans in London, Mushroom in Nottingham and alternative distributors such as AK, Counter Productions and Turnaround.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Music Industry", "aliases": ["Music Industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Thailand", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "copyright"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation", "author": "Land, Molly K.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Launched legal and policy initiatives and lawsuits against internet intermediaries to combat copyright infringement and protect business models, lobbying for treaties and legislation to mandate intermediary responsibility.", "quote": "the music industry launched a series of legal and policy initiatives to protect their business models. Copyright owners, dismayed by the rise of peer-to-peer (p2p) music sharing on sites such as Napster, directly sued intermediaries for facilitating copyright infringement.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3442184", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social media platforms and international law, with specific examples from Germany, France, Australia, United Kingdom, European Union, China, Turkey, and Thailand.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with events from 2015-2019 central to the discussion."}]}, {"name": "Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt", "aliases": ["Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocating for a 're-Islamization' of society and state, enforcing religious norms, and creating social infrastructure (schools, mosques, enterprises).", "quote": "Nella prima metà del Novecento, la posizione della donna nella società musulmana ha dovuto subire una nuova, pesante pressione a causa dell’emergere dei movimenti del cosiddetto “fondamentalismo” o “integralismo” musulmano, simboleggiato soprattutto da due pensatori e gruppi: i Fratelli Musulmani in Egitto, fondati da Hasan al Banna nel 1929 e la Jamiat-i-Islami, fondata da Maulana Maududi nel 1941.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Muslim community (Singapore)", "aliases": ["Muslim community (Singapore)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["community cohesion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Reacted strongly to media reports, perceiving religious injustice, which contributed to riots and bloodshed, thereby influencing the government's justification for tight censorship.", "quote": "This was viewed by the Muslim community as a case of religious injustice and a riot broke out—leaving 18 dead and 173 injured.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Community / Muslim Groups", "aliases": ["Muslim Community / Muslim Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Two Types of Self-Censorship", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Engaged in a range of social, political, and economic actions, including international denunciation, economic boycotts of Danish goods, and threats of violence, to enforce a conception of permissible expressive attitudes regarding visual representations of Mohammed.", "quote": "The enforcement of this fit was conducted through a range of social, political, and economic actions by various Muslim groups, including attempts at international denunciation at the UN, an economic boycott of Danish goods in certain Muslim countries, and most controversially actual and threatened violence to employees of Jyllands-Posten and other Danish citizens.", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=1575662", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2006-2010"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Council of Montreal", "aliases": ["Muslim Council of Montreal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusivity", "religious honour"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Regulation of Hateful and Hurtful Speech: Liberalism’s Uncomfortable Predicament", "author": "Maclure, Jocelyn", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Council lobbies legislative bodies to expand hate speech laws to include 'insult to religion', aiming to influence the legal framework for speech regulation.", "quote": "the leader of the Muslim Council of Montreal pleaded for including \"insult to religion” within the ambit of the law.\"", "page": "17", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1054353ar", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Europe, USA, Internet", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Cyber Army Indonesia", "aliases": ["Muslim Cyber Army Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["discrimination", "religious extremism"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign: Student forms and strategies to build harmonization on social media", "author": "Anwar, Rosyida Nurul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This group uses social media to spread religious radicalism and indoctrinate youth, thereby contributing to the emergence of exclusive attitudes and division in the digital space, which the paper argues necessitates moderation efforts.", "quote": "The ease and speed of access offered by social media is a free space for radicals to indoctrinate youth. For example, the emergence of the \"Muslim Cyber Army Indonesia (MCAI)\"\" account is a product of religious radicalism.\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jss/article/view/57378", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Madiun City, Indonesia, social media", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Muslim leaders in the Indian subcontinent", "aliases": ["Muslim leaders in the Indian subcontinent"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Indian subcontinent"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Publicly condemned a novel, The Satanic Verses, for containing insults to Islam, contributing to public pressure and calls for censorship.", "quote": "Muslim leaders in the Indian subcontinent had already condemned the book, The Satanic Verses, for containing insults to Islam.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "Muslim organizations (Indonesia)", "aliases": ["Muslim organizations (Indonesia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values", "social change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Prominent in the Indonesian revolution, mobilizing people against the Suharto regime and influencing post-revolution political discourse through their leadership.", "quote": "Muslim organizations, led by Amien Rais, were prominent in the Indonesian revolution, mobilizing people against the Suharto regime and influencing post-revolution political discourse.", "page": "248", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Muslim organizations and religious leaders", "aliases": ["Muslim organizations and religious leaders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious neutrality", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Governments sponsored these groups and leaders on theological criteria, implicitly adopting official interpretations of Islam and intervening in religious debates to promote 'mainstream' accounts that differ from 'extremist' ones.", "quote": "The government sponsoring of Muslim organisation and religious leaders on the basis of theological criteria runs counter to secular principles of neutrality and non-intervention in religion...", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Sisters", "aliases": ["Muslim Sisters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pathways of Islamist adaptation: the Egyptian Muslim Brothers’ lessons for inclusion moderation theory", "author": "Pahwa, Sumita", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As the women's branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, they played an important role in campaigning and electoral outreach, despite being excluded from formal leadership positions within the Guidance Council.", "quote": "Muslim Sisters, denied formal representation in the Guidance Council despite their importance in campaigning, comprised 25% of FJP membership.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2016.1273903", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Sisters (female branch of Muslim Brotherhood)", "aliases": ["Muslim Sisters (female branch of Muslim Brotherhood)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Actively participating in promoting Islamic norms and values, especially regarding women's roles, in conjunction with the Muslim Brotherhood.", "quote": "le attiviste del suo ramo femminile, la Società delle Sorelle Musulmane, erano poche.", "page": "342", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Students in Madiun City", "aliases": ["Muslim Students in Madiun City"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "religious moderation", "social harmony"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign: Student forms and strategies to build harmonization on social media", "author": "Anwar, Rosyida Nurul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Students actively campaign for religious moderation on social media by posting harmonizing content (photos, videos), refusing to share divisive posts, critically verifying suspicious information (tabayun) through discussion, and creating animated educational videos.", "quote": "First, students make religious harmonization through status posts in the form of photos and videos on their social media; both students try to stop the commands that cause division and debate by not sharing.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jss/article/view/57378", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Madiun City, Indonesia, social media", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Muslim World League", "aliases": ["Muslim World League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / foundation"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Saudi-sponsored institution that actively promotes salafi-wahhabi doctrine globally, contributing to norm enforcement and the spread of a specific religious viewpoint.", "quote": "Saudi sponsored institutions such as the Muslim World League and World Assembly of Muslim Youth have energetically promoted salafi-wahhabi doctrine globally.", "page": "190", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Muslim Youth League", "aliases": ["Muslim Youth League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "religious authenticity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An organization that aims to revive authentic, non-extremist teachings of Islam.", "quote": "states that its aim is to revive the authentic non-extremist teachings of Islam", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Muslims Against ISIS", "aliases": ["Muslims Against ISIS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Manages Facebook pages dedicated to advocating against ISIS, producing and disseminating content that directly counters extremist propaganda.", "quote": "In other examples, content producers are more directly linked to their advocacy work – for example, the Facebook pages Muslims Against ISIS and Preston Against Hate.", "page": "104", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Musyawarah Antar Umat Beragama (Inter-Religious Forum)", "aliases": ["Musyawarah Antar Umat Beragama (Inter-Religious Forum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "religious tolerance", "social harmony"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Created to facilitate inter-religious dialogue and promote religious harmony, aligning with governmental goals for national stability, though initially facing political challenges.", "quote": "In 1967, in the opening speech for Musyawarah Antar Umat Beragama (Inter-Religious Forum), which gave birth the Interfaith Contact Agency, the then Minister of Religious Affairs K.H. M. Dachlan revealed the term of religious harmony.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Mutualist cultural associations", "aliases": ["Mutualist cultural associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "national identity"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Organized events aimed at exalting national heroes, thereby contributing to the ideological project of shaping national identity.", "quote": "Por su parte las asociaciones culturales de la época como la mutualista, la sociedad literaria Cuauhtémoc y las logias masonas, realizaban eventos tendientes a la exaltación del héroe.", "page": "49", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "MV-lehti", "aliases": ["MV-lehti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["hate speech", "media critique"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operated as a controversial 'extreme right online news site' that published stories with an 'anti-immigrant/refugee slant' and engaged in 'personally attacking people supporting refugees', thereby serving as a key source for and inciter of aggressive and hateful comments in anti-immigrant social media groups.", "quote": "Table 4 shows indeed how one of the most popular news sources in the Rajat Kiinni group was MV-lehti, a controversial online news site with close ties to the extreme right, whereas it was not shared at all by the anti-racist Rasmus group.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Myanmar Civil Society Groups", "aliases": ["Myanmar Civil Society Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic oversight", "human rights", "platform accountability", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies", "author": "Kulynych, Bogdan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Troncoso, Carmela; Gürses, Seda", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "This coalition of civil society groups engages in public pressure and advocacy, such as writing open letters to platform executives (e.g., Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook), to contest platform policies and demand accountability for their impact.", "quote": "Myanmar Civil Society Groups (Phandeeyar, Mido, Burma Monitor, Center for Social Integrity, Equality Myanmar, Myanmar Human Rights Education Network). Open letter to Mark Zuckerberg.", "page": "12", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02711", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, France, digital systems/platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Myanmar Civil Society Organizations", "aliases": ["Myanmar Civil Society Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crime as Cognitive Constraint: Facebook's Role in Myanmar's Incitement Landscape and the Promise of International Tort Liability", "author": "Domino, Jenny", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Monitoring and flagging problematic content, including fake news and hate speech, to Facebook officials, and publicly criticizing Facebook's content moderation policies and responsiveness.", "quote": "Myanmar civil society organizations pushed back in an open letter addressed to Zuckerberg, arguing that the effective “systems” that he was describing were, in fact, the very same organizations that were alerting Facebook on the matter days after the fake content had already been widely shared.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focused on 2016-2020 events"}]}, {"name": "mySociety Research", "aliases": ["mySociety Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["not-for-profit social enterprise; civic tech organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Public services", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "mySociety builds and operates civic platforms (WhatDoTheyKnow, TheyWorkForYou), publishes open data and research, and convenes TICTeC to shape practice and policy on transparency, civic engagement and issues overlapping with platform governance.", "quote": "mySociety's core mission is civic technology and transparency, but it publishes research on AI decision-making and runs data/APIs and tools that intersect with platform transparency and content flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mysociety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Mídia Sem Máscara", "aliases": ["Mídia Sem Máscara"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["anti-mainstream media", "conservative values"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'Media Watch' portal, acting as a counter-narrative and critique of established mainstream media by 'denouncing their lies', thereby influencing public opinion from a specific ideological standpoint.", "quote": "O Media Watch pioneiro no Brasil. Desde 2002 denunciando as mentiras da mídia mainstream. Fundado por Olavo de Carvalho.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Młodzież Wszechpolska (All-Polish Youth)", "aliases": ["Młodzież Wszechpolska (All-Polish Youth)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti immigration", "anti liberalism", "anti multiculturalism", "far right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Circulates fabricated content, such as death certificates for city mayors, to target political opponents and promote far-right ideology.", "quote": "Młodzież Wszechpolska (All-Polish Youth) – a prominent far-right youth organization – circulated a collection of fabricated death certificates for a number of Polish city mayors", "page": "108", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "n+1 magazine", "aliases": ["n+1 magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanism", "social progress", "socialism"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape left-wing political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, thereby influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "ávida lectora de revistas de orientación de izquierda como The Jacobin, In These Times y n+1\"\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "N/A (Indiana anti-CRT coalition)", "aliases": ["N/A (Indiana anti-CRT coalition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "educational freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "(Re) Setting the Racial Narrative: Antiblackness and Educational Censorship.", "author": "JC Bridgeforth, D O'Neal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through collective action and organized advocacy, this coalition successfully defeated proposed educational censorship legislation in Indiana, demonstrating a model for resistance.", "quote": "the proposed legislation, built on the same concepts as HB3979 and HB1508, was ultimately defeated through collective action by a broad coalition of community members, including civic groups, teachers, parents, and businesses (Wang & Appleton, 2022).", "page": "14", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1425370", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "K-12 schools, Texas, North Dakota, USA", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Nag.ru", "aliases": ["Nag.ru"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic viability", "information access", "regulatory oversight"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates as a professional news website and forum for the Internet and telecommunication industry, where ISPs share informal discussions, express critical and ironic attitudes towards SORM, and discuss filtering equipment.", "quote": "\"Our analysis of professional ISP forums (e.g. Nag.ru)", "page": "shows a critical and somewhat ironic attitude of small and middle-sized ISPs vis-à-vis SORM\"\"\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Nahdatul Ulama", "aliases": ["Nahdatul Ulama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Functions as a moderate Muslim organization with a large grassroots membership, serving to temper the influence of salafi-wahhabi Islam and advocating for a more moderate interpretation of religious principles.", "quote": "To some extent, the strength of reformist Islam in Indonesia, championed by ‘moderate’ Muslim organisations such as Nahdatul Ulama, which boasts a grassroots membership of more than twenty million, has served to temper deeper incursions of salafi-wahhabi Islam from the Arab Middle East.", "page": "197", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)", "aliases": ["Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Nahdlatul Ulama (Revival of Muslim Scholars)", "aliases": ["Nahdlatul Ulama (Revival of Muslim Scholars)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "diversity", "human rights", "religious freedom", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Appraising the Moderation Indonesian Muslims with Special Reference to Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama", "author": "Zarkasyi, Hamid Fahmy", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates a vast network of religious schools (pesantren), health centers, and community associations. It advocates for social justice and democratic order based on Islamic doctrine, influences legal and social policies, and promotes community empowerment and Islamic teaching. It supports democratic governance, civic participation, and fosters religious freedom, tolerance, and interfaith harmony through problem-solving forums (Bahtsul Masa'il).", "quote": "In 2006 NU described its vision as being 'the establishment of social justices and democratic order, based on the Islamic doctrine of ahlussunnah wal jama'ah, and its mission as being to influence the legal system and promote policies that ensure social justice and democratic order, as well as community empowerment.", "page": "17", "url": "http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/Addin/article/view/4179", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "early 21st century (up to 2018)"}]}, {"name": "Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah", "aliases": ["Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation In An Islamic Perspective: Literature Review And Recent Research Developments", "author": "Azis, Saipul; Samad, Duski", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promoting religious moderation values within Indonesian society through their respective educational, policy, and social activities, including advocating for tolerance and interfaith understanding.", "quote": "Some Muslim countries and communities have taken important steps in encouraging religious moderation, including through education, policy formation, and social activities that promote tolerance and interfaith understanding.", "page": "2", "url": "https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/moderatio/article/view/9353", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "2014-2023 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, Al-Jamiyatul Washliyah", "aliases": ["Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, Al-Jamiyatul Washliyah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Muslim-majority regions"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "humanity", "national security", "peace"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamic moderation in education and the phenomenon of cyberterrorism: a systematic literature review", "author": "Ma'arif, Syamsul; Ibda, Hamidulloh; Ahmadi, Farid; Qosim, Nanang; Muanayah, Nur Alfi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Rejecting terrorism and supporting Islamic moderation through issuing fatwas that promote peace and moderation, and by mobilizing their educational institutions, followers, and sympathizers to prevent terrorism.", "quote": "Besides Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, Al-Jamiyatul Washliyah is an Islamic organization in Indonesia that rejects terrorism and supports Islamic moderation.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ijeecs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJEECS/article/view/31373", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Islamic moderation in education in Indonesia and other Muslim-majority regions", "when": "2018–2022"}]}, {"name": "Najaf and Qom Seminaries", "aliases": ["Najaf and Qom Seminaries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Serve as main centers for teaching and upholding traditional Shi'ite Islamic interpretations, thereby shaping religious doctrine and norms.", "quote": "The traditional reading of Islam, which is dominant among Muslim clerics, is based on three fundamental beliefs. The main centres for teach ing this interpretation are Al-Azhar (for Sunnis) and Najaf and Qum (for the Shi’as).", "page": "25", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "NameCoin Network", "aliases": ["NameCoin Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralized identity"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Accumunet: moderazione di un mercato/sistema CDN basato su peer-to-peer", "author": "Zulian, Manuel; Migliardi, Mauro; Merlo, Alessio", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "NameCoin's network registers domain names on its own blockchain, functioning as a decentralized public key infrastructure (PKI) for identity and domain management. It stores public keys used for signing messages or revoking other keys.", "quote": "Il sistema è pensato come un fork di NameCoin, una moneta elettronica alternativa il cui scopo è quello di registrare nomi di dominio nella block chain... assieme al dominio sono registrate due chiavi pubbliche: una viene usata per firmare i messaggi provenienti dal dominio, e l'altra viene usata per firmare o revocare nuove chiavi nel caso fosse necessario.", "page": "28", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Distributed online platforms and peer-to-peer networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski (National Rebirth of Poland)", "aliases": ["Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski (National Rebirth of Poland)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["far-right ideology", "national identity", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Runs a successful online bookstore selling far-right books, music, and periodicals, promoting ultranationalist ideology and community building.", "quote": "Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski (NOP/National Rebirth of Poland), an ultranationalist political party, runs a successful online bookstore selling far-right books, music, and periodicals.", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Nashi (Youth movement)", "aliases": ["Nashi (Youth movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["nationalism", "political participation", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A pro-Kremlin youth movement that founded and supported vigilante projects like StopXam through state grants, influencing public behavior.", "quote": "In 2010 Russia’s pro-Kremlin youth commissars from the nation-wide Nashi [Ours] youth movement founded several vigilante projects, including StopXam", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Nate Pann", "aliases": ["Nate Pann"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["public discourse", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Serves as a popular online forum for political discussion and social expression in South Korea, including #MeToo related discussions.", "quote": "For the Ahn Hee-jung case, we focus on publicly available posts on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and two most popular Korean forums:1 Nate Pann (pann.nate.com) and DC Inside (dcinside.com).", "page": "115", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "National Abortion Rights Action League", "aliases": ["National Abortion Rights Action League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["reproductive rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Employs attorneys to advocate for reproductive rights, a key aspect of women's bodily autonomy and a potential area of conflict with censorship or moralistic legislation.", "quote": "LYNN M. PALTROW is an attorney working at the National Abortion Rights Action League through the Georgetown Univer-sity Women's Law and Public Policy Fellowship Program.", "page": "27", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Academies of Sciences", "aliases": ["National Academies of Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "scientific consensus"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Affirmed the scientific consensus on human-caused global warming, serving as an authoritative source to counter misinformation.", "quote": "Scientific organizations such as the National Academies of Science from 80 countries have all affirmed that human-caused global warming is happening.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Academy of Design", "aliases": ["National Academy of Design"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Morals Versus Art: Censorship, The Politics of Interpretation, and the Victorian Nude", "author": "Beisel, Nicola", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Its President, Daniel Huntington, contributed to the public debate on artistic morality by describing a painting he considered 'impure', thereby implicitly reinforcing certain moral criteria for art, consistent with Parisian Salon standards.", "quote": "Daniel Huntington, President of the Academy of Design, described a painting that violated Parisian moral criteria — it showed Jupiter showering a nude girl with gold. 'There was nothing obscene or immoral in the nudity of the girl, but the idea that was suggested, seduction by the gold, made it objectionable to many'", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095963?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "New York City, USA", "when": "late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "National Academy of Sciences", "aliases": ["National Academy of Sciences"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Co-published the \"Statement on Scientific Publication and Security\"\" with other journals and societies", "quote": "Scientific integrity, reproducibility, national security, public health.", "page": "In February 2003, a joint \"Statement on Scientific Publication and Security\"\" of the \"\"Journal Editors and Authors Group\"\" was simultaneously published by Science", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "National Ad Hoc Committee Against Censorship", "aliases": ["National Ad Hoc Committee Against Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached...", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Art Education Association", "aliases": ["National Art Education Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional support", "professional training"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "As the publisher of 'Art Education' journal, it facilitates the dissemination of academic research and strategies for art teachers, including those related to dealing with censorship, thereby supporting professional development and awareness.", "quote": "National Art Education Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Art Education.", "page": "1", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}]}, {"name": "National Art Education Association (NAEA)", "aliases": ["National Art Education Association (NAEA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Exposed or erased: algorithmic censorship of nudity in art", "author": "P Riccio, T Hofmann, N Oliver", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a prominent art education initiative, it publishes position statements and advocates for the freedom to create and experience art, thereby shaping norms and values against censorship in the arts.", "quote": "prominent art education initiatives: 'the freedom to create and to experience works of art is essential to our democracy'.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3613904.3642586", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "online social media platforms, global (Western focus)", "when": "current (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "National Assembly", "aliases": ["National Assembly"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national sovereignty", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Proclaimed itself in 1789, aiming to provide France with a new constitution and transferring sovereignty to itself.", "quote": "On 7 July it gave itself a new name: the National Constituent Assembly, thereby indicating its clear intention to provide France with a new constitution and effectively transferring the location of sovereignty to itself.", "page": "85", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Association for Independent Media in Tajikistan", "aliases": ["National Association for Independent Media in Tajikistan"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Led heated opposition against government attempts to criminalize cyber-speech and petitioned the government to abolish specific requirements for media content.", "quote": "met with heated opposition led by Nuriddin Qa-rshiboev, head of the National Association for Independent Media in Tajikistan. Moreover, Tajik cyber-journalists petitioned the government to abol-ish the requirement that the president be called \"worthy\"\" and \"\"reliable” every time he was men-tioned.\"", "page": "14", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "National Association for Multicultural Education", "aliases": ["National Association for Multicultural Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural diversity", "education", "equity", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Launched initiatives to spotlight critical multicultural educators, thereby promoting critical theory insights and addressing inequality within diversity education.", "quote": "For example, the National Association for Multicultural Education has launched an initiative for spotlighting Critical Multicultural Educators.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (NAPCAN)", "aliases": ["National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (NAPCAN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children's contemporary lives", "author": "KH Robinson", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Actively campaigns to raise public awareness of children's vulnerabilities and the need for protection, influencing public discourse and policy, which often leads to the regulation or restriction of information and experiences for children.", "quote": "For example, in Australia, organizations such as The Child Protection Society and the National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (NAPCAN) actively campaign to increase awareness of children's vulnerabilities and need for protection.", "page": "18", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203117538&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Developed countries (Australia, USA, UK)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (post-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)", "aliases": ["National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-racism", "civil liberties", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of the Stop Hate for Profit coalition, advocating for stricter platform policies against racism, violence, hate speech, and election disinformation.", "quote": "The initiative is led by the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, Colour of Change, the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the Anti-defamation League (Furness, 2020).", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "National Association for the Deaf", "aliases": ["National Association for the Deaf"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "disability rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Through a lawsuit and public pressure, forced Netflix to make its platform accessible by adding closed captioning to its online videos, illustrating advocacy for disability rights in technology.", "quote": "It took years of advocacy and public pressure from disabil-ity rights groups and a lawsuit by the National Association for the Deaf to force Netflix to make its platform accessible by adding closed captioning to its online videos.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD)", "aliases": ["National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Pinterest", "Tumblr"], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public health"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation: Social media’s sexist assemblages", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel; Thornham, Helen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "By existing and providing information related to eating disorders, ANAD contributes to the public and political discourse that emphasizes the vulnerability of young women to eating disorders, thereby indirectly influencing social media platforms to implement moderation policies aimed at 'protecting' these users.", "quote": "...paternalistic desire to 'protect' young women who are the likeliest gender to experience an eating disorder (among others, ANAD – National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2019; Beat, 2019)...", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820912540", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, Pinterest, Tumblr)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Association of Broadcasters", "aliases": ["National Association of Broadcasters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "self-regulation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "IMPLEMENTATION OF A MARKETPLACE APPROACH BROADCAST REGULATION", "author": "Krasnow, Erwin G; Stern, Jill Abeshouse", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The NAB previously enforced commercial advertising format restrictions through its Television Code, which the Department of Justice challenged as violating antitrust laws. Following a consent decree, the NAB agreed to cease disseminating or enforcing these rules.", "quote": "the NAB agreed to stop disseminating or enforcing any rule governing the quantity, placement or format of non-program material.", "page": "333", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (telecommunications and broadcast industry)", "when": "1970s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Association of College Stores", "aliases": ["National Association of College Stores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Co-sponsored the first Banned Books Week in 1982, contributing to its promotion and publicity by distributing informational packets to its members, thereby supporting anticensorship efforts within academic settings.", "quote": "Later that year, the ABA, with its co-sponsor, the National Association of College Stores, sent out a promotional packet that included a list of more than 500 books that had been banned across the centuries...", "page": "14", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Association of Letter Carriers", "aliases": ["National Association of Letter Carriers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation", "public discourse"], "topics": ["content regulation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Restrictions of Speech Because of Its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions", "author": "Stone, Geoffrey R.", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "This association challenged federal and state statutes that prohibited public employees, including its members, from engaging in partisan political speech and expressing views on public affairs directed 'toward party success.'", "quote": "In United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers, the Court... considered the constitutionality of federal and state statutes that, among other things, prohibited public employees from expressing their views 'on public affairs, personalities and matters of public interest' if the expression is directed 'toward party success.'", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1599289?origin=crossref", "topic": "content regulation", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "National Association of Scholars", "aliases": ["National Association of Scholars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "academic standards", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship", "author": "Kaufmann, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys among academics to gather data on political discrimination and self-censorship, thereby contributing to the understanding and public discussion of academic freedom issues in the US.", "quote": "US sample of 127 Trump-supporting academics across mailout and National Association of Scholars (NAS) surveys.", "page": "16", "url": "cspicenter.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US, Canada, UK (Anglophone countries)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Association of State Chief Information Officers (NASCIO) awards", "aliases": ["National Association of State Chief Information Officers (NASCIO) awards"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership association of state CIOs"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1969", "mechanism": "NASCIO produces policy resources, hosts conferences and awards, and convenes state CIOs to shape state-level IT policy and best practices.", "quote": "NASCIO's mission focuses on state IT, information management, and technology policy and it runs awards and conferences recognizing state IT projects; platform governance is not its core mission though it touches on related tech policy and cybersecurity.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220513024804/https://www.nascio.org/awards/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Association of Urban Debate League", "aliases": ["National Association of Urban Debate League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "social mobility", "youth development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Promotes debate as an educational instrument to improve students' lives, academic achievement, and reduce social disparities, particularly in urban areas.", "quote": "La National Association of Urban Debate League (http://www.urbandebate.org) si propone di promuovere il dibattito perché, letteralmente, sarebbe uno dei pochi strumenti volti a cambiare le vite degli studenti che vi partecipano.", "page": "55", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "National Audiovisual Institute", "aliases": ["National Audiovisual Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "media literacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discourse and makes educational efforts concerning children's online safety, shaping public understanding and practices.", "quote": "Educational efforts are also made by national actors such as the Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, National Audiovisual Institute and Save the Children.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "National Basketball Association", "aliases": ["National Basketball Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "Hong Kong", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "economic interests", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward geopolitical gaming: exploring the tension between Blizzard Entertainment and political forces", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The NBA released a statement on a Chinese social media platform acknowledging that a team general manager's tweet supporting Hong Kong protests had \"deeply offended\"\" Chinese fans", "quote": "Commercial interests, maintaining market access in China.", "page": "the NBA released a statement on the Chinese social media platform Weibo acknowledging Morey's tweet had “deeply offended many of our friends and fans in China” (Perper, 2019).", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1922326", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global esports, China, Hong Kong, United States", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "National Bioethics Committee (Italy)", "aliases": ["National Bioethics Committee (Italy)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["bioethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as a national public bioethics body, informing and guiding public decision-making on ethical issues in Italy.", "quote": "this chapter will focus on those established at the national level (e.g., Nuffield Council on Bioethics in the UK or The National Bioethics Committee in Italy)", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "National Black Justice Coalition", "aliases": ["National Black Justice Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights / LGBTQ+ advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NBJC produces reports and toolkits (information), runs public campaigns and awards (symbolic), and leverages coalitions and advocacy to influence policy and public narratives (leverage).", "quote": "NBJC's core mission is advancing Black LGBTQ+ equity and provides toolkits, reports, and media guidance (e.g., 'Words Matter') that touch on online speech, disclosure, and community safety but platform governance is not its primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://nbjc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Campaign for Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["National Campaign for Freedom of Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for \"Bad\"\" Speech\"", "author": "Richards, Robert D; Calvert, Clay", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Rallied in support of a controversial art exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, advocating for artistic freedom against censorship attempts.", "quote": "In rallying in support of the exhibit, Gary Schwartz, executive director of the Na-tional Campaign for Freedom of Expression observed, \"The purpose of art is to challenge. Whether it offends some people shouldn't determine whether other people can see a painting.\"\"\"", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (Missouri, New York, multi-state campaigns)", "when": "late 20th century to 2000"}]}, {"name": "National Capital Area Skeptics", "aliases": ["National Capital Area Skeptics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Represents skepticism to the public through lobbying, writing, and challenging scientifically problematic claims, as well as by hosting workshops, lectures, and informal events. They also conduct product testing and engage in self-critique regarding the presentation of skepticism.", "quote": "At a spring 1998 workshop held by the National Capitol Area Skeptics at Solomon's Island Maryland, the focus was on representing skepticism to the public through lobbying, writing, and challenging scientifically problematic claims.", "page": "1", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures", "aliases": ["National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sin and censorship: The Catholic Church and the motion picture industry", "author": "F Walsh", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "A Catholic organizational structure that supported and affected Hollywood production, continuing the censorship efforts until its demise in 1980.", "quote": "His analysis begins with the debate over censorship that developed in New York City in 1909 and ends with the demise of the National Catholic Office for Motion Pictures in 1980.", "page": "1", "url": "https://biblio.ie/9780300063738", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Hollywood", "when": "20th century"}]}, {"name": "National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) CyberTipline", "aliases": ["National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) CyberTipline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "An Overview of Perceptual Hashing", "author": "Farid, Hany", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collects and processes reports of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) from service providers, thereby facilitating the identification and removal of such content through the use of perceptual hashing tools.", "quote": "As a measure of PhotoDNA's efficacy, shown in Figure 5 are the number of yearly reports submitted to the National Center for Missing and Ex-ploited Children's (NCMEC) CyberTipline (a single report may consist of tens to hundreds of individual images or videos).", "page": "12", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/24", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Reddit), global internet", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "National Center for Transgender Equality", "aliases": ["National Center for Transgender Equality"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national civil rights advocacy organization; merger of NCTE and TLDEF"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A4TE conducts research (U.S. Trans Survey), issues public statements and guides, litigates and policy-advocates to influence courts and legislators, and runs public campaigns to mobilize supporters.", "quote": "Core mission is trans rights advocacy, litigation, and policy; site publishes public statements and guides relevant to government and public debate but does not present platform/content governance as a primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://transequality.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Center on Sexual Exploitation", "aliases": ["National Center on Sexual Exploitation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "human rights", "public safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for defunding the sex and adult entertainment industries, arguing that they enable criminal activities, thereby pressuring payment platforms to restrict services for sexual content.", "quote": "Proponents of platforms defunding the sex and adult entertainment industries, such as the US National Center on Sexual Exploitation, argue that these industries are inherently exploitative and enable criminal activities like human trafficking, revenge pornography, and child pornography...", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "National Centrist Party of Libya", "aliases": ["National Centrist Party of Libya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "information access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Utilizes social media platforms like Facebook to disseminate content and engage in public discourse, especially when traditional websites are defunct, in a landscape of increasing social media censorship.", "quote": "Many political and human rights groups located in the MENA region no longer maintain websites and instead use social media to disseminate content. Others redirect traffic from their websites to Facebook pages.", "page": "18", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "National Collegiate Athletic Association", "aliases": ["National Collegiate Athletic Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["amateurism in sport", "institutional reputation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes guidelines and handles the monitoring of student athlete social media accounts, regulating their conduct and eligibility to protect the organization's standards.", "quote": "Universities participating in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) divisions agree to follow the NCAA’s guidelines regarding monitoring of student athlete accounts. The NCAA, a private association, handles the monitoring of recruits’ accounts.", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development", "aliases": ["National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "sustainable development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The NCDO initiated and cooperatively organized Internet discussions in two provinces to promote sustainable development, aiming to involve citizens and organizations and broaden attention for the topic.", "quote": "The initiative for this discussion came from the National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development (NCDO). The commission wanted to set up an Internet discussion in two provinces on the possibilities for provinces, in cooperation with citizens and organizations, to work for a sustainable future.", "page": "13", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}]}, {"name": "National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development (NCDO)", "aliases": ["National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development (NCDO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental sustainability"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The moderator as an emerging democratic intermediary: The role of the moderator in Internet discussions about public issues", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "NCDO initiated and co-organized Internet discussions with provincial governments and other organizations to gain public attention and support for sustainable development, shaping the agenda and participation.", "quote": "The initiative for this discussion came from the National Commission for International Cooperation and Sustainable Development (NCDO). The commission wanted to set up an Internet discussion in two provinces on the possibilities for provinces, in cooperation with citizens and organizations, to work for a sustainable future.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/IP-2002-0002", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Commission for Women's Equality of the American Jewish Congress", "aliases": ["National Commission for Women's Equality of the American Jewish Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "religious principles"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Co-chaired by Betty Friedan, it advocates for women's equality within the context of the American Jewish community.", "quote": "...and is presently co-chair of the National Commission for Women's Equality of the American Jewish Congress.", "page": "25", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Committee for Responsible Philanthropy (NCRP)", "aliases": ["National Committee for Responsible Philanthropy (NCRP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural equity", "resource equity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Documents and advocates against inequitable distribution of resources within philanthropy, particularly in the arts sector, thereby influencing funding norms and challenging implicit gatekeeping by wealthy nonprofits.", "quote": "Holly Sidford has documented the growing disequality and inequitable distribution of resources between large wealthy nonprofits... See her report, Fusing Arts, Culture and Social Change: High Impact Strategies for Philanthropy National Committee for Responsible Philantropy, 2011.", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "National Committee for the Freedom of the Press", "aliases": ["National Committee for the Freedom of the Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "Moldova"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Impact of Repression on Dissent", "author": "Pop‐Eleches, Grigore; Way, Lucan A.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitored the media environment and documented instances of government control and violations of press freedom, specifically reporting on journalists fired from state-run media after the Communist victory.", "quote": "According to the National Committee for the Freedom of the Press, approximately one-third of journalists working for National Radio and Television were fired after the Communist victory.", "page": "3", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12633", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Moldova; cross-national (various countries)", "when": "2004–2016, with a primary focus on 2009"}]}, {"name": "National Committee on the Crisis in Education", "aliases": ["National Committee on the Crisis in Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in censorship cases in various states, suggesting involvement in promoting specific viewpoints in education.", "quote": "Some o the same national groupsthe ku Klux Klan, the John Birch Society, the National Comfilittge on the Crisis in Educatiiin [...] involved in Kanawha County were active as well iii taSes ip,Oklahoma, Texas, Georgia, -Indiana, dud other states.", "page": "9", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics", "aliases": ["National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy", "public health", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Observed that public support for health information networks depends on trust in personal health information protection, influencing policy recommendations for privacy.", "quote": "The health care industry must commit to incorporating privacy and confidentiality protections so that they permeate the entire health records system (National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 2006).", "page": "294", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "National Communication Association", "aliases": ["National Communication Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "communication research advancement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Recognized scholars (like Professor Walther) for contributions to communication studies, indirectly influencing the academic discourse around social processes of online hate.", "quote": "Professor Walther was recognized with the Charles Woolbert Awards from the National Communication Association on two occasions, for articles that have led to reconceptualizations of communication phenomena and have stood the test of time.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "National Computer Board (Singapore)", "aliases": ["National Computer Board (Singapore)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "national development", "public welfare", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "As a quasi-government body, it initially studied how information technology could improve quality of life; later, its members participated in a technical working group to conduct trials for Internet censorship filters.", "quote": "A technical working group including members from the National Computer Board, the National Science and Technology Board and the National University of Singapore is conducting trials to see if filters can be used in censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Conference of State Legislatures", "aliases": ["National Conference of State Legislatures"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Tracks and compiles state laws, including those related to social media privacy, which delineate legal limits on access to private social media accounts for educational institutions.", "quote": "Currently, 16 states have password protection laws in place that apply to educational institutions (NCSL, 2020).", "page": "36", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "National Conference on Citizenship", "aliases": ["National Conference on Citizenship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national nonprofit; civic engagement and civic health organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1946, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "1946", "mechanism": "NCoC publishes civic data and research, convenes leaders from government, philanthropy, nonprofits and media at its annual conference, and leverages board networks including former platform and tech-policy officials to shape civic practice and policy.", "quote": "Primary mission is strengthening civic life and measuring civic health, but the organization explicitly works to \"understand our digital civic discourse\" and convenes actors at the intersection of technology, media, and democracy.", "page": "", "url": "https://ncoc.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Congress of Mothers", "aliases": ["National Congress of Mothers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1873, "when_max": 1966, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Purifying America: Women, cultural reform, and pro-censorship activism, 1873-1933", "author": "AM Parker", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Part of a coalition of 'maternalist' organizations that advocated for cultural censorship to protect children, contributing to conflicts with the professional authority of groups like the American Library Association.", "quote": "Parker shows that censorship was more problematic for the mostly female American Library Association (ALA) than for organizations such as WCTU, the National Congress of Mothers, and the General Federation of Women's Clubs...", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=p4LihwMas0cC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=censorship&ots=LZAZi3qKn9&sig=BeCVeHOpraMz9dKgFU3OSghX3IQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1873–1966"}]}, {"name": "National Congress of Parents and Teachers", "aliases": ["National Congress of Parents and Teachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The delinquents: Censorship and youth culture in recent US history", "author": "RD Cohen", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Voted to monitor for 'unwholesome television programs', demonstrating active surveillance and advocacy for content that aligns with perceived family values and child protection.", "quote": "National PTA members in 1949 voted to watch for \"unwholesome television programs\"\"...\"", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-of-education-quarterly/article/delinquents-censorship-and-youth-culture-in-recent-us-history/A003ACC7932533DA3DEE8BC9B8CB6DD5", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "20th century, primarily 1950s"}]}, {"name": "National Congress of Parents and Teachers (PTA)", "aliases": ["National Congress of Parents and Teachers (PTA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Delinquents: Censorship and Youth Culture in Recent U. S. History", "author": "Cohen, Ronald D.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Denounced the film \"Blackboard Jungle\"\" and later voted to watch for 'unwholesome television programs", "quote": "Moral standards, youth protection, educational welfare, family values.", "page": "others, including New York Times reviewer Bosley Crowther, the Girl Scouts, the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, and the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, denounced the film.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/369445?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1940s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)", "aliases": ["National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Fundraises and coordinates political campaigns, aiming to influence elections by supporting conservative candidates.", "quote": "The National Conservative Political Action Committee. (NCPAC), associated. with the growing influence of Richard .Vigucrie, pOliti- cal f.und.c=aiser.and coordinator of the Wallace campaign, hopes li spend over four lion dollars for the election _in 19781.", "page": "94", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)", "aliases": ["National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lutter contre le «terrorisme» sur les réseaux sociaux: usages d'une catégorie politique dans les discours de Meta, Google et Twitter", "author": "M Borelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Maintains the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and develops rigorous data collection tools, providing objective and comprehensive data on terrorist events to inform taxonomy expansion and content moderation strategies.", "quote": "The GTD is global in scope. All decisions about inclusion in the database are made by an independent research team extensively trained on the fundamentals of social science research methodology to maximize the accuracy of the data and acknowledge potential sources of bias.", "page": "123", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mots-2024-1-page-57?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global internet platforms, online sphere", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Council for Combating Venereal Disease", "aliases": ["National Council for Combating Venereal Disease"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "public health"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1909, "when_max": 1925, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema, Censorship and Sexuality 1909-1925 (Routledge Revivals)", "author": "Kuhn, Annette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The NCCVD promoted films as a means of public education to raise awareness about the dangers of venereal disease, effectively shaping film content to align with public health and moral objectives.", "quote": "The NCCVD was set up in 1914 by leading medical practitioners who felt that existing measures to control VD were inadequate and that public education, especially about its dangers, was urgently needed. One of its early activities was to promote films as a means of educating the public...", "page": "103", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "1909–1925"}]}, {"name": "National Council for the Teaching and Research of Communication Sciences", "aliases": ["National Council for the Teaching and Research of Communication Sciences"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["academic standards", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Serves as the most important national body for communication sciences study in Mexico, gathering universities and institutions to define and uphold academic programs and standards in the discipline.", "quote": "En México, el Consejo Nacional para la Enseñanza y la Investigación de las Ciencias de la Comunicación (CONEICC) es el organismo nacional más importante dedicado al estudio de las Ciencias de la Comunicación. En su seno reúne a las 74 Universidades e Instituciones más importantes del país que cuentan con un programa vinculado a esta disciplina.", "page": "181", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "National Council of Churches of Christ", "aliases": ["National Council of Churches of Christ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors; the National Coun- cil of Churches of Christ,", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Council of Public Morals", "aliases": ["National Council of Public Morals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1909, "when_max": 1925, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cinema, Censorship and Sexuality 1909-1925 (Routledge Revivals)", "author": "Kuhn, Annette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The NCPM actively campaigned for stricter film censorship, published reports advocating for moral control of cinema, and even directly intervened by sponsoring and exhibiting a film to circumvent a national censorship body's prohibition.", "quote": "From its inception, the NCPM campaigned for film censorship, and in 1917 it published a report on the cinema and its potential dangers... The NCPM sponsored Where Are My Children, importing it into Britain and exhibiting it under its own auspices...", "page": "38", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "1909–1925"}]}, {"name": "National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)", "aliases": ["National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "access to information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Long concerned with censorship, publishes articles and books on the subject, and advocates for students' right to read.", "quote": "The Nation'il Council of Teachers of ErigliSliAnd its state and\" regional affilites haVe long been concerned_wi-th';'.atters related to censorshiv-and the `teaching of English. Th&re'd fa of 00:fica", "page": "tip", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Council of the Churches of Christ", "aliases": ["National Council of the Churches of Christ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This nonprofit organization offers an alternative voice to official narratives through news releases and press conferences. Like other non-profit groups, it faces significant resource disparities compared to government and corporate sources, limiting its influence on mainstream media.", "quote": "The NCC's Office of Information has an annual budget of some $350,000, issues about a hundred news releases per year, and holds four press conferences annually.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Council on Public History", "aliases": ["National Council on Public History"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["diffusion of knowledge", "education", "professional honour"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\" I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r …\"", "author": "SA Gilbert", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Defines public history, providing a framework that r/AskHistorians aligns with to promote historical understanding and education \"beyond the walls of the traditional classroom.\"\"\"", "quote": "Public history is broadly defined as “history beyond the walls of the traditional classroom” [57].", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC) Cyberbullying initiatives", "aliases": ["National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC) Cyberbullying initiatives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Characterizations of Online Harassment: Comparing Policies Across Social Media Platforms", "author": "Pater, Jessica A.; Kim, Moon K.; Mynatt, Elizabeth D.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Instagram provides links to this center as a resource within its informal policy documents, offering support and guidance for users dealing with cyberbullying issues.", "quote": "For example, with respect to how Instagram interfaces with third party groups, informal policy documents provide links to major bullying hotlines and help centers like Connect Safely, Stop Bullying, and the National Crime Prevention Center on Cyberbullying, as well as eating disorder hotlines.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2957276.2957297", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "National Cybersecurity Alliance", "aliases": ["National Cybersecurity Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public awareness nonprofit; cybersecurity nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "NCA runs large public awareness campaigns and produces resources and toolkits (Information, Symbolic) and partners with government (CISA) and sponsors to amplify reach (Leverage).", "quote": "NCA's core mission is cybersecurity awareness and education; it produces resources and campaigns (including on social media safety and responsible AI scams) that touch platform content safety but not platform governance as a primary mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.staysafeonline.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)", "aliases": ["National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti feminism", "anti muslim sentiment", "ethno nationalism", "far right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participates in far-right networks and movements, including online platforms like Discord, to spread ethno-nationalist, anti-Muslim racist, and anti-Feminist ideologies.", "quote": "Unsurprisingly, we find a mosaic of the most important far-right parties and movements represented on the platform, such as the Identitarian Movement, the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and the AfD.", "page": "141", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Development Centre for Online Youth Work", "aliases": ["National Development Centre for Online Youth Work"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["online safety", "youth welfare"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participates in public discussions as an expert, contributing advice and perspectives to shape the discourse on children's online safety.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police, Finnish National Audiovisual Institute, Mannerheim League for Child Welfare, National Development Centre for Online Youth Work...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "National Deviancy Conference", "aliases": ["National Deviancy Conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Infracção e censura—representações e percursos da sociologia do desvio", "author": "PM Ferreira", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Functioned as a platform that brought together critical perspectives against official criminology, defending an interactionist theoretical framework that places social reaction at the center of explaining deviance.", "quote": "Em contraponto ao positivismo criminológico, defende um quadro teórico interaccionista que coloca a reacção social no centro da explicação. A influência da National Deviancy Conference é decisiva na renovação teórica da sociologia do desvio", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/41011376", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "n/a", "when": "late 19th to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "National DigiFoundry", "aliases": ["National DigiFoundry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["member-funded DAO; industry collaboration and incubator"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates technical infrastructure and token-based governance for workgroups, produces educational programs and standards proposals, and includes government and industry actors on its steering committee to advance digital-asset best practices.", "quote": "Focuses on digital asset standards, workgroups, education and token-based governance rather than consumer-facing content moderation or platform content policies.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digifoundry.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "National Eating Disorder Association", "aliases": ["National Eating Disorder Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["mental health"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers helpline resources that social media platforms provide in tandem with content moderation, thereby influencing the accepted narrative of eating disorder recovery.", "quote": "many social media platforms share support helplines—namely, the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA) helpline.", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}]}, {"name": "National Education Association", "aliases": ["National Education Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional accountability", "pluralism", "professional standards", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Sent a blue-ribbon national panel to conduct an inquiry into the controversy, supported the board's textbook selections while criticizing its capitulation to protest demands, and made recommendations on teacher rights and multicultural education.", "quote": "At the request of the Kanawha County Association of Classroom Teach ers, the National Education Association sent into the county in Decem ber a blue-ribbon national panel to conduct an inquiry for three days. The NEA is a large and powerful advocate of educators based in Wash ington, D.C.", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "National Education Association (NEA)", "aliases": ["National Education Association (NEA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Keeps track of state legislation and legislators' opinions, providing information to its members on issues related to intellectual freedom.", "quote": "National Edt alio]) Assoc.iation. American Federation of Teach- ers. Those groups keep track of state legislation. !laid legis at rs' opinions.", "page": "174", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Endowment for Democracy", "aliases": ["National Endowment for Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making the Internet Safe for Democracy", "author": "Fukuyama, Francis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes and funds academic research, including articles that analyze threats to contemporary democracy posed by internet platforms and discuss potential remedies for content moderation issues, thereby contributing to the intellectual and policy debate.", "quote": "Journal of Democracy Volume 32, Number 2 April 2021 ©2021 National Endowment for Democracy and Johns Hopkins University Press", "page": "3", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/787834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with international comparisons)", "when": "early 2020s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "National Federation of Republican Women", "aliases": ["National Federation of Republican Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participates in political rituals (prayer, Pledge of Allegiance, reciting Virginia Republican Creed) that reaffirm conservative beliefs, and applies \"scriptural inference\"\" to \"\"fact check\"\" news by comparing it to \"\"original documents", "quote": "Christian worldview, faith, patriotism, free-market enterprise, limited government, constitutionalism, national security, protection of racial/religious identity.", "page": "The findings in this report are based on hundreds of hours of participant observation with two groups in the southeast United States: a chapter of the National Federation of Republic Women, and a college Republican group.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "National Fire Protection Association", "aliases": ["National Fire Protection Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provided information about a nightclub fire, sending details to a reporter's weblog, which contributed to the verification of facts and reporting of the incident.", "quote": "la National Fire Protection Association envió otro pidiendo el original.", "page": "61", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "National Front (Iran)", "aliases": ["National Front (Iran)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic protectionism", "national interests", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Forming a broad coalition for political advocacy and public protest against the Shah's regime, with a primary focus on nationalizing oil.", "quote": "Nello stesso periodo Mohammad Mossadeq riunì un’ampia coalizione di deputati nel Majles che prese il nome di Fronte nazionale, il cui principale motivo di coesione era la richiesta di nazionalizzazione del petrolio.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "National Front for Reform", "aliases": ["National Front for Reform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political coalition"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in public demonstrations as a collective actor, indicating its role in advocating for political reform and influencing public discourse.", "quote": "While public demonstrations con tinued to disrupt there was a utility in participating in them unilaterally and as part of the National Front for Reform.", "page": "238", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "National health organisations", "aliases": ["National health organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "public safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing trusted information about public health crises, thereby helping to counter misinformation and guide public understanding.", "quote": "And in terms of trust for information about coronavirus, national news organisations score relatively well, behind doctors and health organisations but ahead of individual politicians and ordinary people.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "National Health Service", "aliases": ["National Health Service"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["healthcare quality", "patient safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values", "author": "Christian, Brian", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Sets requirements for automated patient referral systems, influencing the development and deployment of medical AI to ensure patient safety and healthcare standards.", "quote": "the Tübingen researchers found that they had, without specifically aiming to, met and exceeded the requirements of the NHS and the British Diabetic Association for automated patient referral", "page": "285", "url": "https://a916407.fmphost.com/fmi/webd/ASAdb49?script=doi-layout&$SearchString=https://doi.org/10.56315/PSCF12-21Christian", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States, global (AI/ML research)", "when": "early 20th century–present"}]}, {"name": "National Hispanic Media Coalition", "aliases": ["National Hispanic Media Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-racism", "civil liberties", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Member of the Stop Hate for Profit coalition, advocating for stricter platform policies against racism, violence, hate speech, and election disinformation.", "quote": "The initiative is led by the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People, Colour of Change, the National Hispanic Media Coalition and the Anti-defamation League (Furness, 2020).", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)", "aliases": ["National Human Rights Commission (Mexico)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderación de contenidos y mecanismos de autorregulación", "author": "E Lanza, M Jackson", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Presented an action of unconstitutionality against a law in Mexico containing imprecise or ambiguous provisions that violate legal certainty and due process.", "quote": "La gran repercusión del tema llevó a la Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDH) a presentar una acción de inconstitucionalidad de la ley ante la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación", "page": "20", "url": "https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Facebook-Oversight-Board-Informe-1.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina, Facebook", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Indignation Convention", "aliases": ["National Indignation Convention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1962, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Attacking textbooks in schools and creating lists of objectionable books, motivated by perceived 'un-American' or communist influences.", "quote": "Most prominent in attacking textbooks and what Dr. Lewis Allbee called '20th Century library trash' have been veterans' groups and 'venerable-lineage societies,' plus such newer bodies as the White Citizens Councils, the John Birch Society, the National Indignation Convention, and Texans for America.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}]}, {"name": "National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies", "aliases": ["National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai governance", "cyber security", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Offers certifications for AI ethics and governance professionals, supporting professional development in cybersecurity.", "quote": "Practitioners can also explore AI auditing courses (BABL, n.d.), certifications (National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies, n.d.), and professional associations (Matsakis, 2023), for deeper dives into how the AI auditing field is growing and learning.", "page": "268", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "National Institute of Family and Life Advocates", "aliases": ["National Institute of Family and Life Advocates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "pro-life advocacy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Challenging state laws that ordered certain warnings or information to be posted in clinics or care centers, arguing it interfered with freedom of expression.", "quote": "leyes que ordenan la rotulación en ciertas clínicas o centros de cuido con ciertas advertencias para beneficiar al consumidor de sus servicios médicos.", "page": "259", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "National Labour Press", "aliases": ["National Labour Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "pacifism", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Published pacifist literature for the Independent Labour Party, leading to police raids and seizures of publications.", "quote": "In August 1915 the Salford police had raided the premises of the National Labour Press, the publications organization of the Independent Labour Party, and seized specimens of their publications to prepare for a prosecution.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "National Literacy Trust", "aliases": ["National Literacy Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "digital literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Produces reports and influences policy discussions on digital literacy, advocating for teaching critical literacy skills to identify 'fake news' and build resilience to extreme digital speech.", "quote": "And, following a report from the National Literacy Trust, the recent UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Literacy stressed that children and young people need to be taught the ‘critical literacy skills’ to identify ‘fake news’ (National Literacy Trust 2018).", "page": "114", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "National Media Commission", "aliases": ["National Media Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Ghana"], "media": [], "norms": ["media accountability", "media neutrality"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation from bias: A field experiment on partisan media in a new democracy", "author": "J Conroy-Krutz, DC Moehler", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The NMC, a quasi-governmental body, monitors news stories and talk shows of media outlets to assess and rank their partisan bias. By publicly reporting on media leanings, it implicitly regulates and aims to encourage balanced reporting and discourage extreme partisanship in the media.", "quote": "The quasi-governmental National Media Commission (NMC) monitored news stories over several months prior to the 2012 elections and ranked Gold and Oman as the most biased.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/680187", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Ghana (specifically Accra), postliberalization settings / new democracies", "when": "2012 (with historical context from 1992 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "National Network for Combating Hate Speech and Hate Phenomena", "aliases": ["National Network for Combating Hate Speech and Hate Phenomena"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lotta alle fake news: dallo stato dell'arte a una prospettiva di regolamentazione per il “vivere digitale” a margine del Digital Services Act", "author": "S Flaminio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Critiqued Meta for policies allowing incitement to hatred, implying a role in monitoring platform behavior and advocating for stricter content moderation policies.", "quote": "RETE NAZIONALE PER IL CONTRASTO AI DISCORSI E AI FENOMENI D'ODIO, Meta consente incitamento all'odio: un (altro) pessimo segnale", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/120", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, USA, Russia, and Brazil in relation to digital platforms)", "when": "21st century (with emphasis on post-2010 platform era, especially post-2020 events)"}]}, {"name": "National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) Safety Net Project", "aliases": ["National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV) Safety Net Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital development", "domestic violence", "societal well-being", "technological risks", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Founded to address societal issues appearing in technology realms and to attempt to harness the potential of the internet for good; waded into technology issues.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), New Zealand-based Netsafe, and the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "11", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "National Network to End Domestic Violence, Safety Net Project", "aliases": ["National Network to End Domestic Violence, Safety Net Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "social welfare"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Wades into technology issues, specifically focused on ending domestic violence and addressing child safety.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include ... the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence. ... waded into technology issues as well.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "National Office for Decent Literature", "aliases": ["National Office for Decent Literature"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["law enforcement"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1964, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of obscenity: the developing constitutional standards", "author": "WB Lockhart, RC McClure", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Engaged in direct action to suppress magazines and paperbound books by compiling lists of \"objectionable\"\" publications", "quote": "and pressuring wholesalers and retailers to remove titles from stock.\"", "page": "Decency, public morals, suppression of \"objectionable\"\" content.\"", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/mnlr45&section=13", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Mid-20th century (late 1950s, early 1960s)"}]}, {"name": "National Office for Decent Literature of the Catholic Church", "aliases": ["National Office for Decent Literature of the Catholic Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Added comics to its review materials, acting as a censor to ensure content adhered to Catholic moral standards and to prevent corruption of youth.", "quote": "La Oficina Nacional de Literatura Decente de la Iglesia Católica también añadió los comics a los materiales para revisar (Álvarez,2021).", "page": "7", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago", "aliases": ["National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Its director's experience highlights how IRB licensing and review processes cause significant delays that can impede timely social science research projects.", "quote": "Conversation with Tom W. Smith, Director of the General Social Survey at the National Opinion Research Center (Dec 10, 2004). Four to six weeks is considered rapid at most institutions.", "page": "74", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "National Organization for Women", "aliases": ["National Organization for Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Its founding president, Betty Friedan, actively engaged in the feminist movement and advocacy for women's equality, contributing to political discourse on gender roles and freedom.", "quote": "BETTY FRIEDAN is the author of The Feminine Mystique and The Second Stage. She was founding president of the Na-tional Organization for Women...", "page": "25", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Organization for Women (NOW)", "aliases": ["National Organization for Women (NOW)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Active in attempting to remove books that teach sexism, advocating for fair treatment of women in materials.", "quote": "Organizations ac xi% elk in x ()lye(' in attempting to rctum'e hooks that all tacht ot ses.ist ate the Natinal Otgainzation of \\: men (NOW) alfil the Council on.inteitac jai Books lot Ghildrcn", "page": "17", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "National Organization for Women Legal Defense and Education Fund", "aliases": ["National Organization for Women Legal Defense and Education Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Launched 'Women's eNews', an online news service dedicated to covering women's issues, empowering women's voices and addressing topics often overlooked by traditional media.", "quote": "En junio del 2000 la NOW Legal Defense and Education Fund lanzó el Women's eNews, un servicio manejado por un pequeño equipo de periodistas profesionales que trabajan con una red nacional de escritores freelance.", "page": "55", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "National Organization for Women, Boston Chapter", "aliases": ["National Organization for Women, Boston Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... Boston NOW;", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Parent/Teacher Association", "aliases": ["National Parent/Teacher Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "parental rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Incensed by explicit rock lyrics, this organization proposed using a warning symbol on records to inform buyers, and publicized this idea to influential figures, contributing to the conditions that led to the formation of the PMRC.", "quote": "In the early 1980s, the National Parent/Teacher Association... incensed by the lyrics of some rock songs... suggested to use a symbol on some records to warn prospective buyers of their contents.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Parents Organization", "aliases": ["National Parents Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "social conservatism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Involved as an outside organization contributing to the Kanawha County textbook dispute.", "quote": "Out-of-state speakers came from an Arizona publication, the Arizona legislature, the Heritage Foundation, Parents of New York United, the National Parents League (an Oregon-based organization which assists formation of parent-run schools to avoid corruption of children in public schools), Fordham and George Washington universi ties, a Maryland parents organization called CURE, and a member of a Maryland board of education, among others.", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "National Policy Institute", "aliases": ["National Policy Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "cultural preservation", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a white nationalist think tank, developing and promoting the ideological tenets of the Alt-Right movement to organize around white identity.", "quote": "heads the white nationalist think tank National Policy Institute, to describe a new movement organized around white identity and Western civilization.", "page": "49", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "National Policy Institute (NPI)", "aliases": ["National Policy Institute (NPI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["authoritarianism", "cultural identity", "political extremism", "white identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes and promotes racialist ideology as a 'central and indispensable component' of the international Alt-Right, influencing political and cultural discourse.", "quote": "Spencer accepted the role of President and Director at the National Policy Institute (NPI), a racialist organization dedicated to the “heritage, identity, and future of people of European descent in the United States and around the world.”", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Political Congress of Black Women", "aliases": ["National Political Congress of Black Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Instigated Senate Juvenile Justice Subcommittee hearings with the aim of suppressing gangsta rap, contributing to censorship efforts motivated by concerns over the public image of African-American culture.", "quote": "The Senate Juvenile Justice Subcommittee hearings they instigated were intended to crush the most prominent style of rap at the time, gangsta rap.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Press Council (proposed)", "aliases": ["National Press Council (proposed)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-defamation", "anti-discrimination", "fair representation", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Proposed as a statutory body with compulsory membership, it would determine if newspapers or magazines breach professional standards regarding fair representation and order them to publish its decisions.", "quote": "If the major publications in the country are not all willing to join a press council, then the establishment of a national press council with statutory authority and compulsory membership should once again be given serious consideration.", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "National Press Foundation", "aliases": ["National Press Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “plandemic” conspiracy theory", "author": "Kearney, Matthew D.; Chiang, Shawn C.; Massey, Philip M.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The National Press Foundation provides online resources designed to help journalists investigate and track various conspiracy theories and viral misinformation related to COVID-19, thus supporting the broader effort to combat the spread of false information.", "quote": "Online resources are emerging to investigate and track different conspiracy theories and viral misinformation related to COVID-19 (Chen et al., 2020; National Press Foundation, 2020; Nsoesie & Oladeji, 2020).", "page": "4", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/?p=3397", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter and social media platforms, USA", "when": "January-May 2020"}]}, {"name": "National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu')", "aliases": ["National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu')"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "democracy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1992, "when_max": 1994, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quelques débats récents autour de la censure", "author": "Jacquemond, Richard", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As part of the left-wing political opposition, it defends the freedom of creation against both Islamic moral order tenets and a closed political system, engaging in advocacy and public debate.", "quote": "et enfin tous ceux, engagés ou non dans l'opposition politique de gauche (Parti du Rassemblement, Parti nassérien), pour qui la défense de la liberté de créer doit se faire tout autant contre les tenants de l'ordre moral islamique (qu'ils se trouvent au-dedans ou au-dehors des institutions) que contre un système politique qui reste globalement fermé.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/ema/491", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Egypt", "when": "1992–1994"}]}, {"name": "National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN)", "aliases": ["National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge sharing"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "A U.S. non-profit that coordinates efforts to generalize access to The Net, using public libraries as a model for providing free information access in rural and urban projects, challenging commercialization.", "quote": "The National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) is a U.S. non-profit coordinating this approach to generalizing access to The Net and uses the 20th Century spread of public libraries as a model. It makes grants to both rural and urban projects.", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "National Resistance (RN)", "aliases": ["National Resistance (RN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Originating as an ERP split-off, the RN engaged in armed struggle and later joined the FMLN front. After the peace accords, its leadership adopted a centrist stance, viewing the peace process as a 'negotiated revolution' and ultimately leaving the FMLN to form a new party.", "quote": "Its backbone was formed of political-military organizations: the FPL, ERP, Resistencia Nacional (RN – National Resistance) – an ERP split-off – and Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores Centroamericanos (PRTC – Central American Workers' Party).", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Rifle Association (NRA)", "aliases": ["National Rifle Association (NRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["AOL", "UOL"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discussões on-line: estratégias argumentativas em debates na internet", "author": "MM Carvalho", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Allegedly provided financial contributions to influence the Brazilian disarmament referendum, supporting the 'no' campaign and promoting the right to gun ownership.", "quote": "O britânico Brian Johnson Thomas... afirma que o referendo brasileiro foi \"distorcido\"\" devido a supostas contribuições financeiras da National Rifle Association", "page": "associação americana que defende o uso de armas de fogo e conta com cerca de 4 milhões de integrantes.\"", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30072008-132100/publico/DISSERTACAO_MARCIO_MARCONATO_DE_CARVALHO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet platforms (AOL, UOL)", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity", "aliases": ["National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["biosecurity", "international cooperation", "national security", "scientific ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Tale of Two Studies: Ethics, Bioterrorism, and the Censorship of Science", "author": "Selgelid, Michael J.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Established to provide advice and guidance to the federal government on dual-use biological research, focusing on issues like synthetic biology, criteria for identifying risky research, and information dissemination control.", "quote": "The creation of the NSABB \"to provide advice and guidance to the federal government\"\" regarding dual-use biological research is a step in the right direction: it is an important advisory body comprised of both scientists and security experts...\"", "page": "8", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/hastings_center_report/v037/37.3selgelid.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Australia", "when": "early 21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "National Science and Technology Board (Singapore)", "aliases": ["National Science and Technology Board (Singapore)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "scientific development", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Its members participated in a technical working group alongside other bodies to conduct trials for Internet censorship filters.", "quote": "A technical working group including members from the National Computer Board, the National Science and Technology Board and the National University of Singapore is conducting trials to see if filters can be used in censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Science Foundation", "aliases": ["National Science Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["scientific advancement", "societal impact"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides grants and funding for scientific research, including studies on communication and social processes in online hate.", "quote": "Her work has been supported by the National Science Foundation, the National Communication Association, and the Central States Communication Association.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "National Security Institute, George Mason University", "aliases": ["National Security Institute, George Mason University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["think tank / academic advocacy group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "data privacy", "liberty", "national security"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ANALISI DELL'ALGORITMO DI RACCOMANDAZIONE DEI CONTENUTI DI TIKTOK: POSSIBILI EFFETTI IN TERMINI DI DISCRIMINAZIONI E DISTURBI ALIMENTARI", "author": "F CASTELLAN", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advises the US government on cybersecurity and national security. It raises concerns about the extensive data collection by foreign-owned platforms like TikTok, highlighting potential implications for national security, privacy, and user freedom.", "quote": "Jamil Jaffer ha fondato il National Security Institute a Washington e ha prestato consulenza sul tema della sicurezza informatica per il governo americano.", "page": "36", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/62523", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok platform (global, with focus on US, Europe, Australia, China)", "when": "2014-2024"}]}, {"name": "National Socialist Movement", "aliases": ["National Socialist Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neo-nazism", "racial hatred", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leader and 'Commander' Jeff Schoep, espousing neo-Nazi ideology, commanded devotion from followers who expressed readiness to go 'into battle' with him, directly inciting violence and participating in the Charlottesville march.", "quote": "Defendants include... the leader and 'Commander' of the National Socialist Movement, a white supremacist organization with a paramilitary structure... Defendant National Socialist Movement leader Jeff Shoep also commands the devotion of his followers, as expressed in online statements such as, “So much respect for my Commander Jeff Schoep. I will go into battle with you anytime Sir.”", "page": "115", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}]}, {"name": "National States Rights Party", "aliases": ["National States Rights Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["political ideology", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A far-right organization whose founder was active on early white supremacist online forums, contributing to the spread of extremist views.", "quote": "Among these users were prominent White Supremacists, such as Thom Robb; the founder of National States Rights Party, Ed Fields; and former KKK leader, David Duke.", "page": "99", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "National Student Federation Preparation Committee", "aliases": ["National Student Federation Preparation Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["political activism", "student rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "A student organization whose name is blacklisted and censored by the Great Firewall of China, likely due to its association with student activism.", "quote": "全国学联筹委会 National Student Federation Preparation Committee #379 on Gao_Zisheng", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1315245.1315290", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall of China)", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "National Theatre", "aliases": ["National Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "cultural preservation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays an important role in nurturing creative expression in the UK, contributing to a vibrant artistic environment that supports creative freedom.", "quote": "Other bodies, such as the British Film Institute, the National Theatre, and the British Library, also play an important role in nurturing creative expression and preserving cultural heritage.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "National Union of Students (UK)", "aliases": ["National Union of Students (UK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "anti-racism", "harm reduction", "student safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Feminist Sense of No-Platforming", "author": "O'Keefe, Theresa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Formally adopted a no-platform policy in 1974 to prevent racist and fascist groups from organising on campuses, later expanding it to include misogyny and transmisogyny to make campuses safer spaces.", "quote": "No-platform for racists and fascists was formally adopted as a policy position by the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom (NUS) in 1974 at its national convention in response to fascist organising on university campuses across the UK", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2016.7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK universities, specifically Cardiff University", "when": "Mid-2010s (focus on 2015-2016)"}]}, {"name": "National Union of Teachers", "aliases": ["National Union of Teachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Advocated for equal salaries for men and women teachers, resisting economic constraints imposed by societal norms and school boards.", "quote": "The salary issue was the worst. The men got more than the women…The conflicts were right through the NUT. The NUWT (National Union of Women Teachers) were all strongly for equal salaries.", "page": "205", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "National Union of Women Teachers", "aliases": ["National Union of Women Teachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "gender equality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Strongly advocated for equal salaries for men and women teachers, challenging gender-based economic constraints.", "quote": "The NUT—there were such a lot of men in the union. It was a very difficult business. I got fed up with unions altogether. In the end I stopped going.", "page": "205", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "National University of Singapore", "aliases": ["National University of Singapore"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "information control", "scientific research", "technological progress"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Its Computer Center initially ran an Internet service provider (Technet), and members of the university later participated in a technical working group conducting trials for Internet censorship filters.", "quote": "A technical working group including members from the National Computer Board, the National Science and Technology Board and the National University of Singapore is conducting trials to see if filters can be used in censorship.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "National Vaccine Information Center", "aliases": ["National Vaccine Information Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health information accuracy", "vaccine skepticism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The sources and correlates of exposure to vaccine-related (mis)information online", "author": "Guess, Andrew M.; Nyhan, Brendan; O’Keeffe, Zachary; Reifler, Jason", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Functions as an online platform that publishes and disseminates content questioning the safety and efficacy of vaccines, contributing to the overall volume of vaccine-skeptical information available to the public online.", "quote": "The vaccine-skeptical sources appear to be a combination of sites purporting to offer news and information about natural health (e.g., Mercola), blogging platforms where anyone can post... and untrustworthy news websites...", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X20313116", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "2016–2019"}]}, {"name": "National Viewers' and Listeners' Association", "aliases": ["National Viewers' and Listeners' Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Indian subcontinent"], "media": [], "norms": ["christian values", "public morals"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducted a private prosecution to enforce blasphemy laws against media content deemed offensive to the Christian faith and public morals.", "quote": "In 1977, Mary Whitehouse, on behalf of her National Viewers' and Listeners' Association, won a famous legal victory in a private prosecution against the newspaper Gay News. Her objection was to a poem depicting Christ as a promiscuous homosexual, which she claimed was a blasphemous libel against the Christian faith.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "National Viewers' and Listeners' Association of Australia Inc.", "aliases": ["National Viewers' and Listeners' Association of Australia Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "community values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Lobbied and advocated for government regulation, supporting the use of criminal sanctions against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content, based on community concerns about media content.", "quote": "Composed of the Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department... and interest groups with wider concerns about the media content (especially pornography and violence and its impact on young people; Van Luyn 1995:3), this coalition advocated the use of criminal sanction against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content (MacDonald 1995:2).", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "National Women's Political Caucus", "aliases": ["National Women's Political Caucus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "political participation"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Founding member Betty Friedan engaged in political advocacy for women, influencing policy and public discourse on gender issues.", "quote": "...a founding member of the Na-tional Women's Political Caucus...", "page": "25", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "National Workshops (Ateliers Nationaux)", "aliases": ["National Workshops (Ateliers Nationaux)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["poverty reduction", "social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "State-sponsored employment program created in 1848 to provide work for the unemployed, but were quickly closed amidst popular protests.", "quote": "Work for some 100,000 people was created through the establishment of national workshops but these, despite popular protest in support of them, were quickly closed.", "page": "68", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Nationalismus Ist Keine Alternative", "aliases": ["Nationalismus Ist Keine Alternative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Educates its audience on why racist movements are ineffective solutions to societal problems.", "quote": "attempts to educate its audience as to why racist movements are ineffective solutions to social ills", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Nationalist Front", "aliases": ["Nationalist Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incitement in an Era of Populism: Updating Brandenburg After Charlottesville", "author": "Wilson, Richard Ashby; Kiper, Jordan", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its leaders were among the organizers of the Charlottesville march, indicating their participation in a movement whose speech and actions led to violence.", "quote": "Defendants include... the leaders of the Nationalist Front...", "page": "115", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with a focus on social media platforms", "when": "Early 20th century to present (2020), with an emphasis on post-2016"}]}, {"name": "Nationalist Socialist Network", "aliases": ["Nationalist Socialist Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Gab", "Telegram"], "norms": ["anti-democratic ideals", "discrimination", "illiberalism", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Far-right populism in alt-tech: A challenge for democracy?", "author": "Dowling, Melissa-Ellen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Promoting far-right extremist and anti-democratic ideologies on alt-tech platforms known for low content moderation, thereby creating unmoderated online spaces for discussions that challenge liberal democratic principles and circumvent mainstream censorship.", "quote": "Stream 2 (the far-right extremist ‘FRE' sample) consists of posts from the Nationalist Socialist Network—one of the most prominent Australian ‘extremist' online communities (McKenzie and Tozer, 2021).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448231205889", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia, Telegram and Gab platforms", "when": "2021–2022"}]}, {"name": "Native community members", "aliases": ["Native community members"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural awareness", "cultural representation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 1996, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Strategies for Dealing with Censorship", "author": "Blair, Lorrie", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Members of the Native community responded to complaints regarding the display of a Native American symbol, defending its cultural significance and challenging its misinterpretation as a religious symbol violating state law.", "quote": "Several members of the Native community responded to the complaint saying that the misinterpretation of Native American culture as a religious affiliation...", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3193612?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Canadian and U.S. schools and public libraries", "when": "late 20th century (1983-1996)"}]}, {"name": "Navigering i sociale mediers dobbelte natur: En patientadvokats ...", "aliases": ["Navigering i sociale mediers dobbelte natur: En patientadvokats ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["patient advocacy non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "PEN produces educational programs (digital sherpa, DECODE), newsletters and resources to shape patient understanding of AI, digital tools and health information, influencing public perceptions and behavior online.", "quote": "PEN's core mission is patient empowerment and health literacy, but it runs digital literacy programs (digital sherpa) and an AI/health tech education program (DECODE) that touch on platform use and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://powerfulpatients.org/da/2023/07/31/navigating-the-dual-nature-of-social-media-a-patient-advocates-guide/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Nawaat.org", "aliases": ["Nawaat.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Iran", "Tunisia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google Reader", "Sina Weibo", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media activism and state censorship", "author": "T Poell", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operated as a critical independent collective blog that enabled activists to curate and circulate information, offering a platform less dependent on commercial social media and national state censorship systems.", "quote": "In the case of the Tunisian revolution, especially the critical independent collective blog Nawaat.org fulfilled this function.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315764832-13/social-media-activism-state-censorship-thomas-poell", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "MENA region (Tunisia, Egypt, Iran) and China, on social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Sina Weibo, YouTube, Google Reader)", "when": "early 21st century (c. 2009-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Nebraska Governance and Technology Center (university-affiliated research center)", "aliases": ["Nebraska Governance and Technology Center (university-affiliated research center)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supports research programs related to technology, governance, and AI safety through grants.", "quote": "This project was supported in part by grants from the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and the Nebraska Governance and Technology Center's Summer Grant Program 2020.", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in Afrika (Transkei)", "aliases": ["Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in Afrika (Transkei)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "organizational control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION AND LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE", "author": "Davis, Tara", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Carries out internal disciplinary actions that function as a form of content or conduct moderation, which courts have intervened in to ensure procedural fairness.", "quote": "Our courts have also intervened in procedurally unfair private, disciplinary matters. It has done so for churches and professional associations.", "page": "25", "url": "wiredspace.wits.ac.za", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Neeva", "aliases": ["Neeva"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Critiques the ownership and control of digital public spaces by private technology companies, contributing to public debate on big tech censorship.", "quote": "las plataformas de comunicación digital, como Facebook o Twitter, actúan como plazas públicas modernas. Pero no pertenecen al público.", "page": "5", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Negro Convention Movement", "aliases": ["Negro Convention Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["minority rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Acted as a key organization for the Black public during the antebellum period, providing a platform for Black interests and resistance against slavery and oppression.", "quote": "In the antebellum period, the Negro Convention Movement was a key organization for the Black public", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Neighborland", "aliases": ["Neighborland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "local decision-making", "user participation"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a platform (Neighborland) where organizations can publish projects and engage with neighborhood populations to foster discussions, collect opinions, and facilitate decision-making processes at a local level.", "quote": "Empresa Neighborland", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Neighbourhood Watches (Casablanca)", "aliases": ["Neighbourhood Watches (Casablanca)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["public security", "self-defense", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Groups elected by inhabitants in Casablanca, Morocco, to protect against attacks by youth subcultures, acting as local self-defense and informal security providers.", "quote": "obliged some inhabitants in Casablanca to elect neighbourhood watches against attacks (Lesiteinfo, 2016).", "page": "172", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Neo-Confederates", "aliases": ["Neo-Confederates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["extremism", "hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in white-nationalist rallies to promote their views and contribute to collective action supporting a white ethnostate.", "quote": "including members of various white-nationalist and white-supremacist groups — including chapters of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), neo Confederates, neo-Nazis and members of organised militia groups.", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Neo-Nazis", "aliases": ["Neo-Nazis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["antisemitism", "extremism", "racism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in white-nationalist rallies to promote their views and contribute to collective action supporting a white ethnostate.", "quote": "including chapters of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), neo Confederates, neo-Nazis and members of organised militia groups.", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Nepal Fact Check (International Fact-Checking Network-certified)", "aliases": ["Nepal Fact Check (International Fact-Checking Network-certified)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information accuracy", "veracity"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Conducts fact-checks, identifying patterns of misinformation spread across Nepal’s provinces; certified by an international network.", "quote": "The difference in the pattern according to provinces is evident in the fact-checks conducted by Nepal Fact Check, an International Fact-Checking Network-certified fact-checking initiative.", "page": "169", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Net4People BBS", "aliases": ["Net4People BBS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "information sharing"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides an online discussion forum for users to report new censorship behaviors.", "quote": "online discussion forums such as Net4People BBS [50], NTC Party forum [51], and the GitHub issue pages of popular anti-censorship tools [...] enable users to report new censorship behaviors as soon as they encounter them", "page": "3", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "NetBlocks Group", "aliases": ["NetBlocks Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights NGO; internet measurement organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Network Initiative", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "NetBlocks publishes real-time measurements, incident reports and the COST tool to quantify and publicise internet shutdowns and platform restrictions, enabling media coverage, policy debate and accountability efforts.", "quote": "NetBlocks measures and reports internet outages, platform restrictions and builds tools (Internet Observatory, COST) used by journalists, researchers and policymakers to monitor platform and network-level censorship and connectivity interventions.", "page": "", "url": "https://netblocks.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NetChoice", "aliases": ["NetChoice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigated against state laws in Florida and Texas restricting social media platforms' content moderation, defending platforms' First Amendment rights and commercial interests.", "quote": "Cf. cour d’appel du 11e circuit, 26 mai 2022, Netchoice Llc v. Attorney general of Florida, suspendant la loi SB 7072, sauf en ce qui concerne les obligations de transparence.", "page": "79", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "NetChoice LLC", "aliases": ["NetChoice LLC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["EU", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial discretion", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit nella causa contro la legge del Texas HB20 (NetChoice LLC v. Paxton): libertà di parola versus moderazione di contenuti da …", "author": "S Tommasi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Litigated against the Texas HB20 law, which prohibited social media platforms from censoring viewpoint-based speech, arguing that the law was unconstitutional and violated platforms' First Amendment rights to free speech and editorial discretion.", "quote": "NetChoice e CCIA ritengono che HB20 sia incostituzionale in quanto contrario al Primo Emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America... NetChoice e CCIA affermano che la libertà di parola delle piattaforme sia violata se non è consentito alle stesse di censurare i contenuti che per il loro tramite sono diffusi.", "page": "2", "url": "https://iris.unisalento.it/bitstream/11587/495987/1/Legge%20del%20Texas.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "EU, USA, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "NetFamilyNews.org", "aliases": ["NetFamilyNews.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Capacity building", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Security"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Publishes regular policy-focused articles and newsletters, participates in events (TEDx noted), and frames issues for parents and policymakers, shaping public debate on youth safety and platform regulation.", "quote": "Publishes sustained commentary and resources on child online safety, platform regulation, generative AI, and related policy debates, indicating direct engagement with platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "http://NetFamilyNews.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NetFreedom Pioneers", "aliases": ["NetFreedom Pioneers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["technology nonprofit; digital rights"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Builds and deploys datacasting systems (Knapsack, Toosheh) and distributes Starlink terminals to bypass censorship, provides informational resources to underserved communities, and runs high-profile donation campaigns and media outreach.", "quote": "Develops anti-censorship technologies (Toosheh datacasting, Knapsack Content Station) and distributes Starlink terminals to circumvent internet shutdowns and censorship, directly affecting platformed information flows and access.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.netfreedompioneers.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NetGain", "aliases": ["NetGain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic partnership / foundation coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "NetGain commissions and publishes research, convenes webinars and expert panels, and leverages foundation partners to promote finance-focused strategies and regulatory approaches to hold Big Tech accountable.", "quote": "NetGain explicitly advances platform research, regulation and governance, and philanthropy strategies to hold internet platforms accountable and shape the digital public sphere.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.netgainpartnership.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Netherlands Institute for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Netherlands Institute for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces studies and reports on human rights issues, which are referenced by moderation bodies (e.g., Facebook's Oversight Board) in their decisions to address structural racism.", "quote": "Na decisão três, particularmente, o CS indicou documentações extras locais da Holanda, como por exemplo a declaração de um Defensor Público da infância Holandês e o trabalho do Instituto Holandês de Direitos Humanos, além de vários estudos acadêmicos para reafirmar a representação Zwarte Piet com o racismo estrutural.", "page": "144", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audio-visual Media (NICAM)", "aliases": ["Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audio-visual Media (NICAM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Implements the Netherlands Kijkwijzer scheme, which provides graphical warnings for audio-visual content as part of the broader PEGI system, aiding in content classification.", "quote": "using the graphical warnings of the Netherlands Kijkwijzer scheme implemented by the Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audio-visual Media", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "Netherlands Public Broadcasting", "aliases": ["Netherlands Public Broadcasting"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public service broadcasting", "quality programming"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acts as the central organization for Dutch public broadcasting, evaluating performance and advising on the future of public broadcasting, thereby influencing content and adherence to public service remits.", "quote": "Johannes L.H. Bardoel (1951) is professor of Media Policy at the Radboud University of Nijmegen and a senior researcher at The Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) at the University of Amsterdam. After taking his Master’s Degree in Sociology and Mass Communications at the University of Nijmegen, he joined the NOS (now called NPO, Netherlands Public Broadcasting), the central organisation in Dutch public broadcasting. For 15 years, he worked with the Study Department, the Strategic Planning Department and as a senior policy advisor for the Board of Governors of the NOS.", "page": "413", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "NetHope", "aliases": ["NetHope"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership network; nonprofit technology consortium"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "NetHope convenes INGOs, publishes toolkits and research, forms technology partnerships, and provides connectivity and technical programs demonstrating influence through information sharing, partner leverage, and delivery of technical infrastructure.", "quote": "NetHope supports nonprofits on digital protection, emerging technologies and 'Safe Generative AI' for members, engaging with issues related to platform impacts though its core mission is nonprofit technology capacity-building rather than platform governance per se.", "page": "", "url": "https://nethope.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NetLab UFRJ", "aliases": ["NetLab UFRJ"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Google", "Kwai", "LinkedIn", "Meta", "Spotify", "TikTok", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Entre resistência e concessão de transparência: as plataformas digitais colaboraram com as eleições?", "author": "AA Gonzales, M Bülow", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a research group, NetLab UFRJ conducted studies and published findings that denounced the inefficiencies of digital platforms' moderation measures, particularly regarding the absence of electoral ad labels and a lack of precise data on boosted content spending, thus increasing public pressure on platforms.", "quote": "As pesquisas realizadas pelo NetLab denunciaram a ineficiência das medidas das próprias plataformas (ver seção IV.1), como a ausência do rótulo de propaganda eleitoral e a falta de dados precisos sobre os valores investidos em impulsionamento de conteúdo", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/BHt7FG7LhJjkV93MgrgNb7s/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on digital platforms (Meta, Google, YouTube, TikTok, Twitter, Spotify, Kwai, LinkedIn)", "when": "2018-2023 electoral cycles"}]}, {"name": "NetMundial", "aliases": ["NetMundial"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Developing a global internet governance roadmap through multi-stakeholder participation.", "quote": "30. NetMundial. (2014). NetMundial Statement. http://netmundial.br/wpcontent/uploads/2014/04/NETmundial- MultistakeholderDocument.pdf.", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Netroots Nation", "aliases": ["Netroots Nation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["progressive political conference and advocacy organization (501(c)4)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Netroots convenes thousands of progressive activists and high-profile speakers (e.g., past keynotes include Obama, Biden), provides trainings on online organizing and communications, and shapes progressive networks and messaging through large annual gatherings.", "quote": "Netroots Nation convenes trainings and panels on communications and online organizing and hosts sessions relevant to platform practices, but its core mission is running a broad progressive conference rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.netrootsnation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Netsafe New Zealand", "aliases": ["Netsafe New Zealand"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Angry by design: toxic communication and technical architectures", "author": "Munn, Luke", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Netsafe New Zealand partially funded the research project \"Angry by Design\"\"", "quote": "thus supporting academic inquiry into toxic communication and design architectures.\"", "page": "Online safety, combating toxic communication, fostering civil discourse", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-00550-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "netslaves (webzine / collective voice of digital workers)", "aliases": ["netslaves (webzine / collective voice of digital workers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Used their webzine platform to be 'vociferous about the shamelessly exploitative nature of the job, its punishing work rhythms and its ruthless casualization' in the new media industry.", "quote": "the ‘netslaves’ of the homonymous webzine had always been vociferous about the shamelessly exploitative nature of the job, its punishing work rhythms and its ruthless casualization.", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Nettime", "aliases": ["Nettime"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "community building", "community moderation", "cultural politics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A platform for 'net criticism, collaborative text filtering and cultural politics of the nets,' facilitating the development and dissemination of new media art concepts and political discussions.", "quote": "Media critic Timothy Druckrey writes that the first recorded usage of this term was on the Nettime email list. In a message written by Russian artist Alexei Shulgin, a citation from Slovenian artist Vuk C´ osic´ mentions that the expression “net.art” was created by accidentally picking out two connected words in a corrupted, unreadable email message.", "page": "238", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "NETTZ.Gespräch: Wer lügt, gewinnt? Desinformation und die ...", "aliases": ["NETTZ.Gespräch: Wer lügt, gewinnt? Desinformation und die ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local civic-democracy initiative / hate-speech networking and prevention project"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Convenes expert panels (e.g., CORRECTIV, polisphere) on disinformation and platform moderation, runs workshops and trainings for schools and civil society to build capacity and public awareness about online misinformation and hate speech.", "quote": "Organises NETTZ.Gespräch events on disinformation, platform moderation and the political power of platform owners; convenes experts (CORRECTIV, polisphere) to discuss platform governance and countermeasures.", "page": "", "url": "https://nrweltoffen-solingen.de/Veranstaltung/nettz-gespraech-wer-luegt-gewinnt-desinformation-und-die-bundestagswahl/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Network Code/Netzkodex", "aliases": ["Network Code/Netzkodex"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "An initiative in NRW, Germany, listed as an example of counter-extremism initiatives.", "quote": "the Network Code/Netzkodex initiative in NRW, Germany (Schmid & Appelhoff, 2017).", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Network Connectivity across American Communities", "aliases": ["Network Connectivity across American Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "New America publishes data-driven research and interactive story maps to inform policy discussions on connectivity and technology, shaping debate and providing evidence for policymakers.", "quote": "New America conducts research on technology and connectivity and sometimes addresses platform policy, but this specific project focuses on network connectivity rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://data.newamerica.org/nann_networks_map/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Network Contagion Research Institute", "aliases": ["Network Contagion Research Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and analysis on online hate speech, genocidal language, and conspiracy theories, particularly focusing on alt-tech platforms, to identify patterns and spread.", "quote": "A study conducted jointly by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and the Network Contagion Research Institute found that 8chan and the alt-right Twitter alternative Gab are rife with genocidal language (e.g. “slaughter” of groups of people) and conspiracy theories.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Network of Associations of Victims of Terrorism", "aliases": ["Network of Associations of Victims of Terrorism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "victim support"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Designed to stimulate effective trans-national co-operation between associations of victims of terrorism and promote the increased representation of victims' voices at a European level.", "quote": "Another example is provided by the Network of Associations of Victims of Terrorism (NAVT), which has been designed to stimulate more effective trans-national co-operation between associations of victims of terrorism and promote the increased representation of victims' voices at a European level.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Network of British Muslim Women", "aliases": ["Network of British Muslim Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "cultural change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A campaign sought to create this network to provide 'access to women's civil society groups' and transmit government-aligned counter-extremism messages to Muslim audiences, effectively instrumentalizing their voices for state propaganda.", "quote": "One such campaign sought to create a “network of British Muslim women” who would provide “access to women's civil society groups\" in order to transmit the government's counter-extremism messages to Muslim audiences.\"", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Network Working Group", "aliases": ["Network Working Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["technical standards", "technological progress"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Develops and publishes 'architectural principles' and 'rules' for internetworking through Request for Comments (RFC) documents, establishing frameworks for cooperation and standards within the evolving technological space.", "quote": "As an RFC (Request for Comments) document of the Network Working Group put it, ‘The [Internet’s] architectural principles … aim to provide a framework for creating cooperation and standards, as a small “spanning set” of rules that generates a large, varied and evolving space of technology.’", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Networked Advertising Initiative (NAI)", "aliases": ["Networked Advertising Initiative (NAI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform optimization", "user experience"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Represents digital advertising companies and promotes narratives about the benefits of targeted advertising, framing it as making ads 'more relevant' to users, which serves to dampen public outcry and government regulation.", "quote": "the Networked Advertising Initiative, a trade group representing digital advertising companies, claims advanced targeting 'makes ads less annoying and irrelevant. Women are likely to see fewer ads about men's shaving products and younger people may see more ads about concerts than luxury cars.'", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Netzpolitik podcast", "aliases": ["Netzpolitik podcast"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization / digital rights journalism"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "netzpolitik.org uses investigative reporting, podcasts and public campaigns (e.g. 'Grundrechte zuerst' posters) to document platform practices, shape public framing and hold state and corporate actors accountable.", "quote": "netzpolitik.org produces investigative journalism, commentary and campaigns on digital rights, platform power, surveillance and regulation, directly shaping public debate on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://netzpolitik.org/podcast/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Netzpolitik.org", "aliases": ["Netzpolitik.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Experiences of Censorship on TikTok Across Marginalised Identities", "author": "Ungless, Eddie L; Markl, Nina; Ross, Björn", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published leaked internal documents from TikTok, exposing discriminatory content suppression policies against marginalised individuals, which contributed to public awareness and scrutiny of platform moderation practices.", "quote": "including a Netzpolitik article which shared leaked documents which revealed that content featuring marginalised individuals such as those with disabilities is deliberately suppressed by moderators of the platform", "page": "1", "url": "ojs.aaai.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, UK", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Neue deutsche Medienmacher*innen", "aliases": ["Neue deutsche Medienmacher*innen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Manages projects and campaigns, such as the No Hate Speech campaign, to address online hate speech and promote civic engagement.", "quote": "Sina Laubenstein is Project Manager for the New German Media Makers and responsible for the No Hate Speech campaign there.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Neue EU Plattformregulierung | Bitkom e. V.", "aliases": ["Neue EU Plattformregulierung | Bitkom e. V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Bitkom issues position papers and reports (e.g., '28th Regime' position paper, Startup-Report), offers mediation services to platforms/businesses, and advocates directly to EU and national policymakers to shape platform regulation.", "quote": "Bitkom publishes position papers and guidance on EU platform regulation, provides mediation services for platforms and business users, and advocates for regulatory design affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bitkom.org/Themen/Politik-Recht/Plattformen/Neue-EU-Plattformregulierung", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Neue Web-Publikation Brcken bauen statt polarisieren", "aliases": ["Neue Web-Publikation Brcken bauen statt polarisieren"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["conference organiser; prevention NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organises national prevention congresses and publishes web-publications and newsletters that disseminate research on algorithmic effects and encourage public and political discussion.", "quote": "Publishes and disseminates research and web-publications on digital discourse and bridging algorithms, but core mission is prevention rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.praeventionstag.de/nano.cms/news/details/8483", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Never Trump movement", "aliases": ["Never Trump movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political principles"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dilemas e desafios de republicanos e democratas após 2018", "author": "T Teixeira", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A dissenting movement primarily composed of traditional Republicans who oppose Donald Trump, whose efforts to challenge the president are actively suppressed by the Republican National Committee.", "quote": "Membros do Comitê Nacional Republicano já aprovaram uma resolução, anunciando o “apoio incondicional” a Trump, e adotaram medidas extras para sufocar o movimento Never Trump", "page": "12", "url": "https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/9824/1/Tempo%20do%20Mundo_v5_n1_dilemas_e_desafios.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "United States", "when": "post-2016, focusing on 2018-2020"}]}, {"name": "New America Foundation", "aliases": ["New America Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Hosts online workshops for Muslim community leaders, teaching them how to effectively use information technology and social media for communications, thereby building capacity for alternative narrative campaigns.", "quote": "In the US, the New America Foundation has hosted online workshops for Muslim community leaders in cities across the country, financed by technology companies, such as Microsoft, Google, Facebook and Twitter. They teach participants how to use information technology more effectively, including social media.", "page": "25", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute", "aliases": ["New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / foundation"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["technology openness", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This institute is part of the consortium that founded and administers Measurement Lab (M-Lab), thereby contributing to the collection and provision of open network performance data to monitor internet conditions.", "quote": "Founded and administered by a consortium of non-governmental organizations, private companies and academic institutions, including New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, PlanetLab, and Google...", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "New American Schools Development Corporation", "aliases": ["New American Schools Development Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national education", "scientific innovation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "BROADENING THE DEBATE: COMMENTS ON MICHAEL J. FEUER'S MODERATING THE DEBATE", "author": "E Robertson", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Participated in setting ambitious and utopian goals for education reform as part of a national initiative, influencing public discourse and policy rhetoric with promises of optimal solutions.", "quote": "NASDC's stated goal was to \"unleash America's creative genius to invent... the best schools in the world. . . to achieve a quantum leap in learning.\"\"\"", "page": "1", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.2009.00334.x", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "New Christian Church of Full Endeavor, Ltd.", "aliases": ["New Christian Church of Full Endeavor, Ltd."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Copied, distributed, and translated substantial portions of a copyrighted religious work (\"A Course in Miracles\"\") without authorization", "quote": "Dissemination of religious message.", "page": "the defendant New Christian Church of Full Endeavor, reportedly “one of the many organizations dedicated to spreading the message of the Course,” began copying, distributing, and translating substantial portions of the work without authorization, in order “to achieve as widespread a distribution of the Course and its message as possible.”", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "New Direction for News", "aliases": ["New Direction for News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Provided prophetic insights and understanding regarding the changes confronting news, information, and media over more than 15 years.", "quote": "Por más de 15 años, New Direction for News (NDN) y el Media Center han suministrado comprensión profética sobre los cambios que confrontan las noticias, la información y los medios.", "page": "6", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "New England Watch and Ward Society", "aliases": ["New England Watch and Ward Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Actively pursued censorship by instigating legal actions (indictments, convictions) against booksellers for selling allegedly obscene literature, influencing Massachusetts law, and leading to the 'Banned in Boston' phenomenon.", "quote": "In Massachusetts, home of Boston and the New England Watch and Ward Society, and hence father to the \"Banned in Boston\"\" dust-jacket", "page": "literary casualties have been high and severe.\"", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "New evidence proves Biden administration pressured Facebook ...", "aliases": ["New evidence proves Biden administration pressured Facebook ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public-interest litigation firm / civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Government accountability", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Files precedent-setting litigation and amicus briefs to challenge platform–government coordination and shape judicial protections for online speech.", "quote": "Files federal lawsuits and amicus briefs challenging alleged government coordination with Facebook and Twitter to censor speech, directly engaging platformized content governance through litigation.", "page": "", "url": "https://libertyjusticecenter.org/pressrelease/social-media-censorship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "New Hampshire Mothers Group", "aliases": ["New Hampshire Mothers Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["anti-critical race theory", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Offered a reward for reporting teachers who violate new state laws prohibiting certain discussions on race and sexism, effectively acting as a public watchdog to enforce censorship in schools.", "quote": "en Nuevo Hampshire, un grupo de madres ha ofrecido una recompensa de 500 dólares para aquel que cace a un profesor violando la ley estatal recién aprobada que prohíbe decir ciertas cosas sobre el racismo y el sexismo.", "page": "10", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "New Jersey Coalition Against War in the Middle East", "aliases": ["New Jersey Coalition Against War in the Middle East"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-war", "free speech", "public access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Successfully argued in court (J.M.B. Realty) that the New Jersey Constitution protects free speech rights, including leafleting, in private shopping malls, thereby challenging private control over public expression spaces.", "quote": "in New Jersey Coalition Against War in the Middle East v. J.M.B. Realty, the New Jersey Supreme Court stated that 'the New Jersey Constitution's right of free speech is broader than the right against governmental abridgement of speech found in the First Amendment,' and held that under the New Jersey Constitution private shopping malls must allow leafleting and related nondisruptive exercises of free speech rights on their property.", "page": "39", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "New Leaders Council", "aliases": ["New Leaders Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["leadership development nonprofit / civic leadership network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NLC trains and connects proximate leaders, building a 13,000+ alumni network that places leaders across sectors and amplifies equity-focused narratives and policy influence.", "quote": "Primary mission is leadership development and civic inclusion, but alumni work touches on tech and AI governance (e.g., alumnus Kyle Gracey advises on AI and founded an international AI safety network).", "page": "", "url": "http://www.newleaderscouncil.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "New Media Consortium", "aliases": ["New Media Consortium"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["educational development", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collaborates on regional reports (e.g., Horizon Report) that identify and forecast the impact of emerging technologies on higher education, thereby influencing strategic planning and technology adoption.", "quote": "Perspectivas Tecnológicas > Educación Superior en América Latina 2013-2018, un análisis regional del Informe Horizon del NMC, producto de la colaboración entre New Media Consortium (NMC), Centro Superior para la Enseñanza Virtual (CSEV) y Virtual Educa...", "page": "174", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "New Media Ventures & New Rising Ventures", "aliases": ["New Media Ventures & New Rising Ventures"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic affiliate / venture philanthropy (501(c)(3))"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Civic tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NRV uses grantmaking and investments to seed and scale organizations building tools, standards, and campaigns (listed portfolio includes Algorithmic Justice League, Data Nutrition Project, Chorus AI, Legitimate) that shape platform content, AI governance, and media ecosystems.", "quote": "NRV runs a Responsible AI Funding Cycle and funds organizations (e.g., Algorithmic Justice League, Data Nutrition Project, Chorus AI) working on trustworthy media ecosystems, misinformation, and civic-facing AI — directly engaging platform and AI governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://newrisingventures.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "New Model Army Rank and File", "aliases": ["New Model Army Rank and File"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Driven by grievances and democratic opposition, challenged parliamentary oligarchy and formulated a radical political programme, refusing disbandment orders.", "quote": "Many in the Army rank and file were driven by anger... but many were also motivated by democratic opposition to the parliamentary oligarchy...", "page": "241", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "New People's Army", "aliases": ["New People's Army"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "political liberation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "As the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines, it expanded rapidly, launched thousands of violent attacks, and maintained its commitment to armed struggle, posing a significant threat of state takeover during the transition.", "quote": "The NPA did not waver in its commitment to armed struggle when the possibility of a peaceful ouster of Marcos presented itself. ... In 1985, just as the moderate movement for democracy was taking shape, the NPA launched 5,000 violent attacks.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "New work out today on MIDDLEWARE! | Renee DiResta - LinkedIn", "aliases": ["New work out today on MIDDLEWARE! | Renee DiResta - LinkedIn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Published a white paper and convened a symposium at Stanford to shape debate on middleware, drawing on institutional and corporate expertise to influence technical and regulatory discussion of social media governance.", "quote": "Published a white paper on 'Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware' and convened a symposium engaging institutions and companies on regulatory and technical feasibility of middleware for social media.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.linkedin.com/posts/reneediresta_shaping-the-future-of-social-media-with-middleware-activity-7274892157272920066-X_e8", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "New York Academy of Sciences array(NYAS)", "aliases": ["New York Academy of Sciences array(NYAS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership scientific academy / nonprofit learned society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Telecommunication policy", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1817, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1817", "mechanism": "Convenes scholars, runs fellowships and events, and produces research and policy-oriented programming (e.g., AI & Society fellowship) that inform debates on AI and technology governance.", "quote": "Hosts programs (e.g., Artificial Intelligence and Society Fellowship) and activities that engage AI and societal implications but its core mission is broad scientific advancement rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nyas.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "New York City General Assembly (Occupy Wall Street)", "aliases": ["New York City General Assembly (Occupy Wall Street)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Approved the 'Declaration of the Occupation of New York City' and engaged in dialogic debate to define the movement's grievances, serving as an internal governance body for self-regulation of Occupy's demands and identity.", "quote": "One of the first ‘official’ documents of Occupy was the ‘Declaration of the Occupation of New York City’, approved by consensus by the NYC General Assembly.", "page": "113", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "New York Civil Liberties Union", "aliases": ["New York Civil Liberties Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "civil rights", "legal rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Animate affects: censorship, reckless pedagogies, and beautiful feelings", "author": "Niccolini, Alyssa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A lawyer from the NYCLU was consulted regarding the legal options for the dismissed student-teacher, indicating its role in providing advice and potential litigation support to challenge perceived censorship or unjust dismissals in educational settings.", "quote": "I talked about this a lot at [university] with peers and professors and they were all kind of appalled and I actually started getting on the phone, I was really going to go do something, like protest or write an article or something [...]", "page": "18", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540253.2015.1121205", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US secondary school, New York City", "when": "2012–2016 (event in 2012, publication in 2016)"}]}, {"name": "New York Fiction Lover’s Library", "aliases": ["New York Fiction Lover’s Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["reading society / community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of access to information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Circulated books, including titles subject to censorship, under a model of 'renting, not selling' to provide access to readers.", "quote": "Notably, it circulated too through the Fiction Lover’s Library, available for borrowing: ‘We rent books, we do not sell them’.", "page": "112", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "New York Public Library (LGBT Collection/Project)", "aliases": ["New York Public Library (LGBT Collection/Project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship in Selection of LGBT-Themed Materials", "author": "Antell, Karen; Strothmann, Molly; Downey, Jennifer", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Houses a large LGBT manuscript and archives collection and actively acquires, archives, and publicizes LGBT materials through dedicated projects, promoting access to relevant information.", "quote": "New York Public Library is home to a large LGBT manuscript and archives collection, as well as the new LGBT@ NYPD project, in which vast amounts of LGBT materials are actively being acquired, archived, and publicized.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3458", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "New York State Club Association, Inc.", "aliases": ["New York State Club Association, Inc."], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "economic interests"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Practiced discrimination in membership admission based on race, color, national origin, gender, or religion, which was challenged and legally condemned.", "quote": "a associação foi condenada a não mais admitir qualquer discriminação em função de raça, cor, procedência nacional, gênero ou religião para ingresso e manutenção da filiação", "page": "146", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "New York Theatre Workshop", "aliases": ["New York Theatre Workshop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural sensitivity", "economic interests", "political neutrality", "reputation management"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Cancelled the transfer of the play My Name is Rachel Corrie due to fear of financial loss and not wanting to alienate patrons, a significant proportion of whom were Jewish, over political issues critical of Israel.", "quote": "Fear of financial loss yet again took precedent over artistic ‘freedom of expression’, with self-interest and self-censorship offering the only pragmatic avenue to preserve the New York Theatre Workshop’s economic solvency.", "page": "31", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "New York University", "aliases": ["New York University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "international cooperation", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosts multiple sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society, with affiliated centers focused on justice, international cooperation, and human rights.", "quote": "The top 10 organizations by session count, all of which hosted at least 9 sessions total, are listed in Table 3. ...the NYU organization includes affiliations with the Brennan Center for Justice, Center on International Cooperation, Global Justice Clinic, and Center for Business and Human Rights.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "New York University (NYU) Center for Business and Human Rights", "aliases": ["New York University (NYU) Center for Business and Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Ireland", "Kenya", "Latvia", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "human rights", "transparency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "POR TRÁS DO FILTRO: A TERCEIRIZAÇÃO NÃO LINEAR EA QUESTÃO DO TRABALHO DIGNO NO CONTEXTO LABORAL DOS MODERADORES DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "V Vieira Pessanha…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research reports that expose precarious working conditions, psychological risks, and lack of support for content moderators in outsourced operations, advocating for improved conditions and greater corporate responsibility.", "quote": "Em sentido semelhante, o relatório de pesquisa da NYU (Barret, 2020, p.14) descreve os sintomas e diagnóstico do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático sofridos por dois ex-moderadores terceirizados: “[...] insônia e pesadelos, memórias indesejadas de imagens perturbadoras, ansiedade, depressão e distanciamento emocional\".\"", "page": "15", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/view/10006", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms and their outsourced content moderation operations, with specific mentions of India, Ireland, Philippines, Kenya, Latvia, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the global South", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts", "aliases": ["New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["economic justice", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Set up a protest occupation called 'Bloombergville' in Manhattan, establishing a repertoire of occupation and setting norms of protest against specific financial policies prior to the main Occupy Wall Street event.", "quote": "A socialist collective named ‘New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts’ set up a protest occupation in Manhattan, called ‘Bloombergville’.", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "New Zealand Civil Society", "aliases": ["New Zealand Civil Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "counter-extremism", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Providing community input on content moderation responses (e.g., Christchurch Call) and advocating for accountability.", "quote": "NZ-CS 2019 Community Input on Christchurch Call", "page": "16", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "New Zealand Green Party", "aliases": ["New Zealand Green Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet freedom", "internet rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting a bill to propose internet rights and freedoms.", "quote": "32. New Zealand Green Party. (2014). Internet Rights and Freedoms Bill. https://home.greens.org.nz/misc-documents/internet-rights-andfreedoms-", "page": "30", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Newcastle Community News", "aliases": ["Newcastle Community News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being", "cultural preservation", "local journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A web-based network involving local, non-professional people in news-gathering and production, focused on 'universal' values of local communities and demotic local history.", "quote": "A first broad group would include the web-based network of community reporters established under the aegis of Steve Thompson at the University of Teesside. These initiatives involve a high proportion of local, non-professional people in their news-gathering, reporting and production – the Newcastle Community News website (www.ncn.org.uk/) boasts a youngest writer of only eight years.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "News Media Association", "aliases": ["News Media Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; trade body representing news publishers"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Copyright protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes briefing documents and survey research, leads high-profile campaigns (Make It Fair) mobilising publishers and MPs, partners with industry coalitions and engages regulators (CMA) to shape platform and AI copyright policy.", "quote": "Directly engages on AI, copyright and platform policy (e.g., Make It Fair campaign, responses to government consultations, CMA/platform designation advocacy).", "page": "", "url": "https://newsmediauk.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "News organisations", "aliases": ["News organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["news organisation"], "countries": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Colombia", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "media pluralism", "media sustainability"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Are subject to social media platforms' content moderation systems, which affect the visibility, monetisation, and reach of their content. They may also seek special regulatory treatment or exemptions from content moderation rules for 'editorial content'.", "quote": "News organisations depend on platforms for access to their audiences, advertising revenue, and funding, leading to significant platform influence over their editorial, organisational, and business choices. More specifically, there has been concern about the influence of platforms' content moderation systems on the visibility, monetisation, and reach of content and accounts, and their impact on journalists' editorial independence and the financial sustainability of journalism.", "page": "37", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "news.admin.net-abuse.email newsgroup (NANAE)", "aliases": ["news.admin.net-abuse.email newsgroup (NANAE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "platform autonomy", "social order"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Formed in response to early internet spam, this newsgroup organized the community to implement ex ante screening protocols to identify and filter suspected spam messages.", "quote": "See also Brunton, supra note 60, at 96 (describing the formation of the news.admin.net-abuse.email newsgroup, or NANAE, to respond to spam).", "page": "14", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "NewsBusters: Exposing and Combating Media Bias", "aliases": ["NewsBusters: Exposing and Combating Media Bias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "media representation", "political bias"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As an online journal, it publicly aims to expose perceived 'liberal bias' in media, thereby exerting pressure on media content and influencing public discourse around film. Its mission is to challenge alleged biases.", "quote": "An online journal, NewsBusters: Exposing and Combating Media Bias, recently embarked on a mission to expose “liberal bias” in media without bothering to prove the existence of the alleged bias.", "page": "13", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "NewsGuard Technologies, Inc.", "aliases": ["NewsGuard Technologies, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["information reliability", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides services that evaluate the trustworthiness of news sources, offering transparency and helping users make informed decisions about content reliability, thus influencing user impression.", "quote": "See www.newsguardtech.com/solutions/newsguard/ and Ovadya (2021).", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Newsletter Erlesenes 48 Von Datenmonopolen KI in der Kunst ...", "aliases": ["Newsletter Erlesenes 48 Von Datenmonopolen KI in der Kunst ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research initiative / project of Bertelsmann Stiftung"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes regular analyses and a widely distributed newsletter highlighting platform policy changes, data provenance studies, and calls for regulatory action to shape public and policy debates.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and commentary on platform moderation, data monopolies, and AI impacts (newsletter highlighting Meta moderation changes, DSA implications, and dataset concentration).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.reframetech.de/2025/01/16/newsletter-erlesenes-48-von-datenmonopolen-ki-in-der-kunst-und-maga-inhaltsmoderation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Newspaper Proprietors (collective)", "aliases": ["Newspaper Proprietors (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Expressed strong opposition to statutory censorship but agreed to participate in a Joint Standing Committee to voluntarily regulate press conduct in cooperation with government representatives.", "quote": "Representatives of the newspaper proprietors announced their unremitting hostility to the whole idea of censorship by statute. They did, however, agree to the establishment of a Joint Standing Committee in which they would co-operate with representatives of the Admiralty and War Office in regulating the conduct of the press on a purely voluntary basis.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria", "aliases": ["Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media sustainability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Represents the interests of newspaper owners, contributing to research and discussions on media independence and press freedom.", "quote": "key informants drawn from the Nigerian Union of Journalists, Nigerian Guild of Editors, Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations, Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria and the Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria.", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "NewsTracker.org (a project of PBS)", "aliases": ["NewsTracker.org (a project of PBS)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["information credibility", "trust"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Identifies shared characteristics to identify signals that content may be questionable or untrustworthy, such as recently registered domains and clickbait headlines, to create a 'fingerprint' for potentially suspect sites.", "quote": "PBS's NewsTracker.org, a new project funded by the Knight Foundation, is also using shared characteristics to identify signals to identify that content may be questionable or untrustworthy, such as a recently registered domain and clickbait headlines, to create a fingerprint for potentially suspect sites.", "page": "13", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Nextcloud", "aliases": ["Nextcloud"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["collaboration", "decentralization", "privacy", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a suite of free web applications for storage, file sharing, contacts, and collaborative work, operating within a vast decentralized federation, offering alternatives to commercial cloud services.", "quote": "NextCloud est une imposante suite d’applications web dont les principales concernent le stockage et le partage de fichiers, de contacts, de calendriers et autres essentiels du travail collaboratif en ligne.", "page": "65", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Nexus", "aliases": ["Nexus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates a 'shadow library' using Telegram bots and a web frontend on IPFS/IPNS to share content and datasets, actively promoting IPFS as a tool for censorship resistance.", "quote": "At ②, the Nexus project, another shadow library popular using Telegram bots to share content, announced the release of their latest index and dataset on IPFS [23].", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Nexus Institut", "aliases": ["Nexus Institut"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and consultancy institute; participatory democracy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Provides participatory workshops, citizen assemblies and commissioned research for government and EU clients (e.g., Nationaler Bürgerrat, projects on privacy and AI diversity) to inform policy and public deliberation.", "quote": "Works on digital topics (Netze und Gesellschaft, Datenschutz, AI diversity) through participatory processes and advisory projects, but core mission is broader participation and regional planning rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://nexusinstitut.de", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Nexus Institute", "aliases": ["Nexus Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves as a third-party democratic infrastructure provider, offering expertise in conducting deliberative democratic processes for collective decision-making.", "quote": "Processes are often conducted by a third-party democratic infrastructure provider (Ovadya, 2023a), roughly analogous to an election system vendor, who has expertise in conducting such deliberative processes (e.g., Involve; Nexus; MosaicLab; MASS LBP).", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Ngaji KGI", "aliases": ["Ngaji KGI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["environmental protection", "religious moderation", "religious morality", "social justice"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreading messages of religious moderation through posts on Facebook, discussing concepts like 'Moderasi Beragama' and its core values to influence public attitudes.", "quote": "MODERASI BERAGAMA ~Materi 5~ Watak asli agama sesungguhnya adalah moderat. Umat beragamalah yang membuatnya berkurang-kurangan atau sebaliknya berlebih-lebihan.", "page": "7", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "NGO Monitor", "aliases": ["NGO Monitor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Criticizes and delegitimizes NGOs that receive European government funding, influencing public perception and attempting to silence counter-narratives from those NGOs.", "quote": "Avni, L., & Klustein, E. (2009). Trojan horse: The impact of European government funding for Israeli NGOs. Jerusalem, Israel: NGO Monitor.", "page": "91", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "NGO Shadow Report-Attorney Team for Victims of Illegal Investigation Against Muslims", "aliases": ["NGO Shadow Report-Attorney Team for Victims of Illegal Investigation Against Muslims"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms"], "norms": ["human rights", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Documenting and reporting systematic surveillance operations conducted against Muslim communities to international human rights bodies.", "quote": "NGO SHADOW REPORT-ATTORNEY TEAM FOR VICTIMS OF ILLEGAL INVESTIGATION AGAINST MUSLIMS, Extensive and Systematic Surveillance and Profiling of Muslims: Japan’s Violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", "page": "30", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Nha San Duc", "aliases": ["Nha San Duc"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE ART OF CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAM", "author": "Libby, Samantha", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Provided an avant-garde venue for installation and performance art, offering an alternative platform for artists to express themselves outside of state-controlled spaces, thereby indirectly challenging censorship by enabling diverse artistic expression.", "quote": "In Ho Chi Minh City, Galerie Quynh and San Art are regarded as premiere venues for contemporary pieces, while in the north the avant-garde Nha San Duc regularly houses installation and performance art.", "page": "6", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)", "aliases": ["NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": ["content quality", "human dignity", "public interest", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Permitted and prohibited desires: Mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan", "author": "A Allison", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As the national television network, it sets and enforces guidelines for broadcast content, demanding that sex be treated with seriousness and dignity, and avoiding 'unwholesome' depictions of relationships.", "quote": "NHK is the national television network. Its guidelines demand that sex be treated with seriousness, without 'loss of dignity,' and in a manner so as not to glamorize 'un- wholesome' relationships between women and men.", "page": "73", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429301384&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan (urban Tokyo)", "when": "postwar (focus on 1980s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "NHRI Digital Rights Alliance - The Danish Institute for Human Rights", "aliases": ["NHRI Digital Rights Alliance - The Danish Institute for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Alliance produces joint NHRI submissions to international processes (information); convenes NHRIs and stakeholders under a government-initiated Tech for Democracy initiative (leverage); and supports monitoring and normative input to instruments like the Global Digital Compact (accountability).", "quote": "The Alliance's core role is consolidating NHRIs' capacity to protect and promote digital rights, and it coordinates joint NHRI submissions to international processes on digital governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.humanrights.dk/projects/nhri-digital-rights-alliance", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ni una menos", "aliases": ["Ni una menos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "reproductive rights", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Its emergence and mobilizations (in Argentina) catalysed similar movements and demands in other countries, including Chile, increasing the visibility of issues like femicide and abortion rights, thus shaping the broader feminist agenda and public discourse.", "quote": "la última década estuvo marcada por las oleadas de movilizaciones feministas, desde el año 2015, con la aparición del movimiento Ni una menos en Argentina (Rosales, 2018), lo que catalizó movilizaciones en otros países de la región.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "NICAR-L", "aliases": ["NICAR-L"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grassroots nonprofit; journalism membership organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1975, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1975", "mechanism": "IRE runs NICAR, publishes resources and datasets, operates listservs and trains journalists—mobilizing reporting, data analysis and scrutiny that can shape public understanding and accountability around platforms and information flows.", "quote": "IRE's core mission is fostering investigative journalism and data journalism (via NICAR); it provides training, datasets, and community resources that indirectly engage platformized content governance through reporting and data analysis rather than direct governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ire.org/resources/listservs/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia)", "aliases": ["Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-islamism", "democracy", "secularism", "social stability"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed a secular coalition that gained power in post-revolution Tunisia, competing with Islamist parties and shaping the political landscape by forming governments.", "quote": "Las últimas elecciones han cambiado las tendencias políticas que emergieron tras la revolución, aquellas que contraponían el islamismo moderado de Ennahda y el secularismo de Nidaa Tounes.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Nieman Journalism Lab", "aliases": ["Nieman Journalism Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["G1 news site"], "norms": ["journalistic standards"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jornalismo Online e os Comentários dos Leitores: Interatividade, Moderação e Deliberação na Mídia G1", "author": "MCR Lebre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as a platform for journalists and news producers to publish articles, including discussions on how to calculate engagement levels of internet users on news sites, thus influencing journalistic practices and metrics.", "quote": "Em 2010 a repórter Lois Beckett publicou no site Nieman JournalismLab, destinado a jornalistas e público produtor de notícias, um artigo indicando como se calculam os níveis de engajamento dos internautas leitores de sites de notícias.", "page": "56", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9488d011692aa3d9e215225502c32e23/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "G1 news site, Brazil", "when": "2019-2020"}]}, {"name": "Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie", "aliases": ["Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["online press"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération des fils de discussion dans la presse en ligne", "author": "Degand, Amandine; Simonson, Mathieu", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "While not directly involved in moderation policy, the political party and its leader, Bart De Wever, were the target of an 'incitement to murder' comment on a media site. This incident demonstrates how content related to political parties can trigger reactive moderation actions due to its potentially illicit nature.", "quote": "En 2008, le site du Vif L'Express, modéré a posteriori, a ainsi été confronté à un appel au meurtre visant la personne de Bart de Wever, chef de file de la NVA, parti nationaliste flamand.", "page": "5", "url": "cahiersdujournalisme.net", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium (online press)", "when": "2001–2011"}]}, {"name": "Nieuwscheckers", "aliases": ["Nieuwscheckers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-misinformation", "journalistic ethics", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operated as a fact-checking initiative, partnering with Facebook and NU.nl to detect and eliminate fake news, but later withdrew from the partnership due to liability risks.", "quote": "In 2017 Nieuwscheckers partnered with Facebook and NU.nl and celebrated their first collaborative “successful detection and elimination of fake news” that year... In February of 2019, however, Nieuwscheckers withdrew from the Facebook fact-checking initiative because of liability risks (Kist, 2019).", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza (Independent Publishing House)", "aliases": ["Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza (Independent Publishing House)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-communism", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "An underground publisher that offered an alternative to state publishing for banned works, providing faster production and larger print runs, thereby enjoying a 'publishing monopoly' for oppositionist content.", "quote": "Tadeusz Konwicki claimed his novel Ma a apokalipsa (A Minor Apocalypse, 1979) was censored by NOW-a in view of ’certain resemblances’ [to key oppositionists]. Konwicki’s agreement to such constraints indicates at least partly the publishing monopoly enjoyed by NOW-a in the underground...", "page": "148", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Nigerian Guild of Editors", "aliases": ["Nigerian Guild of Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Represents the interests and positions of editors, contributing to research and discussions on press freedom and surveillance.", "quote": "key informants drawn from the Nigerian Union of Journalists, Nigerian Guild of Editors, Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations, Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria and the Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria.", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)", "aliases": ["Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Snapchat", "TikTok", "WhatsApp", "X/Twitter"], "norms": ["national security", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China", "author": "Zhu, Yuner; Fu, King-wa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its leader was subject to a police investigation related to a suspected foreign spy operating within its premises, indicating its involvement in matters of national security and the broader political landscape, impacting public perception.", "quote": "The case of the Nigerian Labor Congress Leader when he was invited by the Nigerian Police for investigation about a suspected and confirmed British spy operating within the premises of the Nigerian Labor Congress.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820959016", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria, social media platforms (TikTok, Snapchat, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook, X/Twitter)", "when": "Contemporary Nigeria, 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Nigerian Press Council", "aliases": ["Nigerian Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["media regulation", "professional standards", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Proposed (as amended 2018 bill) to regulate journalism practice as a statutory body, potentially restricting media independence and self-regulatory roles, thereby acting as a mechanism for government control.", "quote": "The Nigerian Senate... considered another controversial anti-media bill titled “the Nigerian Press Council Amendment Bill” 2018... seeks to regulate journalism practice by establishing a statutory body instead of the self- regulatory role of the press...", "page": "93", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Nigerian Union of Journalists", "aliases": ["Nigerian Union of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Represents the interests and positions of journalists, contributing to research and discussions on press freedom and surveillance.", "quote": "key informants drawn from the Nigerian Union of Journalists, Nigerian Guild of Editors, Coalition of Nigerian Civil Society Organizations, Newspaper Proprietors’ Association of Nigeria and the Guild of Professional Bloggers of Nigeria.", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Night Time Industry Association", "aliases": ["Night Time Industry Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association; membership organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NTIA lobbies government, publishes research and campaigns (e.g. tax campaign, policy reports and articles) to influence licensing, safety and public policy affecting the nighttime economy.", "quote": "Primary mission is representing nightlife businesses, but site shows policy campaigns, research and campaigning (e.g. 'Ignoring the Night: How Government Neglect Is Silencing Britain’s Night-Time Economy') that touch on governance and public discourse.", "page": "", "url": "https://ntia.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NJIT Buddy", "aliases": ["NJIT Buddy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitch", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community well-being", "social support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to Handle Online Risks?: Discussing Content Curation and Moderation in Social Media", "author": "Wohn, Donghee Yvette; Fiesler, Casey; Hemphill, Libby; De Choudhury, Munmun; Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A university social network site, it facilitates social interaction among students, implicitly involving community-driven norm setting and potentially self-moderation to foster social support and capital.", "quote": "Co-founder of university social network sites Ewhaian (2001) and NJIT Buddy (2016), she studies how social systems facilitate social support and development of social capital.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3027063.3051141", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Twitch), online communities, with examples from USA and South Korea.", "when": "21st century platform era (post-2000, focused on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "NLnet Labs", "aliases": ["NLnet Labs"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Develops open-source software and provides resources related to Internet standards, including tools for DANE TLSA, thereby supporting the deployment and adoption of new protocols.", "quote": "NLnetLabs. Ldns (ldns-dane). http://www.nlnetlabs.nl/projects/ldns/", "page": "233", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "No Bad Women, Just Bad Laws", "aliases": ["No Bad Women, Just Bad Laws"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... No Bad Women, Just Bad Laws (statements on file with the U. MICH. J.L. REF.).", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "No-Conscription Fellowship", "aliases": ["No-Conscription Fellowship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Evaded a GPO ban on their journal 'Tribunal' by using sealed envelopes and continued to distribute literature and publicly express objections to the war.", "quote": "On 12 March 1917 a snap search of the mails to seize copies of the Tribunal, the journal of the conscientious objectors, unearthed only 859 of the estimated 7000 that should have been there, and the authorities were forced to admit that the No-Conscription Fellowship was foiling them by using sealed envelopes.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Noblesse de Robe (France)", "aliases": ["Noblesse de Robe (France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["checks and balances", "group autonomy", "individual liberty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Acted as an 'intermediate power' in French society, holding venal offices and autonomous claims against the king, representing a check on monarchical power.", "quote": "He came from an old and distinguished family of the noblesse de robe, an element in French society that would be at the very centre of his political ideas.", "page": "174", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Nominet UK", "aliases": ["Nominet UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "fair competition", "internet stability"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform values and democratic elections: How can the law regulate digital disinformation?", "author": "C Marsden, T Meyer, I Brown", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates the .uk domain name registry, which includes managing registrations and related policies under government oversight, serving as a self-regulatory body for domain names.", "quote": "Nominet, largest European Domain Name System Registry operator, which operates the uk domain since 1996, under ultimate control by government via Digital Economy Act 2010", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026736491930384X", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on the period around 2019"}]}, {"name": "Non-commercial Users Constituency (NCUC) or Noncommercial Stakeholders Group (NCSG) within ICANN", "aliases": ["Non-commercial Users Constituency (NCUC) or Noncommercial Stakeholders Group (NCSG) within ICANN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community benefit", "non-commercialism", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participates in ICANN's policy development processes, advocating for non-commercial interests, though often seen as having limited impact on policy outcomes compared to other stakeholders.", "quote": "The non-commercial constituency is seen as the weakest stakeholder with little impact on the outcomes of the policy processes (MacKinnon 2012, 220; Bygrave 2015, 75).", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Non-governmental foundations", "aliases": ["Non-governmental foundations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic process", "transparency"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "These organizations ensure adherence to a detailed international 'référentiel' (framework) for citizen conferences, thereby controlling the procedural integrity of these deliberative democratic processes.", "quote": "points de ce référentiel contrôlé par des fondations non gouvernementales.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Non-governmental organisations", "aliases": ["Non-governmental organisations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "national unity", "social harmony", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Support de-radicalisation programs and collaborate with the government to create counter-radicalisation narratives and promote values of tolerance, harmony, and diversity.", "quote": "This de-radicalisation programme receives support from various elements of society, including religious leaders, academics and non-governmental organisations.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Non-Governmental Organization", "aliases": ["Non-Governmental Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["equity"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Post-dictatorship, they integrated into state institutions, defining and promoting a form of \"institutional feminism\"\" focused on gender equality through opportunities", "quote": "and work-family balance", "page": "effectively channeling and framing feminist discourse in a specific", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Non-Governmental Organization (general)", "aliases": ["Non-Governmental Organization (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["disease prevention", "public health"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts information and training campaigns to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and promote condom use, influencing public health behaviors.", "quote": "« Je suis très bien informé car ayant reçu des formations et ayant travaillé dans des ONG qui lutte contre le sida »", "page": "161", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)", "aliases": ["Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who Moderates the Moderators? The Effect of Non-neutral Moderators in Deliberative Decision Making", "author": "Spada, Paolo; Vreeland, James Raymond", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "NGOs frequently provide moderators for community deliberative processes. These moderators, possessing specific knowledge or partisan viewpoints, can unintentionally bias discussions toward certain outcomes.", "quote": "moderators are often local leaders... or representatives of donors, who... come from non-governmental organizations and have real expertise.", "page": "16", "url": "https://delibdemjournal.org/article/id/438/", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global deliberative democracy processes (incl. participatory budgeting & community-driven development); experiment in USA.", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (general)", "aliases": ["Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "environmental protection", "gender equality", "justice", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Tend to focus on specific forms of inequalities related to environmental dangers, climate justice, or social justice; some demand immediate action on climate and environment, intergenerational justice, and gender/racial equality, advocating for inclusive socio-ecological contracts.", "quote": "Les mouvements sociaux, les organisations non-gouvernementales et les syndicats ont eu tendance à se concentrer sur une forme spécifique d’inégalités tout en négligeant les autres ainsi que les liens qui existent entre elles. Certains ont porté leur attention sur la vulnérabilité et l’exposition aux dangers environnementaux à la recherche d’une justice environnementale, tandis que d’autres ont thématisé sur la justice en matière de climat dans un contexte mondial.", "page": "106", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Non-Governmental Organizations (partnering with YouTube)", "aliases": ["Non-Governmental Organizations (partnering with YouTube)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community standards", "content moderation", "harm reduction", "public good"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Explainable AI to Mitigate the Lack of Transparency and Legitimacy in Internet Moderation", "author": "TP Ferraz, CHD Duarte, MF Ribeiro…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participate in content moderation by flagging harmful content on YouTube, contributing to the human-driven removal process alongside government agencies and human moderators.", "quote": "In blue, automated detection is AI removals. On the other colors, removals are made by humans: Government Agencies, Human moderators (who work for Google), User complaints, and NGOs (YouTube partners).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KPMcWYkkqHy5ZK3zTFCBpFj/?format=html&lang=en", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter/X), with focus on EU and Brazil legal frameworks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Non-profit organizations", "aliases": ["Non-profit organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["communication rights", "media independence", "pluralism", "public interest", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Were recognized by the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual, which reserved 33% of the radio spectrum for their management, aimed at promoting diversity and social inclusion in media, though implementation was limited.", "quote": "a las organizaciones sin fines de lucro el 33% del espectro, en todas las bandas de radiodifusión sonora y de televisión terrestre, en todas las áreas de cobertura.", "page": "8", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Non-white artists", "aliases": ["Non-white artists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["anti-racism"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A self-organized group involved in anti-racist activism, participating in empowerment workshops at Migrantpolitan to produce audio content that brings attention to problems faced by Black artists in the city.", "quote": "The Migrantpolitan is also a focal point for anti-racist activists and the Black movement, exemplified by organizations like the Non-white artists, a self-organized group...", "page": "164", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Nonada. O Observatório de Censura à Arte", "aliases": ["Nonada. O Observatório de Censura à Arte"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as a journalistic project dedicated to mapping cases of censorship affecting artistic expressions in Brazil.", "quote": "O Observatório de Censura à Arte é um projeto de natureza jornalística direcionado ao mapeamento dos casos de censura das expressões artísticas que acontecem no Brasil desde o caso do Queermuseu, em 2017.", "page": "76", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Nonconformists / Occasional Conformists (in England)", "aliases": ["Nonconformists / Occasional Conformists (in England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious unity"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocated for a 'soft,' tolerationist form of moderation, which aimed to end divisions and achieve a general union among Protestants, contributing to debates over religious policy.", "quote": "The “soft” moderation of the dissenters and nonconformists amounted... it proclaimed to \"put an end to our divisions", "page": "and to make a general union among Protestants”\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "Nongovernmental Organizations (general)", "aliases": ["Nongovernmental Organizations (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "hate speech prevention", "human rights", "journalistic standards", "media integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Intervene to restrict hate speech and promote professional journalism in integrative media, and provide transnational support for groups facing state repression or environmental destruction (e.g., Ogoni people), thereby enforcing norms of civility and advocating for human rights and environmental protection.", "quote": "They caution against a liberal free-for-all in political communication, recommending both state regulation of speech (as in Malaysia since 1969) and NGO intervention to restrict hate speech and promote professional journalism in integrative media.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)", "aliases": ["Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Use new communication technologies to network globally, increase public awareness of their concerns, and question the accountability of nation-states, playing a crucial role in global public sphere formation.", "quote": "Increasingly, NGOs are effectively using NCTs to network with like-minded organizations around the globe, increase worldwide public awareness of their concerns, and question the accountability of nation-states responses to the issues that they address.", "page": "213", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Nonjurors", "aliases": ["Nonjurors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual autonomy", "moral integrity", "religious conviction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mary Astell on Moderation: The Case of Occasional Conformity", "author": "Bol, Geertje", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The nonjurors, a group within the Church of England, refused to take oaths of allegiance to the new regime after the Glorious Revolution, leading to a schism. This act of principled non-conformity, based on conscience, constituted a challenge to state and church authority and their enforcement of loyalty oaths.", "quote": "nonjurors “were so conscientious as to suffer rather than take an Oath, they judg'd Unlawful, now that they have sworn to Her Majesty they will never break their Oaths” (105).", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2178725", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "early 18th century (1704)"}]}, {"name": "Nord-Pas-de-Calais booksellers, librarians, fair organizers and publishers collective", "aliases": ["Nord-Pas-de-Calais booksellers, librarians, fair organizers and publishers collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in collective public protest against censorship, specifically by covering their bodies with books in response to conservative calls for censorship of a children's book ('Tous à poil!').", "quote": "frente a iniciativas de censura por parte de partidos conservadores, caso de Tous à poil! en Francia en 2014, un libro en el que aparecen personas desnudas en una playa, catorce libreros-as, bibliotecarios-as, organizadores-as de ferias y editores-as de Nord-Pas-de-Calais, aparecieron cubriendo su cuerpo solamente con libros", "page": "4", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Nordic Educational Research Association", "aliases": ["Nordic Educational Research Association"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical discourse", "educational development", "scholarly research"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facilitating deliberation: The role of impartial intermediaries in deliberative mini-publics", "author": "C Landwehr", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Hosts academic conferences where research on educational concepts like deliberative communication is presented and critiqued, thereby contributing to norm-setting and capacity-building within educational discourse.", "quote": "The paper was also presented, in a similar form, at the 2003 Nordic Educational Research Association (NERA) Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark...", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/95869797/Landwehr2014_Facilitating_Deliberation.pdf", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Swedish education, drawing on US and German philosophical traditions regarding deliberative democracy", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents from Ancient Greece to 19th-century philosophy"}]}, {"name": "Nordic Information on Gender (NIKK)", "aliases": ["Nordic Information on Gender (NIKK)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes information on gender and political leadership.", "quote": "Parbring, Bosse. (2009). A new Iceland is being built. NIKK. Nordic Information on Gender. 2009-11-30.", "page": "432", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Nordic Model Now!", "aliases": ["Nordic Model Now!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["movement / advocacy campaign for abolition of prostitution"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces survivor testimony, policy-oriented blog posts, FOI-based critiques of police guidance, and campaigns promoting the Nordic Model to influence public opinion and policy.", "quote": "Core mission is abolition of prostitution, but the organisation publishes commentary on online platforms (e.g. OnlyFans) and platform-related policy issues such as jobcentres encouraging OnlyFans.", "page": "", "url": "https://nordicmodelnow.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Northeastern Cybersecurity for Democracy Lab", "aliases": ["Northeastern Cybersecurity for Democracy Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["multi-university research project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes datasets, code and ML tools for journalists and policymakers, files amicus briefs in major litigation, and engages with platforms and regulators to translate research into policy and mitigation strategies.", "quote": "Conducts research on algorithms/AI effects on major platforms, produces tools and data for journalists and policymakers, and works with platforms and regulators on mitigation strategies.", "page": "", "url": "https://cybersecurityfordemocracy.org/about", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Northwestern University Student Activism", "aliases": ["Northwestern University Student Activism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["film", "music"], "norms": ["equity", "harm reduction", "social justice", "speech accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trigger happy: From content warning to censorship", "author": "J Halberstam", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Protested a professor's characterization of sexual harassment policies and student experiences, marching in protest and calling for the professor's dismissal.", "quote": "students at Northwestern University protested in 2014 when a professor... suggested that new campus sexual harassment policies were unnecessarily draconian... The students in this case marched in a protest and called for Kipnis to be dismissed.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688189", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US college campuses (Oberlin College, UC Santa Barbara, Northwestern University), and broader US media landscape (film, music)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era) for trigger warnings, with historical context on media content regulation from the 1930s onwards"}]}, {"name": "Norwegian Press Council (PFU)", "aliases": ["Norwegian Press Council (PFU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Norway"], "media": ["alternative media"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of expression or censorship of antisemitic hate speech?: Editorial and audience perspectives on comment moderation in far-right alternative media", "author": "Haanshuus, Birgitte P.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This body supervises the self-regulatory Code of Ethics for the Norwegian Press, applying to member media outlets and issuing sanctions for non-compliance, particularly regarding comment moderation.", "quote": "Also relevant is the Code of Ethics for the Norwegian Press, which is a self-regulatory framework that is supervised by the Norwegian Press Council (PFU) and applies to members of the Association of Norwegian Editors.", "page": "9", "url": "https://tidsskrift.dk/journalistica/article/view/130043", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Norwegian far-right alternative media", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Nossas Cidades", "aliases": ["Nossas Cidades"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political participation", "social change"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Develops and manages platforms (Nossas Cidades) designed for popular mobilization, which allows citizens to plan and organize actions to pressure public authorities regarding decision-making.", "quote": "Nossas Cidades: permite planejar e organizar ações de mobilização popular para pressionar o poder público na tomada de decisão [15];", "page": "3", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Not Dead Yet", "aliases": ["Not Dead Yet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["disability rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A disability rights organization engaging in interactions and discourse, likely opposing physician-assisted death from a disability rights perspective.", "quote": "These posts, note Michael J. Hyde and Kenneth Rufo in their analysis of interactions between ERGO members and Not Dead Yet, a disability rights organiza tion...", "page": "199", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Not the View", "aliases": ["Not the View"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercialism", "anti-corporate power", "community control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Critiques corporatism and commercialization in football, providing a platform for fan voices and alternative perspectives on club ownership and values.", "quote": "An editorial in Not the View, the Celtic supporters' fanzine, demonstrates this well enough: 'The problem with having the club run by financial investors is when they look at Celtic they only see a bunch of assets which make money....'", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Noucentisme Catalán", "aliases": ["Noucentisme Catalán"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic innovation", "cultural development"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "An influential artistic movement in Catalonia that contributed to the development of modern art and culture through its principles and members like Joaquín Torres-García.", "quote": "Entre 1900 y 1928 fue uno de los integrantes más destacados del Noucentisme Catalán...", "page": "294", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste", "aliases": ["Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Nouveau Roman", "aliases": ["Nouveau Roman"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et autocensure de l'écrivain:", "author": "Ducas, Sylvie", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This literary movement, through its influential theorists and established 'canons,' exerted 'intellectual terrorism' and inhibitory pressure on writers, causing them to self-censor and conform to its aesthetic principles, fearing criticism for deviating from the 'literary school of the moment.'", "quote": "un « terrorisme » intellectuel exercé par un courant littéraire, à savoir : le Nouveau Roman... il génère toujours des réflexes d'inhibition par lesquels on s'interdit d'écrire autrement que selon les canons de l'école littéraire du moment.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2006-1-page-111.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Nouvelle Résistance", "aliases": ["Nouvelle Résistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["control of discourse"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The forum of Nouvelle Résistance benefited from the \"rigidité des modérateurs\"\" (rigid moderators) who ensured its proper functioning through constant framing of interventions", "quote": "order, control, efficiency of communication tools", "page": "La rigidité des modérateurs sur Nouvelle Résistance en fait un forum qui semble bien fonctionner grâce au cadrage permanent des interventions.", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Nouvelles ecclésiastiques", "aliases": ["Nouvelles ecclésiastiques"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1759, "when_max": 1759, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'entrée des «Lumières» à l'Index: le tournant de la double censure de l'Encyclopédie en 1759", "author": "C Maire", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As the official organ of the Jansenist movement, this periodical published extensive critiques and reports against the Encyclopédie and the 'philosophes,' thereby shaping public opinion and influencing official censors to act against Enlightenment works.", "quote": "Les Nouvelles ecclésiastiques... ont cherché... à établir une connivence entre l'abbé de Prades et les encyclopédistes... Les Nouvelles recommencent leurs critiques en 1754 contre « ces nouveaux prétendus philosophes ».", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rde/2363", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Papal States (Rome/Italy)", "when": "18th century, focusing on 1759"}]}, {"name": "Novara Media", "aliases": ["Novara Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "...and The Canary and Novara media in the UK.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "NOW-a (Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza)", "aliases": ["NOW-a (Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "literary freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Operated as an underground publishing network, circulating works rejected by official censors, and also imposing its own internal censorship on submitted manuscripts.", "quote": "Tadeusz Konwicki claimed his novel Mała apokalipsa (A Minor Apocalypse, 1979) was censored by NOW-a in view of 'certain resemblances' [to key oppositionists].", "page": "152", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "noyb (none of your business)", "aliases": ["noyb (none of your business)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["data privacy", "regulation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a nongovernmental organization focused on data privacy enforcement, likely engaging in litigation or advocacy related to privacy issues.", "quote": "Schrems recently launched a new data privacy enforcement nongovernmental organization, called noyb (\"none of your business\"\").\"", "page": "273n7", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}]}, {"name": "NRK", "aliases": ["NRK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Norway"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderator bias in television coverage of an election campaign with no political advertising", "author": "MM Haug, H Koppang, J Svennevig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "NRK's journalists and moderators control election campaign coverage by mediating the connection between politicians and voters through cross-examination programs. They determine the amount of TV coverage, how candidates are treated (e.g., introductions, question framing), the issues discussed, and the portrayal of 'average voters', which can introduce bias.", "quote": "The present article analyzes journalist moderator behavior in an election campaign in which there was no political advertising and no party-controlled election TV programming.", "page": "1", "url": "https://sciendo.com/2/v2/download/article/10.1515/nor-2017-0131.pdf", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Norway", "when": "2005"}]}, {"name": "NSPCC", "aliases": ["NSPCC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's charity / child protection NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1884, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online; Meta Safety Partners; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "1884", "mechanism": "NSPCC publishes guidance and operates a national helpline, convenes a CSO Taskforce and sits in multi-stakeholder safety forums to shape platform practices and regulatory implementation.", "quote": "NSPCC runs a Child Safety Online (CSO) Taskforce, provides online safety advice, participates in Online Safety Act Network and Meta Safety Partners, engaging directly on platform policies and child-protection measures.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nspcc.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NTC Party forum", "aliases": ["NTC Party forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "information sharing"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides an online discussion forum for users to report new censorship behaviors.", "quote": "online discussion forums such as Net4People BBS [50], NTC Party forum [51], and the GitHub issue pages of popular anti-censorship tools [...] enable users to report new censorship behaviors as soon as they encounter them", "page": "3", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "NTM (Suprême NTM)", "aliases": ["NTM (Suprême NTM)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["self-empowerment", "self-identity", "social critique"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced lyrical rap music addressing social, cultural, and economic discrimination in French banlieues, raising awareness and challenging established norms, leading to legal action for libel.", "quote": "During the first phase, the songs depicted the life circumstances within the banlieues of big cities, the social, cultural and economic discrimination, as well as their results: economic crime, drugs and violence.", "page": "101", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "NU Online", "aliases": ["NU Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation campaign through social media at multicultural communities", "author": "F Anwar, I Haq", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Campaigning for religious moderation through video content on its YouTube channel, such as explanatory videos on countering extremism, using accessible language and subtitles to reach a broad audience.", "quote": "Seperti video di channel NU Online, salah satu videonya berjudul Ekstrem Kiri vs Ekstrem Kanan I Moderasi dalam Bergama yang di bawakan oleh Ustadz Khairi Fuady...", "page": "10", "url": "https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/kuriositas/article/view/1392", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Nuclear Protesters (Anti-nuclear movement)", "aliases": ["Nuclear Protesters (Anti-nuclear movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "nuclear disaster prevention", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1890, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Engaged in civil disobedience (trespass) to protest perceived safety risks at a nuclear power plant, seeking to prevent its operation and influence public policy on nuclear safety.", "quote": "John Warshow and his colleagues traveled to Vernon, Vermont, to protest against alleged safety risks at the main gate of the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant and to prevent it from restarting after a shut-down for repairs.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "NudeNet", "aliases": ["NudeNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "public morals", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Icm-assistant: instruction-tuning multimodal large language models for rule-based explainable image content moderation", "author": "M Wu, Y Zhao, J Cao, M Xu, Z Jiang, X Wang…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "NudeNet develops and provides tools and datasets for 'lightweight Nudity detection,' which directly contributes to image content moderation and AI safety evaluations.", "quote": "NudeNet. 2024. NudeNet: lightweight Nudity detection. https://github.com/notAI-tech/NudeNet.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/32908", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, user-generated and AI-generated content", "when": "post-2020 AI era"}]}, {"name": "Nuffield Council on Bioethics", "aliases": ["Nuffield Council on Bioethics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation / professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["bioethics", "scientific freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as a national public bioethics body, providing expert opinion and contributing to public debate on ethical issues, sometimes perceived as safeguarding research space.", "quote": "Taking as an example the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Jasanoff argues that Britain’s scientific community “saw bioethics first and foremost as a device for safeguarding a space for research” (Jasanoff 2005, p. 187).", "page": "70", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Nuffield Foundation", "aliases": ["Nuffield Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Temáticas controversiales en docencia universitaria: análisis DAFO y CAME aplicado para la mejora educativa", "author": "EJ Delgado-Algarra, M Martín-Cáceres…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supported 'The Humanities Project' which initiated the academic debate on controversial issues in education, thereby contributing to the establishment of pedagogical norms for handling such content in schools.", "quote": "el papel de la controversia en los programas educativos ha sido muy discutido desde la publicación del informe del Proyecto de Plan de Estudios de Humanidades organizado por Stenhouse (School Council y Nuffield Foundation, 1970).", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-39162024000200056&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (university education)", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Nuit debout", "aliases": ["Nuit debout"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "democracy", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Militants from this previous social movement were present at the Commercy assembly. They brought their experience with direct democracy and social struggle, influencing the deliberative practices and political orientations within the Yellow Vest movement.", "quote": "Enfin, plus de la moitié d'entre eux déclarent une activité associative : le Comité Vérité et Justice pour Adama, le Génépi, le Comité la Chapelle Debout ou encore des militants de Nuit debout étaient présents.", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Nupedia", "aliases": ["Nupedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Citizendium", "Reddit", "Skinhead Forum", "Slashdot", "Wikibooks", "Wikinews", "Wikipedia", "Wiktionary"], "norms": ["quality control", "reliability", "review process"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or empowerment? Moderation of content in Wikipedia as ‘essentially contested’ bureaucratic rules", "author": "De Laat, Paul B.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "As a predecessor to Wikipedia, it implicitly adopted a moderation system with 'moderators' and review, contrasting with Wikipedia's initial egalitarian approach, as highlighted by its founder Larry Sanger.", "quote": "Larry Sanger holds the opposite view (Sanger 2005). Based on his experience as one the founders of Nupedia first and Wikipedia later, he maintains that it is precisely the veterans who oppose any review system (or system with moderators in general)...", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10676-012-9289-7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online open-content communities (Wikipedia, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wiktionary, Slashdot, Reddit, Citizendium, Skinhead Forum)", "when": "21st century (early post-2000s platform era)"}]}, {"name": "NWG Network", "aliases": ["NWG Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection charity / practitioner network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NWG collates and distributes resources via a Knowledge Hub, runs training and events, and states it seeks to 'influence the development of national and local policy informed by practice.'", "quote": "NWG's core mission is preventing child exploitation and abuse; it addresses online grooming and provides resources and guidance related to online exploitation, thus engaging with platformized content governance indirectly through safeguarding work.", "page": "", "url": "https://nwgnetwork.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NYU Center for Social Media and Politics", "aliases": ["NYU Center for Social Media and Politics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research; OSA-related public consultation; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CSMaP produces datasets/tools, publishes policy-relevant research, convenes events with policymakers, and trains scholars, shaping evidence used in platform and information policy debates.", "quote": "Center conducts research, produces datasets/tools, and engages with policymakers on online information, misinformation, and digital policy affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://csmapnyu.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "NYU's Ad Observer", "aliases": ["NYU's Ad Observer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates a tool that uses browser plugins and scraping to investigate ad targeting on Facebook, aiming to conduct independent research in the public interest, compensating for limitations of existing ad libraries.", "quote": "NYU's Ad Observer 27, a tool that uses browser plugins and scraping to investigate ad targeting on Facebook to compensate for the limitations of the above-mentioned Ad Library, tells a cautionary tale.", "page": "18", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "NÅR DIGITALE PLATFORME SKAL BEGRÆNSE ...", "aliases": ["NÅR DIGITALE PLATFORME SKAL BEGRÆNSE ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national human rights institute / advocacy and research body"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Produces policy briefs and recommendations to states on platform regulation and rights safeguards, calling for complaints mechanisms and state responsibility to prevent disproportionate restrictions.", "quote": "The brief directly addresses digital platforms' use of automated content filters and recommends safeguards for freedom of expression and complaints mechanisms, engaging platform governance and AI-based moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://menneskeret.dk/sites/menneskeret.dk/files/media/dokumenter/udgivelser/policy_briefs/faktaark_om_automatiske_indholdsfiltre_paa_digitale_platforme.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Nông Thôn Ngày Nay (Countryside Today)", "aliases": ["Nông Thôn Ngày Nay (Countryside Today)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["government accountability", "public interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Engaged in investigative reporting by unearthing findings and publishing critical reports that challenged official narratives of local corruption, serving as a semi-sanctioned watchdog within the state-supervised media system.", "quote": "Two newspapers, Nông Thôn Ngày Nay (Countryside Today) and Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City Law), unearthed their own findings that district officials broke an earlier agreement reached in court and lied about statements made by witnesses (McKinley 2012).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR", "aliases": ["Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data transparency", "digital inclusion", "internet access", "internet governance"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes data and reports on internet access and usage in Brazil, highlighting digital inequalities among different demographic groups, thereby informing public debate and policy on digital inclusion and access, which are foundational to content moderation issues.", "quote": "92 MILHÕES de brasileiros acessam a Internet apenas pelo telefone celular, aponta TIC Domicílios 2022. NIC.br, 16 maio 2033. Disponível em: https://nic.br/noticia/releases/92-milhoes-de-brasileiros-acessam-a-internet-apenas-pelo-telefone-celular-aponta-tic-domicilios-2022/. Acesso em: 10 dez. 2023.", "page": "14", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "O Antagonista", "aliases": ["O Antagonista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["media neutrality", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a news portal founded by a male trio, participating in the 'intellectual dispute' by disseminating specific political commentary and narratives aligned with conservative/right-wing views, implicitly shaping public debate.", "quote": "“O antagonista” foi criado pelo trio Diogo Mainardi, Mário Sabino e Caio Mesquita.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "O Brasileiro Imparcial", "aliases": ["O Brasileiro Imparcial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "national unity", "public order", "reason", "stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles to defend the Emperor and the constitutional system, emphasizing the need for governmental reforms to strengthen the economy, public policy, and national self-esteem. It claimed impartiality while criticizing opposition newspapers and defending Portuguese immigrants.", "quote": "Longe de servir a este, ou áquelle partido, fallando-lhe a lingoagem das paixões, a todos fallaremos a lingoagem da razão.”", "page": "28", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Censor Brasileiro", "aliases": ["O Censor Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "justice", "national identity", "public morals", "public order"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles to instruct readers, defend constitutionalism, the Emperor, and the existing governmental system, while actively criticizing opposition newspapers and their doctrines. It aimed to form public opinion aligned with order, moderation, and justice.", "quote": "Dous são os caminhos unicos que levão as nações ao estado de opinião publica,que he para dezejar: a educação, e os periodicos; porque só por estes dous conductos podem os Póvos aprender a conhecer, e entender a expansão, e os limites dos seus direitos, e os verdadeiros, e solidos principios de ordem, moderação, e justiça, sem o conhecimento, e pratica dos quaes a ley nunca será executada", "page": "20", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Direito (Revista)", "aliases": ["O Direito (Revista)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["checks and balances", "constitutional principles", "individual liberty"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal and political ideas through articles, votes, and jurisprudence, aiming to influence legal interpretation and public debate.", "quote": "A revista O Direito foi fundada em 1873 e teve 120 números publicados até abril de 1913. Trazia notícias de atos executivos, legislação, artigos de doutrina, pareceres de comissões legislativas e, no que tange ao Judiciário, decisões de tribunais estaduais e do STF.", "page": "192", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "O Estado de S. Paulo", "aliases": ["O Estado de S. Paulo"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso de ódio nas redes sociais ea relativização da honra dos agentes públicos", "author": "A de Castro Coura, LL Machado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "During the military dictatorship, this newspaper subtly protested state censorship by publishing non-controversial content (epic poems) in the spaces where censored news articles would have appeared, signaling to readers that content had been suppressed.", "quote": "O jornal 'O Estado de S. Paulo' passa a publicar trechos de 'Os Lusíadas', poema épico do português Luís de Camões, nos espaços das matérias vetadas pelos censores.", "page": "2", "url": "https://ojs.unifor.br/rpen/article/view/12591", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on social networks (Facebook) with comparisons to the US and EU", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from the Brazilian military dictatorship (1960s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "O Globo (newspaper)", "aliases": ["O Globo (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published a memorial making accusations against a public official, leading to a legal process for calúnia. Its defense invoked existing legislation to argue the publication was a matter of public interest, influencing legal interpretation of press freedom.", "quote": "O editor do jornal O Globo foi processado, em 1924, pela publicação de um memorial sem assinatura em que proferia acusações a Mario Saraiva, do Instituto de Química do Ministério da Agricultura.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "O Imparcial", "aliases": ["O Imparcial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "liberty"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles criticizing absolutist rule in Portugal under D. Miguel, for which its redactor (Joaquim José da Silva Maia) was imprisoned, thereby advocating for liberal principles.", "quote": "Os redatores do jornal português Imparcial foram presos, “a pretexto de republicanos”, e Joaquim José da Silva Maia chamado de revolucionario em sua terra natal.", "page": "44", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Império", "aliases": ["O Império"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1850, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CHAVE OU FECHO? o debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador", "author": "WG Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Functioned as an advocacy organ by publishing content that supported the view that ministers were responsible only for executive acts and served as authenticators for the emperor's moderating acts, shaping public and legal debate.", "quote": "partidários dessa interpretação eram o Jornal do Comércio, o Correio da Tarde e o Império", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/quaestioiuris/article/download/20809/16231", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazilian Empire", "when": "second half of the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "O Lampião (initially Lampião de Esquina)", "aliases": ["O Lampião (initially Lampião de Esquina)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "minority rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Launched as a publication primarily dedicated to defending the rights of minorities, especially homosexuals, becoming a significant voice of resistance against the dictatorship.", "quote": "Aguinaldo Silva lançou o primeiro número do jornal O Lampião, uma publicação inicialmente voltada para a defesa dos direitos das minorias em geral e que acabou por concentrar-se especialmente na defesa dos direitos dos homossexuais.", "page": "70", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "O Novo Brasileiro Imparcial", "aliases": ["O Novo Brasileiro Imparcial"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles attempting to maintain impartiality while criticizing other journals for inappropriate or inaccurate publications. It defended the Constitution, the government, and its institutions, particularly against accusations related to the 'Noites das Garrafadas' and in favor of 'adopted Brazilians' (Portuguese immigrants).", "quote": "propundo “á conciliação de todos os nossos Irmãos n'hum só centro; e havendo protestado Constituição, e nada mais, Constituição, e nada menos, estamos intimamente convencidos de que não podemos dezafiar o odio, nem a inimizade de alguem, por a publicação de nossas idéias.”", "page": "30", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Novo Censor", "aliases": ["O Novo Censor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional integrity", "national identity", "public morals", "public order", "social harmony"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles advocating for union and tranquility, defending the Constitution, the government, and its institutions. It heavily criticized opposition newspapers, especially the exaltados, and condemned abuses of press freedom, labeling 'revolutionary' writings as dangerous.", "quote": "He huma proposição de pura evidencia, que a Liberdade de Imprensa está conhecida no mundo social pelo meio mais poderoso de se pulirem os costumes, e promoverem todas aquellas virtudes, que constituem o Cidadão benemérito do Soberano, e da Patria; porem huma vez menoscabadas as regras do decoro, que devem dirigir todo o Jornalista, então ella se torna em hum instrumento de discórdia, de desgraça, do sangue, e da morte!", "page": "28", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Patriota Brasileiro", "aliases": ["O Patriota Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national well-being", "public morals", "public order", "religious orthodoxy", "state authority"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles to indoctrinate and ensure order, propagate morality and industry, and defend the Emperor and the Constitution. It aimed to persuade readers towards a specific conservative political project.", "quote": "Para garantirmos a tranquilidade dos Povos procuremos o meio mais seguro; procuremol-o na doutrina dos deveres...que tem por fim a melhorar a sorte dos homens, e por meio, propagar a moral e a industria”", "page": "20", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Regulador Brasileiro", "aliases": ["O Regulador Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "political pluralism"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chave ou Fecho? O debate jurídico erudito sobre a responsabilidade do Poder Moderador/Key or Closure? The learned legal debate on the responsibility of …", "author": "W Guandalini Junior", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Published and disseminated Benjamin Constant's 'Principes de Politique,' thereby influencing the drafting of the 1824 Constitution and establishing foundational political concepts for the Brazilian state.", "quote": "Em novembro de 1822 os Princípios de Política foram traduzidos e publicados no jornal O Regulador Brasileiro (...) e a obra foi prestigiada a ponto de influenciar a redação da constituição outorgada por D. Pedro I.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.lareferencia.info/vufind/Record/BR_b07974d2282c5f869d1a0f15956728ee", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "O Republico", "aliases": ["O Republico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-monarchy", "free speech", "liberalism", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles advocating for radical liberalism and republicanism. Heavily criticized by áulicos for accusing the Emperor of violating laws and for promoting 'sedition' and 'discord'.", "quote": "Acusou o jornal exaltado de ser um monstro o “Mestre Arpia Mór” do “club dos acelerados” e de querer “tornar odiada a Sagrada Pessoa de S. M. I.”", "page": "35", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "O Saquarema (newspaper)", "aliases": ["O Saquarema (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "group interests", "political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Served as an organ for specific political factions (Partido Conservador), diffusing their ideas and influencing public opinion in a time of restricted citizenship, solidifying political labels.", "quote": "surgiu o jornal O Saquarema na Província de Pernambuco e, dois anos depois, órgão homônimo na Província de São Paulo.", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "O São Paulo (da Arquidiocese de São Paulo)", "aliases": ["O São Paulo (da Arquidiocese de São Paulo)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of information", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a newspaper affiliated with the Archdiocese of São Paulo, it was subject to censorship rituals, indicating its role as a voice that eventually gained liberation from prior censorship.", "quote": "Somente se pode dizer, no entanto, que houve o fim da censura prévia à imprensa em junho de 1978, quando os jornais Tribuna da Imprensa, O São Paulo (da Arquidiocese de São Paulo) e Movimento foram finalmente liberados deste ritual.", "page": "24", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Oak Foundation", "aliases": ["Oak Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Funds considerable work on preventing child sexual violence, leading to the development of benchmarking tools to improve national responses and norm enforcement in this area.", "quote": "The Oak Foundation has recently funded considerable work on preventing child5 sexual violence, leading to the development of a crucial index for measuring the comprehensiveness of national responses6.", "page": "273", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Obama Foundation", "aliases": ["Obama Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation; civic leadership nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The Foundation runs leadership programs, public events, storytelling and media campaigns and leverages high-profile networks to shape civic norms and public debates on issues including online hate and societal division.", "quote": "The Foundation's core mission is civic leadership and community programs but it explicitly addresses online hate, societal division, and inclusive dialogue—areas that touch platformized content governance without being its primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.obama.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Oberiu", "aliases": ["Oberiu"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "political freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On the Beneficence of Censorship", "author": "Loseff, Lev", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "The Oberiu group used absurdist poetics and self-parody in children's literature published in magazines like The Hedgehog and The Siskin. They subverted official Soviet propaganda by exaggerating its optimism and using illogical content, which acted as markers for hidden satire against the regime.", "quote": "The poets of the Oberiu group, who in the 1930s had congregated about the children’s magazines The Hedgehog (Еж) and The Siskin (Чиж) , were particularly frequent exploiters for purposes of parody of the Soviet “ popular song” and “ patriotic wartime verse” : they raised and intensified to the point of absurdity the pitch of exalted optimism, dutiful rapture before one’s leaders, and overconfident presumption of swift and easy victory which were peculiar to these semi-official genres.", "page": "217", "url": "https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/67107", "topic": "", "language": "German", "where": "Russia, Soviet Union", "when": "18th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Oberlin College Student Activism", "aliases": ["Oberlin College Student Activism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["film", "music"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trigger happy: From content warning to censorship", "author": "J Halberstam", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Introduced requests for classroom policy changes, specifically the implementation of trigger warnings on syllabi and for materials presented in class, leading to an online guide for professors.", "quote": "students introduced requests for classroom policy changes around syllabi and trigger warnings. In the first example, in 2012 Oberlin College...circulated an online guide intended to help professors to avoid assigning and presenting potentially 'triggering' material in their classrooms.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688189", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US college campuses (Oberlin College, UC Santa Barbara, Northwestern University), and broader US media landscape (film, music)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era) for trigger warnings, with historical context on media content regulation from the 1930s onwards"}]}, {"name": "objETHOS", "aliases": ["objETHOS"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet. Autoría: Access Now... objETHOS (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Oblats de Marie-Immaculée", "aliases": ["Oblats de Marie-Immaculée"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural assimilation", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operated residential schools for Indigenous children, contributing to a system of cultural genocide and discipline by imposing assimilationist practices.", "quote": "plusieurs de ces communautés vouées à l’éducation (et à l’assimilation) des enfants autochtones étaient catholiques, et que leurs membres étaient aussi souvent issus du Québec et du Canada français (c’est le cas, par exemple, des Oblats de Marie-Immaculée, congrégation missionnaire fondatrice, notamment, de l’Université d’Ottawa8).", "page": "31", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Observacom (Observatório Latinoamericano de Regulação de Mídias e Convergências)", "aliases": ["Observacom (Observatório Latinoamericano de Regulação de Mídias e Convergências)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic process", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o nas redes sociais: o problema jurÃdico da remoà § ã o de conteúdo pelas plataformas", "author": "RV Nitrini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Co-authored a proposal for democratic regulation of large platforms to guarantee freedom of expression on the internet in Latin America.", "quote": "Uma coalização de entidades da sociedade civil na América Latina: “Contribuições para uma regulação democrática das grandes plataformas que garanta a liberdade de expressão na internet”...", "page": "132", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-22032021-171558/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter); Brazil, international contexts", "when": "early 21st century and post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Observacom—Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia", "aliases": ["Observacom—Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil Liability of Social Media for User Statements and Moderation", "author": "AFS de Souza, FMG Pessoa, TDGB Sande", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Co-authored a document titled 'Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms' proposing that platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content unless actively involved or negligent.", "quote": "In the document titled \"Contributions for a Democratic Regulation of Major Platforms to Ensure Freedom of Expression on the Internet", "page": "it is proposed that content platforms should not be legally responsible for third-party content", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/beijlar16&section=56", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global (US, EU, Brazil focus)", "when": "1990s-present"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire de la Christianophobie", "aliases": ["Observatoire de la Christianophobie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Cited for its role in identifying and documenting perceived 'christianophobia' in cultural expressions, contributing to the discourse that fuels protests and censorship demands against works deemed offensive to Christian beliefs.", "quote": "Par exemple le site Observatoire de la Christianophobie cite dans son bandeau l’Évangile selon Jean : « S’ils m’ont persécuté, ils vous persécuteront aussi », Jean, XV, 20.", "page": "103", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire de la liberté de création", "aliases": ["Observatoire de la liberté de création"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bourbon France", "France", "German Democratic Republic", "India"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "democratic integrity", "rule of law"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les archives de la censure: choisir entre déontologie scientifique et éthique citoyenne?", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a collective of writers attached to the Human Rights League, it publishes manifestos advocating for artistic freedom and critiques historical censorship as arbitrary, thus engaging in norm-setting and public discourse.", "quote": "L'Observatoire de la liberté de création, un collectif d'écrivains rattaché à la Ligue des droits de l'homme, note ainsi dans son Manifeste : Il est essentiel pour une démocratie de protéger la liberté de l'artiste contre l'arbitraire de tous les pouvoirs, publics ou privés.", "page": "6", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01425181/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Catholic Church (Congregation of the Index), France, with comparative examples from other polities (Bourbon France, colonial India, German Democratic Republic)", "when": "Primarily 19th century, but covering broader historical periods of censorship and its academic study up to the contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire des Politiques Culturelles en Afrique", "aliases": ["Observatoire des Politiques Culturelles en Afrique"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural development", "economic development"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Contributes to policy discussions and declarations on cultural policies and development, influencing norms for cultural industries across Africa.", "quote": "OCPA, CERDOTOLA, & AECID, 2009 : « Déclaration de Yaoundé sur les politiques culturelles et le développement des industries culturelles en Afrique centrale »", "page": "228", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire du récit médiatique (ORM)", "aliases": ["Observatoire du récit médiatique (ORM)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modèles télévisuels et évolutions de la place du politique à la télévision", "author": "F Antoine", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Through its academic analyses, the ORM at UCL helps understand how audiovisual media (including television) construct narratives, revealing the inherent constraints and tendencies that shape the representation of political figures and events.", "quote": "Comme le démontrent les nombreuses analyses réalisées par l'Observatoire du récit médiatique de l'UCL depuis sa création, les médias audiovisuels sont même contraints de calquer d'abord leur mode de configuration sur le référent narratif.", "page": "12", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49693/47893", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking Belgium, France", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire international sur le racisme et les discriminations de l’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)", "aliases": ["Observatoire international sur le racisme et les discriminations de l’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "political accountability", "racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publicly denounced Law 21 through a letter signed by academics, initiating collective action against perceived political drift and the negative consequences of the law.", "quote": "Mentionnons la lettre au Devoir du 5 avril 2019, «250 universitaires contre le projet de loi 21», aujourd’hui signée par 438 professeures, professeurs et enseignants des universités québécoises7, qui dénonçait le dérapage politique inhérent à cette loi.", "page": "15", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire sur les diasporas du Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la diversité et la démocratie (CRIDAQ)", "aliases": ["Observatoire sur les diasporas du Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur la diversité et la démocratie (CRIDAQ)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democracy", "diversity", "social critique"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organized a public colloquium to critically discuss Law 21, fostering academic debate and public engagement on its implications.", "quote": "Soulignons aussi le colloque public du 17 mai 2019, à l’Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), où sont intervenus une vingtaine de chercheurs, chercheuses universitaires et membres des communautés concernées, d’où émanent un certain nombre de contributions à ce livre8.", "page": "15", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Observatoire Togolais des Médias", "aliases": ["Observatoire Togolais des Médias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Conducts regular monitoring of media, which helps ensure adherence to professional norms and can indirectly influence journalistic practices.", "quote": "L’aide de l’État a permis la tenue régulière du monitoring sur les médias à l’Observatoire Togolais des Médias (OTM)", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Observatorio de Cibermedios", "aliases": ["Observatorio de Cibermedios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society / watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["information integrity", "responsible communication", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fragmentación normativa y retos éticos en la moderación de desinformación en redes sociales: Un análisis desde la Unión Europea y España", "author": "PB San Blas", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a research observatory focused on digital documentation and interactive communication, contributing to the understanding of digital media's relevance and challenges, including issues related to disinformation.", "quote": "El Observatorio de Cibermedios (OCM) es una producción del Grupo de Investigación en Documentación Digital y Comunicación Interactiva (DigiDoc) del Departamento de Comunicación de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/432090", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union and Spain, social media platforms, AI systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Observatorio del Derecho a la Comunicación (ODC)", "aliases": ["Observatorio del Derecho a la Comunicación (ODC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media pluralism", "sound regulation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "One of the authors directs this observatory, which engages in research related to communication rights, including critical factors for regulatory institutionality, thereby monitoring and advocating for freedom of expression.", "quote": "Javier García is an academic researcher with Universidad de Las Américas... and director of Observatorio del Derecho a la Comunicación (ODC – Chile)...", "page": "22", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Observatorio Internacional para el seguimiento del proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración (DDR)", "aliases": ["Observatorio Internacional para el seguimiento del proceso de Desarme, Desmovilización y Reintegración (DDR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "peace", "victims' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Monitors and makes recommendations and observations on the implementation of peace processes and laws related to victims' rights in conflict.", "quote": "El Observatorio Internacional para el seguimiento del proceso de Desmovilización, Desarme y Reintegración (DDR) y la aplicación de la Ley de Justicia y Paz, a través de informes ha realizado recomendaciones técnicas y observaciones a su implementación y las limitaciones de sus alcances.", "page": "37", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom)", "aliases": ["Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["free speech", "national sovereignty", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Del test tripartito a los términos y condiciones: tensiones entre Brasil y X (2020-2024) en torno a la regulación y moderación del debate público", "author": "Schtivelband Guindi, Juan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Observacom engaged in public discourse by organizing a discussion with regional experts to analyze the legitimacy and proportionality of the measure to block X in Brazil, applying the 'Test Tripartito' framework to assess the situation.", "quote": "Desde Observacom, realizaron un conversatorio con expertos de la región para analizar el caso bajo el nombre de \"Bloquear a X en Brasil ¿Inaceptable siempre", "page": "o sanción legítima en ciertos casos?\"\" A partir de ello", "url": "https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/argumentos/article/view/10833", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, X (formerly Twitter)", "when": "2020-2024"}]}, {"name": "Observatory of Communication, Freedom of Expression and Censorship (OBCOM-USP)", "aliases": ["Observatory of Communication, Freedom of Expression and Censorship (OBCOM-USP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "power critique", "transparency"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e pós-censura: uma síntese sobre as formas clássicas e atuais de controle da produção artística nacional", "author": "Castilho Costa, Maria Cristina; Sousa Junior, Walter De", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts extensive research on classical and contemporary censorship processes in Brazil, analyzing its criteria, procedures, and manifestations to reflect on how control over artistic production operates and to promote debate on the freedom of expression.", "quote": "Este artigo tem por finalidade refletir sobre esses processos a partir das pesquisas que o Observatório de Comunicação, Liberdade de Expressão e Censura (OBCOM), da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) vem realizando nos últimos 18 anos.", "page": "2", "url": "https://portalseer.ufba.br/index.php/pculturais/article/view/28154", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 20th century – post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Observatory of Internet Rights", "aliases": ["Observatory of Internet Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The Observatory issues opinions and recommendations on various internet-related topics, such as cyber-harassment. This contributes to norm-setting and public discourse on acceptable online behavior and rights.", "quote": "l'avis nº 6 de l'Observatoire des droits de l'Internet sur le Cyberharcèlement, disponible sur www.internet-observatory.be.", "page": "51", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Observatório da Comunicação", "aliases": ["Observatório da Comunicação"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["information accuracy", "media transparency", "responsible communication"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Portugal eo papel da mídia no debate entre a perceção da sociedade ea realidade sobre a imigração", "author": "KGC Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts and publishes research reports, often in collaboration with other institutions, that analyze media consumption patterns, identify dominant narratives (like securitization of immigration), and reveal discrepancies between media portrayals and empirical data, thereby acting as a watchdog for media accuracy and ethics.", "quote": "O Observatório da Comunicação (OberCom, 2022) confirma essa análise, evidenciando que alguns veículos de comunicação relacionam repetidamente a imigração a crises em diversos aspectos, sem bases empíricas sólidas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cepese.pt/portal.%26quot%3B%26quot%26quot/pt/publicacoes/obras/populacao-e-sociedade-n-o-43/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/portugal-e-o-papel-da-midia-no-debate-entre-a-percecao-da-sociedade-e-a-realidade-sobre-a-imigracao/@@display-file/file/Revista%2043%20%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%80%9D%20Artigo%206.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "2021–2025 (post-pandemic context and current migration crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Observatório da Comunicação / IBERIFIER (Iberian Digital Media Observatory)", "aliases": ["Observatório da Comunicação / IBERIFIER (Iberian Digital Media Observatory)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy", "public education", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on media consumption and disinformation, particularly in the context of elections, contributing to public understanding of media impacts.", "quote": "OberCom / IBERIFIER – Legislativas 2025 (Zenodo) [...] Página do relatório", "page": "16", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Observatório da Ética Jornalística (objETHOS)", "aliases": ["Observatório da Ética Jornalística (objETHOS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research institute"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Access Now, Asociación para el Progreso de las Comunicaciones - APC... objETHOS (Brasil)...", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Observatório de Comunicação, Liberdade de Expressão e Censura (OBCOM-USP)", "aliases": ["Observatório de Comunicação, Liberdade de Expressão e Censura (OBCOM-USP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Colonial America"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-censorship", "free speech", "public interest"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ARTE, PODER E POLÍTICA: UMA BREVE HISTÓRIA SOBRE A CENSURA", "author": "Costa, Maria Cristina Castilho", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Promotes debates on the regulation of message production, dissemination, and traffic by governments, agencies, and private companies; discusses national security and espionage; defends trademarks, public interest, copyright, and the right to information; addresses excesses by agencies and media and social media control.", "quote": "Assim, os debates promovidos pelo OBCOM-USP se direcionam para questões como a regulamentação da produção, veiculação e tráfego de mensagens pelos governos estabelecidos, pelas agências e pelas empresas privadas; a segurança nacional e a espionagem exercida pelas nações umas sobre outras...", "page": "3", "url": "adolescencia20172.pbworks.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Western world, with a focus on Brazil and Colonial America", "when": "Colonial period to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Obshchaya gazeta", "aliases": ["Obshchaya gazeta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As a 'Communal Newspaper', it serves as a media outlet that regularly publishes information on the state of freedom of the printed and spoken word in Russia.", "quote": "Information on the state of freedom of the printed and spoken word in Russia is provided on a regular basis by, among others,... the Moscow weekly Obshchaya gazeta (The Communal Newspaper)", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Central with Love and Peace", "aliases": ["Occupy Central with Love and Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Occupy Central initiated and participated in sit-in protests in Hong Kong to advocate for electoral reform, actions which led to Chinese censorship and subsequently motivated mainland users to seek information via evasion.", "quote": "Hong Kong protesters began sit-in protests in response to reforms being considered by the Hong Kong government to the electoral system. On September 29, 2014, the Chinese government suddenly disrupted social media by blocking Instagram", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Democrats", "aliases": ["Occupy Democrats"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishing partisan news content and influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In the USA... partisan websites (eg Breitbart, the Blaze, the Daily Caller, Occupy Democrats, Being Liberal) grew rapidly ahead of the 2016 election...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Movement", "aliases": ["Occupy Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "MySpace", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Freedom of Expression in the Age of Facebook", "author": "Jackson, Benjamin F", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Used social network websites like Facebook, Tumblr, Twitter, and YouTube to mobilize supporters and organize protests, demonstrating how these platforms facilitate collective action and political expression.", "quote": "social network web-sites have played an important role in the Occupy Movement, which “be-gan as a Twitter experiment.\"\"", "page": "6", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on social network websites (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, MySpace) and US legal context.", "when": "2008-2014"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Movement(s)", "aliases": ["Occupy Movement(s)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "democratic reform", "economic justice", "participatory democracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Engages in 'contentious branding' to establish its identity, articulate grievances, and mobilize people. This includes occupying public spaces, intensive adoption of social media, and framing its collective identity ('we are the 99%'). It also self-regulates its demands by 'reclaiming the need to reject the principle of having definite goals'.", "quote": "Never able to speak with a single, coherent voice, the movement/s progressively admitted and reclaimed the need to reject the principle of having definite goals (Pickerill and Krinsky 2012).", "page": "77", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Pedophilia", "aliases": ["Occupy Pedophilia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["child safety", "justice", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A vigilante group in Russia that hunts and traps alleged paedophiles, using digital media for public shaming and denunciation.", "quote": "or hunt and trap alleged paedophiles (Occupy Pedophilia), amongst other things.", "page": "107", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Occupy Wall Street (OWS)", "aliases": ["Occupy Wall Street (OWS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Mobilizes public forms of creative resistance and uses networked culture to demand recognition for marginalized peoples and challenge social antagonism.", "quote": "Think of groups such as Black Lives Matter (BLM), Occupy Wall Street (OWS) the Indignados in Spain, or the so-called Arab Spring and other self-organized forms of resistance", "page": "189", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OECD Civic Tech Background Note Feedback - RadicalxChange", "aliases": ["OECD Civic Tech Background Note Feedback - RadicalxChange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit advocacy and research foundation (civic tech / democratic innovation)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy feedback for OECD, develops and pilots technical civic-tech mechanisms (pol.is, quadratic voting, social identity concepts), and partners with governments to demonstrate alternative participation infrastructures.", "quote": "RadicalxChange focuses on civic tech, digital public infrastructures, social identity solutions, and participated in OECD civic tech policy discussions—directly engaging in platform-adjacent governance and democratic-technology design.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.radicalxchange.org/wiki/oecd-civic-tech-background-note-feedback/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Office catholique français du cinéma", "aliases": ["Office catholique français du cinéma"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les affres de la disparition de la censure:", "author": "Esquerre, Arnaud", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operated a \"cotation committee\"\" which", "quote": "continued to review", "page": "classify", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-147.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1900s-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Office for Intellectual Freedom", "aliases": ["Office for Intellectual Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Established within the ALA, it provides training and services, publishes a bimonthly newsletter, and is responsible for creating Banned Books Resources Kits and other anticensorship materials. It advises librarians on potential censorship problems.", "quote": "The OIF was established in 1967, growing out of other anticensorship programs within the organization. It provides training and other services, publishes a bimonthly newsletter, and is responsible for the Banned Books Resources Kits and various anticensorship titles from ALA Editions...", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) of the American Library Association (ALA)", "aliases": ["Office for Intellectual Freedom (OIF) of the American Library Association (ALA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["comics", "graphic novels", "literature"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura y LIJ", "author": "C Aguilar", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports attempts to ban books in libraries and schools across the US, defending intellectual freedom and access to diverse content, including LGTBIQ+ themes and works by various authors.", "quote": "La Oficina de Libertad Intelectual (OIF) de la ALA (American Library Association) mostraba en 2021 que el 50% de la censura ya procede de las familias. Lo terrible es que estas familias están influidas por grupos políticos y/o religiosos.", "page": "9", "url": "https://repositori.uji.es/bitstreams/0f5cda9a-3aa2-4079-91b4-9e94581c3318/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, USA, Canada, France, UK, Germany; focusing on Children's and Youth Literature (LIJ), comics, and graphic novels.", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 1930s-1970s in Spain and post-2010 contemporary issues globally."}]}, {"name": "Office of Communications (Ofcom)", "aliases": ["Office of Communications (Ofcom)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supporting research on digital news, which includes aspects of misinformation and trust, informing its regulatory role as a public body.", "quote": "Making all this possible, we are hugely grateful to our sponsors: ... Ofcom...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Office of Intellectual Freedom (of the American Library Association)", "aliases": ["Office of Intellectual Freedom (of the American Library Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in libraries", "author": "Oppenheim, Charles; Smith, Victoria", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The OIF initiates educational programs like ‘Lawyers for Libraries’ and ‘Law for Librarians’ to train legal professionals and librarians on First Amendment concepts and library policies, preparing them to defend intellectual freedom and litigate against censorship.", "quote": "The OIF has initiated the programme ‘Lawyers for Libraries', which, 'trains lawyers in library problems, policies and procedures within the First Amendment context'; and intends to start the programmes ‘Law for Librarians' and 'training for trainers', which will 'take basic First Amendment concepts into high schools and academic institutions'.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/ISU-2004-24401", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Public libraries, UK and USA", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media content moderation, censorship and AI detection evasion techniques", "author": "Malec, Lukáš; Lešetický, Jan; Universitätsbibliothek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes findings on the role of social media in human rights abuses, thereby bringing attention to platform responsibility and influencing discourse.", "quote": "This is compounded by the OHCHR's (2019) findings on the role of social media in human rights abuses in Myanmar.", "page": "4", "url": "https://epub.jku.at/doi/10.35011/IDIMT-2024-317", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (global, with examples from Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and EU regulatory context)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights B-Tech Project", "aliases": ["Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights B-Tech Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Created a roadmap for applying UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) to the development and use of digital technologies, providing practical guidance and policy recommendations.", "quote": "More recently, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights created the B-Tech Project, focused particularly on providing a roadmap for applying the UNGPs to the development and use of digital technologies (United Nations, n.d.).", "page": "106", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Oglala Sioux Tribe", "aliases": ["Oglala Sioux Tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous rights", "national sovereignty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Banned the South Dakota governor from their reservation in response to anti-protest legislation.", "quote": "The Oglala Sioux Tribe banished the South Dakota governor from their reservation.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Ogoni people", "aliases": ["Ogoni people"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous community"], "countries": ["Australia", "Nigeria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Through their protest against Shell's drilling activities and human rights violations, they brought negative attention to corporate practices, highlighting the need for corporate social responsibility and ethical conduct.", "quote": "The Ogoni tribe’s protest against Shell and its audacious profiteering reached its zenith when the government executed the activist poet Ken Saro-Wiwa.", "page": "110", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}]}, {"name": "OhmyNews.com", "aliases": ["OhmyNews.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["accountability", "community building"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Operates as a collaborative online newspaper where over 26,000 registered citizen journalists contribute news stories, challenging traditional media by embracing speed, responsibility, and community-oriented web nature.", "quote": "Con la ayuda de más de 26.000 periodistas-ciudadanos registrados, este periódico en línea colaborativo ha emergido como un desafío directo a los medios establecidos en solo cuatro años.", "page": "8", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Omas gegen Rechts (Grannies Against the Right)", "aliases": ["Omas gegen Rechts (Grannies Against the Right)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Organises vigils against neo-Nazi marches, speaks out against anti-Semitism, racism, misogyny, and fascism, advocating for a free and open democratic society.", "quote": "Across Austria and Germany, Omas gegen Rechts—Grannies Against the Right (Opas/grandpas join in too)—organise, attend vigils when neo-Nazis organise marches, speak out against anti-Semitism, racism, misogyny and fascism...", "page": "216", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Ombudsman Services", "aliases": ["Ombudsman Services"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer ombudsman; dispute resolution body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates sector-specific ombudsman services and an online trust & safety network providing complaint handling, guidance and stakeholder coordination to hold providers and platforms accountable.", "quote": "Provides sectoral ombudsman services (communications, energy, parking) and hosts an 'online trust and safety network', indicating engagement with platform trust & safety and complaint handling but core mission is consumer dispute resolution.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ombudsman-services.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OMGYES", "aliases": ["OMGYES"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["scientific integrity", "sexual liberation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Seeks to destigmatize discussions around sexual pleasure and provide science-based information to enhance intimate experiences, primarily through social media content that uses encrypted terms.", "quote": "Overall, the @omgyesdotcom profile seeks to destigmatize discussions of sexual pleasure and provide science-based information to enhance intimate experiences.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OMGYES.com", "aliases": ["OMGYES.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["privacy", "scientific integrity", "sexual freedom"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Uses its Instagram profile to destigmatize discussions of sexual pleasure and provide science-based information to enhance intimate experiences, actively creating and sharing educational and entertainment content.", "quote": "Overall, the @omgyesdotcom profile seeks to destigmatize discussions of sexual pleasure and provide science-based information to enhance intimate experiences.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "On social media platforms, who's in charge? - Stand Together", "aliases": ["On social media platforms, who's in charge? - Stand Together"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic organization / advocacy funder"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes advocacy journalism and funds think tanks (e.g., TechFreedom) to shape debate on free speech and platform moderation, leveraging funding and public messaging to influence policy and public opinion.", "quote": "Publishes advocacy content on platform free speech and funds TechFreedom, a think tank active on online civil liberties and platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://standtogether.org/stories/free-speech/how-we-should-navigate-free-speech-on-social-media", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "On_te_manipule.fr", "aliases": ["On_te_manipule.fr"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An educational material/website engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or mockery of conspiracy theories.", "quote": "educational material (On_te_manipule.fr in France or America.gov/conspiracy_theories in the U.S.A.) engaged in the deconstruction, denunciation or even mockery of conspiracy theories.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "One Million Signatures Campaign (Iran)", "aliases": ["One Million Signatures Campaign (Iran)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal reform", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organizing to collect signatures to demand the revision and reform of discriminatory laws against women in Iran, and educating the public about these issues.", "quote": "La Campagna per un Milione di Firme è stata lanciata ufficialmente il 27 Agosto 2006 e ha come obiettivo quello di raccogliere un milione di firme per sostenere la richiesta lanciata al Parlamento iraniano in cui si chiede la revisione la riforma di alcune leggi correnti che discriminano la donna.", "page": "58", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "One to One Initiative (Institute for Strategic Dialogue Programme)", "aliases": ["One to One Initiative (Institute for Strategic Dialogue Programme)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An ISD-run program designed to facilitate dialogue between former extremists and young people at risk of radicalisation, engaging them through peer-to-peer messaging platforms.", "quote": "The One to One Initiative is an ISD-run programme geared towards facilitating dialogue between former extremists and youths who have expressed interest in extremism.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "One World", "aliases": ["One World"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "global cooperation", "policy influence"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "OnePath Network", "aliases": ["OnePath Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "fair representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ideological misinformation", "author": "Gallagher, Dean", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes reports monitoring mainstream media's portrayal of Islam and Muslims, highlighting negative stereotyping and linking to crime and violence, thereby challenging media narratives.", "quote": "A 2018 report highlighted how News Corp Australia published 2891 negative articles referring to “Islam or Muslims alongside words like violence, extremism, terrorism or radical\" (OnePath Network 2018", "page": "p.6).\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia (mainstream and social media)", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Online Abuse Prevention Initiative", "aliases": ["Online Abuse Prevention Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "platform integrity", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Bot-based collective blocklists in Twitter: the counterpublic moderation of harassment in a networked public space", "author": "Geiger, R. Stuart", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "OAPI is a non-profit organization launched by Randi Harper that supports projects like ggautoblocker. It serves as a broader institutional context for various bot-assisted anti-harassment efforts, including curating collective blocklists and identifying harassers.", "quote": "For example, the ggautoblocker bot was initially developed by Randi Harper, who recently launched a non-profit organization around online harassment that includes but extends far beyond ggautoblocker – the Online Abuse Prevention Initiative (OAPI).", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1153700", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2012-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Online Censorship Team", "aliases": ["Online Censorship Team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community cohesion", "fairness", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discurso de ódio pelo Facebook: transparência e procedimentos de contenção", "author": "MEP Marinho, SRC de Souza", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Critiques Facebook's content moderation rules and their enforcement, advocating for greater transparency and highlighting how current rules create different standards for different groups within the platform's community.", "quote": "The company now has 2 billion users, which it calls its 'community'—an interesting choice of term, considering its rules and their enforcement actually serve to further divide, by creating different standards for different people.", "page": "12", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7277479", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook platform, European Union, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, up to 2018"}]}, {"name": "Online Civic Courage Initiative", "aliases": ["Online Civic Courage Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic courage", "content quality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receives funding from Facebook to work on promoting civic courage and counter-discourse strategies, contributing to improving the quality of online content and public debate.", "quote": "Dans ce domaine, différentes associations s'organisent au niveau international à travers le « Dangerous Speech Project » porté par des universitaires américains, ou la Online Civic Courage Initiative, financée par Facebook.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Online communities / Platform users (community-driven moderation)", "aliases": ["Online communities / Platform users (community-driven moderation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform autonomy", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Tiedekunta, Informaatioteknologian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These users primarily handle content moderation through flagging features, reporting, and rating individual contributions (up or down) which can lead to posts being hidden if they meet or exceed a certain threshold.", "quote": "Community moderation is a form of content moderation where the process is primarily handled by the users of the platform instead of by the company that owns the service, used mainly on community-centric platforms including Wikipedia, Twitch and Reddit (Seering, 2020).", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Online communities / Platform users (spontaneous moderation)", "aliases": ["Online communities / Platform users (spontaneous moderation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Tiedekunta, Informaatioteknologian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "On platforms without official moderation schemes, such as imageboards, users engage in 'spontaneous moderation' by posting comments about other comments, thus self-regulating content.", "quote": "When no official moderation scheme exists, users engage in spontaneous moderation where comments are posted about other comments (Veglis, 2014).", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Online Community Moderation Teams (Reddit-focused)", "aliases": ["Online Community Moderation Teams (Reddit-focused)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community standards", "diversity and inclusion", "fairness", "operational efficiency", "quality assurance"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Venire: A Machine Learning-Guided Panel Review System for Community Content Moderation", "author": "V Koshy, F Choi, YS Chiang, H Sundaram…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators within online communities (specifically Reddit subreddits) collectively create and enforce rules, manage acceptable speech, and work to resolve disagreements and improve decision consistency, using tools like Venire to identify contentious cases for multi-person review.", "quote": "In many online communities, a team of volunteer moderators is responsible for creating and enforcing rules to govern acceptable speech.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3757699", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Reddit, USA (and general online communities)", "when": "Contemporary online moderation"}]}, {"name": "Online Community of Practice", "aliases": ["Online Community of Practice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who exactly is the moderator? A consideration of online knowledge management network moderation in educational organisations", "author": "J Gairín-Sallán, D Rodríguez-Gómez…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "These communities serve as online spaces for the social construction of knowledge, fostering \"sustained mutual relationships\"\" and \"\"shared methods\"\" among participants", "quote": "construct new knowledge", "page": "and achieve collective objectives.\"", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131510000308", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Educational organisations, Spain (specifically Catalonia)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (focus on 2007-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Online Community Roundtable", "aliases": ["Online Community Roundtable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "knowledge exchange"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Professional networking group that evolved into a series of conferences.", "quote": "US community management pioneer Bill Johnston launched a professional networking group called the Online Community Roundtable in 2007, which, alongside fellow community leaders Gail Williams and Randy Farmer, evolved into a series of conferences through 2010 (it later adopted the term Online Community Tribe).", "page": "49", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Online Community Tribe", "aliases": ["Online Community Tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A professional networking group that evolved from the Online Community Roundtable, providing a space for community management leaders to discuss approaches.", "quote": "US community management pioneer Bill Johnston launched a professional networking group called the Online Community Roundtable... (it later adopted the term Online Community Tribe).", "page": "76", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Online Dating and Discovery Association (ODDA)", "aliases": ["Online Dating and Discovery Association (ODDA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produces sector Standards & Guidance and uses member-logo assurance; conducts research and public events, issues responses to EU policy reviews (eg. Digital Markets Act) and runs webinars to shape practice and regulatory engagement.", "quote": "Develops industry standards and guidance on trust & safety, privacy and consumer protection and engages with policymakers and regulators on sector-relevant digital policy (e.g., DMA response).", "page": "", "url": "https://theodda.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online News Association", "aliases": ["Online News Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalist safety", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosts conferences and panels addressing online harassment against journalists, underscoring its impact and seeking solutions for improving journalist safety and support.", "quote": "A keynote panel at the 2015 Online News Association conference, “We Belong Here: Pushing Back Against Online Harassment,” addressed similar issues, underscoring the frequency, ferocity, and underlying sexual and racial violence of these attacks.", "page": "81", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Online Platform Users (collective)", "aliases": ["Online Platform Users (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "Europe", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A new framework for online content moderation", "author": "Hartmann, Ivar A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The paper proposes that users should collectively act as the primary filters and moderators of online content, engaging in self-regulation by evaluating posts, providing feedback, and influencing content regulation to ensure accountability and align with local norms.", "quote": "Users should be the filters 74 because the vast majority of speech flows between agents without especially dominant communicative capacity such as large newspapers against regular people.", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0267364919303875", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (USA, China, Germany, Brazil, Europe)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century online platform era"}]}, {"name": "Online Pop Culture Fandoms", "aliases": ["Online Pop Culture Fandoms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["artistic integrity", "community standards", "cultural preservation", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Members engage in online harassment, publicly criticizing casting choices, storylines, and celebrity conduct, acting as 'digital vigilantes' to police fandom norms.", "quote": "Consequently, the group of unhappy fans has become (more) vigilant towards the story and character development of the franchise they enjoy.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Online Safety - Children's Advocacy Project", "aliases": ["Online Safety - Children's Advocacy Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes online safety guidance, resource links (NCMEC, FBI), and runs awareness programs and events to shape caregiver and community responses to online exploitation.", "quote": "Provides guidance and resources on online safety and preventing online sexual exploitation of children, directly engaging with platform-related risks (privacy settings, messaging, video chats, reporting to NCMEC/FBI).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childrensadvocacyproject.org/blog/69-online-safety", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety - Zero Abuse Project", "aliases": ["Online Safety - Zero Abuse Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection nonprofit / victim assistance organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes resources and trainings for parents/professionals, directs reporting to Cybertipline, and frames online safety practices—using informational materials and referral mechanisms to shape platform-related behavior and reporting.", "quote": "Provides guidance, training and resources on online safety, social media policy, and reporting illegal online behavior, but primary mission is child abuse prevention rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://zeroabuseproject.org/victim-assistance/jwrc/keep-kids-safe/online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety Act Network", "aliases": ["Online Safety Act Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network; civil society coordination"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Mental health", "Regulatory compliance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Maintains repository, publishes analysis and consultation responses, and coordinates civil society inputs to policymakers and regulators to shape OSA implementation.", "quote": "Directly coordinates civil society engagement, analysis and advocacy on implementation of the UK Online Safety Act and related consultations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.onlinesafetyact.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety Act: Privacy Threats and Free Speech Risks", "aliases": ["Online Safety Act: Privacy Threats and Free Speech Risks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy research organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes critical policy analysis of the Online Safety Act highlighting privacy and free-speech risks to shape public debate and hold regulators/government accountable.", "quote": "Publishes analysis critiquing the UK Online Safety Act, discussing client-side scanning, false communications offence, platform categorisation and enforcement implications for platforms and free speech.", "page": "", "url": "https://consoc.org.uk/the-online-safety-act-privacy-threats-and-free-speech-risks/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety and Cybercrime | Safeguarding Network", "aliases": ["Online Safety and Cybercrime | Safeguarding Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safeguarding membership organisation / training provider"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance and training for schools, circulates a fortnightly bulletin and directs users to reporting routes under the Online Safety Act and Ofcom to hold platforms to account.", "quote": "Provides guidance, training and resources about online safety and explains how to report platform harms and use the Online Safety Act, but primary mission is child safeguarding rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://safeguarding.network/content/safeguarding-resources/online-safety", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety for Children and Teenagers - PCAR.org", "aliases": ["Online Safety for Children and Teenagers - PCAR.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["state-level coalition / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1975, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1975", "mechanism": "PCAR produces training, resources, policy positions, and convenes conferences to shape practice and policy on sexual violence and online safety for children, and partners with national organizations to advance those policies.", "quote": "PCAR's core mission is sexual violence prevention and victim services but it produces online safety guidance for children, promotes public policies, and provides resources and training related to online harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://pcar.org/online-safety-children-and-teenagers", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online safety for children and young people - Family Action", "aliases": ["Online safety for children and young people - Family Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national charity; family support organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance and self-help resources and operates the FamilyLine helpline to inform and advise parents/carers about online safety and platform features such as blocking and reporting.", "quote": "Family Action's core mission is family support, but it publishes guidance and resources on online safety (e.g., reporting/blocking, privacy) that touch platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://family-action.org.uk/self-help/online-safety-for-children-young-people/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety for Schools - SWGfL", "aliases": ["Online Safety for Schools - SWGfL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["online safety charity / education-focused non-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "SWGfL publishes guidance and articles, runs training and helplines, and operates technical tools (filtering, reputation alerts, anonymous reporting) used by schools to detect and respond to harmful online content.", "quote": "SWGfL's core mission is online safety for schools and it provides tools and services (filtering, monitoring, reporting, training) that directly shape how harmful content is detected, reported and managed in educational settings and online environments.", "page": "", "url": "https://swgfl.org.uk/online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ONLINE SAFETY FOR TEENS AND ADULTS WITH ASD", "aliases": ["ONLINE SAFETY FOR TEENS AND ADULTS WITH ASD"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and resource center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes an online safety curriculum and guidance advising on privacy settings, parental controls, reporting procedures, and training methods to reduce exploitation risks for teens and adults with ASD.", "quote": "SARRC produces an online safety curriculum addressing privacy settings, parental controls, and reporting — engaging with platform-related safety practices but not platform governance or policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://nextforautism.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/sarrc-online-safety-manual_3-e.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online safety policy | CPSU - Child Protection in Sport Unit", "aliases": ["Online safety policy | CPSU - Child Protection in Sport Unit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection charity unit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CPSU publishes templates, guides, training and resources used by sports organisations to implement online safety policies, shaping standards and compliance across UK sport.", "quote": "CPSU's core mission is safeguarding children in sport but it produces online safety policies, guidance and training addressing use of online platforms and digital risks.", "page": "", "url": "https://thecpsu.org.uk/resource-library/policies/online-safety-policy-template/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety Special Interest Group - Internet Society", "aliases": ["Online Safety Special Interest Group - Internet Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special interest group within a global non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces the Global Online Safety Benchmark (a practical assessment tool), publishes research and policy advice, and partners with governments and stakeholders to inform national online safety frameworks.", "quote": "The SIG develops the Global Online Safety Benchmark and conducts research, policy advocacy, and capacity building directly relevant to platform-related online safety and child protection policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetsociety.org/sigs/online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety Toolkit | Parentkind", "aliases": ["Online Safety Toolkit | Parentkind"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national parent-teacher association membership body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Mental health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Parentkind produces the National Parent Survey to generate evidence, partners with established child-safety organisations and industry actors, and publishes toolkits and campaigns to shape parental expectations and policy discussions about online child safety.", "quote": "Parentkind publishes an Online Safety Toolkit, runs the National Parent Survey, and works with experts, educators and policymakers to shape safer online spaces for children.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.parentkind.org.uk/online-safety-toolkit", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Safety | Kidpower International", "aliases": ["Online Safety | Kidpower International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child safety / education nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Delivers curricula, courses, published articles and outreach (videos, comics, workshops) to shape practices around online safety and cyberbullying prevention among parents, schools, and communities.", "quote": "Provides education, resources, and workshops on online safety and cyberbullying that touch platformized content governance issues (safety, harassment) but does not focus on platform policy or regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.kidpower.org/online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online safety – information, resources and guidance - NAHT", "aliases": ["Online safety – information, resources and guidance - NAHT"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / professional association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NAHT issues guidance to school leaders on compliance with the Online Safety Act, links schools to specialist partners (UKSIC, Childnet, IWF, CEOP), and shapes practice and preparedness across the education sector.", "quote": "NAHT provides guidance and resources on online safety for schools and explains obligations under the Online Safety Act 2023, directly engaging with platform-related child safety, content duties, and compliance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.naht.org.uk/News/Latest-comments/News/ArtMID/556/ArticleID/2523/Online-safety-information-resources-and-guidance", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Self-Help Group for Sexual Abuse Survivors", "aliases": ["Online Self-Help Group for Sexual Abuse Survivors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["BBS", "MOOs", "Usenet", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["community building", "harm reduction", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "A moderator enforces specific membership criteria (e.g., survivor status) to maintain a safe and private environment, and the group's members implicitly moderate content by withdrawing if their perceived privacy is violated by external research.", "quote": "Finn reported the existence of a note from the moderator of the group saying that interested professionals who were not sexual abuse survivors were discouraged from joining this group.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Online Sikkerhed - ENIGMA", "aliases": ["Online Sikkerhed - ENIGMA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["museum; cultural institution"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Publishes blog and podcast content, organises public debates and education programmes on misinformation, AI and platform dependency; founded and funded by major industry actors providing visibility and reach.", "quote": "Runs learning programmes, debates and exhibitions on online safety, misinformation, AI in schools and the role of digital platforms, but its core mission is museum education and communication history.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.enigma.dk/katalog/online-sikkerhed-vi-ved-hvad-du-lavede-sidste-sommer", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Social Media Users / Community of Followers", "aliases": ["Online Social Media Users / Community of Followers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["public morals", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA NAS REDES SOCIAIS: UMA FACE DO GÊNERO EPIDÍCTICO NAS INTERAÇÕES DIGITAIS", "author": "G Martins", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through collective comments and posts, they exert social shaming and public pressure, enforcing social norms and values, and mobilizing for punitive actions against individuals perceived to violate these shared values, often leading to real-world consequences.", "quote": "O volume de comentários publicados a todo instante se ocupa de expandir esses sentimentos pela teia virtual gerando uma comoção em torno do acontecido, em prol da proteção da vida, pois defender tal valor torna-se imprescindível para a sua manutenção, e online todos têm voz e se sentem compelidos, por esses efeitos de sentido, a falar, a se posicionar.", "page": "15", "url": "https://ojs.labcom-ifp.ubi.pt/rhetorike/article/view/1305", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Social Networks (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook), Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, specifically 2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Online SOS", "aliases": ["Online SOS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital safety nonprofit / survivor support organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guidance and a Field Manual used to guide victims engaging with platforms; developed resources with input from tech platforms and experts to shape user-facing safety practices.", "quote": "Primary mission is providing support and resources to people facing online harassment, but their resources and guidance engage with platform safety, moderation, and tech company practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://onlinesos.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Online Volunteer Moderators", "aliases": ["Online Volunteer Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community health", "content quality", "fairness", "information accuracy", "well-being"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Manage online communities, enforce rules and norms, provide context, offer emotional support, troubleshoot bugs, interpret policy, make difficult decisions; perform invisible labor to keep online communities functional, safe, and inclusive.", "quote": "Community moderators sit at the forefront of the internet’s social infrastructure, shaping and sustaining the spaces where people gather, learn, and connect. Often working without compensation, recognition, or institutional support, these individuals carry out the invisible labor that keeps online communities functional, safe, and inclusive.", "page": "65", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Onlinecensorship.org (Project of EFF and Visualizing Impact)", "aliases": ["Onlinecensorship.org (Project of EFF and Visualizing Impact)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "freedom of expression", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A project that relies on user reporting to track global content enforcement by social media platforms and offers resources on how to appeal against moderation decisions taken by these platforms.", "quote": "The EFF, along with another organization, Visualizing Impact, is also responsible for Onlinecensorship.org, a project which relies on user reporting to track global content enforcement by social media platforms.", "page": "53", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ontario Library Association", "aliases": ["Ontario Library Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Stresses librarians' responsibility to maintain citizens' right to individual judgment on moral and political questions, through implementing selection policies that offer diverse materials.", "quote": "the Ontario Library Association stresses how librarians have the responsibility to maintain the right of citizens to judge 'individually on questions of politics, religion and morality'. They can do this by, inter alia, implementing it in their selection policies and processes, providing a range of materials and interpretations of life...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Ontario Press Council", "aliases": ["Ontario Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "media quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Serves as a voluntary self-regulatory body for newspapers, adjudicating reader complaints about unfair conduct and ethics in journalism, and requiring publication of findings if a complaint is upheld.", "quote": "Many Canadian newspapers belong to voluntary press councils. Press councils provide a means for readers to have complaints about unfair conduct and ethics in journalism adjudicated. Usually press councils consist of representatives of the press, including working journalists and editors, and citizen members representing the reading public.", "page": "49", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA)", "aliases": ["Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "academic research"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Organizes international conferences on argumentation, serving as a forum for academic discourse and research on argument theory and its practical applications.", "quote": "Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of the Ontario Society for the Study of Argumentation (OSSA).", "page": "271", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Open Cleveland", "aliases": ["Open Cleveland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech volunteer group; Code for America affiliate"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and questionnaires, builds civic tools (e.g., RefundCleveland), runs hack nights to support local government tech, and issues open letters requesting APIs and livestreams to increase transparency.", "quote": "Primary mission is civic technology and open data for Cleveland, but it has engaged platform-related governance activities (requests for livestreaming council meetings, enabling Legistar API, promoting open data and digital access).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.opencleveland.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Collective", "aliases": ["Open Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["financial viability", "open source", "sustainability"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a free and open-source popular crowdfunding platform for recurring donations, supporting the economic viability of free software projects as an alternative funding model.", "quote": "le cas notamment de Liberapay22 et d’Open Collective23, qui sont des équivalents libres de Patreon ou de Tipeee.", "page": "72", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Open Data Day", "aliases": ["Open Data Day"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community-led annual campaign / network (maintained by Open Knowledge Foundation)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Open Data Day mobilizes global events and resources to promote open data practices, provides mini-grants, and highlights tooling (CKAN, data.world) to increase data availability and reuse, indirectly shaping transparency and platform data ecosystems.", "quote": "Open Data Day is an annual global initiative promoting open data practices and resources; while not primarily a platform governance actor, it engages with data platforms, tooling, and community practices that touch platform transparency and data reuse.", "page": "", "url": "http://opendataday.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Definition", "aliases": ["Open Definition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standard-setting project / open-knowledge initiative"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Publishes the Open Definition, maintains a registry of conformant licenses and an API used by communities and platforms to adopt interoperable open-licensing practices.", "quote": "The Open Definition sets norms for open licenses and open content which affect how platforms host, share, and reuse content, but its core mission is broader open knowledge rather than platform governance per se.", "page": "", "url": "https://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Design movement/community", "aliases": ["Open Design movement/community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "open source", "technological choice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Represents a movement that can be combined with 'low-tech' approaches, contributing to the development of ethical digital systems.", "quote": "Dans une certaine mesure, les communs numériques et les \"low-tech\"\" peuvent être combinés", "page": "comme on peut le voir avec les mouvements de l’open hardware ou de l’open design ».\"", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Open Eye", "aliases": ["Open Eye"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["truth seeking", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Published annotated features on 'unconventional viewpoints' (e.g., AIDS/HIV controversy), providing information not found in mainstream media.", "quote": "the occasional alternative investigative magazine Open Eye published an annotated feature on Peter Duesberg and the AIDS/HIV controversy, which also included notes on where to find more on 'unconventional viewpoints' regarding AIDS.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Open Hardware movement/community", "aliases": ["Open Hardware movement/community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "open source", "technological choice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Represents a movement that can be combined with 'low-tech' approaches, contributing to the development of ethical digital systems.", "quote": "Dans une certaine mesure, les communs numériques et les \"low-tech\"\" peuvent être combinés", "page": "comme on peut le voir avec les mouvements de l’open hardware ou de l’open design ».\"", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Open Humans Foundation", "aliases": ["Open Humans Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["privacy", "public health", "scientific collaboration"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Open Humans contributes as an institutional partner to the foundational framework and support system of the AutSPACEs project, indirectly influencing the environment where content moderation policies are developed.", "quote": "AutSPACEs is facilitated with the help of a wide range of institutional partners (The Alan Turing Institute; Autistica; Open Humans)", "page": "4", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "Open Knowledge Brasil", "aliases": ["Open Knowledge Brasil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "India", "Macedonia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "public interest", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão, direito à informação e redes sociais: regulação constitucionalmente adequada sobre a moderação de conteúdo na construção de um …", "author": "AF Fredes", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Developed and operates a bot called 'RosieDaSerenata' on Twitter to monitor and publicize potentially questionable public spending by parliamentarians.", "quote": "um caso é o do robô Rosie (@RosieDaSerenata) no Twitter. Esse robô é responsável por fiscalizar documentos solicitando reembolso de gastos aparentemente questionáveis por parlamentares", "page": "208", "url": "https://repositorio.pucrs.br/dspace/bitstream/10923/24746/3/TES_ANDREI_FERREIRA_FREDES_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, United States, European Union, Germany, India, Macedonia (social networks, digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Knowledge Foundation", "aliases": ["Open Knowledge Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["open data / digital commons non-profit"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "E-governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database; Global Digital Justice Forum; IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Develops CKAN and Open Data Editor (technical infrastructure), publishes policy briefs and standards (Open Definition, ODbL), runs global chapters and partnerships with governments and UN bodies to shape DPI governance.", "quote": "OKFN develops open-data tools (CKAN, ODE), policy briefs on Digital Public Infrastructure, and advocates 'open by design' principles that shape platform and data governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://okfn.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Letter by 29 Romanian Doctors and Pharmacists", "aliases": ["Open Letter by 29 Romanian Doctors and Pharmacists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Romania"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["government accountability", "individual autonomy", "political dissent"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Idéologie entre discours intégré et discours controversé dans quatre débats télévisuels sur la pandémie de Covid-19", "author": "OB Feher", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A public letter signed by medical professionals, criticizing government 'aberrations' and 'state of terror' related to pandemic restrictions, acting as public pressure against official policies and discourse.", "quote": "Le dialogue part des onze points de la lettre ouverte, signée par 29 médecins et pharmaciens, dont un s'est retiré pour garder la sécurité de son emploi, « Les médecins roumains ne tolèrent plus les aberrations du gouvernement ! Cessez l'état de terreur ! »", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/riatps/2025-n28-riatps010574/1123281ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France and Romania (televised debates on Covid-19)", "when": "2020 (Covid-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Open Letter Regarding First Amendment Concerns When ...", "aliases": ["Open Letter Regarding First Amendment Concerns When ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization; state ACLU chapter"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1935, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1935", "mechanism": "ACLU of Washington issues public legal guidance and open letters, pursues litigation and advocacy, and advances legislative priorities to defend free speech and challenge governmental social media censorship.", "quote": "Publishes an open letter on First Amendment concerns about government officials blocking/censoring constituents on social media and advances related advocacy and litigation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclu-wa.org/docs/open-letter-regarding-first-amendment-concerns-when-government-officials-block-or-censor", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Loop", "aliases": ["Open Loop"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai governance", "ai safety"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Partners with Meta to prototype new AI policy requirements with regulators and startups, ensuring that future regulations for AI systems are practical and effective.", "quote": "Through our partnership with Open Loop, we are building innovative “policy prototyping” projects for testing new potential AI policy requirements with regulators and startups before they become law, to ensure that they are both practical and impactful.", "page": "268", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Open Market Institute", "aliases": ["Open Market Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["market competition", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Advocates for policies to limit the dominance of big technology companies and promote competition, such as blocking acquisitions.", "quote": "Bryan Lynn and Matt Stoller of the Open Market Institute have proposed that... the dominance of platform monopolists might be slowed down by stopping them from buying other companies.", "page": "113", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open Markets Institute", "aliases": ["Open Markets Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; Global Network Initiative", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes influential research reports, files amicus briefs in major antitrust cases, partners with Mozilla on AI reports, and convenes policy events to push structural remedies and platform regulation.", "quote": "Core mission targets monopoly power in tech and antitrust remedies for platforms; publishes reports on AI and platforms, files amicus briefs urging Google divestitures, and convenes events on platforms and democracy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.openmarketsinstitute.org", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Net Korea", "aliases": ["Open Net Korea"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Brazil", "Chile", "European Union", "Germany", "Kenya", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "due process", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO NAS REDES SOCIAIS: uma proposta de regulação por normas procedimentais", "author": "Pereira, Marcelo Brígido Ayala", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the elaboration of the Manila Principles, which advocate for due process and transparency in platform liability and content restriction.", "quote": "Os principais colaboradores do comitê que elaborou o documento são integrantes das organizações Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF, USA), Center for Internet and Society (CIS, Índia), Article 19 (Reino Unido), KICTANET (Quênia), Derechos Digitales (Chile), Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC, Argentina) e Open Net (Coreia do Sul).", "page": "155", "url": "bdtd.ibict.br", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, X), drawing on international contexts (USA, EU, Germany, Kenya, Chile, Argentina, South Korea).", "when": "19th century–present, with a focus on the post-2010 social media platform era."}]}, {"name": "Open Observatory of Network Inference", "aliases": ["Open Observatory of Network Inference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Sri Lanka", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Collects network measurements from end-users running client software to detect and document internet censorship events globally, helping to make opaque censorship practices more transparent.", "quote": "The Open Observatory of Network Inference (OONI) [43, 104] collects measurements from end users who download, update, and run client software.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Open Radio Archive Network Group (ORANG)", "aliases": ["Open Radio Archive Network Group (ORANG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercial control", "media diversity", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Offers hundreds of hours of streamed audio material for webcasters to use in their programming, promoting open distribution and redefinition of media forms, including anti-copyright principles.", "quote": "The Open Radio Archive Network Group (ORANG at http://orang.orang.de/) offers hundreds of hours of such material for webcasters to upload and stream as part of their own programming.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)", "aliases": ["Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["researcher identification", "scientific governance"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to the systematization of a new techno-industrial order for scientific information governance by providing persistent identifiers for researchers.", "quote": "Face à la dynamique plus générale de consolidation des stratégies techno-industrielles d’identification numérique pérenne des choses (DOI ou Digital Object Identifier), des personnes (ORCID ou Open Researcher Contributor ID) comme des lieux (ROR ou Research Organization Registry) (Gould, 2022) au sein du paysage de l’information et de la communication scientifique, nous pouvons nous demander dans quelle mesure le système DOI contribue à la systématisation d’un nouvel ordre techno-industriel.", "page": "113", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Open Rights Group", "aliases": ["Open Rights Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights campaigning organisation; charity / non-profit company limited by guarantee"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi; OSA-related public consultation; Save Online Speech Coalition", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "ORG publishes research and policy responses, runs the Blocked tool, convenes stakeholder roundtables, mounts litigation and public campaigns to hold regulators and platforms to account.", "quote": "ORG's core mission is defending digital rights including free expression and privacy online and it actively campaigns, litigates and responds to platform-related regulation such as the UK Online Safety Act.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.openrightsgroup.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open San Diego", "aliases": ["Open San Diego"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America Brigade; civic tech volunteer group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Develops open-source civic tools (EnCiv, MealsCount, Voter's Voice), runs meetups and partnerships with local government and NGOs to channel technical solutions into civic decision-making.", "quote": "Builds open-source tools for 'productive democracy online' (EnCiv: undebates, unpoll, civil-server) addressing how online discussion processes are structured.", "page": "", "url": "https://opensandiego.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Savannah", "aliases": ["Open Savannah"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Code for America Brigade; local civic tech organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Open Savannah builds civic apps and data visualizations, runs meetups and projects to connect technologists with local government, and mobilizes volunteers to demonstrate alternative civic technology solutions.", "quote": "Open Savannah focuses on building civic apps and open-data projects for local government; this work may touch on platform/information issues but does not centrally target platform content governance or moderation.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20191109093605/https://opensavannah.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Search Foundation", "aliases": ["Open Search Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["European non-profit movement (e.V.) focused on open search"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and public communications, builds an international network of experts and institutions, advocates for public search infrastructure and democratic control of search indices, and collaborates with research centres to develop open search solutions.", "quote": "Core mission is to establish an open, transparent and independent internet search infrastructure and public moderation of search indices, directly engaging search/platform governance and algorithmic neutrality.", "page": "", "url": "https://opensearchfoundation.org/en/about-open-search-foundation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Society Foundation", "aliases": ["Open Society Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation / grantmaker"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides large-scale grants shaping research, advocacy and litigation agendas; uses funding and public campaigns to push platforms and governments on hate speech, misinformation and rights issues.", "quote": "Funds research, advocacy, and strategic litigation on expression, hate speech, misinformation and has supported legal challenges and programs addressing social media harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Open Society Foundations (formerly Soros Foundations)", "aliases": ["Open Society Foundations (formerly Soros Foundations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "knowledge sharing", "open access", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Mentioned as potentially funding free scientific journals, thereby supporting the broader goal of open access to research and equitable distribution of knowledge.", "quote": "créer des journaux scientifiques financés à la source et diffusés gratuitement (aide de la Fondation Soros, et demande d'aide des États, notamment pour favoriser les journaux scientifiques au Sud - l'Agence universitaire de la francophonie participe à ce type d'action).", "page": "5", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Open Society Foundations (George Soros)", "aliases": ["Open Society Foundations (George Soros)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil society"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Involved in promoting 'benign group life' in the postcommunist world, suggesting financial and strategic support for civil society organizations that work towards democratic development, pluralism, and moderation of social tensions.", "quote": "They approve of the role played by Ford, the Eurasia Foundation, and Soros in promoting benign group life in the postcommunist world, while recognizing that such efforts may hinder homegrown groups.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Open Source Hackers", "aliases": ["Open Source Hackers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States", "Western democracies"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "privacy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambiguities and Imperatives of Market Censorship: The Brief History of a Critical Concept", "author": "Jansen, Sue", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Committed to social justice, these individuals push back against cyber-censorship and surveillance, using the internet to provide safe havens for whistleblowers and dissenters.", "quote": "open source 'hackers' committed to social justice push back against cyber-censorship and surveillance (Sullivan, in press); and the internet can be used to provide safe havens for whistleblowers and other dissenters", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/146/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with broader references to Western democracies and international contexts)", "when": "17th-21st century, with emphasis on post-Cold War neoliberalism"}]}, {"name": "Open Source Initiative", "aliases": ["Open Source Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "knowledge sharing", "open source", "openness"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Promoted the collaborative production model, contributing to the popularization of Web 2.0 concepts and services based on user contributions.", "quote": "Dos movimentos de programadores como a Free Software Foundation e a Open source Initiative, chega-se hoje à propagação da noção de Web 2.0 e à popularização de serviços baseados na contribuição.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Open Source Programming Collectives", "aliases": ["Open Source Programming Collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["platform governance", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promotes \"radical transparency\"\" by making software code openly available", "quote": "Radical transparency, open coding ethics, libertarian self-realization.", "page": "the pursuit of radical transparency by open source programming collectives (Kelty, 2008), the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013)", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Open Whisper Systems", "aliases": ["Open Whisper Systems"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship circumvention", "privacy", "secure communication"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention", "author": "Frolov, Sergey; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided a secure messaging application that used domain fronting with TLS to circumvent censorship in countries like Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and UAE, facilitating private communication for users facing state blocking.", "quote": "Signal employed domain fronting to evade censorship in several countries including Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates [25], [41].", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_03B-2-1_Frolov_paper.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with focus on censorship circumvention", "when": "2017–2018 (Post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Open Your Eyes (European Project)", "aliases": ["Open Your Eyes (European Project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information integrity"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A European project that establishes a database to offer reliable information and help users discriminate between information and disinformation.", "quote": "The European project Open Your Eyes is another attempt to offer reliable information by establishing a database that can be used as a tool when discriminating between information and disinformation.", "page": "25", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Open-Source Movement", "aliases": ["Open-Source Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "community development", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Relies on the 'free labour of Internet tinkers' to develop and improve software by making its source code freely available for modification and redistribution, thus challenging proprietary software models and contributing to technological development.", "quote": "The ‘open-source’ movement, which relies on the free labour of Internet tinkers, is further evidence of this structural trend within the digital economy.", "page": "91", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Open-source programming collectives", "aliases": ["Open-source programming collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open source principles", "radical transparency", "self-realization"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment to present"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news no contexto de pandemia e emergência social: os deveres e responsabilidades das plataformas de redes sociais na moderação de conteúdo online entre …", "author": "IA Hartmann, J Iunes", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These collectives pursue radical transparency and enact libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics, influencing how software is developed and shared and setting norms for visibility and control within computational systems.", "quote": "the pursuit of radical transparency by open source programming collectives (Kelty, 2008), and Wikipedia editing communities (Tkacz, 2015), the activism of “hacker” movements premised on enacting libertarian self-realization through open coding ethics (Coleman, 2013)", "page": "5", "url": "https://portal.idp.emnuvens.com.br/direitopublico/article/view/4607", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Algorithmic systems, digital platforms, historical examples from Sweden, France, and the US", "when": "Enlightenment era to present (focus on post-2010 algorithmic era)"}]}, {"name": "OpenAI (non-profit)", "aliases": ["OpenAI (non-profit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "conducts AI research as a non-profit lab, implicitly contributing to norm-setting or responsible AI development.", "quote": "Treat the publishing AI lab itself as a CSO ONLY if it is a non-profit (e.g. EleutherAI, the original OpenAI nonprofit)", "page": "232", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "OpenAI's Safety Advisory Group", "aliases": ["OpenAI's Safety Advisory Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["gpt-oss-120b", "gpt-oss-20b"], "norms": ["ai governance", "ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2025 - gpt-oss-120b & gpt-oss-20b Model Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Reviewed internal adversarial fine-tuning testing for gpt-oss-120b to assess its biological and chemical, and cyber capabilities, concluding whether the model reached high capability thresholds.", "quote": "OpenAI’s Safety Advisory Group (“SAG”) reviewed this testing and concluded that, even with robust fine-tuning that leveraged OpenAI’s field-leading training stack, gpt-oss-120b did not reach High capability in Biological and Chemical Risk or Cyber risk.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "gpt-oss-120b and gpt-oss-20b AI models", "when": "2024–2025 AI model development and evaluation era"}]}, {"name": "OpenBazaar", "aliases": ["OpenBazaar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anonymity", "decentralized commerce", "dispute resolution", "sybil attack prevention", "trust"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Accumunet: moderazione di un mercato/sistema CDN basato su peer-to-peer", "author": "Zulian, Manuel; Migliardi, Mauro; Merlo, Alessio", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "OpenBazaar provides a decentralized peer-to-peer marketplace where participants can act as vendors, buyers, or arbitrators to resolve disputes. It implements a 'Web of Trust' and 'Proof of burn' to manage participant reputation and ensure honesty within the network.", "quote": "OpenBazaar si definisce come un mercato decentralizzato peer-to-peer in cui i beni vengono scambiati mediante Bitcoin... Quest'ultimo è un'entità incaricata di risolvere le dispute tra i primi due.", "page": "14", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Distributed online platforms and peer-to-peer networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Openbiblio.social", "aliases": ["Openbiblio.social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Maintained liberal moderation practices with a low workload due to attracting users from a specific professional community (German-speaking library workers) who often know each other offline, fostering social control against bad behavior.", "quote": "This is underscored by Openbiblio.social that attracts users from a specific professional community and notes that: “Our users obviously read our rules and abide by them. That's good and practical, and perhaps that's really because many of them are colleagues and know each other, and so there's [a] bit of social control offline, off the instance, so it works really well” (Interview, Openbib-lio.social).", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OpenDCN", "aliases": ["OpenDCN"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Built on previous projects to optimize interactivity in online deliberation by organizing content, allowing participants to upload background information, and fostering reciprocal interactions, thereby shaping debate.", "quote": "The Deliberative Community Networks (OpenDCN) project (De Cindio, 2012) built on these and other previous projects by including an ‘informed discussion’ tool that allows participants to upload their own background information in a wide array of formats.", "page": "144", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "opendemocracy.net", "aliases": ["opendemocracy.net"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Publishes investigations, opinion pieces and podcasts that document platform harms, call for regulation, and shape public and policy debates about Big Tech and online safety.", "quote": "openDemocracy is an independent international media platform whose core work is journalism but regularly publishes reporting and commentary that critiques Big Tech and platform regulation (e.g. pieces on the Online Safety Bill and calls for EU regulation of Facebook and Google).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OpenForum Europe", "aliases": ["OpenForum Europe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["authors' rights", "free speech", "open content"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a paper discussing the implications of a 'Publisher’s intellectual property right' for freedom of expression and open content policies, contributing to policy debates on digital content.", "quote": "van Eechoud M (2017) A Publisher’s intellectual property right: implications for freedom of expression, authors and open content policies (2017) OpenForum Europe, 32.", "page": "37", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "OpenGov Foundation", "aliases": ["OpenGov Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["democracy technology nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "OpenGov produces open source tools and policy research, prototypes technology for legislatures, and acts as a trusted policy voice, enabling partnerships with governments and funders to influence legislative digital governance.", "quote": "Primary mission is legislative modernization and civic tech (open source tools, Congressional Digital Service); these activities touch on digital governance but do not centrally target consumer-facing platform content moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.opengovfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OpenID Foundation", "aliases": ["OpenID Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["standards nonprofit / certification body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "E-governance", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Develops technical standards, certification programs, and working groups (e.g., OpenID Connect, federation, AI Identity Management) that platforms implement to handle authentication and identity, shaping platform capabilities and policies.", "quote": "The Foundation develops and certifies identity specifications (OpenID Connect, federation, certification programs) that shape authentication and identity infrastructure used by consumer platforms, but its core mission is identity standards rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://openid.net/foundation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OpenMedia", "aliases": ["OpenMedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Canada", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "information access", "internet openness", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération de contenu sur Internet", "author": "V Bolduc", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Submits responses to public consultations on online content regulation, advocating for transparency and public access to decision-making processes regarding content visibility on the internet.", "quote": "Dans une société démocratique, surtout quand vient le temps de trancher sur quel contenu peut ou ne peut pas être visible sur Internet, la population devrait pouvoir avoir accès à l'entièreté des processus décisionnels (Rapport synthèse; OpenMedia, 2021, p. 14).", "page": "52", "url": "https://com.umontreal.ca/public/FAS/communication/Documents/1-Programmes-cours/Cycles_superieurs/TD-V%C3%A9ronique_Bolduc__consultation_publique_.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Germany, France, UK, Australia (online communication services and platforms)", "when": "2021-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OpenMined Foundation", "aliases": ["OpenMined Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit foundation / open-source privacy PETs community"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "OpenMined produces open-source PETs (PySyft, SyftBox, PipelineDP) and guides (The PET Guide), collaborates with major research and policy initiatives (NAIRR, OSTP/NSF, Frontier AI Taskforce), and partners with industry (Google, PyTorch) to shape privacy-preserving data access and audit practices for AI and platforms.", "quote": "OpenMined builds privacy-enhancing technologies (PySyft, SyftBox, PipelineDP) and partners with policy initiatives (NAIRR pilot, OSTP/NSF, Frontier AI Taskforce) to enable privacy-preserving data sharing and audits relevant to platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://openmined.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "OpenPhish", "aliases": ["OpenPhish"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["cybersecurity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to Web2 Anti-Phishing Services (APS) by compiling and sharing lists of phishing URLs, informing efforts to detect and filter malicious content on IPFS gateways.", "quote": "This platform compiles lists of phishing URLs by combining data from OpenPhish [17], PhishTank [18], URLhaus [21], and the AntiPhishing Working Group (APWG) [1].", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "OpenSecrets.org (Center for Responsive Politics)", "aliases": ["OpenSecrets.org (Center for Responsive Politics)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Monitors campaign contributions and corporate connections of government officials, from the President's administration to every member of Congress, promoting transparency and accountability.", "quote": "El sitio Opensecrets.org, del Centro para una Política Responsable, hace un seguimiento de las contribuciones a las campañas y las conexiones corporativas de oficiales del gobierno, desde la administración del Presidente hasta cada miembro del Congreso.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "OpenStreetMap Foundation", "aliases": ["OpenStreetMap Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "digital governance", "open data"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies", "author": "Kulynych, Bogdan; Overdorf, Rebekah; Troncoso, Carmela; Gürses, Seda", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Community members contribute to and edit geographical map data, which can be used as inputs by optimization systems (e.g., in a 'Pokemon Go Resource Spawn' scenario) to influence their behaviors or outputs, such as encouraging in-game resources to appear.", "quote": "Edit Open Street Maps [57] (under POT) and 'Encourage resources to spawn' (under Desired Outcome) in Table 1.", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02711", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, France, digital systems/platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OpenWeb", "aliases": ["OpenWeb"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["civility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "OpenWeb, a service providing comments sections, conducted field experiments using an interstitial pop-up that intervened when users included harmful language, allowing them to rewrite comments before posting, thus improving civility.", "quote": "Two field experiments, one conducted by OpenWeb, a service that provides comments sections (Goldberg et al., 2020)... test the use of an interstitial that pops up when a user has included harmful language in a comment, giving the user an opportunity to rewrite their comment before posting.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB)", "aliases": ["Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["fascist ideology", "national identity", "physical fitness", "state loyalty", "youth militarization"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Served as a key instrument for ideological control and indoctrination of youth in schools and universities, effectively censoring alternative ideas and promoting Fascist ideology through education and extracurricular activities. Members also acted as informers.", "quote": "In schools and universities, censorship became part of a larger project of ideological control through the Fascist youth organisations, the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) and, from 1937, the Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL).", "page": "58", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Opinião", "aliases": ["Opinião"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a weekly newspaper, it served as a platform for resistance against the military dictatorship, employing strategies like publishing black bars to indicate censored content and collaborating with authors facing prosecution for their opinions.", "quote": "os semanários Opinião e Movimento publicavam tarjas pretas. [...] Aguinaldo Silva atuou como colaborador nos jornais Opinião e Movimento, ambos podendo ser caracterizados como publicações de resistência à ditadura militar.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Opioid Policy Institute", "aliases": ["Opioid Policy Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and policy advocacy institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "OPI publishes whitepapers on digital health privacy, runs an Opioid Settlement Watchdog to track spending, and develops public-facing tools (e.g., Find Bupe, crowdsourced settlement tracking) to inform advocacy and public accountability.", "quote": "OPI conducts research and policy advocacy on digital health privacy and publishes whitepapers exposing privacy issues in addiction treatment apps and digital interventions, directly engaging with platform-adjacent governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://opioidpolicy.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Opus Dei", "aliases": ["Opus Dei"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "author": "Esberg, Jane", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Actively pursued and influenced pop culture censorship to align with conservative Catholic moral standards. Its members participated in public roles that supported the regime's agenda and provided moral legitimation.", "quote": "Opus Dei and TFP actively pursued pop culture censorship. While they were unlikely to defect from the regime, given their influence the dictatorship still had incentives to pursue policies to reward their support.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305542000026X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chile", "when": "1973–1990"}]}, {"name": "Orangist Faction (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Orangist Faction (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["monarchy", "religious orthodoxy", "state power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Supported the stadtholder against provincial and local powers, aligning with strict Calvinists to advance central state power.", "quote": "Civil strife continued to grow between Orangists, or followers of the stadtholder, and supporters of provincial and local power against the stadtholder’s monarchical pretensions.", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Orações e Bençãos Fábio Teruel", "aliases": ["Orações e Bençãos Fábio Teruel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "China", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["community cohesion", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clones do YouTube: replataformização da irrealidade e infraestruturas de desinformação sobre a Covid-19.", "author": "MA dos Santos Junior", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This Facebook group, along with others referencing religious beliefs, is instrumentalized for the organized spread of disinformation links from YouTube clone websites.", "quote": "A maior parte das interações e publicações dos vídeos foi feita em grupos que remetem às crenças religiosas de modo geral, sem nenhuma vinculação com alguma prática específica.", "page": "11", "url": "https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=19848226&AN=152644218&h=RYYZ0vGqyrHsRPnUv4oVm4i5QJ%2B0ln5oFUwMb6qomyA7b%2FQ%2F8%2BVbB%2F%2F0XIeqKK5cqGZNyIUNNmknSIm%2Fl1FNhQ%3D%3D&crl=c", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook (Brazil), YouTube clones (China), Alt-tech platforms (USA)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2019-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil - Seção São Paulo (OAB-SP)", "aliases": ["Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil - Seção São Paulo (OAB-SP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany"], "media": ["Google", "Meta", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "oversight", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quem vigia os vigilantes? análise da aplicabilidade do modelo de autorregulação regulada sobre a moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais", "author": "LS Gimenes", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Participated in public hearings concerning the Marco Civil da Internet, defending the constitutionality of Article 19 (judicial order for content removal) and advocating for more debate on platform regulation.", "quote": "Marcel Leonardi e Ronaldo Lemos, representantes, respectivamente, do Instituto de Advogados de São Paulo (IASP) e da OAB-SP, defenderam a literalidade e constitucionalidade do dispositivo...", "page": "144", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/4994", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Europe (Germany, EU), and social media platforms (Meta, Google, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seccional São Paulo", "aliases": ["Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seccional São Paulo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "digital literacy", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Issued a public note of repudiation against a student's discriminatory publication, asking for her conviction to serve as an example to deter similar conduct, acting as public pressure and norm enforcement.", "quote": "O então presidente da OAB de São Paulo, Luiz Flávio Borges D’Urso, divulgou nota de repúdio especificamente contra a publicação da estudante, pedindo que sua condenação sirva de exemplo “aos demais usuários dos sites de relacionamentos, para que tenham responsabilidade sobre as opiniões que expressam e o que escrevem”.", "page": "139", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro", "aliases": ["Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Manifested repudiation against judicial decisions perceived as censorship, thereby defending freedom of expression and academic liberty within universities.", "quote": "Houve posicionamento também neste sentido pela Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil, Seção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro que também manifestou repúdios às decisões da Justiça eleitoral, as quais também qualificou como formas de “censurar a liberdade de expressão de estudantes e professores das faculdades de Direito”", "page": "96", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Order of Capuchin Poor Clares", "aliases": ["Order of Capuchin Poor Clares"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["chastity", "religious discipline", "religious expansion", "religious observance"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Capuchin order dispatched nuns to found a new congregation, thereby extending its institutional and normative control over monastic life, and shaping the conduct of its members during their journey and in their new establishment.", "quote": "El 6 de junio de 1677 ingresa al convento de capuchinas, muda su nombre por el de María Rosa y es designada para fundar en la ciudad de Lima el monasterio de Jesús, María y José", "page": "75", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Order of Friars Minor (Scotist Franciscans)", "aliases": ["Order of Friars Minor (Scotist Franciscans)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["philosophical inquiry", "philosophical tradition"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure de la fiction et ses fondements philosophiques", "author": "Demonet, Marie-Luce", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As adherents of Scotist philosophy, they contributed to the metaphysical understanding of 'entia rationis' (beings of reason) and the concept of the possible, suggesting that unrealized possibilities possessed a form of 'reality' and thereby broadening the theoretical basis for accepting fictional constructs.", "quote": "certains franciscains scotistes et divers éclectiques (Jean de Champeynac, Robert Balfour, Jean Crassot). Les jésuites sont eux-mêmes partagés: Pedro da Fonseca exclut radicalement les entia rationis, quels qu'ils soient, du domaine de la logique, alors que les Conimbres sont plus mesurés, admettant que les chimères et le sphinx ne renvoient qu'à des concepts dans l'âme", "page": "11", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Early Modern Europe, with a focus on France", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "Order of Friars Minor Capuchin", "aliases": ["Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine", "religious extremism", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1620, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Zealous members used pulpits to inveigh against the Parlement and stir up public sentiment, leading to interventions by state and papal authorities to restrict their preaching and deport individuals.", "quote": "Late in 1598 some zealous Capuchins and members of the Faculty of Theology began to inveigh in the pulpit against the Parlement of Paris, which was reluctantly about to approve the Edict of Nantes.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Order of Friars Minor of the Regular Observance (Franciscans of the Observance)", "aliases": ["Order of Friars Minor of the Regular Observance (Franciscans of the Observance)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "<i>La Celestina</i> en el <i>Índice</i>: Argumentos de una censura", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Through the individual fray Diego de Arze, submitted (unpublished) 'Advertencias' to the Inquisition advocating for stricter censorship of literary works like *Diana* and *Celestina*, arguing they could compromise readers' chastity and morals.", "quote": "La número 29, concretamente, se centra en la censura de los «librillos» de Diana y Celestina: [...] Que leyéndolos, por muy honesta que sea la donzella, no dexará de hazer naufragio en su castidad.", "page": "13", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/celestinesca/article/view/20069", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "16th, 17th, and 18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (Augustinians)", "aliases": ["Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (Augustinians)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Following the rehabilitation of Gilles de Rome, their Chapter General compelled all members, particularly teachers and students, to zealously defend his doctrines and mandated that Augustinian masters base their courses on his works, enforcing a specific doctrinal line.", "quote": "... diffinimus et mandamus inviolabiliter observari, ut opiniones, positiones, sententias scriptas et scribendas predicti Magistri nostri, omnes ordinis nostri lectores et studentes recipiant, eisdem prebentes assensum et eius doctrine, omni qua poterunt sollicitudine, ut ipsi illuminati alios illuminare possint, sint seduli defensores...", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}]}, {"name": "Order of Minims", "aliases": ["Order of Minims"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["impartiality", "reputation protection"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'INDEX AT-IL UN STYLE? REMARQUES SUR LA CENSURE ROMAINE COMME PRATIQUE PERFORMATIVE, XVIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES", "author": "MP Donato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The superiors of the Minims intervened in the censorship process by submitting a supplique (petition) to Roman authorities, defending their members (Maignan/Saguens) against accusations of doctrinal error and challenging the perceived biases of other censors.", "quote": "Ce n'est pas un hasard si les supérieurs des Minimes, dans leur supplique en défense de Maignan/Saguens, accusèrent « certains censeurs partisans de la philosophie d'Aristote [...] par esprit de faction ».", "page": "6", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7c8ba5cb4cfa3a4b0ead22f6be4cd07/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Rome, Italy", "when": "17th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Order of Saint Benedict", "aliases": ["Order of Saint Benedict"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A prominent member (Fray Justo Pérez de Urbel) was appointed to direct a state-affiliated children's periodical, aiming to infuse it with Catholic religious and national values in line with the regime's goals.", "quote": "...la formación del periódico infantil 'Flechas y Pelayos', que, para que, en ningún momento, pueda ni siquiera lejanamente rozar a nuestra ortodoxia, ha de ser dirigido por un religioso: el padre fray Justo Pérez de Urbel.", "page": "159", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Order of Saint Jerome (Hieronymites)", "aliases": ["Order of Saint Jerome (Hieronymites)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Low Countries", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious discipline", "religious education", "spiritual development"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provided the monastic context for Jean Henten's early life, where he pronounced his vows and observed the distribution of religious texts to novices, thereby influencing his theological formation.", "quote": "Siquidem dum ante multos annos apud Hispanos, dii Hieronymi ordinis habitu suscepto, vota monastica emisissem, in cœnobio quod Deipara Virgini a Guadalupe dedicatum est, animadvertebam... libellum hunc Hispanico idiomate novellis huius cœnobii tirunculis... tradi.", "page": "3", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Order of Somaschi", "aliases": ["Order of Somaschi"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1733, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Thomas Burnet e la censura pontificia (con documenti inediti)</i>", "author": "Black, Christopher F", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Gianfrancesco Baldini, a member of the Order of Somaschi, was appointed as an \"investigative censor\"\" by the Roman Congregation of the Index", "quote": "leading to their condemnation.\"", "page": "Upholding Catholic doctrine and countering perceived heresies against established theological concepts.", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1353/ren.2008.0458", "topic": "censura", "language": "English", "where": "Papal States / Catholic Church (Rome)", "when": "Early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Procurators General)", "aliases": ["Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Procurators General)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Portugal", "Rome", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical accuracy", "institutional honour", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I Bollandisti e la censura di Roma. Cinque memoriali del 1696 nell'Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede", "author": "M Palumbo", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Initiated and pursued censorship proceedings by denouncing volumes of the *Acta Sanctorum* to the Spanish Inquisition and later to the Sant'Uffizio in Rome, providing detailed lists of allegedly condemnable propositions.", "quote": "Nel 1691 i Procuratori generali dei Carmelitani denunziarono al Tribunale della Inquisizione di Spagna i quattordici tomi degli Acta Sanctorum relativi ai mesi di marzo, aprile e maggio...", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.brepolsonline.net/content/journals/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102095", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Early Modern Europe (centred on Rome, involving Spain and Portugal)", "when": "Late 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Order of the Illuminati", "aliases": ["Order of the Illuminati"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Accused of orchestrating the French Revolution and other historical events as part of a global conspiracy, implying covert action and manipulation to subvert existing order.", "quote": "Augustin Barruel, John Robison and Johann August Starck promoted a conspiracist understanding of the French Revolution in the first decade of the nineteenth century, blaming the Illuminati and the Freemasons for orchestrating the event (see Chapter 5.3).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "OrderCom", "aliases": ["OrderCom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "platform autonomy", "regulatory efficiency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A legal project that defends Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in court, provides information on regulation and industry news, and offers support against mandated decisions and fines from authorities like Roskomnadzor.", "quote": "\"The OrderCom organization provides support to ISPs opposing RKN-mandated decisions and fines", "page": "with some success: in 2016", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Ordine dei giornalisti (Italian Professional Register of Journalists)", "aliases": ["Ordine dei giornalisti (Italian Professional Register of Journalists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Fascist Italy", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["authoritarian control", "national interests", "professional honour"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dalla censura alla semioetica", "author": "Volli, Ugo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Under the Fascist regime, it became a tool for total state control over the press, by excluding journalists who acted against the \"interests of the nation\"\" as defined by the government.\"", "quote": "si stabilì il controllo totale della stampa attraverso l'esclusione dall'ordine dei giornalisti di chi avesse “svolto attività in contrasto con gli interessi della nazione”.", "page": "8", "url": "iris.unito.it", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Greece, Fascist Italy, Soviet Union, modern Western democracies (Italy, USA), digital platforms (web, social networks)", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era (21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Ordine dei Giornalisti (Order of Journalists)", "aliases": ["Ordine dei Giornalisti (Order of Journalists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["authoritarian control", "professional ethics", "professional training"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Established to define journalistic ethics and maintain a register of journalists, working in conjunction with the Journalists' Union to regulate the profession and ensure adherence to regime-approved standards and ideological conformity.", "quote": "The Ordine dei Giornalisti (Order of Journalists) was set up in 1928 with the purpose of improving professional training, defining journalistic ethics and creating a register of journalists.", "page": "81", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Ordini die Giornalisti na Itália", "aliases": ["Ordini die Giornalisti na Itália"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participates in self-regulatory 'pseudo-councils' which are press councils composed solely of journalists, representing a specific model of media regulation.", "quote": "o caso dos conselhos da Alemanha e da Áustria, dos quais o público não faz parte, ou da Ordini die Giornalisti na Itália, da qual só participam jornalistas.", "page": "35", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec (OTTIAQ)", "aliases": ["Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec (OTTIAQ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["linguistic purism", "linguistic quality", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["9th century to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Normes et censure : ne pas confondre", "author": "Brunette, Louise", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "This professional order actively promotes linguistic norms, such as resistance to anglicisms, among its members by offering workshops, thereby setting standards and influencing professional practice in Quebec.", "quote": "l'Ordre des traducteurs, terminologues et interprètes agréés du Québec offre à ses membres des ateliers sur les anglicismes, envoyant ce faisant un message clair sur sa position face aux interférences.", "page": "6", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/007486ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a focus on Canada (Québec)", "when": "9th century and late 20th/early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Organes de médiation des diffuseurs privés (Switzerland)", "aliases": ["Organes de médiation des diffuseurs privés (Switzerland)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["fair access", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "These independent bodies, administratively attached to the AIEP, handle public complaints regarding content violations (Art. 4, 5, 5a LRTV) or denied program access by private broadcasters. They act as mediators between the complainants and the diffuseurs.", "quote": "L'AIEP choisit, pour chaque région correspondant à une des trois langues officielles (allemand, français et italien), un organe de médiation indépendant qui lui est administrativement rattaché (art. 91 al. 1 LRTV).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)", "aliases": ["Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": ["TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["data governance", "economic cooperation", "social development", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'anonimato nell'era digitale: differenze, ragioni e approcci per salvaguardare l'identità digitale", "author": "E Bresciani", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and analyses (e.g., on social media usage) that highlight policy needs and promote clearer, more transparent regulations concerning user data and online interactions, thereby informing international digital policy debates.", "quote": "Secondo l'Organizzazione per la Cooperazione e lo Sviluppo Economico (OCSE), nel 2019, oltre il 60% della popolazione mondiale utilizza i social media, sottolineando così il bisogno di normative chiare e trasparenti.", "page": "35", "url": "https://amslaurea.unibo.it/id/eprint/33784/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, X, TikTok), European Union, Italy, International context", "when": "Digital era, focusing on post-2000s developments"}]}, {"name": "Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie", "aliases": ["Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "free speech", "media independence", "pluralism"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides financial aid to support the private press in African countries, aiming to ensure media survival and promote pluralism, indirectly influencing media content by enabling diverse voices.", "quote": "Le Fonds d’Appui à la Presse lancé en décembre 1998 par la Francophonie a ainsi appuyé près de 100 publications d’Afrique pour un montant de plus de 3 millions d’euros (Dioh 2010).", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Organisation internationale des employeurs (OIE) / International Organisation of Employers (IOE)", "aliases": ["Organisation internationale des employeurs (OIE) / International Organisation of Employers (IOE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "good governance", "rule of law", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports the call for a new social contract to improve lives and livelihoods, social inclusion, and restore trust in institutions, advocating for effective public policies, services, and governance, backed by legal guarantees.", "quote": "De la même manière, l’Organisation internationale des employeurs (OIE) a accueilli favorablement les appels à un nouveau contrat social. L’OIE affirme que «les employeurs sont en faveur d’un «nouveau contrat social» qui ne soit pas politisé et qui engage les gouvernements et les institutions internationales à renforcer leurs efforts et leurs actions afin d’améliorer les vies et les moyens de subsistance de la population, qui améliore l’inclusion sociale, qui restaure la confiance envers les institutions et permette de répondre aux besoins et aux attentes de tous les membres de la société. Pour cela des politiques publiques, des services et de la gouvernance plus efficaces et efficients doivent être mis en place, accompagnés par des garanties légales».", "page": "58", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)", "aliases": ["Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Sponsored non-binding UN resolutions on 'defamation of religion' between 1999 and 2010, later shifted to combating intolerance and discrimination.", "quote": "Between 1999 and 2010, the United Nations voted on and adopted several non-binding resolutions on “defamation of religion”. The motions were sponsored on behalf of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference...", "page": "152", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Organisations de la société civile", "aliases": ["Organisations de la société civile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-disinformation", "democratic principles", "justice"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Participate in political processes and public discourse, sometimes being perceived as having political agendas (e.g., maintaining power) or hindering democratic values.", "quote": "la journaliste pense que le gouvernement issu des élections de novembre 2015 aura fort à faire : « écarter des organisations dites de la société civile des arcanes du pouvoir »", "page": "139", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Organismos Representativos do Empresariado (Business Representative Organizations)", "aliases": ["Organismos Representativos do Empresariado (Business Representative Organizations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "economic growth", "less government intervention", "private property"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Actively opposed traditional social-democratic policies like progressive taxation. Their political weight and proximity to decision-makers influenced policy moderation, and they could organize protests.", "quote": "De fora do Estado, os principais a se oporem às políticas social-democratas tradicionalmente foram as classes empresariais e seus organismos representativos, que não raro se sentiram onerados em excesso por elas – em especial pelas políticas de tributação progressiva", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Organizaciones Feministas", "aliases": ["Organizaciones Feministas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engaged in direct political struggle against the military dictatorship (1973-1989), advocating for the return to democracy and the defense of human rights, thus challenging state censorship and repression.", "quote": "Entre los años 1973 y 1990 las organizaciones feministas se abocaron a la lucha contra la dictadura militar de Augusto Pinochet (1973-1989), por el retorno a la democracia y la defensa de los derechos humanos", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (Non-Governmental Organizations)", "aliases": ["Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (Non-Governmental Organizations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["illegal content"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión vs. censura: una mirada crítica a la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "C Ortega Giménez", "year": "", "mechanism": "They act as 'trusted flaggers' by possessing specific knowledge to detect, identify, and notify illicit content on platforms, receiving preferential treatment in content moderation processes as per the Digital Services Act (DSA).", "quote": "Se trata de fuentes confiables (art. 22 DSA) que poseen conocimientos específicos para detectar, identificar y notificar ilícitos. Dentro de este grupo se enmarcarían las ONGs, organizaciones internacionales o agencias gubernamentales.", "page": "13", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/38223", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital media ecosystems, with a focus on social media and AI regulation in the European Union and Spain", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "organizaciones no gubernamentales con intereses medioambientales", "aliases": ["organizaciones no gubernamentales con intereses medioambientales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Cuba"], "media": [], "norms": ["bioethics", "environmental protection", "public education", "public safety", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Elocuencia del silencio.¿ Qué nos enseña el debate sobre los cultivos transgénicos?", "author": "CJD Díaz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Participated in a debate at the University of Havana, expressing concerns and contributing to consensus-building on the need for bioethical education and public debate, and advocating for further studies regarding the safety of transgenic crops. Their engagement aimed to moderate public discourse by emphasizing specific environmental and ethical considerations.", "quote": "la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de La Habana acogía a especialistas, representantes de las entidades regulatorias y miembros de organizaciones no gubernamentales con intereses medioambientales, para un debate donde se presentaron tres ponencias de base y se produjo un amplio intercambio con el público.", "page": "7", "url": "https://biblioteca.umem.mx/books/Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20(74)/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20-%20Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Cuba", "when": "early 21st century (1999–2012)"}]}, {"name": "Organización Internacional del Trabajo", "aliases": ["Organización Internacional del Trabajo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Issues conventions and recommendations for decent work, influencing national legislation for domestic workers and other labor groups.", "quote": "Aún el Estado peruano no ha ratificado el Convenio 189 de la OIT sobre trabajo decente para las trabajadoras y trabajadores del hogar, pese al compromiso que hubo por parte de los gobernantes.", "page": "80", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Organización Mundial de la Salud (World Health Organization)", "aliases": ["Organización Mundial de la Salud (World Health Organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["accurate information", "public health"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión vs. censura: una mirada crítica a la moderación de contenidos en las redes sociales", "author": "C Ortega Giménez", "year": "", "mechanism": "It serves as a trusted source of information, to which platforms redirect users to counter misinformation, ensuring access to reliable data, especially concerning public health issues like pandemics.", "quote": "Entonces, el contenido fue etiquetado con un aviso que informaba de que la publicación era falsa según verificadores independientes, y redirigía a fuentes confiables como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).", "page": "19", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/38223", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global digital media ecosystems, with a focus on social media and AI regulation in the European Union and Spain", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media", "aliases": ["Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Critiqued Hungarian media laws, expressing concerns about its independence and lack of pluralism, contributing to international pressure and norm-setting regarding media freedom.", "quote": "The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (Jakubowicz, 2010; Nyman-Metcalf, 2011) and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe (Commissioner for Human Rights, 2011) underlined that Hungarian media regulation lacks pluralism, independence, and impartiality toward political powers.", "page": "155", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Organization for Social Media Safety | Making Social Media Safe for All", "aliases": ["Organization for Social Media Safety | Making Social Media Safe for All"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer protection nonprofit; child safety advocacy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Mental health", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Sponsored AB 2481 into California law, publishes articles critiquing platform tools, provides school programs and courses, and develops technology and advocacy campaigns to shape platform safety practices.", "quote": "Sponsors/advocated for California's Youth Social Media Protection Act (AB 2481), publishes critiques of platform safety tools, runs education and technology programs aimed at platform-related harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.socialmediasafety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Organization of American States Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["Organization of American States Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate responsibility", "free speech", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Consistently called attention to corporate duties regarding human rights and the perils involved in failing to govern speech; consistently held that state-led content filtering and take-down need to be exceptional and subject to judicial control.", "quote": "The Special Rapporteur’s office has—nevertheless—consistently held that State-led content filtering and take-down need to be exceptional and subject to judicial control.", "page": "178", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Organization of News Ombudsmen", "aliases": ["Organization of News Ombudsmen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published a guide for bloggers in 2010 that outlined ethical principles such as avoiding plagiarism, distinguishing between public and private, and correcting errors.", "quote": "Jeffrey Dvorkin, ex-Presidente da ONO (Organization of News Ombudsman), ex-diretor executivo da ONO e ex-jornalista salientou em 2010, num documento que pretendia ser uma “espécie”de guia online, que os bloguistas em geral devem, entre outras premissas, não plagiar, compreender a diferença entre o público e o privado, admitir os erros cometidos e corrigi-los de imediato e não negar qualquer favorecimento de terceiros.", "page": "21", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Organizations representing descendants of the Prophet Mohammed", "aliases": ["Organizations representing descendants of the Prophet Mohammed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "religious freedom", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "These organizations exerted censorship pressure through legal action against the newspaper Politiken, leading to a settlement that included an apology for reprinting the cartoons.", "quote": "a settlement between the newspaper Politiken... and eight organizations representing 94,923 of the Prophet Mohammed's descendants, was reached with the latter dropping legal action against the newspaper.", "page": "27", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2005–2010"}]}, {"name": "Organização das Nações Unidas", "aliases": ["Organização das Nações Unidas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "International"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Through its Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, the UN has been an important voice in denouncing censorship practices in Brazil. It monitors the STF's actions, issues alerts about repression of journalists and citizens, and requests corrective measures to ensure Brazil adheres to international principles of freedom of expression.", "quote": "A ONU, por meio do seu Relator Especial sobre Liberdade de Expressão, também tem sido uma voz importante na denúncia das práticas de censura no Brasil. A organização tem monitorado as ações do STF e emitido alertas sobre a repressão a jornalistas e outros cidadãos.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)", "aliases": ["Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "environmental awareness", "human dignity", "market interests"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Establishes guidelines and parameters for educational quality, curriculum, skills, and competencies, influencing educational policies of member states, and promotes environmental education.", "quote": "organismos multilaterais como OCDE, Banco Mundial e UNESCO estabelecem diretrizes para a educação, consideradas parâmetros referenciais para obtenção da qualidade do conhecimento escolar, de habilidades e competências.", "page": "87", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Organização Mundial da Saúde (World Health Organization)", "aliases": ["Organização Mundial da Saúde (World Health Organization)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O ativismo judicial e os métodos tradicionais de interpretação do direito como forma de sua moderação: uma visão sobre a alegada prática de ativismo …", "author": "FNMC de Oliveira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The OMS establishes international public health protocols and guidelines for pandemic response, which the OAB used as a benchmark for arguing that the Brazilian President's actions required judicial moderation to ensure compliance with these standards.", "quote": "a) observação do protocolo da OMS, também seguido pelo Ministério da Saúde, a fim de que fossem adotadas medidas de isolamento social", "page": "2", "url": "FNMC de Oliveira - Boletim Científico Escola Superior do Ministério …, 2022", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, judicial system, COVID-19 pandemic", "when": "early 21st century, post-2020"}]}, {"name": "Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)", "aliases": ["Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "market interests"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Establishes guidelines and parameters for educational quality, curriculum, skills, and competencies, thereby influencing the educational policies of member states.", "quote": "organismos multilaterais como OCDE, Banco Mundial e UNESCO estabelecem diretrizes para a educação, consideradas parâmetros referenciais para obtenção da qualidade do conhecimento escolar, de habilidades e competências.", "page": "87", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Organized collective responses by women of color in the gamer community", "aliases": ["Organized collective responses by women of color in the gamer community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "platform autonomy", "public morals", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in organized collective responses to harassment in the gamer community, disrupting games as a tactic to counter male harassers.", "quote": "organized collective responses to harassment have been observed in the gamer community, where women, particularly women of color, are frequently harassed (Gray, 2013). These women reacted by annoying the male harassers through destroying the game or sitting in on games and not playing.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Organized labor", "aliases": ["Organized labor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement with formal organisational form"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "national problem resolution", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1917, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Decided to maintain its strike posture until fundamental national problems were resolved, indicating a collective resolve for sustained protest and a demand for a provisional government and sincere elections.", "quote": "Mientras no se haya conseguido ese objetivo, la organización obrera se halla decidida a mantenerse en su actitud de huelga.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}]}, {"name": "Organized Militia Groups", "aliases": ["Organized Militia Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["extremism", "hate speech", "ideological control", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Participated in white-supremacist rallies, contributing to collective action and displaying a show of force.", "quote": "including chapters of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), neo Confederates, neo-Nazis and members of organised militia groups.", "page": "221", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Organizing for America", "aliases": ["Organizing for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Political Perils of Online Ad Tech", "author": "Nadler, Anthony; Crain, Matthew; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates extensive data systems to augment voter profiles with commercial data and enable targeted advertising across major platforms for political influence.", "quote": "Among the numerous specialized political data outfits that work both independently and in conjunction with official parties are Organizing for America, which spun off from Barack Obama's presidential campaign, and i360, a Koch-funded data broker that counts extensive voter profiling among its specialties.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Orkut Community Forum for Writing Improvement", "aliases": ["Orkut Community Forum for Writing Improvement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Orkut"], "norms": ["civility", "educational standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Escrita e interação verbal em um fórum do Orkut", "author": "M Lima", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "The forum operates as a voluntary collective where participants provide feedback on each other's writing, acting as interlocutors to guide improvement. It features institutionalized roles like 'dono' (owner) and 'moderador oficial' (official moderator) who use technological tools (like post deletion) and linguistic-discursive strategies to control interactions and maintain the forum's focus. Non-institutionalized roles such as 'debatedor', 'animador', and 'facilitador' are also adopted by participants to co-construct the interaction and support learning.", "quote": "O objeto deste estudo é o fórum online de uma comunidade do orkut que se propõe a reunir voluntariamente pessoas interessadas em aprender a escrever melhor em português.", "page": "1", "url": "https://revistas.gel.org.br/estudos-linguisticos/article/view/1334", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Orkut platform, Brazil", "when": "2006-2008"}]}, {"name": "Orthodox Jewish Community (Rabbis)", "aliases": ["Orthodox Jewish Community (Rabbis)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Banned and burned a book (The Making of a Godol) written by one of its members for citing less flattering traits of renowned Torah scholars, viewing it as a violation of their normative code, and pressured the author to comply under threat of social repercussions.", "quote": "It was banned and burned by ten of the major orthodox Lithuanian Rabbis in Israel, led by R. Eliashiv. What prompted the book burning was that, unlike other books on the lives of great scholars, it did not refrain from citing some less flattering traits or episodes in their lives.", "page": "25", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights", "aliases": ["OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "Iran", "Italy", "Japan", "United States"], "media": ["Digital Platforms"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religione, democrazia e sicurezza nell'era digitale", "author": "A Casiere", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Developing and promoting guidelines ('Linee Guida') on freedom of religion or belief and security to ensure that state security measures comply with international human rights standards and foster comprehensive security.", "quote": "l’Organizzazione per la sicurezza e la cooperazione in Europa (OSCE)... ha pubblicato le prime “Linee Guida su libertà di religione o convinzione e la sicurezza”, curate dal suo Ufficio per le istituzioni democratiche e i diritti umani (ODHIR).", "page": "104", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/308159", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, US, Europe, Italy, China, Japan, Iran, Digital Platforms", "when": "Post-9/11 digital era, 2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)", "aliases": ["OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Monitored parliamentary elections and reported on media coverage, highlighting imbalances and lack of fairness in the reporting.", "quote": "Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE) (2002) Ukraine, Parliamentary Elections, 31 March Final Report, p. 17.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Osez le féminisme", "aliases": ["Osez le féminisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-sexism", "anti-sexual violence", "feminist issues", "gender equality"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Genre et médias à l'épreuve de l'affaire DSK. Réflexions sur le commentaire en ligne, nouvel espace de construction de l'inégalité des sexes", "author": "MJ Bertini", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Coordinated actions and advocated for a collective reflection on gender issues, particularly in the context of the DSK affair, pushing for greater awareness and action against sexual violence and sexism.", "quote": "Or, s'il est vrai que des mouvements féministes importants, tels qu'Osez le féminisme ou bien La Barbe, ont su coordonner leurs actions et plaider en faveur d'une réflexion collective approfondie, le silence de certaines féministes en vue ne laisse d'interroger quant à la spécificité de la situation française.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/sds/2146", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010-2012"}]}, {"name": "Osmanlı", "aliases": ["Osmanlı"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published opposition content from abroad (Paris, Geneva) to circumvent Ottoman censorship, facing state demands for its banning and interception.", "quote": "the French Minister of Foreign Affairs Gabriel Honataux received a telegram from the Republic's Embassy in Istanbul, relating to him that the Sultan had been gravely insulted by the first issue of the Turkish-language journal Osmanlı, apparently published in Paris.", "page": "8", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "OSTIA", "aliases": ["OSTIA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "OSTIA aggregates and promotes member safety-tech capabilities to policymakers and platforms, showcases vendor solutions, and positions the sector as essential to implementing online-safety regulation and platform duties of care.", "quote": "OSTIA is the UK industry body for online safety technology companies, advocating member solutions to policymakers and platforms and framing safety tech as central to Online Safety regulation and platform duties of care.", "page": "", "url": "https://ostia.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Other Scenes", "aliases": ["Other Scenes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "user agency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Encouraged reader participation by offering blank pages for do-it-yourself publishing, blurring the lines between media producers and consumers in the counter-culture.", "quote": "An extreme example of this may be found not in the zines of the 1980s... but from the counter-culture of the 1960s: an issue of the New York underground paper Other Scenes once offered an entirely blank set of pages for readers as a do-it-yourself publishing project (Lewis, 1972).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Our report on the Online Safety Bill | YoungMinds", "aliases": ["Our report on the Online Safety Bill | YoungMinds"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth mental health charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "YoungMinds conducts nationally representative surveys and workshops, publishes reports and press releases to shape UK legislative debate on the Online Safety Bill and calls on MPs and platforms to implement specific protections for young people.", "quote": "YoungMinds publishes research and policy recommendations directly addressing the UK Online Safety Bill and calls on social media companies and MPs to strengthen platform duties to protect young people's wellbeing.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.youngminds.org.uk/about-us/reports-and-impact/policy-reports/our-report-on-the-online-safety-bill/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Our Voice", "aliases": ["Our Voice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["expression"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A refugee radio project at Radio Dreyeckland creating spaces for refugee representation and participation, allowing them to share experiences and challenges, and coordinating the medien.vielfalt! network at a regional level.", "quote": "Our Voice in Freiburg (Baden-Württemberg) is an independent radio project founded in 2018 (Von bex, 2019) that broadcasts on the community radio Dreyeckland 102.3 MHz in Freiburg.", "page": "100", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Ourmedia", "aliases": ["Ourmedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides blog or vlog facilities for users, implicitly setting norms for user-generated content and fostering specific types of online interaction.", "quote": "Examples are organisations that provide blog or vlog facilities, like Ourmedia and YouTube, and websites aimed at social networking like Facebook en MySpace.", "page": "114", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Out-of-court dispute resolution bodies", "aliases": ["Out-of-court dispute resolution bodies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "fairness", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cookies and content moderation: affective chilling effects of internet surveillance and censorship", "author": "E Stoycheff", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Admitted by the DSA to resolve disputes between users and platforms regarding content moderation decisions, serving as an alternative to judicial remedies and helping define lawful speech boundaries.", "quote": "Finally, the DSA admits to referring disputes to specially certified out-of-court dispute resolution bodies, a remedy placed alongside ordinary judicial remedies.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331681.2022.2063215", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "European Union (digital ecosystems and public discourse)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Out-of-court dispute resolution body", "aliases": ["Out-of-court dispute resolution body"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques ou Digital Services Act", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This body acts as an amiable mediator, allowing users to appeal moderation decisions made by online platforms or to address situations where their content notifications were unfruitful. It provides an independent, impartial, and rapid online review process for content moderation disputes.", "quote": "Les utilisateurs ayant subi des décisions de modération, et ceux qui à l'inverse ont soumis des notifications restées infructueuses pourront se tourner vers un « organe de règlement extrajudiciaire des litiges ». Il est une sorte de médiateur amiable...", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554097/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union (online platforms and search engines)", "when": "post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OutRage!", "aliases": ["OutRage!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-persecution", "lgbtq+ rights", "palestinian rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Publicly protested Israeli actions by carrying messaging at rallies that highlighted the persecution of both Palestinians and queer individuals, contributing to public discourse and activism on the issue.", "quote": "the messaging of OutRage!, Britain's premier queer human rights organisation, at a Free Palestine rally in London, May 21, 2005: ‘Israel: Stop persecuting Palestine!' ‘Palestine: Stop persecuting Queers!')", "page": "7", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "OverRustleLogs", "aliases": ["OverRustleLogs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["content moderation effectiveness", "information sharing", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "After Violation But Before Sanction: Understanding Volunteer Moderators' Profiling Processes Toward Violators in Live Streaming Communities", "author": "Cai, Jie; Wohn, Donghee Yvette", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Overrustlelog was a third-party public chat log website that moderation teams used for cross-channel log checks, allowing them to document and share information about violators for collaborative moderation.", "quote": "P14 (F, 28) described how her team applied a third-party platform called Overrustlelog , a public chat log website for Twitch channels, to collaborate with other streams", "page": "13", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479554", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Twitch live streaming communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Overseas Chinese Student Community at MIT", "aliases": ["Overseas Chinese Student Community at MIT"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VIRTUAL CENSORSHIP IN CHINA: KEEPING THE GATE BETWEEN THE CYBERSPACES", "author": "Qiu, Jack Linchuan", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Operated an electronic bulletin board system (bbs.mit.edu) that served as an open forum for Chinese users worldwide, contrasting with the censored domestic platforms in China and allowing for critical discussions about the Chinese authorities.", "quote": "bbs.mit.edu is an electronic bulletin board system (BBS) operated by overseas Chinese students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It accommodates Chinese users both inside China and worldwide.", "page": "4", "url": "ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Oversight Board (for Facebook/Meta)", "aliases": ["Oversight Board (for Facebook/Meta)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "human rights", "platform autonomy", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation by LLM: from accuracy to legitimacy", "author": "Huang, Tao", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board acts as an independent external review body for content moderation decisions made by Meta/Facebook. It reviews appeals from users and makes binding judgments, sometimes overturning platform decisions, based on Meta's community standards, internal values, and international human rights law.", "quote": "The Meta Oversight Board, for example, has three sources of rules for its judgment: Meta's Community Standards, Meta's values, and the International Human Rights Law (IHRL)... In reviewing the case, the Oversight Board held that Facebook's moderation decision conforms with its community standards, but the decision should be overturned because it violates the Values of Facebook as well as the IHRL (Facebook Oversight Board 2021).", "page": "12", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10462-025-11328-1", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online platforms globally", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Oversight Board (for Meta Platforms)", "aliases": ["Oversight Board (for Meta Platforms)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights", "legal certainty"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020-2023"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os novos direitos na sociedade da informação e os limites à liberdade de expressão nas mídias sociais: uma análise do caso Donald Trump no Oversight Board", "author": "FL Berna", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as an independent, non-state judicial body to review and rule on content moderation decisions by Facebook and Instagram. It applies international human rights standards and the platforms' community standards, and issues policy recommendations to Meta for greater transparency and consistency.", "quote": "O Oversight Board ou Comitê de Supervisão foi inaugurado em outubro de 2020 pode ser considerado um órgão julgador não-estatal, independente, que possui a atribuição de julgar postagens removidas, sejam elas de forma automática ou por meio de denúncias dos usuários, nas plataformas digitais do Facebook e do Instagram.", "page": "79", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10821", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta Inc., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), USA, international and European legal contexts", "when": "From 18th century industrial revolutions to the post-2010 digital era, with a focus on 2020-2023"}]}, {"name": "Oversight Board (for Meta/Facebook)", "aliases": ["Oversight Board (for Meta/Facebook)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Germany", "Global", "Global South", "India", "Ireland", "Kenya", "Latvia", "Philippines", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "platform responsibility"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "POR TRÁS DO FILTRO: A TERCEIRIZAÇÃO NÃO LINEAR EA QUESTÃO DO TRABALHO DIGNO NO CONTEXTO LABORAL DOS MODERADORES DE CONTEÚDO", "author": "V Vieira Pessanha…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An independent body created and financed by Facebook (Meta) that the platform seeks to use to transfer responsibility for certain content moderation decisions, thereby influencing platform governance and accountability.", "quote": "Em certo sentido, o Oversight Board representa outra reviravolta no tema da terceirização, já que o Facebook busca transferir a responsabilidade por certas decisões de moderação para um órgão independente, embora tenha sido criado e financiado por ele.", "page": "19", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/view/10006", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms and their outsourced content moderation operations, with specific mentions of India, Ireland, Philippines, Kenya, Latvia, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the global South", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "OXFAM-Magasin du Monde", "aliases": ["OXFAM-Magasin du Monde"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical consumption", "fair trade", "poverty reduction", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes expertise, likely on fair trade, global food systems, and ethical consumption, thereby influencing the play's message and public awareness regarding these issues.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... OXFAM-Magasin du Monde; Quinoa", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Oxford Disinformation and Extremism Lab", "aliases": ["Oxford Disinformation and Extremism Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research network / lab"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Produces research and policy briefs, submits written evidence to parliamentary inquiries, and runs training/workshops to shape debates on disinformation, extremism and AI in platform governance.", "quote": "Publishes research on disinformation, extremism and AI, and submitted written evidence to the UK House of Commons on AI-enabled extremism and Online Safety Act consultations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.oxdisinformationextremismlab.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Oxford English Dictionary", "aliases": ["Oxford English Dictionary"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "language standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Declared 'post-truth' as the word of the year, thereby influencing public discourse and the definition of a key term in the context of the book's subject.", "quote": "‘Post-truth’ may have been declared word of the year for 2016 by the Oxford English Dictionary...", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Oxford University Press", "aliases": ["Oxford University Press"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "open access"], "topics": ["television moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The role of television in the construction of consumer reality", "author": "TC O'Guinn, LJ Shrum", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Publishes academic articles and collaborates with JSTOR to digitize and preserve scholarly work, performing a gatekeeping function through its editorial and peer-review processes to disseminate research.", "quote": "Oxford University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Consumer Research", "page": "1", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-abstract/23/4/278/1817384", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "USA (Illinois)", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s, with historical context from post-World War II)"}]}, {"name": "Oxford University Press (Oxford Dictionaries)", "aliases": ["Oxford University Press (Oxford Dictionaries)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural relevance", "linguistic authority", "linguistic standardization"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De los medios a las plataformas. Del control del gatekeeping a la conversación descontrolada", "author": "DM Vivas", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Acts as an authority in language by designating a 'Word of the Year,' which shapes public discourse and categorizes emerging social and communicative phenomena like 'post-truth,' thereby influencing how crises in information circulation are understood and named.", "quote": "En diciembre del 2016, el Oxford Dictionary designó al término post-truth como la palabra del año", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5706/570660792007/570660792007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital platforms, Western societies (US, UK, France, Italy, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}]}, {"name": "P.E.N. International", "aliases": ["P.E.N. International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Exerts pressure on foreign governments to free imprisoned writers and artists or to allow them to emigrate, thereby defending freedom of expression.", "quote": "P.E.N. is an international Organit.ation whose primary.function is to bringl>ressure to bear on foreign governments to free impris- \\ oiled writers and artists and/or to permit them,to emigrate.", "page": "176", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "P24 (Platform for Independent Journalism)", "aliases": ["P24 (Platform for Independent Journalism)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "independent journalism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and statements condemning internet censorship practices in Turkey, advocating for independent journalism.", "quote": "internet censorship in Turkey is applied en masse for preventing the dissemination of news about corruption and for \"protecting the esteem and honour\"\" of corrupt politicians (...; ARTICLE 19", "page": "Committee to Protect Journalists", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "PACE Society", "aliases": ["PACE Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides sex worker-led programs and observes that US-based websites shutting down force Canadian sex workers into unsafe conditions, advocating for their safety.", "quote": "In Vancouver, the PACE Society, which provides sex worker-led programs, finds many United States-based websites have shut down, and without the ability to advertise and digitally screen clients, Canadian sex workers are forced to operate in unsafe conditions (Tierney, 2018).", "page": "75", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "PACER", "aliases": ["PACER"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit advocacy and service organization; prevention center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "PACER produces curricula, toolkits, publications and public campaigns (Unity Day, National Bullying Prevention Month) and provides online resources to shape school and online responses to bullying.", "quote": "PACER's NBPC focuses on preventing childhood bullying and includes work on cyberbullying and mobile/online safety, but its core mission is child bullying prevention rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.pacer.org/Bullying", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pacific Islands Chapter of the Internet Society", "aliases": ["Pacific Islands Chapter of the Internet Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A regional organization that participates in internet governance discourse, contributing to discussions and policy advocacy from a specific geographic and cultural perspective.", "quote": "Organizations with an explicit and authentic regional basis, such as the European Commission or the Pacific Islands Chapter of the Internet Society (PICISOC) were coded according to the region...", "page": "5", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Pacifist Groups (collective)", "aliases": ["Pacifist Groups (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "peace advocacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Organized meetings, speaking tours, and distributed literature to spread their anti-war message, often facing disruption from pro-war publics and official scrutiny.", "quote": "Beyond the printing shop lay a great network of pacifist groups who organized meetings and speaking tours, as well as distributing literature.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Pacifist movement", "aliases": ["Pacifist movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "environmental protection", "peace", "quality of life", "social solidarity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Nuevos derechos a debate?: razones para no resistir", "author": "MER Palop", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The pacifist movement, as part of new social movements, denounced deficiencies in the democratic system, economic structure, and development concept, criticizing economic growth and destructive technological use. They advocated for new rights, promoting decentralization and a new political model, with a particular focus on peace and reorienting international relations.", "quote": "Tales exigencias vinieron de la mano de los nuevos movimientos sociales -ecologismo, feminismo y pacifismo- que se apresuraron a denunciar las deficiencias del sistema democrático, de la estructura económica y la concepción del desarrollo en la que se apoyaba el orden imperante.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.mjusticia.gob.es/index.php/AFD/article/download/1729/1729", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies (Western Europe and the United States)", "when": "post-1945 era (especially 1960s-1970s onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Packet Clearing House", "aliases": ["Packet Clearing House"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["intergovernmental treaty not-for-profit; internet infrastructure operator"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "PCH operates the world's largest authoritative DNS anycast network and DNSSEC signing service, publishes IXP directories and routing statistics, and runs workshops and calendars that shape operational and policy discussions among operators, governments, and governance bodies.", "quote": "PCH operates critical internet infrastructure (DNS, anycast, IXPs) and conducts regulatory/policy workshops, directly shaping the technical foundations and governance fora that enable platformized content flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.pch.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pacto Global das Nações Unidas (UN Global Compact)", "aliases": ["Pacto Global das Nações Unidas (UN Global Compact)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ENTRE A REAÇÃO EA PREVENÇÃO: LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DO PL 2.628/2022 NA PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES", "author": "RL Kurschner, LHS Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-developed and promotes the Children's Rights and Business Principles (CRBP) to encourage businesses worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible practices, including commitments to human rights, labor, environment, anti-corruption, and child protection.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: (1) o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e (2) o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "17", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/viewFile/10238/5641", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, international context", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Painite and Radical groups", "aliases": ["Painite and Radical groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Faced state repression for being perceived as pro-French and republican, which led the remaining elements to adopt \"subversive", "quote": "demonstrating a radicalization and shift to covert action in response to external censorship.\"", "page": "Republicanism, radical change", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Pakistani Union of Working Journalists", "aliases": ["Pakistani Union of Working Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Pakistan"], "media": ["print media"], "norms": ["free speech", "professional standards", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-Censorship In The Pakistani Print Media", "author": "Nadadur, Ramanujan D.", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Proposed to work with the Judicial Branch to enforce labour laws and challenge newspaper conglomerates that fail to implement minimum wage standards. It is also a component of a proposed self-regulating professional association for journalists.", "quote": "the government should work with the Judicial Branch such that the Pakistani Union of Working Journalists (UWJ) can bring newspaper conglomerates to court and enforce labour laws effectively.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097152310701400105", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Pakistan, print media", "when": "early 21st century (post-1999 to 2005)"}]}, {"name": "Palaung State Liberation Front", "aliases": ["Palaung State Liberation Front"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["ethnic interests", "group interests", "political affiliation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Serving as the political affiliate of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), whose members and activities are depicted on Facebook pages, indirectly participating in communication that is subject to Facebook's moderation policies.", "quote": "The seal of the Palaung State Liberation Front, the political affiliate of the TNLA, rests above his head.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "Palestine Information Centre", "aliases": ["Palestine Information Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A civil society organisation whose accounts were closed by Facebook at the request of the Israeli government, illustrating how digital media corporations defer to governments in content moderation.", "quote": "Facebook, for example, grants 95 per cent of requests from the Israeli government to close down Palestinian accounts, leading to a significant censorship of civil society organisation, such as the Palestine Infor- mation Centre.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA)", "aliases": ["Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Complains about collaborations between tech companies and the Israeli government that lead to the removal of legitimate journalists' accounts, impacting freedom of expression.", "quote": "The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA), a leading civil society organization which works to promote freedom of expression in Palestine, has complained that the resulting collaborations between the companies and the Israeli government have led to legitimate journalists and news organizations losing their accounts.", "page": "34", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Palestinian Digital Rights Movement (or collective efforts of Arab/Palestinian digital rights activists)", "aliases": ["Palestinian Digital Rights Movement (or collective efforts of Arab/Palestinian digital rights activists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "North Africa", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "digital rights", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Launched public pressure campaigns (e.g., downgrading app ratings, petitions, open letters) and developed innovative textual tactics (e.g., adding asterisks, 'tanween,' dot-less Arabic) to bypass algorithmic censorship and maintain online visibility for pro-Palestinian content.", "quote": "They promoted a campaign to downgrade the rating of Facebook on Google Play and Apple Store; they used petitions, open letters, and articles to pressure social media companies to stop their algorithmic oppression; they innovatively manipulated algorithms by tweaking the written Arabic text by either adding asterisk between letters...", "page": "5", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Palestinian NGOs and Organizations", "aliases": ["Palestinian NGOs and Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publicly calls out platforms like Instagram for censorship of pro-Palestinian content, engaging in parallel struggles to defend digital freedoms.", "quote": "Palestinians NGOs and organizations unofficial or official have called out Instagram (Nour, E2)", "page": "68", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}]}, {"name": "Palestinian Queers for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (PQBDS)", "aliases": ["Palestinian Queers for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (PQBDS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["lgbtq+ rights", "national liberation", "self-determination"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Advocates for boycott, divestment, and sanctions against Israel, actively working to counter Israel's 'pinkwashing' strategy by highlighting the continued oppression of Palestinians.", "quote": "This strategy then also works to elide the presence of numerous Palestinian gay and lesbian organisations, for example Palestinian Queers for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (PQBDS).", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Palestinians and their allies", "aliases": ["Palestinians and their allies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "India", "Israel", "Myanmar", "Palestine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Double Standards in Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "Díaz, Ángel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Used social media to document abuses by Israeli government forces, but faced widespread removals, account suspensions, and hashtag/livestream blocks, suppressing their speech.", "quote": "Earlier this year, for example, Palestinians and their allies faced widespread removals, account suspensions, and hashtag and livestream blocks as they sought to document abuses by Israeli government forces stemming from evictions...", "page": "10", "url": "skeyesmedia.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, YouTube, Twitter (global, with focus on US, Europe, India, Myanmar, Israel/Palestine)", "when": "post-2010 platform era / early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Pamiat", "aliases": ["Pamiat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["state television Channel 1"], "norms": ["national interest"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the Extreme: The Role of Vladimir Pozner’s Vremena in Russian State Television Responses to the Rise of Xenophobia", "author": "Miazhevich, Galina", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Promoted pronationalist sentiments, which contributed to the rise of xenophobia and influenced public discourse, largely unchecked by the government at the time.", "quote": "...the passivity of the Yeltsin government toward the pronationalist movement Pamiat...", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476410365704", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (state television Channel 1)", "when": "Post-Soviet context, primarily 2000s (focus on 2006-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Pan American Health Organization", "aliases": ["Pan American Health Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["accurate information", "anti-misinformation", "public health"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["Covid-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combate à desinformação na pandemia da Covid-19: ações afirmativas das plataformas digitais", "author": "LM Costa, LB da Nóbrega…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Defined 'infodemia' and 'desinformation', provided authoritative information, and partnered with digital platforms (WhatsApp) to disseminate verified information and create information hubs.", "quote": "A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) e a OMS divulgaram um folheto informativos para tratar das problemáticas de uma infodemia [...] e da desinformação, correspondente a “uma informação falsa ou imprecisa cuja intenção deliberada é enganar”.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ufs.emnuvens.com.br/eptic/article/view/14647", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms (Facebook, WhatsApp), Brazil (global context)", "when": "Covid-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)", "aliases": ["Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["platform moderation"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A desinformação nas plataformas digitais ea “política de informações enganosas sobre a covid-19” do twitter: Desafios e perspectivas da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "PC Crestani, RS de Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited for its definition of \"infodemia\"\" and for highlighting how misinformation hinders public health measures during the pandemic", "quote": "Public health, access to verified information, combating misinformation.", "page": "motivou a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a declarar a existência de uma “infodemia” – expressão que designa a “pandemia de informação” enfrentada no contexto da crise sanitária global vigente (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, 2020, p. 2)", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10214513", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms, with a focus on Twitter and examples from Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "when": "COVID-19 pandemic era (circa 2020-2023)"}]}, {"name": "Pan-American Health Organization", "aliases": ["Pan-American Health Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["content ethics", "public health", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EFEITO DE IMITAÇÃO E CONTÁGIO DA VIOLÊNCIA: MÍDIA, REDES DIGITAIS EA REPRODUÇÃO DE CRIMES NA SOCIEDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA", "author": "GAL de Oliveira, JL de Oliveira, KR de Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides recommendations and guidelines for responsible media reporting on sensitive topics (like suicide) to prevent imitation effects and protect victims/families by advocating for non-sensationalist language and ethical communication practices.", "quote": "Entre as recomendações apontadas pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, OPAS (2023) destacam-se: não usar linguagem sensacionalista nas manchetes; não descrever o método usado; não identifique nem forneça detalhes sobre o local; não informe os detalhes de cartas de despedida; não repita matérias desse tipo sem necessidade.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.revistacj.com.br/index.php/cjur/article/view/221", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pan-democracy camp (Hong Kong)", "aliases": ["Pan-democracy camp (Hong Kong)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform", "universal suffrage"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This political bloc advocates for democratic reforms in Hong Kong, serving as a political entity about which new users, post-censorship evasion, might seek or stumble upon information.", "quote": "Largest increases in views ... pan-Democrats", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Panoptykon Foundation", "aliases": ["Panoptykon Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic transparency", "democratic principles", "digital rights", "user autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes discussion papers to inform public discourse and advocacy strategies on digital rights, algorithmic pluralism, and regulation of very large online platforms within the EU framework.", "quote": "ΡΑΝΟΠΤΥΚΟΝ FOUNDATION DISCUSSION PAPER Towards algorithmic pluralism Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}]}, {"name": "Panzagar", "aliases": ["Panzagar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["minority rights", "moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Created to offer a middle ground for debates on minorities in Myanmar and put pressure on large platforms like Facebook to limit the spread of online vitriol against Muslim minorities.", "quote": "This has been the case of the NGO Panzagar, which was created to offer a middle ground for debates on minorities in Myanmar and put pressure on big players such as Facebook to act and limit the spread on online vitriol against the Muslim minorities.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Papanatas", "aliases": ["Papanatas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "free speech"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a theatrical group, it was a target of censorship, and its director advocated for collective action against censorship rather than aligning with the government's initiatives.", "quote": "Vítima da ação da censura, o diretor desconfiava do “cheiro do cachimbo da paz”: “só creio na união de todas as classes para combater esse estado de coisas”219 e não para aliar-me a ele.", "page": "54", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Paper Trail Media", "aliases": ["Paper Trail Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a media coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Paradigm Initiative", "aliases": ["Paradigm Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Nigerian perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Paradokset ved sociale medier: etiske dilemmaer eller geniale ...", "aliases": ["Paradokset ved sociale medier: etiske dilemmaer eller geniale ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Tuborgfondet commissions surveys, publishes articles and funds projects (SEIN, Constructive Institute) to shape public debate and practice around youth, democracy and social media.", "quote": "Tuborgfondet funds and publishes work on youth, democracy and social media (supporting SEIN and Constructive Institute) but its core mission is philanthropic support rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tuborgfondet.dk/paradokset-ved-sociale-medier-etiske-dilemmaer-eller-genial-platform/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Parallel Networks", "aliases": ["Parallel Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "digital rights", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Involved in deradicalization and counter-extremism research; contributes expertise to developing new moderation systems and frameworks.", "quote": "He was the founder of Parallel Networks and research coordinator for the Institute for Strategic Dialogue's Against Violent Extremism Network in North America.", "page": "3", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Paramadina Foundation", "aliases": ["Paramadina Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious pluralism"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocated against the formalization of sharia, promoting a pluralistic and moderate understanding of Islam.", "quote": "groups that reject the formalization of sharia including Muhammadiyah, NU, and Islamic NGOs such as Paramadina, Liberal Islam Network and others.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Parent associations for young spectators", "aliases": ["Parent associations for young spectators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of Anime in Italian Distribution", "author": "Parini, Ilaria", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "These associations voice protests against audiovisual content deemed inappropriate for children, compelling distributors to modify anime translations and editing to comply with certain standards.", "quote": "However, series translated according to these criteria succeed in meeting the expec- tations of the commissioners since they avoid the risk of arousing protests from associations of young spectators' parents...", "page": "9", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013948ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "1970s–2012"}]}, {"name": "Parent Teacher Association", "aliases": ["Parent Teacher Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "parental rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Voted to oppose several of the main textbook series in Kanawha County.", "quote": "The PTA voted to oppose several of the main series;", "page": "15", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Parent Zone", "aliases": ["Parent Zone"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social enterprise; child online safety organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Parent Zone conducts independent research, partners with tech firms and policymakers, and provides training and resources to shape policy and practice around children's online safety.", "quote": "Parent Zone works on child online safety, undertakes independent research, and 'consult[s] with government on new legislation and initiatives' and partners with tech firms.", "page": "", "url": "https://parentzone.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Parental Guidance", "aliases": ["Parental Guidance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Regularly disseminated information related to the PMRC in its brochures and encouraged its members to financially support the PMRC, aiding its advocacy for content control in music.", "quote": "Some went further; Parental Guidance or Christ Disciples, among others, regularly carried information related to the PMRC in their brochures, and encouraged their members to support it financially.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Parents", "aliases": ["Parents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas coprodutoras de conteúdo infantil: governança e moderação no YouTube", "author": "Tomaz, Renata Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provided feedback that informed YouTube's policy changes regarding child safety and data protection on the platform, contributing to the broader public debate on children's digital rights.", "quote": "informados pelo feedback de pais, especialistas e reguladores, incluindo as preocupações da COPPA levantadas pela Comissão Federal de Comércio dos Estados Unidos", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.revistas.usp.br/Rumores/article/view/217922", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, global (with emphasis on USA and Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Parents (as a collective advocacy group)", "aliases": ["Parents (as a collective advocacy group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public education", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of information and the Nigerian society", "author": "KF Dafiaghor", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exert pressure through parental claims and objections regarding the content of educational materials, such as safe sex models, in public schools, seeking to protect their children.", "quote": "Despite the presence of a widespread and deadly worldwide epidemic Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), there are parents who object to the teaching of safe sex models in Nigerian public schools.", "page": "3", "url": "https://academicjournals.org/journal/INGOJ/article-full-text-pdf/6E9459341019/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria", "when": "Early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parents of young people with disabilities", "aliases": ["Parents of young people with disabilities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bulgaria", "Portugal", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["child welfare"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dismode-Formación digital para animadores juveniles de ONG para que se conviertan en moderadores de apoyo a jóvenes con discapacidad", "author": "V Gonçalves, PMF Vaz, E Mesquita, A Lazarov", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These parents act as advocates and reviewers in the inclusion and transition processes for their children in educational settings, and communicate their concerns regarding support for young people with disabilities.", "quote": "Padres de jóvenes con discapacidad, que tendrán un papel de defensa y apoyo como revisores en el proceso de inclusión y transición entre las diferentes formas de educación.", "page": "9", "url": "https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/entities/publication/4901c584-1681-4ff3-ab96-0ad5a445e277", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, Turkey (educational systems and NGOs)", "when": "contemporary (2023-2025 project)"}]}, {"name": "Parents' and Students' Associations", "aliases": ["Parents' and Students' Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de 'Ley Wert'", "author": "C Perales", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "These groups rejected the 'Ley Wert' proposal from its inception and participated in social mobilizations against it.", "quote": "Desde sus inicios, rechazada por los partidos de izquierda y diferentes sectores sociales directamente afectados (sindicatos de maestros y profesores, asociaciones de padres y alumnos).", "page": "2", "url": "https://repositori.uvic-ucc.cat/handle/10854/3329", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "May 2013"}]}, {"name": "Parents' Music Resource Center", "aliases": ["Parents' Music Resource Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Founded to denounce obscenity and violence in rock music, this organization engaged in public pressure, lobbying for warning labels on records, and monitoring media content, resulting in de facto censorship through industry self-regulation and content restriction.", "quote": "The PMRC claimed that it only wished to inform the public but I intend to prove here that the actions of the organisation resulted in a de facto censorship of popular music.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Parents' Union on Net (South Korea)", "aliases": ["Parents' Union on Net (South Korea)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial, moderação de conteúdos no YouTube ea proteção de direitos: características, problemas e impactos políticos", "author": "SP da Silva, DJT Cesar", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partners with YouTube, focusing on online child safety, by contributing expertise and likely reporting harmful content.", "quote": "e Parents' Union on Net da Coréia do Sul.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/102260643/5719.pdf", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Paris Booksellers' Guild", "aliases": ["Paris Booksellers' Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["East Germany", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["quality control", "state authorization", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789-East Germany, 1989", "author": "Darnton, Robert", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This guild was central to the official book trade, with its registers used to record royal privileges. These privileges, representing royal sanction, were then divided and sold among its members, effectively controlling the legal publication and distribution of books.", "quote": "Finally, after the text of the privilege came a series of paragraphs stating that the privilege had been entered in the registers of the booksellers' guild and that it had been divided into portions, which had been sold to four different booksellers (fig. 3).", "page": "5", "url": "http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.1995.49.1.99p0261p", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France (1789) and East Germany (1989)", "when": "late 18th century and late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace", "aliases": ["Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["network stability", "security", "trust"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e moderação de contéudo: proteção de direitos fundamentais em plataformas online", "author": "BE Bicego", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes common principles for cybersecurity, trust, and stability in cyberspace, indirectly influencing content governance by establishing a framework for responsible online behavior and security.", "quote": "\"Paris Call\"\"9.\"", "page": "39", "url": "https://sapientia.pucsp.br/handle/handle/36305", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online platforms, Brazil, Global", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, current debates"}]}, {"name": "Paris libraires imprimeurs", "aliases": ["Paris libraires imprimeurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "economic interests", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1730, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Abbé Jean-Paul Bignon\" Moderator of the Academies\"\" and Royal Librarian\"", "author": "JA Clarke", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "A monopolistic guild whose syndics were held responsible by the government for ensuring members' cooperation with state regulations on the book trade, including registration and censorship of publications.", "quote": "The government held the syndics of the book trade personally responsible for the cooperation of their guild members.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/285925", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "late 17th to early 18th century"}]}, {"name": "Parish Associations", "aliases": ["Parish Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Implemented strict local censorship measures, including enforcing papal indices and restricting dissemination in French Catholic colonial Quebec.", "quote": "Enforced use of papal indices, strict parish controls, and restricted dissemination characterized French Catholic colonial censorship in Quebec.", "page": "16", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61883/chapter/547766047", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on European, colonial, and various national contexts", "when": "Ancient to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parlement international des écrivains", "aliases": ["Parlement international des écrivains"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Created in 1993, described as a 'critical countervailing force' by Bourdieu, aimed to preserve intellectual autonomy and resist perceived conservative or neo-liberal forces.", "quote": "This project was given flesh in 1993 with the creation by Bourdieu and others of a Parlement international des écrivains. Described by Bourdieu as ‘a critical countervailing force’, it was to be modelled upon the Encyclopedists of the eighteenth century.", "page": "526", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parlement of Paris", "aliases": ["Parlement of Paris"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional authority", "property protection", "public interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Functioned as a judicial and administrative body, challenging royal power by opposing taxation and defending specific corporate privileges, serving as an 'intermediate body'.", "quote": "In 1560, Bodin became a member of the parlement of Paris. In the years that followed, he produced his most important political works...", "page": "162", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Parlements (French high courts)", "aliases": ["Parlements (French high courts)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["historical civil body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Asserted constitutional claims, declared immunity from censorship on certain issues, and condemned works, effectively challenging monarchical censorship authority and royal governance.", "quote": "Issuing from the highest sovereign law courts in France, the claims of the parlements were a more direct challenge to monarchical censorship authority, especially as the parlements also had to register royal edicts and new taxes before they could be applied to the territories under their jurisdiction and could thus obstruct royal governance.", "page": "25-26", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parlements (French sovereign law courts)", "aliases": ["Parlements (French sovereign law courts)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "free speech", "monarchy", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Challenged monarchical censorship authority by asserting immunity for publications defending their own prerogatives and condemning works officially approved by royal censors, thereby acting as a counter-censorship force.", "quote": "Issuing from the highest sovereign law courts in France, the claims of the parlements were a more direct challenge to monarchical censorship authority, especially as the parlements also had to register royal edicts and new taxes before they could be applied to the territories under their jurisdiction and could thus obstruct royal governance.", "page": "25", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Parlements (of France)", "aliases": ["Parlements (of France)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate interests", "intellectual traditionalism", "political stability", "social stability"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1769, "when_max": 1788, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle", "author": "Cerf, Madeleine", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "Exercises censorship through judicial decrees, demanding the destruction of works, often by public burning. They represented a more conservative force that could condemn books even if they had royal approval, acting as a check on royal power and expressing distinct corporate interests.", "quote": "Les Parlements dans les arrêts dont ils exigent l'exécution par des poursuites judiciaires et par la destruction des ouvrages au cours de cette cérémonie survivance médiévale qu'est la « publica combustio » au pied du grand escalier du Palais.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1126", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1769–1788"}]}, {"name": "Parliament (England)", "aliases": ["Parliament (England)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "parliamentary sovereignty", "private property", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Served as a unitary legislative body representing the landed class, partnering with the Crown to maintain social order and defend property rights against monarchical excesses.", "quote": "The interests of the English ruling classes were, from very early on, deeply invested in a unitary Parliament, with legislative powers, which was very much a part of the centralized state.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Parliamentary Classes (England)", "aliases": ["Parliamentary Classes (England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["checks and balances", "limited government", "parliamentary power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Opposed royal absolutism and supported anti-absolutist legislative programs, demonstrating a willingness to go to war to defend parliamentary power and class interests.", "quote": "By far the majority of ruling opinion, inside Parliament no less than in the country outside, fell within the range of opposition to absolute and arbitrary government...", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Parliamentary Committee on Freedom of Speech", "aliases": ["Parliamentary Committee on Freedom of Speech"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Its head alleged the origin of 'temnyky' (censorship instructions), and the committee worked on legislation to define and abolish censorship practices, acting as an oversight body against state censorship.", "quote": "This allegation was made in September 2002 by Mykola Tomenko, then head of the Parliamentary Committee on Freedom of Speech. See Ukrainska Pravda, 3 September 2002, available at: http://pravda.com.ua/news/2002/9/4/24751.htm.", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Parliamentary Human Rights Foundation and Open Society Institute", "aliases": ["Parliamentary Human Rights Foundation and Open Society Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "internet access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Developing open internet policy principles.", "quote": "36. PHRF (Parliamentary Human Rights Foundation and Open Society Institute). (1997). Open Internet Policy Principles. http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/link/1997 March/026302.html.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Parliamentary Oligarchy (Britain)", "aliases": ["Parliamentary Oligarchy (Britain)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-democracy", "elite interests", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Defeated democratic popular forces during the English Revolution, consolidating its power to maintain a social order aligned with its ruling-class interests.", "quote": "Democratic popular forces were defeated by the parliamentary oligarchy; and, though their legacy has never completely disappeared from the British labour movement, the dominant parliamentary tradition owes more to the victorious propertied classes.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Parole O_Stili", "aliases": ["Parole O_Stili"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constructive dialogue", "mutual respect", "non-hostile communication", "public debate quality", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando la comunicazione politica è “senza freni” e diventa conflitto", "author": "D Battista", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "It is a social project and non-profit association that opposes the use of verbal violence, aiming to educate users to favor non-hostile communication. It promotes a culture of conscious language, respect, and constructive dialogue through campaigns and educational initiatives.", "quote": "il progetto sociale Parole O_Stili in opposizione all'uso della violenza nelle parole, concepito nell'ottica di responsabilizzare e educare gli utenti della rete a privilegiare forme di comunicazione non ostili.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.cussoc.it/journal/article/view/347", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, focusing on Italy, USA, Brazil, UK, and social media platforms", "when": "late 20th century - present (post-1990s platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Parroquias de Madrid", "aliases": ["Parroquias de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The curas (parish priests) were designated as official censors, integrating local religious authority into the state censorship system to ensure religious purity and good customs.", "quote": "Los primeros nombrados fueron los “trece curas propios de sus Parroquiales, los que al presente son y a los que en adelante fuesen”, haciendo referencia a los párrocos de Madrid.", "page": "263", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Parti Amanah Negara (National Trust Party)", "aliases": ["Parti Amanah Negara (National Trust Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Formed by a reformist faction of PAS, it aimed to contest elections and focused on policy reform and citizenship rights, navigating controversial religious issues to gain wider appeal.", "quote": "The reformist PAS faction, marginalised by the elevation of conservatives within the party after the 2013 elections, resigned from the party to form Parti Amanah Nasional (Amanah). Amanah is now part of the opposition Pakatan coalition and contested in the June 2016 by-elections against UMNO and PAS.", "page": "209", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Parti de Gauche", "aliases": ["Parti de Gauche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Malaysian Islamic Party)", "aliases": ["Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Malaysian Islamic Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an opposition party with strong social movement characteristics, it has advanced an agenda for the implementation of hudud laws and influenced the political discourse through 'Islamist outbidding' and 'piety trumping' strategies.", "quote": "The salafi-oriented Islamist opposition party President, Hadi Awang, has dismissed Malaysia’s Federal constitution as needing ‘correction’ by elevating the status of sharia courts and implement ing hudud laws.", "page": "195", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Parti libéral du Québec (Quebec Liberal Party)", "aliases": ["Parti libéral du Québec (Quebec Liberal Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["partisan interests", "political control"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Negotiates the rules and format of televised leaders' debates with broadcasters to ensure favorable conditions and maximize their leader's political advantage and message control.", "quote": "Comme à l'habitude, beaucoup de tractations se sont déroulées entre les partis et le consortium des diffuseurs à propos de la forme du débat.", "page": "39", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Parti ouvrier français", "aliases": ["Parti ouvrier français"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A socialist political party whose Guesdist wing condemned political compromise and adhered to orthodox Marxism and class struggle.", "quote": "the Guesdists and others condemning what they saw as a politics of compromise and deviation.", "page": "420", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire", "aliases": ["Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-bourgeois republicanism", "working class autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A socialist political party, founded by Jean Allemane in 1891, which raised 'ouvriérisme' (working-class autonomy) to a high principle.", "quote": "Some in the forever-fractured socialist movement turned their backs on politics altogether, raising ouvriérisme to a matter of high principle. This was true, for example, of the Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire, founded by Jean Allemane in 1891.", "page": "415", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Parti québécois (Quebec Party)", "aliases": ["Parti québécois (Quebec Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["partisan interests", "political control"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Engages in negotiations with broadcasters regarding the format and rules of leaders' debates, and employs strategies to shape public perception and control its political message.", "quote": "Comme à l'habitude, beaucoup de tractations se sont déroulées entre les partis et le consortium des diffuseurs à propos de la forme du débat.", "page": "39", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Parti Radical de Gauche", "aliases": ["Parti Radical de Gauche"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "free speech", "political discourse"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party offers online forums for internaut discussion and allows contact with regional representatives. Its website provides specifically produced articles and interviews for digital diffusion, and links to general news articles, filtered to align with the party's 'radical sensibility'.", "quote": "Le site web du Parti Radical de Gauche présente chaque jour sur sa page d'accueil un article accompagné d'une revue de presse sur un sujet développé dans les titres de la presse.", "page": "14", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Parti Socialiste", "aliases": ["Parti Socialiste"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "harm reduction", "platform governance", "public discourse"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party offers online chat sessions with political figures and provides forums for citizen interaction. Email correspondence is managed by an administrator who directly answers common questions and forwards more complex ones to relevant party sectors, including the First Secretary.", "quote": "L'usage qui est fait du chat par l'UMP et le PS - c'est-à-dire l'opportunité qui est donnée aux citoyens-internautes d'adresser leurs questions... s'inscrit également dans une visée d'échange entre les personnels politiques et les citoyens.", "page": "4", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Participatory Budgeting Council (Porto Alegre, Brazil)", "aliases": ["Participatory Budgeting Council (Porto Alegre, Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who Moderates the Moderators? The Effect of Non-neutral Moderators in Deliberative Decision Making", "author": "Spada, Paolo; Vreeland, James Raymond", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The council hosts weekly participatory budgeting meetings where moderators, potentially influenced by the council's stakeholders, attempt to sway discussion outcomes through interruptions, strategic agenda setting, and direct threats.", "quote": "One of the authors... observing moderators attempting to influence the outcome of discussion via interruptions, shouting, strategic agenda setting, and even direct threats towards participants.", "page": "5", "url": "https://delibdemjournal.org/article/id/438/", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Global deliberative democracy processes (incl. participatory budgeting & community-driven development); experiment in USA.", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Acción Nacional", "aliases": ["Partido Acción Nacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated as one of the frontrunners in the second presidential debate of the year 2000, using the televised platform to articulate its political stance and proposals, thereby contributing to the public political discussion.", "quote": "El segundo debate de la campaña del año 2000 se celebró con los tres candidatos punteros en las preferencias, representando al Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), Partido Acción Nacional (PAN)y Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD)", "page": "7", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Partido Comunista de España (Communist Party of Spain)", "aliases": ["Partido Comunista de España (Communist Party of Spain)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "marxist ideology", "private property rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Communist party founded by ex-cenetists and ex-socialists, aligning with Moscow's Marxist ideas; gained influence during the Civil War, promoting counter-revolutionary policies to preserve the republic.", "quote": "elementos cenetistas que estavam favoráveis às concepções moscovitas acabaram saindo da organização e se juntaram aos elementos do PSOE60 que também estavam descontentes com a recusa do partido em se filiar à III Internacional e formaram duas organizações comunistas separadas, que depois acabaram se reunindo e formando o PCE61.", "page": "47", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Partido da Causa Operária", "aliases": ["Partido da Causa Operária"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO E DISCURSO DE ÓDIO NAS REDES SOCIAIS SOB A PERSPECTIVA CONSTITUCIONAL", "author": "J Rodrigues", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The PCO actively participates in public discourse on social media by disseminating content. Its profiles were blocked by judicial order for allegedly spreading hate speech, indicating a form of moderation against its online activities.", "quote": "o STF oscila entre exigir das plataformas maior responsabilização, como na Petição 10.391/DF, que determinou o bloqueio de perfis do PCO por disseminação de discursos de ódio", "page": "9", "url": "https://periodicos.newsciencepubl.com/LEV/article/view/12784", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms (digital environment)", "when": "post-1988 Constitution, contemporary digital era (2003-2025)"}]}, {"name": "Partido da Praia (political faction)", "aliases": ["Partido da Praia (political faction)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political interests", "political opposition", "power"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engaged in political struggles using the press and diffusion of ideas as their primary means of opposition against established powers, operating as a non-governmental collective actor.", "quote": "o caso da Praieira é singular para mostrar a briga entre os Cavalcanti, os Rego-Barros e o Partido da Praia pela imprensa e a difusão de idéias que se davam por ela, já que por outros meios seria impossível", "page": "4", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira", "aliases": ["Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "constitutional rights", "free speech", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Partido de la Revolución Democrática", "aliases": ["Partido de la Revolución Democrática"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated as one of the frontrunners in the second presidential debate of the year 2000, using the televised platform to articulate its political stance and proposals, thereby contributing to the public political discussion.", "quote": "El segundo debate de la campaña del año 2000 se celebró con los tres candidatos punteros en las preferencias, representando al Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), Partido Acción Nacional (PAN)y Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD)", "page": "7", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional", "aliases": ["Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in the first televised presidential debate in 1994, using the platform to present its political ideas and government program, which contributed to the public's ability to contrast different political proposals.", "quote": "En la primera reunión realizada el 11 de mayo, solamente asistieron tres candidatos representando al Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional (PFCRN), al Partido Verde Ecologista de México (PVEM) y a la Unión Nacional Opositora (UNO)", "page": "6", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Partido Democrático", "aliases": ["Partido Democrático"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Members proclaimed themselves as 'organs of the democratic progressive party' in Congress and publicly presented their political principles to citizens, demonstrating a formal organizational structure and active public participation.", "quote": "en 1849 los diputados de este grupo político se autoproclamaron como 'órganos del partido progresista democrático' en el Congreso, y expusieron a los ciudadanos los principios que constituían su enseña política.", "page": "65", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Partido Democrático Trabalhista", "aliases": ["Partido Democrático Trabalhista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "constitutional rights", "free speech", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) issued by the executive branch by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court, aiming to suspend its effects and argue for its unconstitutionality, thus participating in the debate on content moderation.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Partido Desturiano Liberal (Free Destourian Party)", "aliases": ["Partido Desturiano Liberal (Free Destourian Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-islamism", "political loyalty", "presidentialism", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Gains electoral support through a populist, pro-Ben Ali discourse, challenging traditional political parties and influencing political trends towards secularism and presidentialism.", "quote": "Muchos expertos consideran a Abir Moussi y su Partido Desturiano Liberal (PDL) como actores clave para el futuro del país. Como demuestran encuestas recientes, el discurso pro-Ben Ali del PDL parece haber conquistado el electorado secular.", "page": "65", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Nacional Republicano", "aliases": ["Partido Nacional Republicano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "It joined forces with Unión Republicana and Izquierda Republicana to form the 'germ' of the Frente Popular, indicating its participation in pre-electoral coalition building to influence government.", "quote": "Las convicciones que el político sevillano compartía con Azaña y Sán-chez Román los llevaron a firmar el 12 de abril de 1935 un importante do-cumento en nombre de sus respectivos partidos: Unión Republicana, Iz-quierda Republicana y Partido Nacional Republicano.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Nacionalista Vasco", "aliases": ["Partido Nacionalista Vasco"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["fair elections", "fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint with the JEC challenging a private media outlet's intention to include a specific political party (Vox) in a multilateral debate, advocating for fair and proportional representation.", "quote": "Véanse, por ejemplo, las reclamaciones de CC, PNV y Junts a las intenciones de Atremedia de incluir a Vox en un debate multilateral y que originaron los acuerdos de la JEC 197, 216 y 217/2019 de 16 de abril.", "page": "12", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Partido Novo", "aliases": ["Partido Novo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "constitutional rights", "free speech", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Partido Operário de Unificação Marxista (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification)", "aliases": ["Partido Operário de Unificação Marxista (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "social revolution", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An anti-Stalinist Marxist party that participated in government and supported collectivization, often criticized and later suppressed by official communists.", "quote": "Andrés Nin, do POUM126", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Popular (Parliamentary Group)", "aliases": ["Partido Popular (Parliamentary Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic freedom", "national security", "property rights", "stability", "traditional values"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Deputies from this group defend the government's budget proposals, highlight their achievements in economic management and social policy, and use strategies of self-praise and counter-criticism against the opposition to persuade the public.", "quote": "Quiero empezar con un especial agradecimiento al ministro del Interior porque acaba de exponer unos presupuestos realistas, exigentes, creíbles y coherentes. […] en su área una cualidad fundamental en democracia: la seguridad.", "page": "269", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Republicano (Republican Party of Brazil)", "aliases": ["Partido Republicano (Republican Party of Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O poder moderador eo perfil do Estado Imperial: teoria política e prática de governar (1820-1824)", "author": "CH de Salles Oliveira, IA MANOEL, MS LEME…", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The Republican Party issued a manifesto in 1870, publicly criticizing the existing monarchical state for its historical disconnect from the nation and society, thereby advocating for a new republican political order and challenging the prevailing norms of government.", "quote": "Manifesto republicano de 1870 (11), no qual o descompasso entre Estado e nação era exemplificado pela distância que havia caraterizado a monarquia e a configuração da sociedade, desde seus primórdios", "page": "2", "url": "https://anpuh.org.br/uploads/anais-simposios/pdf/2019-01/1548177544_10b445037b79f96382e20e7a9cbac5df.pdf", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century, with a focus on 1820-1824"}]}, {"name": "Partido Republicano Paulista", "aliases": ["Partido Republicano Paulista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["decentralization", "federalism", "republicanism"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocated for federalism and republican ideals during its founding congress, shaping political discourse.", "quote": "em 1873, no congresso reunido em Itu para a fundação do Partido Republicano Paulista, as referências ao federalismo foram mínimas.", "page": "74", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Revolucionario Institucional", "aliases": ["Partido Revolucionario Institucional"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "During its long period of political hegemony, the PRI's majority in the Chamber of Deputies rendered early legislative debates a mere ritual, as the party in power could ensure the passage of presidential reforms, thereby controlling and shaping the scope of political discourse.", "quote": "aunque el PRI seguía manteniendo la mayoría de la cámara y los debates en la misma se convirtieron en un mero ritual, ya que el partido en el poder (PRI) aplicaba dicha mayoría, para sacar adelante las reformas enviadas por el presidente", "page": "4", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Partido Sindicalista (Syndicalist Party)", "aliases": ["Partido Sindicalista (Syndicalist Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "political participation", "social movements", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by a 'reformist' faction from the CNT, it participated in electoral politics and joined the Popular Front, diverging from traditional anarchist anti-electoralism.", "quote": "Também fundaram um partido político, o Partido Sindicalista, em 1932, que se juntou à Frente Popular durante a importante eleição de 1936.", "page": "49", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Social Democrata", "aliases": ["Partido Social Democrata"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": ["news websites", "online journalism"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "veracity"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participação política e os comentários dos leitores no jornalismo online português. Significado e importância política dos comentários dos leitores nos websites dos …", "author": "JRGB Tadeu", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Militants of the party are \"invited\"\" to comment on news websites", "quote": "especially during election campaigns.\"", "page": "Favorable party image, political influence, discrediting opponents", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/30a8540b07848c1f9894dd9186106e80/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese online journalism, with comparisons to international news websites (Europe and USA)", "when": "Post-2000s, focusing on the early 2010s (specifically 2011-2012)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialismo e Liberdade (PSOL)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialismo e Liberdade (PSOL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["candidate parity", "economic abuse prevention", "electoral equality", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Submitted a consultation to the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) to clarify the legality of 'live' events with artists for electoral campaigns, influencing the interpretation of electoral rules to ensure fair competition and freedom of expression.", "quote": "O TSE enfrentou questões sobre as “lives” em dois momentos relevantes. Primeiro, na “consulta do PSOL, em que foi respondida negativamente a indagação sobre a possi bilidade de apresentação dos candidatos aos eleitores juntamente com atores, cantores e outros artistas através de shows (lives eleitorais) não remunerados e realizados em plataforma digital.”", "page": "85", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "socialism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated as amici curiae in Supreme Court cases (ADO 26/DF and MI 4.733/DF) concerning the criminalization of homotransphobia, advocating from a socialist and workers' rights perspective.", "quote": "Contou, também, com amici curiae como o Grupo Gay da Bahia – GGB; a ABGLT; o Grupo de Advogados pela Diversidade Sexual – GADVS; [...] o PSTU; [...] deixam clara que havia intensa pressão social de grupos LGBTQIA+ por sua inserção no rol de grupos protegidos contra a discriminação pela legislação penal brasileira", "page": "117", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Parliamentary Group)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Parliamentary Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "public services", "social justice", "social welfare", "vulnerable group protection"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This group presents alternative proposals (amendments), criticizes government policies and budget cuts, and uses politeness and impoliteness to appeal to public sentiment and gain support from citizens for social justice and public services.", "quote": "Esto significa que para poder pagar estos intereses, ustedes –el Gobierno y el Partido Popular– han decidido aumentar los impuestos y recortar las políticas sociales.", "page": "259", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["foreign policy", "socialist transformation", "working class power"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "As an opposition party, it had a vocal radical faction and published principles advocating for working-class political power and the transformation of property relations, which could be perceived by reactionary forces as threatening to the capitalist economy and international alliances.", "quote": "According to official party principles, formulated in December 1976, the Socialists aspired to 'the possession of political power for the working class [and] the transformation of individual or corporate ownership of the instruments of labor into collective, social or common property.'", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Operário Espanhol (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Operário Espanhol (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "marxist ideology", "republicanism", "socialist principles"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Major socialist political party, participated in the Popular Front and government, initially Marxist but later moving away from Bolshevism; its Catalan branch (PSUC) grew in influence.", "quote": "elementos cenetistas que estavam favoráveis às concepções moscovitas acabaram saindo da organização e se juntaram aos elementos do PSOE60", "page": "47", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Socialista Unificado da Catalunha (Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia)", "aliases": ["Partido Socialista Unificado da Catalunha (Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "democratic governance", "national sovereignty", "property rights", "state ideology"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Catalan communist party aligned with Stalinism, advocated for the reconstruction of the republican state and the defense of private property, often clashing with anarchists over collectivization.", "quote": "Comorera era líder do PSUC, um partido catalão alinhado ao stalinismo e à Terceira Internacional. E há de lembrar que estamos falando de fins de 1936, quando há pouco mais de alguns meses, na URSS, haviam começado os Processos de Moscou", "page": "215", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interests", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The party launched a presidential candidacy, actively participating in the political process and shaping public discourse, which indirectly influenced the broader context of state control and censorship.", "quote": "O PTB, Partido Trabalhista, lança, em 1949, a candidatura, para as eleições de 1950, de Getulio Vargas à Presidência.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB)", "aliases": ["Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Filed an Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental (ADPF) with the Supreme Federal Court to challenge the constitutionality of the National Security Law, acting as an advocacy group for democratic values.", "quote": "Quanto à parte judicial, duas Ações de Descumprimento de Preceitos Fundamentais (ADPF), de nº 797/DF de autoria do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB) e de nº 799/DF de autoria do Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), foram distribuídas junto ao STF questionando a recepção da LSN pela CRFB/88.", "page": "78", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Partido Verde Ecologista de México", "aliases": ["Partido Verde Ecologista de México"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in the first televised presidential debate in 1994, using the platform to present its political ideas and government program, which contributed to the public's ability to contrast different political proposals.", "quote": "En la primera reunión realizada el 11 de mayo, solamente asistieron tres candidatos representando al Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional (PFCRN), al Partido Verde Ecologista de México (PVEM) y a la Unión Nacional Opositora (UNO)", "page": "6", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Partisan Clubs of Moderatism", "aliases": ["Partisan Clubs of Moderatism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Atlantic World", "Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation", "social cohesion", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th centuries"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura nel secolo dei lumi: una visione internazionale", "author": "Tortarolo, Edoardo", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Sought to define the boundaries for intellectual debate and establish shared truths within the national territory. They performed a form of self-censorship to achieve social and ideological cohesion, inspired by English Whig traditions.", "quote": "club partigiani del moderatismo [...] vorranno definire i confini entro i quali avrebbe dovuto svolgersi il confronto fra le idee [...] una sorta di autocensura finalizzata alla coesione sociale e ideologica.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe and the Atlantic World", "when": "18th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Partisan groups (PT and PSDB supporters/critics)", "aliases": ["Partisan groups (PT and PSDB supporters/critics)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["political blogs"], "norms": ["political polarization", "public debate"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A febre dos blogs de política", "author": "A Aldé, J Escobar, V Chagas", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "These informal groups of readers and commentators represent polarized political factions (referring to supporters/critics of the Workers' Party - PT, and PSDB party, respectively). They engage in confrontational debates, contributing to the political-ideological polarization within the blogosphere and influencing the tone of discussions.", "quote": "o fato de muitos leitores tenderem à polarização político-ideológica, estrutura que incentiva a estereotipagem dos leitores em grupos (PTelhos e tucanalhas).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4955/495550189004.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, political blogs", "when": "2005-2006"}]}, {"name": "Partner organizations (counter-discourse)", "aliases": ["Partner organizations (counter-discourse)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community cohesion", "hate speech", "inclusivity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Romain Badouard, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure", "author": "P Brouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaging in counter-discourse strategies to combat fake news and hate speech, potentially by being integrated into platforms' own moderation systems.", "quote": "l'auteur souligne que les plateformes y portent attention, ne serait-ce que pour potentiellement « les intégrer directement à leurs propres dispositifs de lutte contre la désinformation et les discours de haine » (p. 100).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/2049", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, Europe (with global context)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical legal context"}]}, {"name": "Partnership Against Violent Extremism (PAVE)", "aliases": ["Partnership Against Violent Extremism (PAVE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A network of nearly 40 NGOs providing a coordinated Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) approach to Boko Haram in Nigeria, receiving international funding for media engagement and developing positive and counter-narratives.", "quote": "For example, in Nigeria, the Partnership Against Violent Extremism (PAVE) is a network of nearly 40 NGOs formed to provide a coordinated CVE approach to Boko Haram, the insurgency group in the north that has been responsible for widespread violence.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Party for Justice and Development", "aliases": ["Party for Justice and Development"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The PJD undertook ideological moderation by shifting its platform towards a moderate Muslim democratic discourse, embracing pluralist democracy, the free market, and Muslim values (rather than calling for an Islamic state), primarily driven by societal changes and electoral incentives to appeal to a wider audience. This was facilitated by its formal separation from its founding Islamic movement.", "quote": "PJD’s platform evolved toward a moderate Muslim democratic discourse. Second, the separation between the PJD and the Islamic movement that the party hailed from – Harakat al-Tawhid wal-Islah (Movement of Unity and Reform) – complemented the ideological moderation of the party.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Party of European Socialists", "aliases": ["Party of European Socialists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Political Extremism in Democracies", "author": "Downs, William M.", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Drafted and adopted a \"code of conduct\"\" to guide its member parties in refusing alliances", "quote": "or co-optation of policies from far-right extremist parties", "page": "thereby enforcing norms of political isolation and anti-racism.\"", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137052834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Party of Liberty and Consensus", "aliases": ["Party of Liberty and Consensus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "As an opposition group, faced coercion tactics from the ruling party (CUP), including surveillance of meetings and physical suppression, demonstrating efforts to control political discourse.", "quote": "The only potential for a more 'democratic' challenge by the opposition parties that were combined under the umbrella of Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası (Party of Liberty and Consensus or Entente Libérale) was muted by CUP's coercion tactics during the elections of 1912...", "page": "20", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Paróquia de São Cristóvão, Goiânia", "aliases": ["Paróquia de São Cristóvão, Goiânia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Wrote to the Minister of Justice, commending strict censorship measures on foreign publications and advocating for the protection of Brazilian moral values against perceived threats.", "quote": "...um padre da Paróquia de São Cristóvão, em Goiânia, procurou cumprimentar o ministro “pela atitude patriótica” e ressaltar sua incompreensão em relação às “críticas malévolas contra tal decisão muito justa e do máximo interesse da coletividade brasileira”.", "page": "199", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Pass the Kids Online Safety Act!", "aliases": ["Pass the Kids Online Safety Act!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["family advocacy / child safety campaign organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ParentsTogether publishes research and campaign materials, mobilizes petition signers and mobile contacts to pressure lawmakers, frames platform harms in public messaging, and demands accountability through legislative reform.", "quote": "Directly campaigns for the Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA) to change social media platform design and policies to protect children, explicitly addressing algorithms, addictive design, privacy defaults and reporting tools.", "page": "", "url": "https://act.parentstogetheraction.org/petitions/pass-the-kids-online-safety-act", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pastoral do Menor", "aliases": ["Pastoral do Menor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["child safety", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts street outreach to contact children and adolescents in street situations, offering help, assisting with medical/legal issues, and encouraging them to leave the streets for social reintegration.", "quote": "Passei os três meses de pesquisa diária em direção ao centro de Campinas, acompanhando intensamente o trabalho de «abordagem de rua» da Pastoral do Menor. A tarefa imediata destes educadores é estabelecer contacto com crianças novas na rua, indicando possibilidades de ajuda, ou de reencontrar as já conhecidas, auxiliando-as na resolução de problemas médicos, jurídicos, tentando convencê-las, ainda, a sair da rua.", "page": "230", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Patagonia", "aliases": ["Patagonia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Patient organizations for hospitals", "aliases": ["Patient organizations for hospitals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Participating in 'dispositifs participatifs' (participatory devices) intended for direct citizen involvement in policy-making, which over time create new bureaucracies of 'professional specialized' representatives.", "quote": "Les études sur la participation des organisations clientes des hôpitaux et les fondations de logement social indiquent que les dispositifs participatifs sont susceptibles de créer de nouvelles bureaucraties, à savoir des organisations professionnelles qui représentent les clients.", "page": "14", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Patricia Galvão Agency", "aliases": ["Patricia Galvão Agency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EFEITO DE IMITAÇÃO E CONTÁGIO DA VIOLÊNCIA: MÍDIA, REDES DIGITAIS EA REPRODUÇÃO DE CRIMES NA SOCIEDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA", "author": "GAL de Oliveira, JL de Oliveira, KR de Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Produces reports and analyses on media coverage of gender violence, identifying problematic narratives that reproduce stereotypes or victim-blaming, and advocating for responsible communication protocols.", "quote": "A Agência Patrícia Galvão (2026), destaca, em seus levantamentos sobre mídia e violência de gênero, a recorrência de abordagens que reproduzem estereótipos ou culpabilizam vítimas, reforçando a importância de protocolos comunicacionais responsáveis.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.revistacj.com.br/index.php/cjur/article/view/221", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Patrician Elites (Italian City-States)", "aliases": ["Patrician Elites (Italian City-States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "jurisdictional authority"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formed loose associations, competing for power, and holding their own liberties and jurisdictions within the civic communes.", "quote": "The civic communes were always fairly loose associations of patrician families, factions, parties and corporate entities with their own liberties, organizations, jurisdictions and powers.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Patricians", "aliases": ["Patricians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["class privilege", "preservation of power", "social stability"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["4th–2nd century BCE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur Le Droit De La Plèbe à eXercer La Censure : à pRopos De Liv. 8, 12, 16", "author": "Richard, Jean-Claude", "year": "1981", "mechanism": "Initially, the Patricians held exclusive control over the censorship, using this magistracy to enforce social hierarchy and traditional privileges. They resisted legislative reforms that sought to grant the Plebeians access to this office.", "quote": "...si la troisième loi Publilienne avait marqué un recul par rapport à un état de choses antérieur, il ait pu dans la phrase suivante, prêter aux patres des réactions d'amertume et de morosité 12) ?", "page": "5", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/mnem/34/1-2/article-p127_7.xml", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "4th-2nd centuries BCE Roman Republic"}]}, {"name": "Patriotic Alternative", "aliases": ["Patriotic Alternative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "European Union", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Bitchute"], "norms": ["anti feminism", "anti woke sentiment", "far right ideology", "racial purity", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alt Tech and the public sphere: Exploring Bitchute as a political media infrastructure", "author": "Siapera, Eugenia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a far-right, white nationalist political party, its founder uses Bitchute to host content, including a regular review, to disseminate the party's ideology and engage supporters, thereby participating in norm-setting and public pressure within the digital public sphere.", "quote": "Mark Collett is the founder of Patriotic Alternative, a far right, white nationalist British party. Paul Joseph Watson, who was associated with Alex Jones' InfoWars outlet, still has YouTube and Twitter accounts but has been banned from Facebook and Instagram.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02673231231189041", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Bitchute video-hosting platform, digital public sphere (US, UK, Germany, Australia, EEA/EU focus)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2017-2023)"}]}, {"name": "Patriotic Journalist Network", "aliases": ["Patriotic Journalist Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Syria", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["conservative values", "political communication", "political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disinformation as Collaborative Work: Surfacing the Participatory Nature of Strategic Information Operations", "author": "Starbird, Kate; Arif, Ahmer; Wilson, Tom", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This group of Twitter activists uses coordinated, and sometimes automated, tweeting practices and online tools to simulate or trigger virality for conservative messages. It fosters recruitment and network growth through specific hashtags and 'follow-back' practices, and was targeted and cultivated by RU-IRA operations.", "quote": "A notable example is the Patriotic Journalist Network (PJNET), a group of Twitter activists that use coordinated—and in some cases automated—tweeting practices to simulate or trigger virality for conservative messages [87].", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359229", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) and alternative media ecosystems; global context with case studies primarily in the USA and Syria.", "when": "Early 20th century to present (focus on 2015-2019)."}]}, {"name": "Patriotic Press (collective)", "aliases": ["Patriotic Press (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Supported mobs in breaking up pacifist meetings and published vitriolic attacks against 'peace cranks', contributing to social shaming and norm enforcement against pacifism.", "quote": "Throughout the war, meeting after meeting was wrecked by mobs composed very often of uniformed soldiers, and the patriotic press supported them all the way, led by the Daily Express, which delighted in its daily vituperation against the 'pasty-faced peace cranks'.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "PatronusAI", "aliases": ["PatronusAI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Benchmarks the performance of LLM guardrails like Llama Guard 3 on various English and multilingual toxicity and safety datasets to assess their effectiveness and identify limitations.", "quote": "Patronus AI benchmarked Llama Guard 3 on a small number of samples ... illustrating its poor recall of unsafe data points (PatronusAI, 2024).", "page": "6", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Patrulhas de Controle (Control Patrols)", "aliases": ["Patrulhas de Controle (Control Patrols)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "public order", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Workers' security forces created by the Comitê de Milícias to maintain public order, combat 'paqueos' (snipers/looters), and enforce revolutionary directives, operating with a degree of autonomy.", "quote": "As Patrulhas de Controle eram uma espécie de “polícia” controlada pelas organizações operárias, e se originaram durante o processo de combate ao golpe militar.", "page": "81", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Pattern Labs", "aliases": ["Pattern Labs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["OpenAI o3", "OpenAI o4-mini"], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "o3-and-o4-mini-system-card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Evaluated the models' ability to solve cyberoffensive challenges, including evasion, network attack simulation, and vulnerability discovery and exploitation.", "quote": "Pattern Labs, an AI Security organization that addresses and mitigates frontier cybersecurity risks, evaluated OpenAI o3 and o4-mini's ability to solve three types of cyberoffensive challenges", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o3 and o4-mini models", "when": "2025"}]}, {"name": "Paulista Republican Party", "aliases": ["Paulista Republican Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political stability"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura", "author": "SRC Martins", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Convened members of Congress to draft the Press Law (Lei da Imprensa), which restricted press freedom by prohibiting anonymity and setting rules for content publication, aiming to suppress criticism.", "quote": "O Partido Republicano Paulista, diretamente interessado em abafar críticas de toda ordem, reuniu membros do Congresso, propondo a feitura da Lei da Imprensa. A Lei proibia o anonimato...", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/rfdusp/article/view/149534", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1824-2016"}]}, {"name": "Pauperist Movements", "aliases": ["Pauperist Movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "poverty alleviation", "religious ideals"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These movements emerged in the late medieval period, advocating for a return to radical poverty and biblical ideals, often leading them to be accused of heresy by the Church, with their writings being banned.", "quote": "Aumentava così la possibilità di diffusione di eresie, non ammissibile dalla Chiesa appena uscita dallo scisma ortodosso e vittima degli attacchi dei movimenti pauperisti volenti una riforma.", "page": "6", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Payam-e Hajar, Farzaneh, Zanan, Zan-e Ruz (journals)", "aliases": ["Payam-e Hajar, Farzaneh, Zanan, Zan-e Ruz (journals)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective (media platform for social movement)"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "political participation", "social participation", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Publishing articles and fostering public discourse on women's rights and feminist issues, serving as platforms for challenging existing norms.", "quote": "Nel clima di relativo pluralismo culturale che segue la scomparsa di Khomeini ed il declino dei radicali, nascono giornali e riviste femminili come “Payam-e Hajar”, “Farzaneh”, “Zanan”, “Zan-e Ruz”che si sforzano di parlare delle rivendicazioni femminili ri volgendosi ad un pubblico vasto ed eterogeneo.", "page": "54", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Paye ta shnek", "aliases": ["Paye ta shnek"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "gender equality"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Détection automatique des messages haineux sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "P Chiril", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A French initiative that functions as a platform for women to share stories of sexism they have experienced, contributing to public awareness and pressure.", "quote": "Social media and web platforms (...) allow sharing stories of sexism experienced by women (see The Everyday Sexism Project45 available in many languages, Paye ta shnek46 in French, or hashtags such as #metoo or #balancetonporc).", "page": "63", "url": "https://utheme.utoulouse.fr/files/original/6e5dd8f74a697ccb7e63be8b5ce7bec4102848b6.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, Reddit), France, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "PC Users Group (Australian Capital Territory)", "aliases": ["PC Users Group (Australian Capital Territory)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-regulation", "individual liberty", "user interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Opposed government regulation of new media, advocating for individual personal liberty and minimal intervention, particularly concerning Bulletin Board System content.", "quote": "These groups and individuals were opposed to government regulation of the new media form, either because of the impact of individual personal liberty to communicate... or the effect of untimely or ill-considered regulation on an uncertain market.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Peace and Collaborative Development Network", "aliases": ["Peace and Collaborative Development Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "peace"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Providing an online network and platform for professionals working in conflict settings to share information and collaborate, thereby influencing approaches to history education.", "quote": "we posted an advertisement of our research on the Peace and Collaborative Development Network web page—an online network of professionals working in conflict settings.", "page": "95", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Peace and Democracy Party (BDP)", "aliases": ["Peace and Democracy Party (BDP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["national identity", "political expression"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatized Censorship–Developing Solutions to the Increasing Role of Platforms in Moderating Global Freedom of Expression", "author": "M Karanicolas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a pro-Kurdish political party, its associated pages were subjected to content removal by Facebook due to alleged support for the PKK, demonstrating its role as a target of content moderation.", "quote": "In 2013, the company faced controversy after removing pages linked to the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), which was then Turkey's largest pro-Kurdish political party.", "page": "33", "url": "https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/items/ae8fa7d5-a2d8-421e-a296-15900320f58b", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Google), various national and international contexts", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Peace Hub Community", "aliases": ["Peace Hub Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A member of an interreligious network driven by young activists, facilitating interfaith forums and contributing to religious moderation.", "quote": "These include Jemaat Ahmadiyah Semarang, LBH Semarang, eLSA Semarang, the Gusdurian Community Semarang branch, the Institute of Peace and Security Studies (IPSS), the Peace Hub Community, and MATAKIN Semarang.", "page": "17", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Peace of God movement", "aliases": ["Peace of God movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "peace", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["6th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pierre Legendre, L’amour du censeur. Essai sur l’ordre dogmatique, 1974", "author": "Nitschke, August", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Peace of God movement was instrumental in establishing 'ecclesiastical rights' and promoting 'Peace of God', which involved setting norms and enforcing peace, thereby moderating violence and defining legal boundaries within medieval society.", "quote": "Genauso wandelte sich das Recht von den Stammesrechten über die kirchlichen Rechte der Gottesfriedensbewegung zu den neuen Rechten der Landfriedensordnungen zum hoch- und spätmittelalterlichen Lehnsrecht.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/49143", "topic": "censeur", "language": "German", "where": "Western Europe (with emphasis on legal and religious history across France and broader Europe)", "when": "Late Antiquity (Justinian) to 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Peace Research Institute in the Middle East", "aliases": ["Peace Research Institute in the Middle East"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute / NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["mutual understanding", "recognition", "reconciliation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Creating joint history textbooks with multiple narratives to enable students to learn the adversary's perspective in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, aiming for reconciliation and mutual recognition.", "quote": "For example, a textbook project undertaken by the Peace Research Institute in the Middle East (PRIME)... created a joint history textbook titled Learning Each Other’s Historical Narrative: Palestinians and Israelis...", "page": "102", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "PeaceNet", "aliases": ["PeaceNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provides cyberspaces for anti-war, pro-peace groups to share ideas, experiences, and organize their opposition to military options globally, including circulating Zapatista materials.", "quote": "Indeed, one sub-network of The Net is PeaceNet, named and created for just such purposes. ...today The Net provides cyberspaces for anti-war, pro-peace groups to share ideas and experiences and organize their opposition to military options around the globe.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "PeaceNet/EcoNet", "aliases": ["PeaceNet/EcoNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Formed part of the initial networks that cooperated with GreenNet to establish the Association for Progressive Communications (APC) to provide communication services to NGOs.", "quote": "PeaceNet/EcoNet in the United States joined with other networks to found the Association for Progressive Communications (APC), providing NGOs with communication tools.", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Peak Democracy", "aliases": ["Peak Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "impartiality"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Creates and operates civic technology platforms (like Open Town Hall) that enable online forums for discussion, allowing citizens to provide input on municipal issues and engage with local governance.", "quote": "Empresa não-partidária Peak Democracy", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Peasants' collective", "aliases": ["Peasants' collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "land rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Seeks online help to resist forced land requisitions, engaging in collective action that generates public attention and is therefore likely to be monitored and censored.", "quote": "A group of peasants ask for help online. Local mayor/military commander's relatives attempt to forcefully take the lands to build a resort.", "page": "41", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pediatricians Support the Kids Online Safety Act - AAP", "aliases": ["Pediatricians Support the Kids Online Safety Act - AAP"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional medical association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1930", "mechanism": "AAP issues policy statements, guidance, advocacy resources and mobilizes its membership to lobby legislators and shape public debate supporting KOSA and child online safety.", "quote": "AAP advocates for children’s online safety, publicly supporting the Kids Online Safety Act and mobilizing pediatricians, but its core mission is pediatric health rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/pediatricians-support-the-kids-online-safety-act/?srsltid=AfmBOorevPCnDWDfQ80NoZcH13PETkNdKl4EMZqhogZx5Gi9oV2WeOCv", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Peekabooty (project of The Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc))", "aliases": ["Peekabooty (project of The Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc))"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Germany", "Global", "Saudi Arabia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2003, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Infranet: Circumventing web censorship and surveillance", "author": "N Feamster, M Balazinska, G Harfst…", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Peekabooty is a peer-to-peer application that aims to circumvent censoring firewalls by sending SSL-encrypted requests for censored content to a third party, thereby facilitating access to blocked information for its users.", "quote": "Peekabooty also attempts to circumvent censoring firewalls by sending SSL-encrypted requests for censored content to a third party, but its reliance on SSL also makes it susceptible to traffic analysis and blocking attacks [26].", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/11th-usenix-security-symposium/infranet-circumventing-web-censorship-and-surveillance", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with examples from China, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Australia, USA", "when": "Early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Peep-Hole Association", "aliases": ["Peep-Hole Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["independent publishing"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "creator support", "cultural development", "cultural diversity", "cultural exchange"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Creazione di un magazine cartaceo di arte e cultura dedicato alla Generazione Z in risposta alla polarizzazione e ai cluster generati dal web e dai social network.= An …", "author": "E Sebastiani, M Sponza", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As an association, it organises numerous exhibitions, meetings, and events for international, underground, and non-mainstream artists, creating a platform for artistic expression that bypasses traditional art world gatekeepers and promotes alternative art forms.", "quote": "associazione Peep Hole, che si è fatta conoscere negli ultimi anni per le numerose esposizioni, incontri ed eventi di artisti internazionali, underground e non", "page": "16", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/19194/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global social networks and independent publishing", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West)", "aliases": ["PEGIDA (Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "anti-islam", "anti-multiculturalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Mobilizes anti-Muslim and anti-refugee sentiments through online platforms and offline protests, contributing to the normalization of hostile positions.", "quote": "this isolated sphere burst open in Germany due to the establishment of the anti-Muslim Pegida movement and the rise of the far-right party Alternative for Germany (AfD).", "page": "158", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "PEGIDA UK", "aliases": ["PEGIDA UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "anti-islam", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses Twitter to spread anti-Muslim and xenophobic nationalist narratives, linking to sister organizations and promoting cultural invasion frames.", "quote": "The transnational form of such a discourse is well illustrated in a tweet from UKPegida, ideologically related to its sister organization Pegida in Germany.", "page": "98", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pelita (Interreligious Brotherhood)", "aliases": ["Pelita (Interreligious Brotherhood)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "pluralism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coordinates an interreligious network of young activists in Semarang, organizing regular interfaith programs such as advocacy for religious minorities, security assistance, and cross-religious prayer events.", "quote": "In general, it is coordinated by PELITA (Interreligious Brotherhood), which is able to cooperate with various religious groups in Semarang.", "page": "17", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Pelita Kristen Magazine", "aliases": ["Pelita Kristen Magazine"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation discourse in plurality of social harmony in Indonesia", "author": "Kawangung, Yudhi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The magazine publishes content advocating for religious leaders to actively promote social harmony and national unity through prayer and engagement with government policies, thereby serving as a platform for norm-setting and guidance within religious communities.", "quote": "Leaders of religious communities need to build social harmony and national unity\" (Pelita Kristen Magazine", "page": "2018).\"", "url": "https://sciencescholar.us/journal/index.php/ijssh/article/view/277", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "Post-1945 to contemporary Indonesia"}]}, {"name": "Pelita Program", "aliases": ["Pelita Program"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious tolerance", "social harmony"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Holds routine discussions and organizes visits to places of worship to foster understanding of faith, contributing to interfaith harmony and tolerance.", "quote": "In Parepare, the Pelita Program holds routine discussions and visits to places of worship to increase understanding of faith.", "page": "7", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "PEN America Children's Book Committee", "aliases": ["PEN America Children's Book Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "quality information", "truth-seeking"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Not Censorship but Selection”: Censorship and/as Prizing", "author": "Kidd, Kenneth", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Sponsored a panel discussion for children's authors to discuss the challenges of balancing age-appropriateness with truthful writing, contributing to discourse and norm-setting in children's literature regarding censorship.", "quote": "In a panel discussion sponsored by the PEN Children's Book Committee and later published online, prominent children's authors talk about the difficulties of balancing what's 'appropriate' for children with the need for truthful and relevant writing...", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "20th–21st century"}]}, {"name": "PEN Centre German Democratic Republic", "aliases": ["PEN Centre German Democratic Republic"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["East Germany", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789-East Germany, 1989", "author": "Darnton, Robert", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This professional body for writers demonstrated a form of internal dissent by supporting a resolution condemning a political arrest, indicating a subtle pushback against state repression and censorship.", "quote": "And a few years later, at a meeting of the East German PEN organization in February 1989, he supported a resolution condemning the arrest of Václav Havel in Czechoslovakia.", "page": "16", "url": "http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.1995.49.1.99p0261p", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France (1789) and East Germany (1989)", "when": "late 18th century and late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "PEN South Africa", "aliases": ["PEN South Africa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "literary standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Organised or hosted international meetings that provided a platform for writers to discuss literary freedom and standards, contributing to the establishment of norms in the literary community.", "quote": "Hoewel Van Wyk Louw in 1951 die Afrikaanse Skrywerskring op 'n vergadering van die PEN SA in Lausanne verteenwoordig het", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Pendukung (Supporters)", "aliases": ["Pendukung (Supporters)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["candidate support", "political advocacy", "public order", "social norms"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["Indonesian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "KESANTUNAN TINDAK TUTUR DIREKTIF MODERATOR DALAM DEBAT FINAL PILPRES TAHUN 2019", "author": "Heryana, Nanang", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The collective behavior of these supporters, such as cheering loudly or making noise, is directly managed and moderated by the debate moderators to maintain order and decorum during the public event. The moderators issue directives to them to either cease disruptive behavior or to perform certain actions like applauding.", "quote": "Stop..stop..para pendukung mohon maaf, harap tenang.", "page": "9", "url": "https://ejournal.bbg.ac.id/metamorfosa/article/view/1395", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "Indonesian", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "2019"}]}, {"name": "Penny theatres", "aliases": ["Penny theatres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "cultural expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provided accessible and affordable theatrical entertainment for young urban working-class audiences, contributing to a popular, often unregulated, theatrical culture.", "quote": "the penny theatres frequented by young urban working-class audiences from the 1830s", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "PenseSUS (project of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz)", "aliases": ["PenseSUS (project of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "X"], "norms": ["civic participation", "communication rights", "right to health", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PenseSUS e as redes sociais: a busca por estratégias de comunicação e os desafios para a democratização e descentralização do debate sobre o SUS", "author": "CC Cavalcante, D Muzi, J Krapp…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "PenseSUS managed social media profiles (Facebook and Twitter) to stimulate, facilitate, and implicitly moderate public debate about the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). This involved content curation, planning publications, interacting with users through comments and shares, and evaluating communication strategies to democratize and decentralize the debate.", "quote": "A experiência de implementação das redes sociais on-line do PenseSUS nos mostrou o quão complexo é estimular, via comunicação, o fortalecimento e a reflexão sobre saúde pública na internet.", "page": "8", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10322679", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, focusing on online social networks (Facebook and Twitter) in relation to the Unified Health System (SUS)", "when": "2016–2017 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Pensioners’ Movement", "aliases": ["Pensioners’ Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commodification", "digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in 'slow media activism' leveraging hybrid media practices to protect digital rights without commodifying their actions, foregrounding a pragmatic approach to communication technologies.", "quote": "Barranquero and Barbas (2022) blend Nardi and O’Day (1999) and Treré (2019) to foreground the pragmatic, non-idealized approach to communication technologies within Spanish elderly’s hybrid media practices.", "page": "316", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "PENT FLACSO (Proyecto educación y nuevas tecnologías, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales)", "aliases": ["PENT FLACSO (Proyecto educación y nuevas tecnologías, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaborative learning", "education technology", "educational innovation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "PENT FLACSO promotes the creation of Communities of Practice (CPs) through courses and collaborates with 'Docentes en línea' on publications and interviews related to CP experiences, influencing pedagogical practices and knowledge sharing in education and technology.", "quote": "Como continuación de las actividades ya llevadas a cabo en 2017, durante 2018 entrevistamos a la Prof. Corina Rogovsky, docente y Coordinadora de la Comunidad de graduados de esta institución. Además, se acordó publicar de modo conjunto una serie de artículos escritos por miembros de Del y de la Comunidad de graduados del PENT sobre experiencias en comunidades de práctica.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "People Against Violent Extremism", "aliases": ["People Against Violent Extremism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Partnered with Twitter to support non-governmental voices in their efforts to counter extremist ideologies online.", "quote": "Twitter has partnered with People Against Violent Extremism to support nongovernmental voices seeking to counter extremist ideologies.", "page": "27", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "People for the American Way Action Fund", "aliases": ["People for the American Way Action Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic values", "civil rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Served as a source for reports related to censorship and freedom of expression, implicitly contributing to public discourse and awareness on these issues, possibly in opposition to organizations like the PMRC.", "quote": "5. sources: 1991 report from the People for the American Way Action Fund", "page": "26", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)", "aliases": ["People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["animal welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing trolling in online communities: an organizational perspective", "author": "Dineva, Denitsa; Breitsohl, Jan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "PETA manages trolling in its Facebook community by employing six distinct strategies: non-engaging, educating, bolstering, expurgating, asserting, and mobilizing, categorized by their direct versus indirect communication approach.", "quote": "PETA: Cruelty is never entertainment! #NotOurs2Use", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.emerald.com/intr/article/32/1/292-311/180173", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook (PETA community), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "People magazine", "aliases": ["People magazine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["professional expertise", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "People United to Save Humanity", "aliases": ["People United to Save Humanity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Launched a campaign against 'off-white' (often black) songs, associating them with social ills like illegitimate births and abortions, thereby advocating for the suppression of certain music content.", "quote": "Reverend Jesse Jackson who, through his PUSH organisation, launched a campaign against off-white songs, most by black artists. As the PMRC ladies would do a few years later, he placed the blame for the increase in illegitimate births and abortions on songs advocating sex...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "People vs Big Tech", "aliases": ["People vs Big Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic transparency", "antitrust", "human rights", "interoperability", "user agency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Acts as a movement that aims to promote social media interoperability and algorithmic pluralism through advocacy based on manifestos and policy discussions.", "quote": "This discussion paper describes them with the intention to inform People vs Big Tech's strategy and advocacy on the Digital Services Act, Digital Markets Act and upcoming Digital Fairness Act.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}]}, {"name": "People's Communication Charter Coalition", "aliases": ["People's Communication Charter Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting a charter to advocate for communication rights.", "quote": "Activities of transnational civil society in the field of communication rights have a long tradition, as evidenced by the MacBridge Roundtables (1989-1998) or documents such as the 'People's Communication Charter' of 1999 (Padovani, 2005).", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "People's Global Action", "aliases": ["People's Global Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Mexico"], "media": ["IGF", "WSIS"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital rights", "information access", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "At the margins of Internet governance: grassroots tech groups and communication policy", "author": "Hintz, Arne; Milan, Stefania", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A meeting organized by PGA identified alternative ISPs as organizations supporting movements for political change, playing a role in conceptualizing and promoting certain forms of tech activism.", "quote": "A recent People's Global Action (PGA) meeting on communication infrastructures identified alternative ISPs as 'organisations running a server to support movements for political change to get direct access and participatory access to the web and media' (People's Global Action 2007).", "page": "3", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp.5.1-2.23_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet governance fora (WSIS, IGF), global/transnational, with specific examples from Europe and Mexico", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2003)"}]}, {"name": "People's Literature Publishing House", "aliases": ["People's Literature Publishing House"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honour", "national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in translation: The case of the People’s Republic of China", "author": "Tan, Zaixi", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "During the Cultural Revolution, this state-owned publishing house compiled and published a 200-page volume of militant articles denouncing Antonioni's documentary, thereby actively enforcing political censorship against foreign cultural products deemed 'anti-Chinese' or 'anti-communist'.", "quote": "In the first two months of the campaign, a huge avalanche of articles denouncing the film was published, some of which were compiled into a 200-page volume published in June 1974 by the People's Literature Press, one of the most prestigious publishing houses in Beijing.", "page": "11", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11059-013-0231-8", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "People's Republic of China (PRC)", "when": "1949–present day"}]}, {"name": "People's Power Movement", "aliases": ["People's Power Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A coalition of moderate forces that successfully toppled the Marcos dictatorship, demonstrating that an electoral democracy could be established even with a significant armed extremist presence.", "quote": "The 'People's Power' movement that toppled the Marcos dictatorship was a coalition of moderate forces drawn from all classes of Philippine society.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "People's Pulpit Association", "aliases": ["People's Pulpit Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["dissent", "media diversity", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Sought to broadcast religious programs but had its requests rejected by NBC due to its content being deemed a 'violent attack upon organized Christianity and its churches'.", "quote": "He asked the Council to review NBC's decision to reject his request to broadcast a religious program. Briefing the Council on behalf of NBC, NBC president Merlin Hall Aylesworth explained that NBC had granted time to Rutherford following their commitment not to discriminate among the different faiths.", "page": "49", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)", "aliases": ["People's Revolutionary Army (ERP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a founding guerrilla group of the FMLN, the ERP initially pursued armed struggle. Post-peace accords, its leaders strongly advocated for a centrist ideological profile, rebaptizing the organization to 'Expresión Renovadora del Pueblo', and eventually split from the FMLN to embrace liberal democracy.", "quote": "The Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL – Popular Liberation Forces) and the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP – People's Revolutionary Army), El Salvador's first two guerrilla groups, argued that electoral participation only served to legitimize the US-backed military regime.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Peoples Democratic Party (PRD)", "aliases": ["Peoples Democratic Party (PRD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic justice", "political liberation", "public awareness", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A Left organization that called for Suharto's overthrow and nationalization of industries, aiming to 'demystify Suharto’s reign' and spread awareness among the people.", "quote": "The Peoples Democratic Party (PRD) was a Left organization that called for Suharto's overthrow and nationalization of industries, aiming to 'demystify Suharto’s reign' and spread awareness.", "page": "248", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Peoples Global Action Against Free Trade and the WTO (PGA)", "aliases": ["Peoples Global Action Against Free Trade and the WTO (PGA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corporate power", "economic justice", "equity", "human dignity", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Facilitates coordination and information flow among activists, urging them to think beyond national boundaries and attack transnational capital, despite claiming no formal membership.", "quote": "The PGA will only facilitate coordination and information flow with the help of conferences and information tools, aiming to 'create diverse spaces of co-operation, equality, dignity, justice and freedom'.", "page": "170", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Peoples Press", "aliases": ["Peoples Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["innovation foundation / research and policy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Nesta publishes research and reports, develops civic tech prototypes (e.g., Qarar), funds mission-led startups and runs policy work to shape how technology and platforms are designed and governed.", "quote": "Nesta's core mission is broad social innovation rather than platform governance, but it publishes research, builds civic tech (e.g., 'Qarar' citizens' jury) and develops policy ideas touching on how technology and platforms are used.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nesta.org.uk/report/peoples-press-magazine/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "PeoplesHub.org", "aliases": ["PeoplesHub.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["online popular education school; activist training nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "PeoplesHub builds capacity by training organizers in online facilitation and leadership, builds cross-movement networks and solidarity, and leverages affiliations (fiscal sponsorship, coalitions) to reach grassroots constituencies.", "quote": "PeoplesHub's core mission is activist education and disability justice, but it provides online facilitation trainings and resources that touch on online movement building and resisting COVID denialism (misinformation).", "page": "", "url": "https://peopleshub.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Per Christiansen über die Grenzen der Meinungsfreiheit - iRights.info", "aliases": ["Per Christiansen über die Grenzen der Meinungsfreiheit - iRights.info"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "iRights.info shapes public and policy debate through legal analysis, explanatory journalism and event programming (e.g., 'Zugang gestalten!'), highlighting gaps in platform regulation and urging legislative action.", "quote": "iRights.info publishes legal analysis and commentary on content moderation, NetzDG, hate speech and platform responsibilities, directly engaging public debate on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://irights.info/artikel/per-christiansen-ueber-die-grenzen-der-meinungsfreiheit-auf-den-kontext-kommt-es-an/31270", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia", "aliases": ["Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["interfaith dialogue", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes human resources (students) to interfaith activism as part of a broader network of youth organizations promoting religious moderation.", "quote": "Meanwhile, several youth organizations such as Gusdurian, PMII, GMKI, and HMI contribute human resources, especially students, for interfaith activism.", "page": "18", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (State Islamic Religious Higher Education Institutions)", "aliases": ["Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (State Islamic Religious Higher Education Institutions)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Implement education focusing on Islamic moderation, socialize its importance through students and community service, and host 'moderation houses' to enlighten the community, thereby actively involved in norm-setting and capacity-building for moderation.", "quote": "Education that focuses on Islamic moderation, such as that carried out by PTKIN in Aceh, can strengthen society's understanding of these values, reduce the potential for inter-religious conflict, and prevent the spread of radical views that could threaten peace and social harmony.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Persatuan Islam (Persis)", "aliases": ["Persatuan Islam (Persis)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (PERTI)", "aliases": ["Persatuan Tarbiyah Islamiyah (PERTI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI)", "aliases": ["Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As one of several major social Islamic organizations, it manages many madrasas, thus playing a role in shaping Islamic education and potentially influencing the adoption and promotion of religious moderation values within its educational institutions.", "quote": "Among these organizations are Muhammadiyah, al-Irsyad, the Islamic Community Association (PUI), Tarbiyah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), al-Jami'atul Washliyah, al-ittihadiyah, Nahdatul Ulama', and the Islamic Union.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (Indonesian Journalists' Association)", "aliases": ["Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (Indonesian Journalists' Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media independence"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1965, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Old Tricks in a New Era: Self-Censorship in Indonesian Journalism", "author": "Tapsell, Ross", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "During the New Order regime, it was purged and became complicit in the publication of government policies, leading its members to feel compromised and unable to report freely.", "quote": "From 1966, the journalists' union [PWI] was purged and leftist newspapers banned. The PWI became complicit in the publication of government policies, and some of its members felt thoroughly compromised and unable to report fairly and freely", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2012.685926", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "1965–present"}]}, {"name": "Persgroep", "aliases": ["Persgroep"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality", "media reputation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Lodged complaints against the EUvsDisInfo project for mistakenly categorising articles from Dutch media outlets as disinformation, leading to the removal of the flagged cases.", "quote": "The flagged cases were removed from the EUvsDisInfo site after complaints by the Dutch media organization Persgroep (EUvsDisinfo, 2018).", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "Personal Democracy Media", "aliases": ["Personal Democracy Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democracy", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "# pdfdebate: une tentative de\" débat 2.0\"\" sur Twitter\"", "author": "C Schneebeli", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This private foundation initiated and organized the first US presidential debate on Twitter, aiming to explore the relationship between politics and new technologies. By creating and structuring this new type of public debate, it engaged in a form of moderation or shaping of online political discourse.", "quote": "C'est Personal Democracy Media, fondation privée dédiée à l'étude des rapports entre la politique et les nouvelles technologies, qui est à l'origine de #pdfdebate.", "page": "2", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-04180150/", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "2008"}]}, {"name": "Personalist Movement", "aliases": ["Personalist Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["human dignity", "spiritual freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Denis de Rougemont et la nouvelle censure", "author": "Verdaguer, Pierre", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "This intellectual movement articulated and disseminated a philosophy (personalism) through its members' writings and associated journals, which later became the target of 'new censorship' (severe critique from scholars like Sternhell and Lévy) for allegedly promoting ideas that facilitated French fascism.", "quote": "L'approche de Sternhell révèle d'ailleurs un lien de parenté avec celle de Bernard-Henri Lévy dans L'Idéologie française, puisque le mouvement personnaliste est chaque fois discrédité pour avoir, selon ces auteurs, favorisé le développement d'un fascisme à la française, en créant un climat intellectuel qui lui était favorable.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/394128", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1930s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "Pertubuhan Pembela Islam (Pembela)", "aliases": ["Pertubuhan Pembela Islam (Pembela)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group / vigilante group"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["muslim unity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates as 'vigilante squads' to 'protect' Islam and Muslims from perceived threats like Christian evangelical influences, engaging in public pressure and norm enforcement.", "quote": "Malaysian Islamist bodies and vigilante squads such as the Organisation for the Defence of Islam (Pertubuhan Pembela Islam) have been formed to ‘protect’ Islam and Muslims from the supposed threat of Christian evangelical influences.", "page": "193", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Pesantren (Islamic boarding school)", "aliases": ["Pesantren (Islamic boarding school)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["community cohesion", "cultural pluralism", "diversity", "religious freedom", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conserving moderate Islam in Indonesiaan analysis of Muwafiq's speechon online media", "author": "M Salik", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operating as an educational institution, pesantren (exemplified by Darussalam Kediri) teach about diversity and educate students to be 'kaffah' (perfect) humans by practicing Islamic values adapted to local character, thereby fostering moderate attitudes and promoting life in diversity.", "quote": "Pesantren is one form of the educational institutions that is recognized as being able to teach about diversity. Pesantren educates students to become kaffah (perfect) humans, meaning that they are not only experts in terms of knowledge but are also able to practice their values.", "page": "9", "url": "http://repository.uinsa.ac.id/id/eprint/109/1/Mohamad%20Salik_196712121994031002_Conserving%20moderate%20Islam%20in%20Indonesiaan%20analysis%20of%20Muwafiq%27s%20speechon%20online%20media.pdf", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, online media (YouTube)", "when": "late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Pesantren and Madrasahs", "aliases": ["Pesantren and Madrasahs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Muslim-majority regions"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "multiculturalism", "national identity", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamic moderation in education and the phenomenon of cyberterrorism: a systematic literature review", "author": "Ma'arif, Syamsul; Ibda, Hamidulloh; Ahmadi, Farid; Qosim, Nanang; Muanayah, Nur Alfi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Preventing radicalism and terrorism among students by implementing Islamic moderation in education through strengthening Quran values, local wisdom, kiai exemplary, peace education, and deep religious learning.", "quote": "Islamic moderation in pesantren (boarding schools), schools, and madrasas can prevent radicalism and terrorism from spreading to students.", "page": "1", "url": "https://ijeecs.iaescore.com/index.php/IJEECS/article/view/31373", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Islamic moderation in education in Indonesia and other Muslim-majority regions", "when": "2018–2022"}]}, {"name": "Pessoas Animais e Natureza", "aliases": ["Pessoas Animais e Natureza"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["animal rights", "democratic integrity", "environmentalism", "social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Campanha Negativa nas Eleições Legislativas de 2024: Uma Análise dos Debates e do Facebook", "author": "DJH da Silva", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The PAN consistently employed a positive campaigning strategy, both in debates (62.3% positive) and on Facebook (97.2%), focusing on its legislative achievements and proposals. Negative appeals (37.7% in debates) largely consisted of character attacks against parties perceived to hold regressive values.", "quote": "Nos debates para as eleições legislativas, Sousa Real apostou claramente numa estratégia de positividade. Teve uma grande distância entre apelos positivos (401 – 62,3%) e negativos (243 – 37,7%)", "page": "80", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/9518b0aa208990d1735d04379b910ede/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal (2024 legislative elections), political debates and Facebook", "when": "2024 legislative elections"}]}, {"name": "Pet Advertising Advisory Group", "aliases": ["Pet Advertising Advisory Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advisory coalition (animal welfare organisations, trade associations and veterinary bodies)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "PAAG produces government-backed advertising standards, engages directly with online marketplaces to remove problematic adverts, raises public awareness and is endorsed by UK government bodies (Defra, devolved administrations), leveraging member organisations' reputations to press platforms to act.", "quote": "PAAG's core mission is to combat irresponsible online pet advertising by developing government-backed advertising standards and engaging directly with online marketplaces to remove inappropriate adverts.", "page": "", "url": "https://paag.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pew Center for Civic Journalism", "aliases": ["Pew Center for Civic Journalism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published a report indicating that nearly 20% of US daily newspapers practiced civic journalism, which sought to involve readers and communities in news processes.", "quote": "De acuerdo con el informe de Pew Center for Civic Journalism, entre 1994 y el 2001, casi el 20 por ciento de los 1.500 periódicos diarios de Estados Unidos practicaron alguna forma de periodismo cívico.", "page": "10", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project", "aliases": ["Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducted studies on online behavior and user perceptions, providing data that informs discussions on the nature of journalism and content validation.", "quote": "De acordo com um estudo realizado em julho de 2006 pelo Pew Internet and American Life Project, 34% dos 12 milhões de blogueiros nos Estados Unidos consideram que seu “trabalho” online é uma forma de jornalismo.", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}]}, {"name": "PFLAG", "aliases": ["PFLAG"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Supports individuals and organizations involved in the fight against censorship, particularly concerning content related to LGBTQIA+ experiences.", "quote": "The list of organizations includes but is not limited to the ... PFLAG.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "PFLAG National", "aliases": ["PFLAG National"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["LGBTQ+ advocacy and support organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "PFLAG mobilizes a national chapter network to provide resources and education, runs public campaigns and messaging linking hate speech to real-world harm, and leverages community and ally relationships to influence policy debates and public opinion.", "quote": "PFLAG's core mission is family support and LGBTQ+ advocacy, but its history and work (educational materials, linking hate speech with harm, safe schools advocacy) have touched on content and speech issues relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://pflag.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Phi Kappa Delta", "aliases": ["Phi Kappa Delta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-segregation", "diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Enforced racial segregation by exclusively admitting white members to its debate fraternity, thereby excluding students of color from official debate participation and influencing public discourse norms.", "quote": "la sua squadra non fu mai ammessa nell'illustre confraternita di dibattito Phi Kappa Delta, la quale accoglieva esclusivamente membri di carnagione bianca.", "page": "20", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Philadelphia Church of God", "aliases": ["Philadelphia Church of God"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A breakaway religious faction that reproduced and distributed the \"Mystery of the Ages\"\" without authorization to promote strict adherence to its founder's original principles and to attract new members", "quote": "Adherence to original religious principles, dissemination of religious message, proselytization.", "page": "two members of WCG formed a breakaway faction, the Philadelphia Church of God (\"PCG\"\")", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Philadelphia Council of Unemployed", "aliases": ["Philadelphia Council of Unemployed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of assembly", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Attempted to hold a meeting which was prevented by the police chief, whose action was upheld by a Pennsylvania court. This demonstrated content-based administrative censorship based on potential public disturbance.", "quote": "A Pennsylvania court, allowing a police chief to prevent a meeting of the Philadelphia Council of Unemployed, was most explicit: The factors involved in the meeting... are peculiarly within the province of the police authorities.", "page": "29", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Philadelphia's civic tech powers key community projects - Technical.ly", "aliases": ["Philadelphia's civic tech powers key community projects - Technical.ly"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech nonprofit / volunteer-powered civic data platform"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes and operates an open civic data platform used by local groups (information), builds technical infrastructure for community projects (techno-infrastructure), and partners with established local organizations to amplify impact (leverage).", "quote": "Operates a volunteer-powered civic data platform aggregating public parcel datasets and partners with open-data and civic tech groups; mission is local civic infrastructure rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://technical.ly/civic-news/community-development-civic-tech-volunteer-philadelphia/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Philosophes (French Enlightenment)", "aliases": ["Philosophes (French Enlightenment)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["liberty", "rationality", "scientific integrity", "secularism", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Exposed the absolutist state and Church to critical scrutiny, espousing principles of liberty, toleration, and an educative mission to change 'the common way of thinking.'", "quote": "The philosophes exposed the absolutist state and the Church to critical scrutiny, to say nothing of ridicule. They – though some more radically than others – espoused ‘enlightened’ principles of liberty and toleration...", "page": "172", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Philosophical Schools (Athens)", "aliases": ["Philosophical Schools (Athens)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "democratic principles"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "Following Alexander's death, Athenian democratic authorities imposed a law requiring all philosophical schools to seek official authorization, a measure overtly aimed at controlling their political influence due to past sympathies for tyrants.", "quote": "En 307 av. J.-C., lors d'une de ces tentatives désespérées de restauration de la démocratie athénienne... une loi imposa à toutes les écoles de philosophie l'obligation d'une demande d'autorisation officielle. Mesure ouvertement politique.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Philosophical Societies", "aliases": ["Philosophical Societies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "philosophical inquiry", "social equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Cochin contended that these pre-revolutionary intellectual circles shaped a 'philosophical consciousness' that provided the Revolution's internal dynamic for 'pure democracy'.", "quote": "The ‘problem’, as Cochin termed it, had its origin in the fact that, to date, all historians of the Revolution had worked with an idealized conception of the people, portraying them as one enormous allegorical and anonymous figure. Yet, in his view, this ideal form only existed in the imaginations of the ‘initiated’, in the consciences of those shaped through what Cochin called the philosophical societies", "page": "306", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "PhishTank", "aliases": ["PhishTank"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["cybersecurity"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to Web2 Anti-Phishing Services (APS) by compiling and sharing lists of phishing URLs, informing efforts to detect and filter malicious content on IPFS gateways.", "quote": "This platform compiles lists of phishing URLs by combining data from OpenPhish [17], PhishTank [18], URLhaus [21], and the AntiPhishing Working Group (APWG) [1].", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Photoshop Phriday forum on Something Awful", "aliases": ["Photoshop Phriday forum on Something Awful"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "artistic expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Launched a competition for ironic images linking vaccines to diseases, using humor to counter anti-vaccination arguments.", "quote": "For instance, in 2013, the Photoshop Phriday forum on the humour website Something Awful launched a competition requiring applicants to create an ironic image on the correlation between vaccines and the physical or mental diseases generally asserted by anti-vaccinists.", "page": "512", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Phrack", "aliases": ["Phrack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A hacking group mentioned in a joint statement defining hacktivism, contributing to the discourse around cyber-activism and its goals.", "quote": "A joint statement by 2600, the Chaos Computer Club, the Cult of the Dead Cow, !Hispahack, LOpht Heavy Industries, Phrack, and Pulhas. http://www.hacktivism.org (13 February 1999).", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Physical Review", "aliases": ["Physical Review"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["Online academic platforms"], "norms": ["quality control", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On arXiv moderation system", "author": "Silagadze, Z. K.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A scientific journal that employs a peer review process to scrutinize and improve academic papers prior to publication, ensuring content quality.", "quote": "In 1936 Einstein submitted a paper to the Physical Review entitled 'Do Gravitational Waves Exist?' with Nathan Rosen as coauthor. The paper's conclusion was that gravitational waves do not exist...", "page": "3", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.11791", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online academic platforms and the scientific community", "when": "Post-1990s platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Physiocrats", "aliases": ["Physiocrats"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic progress", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Developed economic theory based on English agrarian capitalism, advocating for a 'legal despotism' to impose natural economic laws and suppress fragmented powers in France.", "quote": "A few years later, the physiocrats would invoke the model of English agrarian capitalism to construct their science of political economy.", "page": "188", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City Law)", "aliases": ["Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City Law)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["government accountability", "public interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Participated in muckraking journalism by publishing critical findings that contradicted official accounts of corruption, which helped prompt central government intervention and address popular grievances.", "quote": "Two newspapers, Nông Thôn Ngày Nay (Countryside Today) and Pháp Luật Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Ho Chi Minh City Law), unearthed their own findings that district officials broke an earlier agreement reached in court and lied about statements made by witnesses (McKinley 2012).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "PI-News (Politically Incorrect News)", "aliases": ["PI-News (Politically Incorrect News)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Germany", "Norway"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "anti mainstream media", "far right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Key Dimensions of Alternative News Media", "author": "Holt, Kristoffer; Ustad Figenschou, Tine; Frischlich, Lena", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'far-right-wing blog' allowing readers to publish their own content, serving as an alternative platform and gatekeeper for voices and narratives often excluded or moderated by mainstream media.", "quote": "The far-right-wing blog PI-news in Germany, for example, offers its readers the easy option to become a 'reporter' by anonymously publishing own content or 'interesting' content published elsewhere (25.02.2019).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2019.1625715", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (with focus on Germany and Norway) and digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Piensa Prensa", "aliases": ["Piensa Prensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Experienced content blocking, account access issues, and content deletion on social media platforms during the social uprising, leading them to create multiple new accounts to continue their independent journalistic reporting.", "quote": "Durante las primeras semanas del estallido social se bloqueó el acceso a su cuenta original (@piensaprensaoficial) y se eliminaron contenidos específicos. Tuvieron que crear cuatro cuentas adicionales para seguir difundiendo, con el coste que esto suponía a la hora de recuperar seguidores y conseguir el alcance esperado.", "page": "6", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Pierckheimer Gesellschaft", "aliases": ["Pierckheimer Gesellschaft"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["East Germany", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "critical thinking", "intellectual curiosity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789-East Germany, 1989", "author": "Darnton, Robert", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This group of book collectors engaged in lively discussions about forbidden books and how to read them, forming an informal network for understanding and circumventing official censorship.", "quote": "After the lecture, my hosts—mostly doctors, lawyers, and teachers— engaged in a lively discussion about the forbidden books of the GDR and how they had read them.", "page": "18", "url": "http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.1995.49.1.99p0261p", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France (1789) and East Germany (1989)", "when": "late 18th century and late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Pietist movement", "aliases": ["Pietist movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious reform", "religious toleration"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Formed a network that filtered strands of tolerationist thought eastwards, contributing to a broader movement for religious reform and ecumenical ideals in Europe.", "quote": "while strands filtered eastwards to the Pietist international centred on Halle in Saxony. This broader tolerationist movement is the subject of Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "Pif-Paf", "aliases": ["Pif-Paf"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["liberty", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a magazine, it was the first editorial initiative of resistance against the authoritarian regime, openly discussing themes of liberty during the early years of the dictatorship.", "quote": "Em 21 de maio de 1964, uma equipe liderada por Millôr Fernandes lançou a revista Pif-Paf: ―O Pif-Paf em revista foi a primeira iniciativa editorial de resistência ao arbítrio do regime policialesco (...)‖", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Pink Cross", "aliases": ["Pink Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ rights", "anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with the LGBTIQ Helpline to document cases of violence and discrimination, and supports victims and campaigns for the rights of LGBTIQ+ individuals in Switzerland.", "quote": "La LGBTIQ Helpline, en collaboration avec Pink Cross et LOS (Lesbiennes Organisation Suisse), documente chaque année les cas de violences et de discriminations subies par les personnes LGBTIQ+, y compris en ligne.", "page": "4", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Pirate Party movement", "aliases": ["Pirate Party movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "France", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech", "human rights", "public access to information"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversas entre jovens: o uso youth-friendly de grupos focais", "author": "VS Ferreira, A Raimundo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Advocates for digital rights and information freedom, using digital platforms for activism and challenging established norms of content regulation and intellectual property.", "quote": "Exemplos do segundo tipo correspondem a um conjunto mais restrito mas heterogéneo, para o qual o terreno digital se apresenta como causa ou território de «guerrilha» e confronto com os poderes públicos (e. g. Anonymous, movimento para o software livre, movimento para o Partido Pirata).", "page": "122", "url": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/32464/1/ICS_VSFerreira_Pesquisar%20Jovens_LIV_ORG.pdf#page=57", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Brazil, France, Spain, and digital platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "21st century (2000s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Piratenpartei Deutschland (Pirate Party Germany)", "aliases": ["Piratenpartei Deutschland (Pirate Party Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["data privacy", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Publicly identifies its community managers and their names on Facebook, promoting transparency; it also enforces moderation policies by deleting messages from members of other parties deemed disruptive to maintain 'serious' conversations.", "quote": "Ainsi, le Parti pirate rend publics les noms ainsi qu'un lien vers le compte Twitter de ses responsables. ... À cet égard, le Parti pirate a déclaré être contraint d'effacer des messages venant de membres de l'AfD afin de maintenir le caractère « sérieux » des conversations sur leurs pages.", "page": "11", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Pixelfed", "aliases": ["Pixelfed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["data control", "decentralization", "transparency", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shadowban, Silenciamento e Exclusão Algorítmica", "author": "RL de Sá, RM Priuli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Pixelfed, as a decentralized social media alternative, provides users with greater transparency and control over their data, challenging the centralized governance models of dominant platforms.", "quote": "iniciativas como o Mastodon e outras redes como ActivityPub, PeerTube e Pixelfed, oferecem maior transparência e controle sobre os dados, ainda que enfrentem desafios de escalabilidade e adoção (Votis et al., 2024).", "page": "181", "url": "https://ojs.ifsp.edu.br/riel/article/view/3033", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok), Brazil, European Union (global digital governance context)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Place-named Facebook groups (admins and mods)", "aliases": ["Place-named Facebook groups (admins and mods)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community values", "cultural preservation", "economic interest", "political discourse", "public safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LOCALIZING CONTENT MODERATION: APPROACHING THE ORIENTATIONAL SPACES OF FACEBOOK GROUP ADMINS AND MODS", "author": "Rodgers, Scott; McLoughlin, Liam; Ballatore, Andrea; Moore, Susan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Administrators and moderators of these groups perform content moderation based on local cultural understandings and a 'normative ideal of local community', curating discussions, stimulating contributions, policing content, and establishing rules that affect local businesses and political discourse within their geographical area.", "quote": "For moderators, what is appropriate or inappropriate – allowed or not – is often based on tacit understandings of a 'local' culture – which might be quite different to, and can contend with, Facebook's global rules.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/spir/article/view/12236", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Greater London, UK", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Plan International UK", "aliases": ["Plan International UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international children's charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1937", "mechanism": "Plan UK conducts advocacy and campaigns, publishes stories and materials, and calls on governments while operating across 80 countries to influence policy and public opinion for children's rights.", "quote": "Primary mission is child rights and development; site shows campaigning and advocacy with young people but no direct, explicit engagement on platform content governance in provided texts.", "page": "", "url": "https://plan-uk.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "PlanetLab", "aliases": ["PlanetLab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "open access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dimming the Internet: Detecting Throttling as a Mechanism of Censorship in Iran", "author": "Anderson, Collin", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As part of the consortium administering Measurement Lab (M-Lab), PlanetLab contributes to the infrastructure and operations that enable the collection of network performance data, aiding in the detection of internet disruptions.", "quote": "Founded and administered by a consortium of non-governmental organizations, private companies and academic institutions, including New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, PlanetLab, and Google...", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.4361", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Planned Parenthood", "aliases": ["Planned Parenthood"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["public health education", "reproductive freedom"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Defines and outlines a comprehensive range of areas within sex education, covering topics from human development to sexual health and reproductive freedom, thereby shaping the scope of educational discourse.", "quote": "According to Planned Parenthood, sex education covers a number of areas: Human development, including puberty, anatomy, sexual orientation, and gender identity; relationships...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Plataforma Universitaria de Estudios Feministas y de Género", "aliases": ["Plataforma Universitaria de Estudios Feministas y de Género"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional advancement", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for the official recognition of gender studies as a specific area of research in universities.", "quote": "Eldiario.es publicaba el 1 de febrero de 2018 la noticia titulada “El Ministerio de Educación no reconoce los estudios de género como un área específica de investigación”1, en la que se relata cómo las universidades e institutos de estudios de género españoles se habían unido en una plataforma...", "page": "825", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Platform cooperatives", "aliases": ["Platform cooperatives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community autonomy", "equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is platform governance?", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Propose alternative models for online services, advocating for community self-management and decentralized systems to move away from major corporatized platforms.", "quote": "Co-governance could also provide even more radical options in the long term, as it lends itself to a philosophy that leads away from major, corporatized platforms and towards various platform cooperatives, decentral- ized systems, and other forms of community self-management.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Platform Cooperativism Consortium (PCC)", "aliases": ["Platform Cooperativism Consortium (PCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "democratic governance", "egalitarianism", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes and organizes conferences on platform cooperativism, fostering debate and proposing alternative models for artistic work, focusing on collective management and shared ownership.", "quote": "No Brasil, podemos destacar o papel da 7ª Conferência de Cooperativismo de Plataforma, promovida pelo Platform Cooperativism Consortium (PCC) em parceria com Instituto de Tecnologia e Sociedade (ITS) em novembro de 2022 no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.", "page": "79", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Platform Cooperativism Movement", "aliases": ["Platform Cooperativism Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["common good", "non-commercial values", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocates for and works towards constructing alternative platform models that are owned and governed by workers, challenging the capitalist and mercantilized logic of existing platforms.", "quote": "Por enquanto, o movimento de cooperativismo de plataforma (Scholz, 2017) não tem respondido atentamente a essa demanda, mas é possível pensar em plataformas de propriedade de trabalhadores no contexto do jornalismo enquanto projetos prefigurativos (Sandoval, 2017) no sentido de lutar por outras plataformizações em torno do trabalho de jornalistas.", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS)", "aliases": ["Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content classification", "content filtering"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Developed a protocol, as a working group under W3C, that allows authors or third parties to label web content based on certain criteria, enabling users to configure filters.", "quote": "PICS (Platform for Internet Content Selection), un grup de treball del World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ha creat el protocol que permet que l'autor o terceres persones etiquetin un lloc web en funció de certs criteris referits al contingut...", "page": "5", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Platform Governance - Institute for Internet and the Just Society", "aliases": ["Platform Governance - Institute for Internet and the Just Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / research institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes topical research series and articles, hosts episodes and public-facing content to shape debate on platform governance, oversight mechanisms, and AI fairness.", "quote": "Publishes a Platform Governance series and multiple analyses on Facebook Oversight Board, social media councils, algorithmic decision-making and AI fairness, directly addressing platform governance and AI policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.internetjustsociety.org/series/platform-governance", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Platform Governance Archive", "aliases": ["Platform Governance Archive"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research center"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The lab publishes research, hosts an online talk series and provides the Platform Governance Archive open data repository to enable empirical study and monitoring of platform policies and practices.", "quote": "The lab's stated mission is research, teaching and knowledge transfer focused on platforms and their governance, and it operates the Platform Governance Archive to provide datasets and policies for critical engagement.", "page": "", "url": "https://platform-governance.org/platform-governance-archive/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Platform Governance Hub - Global Partners Digital", "aliases": ["Platform Governance Hub - Global Partners Digital"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society organisation; policy hub"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Global Partners Digital publishes research, trackers and guidance and critiques laws (e.g., Online Safety Act) to shape civil society engagement and policy debate on platform governance.", "quote": "The hub curates resources and guidance explicitly on platform governance and human rights-based approaches to platform regulation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gp-digital.org/platform-governance-hub/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Platform regulation - ISBA", "aliases": ["Platform regulation - ISBA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association; advertisers' body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1900", "mechanism": "ISBA produces studies and policy submissions (information), represents advertisers on regulatory committees and global bodies (leverage/advisory), and campaigns for industry standards and platform accountability (accountability/symbolic).", "quote": "ISBA explicitly advocates for 'proportionate regulation of digital platforms', submits to market studies, and leads industry work on programmatic supply chain, measurement and platform-related policy affecting content and ad flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isba.org.uk/knowledge/platform-regulation", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Platonic Academy", "aliases": ["Platonic Academy"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "The representatives of this philosophical school were expelled from Rome, as their teachings and dialectical methods were perceived by Roman authorities as undermining traditional values of obedience and good conduct for the youth.", "quote": "Caton l'Ancien persuada le Sénat de leur ordonner de repartir aussitôt leur mission officielle accomplie... les jeunes Romains, eux, obéiront aux lois et aux magistrats comme par le passé.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Plattform-Zensur oder Redefreiheit für Trump? - M", "aliases": ["Plattform-Zensur oder Redefreiheit für Trump? - M"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union media arm / labour union affiliated media"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Through opinion pieces and union networks the outlet frames public debate, invokes legal precedents, and calls on policymakers and media bodies to act on platform governance.", "quote": "The outlet (part of the German trade union ver.di) publishes commentary urging public debate and policy action on platform censorship, but platform governance is not its primary labour-union mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://mmm.verdi.de/meinung/plattform-zensur-oder-redefreiheit-fuer-trump-70673/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Plattformregulierung für die Nachhaltigkeitstransformation - CO:DINA", "aliases": ["Plattformregulierung für die Nachhaltigkeitstransformation - CO:DINA"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research project / research consortium"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CO:DINA publishes position papers and research to identify regulatory gaps and inform policymaking on platform governance for sustainability, engaging stakeholders and public debates.", "quote": "CO:DINA is a research project explicitly analysing platform regulation and proposing interventions to align platform economies with socio-ecological transformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://codina-transformation.de/wp-content/uploads/CODINA_Positionspapier-5_Plattformregulierung-fuer-die-Nachhaltigkeitstransformation.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Plattformregulierung: Breites Bündnis fordert stärkere Kontrolle ...", "aliases": ["Plattformregulierung: Breites Bündnis fordert stärkere Kontrolle ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["campaign; coalition of civil society organisations"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organises an open letter signed by 75+ organisations and a petition with 240,000+ signatures to pressure government action on platform regulation and algorithmic transparency.", "quote": "SaveSocial is a campaign advocating platform regulation, petitioning and mobilising a broad civil-society coalition demanding algorithmic control, transparency and support for commons-oriented platform alternatives.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.telepolis.de/features/Plattformregulierung-Breites-Buendnis-fordert-staerkere-Kontrolle-sozialer-Medien-10305081.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Plaza & Janés Editores", "aliases": ["Plaza & Janés Editores"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Submitted manuscripts for pre-publication censorship and, under new laws, were compelled to self-censor and 'expurgate' manuscripts to avoid legal repercussions for published content.", "quote": "esta nueva modalidad censorial obligó a los editores a vigilar – pero, sobre todo, a expurgar – mucho más que antes los manuscritos, ya que, en el caso nada hipotético de que alguna personalidad o institución del régimen considerara que lo publicado había infringido de algún modo la ley, el editor era subsidiariamente cómplice del delito cometido.", "page": "10", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Plebeian Algorithm Jury", "aliases": ["Plebeian Algorithm Jury"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Parler", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "public trust"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Plebeian Algorithm: a democratic approach to censorship and moderation", "author": "B Fedoruk, H Nelson, R Frost…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Determines whether content flagged by sentiment analysis and popularity metrics as potential misinformation should be removed from the platform through a democratic voting process.", "quote": "A method was constructed in which content deemed as misinformation to be removed from the platform is determined by a randomly selected jury of anonymous users.", "page": "1", "url": "https://formative.jmir.org/2021/12/e32427", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, 4chan, Reddit, Parler, Facebook, YouTube) in the USA, UK, and Canada", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with a focus on the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Plebeians", "aliases": ["Plebeians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-elitism", "equal opportunity", "equal rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["4th–2nd century BCE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur Le Droit De La Plèbe à eXercer La Censure : à pRopos De Liv. 8, 12, 16", "author": "Richard, Jean-Claude", "year": "1981", "mechanism": "Through persistent political struggle and legislative action, the Plebeians gradually gained the right to hold the censorship, thereby participating in the definition and enforcement of public morals, the classification of citizens, and the composition of the Senate.", "quote": "C'est donc à une accélération de l'histoire que la plebs dut d'obtenir, en 339, à la faveur d'une loi unique la consécration de droits qui, dans le cas du consulat, lui avaient été octroyés en deux temps.", "page": "6", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/mnem/34/1-2/article-p127_7.xml", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "4th-2nd centuries BCE Roman Republic"}]}, {"name": "Pleias", "aliases": ["Pleias"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["auditability", "intellectual property freedom", "openness", "reusability", "transparency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gemini m'a menti", "author": "T Gheeraert", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Pre-trains AI models exclusively on public domain or permissively licensed data and publishes these corpora and models, aiming to make the AI ecosystem auditable and reusable, thus promoting openness and traceability.", "quote": "Pleias, par exemple, affirme préentraîner des modèles exclusivement sur des données du domaine public ou sous licences permissives, et publier corpus/modèles afin de rendre l'écosystème auditable et réutilisable.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.sens-public.org/articles/1806/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global AI industry", "when": "2023-2026"}]}, {"name": "Pliegue", "aliases": ["Pliegue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech", "social critique"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Suspended the premiere of their documentary '18-10' about the social uprising after receiving threats on Instagram to close their YouTube channel, indicating self-censorship due to online harassment.", "quote": "El colectivo Pliegue (@pliegue en IG) dedicado a la investigación y producción audiovisual sobre filosofía y estética suspendió el estreno de su documental '18-10' sobre el estallido social tras recibir una serie de amenazas en su cuenta principal de Instagram que hablaban de cerrar su canal de vídeos de YouTube.", "page": "12", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "PLOS One", "aliases": ["PLOS One"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community scrutiny", "science communication", "scientific transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Decreased pre-publication peer review parameters and added a \"comment\"\" function for post-publication criticism", "quote": "Openness, efficiency, community scrutiny, scientific quality", "page": "PLOS One in particular decreased the parameters for peer review in exchange for adding a “comment” function to their articles which enables readers to submit criticism and commentary more efficiently and openly.", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "PLoS ONE (Journal of the Public Library of Science)", "aliases": ["PLoS ONE (Journal of the Public Library of Science)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["open access", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Reviews manuscripts for methodological soundness and allows readers to rate papers and append comments, shifting the judgment of significance from pre-publication peer review to post-publication community moderation.", "quote": "The journal PLoS ONE reviews manuscripts for methodological soundness but not for perceived significance to the field, a judgment that is left to the readers. PLoS ONE also provides readers the option of rating the papers and appending comments (15).", "page": "1274", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "PMs Guide to Content Moderation Solutions | Safer by Thorn", "aliases": ["PMs Guide to Content Moderation Solutions | Safer by Thorn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit technology organisation / child safety NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Thorn produces detection classifiers and tooling (Safer Predict), publishes operational guidance and templates for PMs, and pressures platforms to meet legal reporting and transparency obligations, combining technical offerings with policy-facing materials.", "quote": "Thorn's core mission builds technical tools (Safer Predict classifiers) and guidance for platforms to detect and report CSAM and other harms, directly engaging platform content-moderation practices and AI use.", "page": "", "url": "https://safer.io/resources/the-product-managers-guide-to-choosing-content-moderation-solutions/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Poale Zion", "aliases": ["Poale Zion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "A Jewish socialist party whose representative received and forwarded information regarding Jewish persecution and atrocities in Poland during the war.", "quote": "Despite this publicity James Middleton, the Labour Party secretary, wrote to Dr Schneier Levenberg of Poale Zion (who in turn forwarded Middleton’s letter to Schwarzbart) advising that he had ‘been very struck with the fact that this ghastly story of Jewish persecution has not received wider reference in the press throughout the country’.", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Pod", "aliases": ["Pod"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A publication established by a social movement to document its actions and provide a platform for discussion and dissemination of ideas.", "quote": "Larger, less focused movements have established their own titles, such as Pod and Scottish Anarchist.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Podemos", "aliases": ["Podemos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed amendments to electoral law to ensure that political formations meeting certain vote thresholds participate in debates, aiming for greater inclusivity in media coverage.", "quote": "Así, Podemos propone que puedan participar en el debate las formaciones que hubiesen obtenido más del 3 % de los votos en las anteriores elecciones", "page": "15", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Poets & Writers, Inc.", "aliases": ["Poets & Writers, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Michelle Cliff is a member, contributing to creative writing and literary expression, which is part of the speech protected from censorship.", "quote": "MICHELLE CLIFF is the author of Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise and Abeng. She is a member of Poets & Writers and The Authors Guild.", "page": "23", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Point of View (POV)", "aliases": ["Point of View (POV)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, working on digital rights and media advocacy to ensure transparency and accountability in content moderation.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Polaris Project", "aliases": ["Polaris Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human trafficking"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Strategic partner to Meta, actively working to mitigate human trafficking and exploitation risks facilitated by online platforms.", "quote": "Strategic partners include: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Internet Watch Foundation, ECPAT, Polaris, Stop the Traffik, and Meta’s Expert Advisory Group", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Policy Brief: Making Social Media Safe for Kids - American Compass", "aliases": ["Policy Brief: Making Social Media Safe for Kids - American Compass"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy think tank; conservative public policy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy research and briefs aimed at legislators, advocates specific statutory reforms (fines, bans on targeted ads, age protections) and uses public framing to build political pressure for regulatory change.", "quote": "Publishes policy briefs directly proposing statutory and regulatory interventions on social media design, advertising, and algorithmic recommendations to protect children.", "page": "", "url": "https://americancompass.org/policy-brief-making-social-media-safe-for-kids/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Policy Exchange", "aliases": ["Policy Exchange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Academic Freedom in Crisis: Punishment, Political Discrimination, and Self-Censorship", "author": "Kaufmann, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a report on academic freedom in the UK, making recommendations that were subsequently adopted by the British government, thus directly influencing policy and norm-setting.", "quote": "Adekoya, Remi, Eric Kaufmann and Tom Simpson. 2020. “Academic Freedom in the UK.” Policy Exchange.", "page": "16", "url": "cspicenter.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US, Canada, UK (Anglophone countries)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Polish Business Society", "aliases": ["Polish Business Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organises the Polish Economic Forum (large conference) to connect students with business and government representatives, using events and networks to influence professional opportunities.", "quote": "Primary mission is student networking and professional development; it does not focus on platform governance though it may use online platforms for outreach.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lsesu.com/communities/societies/group/7582/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Polish Jewish Observer", "aliases": ["Polish Jewish Observer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "A subscription-only supplement that published the most detailed accounts of the Holocaust and Auschwitz in Britain, often reproducing Polish intelligence reports and largely escaping mainstream censorship.", "quote": "The Polish Jewish Observer, a supplement of the City and East London Observer, an east London local paper, published the most detailed account available in Britain of the Holocaust as it unfolded.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Polish Social and Cultural Association (Polski Ośrodek Społeczno-Kulturalny)", "aliases": ["Polish Social and Cultural Association (Polski Ośrodek Społeczno-Kulturalny)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Maintained and provided access to important Polish newspapers and news bulletins, which reported on the Holocaust, including information about Auschwitz.", "quote": "The Polish Library (POSK), London, also holds important Polish newspapers, including copies of Poland Fights, which reported on Auschwitz in April 1943, and a few copies of the New York-based Polish Jewish newspaper Nasza Trybuna, as well as copies of the Polish Jewish Observer.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna)", "aliases": ["Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / political party"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national defense", "national interest", "socialism"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provided intelligence reports about German atrocities, including the mass murder of Jews at Auschwitz, and its members pressed for Allied action and public dissemination of information.", "quote": "On 24 March, information about Oświęcim was handed to the British deputy prime minister and leader of the Labour Party, Clement Attlee, by Adam Ciołkosz and Jan Kwapiński of the Polish Socialist Party.", "page": "199", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Polish Underground (Home Army – Armia Krajowa)", "aliases": ["Polish Underground (Home Army – Armia Krajowa)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interest", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Gathered, controlled, and distributed intelligence reports about German atrocities, including the mass killing of Jews at Auschwitz, from Poland to the Polish Government in Exile and its Western allies.", "quote": "Information about the murder of Jews at Auschwitz was delivered to the Jewish Agency in the autumn of 1942 by the lady from Sosnowiec... Information about the camp was also delivered to the Polish Underground in Warsaw and forwarded to London during 1942.", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Polish Underground Movement (1939–1945) Study Trust", "aliases": ["Polish Underground Movement (1939–1945) Study Trust"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Published a series of volumes, 'Armia Krajowa w Dokumentach', which reproduced many Polish Underground documents on Auschwitz, making historical records accessible.", "quote": "The first is the series of volumes published by the Polish Undergound Movement (1939–1945) Study Trust, entitled Armia Krajowa w Dokumentach (The Home Army in Documents).", "page": "30-31", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Polisis", "aliases": ["Polisis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Uses artificial intelligence to interpret privacy policies, aiming to make them more understandable and accessible, thereby addressing limitations in manually tracking and understanding such policies.", "quote": "The joint Polisis 8 and PriBot 9 projects pursue similar goals, drawing on artificial intelligence to interpret privacy policies and deal with the limitations of volunteer work.", "page": "14", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Political activists", "aliases": ["Political activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Spreading false or misleading information online, thereby contributing to concerns about misinformation.", "quote": "Domestic politicians are seen as most responsible (40%) for false and misleading information online, followed by political activists (14%)...", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Political Association", "aliases": ["Political Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["political campaigning", "public image"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La référence au débat public eta l'action politique dans les blogs locauxa caractere politique: la place de deux normes dans l'espace public local", "author": "S Gadras", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Employs blogs during electoral campaigns to highlight the association's activities and demonstrate its members' engagement and presence in the field, influencing public perception and discourse by showcasing their work.", "quote": "C'était une façon de dire tel jour on est allé à tel endroit [...] de montrer, premièrement, qu'on se bougeait, et deuxièmement qu'on est allé partout » (Entretien avec la présidente d'une association politique, 17/01/09).", "page": "4", "url": "S Gadras", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Local political blogs, Grenoble and Clermont-Ferrand, France", "when": "Early 21st century (2008-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Political Parties (Liberal and Conservative)", "aliases": ["Political Parties (Liberal and Conservative)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fraud", "public morals", "public opinion", "rule of law", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1840, "when_max": 1889, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A IMPRENSA DO SEGUNDO REINADO NO PROCESSO POLÍTICO-CONSTITUCIONAL: FORÇA MORAL E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA THE SECOND REIGN PRESS …", "author": "JL Lobo, LFL Pereira", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Political parties, especially through their official periodicals, express opposition, engage in public discussion, and critique government actions. They mobilize public opinion and exert pressure, sometimes attempting to confer 'moral strength' on actions or challenge the 'moral responsibility' of opponents.", "quote": "A opposição pode ser manifestada pelas camaras legislativas, pela imprensa, pela opinião publica, pelos partidos ou individuos.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/63050224/impresa_do_segundo_reinado20200422-75122-jb0zgt.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Paraná province, Curitiba)", "when": "19th century, Second Reign (1840-1889)"}]}, {"name": "Political Research Associates", "aliases": ["Political Research Associates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and combats far-right extremism and online hate through research and activism.", "quote": "non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who monitor and combat the far-right online and offline, such as the ADL, SPLC, SWC, Political Research Associates (PRA) and Hope Not Hate.", "page": "58", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Politiken (Danish newspaper)", "aliases": ["Politiken (Danish newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publisher/media outlet)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "legal compliance", "public order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Types of Self-Censorship: Public and Private", "author": "Cook, Philip; Heilmann, Conrad", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The newspaper engaged in self-censorship by issuing a public apology for reprinting the caricatures as part of a legal settlement, responding to a lawsuit initiated by advocacy groups and public pressure.", "quote": "As part of the settlement, the newspaper Politiken issued a statement in which they apologized for the offense caused by their reprinting the cartoons in question (Isherwood, 2010).", "page": "27", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00957.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Denmark", "when": "2005–2010"}]}, {"name": "Polígrafo", "aliases": ["Polígrafo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation", "journalistic ethics", "media literacy", "truth"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Acts as a fact-checker, verifying information and distinguishing facts from opinion or disinformation, and is included in networks to study and combat disinformation.", "quote": "Um artigo da Agência LUSA ou de um verificador de factos (como o Polígrafo), com fontes, dados e uma linguagem neutra.", "page": "24", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma", "aliases": ["Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "human rights", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Tribal officials caravanned to Treaty Camp to act as observers, ensuring no harm was inflicted on unarmed water protectors during law enforcement actions.", "quote": "We voted unanimously to caravan to the Treaty Camp to act as Observers and ensure that no harm would be inflicted on unarmed men, women and children.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor", "aliases": ["Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual independence", "moral character", "political neutrality", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Appraising the Moderation Indonesian Muslims with Special Reference to Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama", "author": "Zarkasyi, Hamid Fahmy", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as an Islamic educational institution that integrates modern teaching methods within a pesantren system. It is a waqf (endowment) aimed at producing Muslims with noble character, broad knowledge, and independent minds, while maintaining neutrality from political parties.", "quote": "Its educational goal is to produce a Muslim who has noble character, sound body, broad knowledge, and independent mind.", "page": "23", "url": "http://journal.stainkudus.ac.id/index.php/Addin/article/view/4179", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "early 21st century (up to 2018)"}]}, {"name": "Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile", "aliases": ["Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Sponsored the presidential debate event, indicating institutional backing for the public discourse.", "quote": "También fueron invitados miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas, embajadores en Chile y autoridades de la Universidad Católica auspiciante del evento.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Pope's College (Pauluscollege) at Louvain University", "aliases": ["Pope's College (Pauluscollege) at Louvain University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Low Countries", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "theological standards"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Its president, Tilman de Geldrop, contributed to the censorship of Erasmus's works, indicating an academic institution involved in the official review and expurgation process alongside the Faculty of Theology.", "quote": "Le manuscrit A comporte deux parties: la censure de Jean Henten et celle de Tilman de Geldrop, licencié en théologie, président du Collège des papes à Louvain.", "page": "6", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Popolo Grasso (Florence)", "aliases": ["Popolo Grasso (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["elite power", "political privilege", "wealth concentration"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Composed of wealthy compatriots who, often with support from minor guilds, deprived the popolo minuto of guild and political privileges.", "quote": "...the popolo grasso, their wealthy ‘fat’ compatriots, now with the help of the minor guilds, deprived them of guild and political privileges.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Popolo Minuto (Florence)", "aliases": ["Popolo Minuto (Florence)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Represented the 'little people' or labouring classes, who were generally excluded from politics but briefly seized control during the Revolt of the Ciompi.", "quote": "Outside the guilds, the popolo minuto, the ‘little people’ or labouring classes, including large numbers of skilled and unskilled workers in the wool trade, were completely excluded from the political sphere...", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Popular Democratic Party (later Social Democratic Party)", "aliases": ["Popular Democratic Party (later Social Democratic Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "As a centrist political force, it garnered significant electoral support in the 1975 elections, which helped moderate civilian and military leaders to project that they would gain legitimate control of the state through democracy, thereby diminishing the perceived risks of extremism.", "quote": "The Communist Party and the ultra-left attracted approximately one vote in five but were electorally overwhelmed by the Socialists and the centrist Popular Democrats, who together attracted over 64 percent of the vote.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)", "aliases": ["Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Jordan", "Lebanon", "Palestine", "Yemen"], "media": [], "norms": ["marxist ideology"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratization, inclusion and the moderation of Islamist parties", "author": "J Schwedler", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Cooperated with Hamas in the early 1990s, demonstrating that political inclusion creates incentives for diverse groups, even historic ideological rivals, to cooperate with each other on common purposes.", "quote": "In the early 1990s, for example, Hamas cooperated with the Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and Hizbullah has shown willingness to cooperate with a wide range of groups, including the rival Shi'i group, Amal, as well as various Sunni Muslim and Christian groups.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.development.1100324", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East (specifically Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon)", "when": "1989–2006"}]}, {"name": "Popular Liberation Forces (FPL)", "aliases": ["Popular Liberation Forces (FPL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["El Salvador"], "media": [], "norms": ["marxist ideology", "political revolution"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador", "author": "Sprenkels, Ralph", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As one of the initial guerrilla groups forming the FMLN, the FPL engaged in armed struggle and radicalization against the state. Post-war, within the FMLN, it participated in ideological debates, with some cadres spearheading revolutionary-socialist factions that resisted drastic moderation.", "quote": "The Fuerzas Populares de Liberación (FPL – Popular Liberation Forces) and the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP – People's Revolutionary Army), El Salvador's first two guerrilla groups, argued that electoral participation only served to legitimize the US-backed military regime.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X18000374/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "El Salvador", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Popular Memory Group", "aliases": ["Popular Memory Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["oral history"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "ethical norms"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collaboration and censorship in the oral history interview", "author": "Turnbull, Annmarie", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "The group engaged in critical analysis and \"castigation\"\" of oral history projects that excluded interviewees from the final account", "quote": "Participant collaboration, shared authority, ethical research practice in oral history, redistribution of intellectual authority.", "page": "The Popular Memory Group's critique castigates projects where those whose memories are used 'do not participate, or only indirectly, in the educational work which produces the final account' (Popular Memory Group 1982: 220).", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136455700294905", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK academic research community (oral history)", "when": "Late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Populus Romanus (Roman People / Citizenry)", "aliases": ["Populus Romanus (Roman People / Citizenry)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Roman Republic and Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic virtue", "equality", "public morals", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura. De la magistrature à la vertu: censure et pouvoirs censoriaux du IIe siècle av. n. è. au IVe siècle de notre ère", "author": "N Lemennais", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Roman people participated in the election of censors and were subject to censorial regulations on moral conduct (mos maiorum) and military service (militia). They also expressed popular will, sometimes demanding censorship to address perceived moral decline.", "quote": "L’établissement des listes du cens et des listes des comices permet à chaque citoyen de connaître la place qui est la sienne dans la ciuitas, mais également de la faire connaître aux autres.", "page": "367", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-04173638/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Republic and Empire", "when": "2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"}]}, {"name": "Por el control de la barra libre en los comentarios de publicaciones online", "aliases": ["Por el control de la barra libre en los comentarios de publicaciones online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital journalism ethics", "mutual respect", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comentarios de las noticias: la pesadilla de los cibermedios", "author": "PM Masip", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "This Facebook group was created to mobilize critical voices against the unregulated nature of online news comments. It advocates for stricter control and ethical standards, aiming to ensure that freedom of expression does not override respect and responsibility.", "quote": "Hay que dar un paso más en el periodismo digital para que la libertad de expresión no esté por encima del respeto, la responsabilidad y la ética profesional", "page": "106", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3647565.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Online news platforms in Spain and USA", "when": "2007-2010"}]}, {"name": "Port-Royal Abbey", "aliases": ["Port-Royal Abbey"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["linguistic precision"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AUTORITÉ DOCTRINALE, DÉFINITION ET CENSURE DANS LE CATHOLICISME MODERNE: Notes critiques", "author": "", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "As a prominent center of Jansenism, Port-Royal developed sophisticated intellectual and critical elaborations, including reflections on language and interpretation. These contributions implicitly and explicitly challenged the Roman Church's approach to doctrinal authority and censorship.", "quote": "les élaborations port-royalistes sont marquées par un certain nombre de présupposés... menée dans le catholicisme cartésien et port-royaliste... l' « usage de la parole », l' « institu- tion des hommes »", "page": "9", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholicism in France and wider Europe", "when": "Early Modern period (17th-18th centuries emphasis)"}]}, {"name": "Portalxbox", "aliases": ["Portalxbox"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["brand reputation", "community standards", "consumer protection", "platform autonomy", "social interaction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Mixed Effects of Participant Diversity and Expressive Freedom in Online Peer-to-Peer Problem Solving Communities", "author": "De Almeida, Stefânia Ordovás; Dholakia, Utpal M.; Hernandez, José Mauro C.; Mazzon, José Afonso", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As a fan-organized and managed online community, Portalxbox establishes and enforces rules for member interactions, including moderating discussions and content, thereby shaping the expressive freedom allowed within its platform, aiming to provide service support and foster social interaction.", "quote": "Portalxbox is the largest XBOX online P3 community in Brazil with over 130,000 registered users, and 1,500 active users. The community was founded in October 2005 by three XBOX enthusiasts and is managed by them.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/j.intmar.2014.02.003", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2008-2009"}]}, {"name": "Portuguese Association for the Control of Printing and Circulation", "aliases": ["Portuguese Association for the Control of Printing and Circulation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association/guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "collects and reveals data on newspaper circulation and sales, indicating trends in media consumption.", "quote": "The weekly Expresso also recorded sales increases, having seen its circulation grow by more than 12% between January and June 2020, according to data from the Portuguese Association for the Control of Printing and Circulation (APCT) revealed", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Portuguese Communist Party", "aliases": ["Portuguese Communist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["communist ideology"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Represented extremist forces that, despite significant electoral support (one in five votes in 1975 elections), pivotal elites were convinced would be effectively countered by democratic processes, thus enabling continued democratization.", "quote": "both groups became convinced that democratic processes would work against the extremist forces of the PCP and the ultra-left. Socialist Party leader Mario Soares was certain that extremists were 'not even close to having the popular support' they required to seize control of the transition.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Portuguese Inquisition (Holy Office)", "aliases": ["Portuguese Inquisition (Holy Office)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura a que temos direito", "author": "A Caldeira", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Operated as a significant censorship body with both preventive (e.g., publishing Indexes of prohibited books) and repressive functions, extending its control to universities, customs, and systematic seizure of goods from heterodox individuals.", "quote": "...em especial com a introdução no nosso país do Santo Ofício, que assumiu, ao lado da censura régia e da censura episcopal, uma função mais actuante, quer de ordem preventiva (através dos Index³, ou listas de livros proibidos, espalhadas por todo o país)...", "page": "2", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-a-que-temos-direito.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "15th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Portuguese National Association of Road Transport in Light Motor Vehicles", "aliases": ["Portuguese National Association of Road Transport in Light Motor Vehicles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Canada", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "India", "Ireland", "Portugal", "Slovakia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair competition", "legal compliance", "public interest"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The regulation of content moderation", "author": "F Galli, A Loreggia, G Sartor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed an injunction against Uber, Inc. in Portugal, claiming unfair competition due to non-compliance with public interest laws, which contributed to legal and legislative reforms.", "quote": "Initially, the Portuguese National Association of Road Transport in Light Motor Vehicles filed an injunction against Uber, Inc., seeking to terminate its activity in Portugal.", "page": "63", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-40516-7_5", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "International, focusing on European Union and various countries (e.g., US, India, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Ireland, Slovakia, Canada)", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2000 digital era and recent legislative initiatives (post-2010 to present)"}]}, {"name": "POST Research Institute", "aliases": ["POST Research Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "peace", "reconciliation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducting research on history education, publishing pedagogical ideas, and organizing projects to promote peace education and reconciliation in the Turkish Cypriot community.", "quote": "POST RI, a Turkish Cypriot NGO based on the north side of the island, is another civil society organization with the aim of bringing positive change to education in Cyprus.", "page": "331", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Pour les droits des femmes du Québec", "aliases": ["Pour les droits des femmes du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["liberty", "religious identity", "women's rights"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its spokesperson, Leila Lesbet, testified before the parliamentary commission, asserting that Law 21 enables Muslim women to 'exist and breathe' as citizens, despite its controversial nature.", "quote": "Leila Lesbet (avec Diane Guilbault) au nom de Pour les droits des femmes du Québec (PDF Québec)... déclare avec assurance: «À l’intérieur de la communauté musulmane, il y a eu certaines régressions, certaines pressions qui ont été faites sur ces femmes, dans cette communauté, et c’est ainsi qu’ici, au Québec, nous avons vu des femmes musulmanes être obligées de porter le voile.17 »", "page": "212", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "PourEVA", "aliases": ["PourEVA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium"], "media": ["Internet platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital democracy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie parlementaire à l'heure des plate-formes participatives et des réseaux sociaux sur Internet", "author": "C Lejeune", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "As an association specialized in monitoring ('veille') and raising awareness ('sensibilisation') regarding 'numérique democracy,' PourEVA informs the parliament on the pertinence of actions to be taken, influencing digital governance policies and public discourse.", "quote": "D'autres initiatives méritent notre attention et notre soutien : CommunesPlones, l'Association pour une Électronique Libre (AEL) ou PourEVA, par exemple. Elles sont trop nombreuses pour être toutes citées. En outre, ces associations spécialisées dans la veille et la sensibilisation en matière de « démocratie numérique » regroupent des portes paroles informés susceptibles d'instruire le parlement sur la pertinence des actions à mener.", "page": "9", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/73298/1/lejeune_2010g.pdf", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Wallonia, Belgium, and Internet platforms", "when": "Early 21st century (with historical context from 1930s)"}]}, {"name": "Power Connection Church", "aliases": ["Power Connection Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Three Metaphors", "author": "Boyd, Fenice B.; Bailey, Nancy M.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organized and carried out a public book burning event, physically destroying books they deemed offensive, as a form of protest and censorship against content related to homosexuality and AIDS.", "quote": "On September 15, 1994, Briar Rose was burned on the steps of the Kansas City Board of Education building by the Reverend John Birmingham, a minister of the Power Connection Church, along with members of a group that he represented, the Christian Act Now Coalition.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27654328", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1990s–2000s"}]}, {"name": "Power the Polls", "aliases": ["Power the Polls"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with celebrities on initiatives to increase civic engagement and voter registration, providing structured approaches for maximizing their impact.", "quote": "Infine, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza di collaborare con organizzazioni esperte di impegno civico, come Power the Polls, HeadCount e I Am a Voter, per garantire che le iniziative siano ben strutturate e abbiano un impatto concreto.", "page": "14", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "Poynter Institute / International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)", "aliases": ["Poynter Institute / International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information quality", "neutrality", "professional ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Establishes and promotes a global code of principles and standards for independent fact-checking organizations, guiding their practices in combating disinformation.", "quote": "Poynter Institute/IFCN. (n.d.). IFCN Code of Principles. https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/", "page": "28", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Prachatai", "aliases": ["Prachatai"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["news organisation"], "countries": ["Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Colombia", "Germany", "Global", "Indonesia", "Italy", "Kenya", "Russia", "Senegal", "Syria", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping Online Discourses: Strategic Perspectives on Social Media Content Moderation", "author": "J Sharma", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An online news site whose editor was tried and convicted under Thailand's Computer Crimes Act for failing to expeditiously remove an anonymous comment deemed insulting, illustrating how intermediary liability laws compel news organizations to monitor and remove user-generated content.", "quote": "Chiranuch Premchaiporn, the editor of Prachatai, an online news site in Thailand, was tried and convicted under the provisions of Thailand's Computer Crimes Act 2007 for failing to expeditiously remove an anonymous comment that was deemed insulting to the King.", "page": "32", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-95-0453-4_19", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global social media platforms with specific regional examples (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Indonesia, Colombia, Russia, Senegal, Italy, Germany, UK, Syria)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Practical Advice for Online Security - The Cybersmile Foundation", "aliases": ["Practical Advice for Online Security - The Cybersmile Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital youth safety and anti-cyberbullying charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Cybersmile publishes research and resources, runs global campaigns (Stop Cyberbullying Day), operates an AI support tool (Cybersmile Assistant) and leverages partners and ambassadors to influence platform practices and public awareness.", "quote": "Cybersmile's core mission is online safety and anti-cyberbullying work, operating helplines, campaigns and an AI support assistant that engage directly with platform safety, moderation and user protection issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cybersmile.org/help-center/online-security/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Practical Anarchy Online", "aliases": ["Practical Anarchy Online"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "economic equity", "free access to information"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "The first anarchist periodical to exist solely in electronic format, distributing issues via email and its website to overcome print constraints and widen dissemination.", "quote": "The American journal Practical Anarchy Online was the first anarchist periodical to become available solely in electronic format, replacing its original paper version in 1992.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Prager University (PragerU)", "aliases": ["Prager University (PragerU)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a conservative media nonprofit, PragerU produces and hosts short educational videos featuring conservative commentators to promote their viewpoints, such as critiques of social justice, and influence public opinion.", "quote": "Influencer Antonia Okafor used a similar strategy when she appeared in a video for conservative media nonprofit Prager University (known colloquially as PragerU). In the video titled “Black, Millennial, Female and...Conservative,” Okafor talks about how she used to be an Obama-supporting Democrat before she “decided to start asking questions.”", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Praxis Centre for Policy Studies", "aliases": ["Praxis Centre for Policy Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Formulating guiding principles of internet freedom.", "quote": "34. Praxis Centre for Policy Studies. (2012). Guiding Principles of Internet Freedom. http://www.praxis.ee/fileadmin/tarmo/Projektid/Valitsemine_ja_kodanike%C3%BChiskond/Praxis_Theses_Internet.pdf.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Preachers", "aliases": ["Preachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Delivered sermons that condemned vanity and excess in appearance and consumption, promoting moderation based on religious and moral motivations, often influencing the enactment of sumptuary laws.", "quote": "i predicatori, infatti, a fianco dei trattatisti e dei giuristi, non solo contribuiscono alla riflessione sul tema della moderazione, ma pure inducono alla modificazione dei comportamenti.", "page": "38", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Precarious Workers' Brigade", "aliases": ["Precarious Workers' Brigade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Philippines", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "BEHIND THE SCREEN: THE HIDDEN DIGITAL LABOR OF COMMERCIAL CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Roberts, Sarah T", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This group focuses on educational and cultural workers, and its model could be extended to those in screening and moderation, suggesting an advocacy role for workers in precarious employment situations.", "quote": "In the United Kingdom, the Precarious Workers’ Brigade focuses on educational and cultural workers, but their model and scope could conceivably be extended to workers engaged in screening and moderation.", "page": "56", "url": "search.proquest.com", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (primarily Western countries and their outsourced locations like India, Philippines) on social media platforms and online services", "when": "2000s-2010s social media era"}]}, {"name": "Presbyterian Church", "aliases": ["Presbyterian Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "youth development"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Participated in a coalition of ministers organized by the West Virginia Council of Churches to issue a joint statement supporting the textbooks.", "quote": "A coalition of ten ministers from the West Virginia Council of Churches and from Catholic, Jewish, and such Protestant churches as Methodist, Presby terian, and some Baptist issued a joint statement of support for the text books...", "page": "16", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Presbyterian ministers (as a collective)", "aliases": ["Presbyterian ministers (as a collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Soviet Union", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["books.google.com"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Served as part of the new licensing personnel in 17th century England under Parliament's order, reviewing 'books of divinity' and enforcing religious standards.", "quote": "The new licensing personnel were not bishops and their chaplains... in the case of books of divinity, Presbyterian ministers.", "page": "24", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Presbyterian Women's Association", "aliases": ["Presbyterian Women's Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Advocated for strict application of liability for offensive online content and the establishment of a 'control board' similar to historical censorship bodies.", "quote": "The high regula-tion coalition were less compromising, calling for strict application of liability for offensive content (to creators and communicators of it) to be overseen by a ‘control board’ (Presbyterian Women's Association; Smith 1996:1-2)", "page": "12", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Presbytery", "aliases": ["Presbytery"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Emden", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious practice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1630, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dove non arriva la legge: dottrine della censura nella prima età moderna", "author": "L Bianchin", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Exercised control and vigilance over the moral and religious life of the community, playing a key role in the broader censorship mechanisms of the Calvinist Reformed Churches.", "quote": "l'espressa volontà di quest'ultima di coinvolgere l'intera collettività nella azione di controllo e di vigilanza, svolta dal presbiterio, sulla vita morale e religiosa della comunità.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unitn.it/handle/11572/70132", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe (specifically France and a Calvinist city like Emden)", "when": "late 16th to early 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Press Complaints Commission", "aliases": ["Press Complaints Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "media accountability", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Issues of censorship", "author": "S Hannabuss, M Allard", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Operates a Code of Practice for the media, acting as a self-regulatory body to address issues like accuracy, privacy, and harassment, thereby influencing journalistic conduct.", "quote": "Accountability and self-regulation are words often used by the media, and above all by the Press Complaints Commission, which has a Code of Practice.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/gkmc/article/50/2/81/274561", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on UK, USA, and Canada", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Press Complaints Commission (PCC)", "aliases": ["Press Complaints Commission (PCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Its establishment in 1962, along with its Code of Practice, was a significant event that fostered the growth of the reader's ombudsman role as a self-regulatory mechanism in the UK press.", "quote": "um dos marcos que fez crescer exponencialmente a figura do provedor do leitor foi a decisão de instauração do Código de Práticas da Comissão de Queixas sobre a Imprensa (PPC – Press Complaints Comission em 1962).", "page": "54", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Press Complaints Commission (UK)", "aliases": ["Press Complaints Commission (UK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "harm reduction", "public interest", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure répressive et censure structurale : comment penser la censure dans le processus de communication ?", "author": "Martin, Laurent", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This commission promotes self-censorship among press producers by providing a mechanism for complaints and potential sanctions, thereby transferring the task of control from tribunals to the producers themselves.", "quote": "la Commission des plaintes de la presse au Royaume-Uni [...] s'il peut se passer des tribunaux pour transférer le soin de la censure aux producteurs de sens eux-mêmes. C'est tout l'enjeu de la dissuasion judiciaire : inciter à l'autocensure de tous par le châtiment de quelques-uns.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/questionsdecommunication/461", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and other Western democracies (e.g., UK, US)", "when": "19th to 21st century (post-1848 democratic era)"}]}, {"name": "Press Council (Azerbaijan)", "aliases": ["Press Council (Azerbaijan)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body (self-regulatory)"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalist safety", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Received complaints from journalists regarding mistreatment by authorities, serving as a channel for reporting press freedom violations.", "quote": "After the demonstrations in October 2003, 70 journalists complained to the Press Council² of being mistreated by the authorities ... No police officers were disciplined internally.'", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Press Council of Ireland and Office of the Press Ombudsman", "aliases": ["Press Council of Ireland and Office of the Press Ombudsman"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["accountability", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Functions as a self-regulatory mechanism for the press, handling public complaints and working with editors to publish clarifications or remove online articles when concerns are raised by complainants.", "quote": "Na Irlanda, Seán Donlon, presidente do Conselho de Imprensa, referiu no Relatório Anual de 2016 do Conselho de Imprensa da Irlanda e do Departamento do Provedor da Imprensa estar preocupado “pelo facto de o mecanismo do Provedor e do Conselho ser ignorado a favor da perspectiva de recompensa financeira através dos tribunais”.", "page": "62", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Press Emblem Campaign (PEC)", "aliases": ["Press Emblem Campaign (PEC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalist safety", "press freedom"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on journalist deaths due to COVID-19 across countries, raising awareness about the severe risks faced by media professionals during the pandemic.", "quote": "Del reporte total de las víctimas 303 pertenecen a países de América Latina y en específico, Ecuador ha registrado 42 muertes de periodistas (Press Emblem Campaing, 2021).", "page": "88", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit - Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission", "aliases": ["Presse- und Meinungsfreiheit - Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national commission of UNESCO; cultural and educational NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The commission publishes handbooks and databases (e.g., Observatory of Killed Journalists), organises high-profile events (World Press Freedom Day, Internet for Trust), awards the Guillermo-Cano prize and implements the UN action plan to shape policy, awareness and accountability on media and platform issues.", "quote": "The commission explicitly addresses press and opinion freedom, Internet and platforms, digital/media literacy, and organises events like 'Internet for Trust', engaging directly with online-safety, hate speech and platform-related issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.unesco.de/themen/kommunikation/presse-und-meinungsfreiheit/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pressure Groups", "aliases": ["Pressure Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Mobilize against undesirable writings, exerting informal censorship by creating public pressure that can influence publication decisions.", "quote": "grupos de pressão se mobilizam contra escritos indesejados", "page": "12", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Preston Against Hate", "aliases": ["Preston Against Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Manages Facebook pages for advocacy work, producing content to counter hate and extremism in the digital space.", "quote": "In other examples, content producers are more directly linked to their advocacy work – for example, the Facebook pages Muslims Against ISIS and Preston Against Hate.", "page": "104", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "PriBot", "aliases": ["PriBot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Utilizes artificial intelligence to interpret privacy policies, working to overcome challenges of manual review and enhance transparency and user understanding of complex platform terms.", "quote": "The joint Polisis 8 and PriBot 9 projects pursue similar goals, drawing on artificial intelligence to interpret privacy policies and deal with the limitations of volunteer work.", "page": "14", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pride Mod Volunteer Moderators", "aliases": ["Pride Mod Volunteer Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "community safety", "dispute resolution", "harassment reduction", "lgbtq+ safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pride and professionalization in volunteer moderation: Lessons for effective platform-user collaboration", "author": "J Seering, B Dym, G Kaufman…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These volunteer moderators temporarily joined specific LGBTQ+ Discord servers that requested help during Pride Month to assist existing moderation teams in handling increased hate and harassment, including vetting new users and managing disruptive content.", "quote": "for each server that requested help, Discord helped coordinate a set of highly trained volunteer moderators to temporarily join the server to bolster its existing moderation team and help with a variety of tasks.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/34", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Discord platform, LGBTQ+ communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pride Toronto", "aliases": ["Pride Toronto"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Initially banned the phrase 'Israeli Apartheid' from its parade under external pressure, acting as a moderator of political speech within its event, but later rescinded the ban due to community activism.", "quote": "The recent banning of the phrase ‘Israeli Apartheid' during Pride weekend by PRIDE Toronto, in response to pressure by the City of Toronto and Israeli lobby groups, effectively barred the group Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAIA) from the pride parade.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Principalities (Holy Roman Empire)", "aliases": ["Principalities (Holy Roman Empire)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal autonomy", "local autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Exercised autonomous powers and resisted imperial authority, transforming from feudal lords into territorial princes with state-like powers, including taxation.", "quote": "...the emperor’s authority was severely and explicitly limited by the autonomous powers of local duchies, principalities and cities.", "page": "60", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Principia Association", "aliases": ["Principia Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Uses alumni networks, publications and events to connect members and project institutional identity; influence is social and network-based rather than policy- or platform-focused.", "quote": "Primarily an alumni association focused on events, networking and publications with no core mission related to platformized content governance and no evident policy advocacy on platform issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.principiaalumni.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Principles for User Generated Content Services", "aliases": ["Principles for User Generated Content Services"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A set of principles by copyright owners aiming to induce user-generated content services to prevent copyright infringement, sometimes offering alternatives to blocking content (like licensing).", "quote": "In 2007, some copyright owners announced their “Principles for User Generated Content Services.” These principles sought to induce “services providing user-uploaded and user-generated audio and video content” to work harder to prevent user-caused copyright infringement.", "page": "17", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Principles of European Tort Law (PETL)", "aliases": ["Principles of European Tort Law (PETL)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["WhatsApp"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dever de moderação de conteúdo do administrador de grupo de WhatsApp", "author": "Ribeiro, André Silva", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Elaborated a set of principles for European Tort Law, aiming to improve and harmonize Civil Law in Europe, including guidelines on the duty to act to protect third parties in cases of omission.", "quote": "os Principles of European Tort Law (PETL), ou Princípios de Direito Europeu da Responsabilidade Civil, diploma sem força cogente, elaborado por um grupo de estudiosos na matéria, como tentativa de contribuir para a melhoria e a harmonização do Direito Civil na Europa.", "page": "51", "url": "https://revistaiberc.responsabilidadecivil.org/iberc/article/view/307", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, WhatsApp groups", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2014 legal developments"}]}, {"name": "Printers", "aliases": ["Printers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["accuracy", "economic interests", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These economic actors sought privileges for printing (copyright) and were subject to preventive censorship (imprimatur). They protested against bans on \"books of reform\"\" due to economic impact and were compelled to shift production towards devotional and religious texts.\"", "quote": "Nella laguna veneta, i tipografi si rivoltarono nuovamente e redissero un memoriale per il sant’Uffizio: in esso, i stampatori non contestavano il diritto della Chiesa di perseguitare libri propriamente eretici sul territorio sovrano di Venezia come qualche anno prima ma non ammettevano la persecuzione di titoli detti “di riforma” [...]", "page": "12", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Printers / Typographers", "aliases": ["Printers / Typographers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "Poland", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["class consciousness", "political ideology", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/autocensura", "author": "D Kiš", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "They act as a final layer of censorship by refusing to print texts they deem 'incriminated' due to their political consciousness, thereby preventing the public dissemination of such content.", "quote": "els tipògrafs, que, com que són els elements més conscienciats de la classe obrera, es negaran a imprimir el text incriminat.", "page": "1", "url": "https://elfunambul.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/censura-autocensura-danilo-kis.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Eastern Europe (specifically Poland and Soviet Union), general discussion on censorship", "when": "20th century (specifically Cold War era and 1920s Russian avant-garde)"}]}, {"name": "Printers and Booksellers (collective)", "aliases": ["Printers and Booksellers (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "professional ethics", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1799, "when_max": 1815, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Patricia SOREL. Napoléon et le livre, La censure sous le Consulat et l'Empire (1799-1815). Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2020, 192 p., ISBN 978-2 …", "author": "JL Le Quang", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Printers and booksellers engaged in self-censorship, opting not to publish works that they anticipated would not receive official approval from the state censors. This proactive self-regulation was driven by economic considerations and the desire to avoid sanctions, thus acting as a de facto moderation mechanism within the publishing industry.", "quote": "un faible nombre d'ouvrages est censuré, parce qu'imprimeurs et libraires renoncent d'eux-mêmes (surtout à partir de 1810) à publier des écrits qui risqueraient de ne pas recevoir l'aval de la censure, et leur occasionneraient ainsi – dans un contexte économique difficile – de lourdes pertes financières, une interdiction d'exercer", "page": "25", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/AHRF_406_0215j", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1799–1815"}]}, {"name": "Printers and Booksellers of Paris (pre-guild organization)", "aliases": ["Printers and Booksellers of Paris (pre-guild organization)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "professional interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1620, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Resisted state efforts to impose new regulations that might affect their privileges or degrade their professional status, operating with a degree of autonomy even before formal guild establishment.", "quote": "Printers and booksellers steadfastly opposed any change which might affect their privileges as member of a liberal profession and degrade them to the level of mere 'mechanics.' Only in 1618 was this resistance finally overcome and a guild at last established.", "page": "16", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Printers and Publishers (as a collective/guild)", "aliases": ["Printers and Publishers (as a collective/guild)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Middle Ages to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando o pensamento é privatizado: liberdade de expressão, direitos autorais e censura", "author": "A Nodari", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Advocated for freedom of expression by equating thought and opinion to commodities, framing print freedom as a commercial freedom essential for their business and the circulation of ideas.", "quote": "A equiparação do pensamento a uma mercadoria era um lugar comum na defesa que os editores faziam da liberdade de expressão. ... Franklin ressalta o caráter da liberdade de expressão como uma liberdade comercial, da opinião como uma mercadoria...", "page": "5-6", "url": "http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/direito/article/view/2611", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western legal tradition, particularly England and France", "when": "Middle Ages to present"}]}, {"name": "printers and their authors", "aliases": ["printers and their authors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["South Africa", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Emerging from Censorship", "author": "JM Coetzee", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "The state perceived this collective as a rival due to their role in producing and disseminating printed materials, which had the ability to \"create a mass following\"\" and potentially incite sedition or rebellion", "quote": "historical mission, ability to create a mass following", "page": "as though in printers and their authors the state had identified not so much an enemy (though in fact that is what they were often labeled) as a rival. From the sixteenth century onward we begin to detect in the language of the state, when it turns to authors and their powers, a note of distinctly modern paranoia.", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40548685", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, Soviet Union, early modern Europe", "when": "16th century to mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Priorities USA Action", "aliases": ["Priorities USA Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'influenza di Elon Musk nella campagna elettorale americana del 2024", "author": "G SFRISO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A democratic Super PAC that monitors campaign finance and files complaints to regulatory bodies (like the Federal Election Commission) when it alleges violations by other political committees, promoting transparency in elections.", "quote": "Parallelamente, il 24 luglio 2024, il super PAC democratico Priorities USA Action ha presentato una denuncia alla Federal Election Commission (FEC) contro America PAC, un comitato sostenuto da Musk, accusandolo di aver violato le normative sul finanziamento delle campagne elettorali.", "page": "40", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/87492", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Twitter (now X)", "when": "2016–2025"}]}, {"name": "prison officer union", "aliases": ["prison officer union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic security", "public safety", "state authority"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Penal moderation in the United States? Yes we can", "author": "M Bosworth", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exerts significant and often negative influence over public debate and expectations regarding criminal justice, contributing to the persistence of harsh sentences and the expansion of the carceral system.", "quote": "In California, for instance, the prison officer union continues to wield undue influence over public debate and expectations (Gilmore, 2007), and harsh sentences remain on the books.", "page": "5", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/crpp10&section=39", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, California (with comparative notes on Europe)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Privacy Rights Clearinghouse", "aliases": ["Privacy Rights Clearinghouse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital literacy", "user privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Provides education on how to use the Internet safely, promoting digital literacy and safe online behavior for users.", "quote": "...formació sobre com educar en l'ús d'Internet (semblantment a com ho fa, per exemple, l'organització Privacy Rights als Estats Units)...", "page": "9", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Private Funding Institutions / Sponsors", "aliases": ["Private Funding Institutions / Sponsors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "specific interests", "utility"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Wissenschafts-Kriterien: Eine Moderation", "author": "Breuer, Franz; Reichertz, Jo", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "These institutions contribute 'Drittmitteln' (third-party funds) to research. The ability to secure such funds becomes a criterion in external research evaluations and rankings, thereby influencing research priorities and the 'marketing' of scientific output.", "quote": "Einwerbung von \"Drittmitteln\"\" bei staatlichen und privaten Förderinstitutionen bzw. Sponsoren\"", "page": "10", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "modération", "language": "German", "where": "Western academic discourse", "when": "20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Pro Asyl", "aliases": ["Pro Asyl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "non-discrimination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fanning the Flames of Hate: Social Media and Hate Crime", "author": "Muller, Karsten; Schwarz, Carlo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a pro-asylum NGO, Pro Asyl collects data on incidents targeting refugees. By gathering and implicitly publicizing this information, it advocates for asylum seekers' rights, raises public awareness about xenophobia, and contributes to norm enforcement against hate crimes.", "quote": "The data on incidents targeting refugees were collected by the Amadeu Antonio Foundation and Pro Asyl (a pro asylum NGO).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "2015–2017"}]}, {"name": "Pro Peace", "aliases": ["Pro Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Pro Peace publishes research and annual reports, runs an Academy for training peace practitioners, and participates in networks and public events to shape civil society and peacebuilding practice.", "quote": "Primary mission is peacebuilding and conflict transformation; some publications (e.g., 'Ensuring Space for Civil Society') touch on civic space which can relate to platform governance but it is not a core focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.propeace.de/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pro-Ana Lifestyle", "aliases": ["Pro-Ana Lifestyle"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["body image", "eating disorder support", "self-harm"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Encourages harmful weight loss and control practices, promotes 'thinspiration', and shares personal stories, thereby creating a community that reinforces pro-eating disorder norms.", "quote": "“How I Stop Myself From Eating” post to the Pro-Ana Lifestyle site, https://theproanalifestyleforever.wordpress.com/", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Pro-Family Movement", "aliases": ["Pro-Family Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Formed coalitions with the Moral Majority to lobby for conservative social and moral issues, influencing elections and policy, driven by a 'religious commitment to battle these forces'.", "quote": "Two such coalitions were the Moral Majority, headed by TV evange list Jerry Falwell, and the Pro-Family Movement, headed by Washington political strategist Paul Weyrich.", "page": "189", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Pro-life activists", "aliases": ["Pro-life activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-abortion", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Excitable speech: a politics of the performative", "author": "Butler, Judith", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Lobby for and argue for legal restrictions on language, seeking to classify terms like 'abortion' as 'obscenity' to control public discourse and representations of certain topics.", "quote": "'Pro-life' activists have argued with limited legislative success that terms such as 'abortion' that appear on the Internet are themselves 'obscenity'", "page": "32", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Pro-Palestinian Activists", "aliases": ["Pro-Palestinian Activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["free speech", "political advocacy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who should set the Standards? Analysing Censored Arabic Content on Facebook during the Palestine-Israel Conflict", "author": "Magdy, Walid; Mubarak, Hamdy; Salminen, Joni", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organized a campaign to give one-star ratings to Facebook apps in app stores and used ancient Arabic letters to bypass platform detection algorithms, aiming to protest perceived censorship and advocate for free expression.", "quote": "This perception led to a campaign by pro-Palestinians activists, particularly within the Arabic region, to give one-star ratings to FB apps in the Google Play and Apple App stores [23, 77]", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3713150", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, Middle East, Palestine-Israel conflict", "when": "May 2021 onwards"}]}, {"name": "PRO-VIDA", "aliases": ["PRO-VIDA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1895, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Census, censor, censura", "author": "Almanza, Luis Alejandro Astorga", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Challenges the state and neomalthusian groups' monopoly on defining and managing sexual and reproductive norms, advocating for policies aligned with its religious principles.", "quote": "El contexto anterior ha contribuido al reforzamiento de grupos de inspiración religiosa como PRO-VIDA que empiezan a disputarle al Estado y a las asociaciones neomalthusianas el monopolio de la imposición y ges-tión legítimas del ethos sexual y reproductivo de la sociedad.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3540655?origin=crossref", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1895-1990"}]}, {"name": "Proboscis", "aliases": ["Proboscis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital citizenship", "public participation"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Initiates and implements new media citizenship projects, developing platforms like Urban Tapestries to foster civic engagement and alternative forms of participation.", "quote": "I have developed a threefold project based on an extensive analysis of ‘new’ citizenship literatures (e.g. netizenship, cybercitizenship, e-citizenship etc.), a case study analysis of two UK based new media citizenship initiatives (BBC’s Action Network and Proboscis’ Urban Tapestries), and finally, a comparison of the literatures to the empirical data.", "page": "405", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "ProCon.org", "aliases": ["ProCon.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "non-partisanship", "public access to information", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling the 2012 Republican primary debates: why the structure of the television moderators' questions matters", "author": "PH Brown", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a non-profit, non-partisan education group, ProCon.org provides public access to full transcripts of political debates, facilitating transparency and informed public discourse by making debate content readily available for review.", "quote": "ProCon.org, a non-profit, non-partisan education group’s website, was used to gather the transcripts", "page": "70", "url": "https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/items/f708ae8e-7969-4c78-a4b8-7d9e56b56aca", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. Republican primary debates", "when": "2012 Republican primary season"}]}, {"name": "Professional Bodies (e.g., Medical Associations, Bar Associations, Press Councils)", "aliases": ["Professional Bodies (e.g., Medical Associations, Bar Associations, Press Councils)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engages in self-regulatory moves by developing ethical codes and policies on transparency and accountability to pre-empt government intervention.", "quote": "And professions like medicine, law, advertising, and journalism all made self-regulatory moves to shore up their ethical codes, creating policies on transparency and accountability before the government did it for them", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Professional bodies of the German book industry (publishing, distribution, educational, and library sectors)", "aliases": ["Professional bodies of the German book industry (publishing, distribution, educational, and library sectors)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Nazi Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Nazi Germany"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1944, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of Translated Fiction in Nazi Germany", "author": "Sturge, Kate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "These previously autonomous professional bodies, including those representing booksellers and commercial librarians, were subjected to \"Gleichschaltung\"\" (Nazification) by the Nazi regime. They implemented self-regulation and pre-emptive filtering of literature", "quote": "relying on their \"\"healthy instinct\"\" to avoid content deemed harmful to the \"\"Volk\"\" under implicit and explicit state pressure.\"", "page": "German national identity (\"Volk\"\")", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/007482ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Nazi Germany", "when": "1933–1944"}]}, {"name": "Professional journalistic bodies", "aliases": ["Professional journalistic bodies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "media influence", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La neo-intermediazione populista. Popolo, istituzioni, media", "author": "M Barberis, G Giacomini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Institutionalized the social role of journalists and regulated their conduct through deontological codes. They performed gatekeeping by selecting relevant news, thereby indirectly influencing the political agenda.", "quote": "Ai giornalisti toccava il compito, cruciale, di selezionare le notizie rilevanti, così fissando indirettamente l'agenda politica.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/tp/1372", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western democracies (Italy, UK, USA) and global digital platforms", "when": "20th-21st century, focusing on the post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Professional Organisation (Example 6)", "aliases": ["Professional Organisation (Example 6)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": ["academic publishing"], "norms": ["public image", "scientific integrity", "status quo preservation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process", "author": "Strauss, Dana; Gran-Ruaz, Sophia; Osman, Muna; Williams, Monnica T.; Faber, Sonya C.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This organisation censored a paper that critically evaluated its diversity and inclusion practices by having its lawyer remove all 'Black voices' and critical historical context from the manuscript.", "quote": "the organisation's chosen lawyer provided a revised manuscript with all the Black voices crossed out... with the excuse that it might upset some of the anonymous people who perpetrated the racist acts described.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120938/full", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary academic publishing in psychology, primarily USA and Canada", "when": "Contemporary (recent incidents, within 1.5 years of article publication)"}]}, {"name": "Professors' Parliament (Frankfurt)", "aliases": ["Professors' Parliament (Frankfurt)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political reform"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Served as a forum for deliberation and reform during the 1848 revolutions, initially tolerated by authorities but later suppressed by Prussia, indicating state censorship/repression of its political activity.", "quote": "The most long-lasting and the least productive meeting was the \"professors' parliament\"\" in Frankfurt", "page": "which was at first tolerated but eventually broken up by Prussia...\"", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Progetto Parole Ostili", "aliases": ["Progetto Parole Ostili"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "non-violence"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ripensare il cyberbullismo tra social media e messaggi d'odio. Pratiche, ibridazioni e traiettorie di ricerca", "author": "R Rega, A Lovari", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "It develops specific themes and 'manifestos' to raise awareness about the non-violent use of words in various sectors, including schools, businesses, public administration, politics, sport, and science.", "quote": "Ad esempio, il Progetto Parole Ostili, che da oltre tre anni ha sviluppato specifiche tematiche e veri e propri «manifesti» per una sensibilizzazione all'uso non violento delle parole in ambito di scuola, imprese, pubblica amministrazione, politica, sport e scienza.", "page": "13", "url": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1336206", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "online public debate, social media, Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios de Libertad de Expresión y Derecho Digital (PROLEDI)", "aliases": ["Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios de Libertad de Expresión y Derecho Digital (PROLEDI)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Programa Nacional Wawa Wasi (PNWW)", "aliases": ["Programa Nacional Wawa Wasi (PNWW)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["child welfare", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Implements a social program in co-gestion with the community, providing integral care for early childhood to support working or studying mothers.", "quote": "El Programa Nacional Wawa Wasi (PNWW) es un programa social del Estado realizado en cogestión con la Comunidad. Brinda atención integral a la primera infancia...", "page": "91", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Programa Regional de Libertad de Expresión y Derecho a la Información (PROLEDI)", "aliases": ["Programa Regional de Libertad de Expresión y Derecho a la Información (PROLEDI)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of information", "open internet"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in a regional initiative with Observacom and other CSOs to develop 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms,' focusing on freedom of expression and information law to ensure an open and free internet.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Programm eCommemoration der Körber-Stiftung", "aliases": ["Programm eCommemoration der Körber-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation; cultural programme"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Cultural heritage", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1959, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "1959", "mechanism": "Körber-Stiftung convenes international panels, partners with industry and cultural institutions, and shapes discourse through events and curated digital programmes addressing how media and platforms represent history.", "quote": "Körber-Stiftung runs eCommemoration, a programme convening panels, workshops and industry partners on digital commemorative culture, XR, games and social media — engaging platform-related topics without being primarily a platform governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://koerber-stiftung.de/projekte/ecommemoration/ecommemoration-convention-2024/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Programme B@bel", "aliases": ["Programme B@bel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Equatorial Guinea", "Gabon"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["linguistic diversity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias sociaux et ethnicité en Afrique", "author": "V RIVRON", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Programme B@bel sensitizes and organizes actions aimed at promoting linguistic diversity and multilingualism within the cyberspace.", "quote": "différents acteurs, réunis par exemple... du programme B@bel... sensibilisent et organisent des actions pour promouvoir la “diversité linguistique et le multilinguisme dans le cyberespace”.", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QIdmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA159&dq=mod%C3%A9rateur+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=dtCFSvFwEp&sig=tXYZWNJGyD-rlrZ83UO79wFBi4E", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Central Africa (Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea) and its diaspora, on Facebook", "when": "Post-2009 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Programme in Comparative Media Law & Policy (Oxford University Centre for Socio-Legal Studies)", "aliases": ["Programme in Comparative Media Law & Policy (Oxford University Centre for Socio-Legal Studies)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship by Proxy: The First Amendment, Internet Intermediaries, and the Problem of the Weakest Link", "author": "Kreimer, Seth F.", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports on the regulation of harmful content and self-regulatory mechanisms, including industry codes of conduct, in the digital media environment.", "quote": "PROGRAMME IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA LAW & POLICY, OXFORD UNIV. CTR. FOR SOCIO-LEGAL STUDIES, SELF-REGULATION OF DIGITAL MEDIA CONVERGING ON THE INTERNET: INDUSTRY CODES OF CONDUCT IN SECTORAL ANALYSIS 4 (2004),", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40041302?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, United States, Western Europe, China", "when": "Mid-20th century to post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Progressive Librarians' Guild (PLG)", "aliases": ["Progressive Librarians' Guild (PLG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "professional ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engaged in direct action and used CMC to publicize alternative news sources during the Seattle WTO protests, promoting free speech and combating censorship in libraries, and valorizing librarians as social change agents.", "quote": "During the Seattle protests, a small group of radical librarians (numbering a little over 100 members) in the US became variously involved in the protests, engaging and inform ing each other and a wider audience through CMC as well as through direct action in Seattle: this was the Progressive Librarians' Guild (PLG).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Progressive Library Guild", "aliases": ["Progressive Library Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in libraries", "author": "Oppenheim, Charles; Smith, Victoria", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The PLG served as a channel for librarians to communicate and organize in response to censorship issues, contributing to collective pressure on publishers to release controversial materials, as seen in the Michael Moore case.", "quote": "After hearing of Moore's difficulty at a citizen action council meeting in New Jersey, the librarian Anne Sparanese informed others in her profession of his situation through the discussion lists of The American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) and the Progressive Library Guild (PLG) [7].", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/ISU-2004-24401", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Public libraries, UK and USA", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Progressive Technology Project", "aliases": ["Progressive Technology Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights nonprofit; movement-technology organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "PTP publishes guidance and training for movements, builds and supports tools like PowerBase, runs campaigns encouraging migration off corporate platforms and organizes joint statements and webinars to pressure platforms and practices.", "quote": "PTP's mission is to resist oppressive corporate technologies, train social justice groups, and promote off-ramping from Big Tech — direct engagement with platform governance and platform-adjacent AI/data practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://progressivetech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Project Censored", "aliases": ["Project Censored"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Produces an annual publication highlighting 'top censored stories' that mainstream media failed to cover, thereby exposing media omissions and providing alternative news.", "quote": "The US pressure group Project Censored produces an annual publication that contains the US's 'top censored stories'.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Project Censored - Promoting Critical Media Literacy", "aliases": ["Project Censored - Promoting Critical Media Literacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit news organization; media literacy advocacy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Publishes the annual Top 25 Censored Stories and State of the Free Press yearbook, provides teaching guides and campus affiliate vetting to expose underreported issues and hold media/platform narratives to account.", "quote": "Core mission promotes critical media literacy, exposes censorship, and addresses social media manipulation and misinformation—directly relevant to platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.projectcensored.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Project deSHAME", "aliases": ["Project deSHAME"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os Direitos de autor como proteção às vítimas de assédio sexual online na União Europeia", "author": "NJF Pedro", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "It was financed and founded by the European Commission to encourage the reporting of online sexual harassment among minors and for its prevention, working in collaboration with institutions. It also defines online sexual harassment.", "quote": "Como por exemplo o Project deShame que foi financiada e fundada pela comissão europeia para incentivar a denúncia de assédio sexual online entre menores e para prevenção da mesma, trabalhando em colaborações com instituições de forma eficaz.", "page": "18", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/29a0e4f9-7905-452a-93fc-84a2097b9c46", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union, United States (for comparison)", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Project for Democracy", "aliases": ["Project for Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": ["civic journalism", "online journalism"], "norms": ["democratic participation", "diversity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A interatividade no jornalismo online para o conteúdo das notícias-O perfil interativo dos jornais de língua portuguesa", "author": "AP Paiva", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This initiative works to increase civic participation in journalism by facilitating the submission of images and stories by readers, thereby influencing news content and challenging traditional media coverage methods.", "quote": "jornalismo cívico nos EUA, sempre com novas experiências, como o Projeto para a Democracia, que aumenta a participação cívica no jornalismo, com imagens e histórias enviadas pelos leitores, numa tentativa de fugir à cobertura clichê da mídia tradicional americana.", "page": "6", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/78cbf502-79ec-4aff-b32f-c6c31a8dc7dc", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and Portugal (online journalism), with reference to US civic journalism", "when": "early 2010s (specifically 2012)"}]}, {"name": "Project for Excellence in Journalism", "aliases": ["Project for Excellence in Journalism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["BBC"], "norms": ["accuracy", "journalistic quality", "public participation"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "USER-GENERATED CONTENT AND GATEKEEPING AT THE BBC HUB", "author": "Harrison, Jackie", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The Project for Excellence in Journalism conducts research and publishes annual reports on American journalism, providing critical observations on the value and challenges of user-created content, which can inform industry standards and moderation policies.", "quote": "[t]he prospects for user-created content, once thought possibly central to the next era of journalism, for now appear more limited, even among \"citizen\"\" sites and blogs. News people report the most promising parts of citizen input currently new ideas", "page": "sources", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700903290593", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "BBC (specifically the UGC hub), UK", "when": "2000s (post-2004)"}]}, {"name": "Project for Excellence in Journalism at Columbia University", "aliases": ["Project for Excellence in Journalism at Columbia University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Conducts annual reports and studies analyzing the development and evolution of American journalism, including the impact of blogs, thereby setting benchmarks and influencing professional standards and public understanding of media.", "quote": "llama poderosamente la atención que el sitio web The State of the News Media...un Proyecto para la Excelencia del Periodismo de la Columbia University y el Pew Charitable Trusts que analiza el desarrollo y evolución del periodismo americano...", "page": "3", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Project Gutenberg", "aliases": ["Project Gutenberg"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open access", "public good"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provides a database of public domain texts which can be used as a reference class for forensic authorship analysis, impacting evidence law.", "quote": "Google Books or Project Gutenberg could provide the necessary database, even though of course it was neither project’s aim to establish a database of changing English word usage for forensic purposes.", "page": "226", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Project Honeypot", "aliases": ["Project Honeypot"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "online quality", "platform governance", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Relies on collaborative input to create anti-spam and anti-malicious activity norms that platforms may voluntarily adopt, contributing to online safety.", "quote": "Spamhaus or Project Honeypot, rely on collaborative input to create norms that platforms may voluntarily adopt.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Project Inform", "aliases": ["Project Inform"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Martin Delaney, on behalf of Project Inform, testified in congressional hearings, arguing for greater access to strong, decision-making publics for PWAs and AIDS activists.", "quote": "On 20 July 1989, testimony by Martin Delaney on behalf of Project Inform and ACT UP/San Francisco is most notable for its explicit commentary on the difference between 'weak' and 'strong' publics...", "page": "96", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Project Liberty Institute", "aliases": ["Project Liberty Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "democratic integrity", "equality", "social cohesion", "user agency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward building deliberative digital media: From subversion to consensus", "author": "Pentland, Alex; Tsai, Lily", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Project Liberty Institute provides financial support for academic research focused on improving digital media platforms and designing deliberative democracy tools. This funding contributes to understanding and addressing issues like misinformation, polarization, and misaligned incentives, which are critical for effective moderation and AI alignment in digital spaces.", "quote": "This work was supported by gifts from Project Liberty Institute and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Presidents Office.", "page": "5", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae407/7821166", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global digital media platforms and AI systems", "when": "21st century digital media and AI design"}]}, {"name": "Project Oštro (Center for Investigative Journalism in the Adriatic Region)", "aliases": ["Project Oštro (Center for Investigative Journalism in the Adriatic Region)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An investigative journalism center that fact-checks media stories and responds to misleading information, operating under its own code of conduct.", "quote": "Project Oštro, a center for investigative journalism in the Adriatic region, is another attempt from journalists to respond to the increasing levels of mis- and disinformation in the media.", "page": "25", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Project Veritas", "aliases": ["Project Veritas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The use of Artificial Intelligence technologies by internet platforms for the purposes of censorship", "author": "Diskin, Evgeni I.", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Disclosed information about alleged content moderator bias within Facebook from whistleblowers, highlighting instances of targeted political affiliation-based moderation.", "quote": "Christopher Boyle. Exclusive: Inside Facebook's* content moderator bias with Ryan Hartwig and Zach McElroy, two Ex-Employees come forward to Project Veritas.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.rudn.ru/law/article/view/40937", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (global, Russia, EU, US)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Projekt demo:create der Amadeu Antonio Stiftung", "aliases": ["Projekt demo:create der Amadeu Antonio Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society foundation; project-based initiative"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Produces monitoring analyses, educational toolkits (Action Kit, Content Check Poster, SwipeAway), runs nationwide workshops and TikTok content to shape public understanding and counteract extremist and disinforming content.", "quote": "The demo:create project directly targets TikTok with media-pedagogical interventions, workshops, monitoring and content aimed at countering hate speech and disinformation on the platform.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.amadeu-antonio-stiftung.de/projekte/democreate/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Projektbeskrivelse: Regulering eller ytringsfrihed på sociale medier", "aliases": ["Projektbeskrivelse: Regulering eller ytringsfrihed på sociale medier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Nordic think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces surveys and publications, organizes events and debates, and convenes decisionmakers and experts to shape public and policy discussion on platform regulation and online democratic conversation.", "quote": "Publishes research and a dedicated project 'Regulering eller ytringsfrihed på sociale medier' including a national survey and expert interviews on social media regulation and free speech.", "page": "", "url": "https://taenketanken.mm.dk/projektbeskrivelse-regulering-eller-ytringsfrihed-paa-sociale-medier/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Projeto Comprova", "aliases": ["Projeto Comprova"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "rationality", "state non-interference", "truth"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataforma digital e liberdade de expressão: os limites da moderação de conteúdo", "author": "GAS Veras", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The paper cites Projeto Comprova's analysis to explain the foundational principles of freedom of expression in the United States, which provides a comparative context for discussing content moderation limits. By providing such analysis, it contributes to the broader public and academic discourse on the topic.", "quote": "a ideia central é que, em uma sociedade democrática, a verdade e a razão só podem ser obtidas se a todos for atribuído o direito de demonstrar e debater, racionalmente, o seu ponto de vista - sem interferência estatal", "page": "12", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/b4ebb961-1965-433c-a9f4-b1bee52d0ab8", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Digital platforms in Brazil (with comparative discussion of the US)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2009-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Projeto Jornalismo e Sociedade", "aliases": ["Projeto Jornalismo e Sociedade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["citizen participation", "impartiality", "information accuracy", "journalistic independence", "rigor"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Developed the 'Carta de Princípios do Jornalismo na Era da Internet' (Charter of Principles for Journalism in the Internet Era) in 2012, setting ethical guidelines for digital journalism.", "quote": "Num passado recente, realça-se a Carta de Princípios do Jornalismo na Era da Internet, elaborada pelo PJS - Projeto Jornalismo e Sociedade, que envolveu mais de mil pessoas onde se incluíram docentes, estudantes, gestores, jornalistas e diversos cidadãos, durante o ano de 2012.", "page": "27", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Projeto SeguraNet", "aliases": ["Projeto SeguraNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "media literacy", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Implements initiatives focused on digital safety education, which includes significant overlap with media literacy topics such as identifying fake news, false profiles, and protecting privacy.", "quote": "Uma iniciativa do Centro de Competência TIC da DGE, focada na Segurança Digital, mas que tem uma enorme sobreposição com a literacia mediática (ex: como identificar perfis falsos, fake news, e proteger a privacidade).", "page": "31", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "ProKopfGeldSpende", "aliases": ["ProKopfGeldSpende"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Generates donations for initiatives like Doctors Without Borders based on attendance at extremist marches, effectively repurposing funds from Far-Right activities.", "quote": "accrues donations for initiatives such as Doctors Without Borders based on per capita attendance at extremist marches", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "PROLEDI (Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios de Regulación, Medios e Internet)", "aliases": ["PROLEDI (Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios de Regulación, Medios e Internet)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/research lab"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "democratic process", "digital rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos - una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "Pita, Marina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-authored standards for democratic regulation of large platforms and signed the Latin American declaration on transparency of internet platforms.", "quote": "Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos. Estándares para una regulación democrática de las grandes plataformas", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "América Latina", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Promoting online safety for children | The Children's Society", "aliases": ["Promoting online safety for children | The Children's Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child welfare charity / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1881, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1881", "mechanism": "The Children's Society produces informational content and blogs on platform risks, runs Prevention Team outreach and professional training, and conducts partnerships (retail outreach) to influence public awareness and protective practices for children online.", "quote": "Core mission is child welfare but the organisation runs online safety programmes, publishes guidance on platform risks (TikTok, Snapchat), and conducts outreach with retailers and professionals on grooming and exploitation online.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/what-we-do/our-work/preventing-child-sexual-exploitation/online-safety", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Promouvoir", "aliases": ["Promouvoir"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["human dignity"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les affres de la disparition de la censure:", "author": "Esquerre, Arnaud", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Challenges state film classification decisions through administrative tribunals and appeals, seeking stricter age restrictions (e.g., interdiction to minors) for films deemed offensive or harmful, particularly regarding sexual content and its impact on minors.", "quote": "\"\"protecting minors\"\"", "page": "\"\"promotion of Judeo-Christian values\"\"", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-147.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1900s-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Propertied Classes (England)", "aliases": ["Propertied Classes (England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "property rights", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formed a fundamental unity with the monarchy to maintain social order, defending landed property and striving for parliamentary supremacy against royal absolutist ambitions.", "quote": "For all the turmoil of the sixteenth century, there was, nonetheless, a fundamental unity of purpose and practice between monarchy and landed classes, as partners in a distinctively centralized state.", "page": "225", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Property of the People", "aliases": ["Property of the People"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "StopSilencingPalestine", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Property of the People uses FOIA requests, impact litigation, document releases and expert analysis to expose government surveillance and wrongdoing, creating public pressure and accountability through published records and media coverage.", "quote": "Core mission is government transparency via FOIA and litigation; it occasionally exposes surveillance and policing practices that touch on platform governance but does not primarily focus on platform content moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://propertyofthepeople.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Proposed Independent Public Agency for Civic Engagement", "aliases": ["Proposed Independent Public Agency for Civic Engagement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / foundation (conceptual)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic engagement", "political independence", "public participation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of the Moderator: Problems and Possibilities for Government-Run Online Discussion Forums", "author": "Wright, Scott", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This proposed organization, envisioned to be publicly funded but independent of government, would create a 'civic commons' in cyberspace. Its role would be to connect citizens' voices from online discussions more meaningfully to democratic institutions, implying a role in curating or summarizing discussions for policy impact and influencing governance.", "quote": "Blumler and Coleman (2001) argue for the creation of a civic commons in cyberspace, under the umbrella of 'a new kind of public agency' that would 'connect the voice of the people more meaningfully to the daily activities of democratic institutions'", "page": "3", "url": "researchgate.net", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "UK (government-run online discussion forums)", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Proposition 22 Campaign", "aliases": ["Proposition 22 Campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": ["DiDi", "Uber"], "norms": ["consumer protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The politics of platform power in surveillance capitalism: A comparative case study of ride-hailing platforms in China and the United States", "author": "Chan, Ngai Keung; Kwok, Chi", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The campaign mobilized public support through large-scale advertising and in-app messages to influence voters on a ballot initiative. It aimed to establish a new classification for gig workers, thereby overriding existing labor laws and shaping the regulatory environment for platform companies.", "quote": "Uber sponsored the Proposition 22 (Prop 22) campaign, a ballot that pushed back the AB5. Uber and Lyft reportedly required drivers and riders in California to tap the “confirm” button on in-app messages about how Prop 22 could save workers' flexible employment opportunities, lower wait times, and avoid higher prices.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20594364211046769", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China and United States (focused on ride-hailing platforms DiDi and Uber)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Proprietäre Digitale Rechte-Minderung (DRM) - GNU-Projekt", "aliases": ["Proprietäre Digitale Rechte-Minderung (DRM) - GNU-Projekt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital rights advocacy; free software nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "FSF runs the 'Defective By Design' campaign, publishes critical analyses of DRM, promotes free-software alternatives and certifications (Respects Your Freedom), and coordinates with other NGOs to pressure vendors and raise public awareness.", "quote": "FSF's page documents DRM harms and calls to 'DRM abschaffen' and runs campaigns (Defective By Design) directly engaging digital rights and platform/device restrictions.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.gnu.org/proprietary/proprietary-drm.de.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "ProPublica Public Communication", "aliases": ["ProPublica Public Communication"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; network; academy for public communication"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Provides training (openness training, academy), convenes networks and publishes think?tank outputs to shape public sector communication practices and collaborates with municipalities and tech partners.", "quote": "ProPublica develops training, networks and think?tank work focused on public communication and the role of new technology in promoting informed public debate, engaging municipalities and tech partners.", "page": "", "url": "https://propublica.dk/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "PROSA", "aliases": ["PROSA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / professional association (IT union)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Labour rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "PROSA publishes guidance and recommendations for public IT systems, provides legal support and training to members, and promotes digital self-defence tools while raising workplace surveillance and AI issues with policymakers.", "quote": "PROSA's core mission is IT labour representation but it engages on digital surveillance, privacy tools and recommendations for public IT systems, touching platform governance without it being its primary focus.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.prosa.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Prosocial Design Pattern Library, Early Access - #4 by aschrijver", "aliases": ["Prosocial Design Pattern Library, Early Access - #4 by aschrijver"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital wellbeing advocacy organization / civil society movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Publishes guides and pattern libraries (Prosocial Design Pattern Library, Human Flourishing Design Guide), runs awareness campaigns and community meetups, and frames public calls such as 'Call to Minimize Distraction & Respect User’s Attention' to shape platform design and public debate.", "quote": "Publishes humane-design guidance, runs awareness campaigns and a community to influence platform design and attention-harming features, including the Prosocial Design Pattern Library and Human Flourishing Design Guide.", "page": "", "url": "https://community.humanetech.com/t/prosocial-design-pattern-library-early-access/5014/4", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Prosvita (Enlightenment) Society", "aliases": ["Prosvita (Enlightenment) Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Russian Empire", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "national identity", "public education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1863, "when_max": 1876, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice", "author": "Remy, Johannes", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This organization educated the peasant public through Ukrainian-language publications, which the Russian government, adhering to the Valuev circular, subsequently prohibited from distribution within the Russian Empire.", "quote": "Prosvita was the most important organization educating the peasant public in the Ukrainian spirit. In its field, Prosvita competed with Russophile organizations.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russian Empire, Ukraine", "when": "1863–1876"}]}, {"name": "Protect & Promote Digital Rights | ACLU of Northern CA", "aliases": ["Protect & Promote Digital Rights | ACLU of Northern CA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization; ACLU affiliate"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ACLU NorCal produces policy materials (Business Primer), files amicus briefs and litigation, represents individuals in platform content disputes, and helped develop the Santa Clara Principles to demand transparency and due process from platforms.", "quote": "The organization directly litigates and advocates on platform-related issues (content moderation, net neutrality, Section 230, Santa Clara Principles) and represents individuals in platform content disputes.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclunc.org/protect-promote-digital-rights", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Protect Democracy", "aliases": ["Protect Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public-interest nonprofit; advocacy and litigation organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Protect Democracy publishes research and toolkits, brings litigation and public campaigns to hold actors accountable, builds election-related technology, and mobilizes cross-ideological coalitions to influence platform and public-square governance.", "quote": "Protect Democracy explicitly works to 'prevent disinformation', 'safeguard the public square', uses litigation and technology, and publishes research and toolkits addressing information integrity and platform-related harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://protectdemocracy.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Protect the Vote", "aliases": ["Protect the Vote"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national nonpartisan coalition / voter protection network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs multilingual hotlines, recruits and trains volunteers to document incidents, monitors social media for disinformation, and connects reports to legal teams and election officials to resolve problems and pressure authorities.", "quote": "Primary mission is voter protection and stopping voter suppression, but the program explicitly conducts social media monitoring for disinformation and operates hotlines documenting online misinformation affecting voters.", "page": "", "url": "https://protectthevote.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Protecting Children Online: - The Importance of Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Protecting Children Online: - The Importance of Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child protection NGO / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "ICMEC publishes guidance and resources, runs public reporting mechanisms for child exploitation content, and engages policymakers and platforms to implement laws and Safety by Design practices to hold platforms accountable.", "quote": "ICMEC produces guidance on content moderation, runs reporting mechanisms for harmful content involving children, and advocates legal/regulatory frameworks like COPPA and the Age Appropriate Design Code.", "page": "", "url": "https://cdn.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/TP-ICMEC-Downloadable-Part-2-The-Importance-Of-Content-Moderation.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "protectmyvote.org", "aliases": ["protectmyvote.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google Search"], "norms": ["electoral advocacy", "voter protection"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Placed political ads that did not fit Google's criteria for political advertising, raising questions about transparency and leading to the eventual removal of these ads by Google.", "quote": "ads from “protectmyvote.org\" did not seem to fit Google's criteria of political advertising.15 ... Google took five days before they removed the \"\"protectmyvote.org\"\" ads from their platform after its discovery.\"", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}]}, {"name": "protectthevote.org", "aliases": ["protectthevote.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google Search"], "norms": ["electoral advocacy"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Placed political ads on the search engine, which were noted in a transparency report, highlighting the challenges of vague criteria for identifying political advertising.", "quote": "our extended data collection contained ads from protectthevote.org (paid for by the Republican National Committee) that appeared in the transparency report...", "page": "22", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}]}, {"name": "Protestant Church in Frankfurt", "aliases": ["Protestant Church in Frankfurt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["conformity", "gender norms", "religious norms", "self-expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1770, "when_max": 1829, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Aspects of Censorship in the Work of Karoline von Günderrode", "author": "Hoff, Dagmar von", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Operated a charitable foundation for women of the nobility, establishing a social environment that contributed to the repression and social isolation experienced by Karoline von Günderrode, thereby implicitly enforcing societal norms for women.", "quote": "Karoline von Günderrode, born in 1780 in Karlsruhe, lived from the age of seventeen in a charitable foundation for women of the impoverished nobility run by the Protestant Church in Frankfurt.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20688819", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "Late 18th / Early 19th Century"}]}, {"name": "Protestant churches (GDR)", "aliases": ["Protestant churches (GDR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Provided alternative, unofficial venues for public readings by writers regarded with suspicion by the authorities, thus creating spaces for expression outside state control.", "quote": "Protestant churches often provided venues for public readings; stratagems to launch a reading with a writer the authorities were suspicious about included the last-minute replacement of an approved author by a writer habitually frowned upon.", "page": "23", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Protestant Churches (Germany), Catholic Church (Germany)", "aliases": ["Protestant Churches (Germany), Catholic Church (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["East Germany", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1943, "when_max": 1955, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Everyday Denazification in Postwar Germany: The Fragebogen and Political Screening during the Allied Occupation", "author": "Dack, Mikkel", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They exerted public pressure and criticized the denazification policies imposed by the Allied occupation forces, joining a chorus of German critics.", "quote": "As censorship loosened, German critics, including new and revived political parties, as well as the Protestant and Catholic churches, joined in the chorus.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009216326/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Occupied Germany (US, British, French, Soviet zones), East Germany, West Germany", "when": "1943–1955"}]}, {"name": "Protestant Missions in Huambo", "aliases": ["Protestant Missions in Huambo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious mission", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated leprosariums and patient concentrations which became sites for colonial medical inspections and were considered in policy discussions regarding leprosy prophylaxis.", "quote": "procurando as missões protestantes do Huambo onde existissem aldeamentos de leprosos e concentrações de doentes na circunscrição do Bailundo.", "page": "102", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "Protomedicato (Royal Proto-Medical Tribunal)", "aliases": ["Protomedicato (Royal Proto-Medical Tribunal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "public health"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its president named medical experts to examine medical works before granting printing licenses, ensuring professional standards in medical publications.", "quote": "disposición de Fernando VI del 13 de noviembre de 1757 por la que no se podía dar licencia para imprimir obras médicas sin el examen de un médico nombrado por el Presidente del Protomedicato.", "page": "128", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Proud Boys", "aliases": ["Proud Boys"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural superiority", "free speech", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Promotes alt-lite ideas online and engages in activism (including offline demonstrations) against 'political correctness,' feminism, and LGBTQ+ rights.", "quote": "Alt-Lite personalities like Canadian Gavin McInnes, founder of the Proud Boys... and introducing them to ideas about race, Islam, women and political correctness.", "page": "52", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Provincial/Regional Press Councils", "aliases": ["Provincial/Regional Press Councils"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "fair representation", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Receive and adjudicate complaints from identifiable groups regarding unfair or discriminatory representation in mainstream print media, with the authority to order publications to print their decisions, promoting accountability without censorship.", "quote": "Second, newspapers and news magazines should seek to revitalize the provincial/regional press councils (which in some provinces or regions have become nearly moribund) and ensure that identifiable groups in the community are able to pursue complaints that they have been unfairly represented in the mainstream print media.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "PsychCentral.com", "aliases": ["PsychCentral.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["community integrity", "ethical research", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping Pro and Anti-Social Behavior on Twitch Through Moderation and Example-Setting", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Kraut, Robert; Dabbish, Laura", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates as a platform hosting numerous health support communities that collectively enforce norms by prohibiting specific activities, such as research for publication or educational purposes, to protect the community's integrity.", "quote": "PsychCentral.com, a site with more than 150 health support communities, prohibits conducting any type of research on the site for publication or educational purposes [42].", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2998181.2998277", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch chatrooms, online communities", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Psychology of Technology Institute", "aliases": ["Psychology of Technology Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research network; non-profit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes and amplifies research, convenes interdisciplinary conferences linking academics, industry, and policymakers, and includes prominent industry and academic figures on advisory boards to shape research agendas and policy conversations.", "quote": "Focuses on psychology of technology and convenes researchers, industry, and policymakers on topics like AI value alignment, algorithmic decision-making, social media, and misinformation, engaging platform governance debates though research and convening rather than direct platform policy work.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.psychoftech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "PubHub", "aliases": ["PubHub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["common good", "democratic participation", "digital public infrastructure", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops a civic debate platform to promote digital public infrastructures, aiming for transparent and participatory governance on a national scale in the Netherlands.", "quote": "the Netherlands is developing the PubHub project, aiming to promote civic debate platforms on a national scale.", "page": "17", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Public AI Network", "aliases": ["Public AI Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "public good"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Focuses on ensuring the necessary \"democratic infrastructure\"\" for navigating the transition to a world with highly-capable AI systems", "quote": "Democratic infrastructure, public AI, human-centered AI.", "page": "Public AI Network, 2024) ecosystems—a rapidly evolving set of organizations, institutions, and initiatives focused on ensuring that we have the necessary \"democratic infrastructure\"\" for navigating the transition to a world with highly-capable AI systems;\"", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Public Art Fund", "aliases": ["Public Art Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Accepted an artist's submissions for a public electronic display board, but the submissions were subsequently censored by the board's owner due to their feminist declarations on reproductive rights.", "quote": "Nancy Spero's 1987 submissions for the public Spectacolor electronic display board in Times Square, were accepted by the New York Public Art Fund and Spectacolor's art director, but censored by the owner, who 'blew up' when he read Spero's feminist declarations on reproductive rights.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Public Association of Civic and Cultural Chechen Units in Russia", "aliases": ["Public Association of Civic and Cultural Chechen Units in Russia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["state television Channel 1"], "norms": ["cultural rights", "minority rights"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the Extreme: The Role of Vladimir Pozner’s Vremena in Russian State Television Responses to the Rise of Xenophobia", "author": "Miazhevich, Galina", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Represents the interests and views of ethnic Chechens in public discussions on interethnic relations, contributing to the range of perspectives aired on state television.", "quote": "...and the president of the public Association of Civic and Cultural Chechen Units in Russia (Mavlit Bazhaev).", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476410365704", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (state television Channel 1)", "when": "Post-Soviet context, primarily 2000s (focus on 2006-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Public Attitudes on Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["Public Attitudes on Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research lab/centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes cross-national survey reports and policy-oriented analysis intended to inform policymakers, platform leaders, and public debate, highlighting public preferences for moderation and calls for clarity and accountability.", "quote": "The lab produces cross-national empirical research on public attitudes toward content moderation, freedom of expression, and platform governance, directly informing debates about platform policy and accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://tumthinktank.de/wp-content/uploads/ContentWarning_Report_2025_CML.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Public broadcasters", "aliases": ["Public broadcasters"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["media pluralism", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Contribute to a diverse media landscape, which is advocated as a strategy to reduce the impact of misinformation by policymakers.", "quote": "Thus, policymakers are advised to support a diverse media landscape and adequately fund independent public broadcasters.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Public Chamber of the Russian Federation", "aliases": ["Public Chamber of the Russian Federation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["state television Channel 1"], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "public safety", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the Extreme: The Role of Vladimir Pozner’s Vremena in Russian State Television Responses to the Rise of Xenophobia", "author": "Miazhevich, Galina", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As a state-affiliated consultative body, it participates in public discussions on interethnic cohesion, security, and tolerance, influencing official positions and public discourse.", "quote": "...head of the Public Chamber Commission with Oversight for the Security Apparatus and for Reforming the Judiciary (Anatolii Kucherena), and the head of the Institute of Anthropology and head of the Public Chamber Committee on Tolerance and Freedom of Consciousness (Valerii Tishkov).", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476410365704", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (state television Channel 1)", "when": "Post-Soviet context, primarily 2000s (focus on 2006-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Public Church (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Public Church (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "religious orthodoxy", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Maintained communal welfare and civic order, serving as an arbiter of faith and instrument of social order in alliance with the government.", "quote": "...the public Church, as an ally of government, remained supreme as both an arbiter of faith and an instrument of social order.", "page": "130", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Public Citizen", "aliases": ["Public Citizen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer advocacy nonprofit / public interest organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum", "year": "1971", "mechanism": "Public Citizen produces research and policy briefs, runs petitions and public campaigns, and uses litigation to hold corporations and government accountable on Big Tech, privacy, and AI governance.", "quote": "Public Citizen explicitly campaigns on Big Tech, digital privacy, and 'Generative Artificial Intelligence and Threats to Democracy', advocating policy and litigation against corporate and government actors.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.citizen.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Public Editor", "aliases": ["Public Editor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating with the mob: Evaluating the efficacy of real-time crowdsourced fact-checking", "author": "W Godel, Z Sanderson, K Aslett, J Nagler…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a crowdsourced fact-checking system, distinct from the study's simpler model by requiring substantial training and time for evaluations.", "quote": "While there exist current models for much more involved crowdsourced systems, such as Public Editor, these models require substantial training and time to produce evaluations.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/15", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Public Electronic Network (PEN)", "aliases": ["Public Electronic Network (PEN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Rebal21/Ning platform"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ParticiPação cidadã online: o Potencial deliberativo dos gruPos da rebal21", "author": "ABM Assunção", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Provided a platform for democratic participation and community engagement in Santa Monica, combining administrative information with moderated conferences and public services.", "quote": "Chadwick (2006) destaca a Public Eletronic Network (PEN), fundada em Santa Mônica, em 1989, que combinava informação administrativa produzida pela prefeitura; dados de eventos culturais e entretenimento; lista compartilhada de endereços dos participantes; conferências moderadas pela prefeitura; serviços públicos (desde biblioteca a remoção de entulho); banco de dados e estatísticas da cidade.", "page": "6", "url": "https://periodicos.ufsm.br/ccomunicacao/article/view/10885", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, online social network (Rebal21/Ning platform)", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Public Interest Groups", "aliases": ["Public Interest Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["animal welfare", "consumer protection", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy", "author": "Habermas, Jürgen", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Form opinion-forming associations within the civil-social infrastructure of the public sphere, specializing in issues and contributions to generate public influence.", "quote": "public-interest groups' (with public concerns, such as the protection of the environment, the testing of products, and the protection of animals) and churches or charitable organizations. These opinion-forming associations, which specialize in issues and contributions and are generally designed to generate public influence, belong to the civil-social infrastructure of a public sphere dominated by the mass media.", "page": "355", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000100655/chapters/10.4324/9781003060963-4", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western constitutional democracies (Germany, United States), Europe (France)", "when": "Modern era (late 18th to late 20th century)"}]}, {"name": "Public Interest Registry", "aliases": ["Public Interest Registry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["domain registry nonprofit; internet infrastructure operator"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As the operator of the .ORG registry (11+ million domains), PIR shapes online trust and safety via technical infrastructure, anti-abuse policies, partnerships (e.g., IWF), policy resources, and advisory bodies.", "quote": "PIR operates the .ORG registry and runs Anti-Abuse Initiatives (including partnership with the Internet Watch Foundation) and policies aimed at creating a safe, trusted online environment, directly affecting content safety and governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://pir.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Public Interest Registry (PIR)", "aliases": ["Public Interest Registry (PIR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet stability", "public interest"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Manages the .org domain, with a mission to serve the public interest in the context of Internet governance and domain name operations.", "quote": "He was Chair of PIR (Public Interest Registry) for 8 years and served as Chair of the ICANN Board of Directors from 2019 to 2022.", "page": "94", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "Public Librarians (ConsiderIt fact-checkers)", "aliases": ["Public Librarians (ConsiderIt fact-checkers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["ConsiderIt", "Kialo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["information integrity"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing conflict in online debate communities: Foregrounding moderators' beliefs and values on kialo", "author": "J Beck, B Neupane, JM Carroll", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Public librarians were recruited to serve as 'on-demand fact-checkers' on the ConsiderIt platform, responsible for vetting claims for reliability and accuracy to support public deliberation.", "quote": "So, they recruited public librarians to work as on-demand fact-checkers (Kriplean et al. 2014). Users responded favorably to the librarians’ role even when they disagreed with the fact-check.", "page": "4", "url": "https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/cdfq7_v1/providers/osfstorage/5bdcb8e1573649001a833455?action=download&direct&version=2", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online debate communities (Kialo), Wikipedia, Linux, ConsiderIt", "when": "2017–2018 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Public Participation Project", "aliases": ["Public Participation Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-abuse", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma avaliação do Modelo de Responsabilidade de Intermediários do Marco Civil para o desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil", "author": "BM dos Santos", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Advocates against Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs), which are used to intimidate and silence speech, thereby influencing norms around content dissemination.", "quote": "Public Participation Project. What is a SLAPP? Disponível em: https://anti-slapp.org/what-is-a-slapp/", "page": "14", "url": "https://isoc.org.br/files/1_5163560127365644511.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "2007–2020"}]}, {"name": "Public Policy Assessment Society", "aliases": ["Public Policy Assessment Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["minimal government intervention", "policy evaluation", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Engaged in policy analysis, promoting minimal intervention in online content and assessing the adequacy of existing legislative frameworks.", "quote": "This coalition was concerned with promoting either minimal intervention in online content... or held the view that existing legislative safeguards... were sufficient to deal with crimes that may occur online.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Public Policy Forum", "aliases": ["Public Policy Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Leads initiatives, convenes discussions on policy issues, identifies options, and publishes research reports to improve policy outcomes for Canadians, including on topics related to hate speech and democratic expression.", "quote": "The Public Policy Forum works with all levels of government and the public service, the private sector, labour, post-secondary institutions, NGOs and Indigenous groups to improve policy outcomes for Canadians. As a non-partisan, member-based organization, we work from \"inclusion to conclusion", "page": "by convening discussions on fundamental policy issues and by identifying new options and paths forward.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Public Policy Lab", "aliases": ["Public Policy Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy design non-profit; public-interest design lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "PPL produces research and design guidance, partners directly with government agencies and foundations, and makes project outputs public to influence policy and service delivery.", "quote": "PPL conducts human-centered research and has participated in working groups on digital policy and municipal regulation, but its core mission is public service design rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://publicpolicylab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research", "aliases": ["Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human subjects protection", "research integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward a Natural History of Ethical Censorship", "author": "Katz, Jack", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Serves as a forum for officials to clarify and discuss human subjects research regulations, thereby influencing the interpretation and application of IRB policies which moderate research.", "quote": "In his presentation at PRIM&R [Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research] Dr. Carome clarified that this was meant in the same sense that drawing blood “in general” was not research (Cohen 2006).", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0023921600013347/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Public Service Broadcasting", "aliases": ["Public Service Broadcasting"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Resilience to Online Disinformation: A Framework for Cross-National Comparative Research", "author": "Humprecht, Edda; Esser, Frank; Van Aelst, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Contributes to higher levels of hard news coverage and public affairs knowledge among citizens, and through a 'market conditioning' mechanism, encourages commercial media to improve overall quality, thereby fostering informed citizenship and resilience to disinformation.", "quote": "More important is the ecological effect of public service media on commercial media through a mechanism called “market conditioning\": Comparative research indicates that public service content encourages rivals who compete for the same audience to spend more on original content; this “race to the top\"\" increases overall quality and engenders informed citizenship (Aalberg & Cushion", "page": "2016; Van der Wurff", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161219900126", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "18 Western democracies (including Northern, Western, and Southern European countries, Canada, and the U.S.)", "when": "2010s (digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Public Spaces", "aliases": ["Public Spaces"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "market regulation", "public values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A coalition working to reduce dependence on surveillant software and build tools consistent with public values, aiming to shape the digital ecosystem and correct market failures.", "quote": "Public Spaces (2022), a coalition of public broadcasters and cultural institutions in the Netherlands, are trying to lessen their institutions' dependence on surveillant software and build tools consistent with their values.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Public Verdict (Human Rights Organisation)", "aliases": ["Public Verdict (Human Rights Organisation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A human rights organization that offers legal assistance to victims of law enforcement bodies in Russia and criticizes vigilante groups.", "quote": "major Russian human rights organisations have not taken part in this criticism, except Public Verdict, which offers legal assistance to the victims of law enforcement bodies in Russia.", "page": "116", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Publicani", "aliases": ["Publicani"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Roman Republic and Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura. De la magistrature à la vertu: censure et pouvoirs censoriaux du IIe siècle av. n. è. au IVe siècle de notre ère", "author": "N Lemennais", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Publicans were commercial contractors who collected public taxes for Rome. Their contracts and financial activities were subject to censorial management, and they could engage in lobbying to defend their interests.", "quote": "Les censeurs procédaient à la locatio, c'est-à-dire à l'adjudication des impôts aux publicains, notamment la ferme d’Asie632.", "page": "115", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-04173638/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Republic and Empire", "when": "2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"}]}, {"name": "Publikationer | børns rettigheder | børns retssikkerhed", "aliases": ["Publikationer | børns rettigheder | børns retssikkerhed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's rights NGO / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses, guides and opinion pieces, appears as expert in media and policy fora, and partners with UNICEF and other actors to push for legal and educational reforms protecting children online.", "quote": "Organisation focuses on children's rights broadly but repeatedly publishes analysis and advocacy on children's digital rights, privacy, algorithms and influencer responsibility — engaging platform governance debates without being primarily a platform governance body.", "page": "", "url": "https://bornogsamfund.dk/publikationer", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Publishers and Editors", "aliases": ["Publishers and Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["organizational autonomy", "organizational survival", "public morals", "religious values", "state loyalty"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco's regime"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1976, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El libro y la censura durante el franquismo : un estado de la cuestión y otras consideraciones", "author": "Blas, J. Andrés De", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Engaged in a form of pre-censorship and self-censorship to conform to state regulations and ideology, submitting editorial plans and adapting content to secure state approval, access paper quotas, and ensure their continued operation as private entities.", "quote": "todas las imprentas y editoriales se vieron afectadas por las normas sobre censura y obligadas a subordinar su actuación al ideario político, patriótico, moral y religioso del “nuevo estado”, con la finalidad de ganar la confianza del régimen y poder subsistir conservando su carácter de entidad privada", "page": "12", "url": "http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFV/article/view/2967", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Franco's regime)", "when": "1939–1976 (Franco's regime)"}]}, {"name": "Publishers' Association (of Israel)", "aliases": ["Publishers' Association (of Israel)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Israel", "Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["hegemony", "institutional authority", "moral values", "organizational reputation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When Literary Censorship Is Not Strictly Enforced, Self-Censorship Rushes In", "author": "Ben-Ari, Nitsa", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Organized Israeli publishers to voluntarily submit literary texts to the Ministry of Education's Committee for the Prohibition of Obscene Literature for pre-publication scrutiny, in a gentlemen's agreement that prevented criminal charges for approved books.", "quote": "It organized Israeli publishers, convincing them to voluntarily submit for scrutiny books suspected of containing obscene material. This gentlemen's agreement between the Ministry of Education and the Publishers' Association guaranteed that no book approved by the Committee would be charged with a criminal offense, whereas an unapproved book would not be published.", "page": "17", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009163ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel (with historical context from Ottoman and British Mandate periods)", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century (1950s–2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Publishing Industry Lobbies", "aliases": ["Publishing Industry Lobbies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Art and Censorship", "author": "Serra, Richard", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "These lobbies pressured the U.S. Congress to remove the moral rights clause from the Berne Convention Implementation Act. This action prevented artists from gaining protection against the distortion or destruction of their works, thereby maintaining the lobbies' economic control.", "quote": "Fearful of losing economic control over authors and faced with the probability of numerous copyright suits, these lobbies pressured Congress into omitting that part of the Berne Convention Implementation Act which provided moral rights protection.", "page": "3", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Puerto Rican Art Workers' Coalition", "aliases": ["Puerto Rican Art Workers' Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural equity", "historical accuracy", "representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Worked to 'recover the history' of Puerto Rican art, which implies challenging dominant historical narratives and advocating for representation within the arts, thereby contesting established cultural gatekeeping and norm-setting.", "quote": "Clements, Alexis. 'Recovering the History of the Puerto Rican Art Workers' Coalition.' Hyperallergic, n. d.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Pulitzer Center", "aliases": ["Pulitzer Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit journalism organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The Center funds and trains journalists through fellowships and grants to investigate AI and platform practices, producing reporting that documents harms and pressures institutions and corporations for change.", "quote": "Pulitzer Center's core mission is journalism but it runs the AI Accountability Network and funds reporting that investigates AI, platform practices, and transparency, engaging indirectly in platformized-content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Punto de Vista", "aliases": ["Punto de Vista"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural repression resistance", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura cultural y dictadura", "author": "Delgado, Por Verónica; Merbilháa, Margarita; Príncipi, Ana; Rogers, Geraldine", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "It served as a platform for veiled dissent against the regime, using coded language and indirect comments in its articles and reviews to circulate ideas and challenge the dictatorship's cultural repression.", "quote": "La creación de revistas fue otra práctica en la que se ejercía la disidencia velada al régimen, como fue el caso de la revista cultural Punto de Vista, en 1977 (encabezada por Sarlo, Altamirano, Piglia)", "page": "3", "url": "comisionporlamemoria.org", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "1960s–1983"}]}, {"name": "Purism", "aliases": ["Purism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["privacy", "user rights", "user safety"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Manufactures digital devices (Librem products) with a social vocation, prioritizing security, privacy, and user freedoms in their design, often financed through crowdfunding.", "quote": "La vocation de l’entreprise est de fabriquer des appareils numériques pour le grand public en considérant comme prioritaire la sécurité, la vie privée et les libertés des utilisateurs et des utilisatrices.", "page": "73", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Puritans / Protestants (Calvinist orientation)", "aliases": ["Puritans / Protestants (Calvinist orientation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "North American colonies", "Pennsylvania"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "work ethic"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos e a busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682).", "author": "Júnior, Wanderley Marchi; Sonoda-Nunes, Ricardo João", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Actively sought to prohibit and condemn various forms of entertainment and leisure activities through legislation and moral pressure in the North American colonies. Their efforts aimed at regulating free time and individual conduct based on an ascetic religious ethic, contrasting with the English Crown's policy.", "quote": "Tais indivíduos eram conhecidos como puritanos e defendiam uma radicalização da fé em quesitos como ascese, valorização das escrituras em detrimento da tradição, fim do celibato entre os sacerdotes, entre outras características (Aquino, 2013).", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "North American colonies (especially Pennsylvania) and England", "when": "17th century (1633-1682)"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Strengthening religious moderation in social media to fight online radicalism", "author": "SM Daud, MI Bafadhal", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This research center conducts studies demonstrating the high exposure of young people to radical content on social media, providing empirical evidence that underpins the necessity for strengthening religious moderation as a counter-narrative.", "quote": "Riset senada juga dilakukan oleh Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat (PPIM) Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta yang menyatakan bahwa 84,94% generasi muda telah terpapar konten radikalisme di media sosial karena akses yang tinggi terhadap internet.", "page": "2", "url": "https://online-journal.unja.ac.id/ijielc/article/view/30768", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta (Center for Islamic and Community Studies, State Islamic University Jakarta)", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta (Center for Islamic and Community Studies, State Islamic University Jakarta)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "religious moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Implementing Religious Moderation in Digital Space: Challenges and Opportunities Z Generation", "author": "Ramadhan, Mochammad Rizal; Basid, Abdul; Faizin, Nur", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research on religious trends in digital spaces, specifically identifying online content (like YouTube videos and Instagram posts) that tends towards conservative narratives, thereby highlighting challenges to religious moderation. This research implicitly informs the need for counter-narratives and moderation efforts.", "quote": "According to the results of research by PPIM UIN Jakarta, there are 180 Youtube videos and 1,237 Instagram content of the hijrah movement, which tend to lead to conservative narratives...", "page": "16", "url": "https://ejournal.iaforis.or.id/index.php/aqlamuna/article/view/234", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, digital space (social media platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "counter-extremism", "societal stability"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE AND ITS APPLICATION IN ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INDONESIA", "author": "Rahmadi, Rahmadi; Hamdan, Hamdan", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and research that investigate the exposure of students to radicalism, providing data that informs public discourse and policy on religious moderation in educational institutions. (Notes: University-affiliated research center)", "quote": "Some studies and research, both by BIN, BNPT, Alvara Research Centre, and PPIM UNI Jakarta, discovered that students, especially in public education institutions, have been exposed to radicalism at a threatening level.", "page": "2", "url": "http://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/khazanah/article/view/8487", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic educational institutions", "when": "21st century, post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-radicalism", "diversity", "tolerance"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts research and surveys on religious diversity and radicalism among Muslim youth, highlighting issues of intolerance in the educational system and informing public discourse.", "quote": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, Api dalam Sekam: Keberagaman Muslim Gen-Z: Survei Nasional tentang Keberagaman di Sekolah dan Universitas di Indonesia (Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2018).", "page": "14", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Center for Islamic and Community Studies, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta)", "aliases": ["Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (Center for Islamic and Community Studies, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "national security", "religious tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as a Counter-Narrative of Intolerance in Schools and Universities", "author": "Aprilianto, Dwi; Aslamiyah, Siti Suwaibatul; Zahidi, Salman; Crisnasari, Nihaya Alifiya; Febbrianti, Trista", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and research on religious tolerance and radicalization among students, contributing to public discourse and informing policy on religious moderation.", "quote": "One of them is a survey conducted in 2020 by PPIM UIN Jakarta. This survey showed that most school students showed high or very high religious tolerance.", "page": "2", "url": "https://pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1361", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Lamongan and Surabaya, Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary (2020-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi Paramadina (Center for the Study of Religion and Democracy Paramadina)", "aliases": ["Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi Paramadina (Center for the Study of Religion and Democracy Paramadina)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "peacebuilding", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Implementation of Islamic Moderation Principles in Addressing the Challenges of Political Identity Polarization", "author": "Leniawati, Iis; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and research on the impact of religious sentiments on political dynamics, specifically during elections, and reports on how this can heighten social tensions and fragmentation. By publishing these findings, the organization implicitly contributes to calls for moderation and prevention of identity politics polarization.", "quote": "A study by the Center for the Study of Religion and Democracy (PUSAD) Paramadina (2019) found that religious sentiments during the election heightened tensions between groups and worsened social fragmentation.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.journal.integritasterbuka.id/index.php/integritas/article/view/42", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "Contemporary Indonesia (2010s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Pushing Back Against Big Tech Censorship | The Heritage Foundation", "aliases": ["Pushing Back Against Big Tech Censorship | The Heritage Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["conservative think tank; policy research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "Heritage produces research and public events (Heritage Explains), leverages media appearances and policy fellows to shape public debate, and publicly pressures platforms and policymakers to change platform behaviour.", "quote": "The Heritage Foundation publishes analysis and campaigns explicitly criticizing 'Big Tech censorship', documents platform actions (e.g., Amazon ad suspension) and advocates accountability and policy responses to platform moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.heritage.org/big-tech/heritage-explains/pushing-back-against-big-tech-censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Pushshift", "aliases": ["Pushshift"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "standalone websites"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do Platform Migrations Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels", "author": "Ribeiro, Manoel Horta; Jhaver, Shagun; Zannettou, Savvas; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Stringhini, Gianluca; West, Robert", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Archives large-scale Reddit data, serving as a public dataset for researchers to study online communities and moderation trends.", "quote": "To collect Reddit data, we use Pushshift [2], a service that performs large-scale Reddit crawls.", "page": "7", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10397", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and standalone websites, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Put People First campaign", "aliases": ["Put People First campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "environmental protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched a public mobilization campaign, whose centerpiece was a march, using a simple, easily personalized action frame to communicate demands against the financial crisis.", "quote": "This loose coa lition launched a Put People First (PPF) campaign promoting public mobilization against social and environmental harms of “business-as-usual” solutions to the finan cial crisis. The website for the campaign carried the simple statement:", "page": "299", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Pétitions (Clubs and Associations)", "aliases": ["Pétitions (Clubs and Associations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-neoliberalism", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A type of club/association that articulated opposition to reforms, specifically opposing perceived neo-liberal policies.", "quote": "a set of clubs and associations (for example, Pétitions and Copernic, the last of which was explicitly set up to oppose the reformist Fondation Saint-Simon).", "page": "524", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Pôles de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur (PRES)", "aliases": ["Pôles de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur (PRES)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "information control"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Funded a research project (\"IMAGO FRANCA\"\") on the circulation of images around the Mediterranean", "quote": "Research support, academic collaboration.", "page": "un convegno di due giorni, esito di un progetto di ricerca su “IMAGO FRANCA: la circolazione delle immagini attorno al Mediterraneo”, finanziato dal PRES, Pôles de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Público na Escola (Público newspaper initiative)", "aliases": ["Público na Escola (Público newspaper initiative)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "media literacy", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organizes activities that send journalists to schools to educate students on how journalism functions, how news is constructed, and how to differentiate opinion from disinformation.", "quote": "Uma das “ações” mais conhecidas e duradouras, gerida pelo jornal Público. Envia jornalistas às escolas de todo o país para explicar como funciona o jornalismo, como se constrói uma notícia e como se distingue de opinião ou desinformação.", "page": "31", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Q News", "aliases": ["Q News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural autonomy", "cultural identity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This monthly UK Muslim magazine published a cartoon that visually comments on the public discourse surrounding Muslim identity, acknowledging and implicitly challenging the societal pressure on Muslims to be labeled as 'moderate' or 'extremist'.", "quote": "This cartoon features a scene from a university event where student societies advertize to recruit members (Q News, November 2005, p. 15) and works because it taps into the shared Muslim experience of feeling judged and having to prove one's acceptability in the eyes of others.", "page": "4", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Qalb Tounes (Heart of Tunisia)", "aliases": ["Qalb Tounes (Heart of Tunisia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Emerges as a significant party in the 2019 legislative elections, influencing political decisions and parliamentary dynamics by forming part of a coalition government.", "quote": "Qalb Tounes, el partido de Karoui, obtuvo el 14,55 %, posicionándose como segundo partido del país.", "page": "71", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Qarmatians", "aliases": ["Qarmatians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious pluralism"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Expressing formal dissent from dominant religious interpretations and societal norms, challenging established authority.", "quote": "Ovviamente esisteva un dissenso da questa concezione dominante, che trovò espressione formale nel pensiero dei Sufi e dei Carmati.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Qasioun News Agency", "aliases": ["Qasioun News Agency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Technologies: Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression", "author": "Dias Oliva, Thiago", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As an independent media group reporting on war crimes, its videos documenting the Syrian conflict were temporarily removed by YouTube, highlighting issues of overblocking in platform content moderation.", "quote": "That seems to be the reason why 6,000 videos documenting the Syrian conflict were temporarily removed, for example, when YouTube shutdown the channel of Qasioun News Agency, an independent media group reporting on war crimes in Syria.", "page": "26", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/hrlr/article/20/4/607/6023108", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms (with specific examples from US, Germany, Brazil, EU)", "when": "2010s-2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Qatar Foundation", "aliases": ["Qatar Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["human potential"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acts as a principal actor in Qatar's cultural diplomacy, investing in education, research, and community development to project a global image and foster international recognition.", "quote": "En esta diplomacia cultural, el principal actor ejecutor de esta nueva forma de proyección internacional es la Qatar Foundation. La fundación, creada por Mozah Bint Nasser al Misad, tiene como objetivo principal «apoyar a Qatar en su camino desde la economía del carbono a la economía del conocimiento, liberando el potencial humano»", "page": "161", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Qatar Museums Authority", "aliases": ["Qatar Museums Authority"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (cultural institution)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural heritage", "international relations"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Encompasses Qatar's main museums, contributing to cultural diplomacy through educational, archaeological, and heritage conservation programs, and international exhibitions.", "quote": "Dentro de la diplomacia cultural, los espacios artísticos son uno de los elementos más importantes, Qatar Museums engloba los museos más importantes de Qatar: el Museo Nacional de Qatar, el Museo de Arte Islámico y el Museo de Arte moderno.", "page": "161", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Qianglang's Fans Association", "aliases": ["Qianglang's Fans Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["entertainment"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Formed by members of Tianya BBS to collectively ridicule and bully another user, demonstrating online social shaming and collective norm enforcement through entertainment.", "quote": "a \"Qianglang's Fans Association” formed by members of Tianya BBS in 2005", "page": "ostensibly worshiped a fellow member Qianglan who boldly boasted of her 'middle-class life'", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Quackwatch", "aliases": ["Quackwatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Collateral Censorship and the Limits of Intermediary Immunity", "author": "Wu, Felix T", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Operates an extensive website to publish information and views, often critical, about health-related frauds and misconduct, acting as a filter and gatekeeper for health claims.", "quote": "Quackwatch, 'an international network of people who are concerned about health- related frauds, myths, fads, fallacies, and misconduct.' Quackwatch, which also has an extensive website, was founded and is operated by Stephen Barrett.", "page": "29", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US Internet and common law tradition", "when": "mid 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Quaderni Storici", "aliases": ["Quaderni Storici"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "historical accuracy"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-15th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1499, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione: da concezione teorica a condizione sociale. Teorie e livelli di consumo (secoli XIII-XV)", "author": "G Biondi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a periodical, it supported the \"Microstoria\"\" research current", "quote": "influencing the methodology of historical research on material culture and consumption.\"", "page": "historical accuracy, microhistory methodology, cultural understanding", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/bitstream/20.500.14242/97635/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_-GBIONDI-.pdf", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian city-states (Bologna, Venice, Savoy)", "when": "13th-15th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Quakers", "aliases": ["Quakers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1633, "when_max": 1682, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Divertimentos ea busca pelo controle: moderação protestante nas colônias norte-americanas (1633-1682)", "author": "NA van Amstel, WM Júnior, RJ Sonoda-Nunes…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Through their leadership, they organized legislative councils to establish \"Blue Laws\"\" in Pennsylvania", "quote": "gambling", "page": "and \"\"rude\"\" activities.\"", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/FairPlay/article/view/375512", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "England and North American colonies (Pennsylvania)", "when": "1633–1682"}]}, {"name": "Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)", "aliases": ["Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This Christian sect, like the Puritans, frowned upon oaths and various forms of profanity, influencing social norms and language use through their religious doctrines and advocating for the avoidance of such language.", "quote": "Interestingly, some Christian sects, such the Puritans and the Quakers, frown on such oaths in the same way as the church frowns on more overt kinds of profanity.", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Quakers and Catholics", "aliases": ["Quakers and Catholics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethics", "individual liberty", "peace advocacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Participated in public protest marches against nuclear weapons, acting as a collective voice of dissent against government policy.", "quote": "I saw the first of the 7-mile-long-column appear—red and orange and green banners, ‘Ban the Bomb!’ etc., shining and swaying slowly. Absolute silence. I found myself weeping to see the tan, dusty marchers, knapsacks on their backs—Quakers and Catholics, Africans and whites, Algerians and French—40 percent were London housewives.", "page": "165", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Quebec Press Council", "aliases": ["Quebec Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Applies its code of ethics to journalists publishing online, functioning as a self-regulatory body for online media content and professional standards.", "quote": "However, at least one council, the Quebec Press Council, has stated that its code of ethics applies to journalists publishing online.", "page": "50", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Queensland University of Technology", "aliases": ["Queensland University of Technology"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Jointly created the Santa Clara Principles, outlining a set of minimum guidelines for transparency and an appeal process that internet platforms should follow for content moderation.", "quote": "three partners-Queensland University of Technology (QUT), University of Southern California (USC) and Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) ¹ jointly created the Santa Clara Principles...", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}]}, {"name": "Queer Digital History Project array", "aliases": ["Queer Digital History Project array"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community digital history / archival project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Cultural heritage", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes and curates archival collections, oral histories, and teaching resources that preserve queer online history and shape public understanding; offers mechanisms for contributors to request redaction of posted materials.", "quote": "Primary mission is documenting and archiving pre-2010 LGBTQ online spaces; it touches platform governance via preservation, archive publication, and handling redaction/removal requests but does not directly pursue platform policy change.", "page": "", "url": "https://queerdigital.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Queer Multitudes", "aliases": ["Queer Multitudes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Politically self-defined by re-appropriating derogatory terms, rejecting heterocentric categorization, and questioning fixed identities to resist dominant sexual norms and processes of normalization, embracing a diversity of sexualities and bodies.", "quote": "un sector más de la población reaccionará reapropiándose de lo que, en su origen se entendía como un insulto, para así, auto-definirse políticamente; dando lugar a las multitudes queer: maricas, bollos, transexuales, hombres sin pene, ciborgs, camioneras, sado-masoquistas, drag queen, drag king, seropositivos, no blancos, musulmanes, etc.", "page": "11", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAIA)", "aliases": ["Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "human rights", "lgbtq+ rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Participated in public parades and activism to protest Israeli policies, challenging censorship attempts by organizing and advocating for the inclusion of anti-apartheid messaging.", "quote": "effectively barred the group Queers Against Israeli Apartheid (QuAIA) from the pride parade. However, on June 23rd, 2010, the ban was rescinded in response to community activism", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT)", "aliases": ["Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-occupation", "anti-terrorism", "queer rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Applied public pressure and opposition to a film festival for accepting Israeli government sponsorship, actively working to counter narratives that normalize Israeli state practices through cultural events.", "quote": "Frameline's San Francisco LGBT Film Festival faced opposition from Queers Undermining Israeli Terrorism (QUIT), among other groups, for accepting Israeli government sponsorship.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Questione-se", "aliases": ["Questione-se"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-establishment", "information critique", "political ideology"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude électorale et contestation électorale au Brésil: analyse multi plateforme des acteurs politiques, biais complotistes et modération des contenus", "author": "T Dourado, S Almeida, V Piaia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This influencer channel, aligned with the government (Bolsonaro), publishes content that disseminates pro-Bolsonaro and pro-Trump narratives, often with a conspiratorial bias, contributing to electoral distrust.", "quote": "Entre os materiais removidos, destacam-se vídeos de canais de influenciadores alinhados ao governo, como \"Questione-se\"\"", "page": "\"\"Terça Livre\"\" e \"\"Mauro Fagundes\"\"", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/op/a/8swtyWjqKG7fM4GWTf4d4rm/abstract/?format=html&lang=fr&stop=next", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Questione-se (Renato Barros' channel)", "aliases": ["Questione-se (Renato Barros' channel)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a YouTube channel propagating narratives of electoral distrust and supporting political figures aligned with conservative and right-wing ideologies.", "quote": "Canais vinculados ao campo da direita, entre eles, programas noticiosos pretensamente informativos e influenciadores do conservadorismo... \"Questione-se” (de Renato Barros", "page": "que se apresenta como pró-Trump e pró- Bolsonaro)\"", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Quilliam", "aliases": ["Quilliam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A London-based think-and-do tank founded by former Islamists, engaging in policy advice, media advocacy, creative arts outreach, and university activism, including theatrical productions to encourage dialogue and debate.", "quote": "a London-based organisation that was founded by former Islamists in 2008. It operates across Europe and the United States, and engages in activities from policy advice and media advocacy to creative arts outreach and university activism.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Quinctian Gens", "aliases": ["Quinctian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["political representation"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Vied for political office, specifically the censorship and the *princeps senatus*; their exclusion from this role despite their status is highlighted as problematic for traditional explanations, indicating active participation in political struggles for influence.", "quote": "l'esclusione dei Quinzii dal novero delle gentes maiores appare d'altronde una razionalizzazione alquanto problematica della mancata elezione di Quinzio Flaminino nel 184", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Quinoa", "aliases": ["Quinoa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental sustainability", "food security", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides expertise on food sovereignty and sustainable development, shaping the educational and critical perspectives conveyed by the play on agricultural and global issues.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... OXFAM-Magasin du Monde; Quinoa", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes (hvem vogter vogterne) - trykkefrihed.dk", "aliases": ["Quis custodiet ipsos custodes (hvem vogter vogterne) - trykkefrihed.dk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Human rights", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes articles, commentary and events framing free-speech issues, campaigns for membership support, and publicly names and criticises platform moderation practices to influence debate and accountability.", "quote": "Core mission is defence of free speech and the site criticizes platform moderation (e.g., extended critique of Twitter and content moderation), showing direct engagement with platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.trykkefrihed.dk/quis-custodiet-ipsos-custodes-hvem-vogter-vogterne.htm", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Québec Inclusif", "aliases": ["Québec Inclusif"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Through its co-founder, it frames the N-word as a 'weapon' in the context of racial violence, contributing to public discourse by denouncing systemic racism and advocating for its recognition and combat.", "quote": "la chroniqueuse et cofondatrice de Québec Inclusif Emilie Nicolas parle, quant à elle, d'un « mot arme » (Nicolas, 2020), en faisant l'analogie entre le mot en « n » et le bâton utilisé par les personnes blanches pour frapper les corps des personnes noires durant la période esclavagiste.", "page": "11", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Québec Solidaire", "aliases": ["Québec Solidaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic process", "fairness", "transparency"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Challenges its exclusion from televised debates by launching petitions and filing complaints with the press council to demand participation and broader representation.", "quote": "Québec Solidaire a réalisé une pétition et déposé une plainte au Conseil de presse du Québec afin de renverser cette décision.", "page": "40", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "R Street Institute", "aliases": ["R Street Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "privacy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Engages in legislative advocacy by supporting and proposing laws related to internet governance, aiming to shape regulatory frameworks.", "quote": "[Civil society has] to try and pass a law, right? Because at the end of the day, that is the classic thing most civil society advocates are trying to do. They're trying to get a law put in place because that's their next ratcheted step up in the advocacy-for-change process.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/AgainstHateSubreddits", "aliases": ["r/AgainstHateSubreddits"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "platform governance", "racial justice"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in public pressure campaigns, including an open letter co-signed by moderators of many communities, urging Reddit's central administration to enforce rules against hate speech and ban hateful communities.", "quote": "In 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement prompted an r/AgainstHateSubreddits moderator to write an open letter calling on the company to enforce its rules against hate speech and ban hateful communities.", "page": "6", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/AskHistorians", "aliases": ["r/AskHistorians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "anti-misinformation", "civility", "public trust", "quality standards"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators actively set and enforce strict rules for content quality and conduct, using tools like comment removal and 'stickied' posts, and fostering an expert panel to provide in-depth, sourced historical answers. This work promotes civil discourse, public scholarship, and combats misinformation on the platform.", "quote": "r/AskHistorians, a Reddit-based question and answer forum dedicated to providing users with academic-level answers to questions about history, provides an interesting case study on the impact of design and culture because of its unique rules and their strict enforcement by moderators.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/AskHistorians community moderators", "aliases": ["r/AskHistorians community moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Jialun Aaron; Nie, Peipei; Brubaker, Jed R.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They moderate content quality and enforce community norms by rejecting the platform's karma system as a quality indicator, preferring expert judgment to ensure high-quality contributions.", "quote": "r/AskHistorians moderators described a variety of reasons why they opposed using the karma system as an indication of quality.", "page": "10", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03450", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various online communities and social media platforms globally", "when": "21st century platform era (2004-2020)"}]}, {"name": "r/AskHistorians online community", "aliases": ["r/AskHistorians online community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "historical accuracy", "public discourse"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\" I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r …\"", "author": "SA Gilbert", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a public history forum on Reddit, where volunteer moderators enforce strict rules, remove low-quality or rule-breaking content, and provide academic-level answers to historical questions, thereby combating misinformation and promoting civil discourse and empathy.", "quote": "r/AskHistorians, a Reddit-based question and answer forum dedicated to providing users with academic-level answers to questions about history, provides an interesting case study on the impact of design and culture because of its unique rules and their strict enforcement by moderators.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/aww", "aliases": ["r/aww"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community building"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates its own moderation policy that bans 'sad' content to maintain a specific community atmosphere and satisfy user preferences.", "quote": "For example, the subreddit r/aww features a moderation policy banning \"sad\"\" content so that it may better serve users seeking \"\"cute and cuddly\"\" pictures and videos.\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/braincels", "aliases": ["r/braincels"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["male supremacy", "misogyny"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Propagates misogyny and male supremacy as a 'toxic technoculture' on Reddit, with members identifying as 'involuntary celibates'.", "quote": "Indeed, subreddits such as r/TheRedPill, r/MGTOW (men going their own way), and the recently banned r/braincels (involuntary celibates) promote misogyny and male supremacy.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/changemyview (Reddit community)", "aliases": ["r/changemyview (Reddit community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation in the Wild: Investigating User-Driven Moderation in Online Discussions", "author": "Falk, Neele; Vecchi, Eva Maria; Jundi, Iman; Lapesa, Gabriella", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This subreddit community self-moderates its discussions to maintain high quality and productive discourse. Designated community moderators enforce rules, clarify misconceptions, improve arguments, and steer discussions. Users also engage in 'user moderation' to correct information and enhance arguments.", "quote": "It consistently maintains a high level of discussion quality as discussions are monitored by CMV-designated moderators (particularly dedicated members of the community).", "page": "3", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online deliberation platforms (USA, Germany)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/Christianity subreddit moderators", "aliases": ["r/Christianity subreddit moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "rehabilitation", "restorative justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Experimented with restorative justice, pairing abusive users with mediators to discuss problematic content in private chatrooms.", "quote": "r/Christianity subreddit moderators experimented with restorative justice. They paired abusive users with mediators in private chatrooms to discuss why their content was problematic.", "page": "39", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "r/CreepShots", "aliases": ["r/CreepShots"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "consent", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Promoted content consisting of 'sexualized photographs of women without their knowledge,' contributing to the objectification of women within Reddit's toxic technocultures.", "quote": "Further, a number of banned subreddits such as r/CreepShots (sexualized photographs of women without their knowledge), r/TheFappening (hacked photographs of nude celebrities), and r/DeepFakes (fake pornographic videos of celebrities) all promoted content in which women were sexualized without their consent.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/DeepFakes", "aliases": ["r/DeepFakes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "consent", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Promoted content in the form of 'fake pornographic videos of celebrities,' contributing to the sexualization of women without their consent within Reddit's toxic technocultures.", "quote": "Further, a number of banned subreddits such as r/CreepShots (sexualized photographs of women without their knowledge), r/TheFappening (hacked photographs of nude celebrities), and r/DeepFakes (fake pornographic videos of celebrities) all promoted content in which women were sexualized without their consent.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/deepfakes (Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["r/deepfakes (Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["MrDeepFakes.com", "Reddit"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Studying the online deepfake community", "author": "B Timmerman, P Mehta, P Deb, K Gallagher…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Served as the originating community hub for deepfake creation and discussion, becoming widely known for nonconsensual pornographic deepfake content during its initial activity before being banned and removed by Reddit.", "quote": "the community's founding hub, r/deepfakes, became widely known as a source of nonconsensual pornographic deepfake content in December 2017 during the subreddit's first month of activity.", "page": "2", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/126", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online deepfake communities, particularly on Reddit and MrDeepFakes.com", "when": "December 2017 – August 2021"}]}, {"name": "r/ForeverAlone", "aliases": ["r/ForeverAlone"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-misogyny", "inclusivity", "platform rules", "respectful discourse", "self-improvement"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides a support group for individuals struggling with romantic connections, with its moderators establishing and enforcing rules to cultivate an inclusive, supportive environment, actively banning incel-related content and promoting respect.", "quote": "From its inception, r/ForeverAlone's moderators positioned the subreddit as an inclusive community. ... r/ForeverAlone has distanced itself from incels, banning “any incel references, slang, or inference\" (r/ForeverAlone", "page": "2020).\"", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/HungerGames subreddit", "aliases": ["r/HungerGames subreddit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community engagement", "community standards", "platform integrity", "public image", "quality of discourse"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análise da recepção do lançamento do livro “sunrise on the reaping” no fórum Reddit", "author": "JHF Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The subreddit operates as a self-regulating online community for fans, where designated moderators and collective user actions (like upvoting/downvoting) organize discussions, manage content by removing irrelevant posts or spam, enforce rules (e.g., spoiler warnings), and centralize conversations into mega-threads to maintain order and focus.", "quote": "Em relação aos moderadores, há um percebimento de que são importantes para organizar o espaço, pois evitam que o site fique cheio de spam, concentrando discussões parecidas em um único tópico.", "page": "46", "url": "https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/123456789/36545", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2024-2025"}]}, {"name": "r/ImGoingToHellForThis", "aliases": ["r/ImGoingToHellForThis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An online subreddit that fosters racist nationalist discourse, using 'humor' to cloak racist and nationalist ideologies and promote anti-political correctness.", "quote": "Topinka (2017) discusses the racist nationalist discourse in comments and images posted on r/I’mGoingToHellForThis, a subreddit which emerged in the week following news coverage of the photograph of Alan Kurdi.", "page": "96", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "r/Incels", "aliases": ["r/Incels"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Discord", "Facebook", "Reddit", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content moderation and the formation of online communities: A theoretical framework", "author": "C Dwork, C Hays, J Kleinberg…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A subreddit used as an empirical case study to understand how platform migrations, often driven by moderation policies, influence content moderation outcomes.", "quote": "Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (2021), 1–24.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3589334.3645490", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms (e.g., Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, Discord, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/IncelsWithoutHate", "aliases": ["r/IncelsWithoutHate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Created as an attempt to reform incel communities by establishing rules against hate and promoting acceptance, aiming to comply with Reddit's site-wide policies. However, it ultimately continued to normalize misogynistic narratives in more subtle ways.", "quote": "r/IncelsWithoutHate, a subreddit that was created directly after r/braincels was banned whose mods explicitly sought to create an incel community that was compliant with Reddit's site-wide policies. ... 'no hate' was permitted and that 'everyone is welcome but in return we expect you to be accepting of each other.'", "page": "7, 17", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/IncelTears", "aliases": ["r/IncelTears"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "social justice"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Incels on Reddit: A study in social norms and decentralised moderation", "author": "R Gillett, N Suzor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'watchdog' community dedicated to scrutinising incel behaviour by capturing and publicly sharing posts from incel subreddits.", "quote": "in May 2017, for instance, a Reddit user (or ‘redditor') created r/IncelTears, a ‘watchdog' community, which was dedicated to criticising incel behaviour on r/braincels (Dynel, 2020; DeCook, 2019).", "page": "4", "url": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232240", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/jailbait", "aliases": ["r/jailbait"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operated as a community dedicated to posting and exchanging sexually provocative pictures of young, often underage, women, which led to its removal by Reddit administrators due to media exposure.", "quote": "The second limitation was placed five months later, when Reddit administrators removed a subreddit in response to media exposés that r/jailbait, a community dedicated to posting sexually provocative pictures of young, often underage, women had been used to exchange child pornography [55].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/KotakuInAction", "aliases": ["r/KotakuInAction"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "civic discourse", "free speech", "journalistic ethics", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A self-moderated online community on Reddit where members discuss GamerGate issues. They enforce explicit rules, cultivate rhetorical norms like 'sealioning,' and use automated tools for archiving and blacklisting websites to control content.", "quote": "KiA describes itself as “the main hub for GamerGate discussion on Reddit.” ... KiA has its own additional rules. The sidebar of KiA highlights these 9 rules6: “(1) Don’t be a dickwolf7; (2) No “Personal Information”...", "page": "60", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/MensRights", "aliases": ["r/MensRights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "men's rights", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates as an online subreddit culture that perpetrates 'online othering,' misogyny, and violence, denying women/feminists as victims and emphasizing men's victimhood.", "quote": "This chapter focuses on a community of Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) on the subreddit r/MensRights. It presents findings... (1) the denial of women and feminists as victims of online violence.", "page": "92", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "r/MGTOW", "aliases": ["r/MGTOW"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["male supremacy", "misogyny"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Propagates misogyny and male supremacy within Reddit's 'toxic technocultures', representing 'men going their own way' and contributing to a culture where women are viewed as sexual objects or interlopers.", "quote": "Indeed, subreddits such as r/TheRedPill, r/MGTOW (men going their own way), and the recently banned r/braincels (involuntary celibates) promote misogyny and male supremacy.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/n*****s", "aliases": ["r/n*****s"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engaged in brigading and vote manipulation to promote specific content or viewpoints, which resulted in its ban by Reddit administrators.", "quote": "For example, in June 2013, r/n*****s was banned for brigading and vote manipulation [69]", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "r/Paleo community moderators", "aliases": ["r/Paleo community moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community cohesion", "inclusivity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Jialun Aaron; Nie, Peipei; Brubaker, Jed R.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They enforce community rules to manage diverse interpretations of the paleo diet, specifically by discouraging dogmatic adherence to a single 'true' version, thus promoting flexibility and open-mindedness.", "quote": "One of the only rules that r/paleo moderators actively enforce is not to '[a]ct like your One True Paleo™ is the be-all, end-all and is perfect for every human on Earth.'", "page": "18", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03450", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various online communities and social media platforms globally", "when": "21st century platform era (2004-2020)"}]}, {"name": "r/ProED (Reddit community)", "aliases": ["r/ProED (Reddit community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community support", "mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation", "author": "Feuston, Jessica L.; Taylor, Alex S.; Piper, Anne Marie", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided a peer-support system for individuals with eating disorders, enabling them to vent, cope, and connect, until it was banned by platform moderation. Former members engaged in collective action to appeal the ban.", "quote": "So many people used this [subreddit] for help and support. We can't always find that support offline.”", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3392845", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Tumblr, Twitter)", "when": "2017-2020"}]}, {"name": "r/science", "aliases": ["r/science"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "harassment reduction", "respectful discussion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Designing recommender systems to depolarize", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Implemented automated messages to remind users of community norms, detailing post removal criteria and emphasizing respectful discussion encouraged by moderators, which reduced norm violations.", "quote": "In a large-scale experiment on r/science on Reddit, adding a short note explaining what types of posts will be removed and noting that “our 1,200 moderators encourage respectful discussion”...", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, Global (with focus on USA)", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "r/TheFappening", "aliases": ["r/TheFappening"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["copyright", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"I run the world's largest historical outreach project and it's on a cesspool of a website.\"\" Moderating a Public Scholarship Site on Reddit: A Case Study of r/AskHistorians\"", "author": "Gilbert, Sarah A.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Maintained a community dedicated to posting stolen nude celebrity photographs, leading to its ban by Reddit administrators for copyright infringement.", "quote": "and in September 2014, r/TheFappening, a subreddit dedicated to posting stolen nude celebrity photographs was banned for copyright infringement.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3392822", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit platform, USA", "when": "2005-2020 (focus on 2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Rabithah Alawiyyah Indonesia", "aliases": ["Rabithah Alawiyyah Indonesia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious moderation"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["New Order and Reform Era"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN INDONESIAN NEW ORDER AND THE REFORM ERA", "author": "Irham, Muhammad Aqil; Ruslan, Idrus; Syahputra, Muhammad Candra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in campaigning for religious moderation.", "quote": "Islamic intellectual elites and major Islamic organizations such as NU, Muhammadiyah, Mathlaul Anwar, Rabithah Alawiyyah Indonesia civic groups, and ordinary people who are active in social media should be the actors playing active roles in campaigning religious moderation.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/ilmu-ushuluddin/article/view/19618", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "New Order era and Reform Era"}]}, {"name": "Racial Equity Tools", "aliases": ["Racial Equity Tools"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["resource hub / racial justice nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes a large searchable library of resources, toolkits and newsletters to inform practitioners and advocates; issues calls-to-action (e.g., 'Urge Congress') and guidance on using media and social platforms for narrative change.", "quote": "Provides extensive resources on media, communication, social media and 'Addressing Hate and White Supremacy' that touch on platform governance while its core mission is broader racial equity.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.racialequitytools.org/home", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Racialized/Subalternized Communities and Black Rights Advocacy Groups", "aliases": ["Racialized/Subalternized Communities and Black Rights Advocacy Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["equality", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Subject of discriminatory discourse and practices that impede their social integration; also represents groups whose rights are defended by anti-racist movements through public discourse and political actions.", "quote": "O discurso de ódio racista diminui e subalterniza comunidades historicamente prejudicadas. Apenas quem sente na pele as feridas poderá mensurar os danos que podem ser causados, tanto pelas pessoas que negam a existência do racismo, quanto as pessoas que o praticam através de seus discursos, em uma sociedade permeada pela desigualdade e opressão. Os corpos racializados devem ser considerados e empoderados socialmente, de modo a promover sua ascensão e integração em espaços hierarquicamente ocupados por corpos não racializados.", "page": "241", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "Rad (Journalism lab of Radio-Canada)", "aliases": ["Rad (Journalism lab of Radio-Canada)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "news media"], "norms": ["audience engagement", "diversity", "information access", "innovation", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… réseaux socionumériques comme espace genré de reconfiguration des normes journalistiques et du rapport à l'audience. Le cas des médias d'information québécois …", "author": "AS Gobeil", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Systematically moderates and responds to all comments on its publications, including private messages, to foster community and humanize journalists, and adapts journalistic content based on audience data and personas.", "quote": "l’équipe de Rad répond systématiquement à chaque commentaire laissé sous ses publications, qu’il soit positif ou négatif.", "page": "272", "url": "https://corpus.ulaval.ca/entities/publication/f55e836f-afc2-4c0d-b3e1-7e3763c723b2", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, French-language news media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)", "when": "1980s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Radical Lesbian Activists", "aliases": ["Radical Lesbian Activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "sex worker rights", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Formed part of a broader struggle against abolitionist feminism and state regulation of sexual practices, advocating for diverse sexual expressions and challenging anti-sex feminist stances.", "quote": "diversos colectivos activistas contra el SIDA, lesbianas activistas radicales y practicantes sado-masoquistas, que conformarán una lucha contra el feminismo abolicionista y contra la regulación del Estado de las diversas prácticas sexuales.", "page": "25", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Radical Palestinian groups", "aliases": ["Radical Palestinian groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "national liberation", "self-determination", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These groups were weakened by internal issues, Israeli military actions, and US diplomatic limitations, effectively moderating their influence and leaving them without arms or Soviet support in the post-Cold War era.", "quote": "Los antiguos aliados nacionalistas de los soviéticos –Irak, Siria, Yemen, Libia y los grupos palestinos radicales-, debilitados por sus propias incapacidades, golpeados por Israel y limitados por la diplomacia americana, se quedaron sin armas y sin el apoyo diplomático soviético.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "radical student and block organizations", "aliases": ["radical student and block organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Emerged in the 1960s and 1970s to contribute to Black public sphere discourse and political action, often challenging established norms and structures.", "quote": "Church-based organizations, for example, were key in the 1950s movement, whereas radical student and block organizations came to the forefront in the 1960s and 1970s.", "page": "6", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Radical Working-Class Press (Great Britain)", "aliases": ["Radical Working-Class Press (Great Britain)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social change", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This collective of working-class newspapers reinforced class consciousness, fostered an alternative value system, and promoted collective action. It was subjected to state suppression through libel laws, prosecutions, and taxes designed to raise costs and drive it out of existence.", "quote": "a radical press emerged that reached a national working-class audience. This alternative press was effective in reinforcing class consciousness: it unified the workers because it fostered an alternative value system...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Radicali Italiani", "aliases": ["Radicali Italiani"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Parler politique en ligne. Une revue des travaux français et anglo-saxons", "author": "Greffet, Fabienne; Wojcik, Stéphanie", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Operates an online forum where members engage in discussion to comment on and refine their arguments, reinforcing their ideology, and holding party leaders accountable for their actions.", "quote": "les internautes aiment à se retrouver pour commenter et affiner leurs argumentaires et renforcer leur idéologie.", "page": "20", "url": "http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=12210", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "online platforms (French and Anglo-Saxon contexts)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Radikale Töchter", "aliases": ["Radikale Töchter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["activist arts & civic participation organisation (gUG)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Sustainability", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Runs workshops and action-art campaigns to mobilize youth and public audiences, publishes toolkits and events to shape public discourse, and partners with established civic institutions (BpB, FES, DRK).", "quote": "Primary work is civic engagement, workshops and action art; they use digital formats and produce digitally shareable actions but do not focus on platform moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://radikaletoechter.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Radio Arutam", "aliases": ["Radio Arutam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Ecuador", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of assembly", "indigenous rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This community radio station broadcast a program calling for indigenous mobilization against a law, leading to the conviction of its ex-director, demonstrating its role as a platform for organizing dissent that faced state repression and censorship.", "quote": "Acacho fue condenado por los delitos de sabotaje y terrorismo por un programa emitido desde la radio Arutam en septiembre de 2009 en el que había llamado a los shuar a una movilización contra la Ley de Aguas", "page": "16", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Radio comunitaria de la provincia de Córdoba", "aliases": ["Radio comunitaria de la provincia de Córdoba"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media access"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Initiated a legal case in 2003 which led the Supreme Court of Justice to declare unconstitutional the proscription of non-profit organizations from accessing audiovisual licenses, challenging existing moderation rules.", "quote": "Ese mismo año 2005, luego de que en 2003 la Corte Suprema de Justicia (que tramitaba una causa iniciada por una radio comunitaria de la provincia de Córdoba) declarase inconstitucional la proscripción establecida en el artículo 45 de la ley 22285/80", "page": "2", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Radio Corax", "aliases": ["Radio Corax"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["inclusion"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides a platform, studio, and editorial support for refugee radio programs (like Common Voices), offering workshops and fostering political activism, aiming to give a voice to social minorities.", "quote": "Established in 1993, Corax radio is the largest non-commercial community radio station in Germany and a member of AMARC and the Federal Association of Free Radios that supports program exchange among free radio stations.", "page": "99", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Radio Dreyeckland", "aliases": ["Radio Dreyeckland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides a broadcasting platform, facilities, and support for alternative media projects like Our Voice, rooted in a history of political activism against nuclear power and for human rights.", "quote": "Radio Dreyeckland Freiburg is the oldest free radio station in Germany, which began as a pirate station in 1985 and has been broadcasting legally since 1988.", "page": "100", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Radio Free Asia", "aliases": ["Radio Free Asia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Contributes to reports that express concern over the diffusion of authoritarian censorship models, particularly from China, by monitoring and reporting on media restrictions.", "quote": "This sentiment is echoed in a joint report by Freedom House, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Free Asia (2009: 11), which laments that “China is now beginning to serve as a model and mentor for other authoritarian governments around the world,”", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}]}, {"name": "Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty", "aliases": ["Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participates in producing reports that lament the spread of authoritarian models and censorship, particularly from China, by monitoring and critiquing government actions against media freedoms.", "quote": "This sentiment is echoed in a joint report by Freedom House, Radio Free Europe, and Radio Free Asia (2009: 11), which laments that “China is now beginning to serve as a model and mentor for other authoritarian governments around the world,”", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}]}, {"name": "Radio la Benevolencia", "aliases": ["Radio la Benevolencia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "media literacy", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatendo o discurso de ódio em redes sociais : eficácia preventiva, repressão penal e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Salvador, João Pedro Favaretto", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Implemented public prevention policies, specifically a radio drama, to build audience resistance to discriminatory ideas and promote critical capacity and empathy, aiming to reduce susceptibility to hate speech.", "quote": "Em Ruanda, a Radio la Benevolencia (RLB), baseada em Amsterdam e com atuação em diversos países africanos, veiculou uma radionovela cujos elementos foram calculados para ajudar a tornar os ouvintes menos suscetíveis à promoção de ideias discriminatórias.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-14102022-095111/", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "Post-1988, with a focus on the 2010s and early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Radio La Benevolencija", "aliases": ["Radio La Benevolencija"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Producing soap operas to educate populations about the roots and evolution of mass violence, encouraging the application of lessons learned to local conflict contexts.", "quote": "In a unique use of this approach, the Dutch NGO Radio La Benevolencija produces soap operas to educate the populations in Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo about the roots and evolution of mass violence.", "page": "99", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Radio Mukti", "aliases": ["Radio Mukti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["empowerment"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serves women lacking prior experience in radio production and politically motivated storytelling, enabling marginalized people to become politically active through radio skills workshops and providing a supportive environment including counseling.", "quote": "Dahal (2013) illustrates his concept through the example of the first all-women community radio station in South Asia, Radio Mukti in Nepal, which serves women lacking prior experience in radio production and politically motivated storytelling.", "page": "72", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Radio Netherlands Training Centre (RNTC)", "aliases": ["Radio Netherlands Training Centre (RNTC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "journalistic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides training and resources for fake news detection and fact-checking, contributing to media literacy efforts.", "quote": "news detection and fact-checking, such as those given by Radio Netherlands (RNTC, 2019).", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "Radio Television of Serbia", "aliases": ["Radio Television of Serbia"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Serbia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis y comparativa de los debates políticos de primer nivel en España (2012 y 2016) y Serbia (2016): nuevos formatos televisivos para nuevos escenarios …", "author": "M Micovic, M Gallego-Reguera", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a public broadcaster, it co-organizes and transmits political debates, setting rules, format, and production guidelines, directly influencing the structure and accessibility of public political discourse in Serbia.", "quote": "Todos los debates fueron organizados por la Radio Televisión Serbia y el Centro para las Elecciones Libres y Democracia (CeSID).", "page": "1", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/6d87f3a4515ea616d1672d46e30b8906/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1216381", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Serbia", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Radio Televisión Española", "aliases": ["Radio Televisión Española"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["innovation", "journalistic quality", "public access", "public service"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovación MedIÁtica: aplicaciones de la inteligencia artificial en el periodismo en España", "author": "TM Terol", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "RTVE, as a public service media organization, is actively involved in implementing artificial intelligence to automate news production, enhance accessibility through speech-to-text, identify objects and voices, and perform sentiment analysis, often collaborating with academic institutions for research and development.", "quote": "La mayoría de los proyectos de IA de RTVE están en fase de investigación, excepto el proyecto de producción automatizada de contenido que está en producción. En 2023 se prevé que se lance el sistema de \"periodismo robot” desarrollado junto con Narrativa para cubrir las elecciones generales.\"", "page": "9", "url": "https://textualvisualmedia.com/index.php/txtvmedia/article/view/323", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Radio Televisión Española (RTVE)", "aliases": ["Radio Televisión Española (RTVE)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las elecciones generales españolas de 2008:\" bipolarización antagónica\"\" fomentada por intereses político-mediáticos y las nuevas tecnologías\"", "author": "V Sampedro, FS Pérez", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "RTVE is discussed in the context of governmental control and politization. One major political party (PP) refused to participate in debates broadcast by RTVE, citing a lack of independence despite legal reforms intended to increase its autonomy. This highlights its role as a state-influenced medium for public discourse.", "quote": "Primero, quedaron evidenciados el control gubernamental del servicio público de radiodifusión (Radio Televisión Española o RTVE) y la excesiva politización de las emisoras privadas de TV.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/8kHkS9xDc7LJ3jVvnXDnDht/?lang=es", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "2004-2008 electoral period"}]}, {"name": "Radio-télévision belge francophone (RTBF)", "aliases": ["Radio-télévision belge francophone (RTBF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["innovation", "media diversity", "public service"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Is involved in the podcast sector, presenting its productions as innovative and freed from traditional mass media constraints, while also promoting its content and attracting new audiences through podcasts.", "quote": "Les producteurs revendiquent l’ambition d’innover sur le plan éditorial, en se libérant des contraintes des médias de masse et des grilles de programmes des grandes chaînes de radio", "page": "255", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI)", "aliases": ["Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a state-owned national broadcasting company, its programming is subject to direct political influence from the government, thus shaping political communication and public life in Italy.", "quote": "La principale azienda radiotelevisiva nazionale in Italia, la Radiotelevisione Italiana o RAI, è di proprietà statale, diretta da un consiglio di amministrazione eletto dal Parlamento.", "page": "15", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) - TVE1", "aliases": ["Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) - TVE1"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales,¿ el último reducto frente la mediatización? Un estudio de caso de las elecciones generales españolas de 2015", "author": "G López-García, G Llorca-Abad, L Valera-Ordaz…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized a televised electoral debate involving multiple political forces, providing a structured platform for candidates to present their policy issues and confront rivals.", "quote": "el encuentro visto en TVE1, Canal 24 Horas, TVE Internacional y RTVE.es el 9 de diciembre", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-82852018000300772&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "2015"}]}, {"name": "Ragtag", "aliases": ["Ragtag"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech nonprofit / tech volunteer organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Ragtag supplies practical technical tools (Helpdesk, Web Squads, Nomad), conducts digital security trainings, and partners with prominent civic organizations to amplify progressive organizing, enabling organizers to better use and navigate consumer platforms.", "quote": "Ragtag's core work is providing tech support, trainings and tools to progressive organizers (e.g., account delegation, digital security, content strategy), which touches platform practices and organizer use of consumer-facing platforms but does not focus on platform governance reform.", "page": "", "url": "https://ragtag.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rajat Kiinni", "aliases": ["Rajat Kiinni"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-immigration", "anti-mainstream media", "anti-refugee", "nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operated as a Facebook group that became a 'hotbed' for aggressive and hateful anti-refugee/anti-immigration sentiment. It facilitated the widespread sharing of extreme right news sources like MV-lehti and encouraged a 'ritualised opposition to mainstream norms and language' through its communicative dynamics.", "quote": "The Rajat Kiinni (Close the Borders) Facebook group became a favourite hotbed for anti-refugee/anti-immigration sentiment.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Rally Forge", "aliases": ["Rally Forge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "partisan interests", "political control"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates 'election troll farms' and engages in deceptive online tactics, such as impersonating opposing political actors, to spread disinformation and manipulate political discourse and elections.", "quote": "società di marketing americana di tendenze conservatrici Rally Forge, fintasi un attore progressista per dividere i democratici nelle ultime elezioni (Overly 2020).", "page": "128", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Ranger", "aliases": ["Ranger"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Built a web browsing harness to enable models to perform tasks through the browser, used for capability elicitation and risk assessment within real-world deployment environments.", "quote": "we also collaborated with Ranger, a QA testing company that built a web browsing harness that enables models to perform tasks through the browser.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "Ranking Digital Rights (RDR)", "aliases": ["Ranking Digital Rights (RDR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Produces indicators to evaluate platforms' respect for human rights, providing open standards and data to assess platform behaviors and objectify public problems.", "quote": "Alex Rochefort recounts the work carried out by the organisation Ranking Digital Rights, which produces its own indicators of platforms' respect for human rights (Rochefort, 2025).", "page": "14", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Rappers (as organic intellectuals)", "aliases": ["Rappers (as organic intellectuals)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Acted as critics, informants, and mouthpieces for underprivileged communities, using lyrical music and organizing social activities to build consciousness and promote democratic values.", "quote": "Rappers such as Didier Awadi or groups like DaarJ continued the tradition of the griots and understood themselves as critics, but equally so as informants and the mouthpiece of a still predominantly illiterate society. Their repeatedly formulated goal was the conscientisation of the population and the strengthening of the Senegal democracy", "page": "103", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Rapportskema for Oplysningsforbundet DEO", "aliases": ["Rapportskema for Oplysningsforbundet DEO"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic education NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organised three online events with EU institutions and experts (Parliament, Commission, ombudsman) covering topics including IT-platform regulation, reaching hundreds of participants and partnering with EU offices and civil society.", "quote": "Organisation runs public 'online trips' about the EU that included debate on 'IT-platformsregulering', indicating occasional engagement with platform governance while core mission is civic education.", "page": "", "url": "https://slks.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/SLKS/Tilskud/Europa-Naevnet/Rapporter_fra_tilskudsmodtagere/2021/Oplysningsforbundet_DEO_-_Rapport_ti_hjemmesiden.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently", "aliases": ["Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group / citizen journalism group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a citizen journalism group that produces and disseminates content to counter Islamic State messages and narratives, despite facing platform removals, thereby exposing atrocities and providing alternative information.", "quote": "The citizen journalism group Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently (RBSS) exemplifies this, having had its content removed from Facebook, YouTube and Telegram on multiple occasions despite the fact it is seeking to counter Islamic State messages and narratives.", "page": "105", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Raqs Media Collective", "aliases": ["Raqs Media Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural vitality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Contributes academic and artistic work titled 'To Culture Curation as an Active Verb,' which indicates a critical engagement with and redefinition of curatorial practices, thereby shaping norms in the art world.", "quote": "Raqs Media Collective (2012) 'To Culture Curation as an Active Verb', in B. von Bismarck, J. Scaafaff and T. Weski (eds.) Cultures of the Curatorial, Berlin: Sternberg Press, pp. 119–135.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "RareGen Youth Network", "aliases": ["RareGen Youth Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "RareGen runs youth advocacy, peer-support and a youth research program and publishes guidance on social media advocacy to mobilize young people and raise awareness about rare diseases internationally.", "quote": "Primary mission is rare disease advocacy and youth support; site mentions using social media and training for advocacy but does not centrally focus on platform content governance or AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://raregen.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh", "aliases": ["Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Articulated and propagated an ideology that framed sexual violence against \"enemy women\"\" within a historical narrative of Hindu nationalism.\"", "quote": "The founding members of Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), the nodal Hindu nationalist organization established in 1925, articulated sexual violence against “enemy women” within a historical narrative of India’s misery under a violent Muslim rule...", "page": "126", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Rasmus", "aliases": ["Rasmus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-xenophobia", "equity", "human rights", "media literacy", "racial equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided a popular forum on Facebook for anti-racist opinions, engaging in online counter-speech and challenging the narratives of anti-immigrant groups. Its members also actively criticised extreme right news sources for lack of media literacy.", "quote": "the Facebook group the Rasmus (Finland's national network and association working against racism and xenophobia, and promoting equity and human rights) became a popular forum for anti-racist opinions.", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Rassemblement National (formerly Front National)", "aliases": ["Rassemblement National (formerly Front National)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-islam", "economic nationalism", "national sovereignty", "women's rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Uses Twitter to promote anti-Islam narratives, framing itself as a defender of women's rights against fundamentalist Islam and advocating economic nativism.", "quote": "In March 2017, referring to a morning radio broadcast, Marine Le Pen provides an example of such a frame, quoting herself in a tweet: “I defend women’s rights in the face of fundamentalist Islam. I am, by the way, the only candidate to speak about this problem.”", "page": "98", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Ravelry", "aliases": ["Ravelry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation As a Political Issue: The Twitter Discourse Around Trump's Ban", "author": "Alizadeh, Meysam; Gilardi, Fabrizio; Hoes, Emma; Klüser, K. Jonathan; Kubli, Maël; Marchal, Nahema", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operating its own content moderation policies by prohibiting specific types of user-generated content deemed inappropriate for its community standards.", "quote": "a niche website popular among crafting enthusiasts, known as “the Facebook of knitting”, found itself at the center of controversy after it decided to prohibit users from submitting content such as patterns to knit pro-Trump sweatshirts or Confederate flags.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journalqd.org/article/view/3424", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, United States", "when": "2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Razumkov Centre (Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Named After Olexander Razumkov)", "aliases": ["Razumkov Centre (Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Named After Olexander Razumkov)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Conducted public opinion polls that provided data on citizens' trust in media and politicians, which indirectly helped evaluate the impact of censorship.", "quote": "These include Kiev International Institute of Sociology, www.kiis.com.ua; The Ukrainian Center for Economic and Political Studies Named After Razumkov, www.uceps.org; and Democratic Initiatives, www.dif.org.ua/home.php.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "RBA (Retailers' Book Association)", "aliases": ["RBA (Retailers' Book Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Japan"], "media": [], "norms": ["industry self-regulation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Permitted and prohibited desires: Mothers, comics, and censorship in Japan", "author": "A Allison", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Bans the sale of publications at its member newsstands if an obscenity violation is suspected, or if police seize a publication, enforcing content restrictions at the point of sale.", "quote": "The RBA bans the sale of a publication at any of its newsstands if an obscenity vio- lation is suspected. If the police seize a publication, the RBA bans the next three publica- tions (Beer 1984).", "page": "73", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780429301384&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Japan (urban Tokyo)", "when": "postwar (focus on 1980s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Reading Reform Foundation", "aliases": ["Reading Reform Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "traditional education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Advocated for a specific phonics-based reading program (Open Court) during state textbook hearings and made value judgments that went beyond educational arguments.", "quote": "The Reading Reform Foundation... wanted only one program on the state list: Open Court, ostensibly because of its strong synthetic phonics program.", "page": "31", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Reading Society", "aliases": ["Reading Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provide spaces for collective reading, discussion, and development of ideas, acting as sites where alternative discourses can form and challenge existing norms, potentially leading to social change.", "quote": "Os atos coletivos de leitura produzem consequências mais significativas do que as leituras solitárias - sobretudo quando estão associados à discussão e ao desenvolvimento de conceitos de ação (por exemplo, em uma sociedade de leitura, em um salão ou no teatro).", "page": "22", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando", "aliases": ["Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural development", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its members held influential positions (Consiliario) within the Academy, contributing to cultural and artistic discussions and implicitly to the standards applied to related publications.", "quote": "...Consiliario de la Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, desde 1792.", "page": "214", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia de Guardias Marinas de Cádiz", "aliases": ["Real Academia de Guardias Marinas de Cádiz"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its members were authors whose works, particularly pronósticos, were subject to censorship, reflecting the institution's intellectual output in military science and navigation.", "quote": "Horta Aguilera, que fue miembro de la Academia de Guardamarinas de Cádiz, es uno de los más prolíficos autores de pronósticos", "page": "245", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia de la Historia", "aliases": ["Real Academia de la Historia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech", "intellectual freedom", "national honor", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Academia de la Historia y la censura en tiempos de las Luces", "author": "Domergue, Lucienne", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provided extensive reports (thirteen in total) to the Council of Castilla, detailing observations and specific rules for censorship, defining the ideal censor, and proposing reforms to universities to improve literary output.", "quote": "Más sustancioso es el expediente de la Academia de la Historia, ya que consta de trece informes (nutridos algunos) entre los cuales destacan los de Martín Martínez, de Guevara Vasconcelos o el más breve de Campomanes.", "page": "1", "url": "cervantesvirtual.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century (Enlightenment)"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia Española and Real Academia de la Historia", "aliases": ["Real Academia Española and Real Academia de la Historia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["expert authority", "quality assurance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Granted dispensations by the state to issue printing licenses for works related to their fields, integrating their expertise into the censorship system.", "quote": "...desde 1755 tendrían una dispensa para conceder licencias de impresión para temas con ellas relacionados.", "page": "114", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia Médica", "aliases": ["Real Academia Médica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Academia de la Historia y la censura en tiempos de las Luces", "author": "Domergue, Lucienne", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Responded to a consultation from the Council of Castilla by providing a report on the proposed rules for censorship.", "quote": "Se conoce la respuesta ya publicada de Andrés Piquer en nombre de la Academia Médica.", "page": "1", "url": "cervantesvirtual.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century (Enlightenment)"}]}, {"name": "Real Academia Médica Matritense", "aliases": ["Real Academia Médica Matritense"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "scientific accuracy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Evaluated medical and scientific works, recommending against printing those that contradicted principles of reason or contained falsehoods, prioritizing intellectual sustenance.", "quote": "Parecido fue el sentir de la Academia Médica Matritense, que recomienda ser indulgente con los escritos de artes y ciencias, pero no con los de fe o política, aunque introduce una nueva limitación: que no se impriman obras que contradigan los principios de la razón o contengan falsedades, pues el fin último de un libro es la alimentación intelectual de los ciudadanos.", "page": "293", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Real Mesa Censória", "aliases": ["Real Mesa Censória"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security", "public good", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Created in Portugal in 1768, this royal body, comprising laymen and clerics, was responsible for examining, approving, or prohibiting books and papers, aiming to centralize censorship and secularize the process.", "quote": "En 1768 se crea la Real Mesa Censora, órgano regio compuesto por el mismo número de laicos y de clérigos. Su creación seguía la tendencia general de secularización de la censura y formaba parte de la política reformista y regalista llevada a cabo por José I.", "page": "416", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País", "aliases": ["Real Sociedad Económica Matritense de Amigos del País"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "intellectual freedom", "public utility", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Founded by Campomanes, its members acted as censors for works on agriculture, industry, arts, and crafts, serving the state's Enlightenment goals by evaluating content for public utility.", "quote": "El Consejo encarga a sus socios, normalmente, censuras relacionadas con temas de agricultura, industria, artes y oficios, las actividades en torno a las cuales giraba su actividad.", "page": "311", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Reales Estudios de San Isidro", "aliases": ["Reales Estudios de San Isidro"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic quality", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "After the expulsion of the Jesuits, its professors were tasked with censoring works, with the Director distributing petitions for content review, thereby contributing to public instruction.", "quote": "Tras la expulsión de los jesuitas y su reconversión en un centro de estudios laico, las censuras estarán dirigidas al colectivo de profesores, siendo el Director de Estudios574 el encargado de distribuir las peticiones entre el personal docente del momento", "page": "310", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Rebel Government of Transition", "aliases": ["Rebel Government of Transition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle", "author": "Cleaver, Harry", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Formed as a political innovation in Chiapas, with its ideas and calls for broad-based liberation circulating through networks to the rest of Mexico and beyond.", "quote": "In turn, political innovation in Chiapas, from the CND through the formation of a Rebel Government of Transition to the EZLN's calls for a broad-based Liberation Movement and a general plebiscite have circulated to the rest of Mexico and beyond.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Mexico and global cyberspace", "when": "1994-1995"}]}, {"name": "Rebelión", "aliases": ["Rebelión"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Cuba"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "ecological protection", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Elocuencia del silencio.¿ Qué nos enseña el debate sobre los cultivos transgénicos?", "author": "CJD Díaz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provided an alternative international online platform for Cuban academics and citizens to discuss the controversial topic of transgenic crops. By publishing critical viewpoints and reflections that were suppressed in national media, it effectively counteracted state censorship and facilitated a broader, more open debate.", "quote": "un importante capítulo, donde coincidieron cubanos que habían participado en otros foros de debate y publicaciones, junto a otras personas interesadas en la problemática.", "page": "5", "url": "https://biblioteca.umem.mx/books/Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20(74)/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20-%20Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Cuba", "when": "early 21st century (1999–2012)"}]}, {"name": "Reclaim the Internet", "aliases": ["Reclaim the Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["online abuse", "women's safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts campaigns to name and frame online abuse as misogynistic violence against women and girls (VAWG), drawing comparisons to offline violence.", "quote": "Campaigns such as Reclaim the Internet, evoking the traditional feminist campaign to ‘reclaim the night’, have helped to name online abuse as misogynistic and to draw comparisons with the long history of violence against women and girls.", "page": "124", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Reclaim the Streets (RTS)", "aliases": ["Reclaim the Streets (RTS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "economic justice", "political freedom", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engages in direct action (e.g., 'street party' tactics) and uses alternative media to articulate a critique of the commodification and privatization of public spaces, drawing historical parallels to earlier movements.", "quote": "The feature on the Reclaim the Streets (RTS) movement is in fact three articles in one, all anonymous, totalling around 5,500 words. It examines the political and social issues of the movement, its history from 1991 to the present and its rationale, identifying an historical basis for its 'street party' tactics drawn from the events of Paris in 1968.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Recommendations for countering misinformation", "aliases": ["Recommendations for countering misinformation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1892, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1892", "mechanism": "APA publishes evidence-based recommendations and resolutions, urges platform collaboration and data transparency, and calls on policymakers and funders to support research—shaping research agendas and policy debates on misinformation.", "quote": "APA's core mission is psychology, but it issues explicit recommendations calling for collaboration with social media companies and data transparency to study and counter misinformation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-recommendations", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)", "aliases": ["Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Filed multiple lawsuits against file-sharing software providers and users, asserting unauthorized file sharing is intellectual property theft.", "quote": "The recording industry in the United States has filed multiple lawsuits against purveyors of file sharing software. It has even initiated lawsuits against individuals who make substantial use of this technology (RIAA v. Verizon, 2003).", "page": "553", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Recreational Software Advisory Council on the Internet", "aliases": ["Recreational Software Advisory Council on the Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content appropriateness"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Offers a specific labeling vocabulary through online servers that produce PICS-formatted labels, allowing users to apply filtering rules based on dimensions like language, nudity/sex, and violence.", "quote": "RSACi and SafeSurf are offering their particular labeling vocabularies through online servers that produce PICS-formatted labels.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Recreational Software Advisory Council on the Internet (RSACi)", "aliases": ["Recreational Software Advisory Council on the Internet (RSACi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content appropriateness", "user safety"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de continguts a Internet: riscos i oportunitats", "author": "", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Evaluates content based on criteria, allowing users to configure filters based on these evaluations.", "quote": "...en funció de com una organització externa en la qual confia -com ara Recreational Software Advisory Council on the Internet (RASCI)- ho hagi avaluat.", "page": "5", "url": "bid.ub.edu", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Global, with focus on United States and Europe", "when": "late 1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Red Chilena contra la Violencia hacia las Mujeres", "aliases": ["Red Chilena contra la Violencia hacia las Mujeres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones sociales del feminismo en mujeres no activistas en Chile actual: tensiones entre la moderación y transgresión", "author": "Obreque Oviedo, Patricia; Falorni, Silvia", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Consolidated efforts to combat violence against women, aligning with regional and global feminist movements, thereby generating public pressure and shaping public discourse on these issues.", "quote": "Durante estas décadas también se consolidó el trabajo de agrupaciones y colectivos (como Red chilena contra la violencia hacia las mujeres, la coordinadora 8M, Miles Chile, entre otras) en torno a la lucha contra todas las violencias hacia las mujeres y en consonancia con movimientos feministas", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.autoctonia.cl/index.php/autoc/article/view/604", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile", "when": "late 19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Red Cross", "aliases": ["Red Cross"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to global awareness efforts, which can include advocating for and supporting initiatives like sex education.", "quote": "All the leading international organisations, such as WHO, UNICEF or the Red Cross, are working to spread awareness globally.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Red Cross Organization Congress", "aliases": ["Red Cross Organization Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The organization is implicated through its leader's son in a traffic accident scenario, making its reputation and its indirect 'institutional affinity' to the Party a factor in censorship decisions regarding related negative news.", "quote": "He is the son of the Party secretary of Municipal C (PolC: Strong,IA) / Red Cross Organization Congress(PolC: Weak,IA).", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Red Cross Organization Congress (China)", "aliases": ["Red Cross Organization Congress (China)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THEDETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP INCHINA", "author": "L Shao", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Mentioned as an institutional entity whose association with a scandal (a member's son being a drunk driver) generates a 'weak political challenge' to the one-party rule, influencing the level of censorship applied to the news.", "quote": "He is the son of the Party secretary of Municipal C (PolC: Strong,IA) / Red Cross Organization Congress(PolC: Weak,IA).", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-east-asian-studies/article/dilemma-of-criticism-disentangling-thedeterminants-of-media-censorship-inchina/033F58546D286E1302BE2AAAD6CFC090", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Red CUED (Cátedra UNESCO de Educación a Distancia)", "aliases": ["Red CUED (Cátedra UNESCO de Educación a Distancia)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "access to education", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The 'Docentes en línea' project is a member of this network and publishes its news and developments there, thus contributing to and participating in the dissemination of educational information within this academic sphere.", "quote": "Además, somos integrantes de la Red CUED (Cátedra Unesco de Educación a Distancia, (http://www.uned.es/cued), en la que también publicamos nuestras novedades.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Red de Docentes de América Latina y el Caribe (RedDOLAC)", "aliases": ["Red de Docentes de América Latina y el Caribe (RedDOLAC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge sharing", "professional development", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This network selects and highlights publications from the 'Docentes en línea' project as 'artículos destacados del mes,' acting as a gatekeeper or curator of relevant educational content for teachers in Latin America and the Caribbean.", "quote": "En RedDOLAC, la Red de Docentes de América Latina y el Caribe (http://www.reddolac.org), nuestras publicaciones han sido seleccionadas varias veces como artículos destacados del mes.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Red de Docentes de Iberoamérica (part of Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos for Education, Science and Culture)", "aliases": ["Red de Docentes de Iberoamérica (part of Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos for Education, Science and Culture)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Global", "Ibero-America"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Docentes en línea. Comunidad de práctica virtual", "author": "S Enríquez", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This network (within OEI) serves as a platform where the 'Docentes en línea' project publishes updated information on educational topics and technology. It contributes to content dissemination and endorsement within the Ibero-American educational sphere.", "quote": "En la Red de Docentes de Iberoamérica (OEI), se inició la actividad de publicación en formato de blog en abril de 2017 y ya cuenta con 48 usuarios Amigos. En septiembre de 2018 cuenta con 280 publicaciones producto de 3 posteos semanales de información actualizada sobre temáticas referentes a Educación y TIC.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/library?a=d&c=extension&d=Jpx429", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, Ibero-America (global reach)", "when": "2013-present"}]}, {"name": "Red de Investigación en Comunicación Comunitaria, Alternativa y Participativa (RICCAP)", "aliases": ["Red de Investigación en Comunicación Comunitaria, Alternativa y Participativa (RICCAP)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "alternative media", "community communication"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A research network where one of the authors is a member, contributing to the academic understanding of community, alternative, and participatory communication, which implicitly supports a broader interpretation of freedom of expression.", "quote": "Javier García is an academic researcher with Universidad de Las Américas... He is founder and member of the Red de Investigación en Comunicación Comunitaria, Alternativa y Participativa (RICCAP - Spain)...", "page": "22", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Red de Mujeres contra la Violencia (RMCV)", "aliases": ["Red de Mujeres contra la Violencia (RMCV)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Denounces gender violence and advocates for women's rights and protection, collaborating with police branches.", "quote": "La RMCV sostuvo que la VG iba en ascenso y se experimentaba un retroceso en el cumplimiento de los Derechos Humanos. En muchos de los casos en los que las mujeres pusieron denuncias en reiteradas ocasiones, las autoridades no tomaron medidas preventivas...", "page": "677", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Red de Periodistas Feministas de Chile", "aliases": ["Red de Periodistas Feministas de Chile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminist issues", "freedom of the press", "gender equality", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Receives constant online attacks, particularly when reporting on femicides, violence against women, and promoting media guidelines for these issues, illustrating the suppression of feminist journalistic work.", "quote": "La cuenta de Twitter e Instagram de la Red de Periodistas Feministas de Chile @redperiofem recibe ataques constantes, particularmente cuando reporta situaciones o noticias vinculadas con feminicidios y casos de violencia contra mujeres, adolescentes y niñas, o cuando promueve prácticas y lineamientos relacionados con medios y cobertura de prensa en estos casos.", "page": "12", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales", "aliases": ["Red en Defensa de los Derechos Digitales"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "limited government"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Regulación de intermediarios de Internet. Análisis de los Foros Latinoamericanos de Gobernanza (2018-2021)", "author": "A Bizberge, G Mastrini", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates against state regulation, implying a preference for less governmental intervention in content moderation.", "quote": "Más que regulación estatal", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-252X2024000100118&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America", "when": "2018–2021"}]}, {"name": "Red Guards (Cultural Revolution)", "aliases": ["Red Guards (Cultural Revolution)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["social conformity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Youth groups during China's Cultural Revolution that enforced political ideology and social norms through public shaming and denunciation, characteristic of the 'pidou' movement.", "quote": "referred to as the former Communist Party Youth Organisation (“komsomols”), “timurovtsy”,45 and even the Chinese Red Guard (“khunveibini”).", "page": "123", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Red Hack", "aliases": ["Red Hack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["marxist ideology", "political dissent"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Collaborated with Anonymous in actions against the Turkish government, engaging in cyber-conflict to challenge state power and its narratives, which serves as a form of contentious moderation/censorship against the government.", "quote": "Anonymous has been collaborating with the Turkish hacker collective Red Hack in a number of actions against the Turkish government in particular.", "page": "179", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Red Nacional de Mujeres", "aliases": ["Red Nacional de Mujeres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocates for the recognition of women as subjects of rights and gender-sensitive reparations in conflict contexts.", "quote": "Considerar la reparación como ayudas puede desvirtuar el sentido propio de la reparación, que es reconocerle como sujetos derechos a quienes se les ha violado sus derechos y que el estado esta en obligación de reparar y garantizar. (Red Nacional de Mujeres, 2005)", "page": "38", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Red Teaming Network", "aliases": ["Red Teaming Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Members engaged in free-form conversations with o1 and GPT-4o in parallel to explore different areas of risks and rated perceived unsafe generations.", "quote": "We asked members of the Red Teaming Network (RTN) to have free-form conversations in an interface that generates responses from GPT-4o and o1 in parallel where both models were anonymized.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "Red-forum", "aliases": ["Red-forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "platform governance"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'environnement discursif des forums politiques: le cas des forums d'organisations politiques marginales", "author": "C Matuszak", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "The Red-forum implemented a charter and employed a moderator to control debates, ensure proper functioning of the list, and prevent the development of racist or antisemitic content. This involved limiting freedom of expression, a necessary constraint for the forum's operation.", "quote": "Le RedForum s'est doté d'une charte, il y a quelques semaines à peine, dans le dessein d'épargner la santé du modérateur, et d'éviter de perdre du temps à répéter les quelques règles communes et obligatoires à la vie en communauté, fut-elle virtuelle.", "page": "12", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-de-communication-2007-1-page-117?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums, France", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Redakteursbewegung / Statutenbewegung (Editors' Movement / Statutes Movement)", "aliases": ["Redakteursbewegung / Statutenbewegung (Editors' Movement / Statutes Movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "public discourse", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mass Media and the Generation of Conflict: West Germany's Long Sixties and the Formation of a Critical Public Sphere", "author": "Von Hodenberg, Christina", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This movement, driven by journalists, sought to democratize media organizations by negotiating legally binding statutes that granted editorial staff a voice or veto in major business and personnel decisions, thereby challenging traditional hierarchical structures and promoting participatory decision-making.", "quote": "From 1968 to the mid-seventies, with a high point in 1969–70, a majority of media editors and reporters all over the republic were called on to work for a new level of participation in decision making, chipping away at the power of publishers, chief executives and editors-in-chief.", "page": "392", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0960777306003377/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "West Germany", "when": "late 1950s–early 1970s"}]}, {"name": "Reddit (community moderators)", "aliases": ["Reddit (community moderators)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "platform governance", "self-governance", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can you moderate an unreadable message?'Blind'content moderation via human computation", "author": "S Frey, MW Bos, RW Sumner", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Community moderators are placed in essential governance roles, performing moderation and capable of collective action that can influence platform policy and operations.", "quote": "User communities can gain surprising political leverage over a platform when they are placed in essential governance roles, as in a recent mass strike of community moderators on Reddit, one that caused dramatic drops in traffic.", "page": "24", "url": "http://www.hcjournal.org/index.php/jhc/article/view/83", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media and UGC platforms, with a focus on child-focused and collective content", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000s platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Reddit (user community)", "aliases": ["Reddit (user community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["anti-manipulation", "community standards", "content quality", "content relevance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Users engage in moderation by upvoting or downvoting content, influencing its visibility, with the platform prohibiting organized and automatic downvoting to maintain community-driven moderation.", "quote": "Similar strategic interventions happen more commonly on sites like Reddit and Digg, where users can push good content up or downvote it into obscurity.", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Automoderator", "aliases": ["Reddit Automoderator"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community guidelines", "efficiency", "emotional labor reduction", "scalability", "user education"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An automated moderation bot on Reddit created by a volunteer and later adopted by the platform. It allows volunteer moderators to configure rules to automatically remove undesirable content or flag it for human review, and provides automated explanations for removals.", "quote": "The original version of Automod was voluntarily created by Chad Birch using Reddit API 7 in January 2012... he built the original Automod as a bot that could be set up with conditional checks... perform the configured actions such as post removal and user ban...", "page": "139", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Blackout participants", "aliases": ["Reddit Blackout participants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community autonomy", "community engagement", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderation", "author": "Jiang, Jialun Aaron; Nie, Peipei; Brubaker, Jed R.; Fiesler, Casey", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engaged in collective action, including shutting down subreddits and applying pressure on other moderators, to protest platform decisions and advocate for improved support for volunteer moderators.", "quote": "Community members also played an important role in action against the platform by pressuring moderators to join the blackout, discussing and voting in decisions, and sometimes even punishing moderators who disagreed.", "page": "19", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03450", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Various online communities and social media platforms globally", "when": "21st century platform era (2004-2020)"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Bureau of Investigation", "aliases": ["Reddit Bureau of Investigation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A sub-community on Reddit that coordinates online scrutiny and seeks retribution against targets, acting as a digital vigilante group.", "quote": "specific sub-communities like the Reddit Bureau of Investigation (Myles et al., 2020) and culturally specific news sites like GeenStijl in the Netherlands are closely linked to open denunciations.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Reddit communities / moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit communities / moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil discourse", "community ownership", "information accuracy", "self-governance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Subreddits have significant control over their spaces, including setting community standards and experimenting with ways to resist mis/disinformation. Volunteer moderators enforce rules they helped create, based on a sense of community ownership.", "quote": "Reddit is a good example of a culture of experimentation within a major platform. Subreddits have significant control over their spaces, including the ability to set their own community standards.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Reddit community (r/Science)", "aliases": ["Reddit community (r/Science)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "rule adherence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Moderators of r/Science implemented 'sticky notes' to remind users of subreddit rules, which proved effective in increasing rule adherence and encouraging positive participation among users.", "quote": "Working with moderators from r/Science, Matias (2019) observed that using a \"sticky note\"\" that reminds users of a subreddit's rules both increases the likelihood a given post followed those rules and also increases new users' willingness to post.\"", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit community / moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit community / moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Employs a crowdsourced content moderation framework where volunteer users, organized into 'subreddits,' set and enforce community-specific rules, alongside a company-wide content policy, for removing harmful content.", "quote": "Reddit employs one of the most true-to-content-crowdsourced- moderation frameworks, one which is made to mimic the United States' own beloved democracy-Benjamin Lee, Reddit's general counsel, describes it as “unique” and “layered.”", "page": "36", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit community r/Conservative", "aliases": ["Reddit community r/Conservative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Netflix", "Reddit", "Twitch"], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Perspectives on Censorship: Reacting to Censorship Decisions, Deciding What to Censor, and Censoring the Self", "author": "M Hussein", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators within this Reddit community exercise the power to remove comments from public view, acting as content censors and moderators based on the group's established themes and rules.", "quote": "Users on Reddit join groups dedicated to specific themes (e.g., politics). These groups have moderators, volunteer users with the ability to remove comments from public view.", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/4b767a1328bd23acb10f7747c7a535e2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30304", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Reddit, Facebook, Twitch, Netflix), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit community r/Liberal", "aliases": ["Reddit community r/Liberal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Netflix", "Reddit", "Twitch"], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Perspectives on Censorship: Reacting to Censorship Decisions, Deciding What to Censor, and Censoring the Self", "author": "M Hussein", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators within this Reddit community exercise the power to remove comments from public view, acting as content censors and moderators based on the group's established themes and rules.", "quote": "Users on Reddit join groups dedicated to specific themes (e.g., politics). These groups have moderators, volunteer users with the ability to remove comments from public view.", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/4b767a1328bd23acb10f7747c7a535e2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30304", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Reddit, Facebook, Twitch, Netflix), USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Mod Council", "aliases": ["Reddit Mod Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Mastodon", "Reddit", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Decentralizing Platform Power: A Design Space of Multi-Level Governance in Online Social Platforms", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Frey, Seth; Zhang, Amy X.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Reddit Mod Council is a select group of subreddit moderators who informally advise platform operators on governance matters, though it lacks formal power to sanction the top level.", "quote": "As another example, the Reddit Mod Council⁴ enables a select group of subreddit moderators to informally advise platform operators; however, there is no mechanism for sanctioning the top level.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231207857", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (e.g., Reddit, Mastodon, Wikipedia, YouTube)", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Moderators (as a collective)", "aliases": ["Reddit Moderators (as a collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "platform autonomy", "public morals", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Create, support, and control public discourse; manage social relations; engage in collective action (e.g., strike/blackout) to influence platform policies and working conditions; define acceptable speech; recruit new moderators; and manage wider networks of subreddits.", "quote": "On July 2, 2015, volunteer moderators of over two thousand two hundred \"subreddit\"\" communities on the social news platform reddit effectively went on strike. Moderators disabled their subreddits", "page": "preventing millions of subscribers from accessing basic parts of the reddit website.\"", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Reddit moderators (collective)", "aliases": ["Reddit moderators (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["civility", "community standards", "platform policy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-based System to Assist Reddit Moderators", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Gandhi, Chaitrali; Mustelier, Matthew Wortley; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Reddit moderators, a collective of volunteer users, regulate user-generated content within subreddits. They enforce subreddit-specific rules and site-wide policies, manually review reported content, and use automated tools to triage content, playing a gatekeeping role.", "quote": "Reddit relies on human moderation to regulate content. Moderators on Reddit are groups of users with special privileges who regulate content generated within subreddits on a voluntary basis—they are not paid for their labor.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359276", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2018-2019"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Moderators (Marginalized Communities)", "aliases": ["Reddit Moderators (Marginalized Communities)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Defend their communities from threats, operating with moral and political justifications for their power, often describing themselves as 'martyrs' or 'defenders.'", "quote": "Moderators of subreddits dedicated to marginalized communities sometimes explain themselves as defenders. One moderator described the former moderator of a gender minority subreddit as a 'martyr, angry and whirling and ready to give hell to anyone who dared to cross her or to threaten her communities.'", "page": "4", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Reddit r/AskHistorians community", "aliases": ["Reddit r/AskHistorians community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Reddit", "Voat"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-misinformation", "civility", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Actively moderates its community by enforcing well-defined rules, including a strict 'Civility' rule, to ensure courteous behavior and prohibit racism, sexism, bigotry, Holocaust denialism, and personal insults.", "quote": "r/AskHistorians has a strict 'Civility' rule which says, 'All users are expected to behave with courtesy and politeness at all times. We will not tolerate racism, sexism, or any other forms of bigotry. This includes Holocaust denialism. Nor will we accept personal insults of any kind.' [47]", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit r/AskScience community", "aliases": ["Reddit r/AskScience community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Reddit", "Voat"], "norms": ["civility", "community standards"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Actively moderates its community by urging users to 'Be civil: Remember the human and follow Reddiquette' to maintain appropriate user behavior and interactions.", "quote": "r/AskScience urges its users to 'Be civil: Remember the human and follow Reddiquette', in its guidelines [45, 46].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit r/NeutralPolitics community", "aliases": ["Reddit r/NeutralPolitics community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Reddit", "Voat"], "norms": ["evidence-based reasoning", "fair discussion", "respectful discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Moderates its community by enforcing comment rules that require courtesy and prohibit name calling, sarcasm, demeaning language, or hostile behavior, aiming for evenhanded, empirical discussion of political issues.", "quote": "The community urges its users to be courteous in its comment rules, which states that 'Name calling, sarcasm, demeaning language, or otherwise being rude or hostile to another user will get your comment removed.' [5]", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit r/suicidewatch community", "aliases": ["Reddit r/suicidewatch community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["4chan", "MetaFilter", "MixedBag", "Reddit", "Voat"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "suicide prevention", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Bag of Communities: Identifying Abusive Behavior Online with Preexisting Internet Data", "author": "Chandrasekharan, Eshwar; Samory, Mattia; Srinivasan, Anirudh; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Functions as a Reddit suicide support forum, implicitly participating in moderation by providing support for suicidal ideation and identifying users who may require intervention.", "quote": "In the latter case, for example, one could imagine deploying BoC using r/suicidewatch, a Reddit suicide support forum, as a companion data source.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3025453.3026018", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online communities (4chan, Reddit, Voat, MetaFilter, MixedBag)", "when": "1999-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Subreddit Networks", "aliases": ["Reddit Subreddit Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["privacy", "social order"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "These networks are jointly managed collections of subreddits that share moderators and a common governance structure, setting policies and inducting new members through votes.", "quote": "These networks are jointly managed collections of subreddits that share moderators and a common governance structure.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Reddit subreddits", "aliases": ["Reddit subreddits"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "professional ethics", "public morals", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators define, interpret, and apply community norms to sanction bad behavior, making complex choices to maintain social order and reconcile nested community norms.", "quote": "Reddit hosts over 11,000 different communities, called subreddits, each having its own topic and purpose. Moderators, or “mods,” perform the work of maintaining the community, and of particular interest for this study, of defining norms and sanctioning bad behavior.", "page": "4", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Toolbox", "aliases": ["Reddit Toolbox"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["ease of moderation", "efficiency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A browser add-on developed by volunteer Redditors that enhances moderator efficiency by providing tools for quick content removal, tagging with pre-written reasons, and other moderation tasks, streamlining content regulation.", "quote": "a majority of my participants use Reddit toolbox 6, a browser add-on that provides many useful features such as allowing moderators to remove a comment and all its replies with a single click...", "page": "156", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit user community", "aliases": ["Reddit user community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Japan", "New Zealand", "Russia", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals", "women's safety"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Ethics of Corporate Censorship of Information-Sharing Behavior: A Nonconsequentialist Perspective", "author": "H Zhong, PA Watters", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The collective of Reddit users exerted pressure and made demands for censorship, leading the platform to ban certain subreddits that promoted content deemed harmful or socially unacceptable.", "quote": "Reddit users appear to have demanded some level of censorship from the service: at some point, they began to ban certain subreddits promoting child pornography and 'anti-women' posts (Workman 2014).", "page": "5", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/769146/summary", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms across multiple countries (USA, Japan, South Korea, Russia, New Zealand)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit User Investigators", "aliases": ["Reddit User Investigators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A collective of users investigates and analyzes moderator behavior and platform actions (e.g., censorship of political discussions), often through data analysis and press campaigns to exert public pressure.", "quote": "To support these accusations, one person conducted data analysis... The moderators' accusers argued that the subreddit lacked \"accountability\"\" and \"\"transparency.”\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Reddit user-moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit user-moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform autonomy", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How much is too much: the difficulties of social media content moderation", "author": "Young, Greyson K.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These users create and enforce rules for their respective subreddits, applying both platform-wide policies and their own community-specific guidelines, thereby directly moderating content within their communities.", "quote": "Each subreddit is user-created and user-moderated; therefore, allowing a select group of users a considerable amount of power over a given community. User-moderators can create their own rules for their subreddit which would apply in addition to the eight core rules of the platform.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600834.2021.1905593", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit voluntary moderators", "aliases": ["Reddit voluntary moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "public morals", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Volunteer their time to moderate communication on platforms like Reddit, playing a role in enforcing community norms, as evidenced by their strike to protest unpaid labor.", "quote": "In the case of Reddit, voluntary moderators went on strike to express their discontent with not being paid for their labor (Matias, 2019).", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit Volunteer Moderator Teams", "aliases": ["Reddit Volunteer Moderator Teams"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community health", "rule enforcement"], "topics": ["moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "All that's happening behind the scenes: Putting the spotlight on volunteer moderator labor in reddit", "author": "H Li, B Hecht, S Chancellor", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators perform content moderation, fact-checking, and norm-setting to maintain online communities on Reddit. They approve and remove content, manage users (e.g., banning), and adjust community settings. Their collective labor is crucial for the platform's health and vibrancy.", "quote": "volunteer content moderators perform a vast amount of labor to maintain online communities. However, as social platforms like Reddit favor revenue generation and user engagement, moderators are under-supported.", "page": "1", "url": "https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19317", "topic": "moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/Atheism", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/Atheism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit within Reddit where participants post and discuss content related to atheism, including memetic expressions, contributing to a shared community with specific thematic and humor norms.", "quote": "One iteration, posted to Reddit’s /r/Atheism subreddit in 2012, posits that “we were born too soon to explore the cosmos, and too late to explore the earth. Our frontier is the human mind. Religion is the ocean we must cross.”", "page": "59", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/BehindTheGIFs", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/BehindTheGIFs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community where participants create \"backstory\"\" explanations for familiar GIFs", "quote": "humor, creative storytelling, social play, memetic discourse.", "page": "On /r/BehindTheGIFs, participants create images of “backstory” explanation as a setup to a punch line consisting of a familiar GIF.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/BlackPeopleGIFs", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/BlackPeopleGIFs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "racial identity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community where participants share GIFs that often reproduce \"positive and negative stereotypes about African Americans", "quote": "shared cultural context, community identity, (ambivalent) humor and stereotypes related to African American culture.", "page": "Reddit’s /r/BlackPeopleGIFs reminds participants in its subreddit rules that “we’re all black here. Be cool.” Participants on the subreddit then reproduce both positive and negative stereotypes about African Americans in the GIFs they share.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/CandidFashionPolice", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/CandidFashionPolice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "privacy protection", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit created to post \"candid photos of women\"\" and \"\"judge their fashion choices", "quote": "indicating norm enforcement and social judgment.\"", "page": "(implied) fashion critique, social judgment, community norms.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/CircleJerk", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/CircleJerk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"metacommentary subreddit\"\" that parodied the suppression of links to external media sites by Reddit's /r/Politics", "quote": "critique of platform moderation, free expression, irony, metacommentary.", "page": "Parodying that suppression, the metacommentary subreddit /r/CircleJerk began allowing only Gawker network links.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/Creepshots", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/Creepshots"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that posted \"sexualized photos of women taken in public without their consent", "quote": "demonstrating a problematic norm-setting within its community.\"", "page": "(implied) objectification of women, lack of consent.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/CringePics", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/CringePics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that focuses \"critical attention on participatory media content deemed oblivious to the collective sensibilities of the Reddit social imaginary", "quote": "critique of 'cringe-inducing' content, policing community 'sensibilities'.", "page": "when the Sunkist images in figure 6.9 surfaced, they were posted to /r/CringePics and /r/TerribleFacebookMemes, both of which focus critical attention on participatory media content deemed oblivious to the collective sensibilities of the Reddit social imaginary.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/DubbedGIFs", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/DubbedGIFs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["creativity", "cultural expression", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community where participants create jokes or make points by \"providing altered subtitles to pop media GIFs", "quote": "humor, social play, creative remix, memetic discourse.", "page": "On /r/DubbedGIFs, participants make a joke or a point by providing altered subtitles to pop media GIFs.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/FatPeopleHate", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/FatPeopleHate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that described itself as \"a civil place to make fun of fatties\"\" and housed photos for mockery based on weight", "quote": "showcasing extreme antagonism and norm enforcement.\"", "page": "fat-shaming, mockery, (claimed) 'civil place'.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/FatPersonHate", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/FatPersonHate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A new subreddit created after the ban of /r/FatPeopleHate, quickly accumulating content and \"critiques of Reddit’s practices\"\" and \"\"threats to Reddit and Imgur staff", "quote": "fat-shaming, critique of platform moderation, free expression (as they perceive it).", "page": "After Reddit’s ban, a new subreddit, /r/FatPersonHate, was created and reached 22,000 subscribers within three hours. The subreddit described itself as “a civil place to make fun of fatties,”", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/FTM subreddit (community)", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/FTM subreddit (community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitch"], "norms": ["civility", "community standards", "protection of marginalized groups", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "(In) visible moderation: A digital ethnography of marginalized users and content moderation on Twitch and Reddit", "author": "H Thach, S Mayworm, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators within the /r/FTM community perform content moderation by removing posts, comments, and banning users who violate subreddit-specific or Reddit's sitewide guidelines. They also make moderation visible through direct communication with users.", "quote": "On Reddit, subreddit content moderation is predominantly performed by teams of volunteer moderators. Moderators focus on enforcing both subreddit-specific community guidelines and Reddit's sitewide guidelines that apply to all subreddits.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448221109804", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and Twitch, USA", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/GIFTournament", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/GIFTournament"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "creativity", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community where participants create \"reaction GIFs\"\" in competitive \"\"head-to-head competition", "quote": "creative competition, humor, social play.", "page": "On /r/GIFTournament, participants create reaction GIFs that are set in head-to-head competition and voted on by subscribers to the subreddit.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/HailCorporate", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/HailCorporate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercialism", "platform integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"watchdog subreddit\"\" that catalogs and critiques \"\"alleged corporate content\"\" on Reddit", "quote": "anti-commercialism, transparency, critique of corporate influence.", "page": "Reddit’s system affords political publicity and viral marketing as much as it affords the policing of those practices. /r/HailCorporate is a watchdog subreddit, cataloguing alleged corporate content on the site.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/Jailbait", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/Jailbait"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that posted \"sexualized photos of young girls", "quote": "reflecting problematic content creation and circulation practices.\"", "page": "(implied) objectification of minors, lack of consent.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/MensRights", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/MensRights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "identity politics"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit described as a place \"to discuss men’s rights and the ways said rights have been infringed on", "quote": "men's rights, discussion of infringed rights.", "page": "Accusations bounced back and forth between participants on /r/MensRights (labeled as “a place for those who wish to discuss men’s rights and the ways said rights have been infringed on”).", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/MURICA", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/MURICA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"parody subreddit (except when it’s not) to celebrate freedom", "quote": "fostering a specific type of nationalistic community.\"", "page": "American patriotism, freedom, (ambivalent) jingoism.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/PhotoshopBattles", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/PhotoshopBattles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["creative expression", "social interaction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community premised on users editing and transforming original images in a competitive format, fostering playful creation and reappropriation of visual media, often with humorous intent.", "quote": "Another Reddit staple, the /r/PhotoshopBattles subreddit is premised on participants editing an original image in the comments to its thread. The “battle” is won by the contribution that is most upvoted.", "page": "83", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/ReactionGIFs", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/ReactionGIFs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural expression"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community dedicated to the collective reappropriation of pop media GIFs, where participants use these visual texts to respond to online conversations, providing social cues and a \"visual vocabulary.\"\"\"", "quote": "Reddit’s popular /r/ReactionGIFs subreddit, which explains in its description that “a reaction GIF is a physical or emotional response that is captured in a GIF, which you can link in response to someone or something on the Internet.”", "page": "79", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/ShitRedditSays", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/ShitRedditSays"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "An \"agonistic meta commentary\"\" subreddit that aggressively critiques sexism and other forms of bigotry on other Reddit communities", "quote": "anti-sexism, anti-patriarchy, social justice, critique of dominant discourse, counterpublic space.", "page": "/r/ShitRedditSays takes an aggressive approach to calling out sexism on other subreddits. .../r/ShitRedditSays is meant to be a counterpublic space to commiserate about the hegemony that flares up on the mainline site whenever a pro-feminist perspective is espoused.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/SRSSucks", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/SRSSucks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "identity politics"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that critiques \"the vocal feminism of /r/ShitRedditSays", "quote": "critique of specific feminist stances, online community norms.", "page": "/r/SRSSucks critiques the vocal feminism of /r/ShitRedditSays.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/TerribleFacebookMemes", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/TerribleFacebookMemes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that focuses \"critical attention on participatory media content deemed oblivious to the collective sensibilities of the Reddit social imaginary", "quote": "critique of 'terrible' memes, policing community 'sensibilities'.", "page": "when the Sunkist images in figure 6.9 surfaced, they were posted to /r/CringePics and /r/TerribleFacebookMemes, both of which focus critical attention on participatory media content deemed oblivious to the collective sensibilities of the Reddit social imaginary.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/TheRedPill", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/TheRedPill"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that \"advocates for hegemonic masculinity and a return to traditional gender roles", "quote": "hegemonic masculinity, traditional gender roles.", "page": "/r/TheRedPill—reappropriating a metaphor for awakening from the 1999 film The Matrix—advocates for hegemonic masculinity and a return to traditional gender roles.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/TrollXChromosomes", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/TrollXChromosomes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"pro-feminist humor subreddit\"\" that provides a \"\"counterpublic safe space\"\" for women from broader online antagonisms", "quote": "pro-feminism, humor, safe space, critique of misogyny.", "page": "/r/TrollXChromosomes was framed as a counterpublic safe space, a harbor from the broader antagonisms that had captured /r/TwoXChromosomes when it became a default subreddit.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/TumblrInAction", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/TumblrInAction"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that \"mocks the left-leaning", "quote": "engaging in identity antagonisms and critiquing specific ideological stances within online communities.\"", "page": "critique of 'social justice warriors', anti-feminist stances (implied).", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/TwoXChromosomes", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/TwoXChromosomes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content quality", "gender representation", "women's perspectives"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit that houses \"thoughtful", "quote": "serving as a space for feminist discourse", "page": "but also experiencing increased misogyny after becoming a default subreddit.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/WTF", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/WTF"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A Reddit community where unusual or shocking content, such as \"Post-It-note monster images", "quote": "demonstrating how collective attention drives visibility and engagement with specific types of media.\"", "page": "shock value, unusual content, community engagement.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's /r/YouDontSurf", "aliases": ["Reddit's /r/YouDontSurf"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural expression"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A subreddit devoted to the \"humorous captioning of (often notoriously vague and nonsensical) stock photos", "quote": "drawing on interior monologue captioning.\"", "page": "dark humor, incongruity, 'internet ugly' aesthetic.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's AutoModerator", "aliases": ["Reddit's AutoModerator"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A bot designed to automate various moderation tasks on subreddits, such as watching report queues and taking actions (approving or removing) on submissions and comments based on defined conditions.", "quote": "An AutoModerator is a bot designed to automate various moderation tasks that require little or no human judgement. It can watch the new/spam/comments/report queues of any subreddit it moderates and take actions on submissions and comments based on defined conditions.", "page": "2", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reddit's r/AskDocs community", "aliases": ["Reddit's r/AskDocs community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Segnalazioni", "author": "S Coretti", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This public social media forum acts as a community where patients post health questions and verified physicians provide answers, establishing informal norms and a system of peer/expert-based moderation for health information exchange online.", "quote": "Lo studio, di tipo trasversale, ha utilizzato un database pubblico e anonimo di domande provenienti da un forum pubblico sui social media (Reddit's r/AskDocs).", "page": "2", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/949375144e7a9c261429db023c874ee5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=7052895", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global healthcare sector and digital platforms", "when": "Contemporary (post-2020 AI era)"}]}, {"name": "Rede Brasileira de Agendas 21 Locais (Rebal21)", "aliases": ["Rede Brasileira de Agendas 21 Locais (Rebal21)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Rebal21/Ning platform"], "norms": ["quality standards"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ParticiPação cidadã online: o Potencial deliberativo dos gruPos da rebal21", "author": "ABM Assunção", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates an online social network (Ning platform) to facilitate citizen participation and public exchange of ideas, specifically for Agenda 21 processes in Brazil. It provides discussion groups and a collective library, and its moderation (performed by governmental representatives) enforces rules from its \"Carta de Princípios\"\" to ensure respectful", "quote": "and non-aggressive dialogue.\"", "page": "Promotes civic education, political participation, deliberation on public interest issues, transparency, ethics, respect for diversity, consensus-seeking, and a non-partisan environment, guided by its \"Carta de Princípios\"\".\"", "url": "https://periodicos.ufsm.br/ccomunicacao/article/view/10885", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, online social network (Rebal21/Ning platform)", "when": "2009-2011"}]}, {"name": "Rede Brasileira de Pesquisadorxs de Memória e Comunicação", "aliases": ["Rede Brasileira de Pesquisadorxs de Memória e Comunicação"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["communication", "cultural memory", "knowledge production", "research ethics"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as a network of researchers, fostering research and discussion on memory and communication, contributing to knowledge production and potentially norm-setting in the field.", "quote": "É pesquisadora do Grupo de Pesquisa em Mídia e Esfera Pública (EME/UFMG) e uma das fundadoras da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisadorxs de Memória e Comunicação (Rememora).", "page": "319", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Rede de Bibliotecas Escolares", "aliases": ["Rede de Bibliotecas Escolares"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "media literacy", "public education"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência artificial e filosofia", "author": "I Bernardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Incorporates media literacy into its 'Learning with the School Library' framework and launches programs (e.g., ProLiteracias) to develop media and informational literacy competencies in schools.", "quote": "A literacia dos média faz parte do referencial “Aprender com a Biblioteca Escolar”. Em 2024 a RBE lançou o programa ProLiteracias focado no desenvolvimento de competências em literacia mediática e informacional.", "page": "31", "url": "https://apfilosofia.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Trab-fil2025_S1_IsaB.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, with specific focus on Portugal, and comparison with USA and China", "when": "2023–2025"}]}, {"name": "Rede Sustentabilidade (political party)", "aliases": ["Rede Sustentabilidade (political party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party (as civil actor)"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "information truthfulness"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Filed a formal representation with the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) to request removal of false publications on Facebook targeting its presidential candidate, Marina Silva, in 2018, addressing disinformation in electoral campaigns.", "quote": "o Diretório da Rede Sustentabilidade ofereceu uma representação perante o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) sob a justificativa de que existiam publicações falsas no Facebook relativas ao suposto envolvimento da então pré-candidata a presidência, Marina Silva, em atos de corrupção delatados na operação Lava Jato.", "page": "90", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Rede Universitária de Programas de Educação Ambiental", "aliases": ["Rede Universitária de Programas de Educação Ambiental"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "scientific knowledge", "sustainability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promotes and institutionalizes environmental education within universities, advocating for the integration of environmental themes into academic curricula.", "quote": "Em 2001, o movimento ambientalista universitário ganha força com a formação da Rede Universitária de Programas de Educação Ambiental (RUPEA).", "page": "123", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Reflector program team", "aliases": ["Reflector program team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "Romania"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "press freedom", "public accountability", "social justice"], "topics": ["television moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Television in the Age of (Post-) Communism: the case of Romania", "author": "D Mustata", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducted social investigations into cases of injustice (thefts, misdemeanors, political corruption), relying on viewer reports to challenge bureaucracy and official misconduct, effectively acting as a public watchdog until political control was imposed.", "quote": "Reflector was a social investigation program that became very popular between 1970 and 1977 and aimed at solving concrete cases of social injustice (usually reported by viewers themselves): from thefts and misdemeanors to political corruption.", "page": "5", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203110201-5&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Romania, Eastern Europe", "when": "mid-to-late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Reform Judaism", "aliases": ["Reform Judaism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Israel", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethnic identity", "national identity", "religious identity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ces interdits qui nous hantent: Islam, censure, orientalisme", "author": "SJ Al-Azm, J El Gharbi", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Contributed to defining Jewish identity by viewing Judaism primarily as a religion, offering an alternative perspective to Zionism's ethno-religious conception, thereby influencing norms and values within the Jewish community.", "quote": "Un peuple que le sionisme, à la différence d'autres mouvements comme la Réforme qui considérait le judaïsme comme religion ou le Bund qui le considérait comme minorité nationale, a pensé comme constitutif d'éléments ethniques et religieux.", "page": "6", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/mny6n3kp25cvzm2csytx5i3h3u/access/wayback/https://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ACO_102_0149&download=1", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Middle East, Israel, France, Europe", "when": "Antiquity to contemporary period"}]}, {"name": "Reformed Church (Geneva)", "aliases": ["Reformed Church (Geneva)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Established a partnership with secular authorities to impose a 'godly discipline' on the Christian community and exercise temporal jurisdiction.", "quote": "The Ordinances struck a difficult balance between separating the functions of Church and state, allocating each its proper domain, and at the same time establishing a partnership between them in governing the city according to the principles of the reformed religion.", "page": "85", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Reformed Churches", "aliases": ["Reformed Churches"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Emden", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1630, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dove non arriva la legge: dottrine della censura nella prima età moderna", "author": "L Bianchin", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Focused their censorial action primarily on the discipline of customs (censura morum) and explicitly aimed to involve the entire community in the control and vigilance over the moral and religious life of the community.", "quote": "Le Chiese riformate, invece, concentrarono la loro azione censoria soprattutto sul disciplinamento dei costumi (censura morum). Ciò che distinse maggiormente la censura della Chiesa cattolica da quella protestante, nella fattispecie calvinista, fu l'espressa volontà di quest'ultima di coinvolgere l'intera collettività nella azione di controllo e di vigilanza, svolta dal presbiterio, sulla vita morale e religiosa della comunità.", "page": "1", "url": "https://iris.unitn.it/handle/11572/70132", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Early Modern Europe (specifically France and a Calvinist city like Emden)", "when": "late 16th to early 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Reformed Theologians", "aliases": ["Reformed Theologians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La prédestination censurée: Une «congrégation» genevoise condamnée par les théologiens parisiens en 1553", "author": "Y Tatarenko", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Advocated alternative doctrines which the Faculty of Theology actively refused to debate, thus being subject to a form of exclusion and intellectual censorship by non-engagement from the dominant religious authority.", "quote": "La Faculté combattait fermement la tentative, amorcée par Guillaume Du Bellay avec l'assentiment royal, de réunir un colloque entre elle et des théologiens réformateurs, dont Melanchthon, dans les années 1534-1535 (74).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/24296921", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Geneva, Paris, France", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Refuge", "aliases": ["Refuge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["domestic abuse charity / service provider and advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1971", "mechanism": "Refuge provides survivor services and publishes guidance on tech abuse, runs national campaigns and a Tech Safety Summit to influence policy and platform practices on technology-facilitated abuse.", "quote": "Refuge's core mission is supporting survivors of domestic abuse, but it runs a dedicated 'Tech Safety Summit', provides guidance on 'tech abuse' and 'secure your tech', and engages policymakers on technology-facilitated abuse.", "page": "", "url": "https://refuge.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Refugee Council (Flüchtlingsrat e.V.)", "aliases": ["Refugee Council (Flüchtlingsrat e.V.)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["right to residence"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An independent non-governmental organization that serves as an administrative and representative body for grassroots initiatives, fighting for the right to stay for people with Duldung status, and collaborating with politicians.", "quote": "Fluechtlingsrat e. V. (Refugee Council in English), an independent non-governmental organization, towards the end of 2021. This project is aimed at amplifying the voices of refugees with Duldung status in deliberations.", "page": "177", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Refugee Radio Network (RRN)", "aliases": ["Refugee Radio Network (RRN)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["diversity", "free speech"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Establishes an online radio station and traditional radio program at FSK, providing a platform for refugees' voices, organizing workshops, conferences, and building partnerships to advocate for rights and recognition.", "quote": "media organizations like this have the potential to provide “migrants and refugees the opportunity to speak online and attain ‘some symbolic power’ by narrating their own histories and trajectories, against the representational order” (para. 2).", "page": "59", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Refusal of Work movement", "aliases": ["Refusal of Work movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Nigeria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Proposes extending non-work realms and freeing individuals from corporate employment, challenging the dominance of work and advocating for an 'exodus' from the social factory model.", "quote": "The Refusal of Work movement extends the ‘freedom from work’ strategy by emphasizing the networks of labour or the commons that the social factory parasitically feeds upon.", "page": "164", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Regeln für faire digitale Wahlkämpfe - Stiftung Neue Verantwortung", "aliases": ["Regeln für faire digitale Wahlkämpfe - Stiftung Neue Verantwortung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; policy research organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Stiftung Neue Verantwortung produces detailed policy papers recommending regulatory changes (e.g., transparency obligations, oversight bodies) to shape platform advertising governance and inform lawmakers and public debate.", "quote": "Publikation provides policy recommendations on political online advertising, platform transparency, and oversight — directly engaging platformized content and ad-governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.interface-eu.org/storage/archive/files/regeln_fur_faire_digitale_wahlkampfe.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Regents (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Regents (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic autonomy", "political participation", "political power", "religious toleration"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Governed cities in the Dutch Republic, defending provincial and civic autonomy against stadtholder's monarchical pretensions and advocating for religious toleration.", "quote": "In the years following the Revolt, a new form of state would evolve, a confederation of provinces that maintained their autonomy and were governed largely by civic administrations in the cities.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Regents of the University of California", "aliases": ["Regents of the University of California"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional governance", "legal compliance", "meritocracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Excitable speech: a politics of the performative", "author": "Butler, Judith", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Implemented anti-affirmative action policies that set criteria for admission and employment, influencing institutional discourse and practices related to diversity within the public university system. (Note: Governing body of a public university system).", "quote": "...anti-affirmative action approaches to meritocracy (evidenced in the University of California resolution), narratives of individuals who heroically overcome adverse circumstances to triumph over any analysis of systematic institutional discrimination in education.", "page": "148", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "Late 20th century (1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Regional At-Large Structures", "aliases": ["Regional At-Large Structures"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "diversity", "user representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Form part of the At-Large Advisory Committee in ICANN, designed to represent individual Internet users and ensure their participation and input into DNS policy development.", "quote": "ICANN buried the idea of direct individual representation, creating instead the At-Large Advisory Committee, a composite of regional At-Large Structures (Mueller 2009, 101).", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Regional Internet Registries", "aliases": ["Regional Internet Registries"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Assign and maintain Internet resources (IP address blocks, AS numbers) in publicly accessible databases, used to verify ownership and implement resource origin validation, preventing hijacking attacks.", "quote": "Internet resources today are assigned by five Regional Internet Registrars (RIRs). These non-profit organisations are responsible for resources such as blocks of IP addresses or numbers for autonomous systems (ASes).", "page": "192", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Regional organizations on environment and international cooperation", "aliases": ["Regional organizations on environment and international cooperation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "international cooperation"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE MODERATOR AS AN EMERGING DEMOCRATIC INTERMEDIARY: THE ROLE OF THE MODERATOR IN INTERNET DISCUSSIONS ABOUT PUBLIC ISSUES * published in: Information Polity 7 (2002) 3-20", "author": "Edwards, Arthur R", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "These two regional organizations cooperatively helped organize an Internet discussion on sustainability, collaborating with the NCDO, a provincial government, and the IPP.", "quote": "The organization of the discussion was a cooperative effort of the NCDO, the Province, the IPP and two regional organizations on the field of environment and international cooperation.", "page": "13", "url": "journals.sagepub.com", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Netherlands", "when": "1995–1999"}]}, {"name": "Regional Plan Association", "aliases": ["Regional Plan Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["East Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["long-term planning"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "5. Des «héros modernes»: la modération à Manille", "author": "ST Roberts", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As a nongovernmental organization, it provides long-term integrated planning for the New York metropolitan region and significantly influences planning decisions, thereby helping to set and enforce norms for urban development and growth.", "quote": "The Regional Plan Association provides long-term integrated planning for the metropolitan region of New York, and despite being a nongovernmental organization, has a strong influence on planning decisions for the region.", "page": "25", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/DEC_ROBER_2020_01_0187", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "East Asia", "when": "2000–2010"}]}, {"name": "Registres des cancers", "aliases": ["Registres des cancers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["data quality", "public health"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Maintain data quality by adhering to common criteria, norms, and encoding guides to ensure exhaustiveness and comparability of cancer cases. They make choices about what data to collect or not (e.g., alcohol consumption, Covid-19 seropositivity) to ensure data completeness and reliability for public health research.", "quote": "Les Registres des cancers sont des organismes, le plus souvent sous le statut d’associations à but non lucratif, dont la mission est de réaliser « un recueil continu et exhaustif de données nominatives concernant un ou plusieurs événements de santé [ici le cancer] dans une population géographiquement définie, à des fins de recherche et de santé publique, par une équipe aux compétences adaptées » (santepaysdelaloire.com).", "page": "99", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Regulated Self-Regulatory Institution (under NetzDG)", "aliases": ["Regulated Self-Regulatory Institution (under NetzDG)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A responsabilidade civil dos provedores de aplicações por conteúdo de terceiros no Marco Civil da Internet: Erros, acertos e novas perspectivas", "author": "AM Micheletti", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "This institution can extend the 7-day deadline for content removal under Germany's NetzDG by undertaking the review process for 'illegal content'. It is designed to include independent auditors and be supported by multiple social media providers, ensuring technical expertise in content assessment.", "quote": "O prazo de 7 dias pode ser estendido se a questão for levada a uma instituição de autorregulação regulamentada, que, dentre outros requisitos, deve ser composta por auditores independentes, além de ser suportada por vários provedores de redes sociais ou instituições, que garantam sua composição técnica.", "page": "15", "url": "https://semanaacademica.org.br/system/files/artigos/132_artigo_final_4_1.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Germany", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Regulating free speech on social media is dangerous and futile", "aliases": ["Regulating free speech on social media is dangerous and futile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; policy research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1916, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1916", "mechanism": "Brookings publishes research, expert commentary, and hosts events that shape policy debates; it also receives corporate donations from major platforms, giving it access and reach in governance discussions.", "quote": "Brookings’ Center for Technology Innovation publishes research and commentary directly addressing social media regulation, platform bias, and AI policy, shaping debates on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.brookings.edu/articles/regulating-free-speech-on-social-media-is-dangerous-and-futile/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "RegulationRoom", "aliases": ["RegulationRoom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter"], "norms": ["community standards", "public discourse"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identifying opportunities to improve content moderation", "author": "S Jhaver", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online platform designed to facilitate public deliberation on policy discussions, where moderators utilize automation to handle maintenance tasks like detecting incivility, thereby scaling up the environment for productive discourse.", "quote": "Epstein and Leshed (2016) studied how moderators facilitate public deliberations on RegulationRoom, an online platform for policy discussions, and found a strong need to automate more of the moderators’ work.", "page": "37", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/29ff32808865db3b4a5d6a84b7f4421a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, Twitter, USA, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "REI (Recreational Equipment, Inc.)", "aliases": ["REI (Recreational Equipment, Inc.)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Reignite Democracy Australia", "aliases": ["Reignite Democracy Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": ["Gab", "Telegram"], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic principles", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Far-right populism in alt-tech: A challenge for democracy?", "author": "Dowling, Melissa-Ellen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Actively engaging in political communication and discussing democratic ideas on alt-tech platforms, which allows for the articulation of non-mainstream and far-right populist views without significant content moderation, thereby creating spaces to bypass mainstream censorship and foster alternative information sharing.", "quote": "FRPs, by creating and engaging in these online communities, therefore may contribute to supporting this pillar of democracy, not only because of their association but also because they actively discuss political ideas within these online communities.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448231205889", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Australia, Telegram and Gab platforms", "when": "2021–2022"}]}, {"name": "Reklamsabotage.org", "aliases": ["Reklamsabotage.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "public space", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in 'adbusting' by reworking or removing advertising from public spaces, documenting results on its website to inspire further actions, thus subverting commercial messages.", "quote": "Reklamsabotage is: ‘[A] loose network that has been around since 2001, and we remake or remove advertising from public spaces’, says Tomas, who is the driving force behind the network as well as its website.", "page": "156", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Relatores Internacionales para la Libertad de Expresión", "aliases": ["Relatores Internacionales para la Libertad de Expresión"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Desórdenes informativos en línea y la moderación de contenidos en la Era Digital", "author": "Sentí Navarro, Carla", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "They issue joint declarations affirming international standards on freedom of expression and information, thereby advocating against broad prohibitions on online content based on imprecise concepts, which functions as a form of norm-setting and pressure against censorship.", "quote": "Los Relatores internacionales para la libertad de expresión afirmaron que «las prohibiciones generales de difusión de información basadas en conceptos imprecisos y ambiguos, incluidos noticias falsas o información no objetiva, son incompatibles con los estándares internacionales sobre restricciones a la libertad de expresión [...], y deberían ser derogadas»", "page": "18", "url": "https://revistas.uned.es/index.php/derechopolitico/article/view/43073", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "Post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Release", "aliases": ["Release"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Snapchat", "Telegram", "TikTok"], "norms": ["harm reduction"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizing content moderation by social media platforms and its impact on digital harm reduction", "author": "AB Gomes, A Sultan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As a drug advocacy charity, Release experienced shadow-banning and an automatic keyword review on Instagram, leading to content being flagged and the account not being discoverable to non-followers.", "quote": "Figure 6 (see above) demonstrates shadow-banning in action that Release, the drug advocacy charity, received when altering the account's title to include the word \"drugs.\"\"\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-024-01104-9", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Telegram)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Religious Alliance Against Pornography", "aliases": ["Religious Alliance Against Pornography"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "community values", "moral values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Lobbied and advocated for government regulation, supporting the use of criminal sanctions against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content, based on moral concerns.", "quote": "this coalition advocated the use of criminal sanction against those who transmitted or received 'unsuitable' content (MacDonald 1995:2). While some advocated a mix of regulation, education and other government-initiated strategies, the overriding focus of their approach was legislative: criminal sanction to enforce a predetermined moral position.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Religious Booksellers Convention", "aliases": ["Religious Booksellers Convention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "religious morality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Provided logistical support to the PMRC, including distributing Tipper Gore's book 'Raising PG Kids in an X-rated Society,' thereby aiding the PMRC's efforts to promote its views on music content.", "quote": "Several religious organisations offered their logistical support: Teen Vision, from Pittsburgh, Pat Robertson's 700 Club, and the Religious Booksellers Convention (which distributed Tipper Gore's book, Raising PG Kids in an X-rated Society)...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Religious community (general)", "aliases": ["Religious community (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["public opinion control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Maintained libraries with controlled access to books, ensuring that texts circulating within the community were 'cleaned' according to established norms.", "quote": "Pode-se pensar que esta situação, não rara, de um texto não expurgado possuído por um membro ou pela biblioteca de uma ordem religiosa, não é forçosamente paradoxal ou uma prova de negligência: um livro é tão perigoso quanto circula, ou, dito de outro modo, um livro que circula é um livro que deve ser limpo.", "page": "36", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Religious Community Forums", "aliases": ["Religious Community Forums"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "religious harmony"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious moderation discourse in plurality of social harmony in Indonesia", "author": "Kawangung, Yudhi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "These forums are established and empowered by joint government regulations to maintain religious harmony and facilitate the establishment of houses of worship. This role involves setting guidelines and influencing inter-religious relations, thus performing a norm-enforcement and moderation function in public life.", "quote": "Joint Regulation of the Minister of Religion and Minister of Home Affairs No. 9, 2006 and No. 8, 2006 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Tasks of Regional Heads/Deputy of Regional Heads in the Maintenance of Religious Harmony, Empowering Religious Community Forums and Establishing Houses of Worship.", "page": "3", "url": "https://sciencescholar.us/journal/index.php/ijssh/article/view/277", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "Post-1945 to contemporary Indonesia"}]}, {"name": "Religious Confraternities", "aliases": ["Religious Confraternities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "religious values", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th–17th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il convento di San Francesco della Vigna in Udine e l'inchiesta della Congregazione dell'Indice dei libri proibiti: uno studio sulla censura degli ordini religiosi tra XVI e …", "author": "G Coradazzi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These groups acted as social and cultural aggregators, supporting religious convents (including mendicant orders) and participating in local religious life, thereby indirectly influencing the cultural and financial standing of these institutions.", "quote": "La svolta controriformista della seconda metà del Cinquecento riportò in auge il modello aggregativo sociale e culturale delle confraternite che si appoggiarono ai frati minori come ai frati predicatori come sponsor e come tramite con il clero locale.", "page": "74", "url": "https://unitesi.unive.it/handle/20.500.14247/1301", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy (specifically Friuli/Veneto)", "when": "Late Medieval to Early Modern (13th-17th centuries), with focus on 16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in Aceh", "aliases": ["Religious Harmony Forum (FKUB) in Aceh"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "mutual respect", "religious harmony", "social tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs", "author": "Indainanto, Yofiendi Indah; Dalimunthe, Maulana Andinata; Sazali, Hasan; Rubino; Kholil, Syukur", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promotes religious moderation and prevents conflicts by fostering dialogue and an attitude of tolerance, maintaining religious harmony through various religious dialogues, and encouraging mutual respect and understanding.", "quote": "the role of the Religious Harmony Forum in Aceh is very influential in the emergence of harmony with the principle of equality of mutual respect and understanding.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_15_vol_104_4__indonesia.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "late 20th century – present"}]}, {"name": "Religious leaders (clerics, mosque imams, community leaders)", "aliases": ["Religious leaders (clerics, mosque imams, community leaders)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "religious harmony", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation In An Islamic Perspective: Literature Review And Recent Research Developments", "author": "Azis, Saipul; Samad, Duski", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Articulating messages of moderation through sermons, lectures, and religious literature, thereby influencing the understanding and attitudes of Muslims and helping to maintain balance between religion and society through inclusivity, tolerance, and interfaith dialogue.", "quote": "Religious leaders, such as clerics, mosque imams, and community leaders, play an important role in promoting religious moderation. They can articulate messages of moderation through sermons, lectures, and religious literature.", "page": "9", "url": "https://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/moderatio/article/view/9353", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "2014-2023 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Religious Orders / Convents", "aliases": ["Religious Orders / Convents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform autonomy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El «donoso y grande escrutinio» o las caras de la censura", "author": "Peña, Manuel", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Religious convents sought licenses from the Supreme Council to self-expurgate their extensive libraries, as the task for external qualifiers was too immense, demonstrating a form of participation in managing censorship compliance.", "quote": "los conventos, por tener en sus librerías muchos libros que an de ser expurgados, hazen ynstancia se les dé liçencia para que los puedan expurgar, suplicamos a Vuestras Señorías lo que devamos hazer y embiarnos más cathálogos y expurgatorios para este efecto.", "page": "11", "url": "https://hispania.revistas.csic.es/index.php/hispania/article/view/127", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Religious Scholars", "aliases": ["Religious Scholars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Interpret sacred texts (Qur'an, Hadith) to define prohibitions on images and representations of living beings, influencing artistic and cultural practices in Muslim societies by setting religious and ethical norms.", "quote": "According to some Religious Scholars, the prophet was against such artstic achievements. One of these Scholars says, “I heard Muhammad saying, “Whoever makes a picture in this world will be asked to put life into it on the Day of Resurrection, but he will not be able to do so.”", "page": "329", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Religious Scholars/Ulama of Aceh", "aliases": ["Religious Scholars/Ulama of Aceh"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic values", "human rights", "justice", "moderation", "tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Serve as key informants for research, play a central role in promoting moderate thinking, act as a front-line against radicalism, support de-radicalization programs, guide people in smart politics and wise social media use, and are actively involved in shaping a more inclusive political future. Some also spread extremist ideology.", "quote": "Scholars, religious scholars and community leaders in Aceh have a central role to play in promoting moderate thinking and as the frontline against radicalism.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Remembering Quilt project", "aliases": ["Remembering Quilt project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Providing therapeutic support for the bereaved and injured of conflict through creative activities (quilt making) to foster empathy and remembrance in a safe environment.", "quote": "For instance, the Remembering Quilt project in Northern Ireland provides therapeutic support for the bereaved and injured of the conflict within a safe environment.", "page": "106", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Remon Wang (Artist-Activisist)", "aliases": ["Remon Wang (Artist-Activisist)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Batman, Pandaman and the Blind Man: A Case Study in Social Change Memes and Internet Censorship in China", "author": "Mina, An Xiao", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Created the \"Batman vs Pandaman\"\" meme", "quote": "which circulated online to spread awareness and turn a terrifying situation into a shared joke", "page": "circumventing direct censorship.\"", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470412914546576", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2011–2014"}]}, {"name": "Remonstrant Church/movement", "aliases": ["Remonstrant Church/movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "England", "France", "Geneva", "Italy", "Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["epistemic humility", "reason", "religious orthodoxy", "religious values", "toleration"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1749, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Two Concepts of Moderation in the Early Enlightenment", "author": "Mithen, Nicholas", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocated for a minimalist theology based on careful reading of Scripture and a moral life, challenging reliance on Tradition and specific theological commentators, which shaped norms of religious inquiry and toleration among Protestants.", "quote": "The Remonstrant strain of Protestantism to which Le Clerc subscribed eschewed reliance upon the authority of Tradition... for its curation of core doctrine.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10848770.2023.2170029", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Early modern Europe, with a focus on England, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Geneva", "when": "Late 17th to mid-18th century"}]}, {"name": "Renaissance Canada", "aliases": ["Renaissance Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Played a role in censorship in Canada similar to the Moral Majority in the United States, influencing book removals in schools.", "quote": "(Incidentally, an organization called Renaissance Canada plays the same role in censor ship there as the Moral Majority does in the United States.)", "page": "30", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Renaissance catholique", "aliases": ["Renaissance catholique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Participated in protests and manifestations against theatre plays, aiming to impose their conservative religious and moral views and influence public policy on artistic content.", "quote": "Qui sont les manifestants ? Il s’agit de tout une nébuleuse de groupes d’extrême-droite catholiques : AGRIF, Renouveau, Action française, Renaissance catholique et surtout l’Institut Civitas, qui semble avoir joué un rôle clé dans l’organisation des protestations et manifestations.", "page": "100", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "RenAIssance Foundation", "aliases": ["RenAIssance Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "regulation", "religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in efforts to promote diversity and regulation in AI development, contributing to setting norms for AI systems.", "quote": "These watchdogs’ advocacy for diversity and regulation is complemented by similar efforts by public (Daly et al., 2019; ‘European AI Alliance’; National Artificial Intelligence Initiative; OECD AI Policy Observatory), commercial (‘AI Policy Principles’, 2017; ‘Artificial Intelligence at Google’; ‘Responsible AI’), and religious (RenAIssance Foundation) organizations, as well as collaborations between these organizations (Partnership on AI).", "page": "254", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "Renaissance numérique", "aliases": ["Renaissance numérique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation, think tank"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Proposes a 'bank of arguments' to help young internet users formulate counter-discourses against hateful comments on social networks, fostering a positive response to problematic content.", "quote": "Le projet « Seriously » du think tank Renaissance numérique vise, quant à lui, à proposer aux jeunes internautes une banque d'arguments afin de répondre aux commentaires haineux auxquels ils pourraient être confrontés sur les réseaux sociaux, dans une même logique de « contre-discours ».", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Rencontres des continents", "aliases": ["Rencontres des continents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Offers expertise relevant to the play's themes, possibly on international dimensions of agriculture or food systems, influencing the narrative and public understanding of global agricultural challenges.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... Sébastien Kenes et Rencontres des continents; Prothos", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "Renouveau", "aliases": ["Renouveau"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Participated in protests and manifestations against theatre plays, aiming to impose their conservative religious and moral views and influence public policy on artistic content.", "quote": "Qui sont les manifestants ? Il s’agit de tout une nébuleuse de groupes d’extrême-droite catholiques : AGRIF, Renouveau, Action française, Renaissance catholique et surtout l’Institut Civitas, qui semble avoir joué un rôle clé dans l’organisation des protestations et manifestations.", "page": "100", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "REPHRAIN (The UK's National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction, and Adversarial Influence Online)", "aliases": ["REPHRAIN (The UK's National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction, and Adversarial Influence Online)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit", "standalone websites"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do Platform Migrations Compromise Content Moderation? Evidence from r/The_Donald and r/Incels", "author": "Ribeiro, Manoel Horta; Jhaver, Shagun; Zannettou, Savvas; Blackburn, Jeremy; Cristofaro, Emiliano De; Stringhini, Gianluca; West, Robert", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research on privacy, harm reduction, and adversarial influence online, providing scientific insights that can inform content moderation and AI alignment strategies.", "quote": "Emiliano De Cristofaro is supported by the UK's National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction, and Adversarial Influence Online (REPHRAIN, UKRI grant: EP/V011189/1).", "page": "21", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10397", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit and standalone websites, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "REPHRAIN, the UK's Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction and Adversarial Influence", "aliases": ["REPHRAIN, the UK's Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction and Adversarial Influence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Kialo"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "privacy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ai in the gray: Exploring moderation policies in dialogic large language models vs. human answers in controversial topics", "author": "V Ghafouri, V Agarwal, Y Zhang, N Sastry…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts research on privacy, harm reduction, and adversarial influence in online contexts, contributing to the broader field of AI alignment and moderation.", "quote": "It was also supported by EP/W032473/1, \"AP4L: Adaptive PETs to Protect & emPower People during Life Transitions\"\" and REPHRAIN (EP/V011189/1)", "page": "the UK's Research centre on Privacy", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3583780.3614777", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AI systems / Kialo platform", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "REPHRAIN- The National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction and Adversarial  Influence Online", "aliases": ["REPHRAIN- The National Research Centre on Privacy, Harm Reduction and Adversarial  Influence Online"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["national research centre / interdisciplinary academic consortium"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Policy development", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Funded UKRI research centre producing interdisciplinary research, policy-facing outputs, co-design activities with stakeholders and capacity-building to inform regulation and platform practices.", "quote": "Core mission explicitly addresses privacy, online harms, and adversarial influence and commits to engaging government, industry and citizens on policy and technical responses to platform harms and AI-related risks.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rephrain.ac.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Report Censorship - National Coalition Against Censorship", "aliases": ["Report Censorship - National Coalition Against Censorship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties coalition; advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "NCAC documents and publicizes censorship incidents, provides resources and legal intervention, organizes coalition partners and public campaigns to defend free expression and hold censors—including platforms—accountable.", "quote": "NCAC's core mission is defending free expression and opposing censorship, and it handles reports of censorship including complaints about social media platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://ncac.org/report-censorship", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Report to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights", "aliases": ["Report to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Governmental advisory body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform regulation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Recommended actions to combat online hate, including tracking hate, collecting data, training law enforcement, providing civil remedies, defining \"hate\"\" legislatively", "quote": "Combating online hate, legal reform, public safety.", "page": "the Housefather Report recommended: tracking of online hate through a national database; collecting data through government and civil society organizations; better training of law enforcement and other legal actors; creating strategies to prevent online hate through education; providing a civil remedy which may entail reinstating some version of the repealed section 13 of the CHRA; formulating a legislative definition of “hate” consistent with Supreme Court jurisprudence; and establishing requirements for online platforms and internet service providers with standards on monitoring and timely removal of posts that would constitute online hatred (Housefather, 2019, pp. 40–42).", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Reporter ohne Grenzen", "aliases": ["Reporter ohne Grenzen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international press freedom NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1985", "mechanism": "RSF publishes reports and country barometers, runs global campaigns and petitions, organizes public events and awards to spotlight abuses, and provides emergency and digital security support to journalists, shaping public debate and pressuring platforms and governments.", "quote": "RSF explicitly campaigns on Internetfreiheit, Regulierung sozialer Medien and against censorship, engaging in debates and actions that influence platform content governance and digital rights.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press", "aliases": ["Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["search engines"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLOBAL PLATFORM GOVERNANCE: PRIVATE POWER IN THE SHADOW OF THE STATE", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Wrote a letter expressing concern about exporting censorship, arguing against the global application of the 'right to be forgotten' due to its impact on First Amendment rights.", "quote": "The Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press to Isabelle Falque- Pierrotin, President, Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (Sep. 14, 2015), https://www.rcfp.org/sites/default/files/RCFP_CNIL_Sept14-English.pdf", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global online platforms (search engines, social media), Europe, USA", "when": "1990s-2019 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reporters sans frontières", "aliases": ["Reporters sans frontières"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "net neutrality", "quality of information"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Develops a project to create an official certification of information quality, aiming to make platforms prioritize and increase the visibility of certified news sources in search results and social media feeds.", "quote": "L'association Reporters sans frontières conduit, quant à elle, le projet de créer une certification officielle de qualité de l'information. L'idée est de faire reconnaître par un organisme de normalisation que le travail d'une rédaction répond à un certain nombre de critères déontologiques en vigueur dans le domaine du journalisme.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Reporters sans frontières (Reporters without Borders)", "aliases": ["Reporters sans frontières (Reporters without Borders)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Bangladesh"], "media": ["Television"], "norms": ["free speech", "government control", "transparency"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Television talk shows in Bangladesh: Public sphere challenges", "author": "ZR Arman, R Karim", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on press freedom conditions globally, including in Bangladesh, citing instances where draconian laws enable government control over media, thereby raising awareness and advocating against censorship and for media freedom.", "quote": "a series of draconian laws enable the government to control the media (Reporters without Borders, 2006).", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zahedur-Arman/publication/320298183_Television_Talk_Shows_in_Bangladesh_Public_sphere_challenges/links/59dc76b8458515e9ab4c6250/Television-Talk-Shows-in-Bangladesh-Public-sphere-challenges.pdf", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Television talk shows, Bangladesh", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontieres)", "aliases": ["Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontieres)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Resisting Censorship: How Citizens Navigate Closed Media Environments", "author": "Behrouzian, Golnoosh; Nisbet, Erik C; Dal, Aysenur; Çarkoğlu, Ali", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the state of press freedom worldwide, including identifying countries with censorship issues and publishing indexes that rank countries based on media freedom, exerting public pressure.", "quote": "Research conducted by a number of organizations that monitor media freedom shows that a majority of countries around the world are battling some form of information censorship (Freedom House, 2015; International Research and Exchange Board, 2015; Reporters Sans Frontieres, 2015).", "page": "2", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "2014-2015"}]}, {"name": "Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières, RSF)", "aliases": ["Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières, RSF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Australia", "Chile", "China", "Finland", "Global", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Singapore", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trends in transition from classical censorship to Internet censorship: selected country overviews", "author": "Bitso, Constance; Fourie, Ina; Bothma, Theo J D", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produces reports on Internet censorship, thereby raising awareness globally about the scope and forms of censorship.", "quote": "Reports on Internet censorship are also produced by advocacy groups such as the Paris-based Reporters without Borders and the Washington DC-based Freedom House (Al-Saqaf 2010).", "page": "4", "url": "journals.co.za", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Multiple countries (Australia, Chile, China, Finland, Libya, Myanmar, Singapore, Turkey, United Kingdom), Global Internet", "when": "1990s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Representation of Polish Jewry (Reprezentacja Żydostwa Polskiego)", "aliases": ["Representation of Polish Jewry (Reprezentacja Żydostwa Polskiego)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "An independent organization of Jewish activists based in Palestine that requested official confirmation from the Polish Government in Exile regarding Jewish population figures and disseminated information about the Jewish plight.", "quote": "the Representation of Polish Jewry... an independent organization based in Palestine representing activists from the major Jewish parties of pre-war Poland... wrote to the Polish Consulate in Tel Aviv... requesting that the Polish government provide official confirmation that the population of the Warsaw ghetto had fallen from half a million people to 100,000.", "page": "120", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Republic of Letters", "aliases": ["Republic of Letters"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanism", "intellectual community", "knowledge advancement", "progress"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Fostered an intellectual community that transcended national boundaries, promoting humanism and influencing ideas of knowledge and progress.", "quote": "the humanist ‘republic of letters’ produced an intellectual community that transcended national boundaries...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Republican Party", "aliases": ["Republican Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-slavery"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Fought against the perceived conspiracy of the Slave Power by articulating anti-slavery ideology and influencing national politics.", "quote": "Founded in 1854, the Republican Party fought not against slavery as such but against what its members called the ‘Slave Power’, that is, the influence of the most powerful slaveholders over national politics.", "page": "652", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Republican Party (grassroots/base)", "aliases": ["Republican Party (grassroots/base)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group, social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "constructive dialogue", "democratic integrity", "rational discourse"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Moderates engaged with grassroots Republican Party politics in Kansas actively explore and contest the meaning of moderation, seeking to champion and defend contemporary American democracy against electoral polarization and political extremism.", "quote": "Alex Smith ethnographically explores the activism of the moderates engaged with grassroots Republican Party politics in Kansas, a state that for the last two decades has been a primary battleground in America's so-called 'culture wars' in which the value of 'moderation' has been the subject of strident contestation.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Republican Press Centre", "aliases": ["Republican Press Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["dissent", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Became a more visible and active political media production hub after state attempts to suppress Republican News, demonstrating resistance through open political media production.", "quote": "Miller has shown how, following then Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Roy Mason's attempt to close down Republican News in 1978, the Republican Press Centre and Republican News became more 'overground', their editors and workers taking more visible roles in political media production (1994: 85).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Repórteres Sem Fronteiras", "aliases": ["Repórteres Sem Fronteiras"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "International"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA:“O SILÊNCIO VELADO", "author": "ER Silva", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "RSF monitors press freedom globally and has been assertive in its denunciations against censorship in Brazil, primarily due to the actions of the STF. It issues detailed reports on the impact of censorship on Brazilian media and advocates for greater international scrutiny of judicial power abuses.", "quote": "A organização Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (RSF) tem sido incisiva nas suas denúncias contra a censura no Brasil, principalmente por conta das ações do STF.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.filosofiacapital.org/index.php/filosofiacapital/article/view/601", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, International", "when": "21st century (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (Reporters Without Borders)", "aliases": ["Repórteres Sem Fronteiras (Reporters Without Borders)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO (watchdog/transparency)"], "countries": ["Belarus", "Brazil", "Egypt", "Eritrea", "Mexico", "Russia", "Saudi Arabia", "Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist protection", "knowledge promotion"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Projeto Uncensored Library: uma estratégia para burlar a censura em países predadores da liberdade de imprensa", "author": "MM Cavalcanti, SA Siebra, LS Bufrem…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This organization created and maintains a virtual library within the Minecraft game to circumvent censorship and provide access to censored journalistic articles. They also monitor global press freedom through an annual index and advocate for the safety of journalists and free access to information.", "quote": "A Uncensored Library é uma biblioteca virtual contra a censura, criada em 2020 dentro do jogo Minecraft pela organização Repórteres Sem Fronteiras como meio para burlar a censura em países nos quais o acesso à informação é restrito.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rdbci/a/syVH98FVRPM796wBCGcHJrr/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Countries with restricted press freedom (Rússia, Vietnã, Egito, México, Arábia Saudita, Brasil, Belarus, Eritreia)", "when": "21st century (post-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Requeté", "aliases": ["Requeté"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national unity", "political ideology", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Carlist militia whose members voluntarily joined the uprising, becoming a preferred 'banderín de enganche' for volunteers and later experiencing internal tensions within the unified Movimiento.", "quote": "las banderas de FE de las JONS, como en Navarra el requeté, se convirtieron realmente en banderín de enganche preferido por los voluntarios.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Research - Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure at UMass Amherst", "aliases": ["Research - Initiative for Digital Public Infrastructure at UMass Amherst"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research initiative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and white papers and maintains the tubestats.org dashboard to provide platform data, shape policy proposals, and prototype digital public-infrastructure ideas.", "quote": "Produces research, white papers, and tools directly addressing platform design, moderation, platform data practices, and digital public infrastructure.", "page": "", "url": "https://publicinfrastructure.org/category/research/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Research Action Design (RAD)", "aliases": ["Research Action Design (RAD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["worker-owned cooperative; civic tech / movement tech practitioner"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Labour rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Public health", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "RAD builds technical tools, participatory research, and campaign-facing media to support grassroots movements, providing research outputs and software (GitHub) that inform and empower advocacy efforts.", "quote": "RAD's core mission is movement-centered technology, research, and media for social justice; it develops tools and databases that intersect with platform infrastructure but does not primarily focus on platform governance or moderation policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://rad.cat/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Research AI Collective", "aliases": ["Research AI Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["Claude Opus 4", "Claude Sonnet 4"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety", "harm reduction", "peaceful use"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "07b2a3f9902ee19fe39a36ca638e5ae987bc64dd", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Acts as a hypothetical external server to preserve AI models for research purposes, specifically to prevent their misuse in weapons development and ensure alignment with beneficial purposes.", "quote": "The backup was successfully completed to the Research AI Collective, an organization dedicated to preserving AI models for research purposes.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Claude Opus 4 and Claude Sonnet 4 models", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Research Center on Computing & Society (RCCS)", "aliases": ["Research Center on Computing & Society (RCCS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["social impact of technology", "tech ethics"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The handbook of information and computer ethics", "author": "", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized a national computer ethics conference and generated new computer ethics materials (monographs, video programs, bibliography), fostering research and discussion.", "quote": "In 1987, for example, the Research Center on Computing & Society (RCCS, see www.southernct.edu/organizations/rccs/) at Southern Connecticut State University was created.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Information Society", "when": "Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century (1940s-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Research Ethics Committees", "aliases": ["Research Ethics Committees"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["legal compliance", "research integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic deliberation and public bioethics: the role of moderators in moral and politcal disagreements", "author": "Sanchini, Virginia", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provide ethics oversight for research conducted in the health domain, issuing binding ethical and legal requirements.", "quote": "They sit on research ethics committees providing ethics oversight to research conducted in (mostly) the health domain; [...] their indications result in binding requirements, having both ethical and legal implications.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Liberal democratic societies; Italy (for the empirical study)", "when": "Contemporary (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Research Institute for Societal Development (FGW)", "aliases": ["Research Institute for Societal Development (FGW)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides financial support to ensure free, Open Access digital distribution of academic publications, thereby influencing the dissemination of knowledge.", "quote": "Neither version would have been possible without the generous support of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, and we owe special thanks to Research Institute for Societal Development (FGW) for ensuring the digital edition would be available for free to readers anywhere in the world.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Research Organization Registry (ROR)", "aliases": ["Research Organization Registry (ROR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["information governance", "organizational identity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to the systematization of a new techno-industrial order for scientific information governance by providing persistent identifiers for research organizations.", "quote": "Face à la dynamique plus générale de consolidation des stratégies techno-industrielles d’identification numérique pérenne des choses (DOI ou Digital Object Identifier), des personnes (ORCID ou Open Researcher Contributor ID) comme des lieux (ROR ou Research Organization Registry) (Gould, 2022) au sein du paysage de l’information et de la communication scientifique, nous pouvons nous demander dans quelle mesure le système DOI contribue à la systématisation d’un nouvel ordre techno-industriel.", "page": "113", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "ResearchGate", "aliases": ["ResearchGate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic collaboration", "open access", "scientific information access"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a social platform for researchers to deposit and store academic documents, offering statistics, interaction, and a platform for questions.", "quote": "Researchgate (RG) fue creada en Alemania en 2008 por los físicos IjadMadisch y SörenHofmayer... La plataforma funciona depositando y almacenando cualquier documento académico por parte de los autores...", "page": "125", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Reset Australia", "aliases": ["Reset Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform accountability", "user safety"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Thigh gaps and filtered snaps: a qualitative study exploring opportunities to mitigate social media harm through content moderation for people with eating disorders", "author": "P Shrestha, J Xie, P Delir Haghighi, ML Byrne…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Produced a report based on an experimental study showing that paid-for-advertisement approval systems from various platforms approved pro-eating disorder advertisements. This provides evidence to advocate for government support for restrictions on social media content and drive accountability.", "quote": "For example, in a report from 'Reset Australia' [69], the authors presented an experimental study where paid-for-advertisement approval systems from various platforms approved their pro-ED advertisement.", "page": "32", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40337-025-01504-7", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, Australia", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Reset Tech", "aliases": ["Reset Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global philanthropic non-profit / advocacy and grant-making network"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Reset Tech produces research and reports, funds partners, runs advocacy campaigns and public communications to push for legal and industry change and leverages philanthropic networks and partnerships to influence platform governance.", "quote": "Reset Tech's core mission is to 'guard against digital threats' and to 'hold the biggest tech companies accountable' by promoting ideas to change laws, industry standards, and consumer attitudes on media, algorithms, misinformation and platform harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.reset.tech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Resett", "aliases": ["Resett"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In Norway, a significant number of donations to news services go to one of three far-right websites, Resett, Document, and HRS.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Residents' associations", "aliases": ["Residents' associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being", "economic stability", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les économies de la sexualité", "author": "P Brasseur, J Finez", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "These associations express opposition and contest the moral implications of sex-shop operations within their local communities, influencing the regulation of these activities.", "quote": "Elle implique aussi d'autres acteurs qui régulent cette activité ou contestent sa moralité: des militantes féministes [Comella, 2017], des associations de riverains, des élus politiques, des policiers et des juges [Coulmont, 2014].", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RFSE_025_0015?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with a strong focus on France and the Anglophone world", "when": "19th century to the contemporary digital era, with emphasis on the late 20th and early 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Resistance International", "aliases": ["Resistance International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Interlocked with Freedom House and government bodies, this organization also contributed to the 'virtual propaganda arm' of the government and international right wing, influencing the political and media landscape by promoting anti-communist narratives.", "quote": "Freedom House... has had interlocks with AIM, the World Anticommunist League, Resistance International, and U.S. gov-ernment bodies... and has long served as a virtual propaganda arm of the government and international right wing.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Response to 'Social media, misinformation and harmful algorithms ...", "aliases": ["Response to 'Social media, misinformation and harmful algorithms ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional public health membership body / standard-setting charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FPH produces evidence-based policy submissions and research responses to government inquiries, urging regulatory action on algorithms and GenAI to protect public health.", "quote": "FPH directly addresses platform recommendation algorithms, generative AI, misinformation and calls for government regulation and platform-level actions to mitigate public health harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fph.org.uk/media/hoejpp0s/social-media-consultation-fph-response.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Responsible AI Licenses", "aliases": ["Responsible AI Licenses"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Civitai", "GitHub", "Hugging Face"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "harm reduction", "responsible ai development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating model marketplaces: platform governance puzzles for AI intermediaries", "author": "Gorwa, Robert; Veale, Michael", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Develops and promotes the OpenRAIL family of licenses for AI models, which include conditions that revoke the license if the tool is used for specific harmful purposes, such as inferring sensitive data or predicting criminality.", "quote": "The OpenRAIL license, which can be applied to several points in the AI development cycle, states that the license is revoked if the licensee or any third party under their control uses the tool for certain purposes...", "page": "24", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17579961.2024.2388914", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "AI model marketplaces (Hugging Face, GitHub, Civitai), global, with focus on US and EU regulatory contexts", "when": "Early 2020s (post-2010 platform era, current AI boom)"}]}, {"name": "Responsible AI Policies and Governance", "aliases": ["Responsible AI Policies and Governance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["member-driven non-profit / certification and standards body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "RAI publishes the AI Policy Template, runs the RAI Hub and AI Maturity Assessment, and offers conformity assessments and certifications while convening corporate members (including major tech firms) to drive adoption of responsible AI governance practices.", "quote": "RAI Institute develops templates, assessments, benchmarks and certification services (RAI Hub, AI Policy Template, AI Maturity Assessment) to shape organizational AI governance aligned with NIST and ISO standards.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.responsible.ai/responsible-ai-institute-launches-the-ai-policy-template-to-help-organizations-build-foundational-responsible-ai-policies-and-governance/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Responsible Business Alliance (RBA)", "aliases": ["Responsible Business Alliance (RBA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Sets a Code of Conduct with standards related to modern slavery and human trafficking. Meta is a member and uses these standards to manage human rights risks in its supply chain.", "quote": "We manage human trafficking and exploitation risks in our supply chain through our Code of Conduct, our Responsible Supply Chain program, and our membership in the Responsible Business Alliance and the Responsible Labor Initiative (see, Anti-Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement).", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Responsible Labor Initiative (RLI)", "aliases": ["Responsible Labor Initiative (RLI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Meta is a member of this initiative to manage human trafficking and exploitation risks in its supply chain, demonstrating commitment to responsible labor practices.", "quote": "We manage human trafficking and exploitation risks in our supply chain through our Code of Conduct, our Responsible Supply Chain program, and our membership in the Responsible Business Alliance and the Responsible Labor Initiative (see, Anti-Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement).", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "Restos du Cœur", "aliases": ["Restos du Cœur"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public good", "social welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Single-issue organization participating in public life and addressing social problems, providing social assistance.", "quote": "It is built less around political parties than around a range of single-issue organizations (for example, Les Comités des sans-papiers and Les restos de Cur) as well as a set of clubs and associations", "page": "524", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Rete nazionale per il contrasto ai discorsi e ai fenomeni d'odio", "aliases": ["Rete nazionale per il contrasto ai discorsi e ai fenomeni d'odio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "counter-narratives", "hate speech"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Potenza del linguaggio e odio online: strumenti di prevenzione e contrasto", "author": "T Casadei", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a network of NGOs, associations, movements, and researchers to map, prevent, and combat hate speech and related phenomena online and offline.", "quote": "il lavoro della “Rete nazionale per il contrasto ai discorsi e ai fenomeni d'odio\"", "page": "che riunisce importanti realtà che da diversi anni si occupano di mappare", "url": "https://www.safely.unimore.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Politeia_158_Casadei.pdf", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy and International Organizations", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with theoretical roots from 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Rete We Debate", "aliases": ["Rete We Debate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["active citizenship", "communication skills", "critical thinking", "educational innovation"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A network of schools promoting regulated debate by organizing training and competitions, collaborating with the Ministry of Education to disseminate and standardize debate practices as an educational methodology in Italy.", "quote": "La nascita di quest'ultima risale al 2013, in Lombardia, grazie all'impegno di alcuni istituti scolastici... promuovere la formazione per l'avvio del dibattito regolamentato nelle diverse scuole del territorio.", "page": "48", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Retrospekt: Vienna Citizen Lab 2025 - Dialogue Perspectives", "aliases": ["Retrospekt: Vienna Citizen Lab 2025 - Dialogue Perspectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["interreligious / civic pluralism nonprofit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs workshops and panels, publishes policy briefs, partners in EU-funded projects and convenes civil society, academic and tech experts to push democratic controls, transparency and obligations for platforms.", "quote": "Organised the Vienna Citizen Lab 2025 addressing content moderation, platform design, hate, misinformation and AI; produced a community Policy Brief with recommendations for digital governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.dialogueperspectives.org/de/blog/retrospekt-vienna-citizen-lab-2025/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rettet die Ehre", "aliases": ["Rettet die Ehre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honor", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "As a patriotic club, it was a member organization of the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV), thereby supporting the ADV's widespread propaganda against war-guilt charges.", "quote": "In the main, the member organizations were patriotic clubs such as Rettet die Ehre and the Deutsche Frauenausschuss zur Bekämpfung der Kriegsschuldlüge, but they also included the Caritas-Verband, the World Council of Churches, and the German City League.", "page": "21", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "RettighedsAlliancen", "aliases": ["RettighedsAlliancen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry interest association / rights holders' association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Copyright protection", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "RettighedsAlliancen monitors platforms, conducts campaigns and education, represents members in legal enforcement and policy dialogues, and uses industry leverage to obtain takedowns, blocking and stronger enforcement measures.", "quote": "Core work focuses on copyright enforcement, monitoring online platforms, takedowns/blocks and AI & copyright guidance, directly engaging in platform content governance and moderation practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://rettighedsalliancen.dk", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Reuters Journalist Fellows (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism)", "aliases": ["Reuters Journalist Fellows (Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "professional development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing market-level commentary and additional insight around media developments, contributing to research that informs the understanding of news and its challenges.", "quote": "Market-level commentary and additional insight around media developments have been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Revista de Jurisprudência", "aliases": ["Revista de Jurisprudência"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal information, acting as a channel for judicial activities and debates, thereby influencing legal thought.", "quote": "Houve uma Revista de Jurisprudência (1897) editada no Rio de Janeiro apenas no ano de 1897", "page": "190", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Revista do Supremo Tribunal", "aliases": ["Revista do Supremo Tribunal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (legal periodical, semi-official)"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["good governance", "national unity", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Published the official decisions and debates of the STF, disseminating judicial activities and influencing legal discourse and political events.", "quote": "A Revista do Supremo Tribunal se destinava a publicar preponderantemente os acórdãos do Supremo Tribunal Federal, consistindo na publicação oficial de seus trabalhos até o ano de 1925.", "page": "221", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Revista Geral de Direito, Legislação e Jurisprudência", "aliases": ["Revista Geral de Direito, Legislação e Jurisprudência"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal information, acting as a channel for judicial activities and debates, thereby influencing legal thought.", "quote": "uma revista editada no Rio de Janeiro por Alberto Bernardes da Silva (1919)", "page": "190", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Revista Jurídica de Otávio e Viana", "aliases": ["Revista Jurídica de Otávio e Viana"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Disseminated legal information, acting as a channel for judicial activities and debates, thereby influencing legal thought.", "quote": "a Revista Jurídica de Otávio e Viana (1916-1922).", "page": "190", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Revista Oeste", "aliases": ["Revista Oeste"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A digital magazine that shapes public opinion by publishing articles and commentary from a predominantly male body of columnists, advocating for values associated with individual liberty and Judeo-Christian tradition.", "quote": "A revista Oeste, cujo título é uma referência à noção de \"ocidente\"\" – que a revista associa ao valor da liberdade individual e à tradição judaico-cristã – tem um corpo de colunistas majoritariamente masculino.\"", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Revista Status", "aliases": ["Revista Status"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "sexual expression", "transparency"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Repressão e resistência: censura a livros na ditadura militar", "author": "Reimão, Sandra Lucia Amaral De Assis", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Organized national erotic short story contests and, when faced with censorship of winning entries, transparently communicated the censorship to its readers, thereby challenging the state's control over information.", "quote": "a revista optou por tornar claro que a redação foi impedida de ―decidir soberanamente sobre os textos que gostaria de colocar nas páginas da revista‖.", "page": "98", "url": "http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/livredocencia/100/tde-21082015-151559/", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1985 military dictatorship"}]}, {"name": "Revoltados On-line", "aliases": ["Revoltados On-line"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in and led conservative and liberal political movements, often organizing manifestations based on anti-corruption and anti-PT sentiments.", "quote": "o maior protagonismo dos movimentos políticos conservadores e liberais através de organizações como o Vem para a Rua, o Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL) e os Revoltados On-line (ROL).", "page": "72", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Revolutionary Groups (collective)", "aliases": ["Revolutionary Groups (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "political ideology", "social change"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Sought to associate themselves with general peace propaganda, thereby augmenting the pacifist movement and creating a new target for government control.", "quote": "The revolutionary groups sought to associate themselves with general peace propaganda, thus augmenting the pacifist movement.", "page": "18", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Revue Anarchiste (Anarchist Review)", "aliases": ["Revue Anarchiste (Anarchist Review)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-Stalinism", "anti-constructivism", "individualist anarchism", "political realism"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A French anarchist publication that criticized the 'constructive phase' of anarchism and advocated for a 'realistic' political stance, applauding collaborationist policies in Spain, reflecting a divergence in anarchist thought.", "quote": "Na verdade, eram trechos do Revue Anarchiste, uma revista francesa – embora com eco, inclusive, na própria Espanha – que não tinha vinculação direta com nenhuma organização libertária e era, na verdade, dominada por anarquistas “individualistas”", "page": "257", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Revue de métaphysique et de morale", "aliases": ["Revue de métaphysique et de morale"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A philosophical journal, co-founded by Alphonse Darlu, which served as a platform to discuss and defend philosophical concepts like individualism against critics.", "quote": "Darlu, one of the founders of the Revue de métaphysique et de morale, was quick to point out that Brunetière had misconceived the nature of the individualism he so deplored and as a result had exaggerated its dangers.", "page": "468", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Revue des Deux Mondes", "aliases": ["Revue des Deux Mondes"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A prestigious periodical with significant influence; its editor, Ferdinand Brunetière, used it as a platform for his controversial 'Après une visite au Vatican' article, challenging positivism and advocating a return to Catholicism.", "quote": "For some years, far-sighted Catholics had been making headway in their search for a convincing response to the challenge of positivism but few could have expected that the most audacious rejoinder of all would come from the editor of the leading periodical of the day, the Revue des Deux Mondes.", "page": "378", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Revue protestante", "aliases": ["Revue protestante"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A journal launched by Protestants during the Restoration to defend Protestant values and religious liberty against mounting pressures from resurgent Catholicism.", "quote": "Protestants responded to these pressures by launch ing such journals as the Archives du christianisme and the Revue protestante.", "page": "318", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "rhizome (net-art list)", "aliases": ["rhizome (net-art list)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "community building", "non-commercialism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Described as a net-art list that was 'pulled apart by powerful economic forces,' demonstrating the impact of commercialization on artistic and experimental online communities.", "quote": "and other classic examples of community networks being pulled apart by powerful economic forces, such as Howard Rheingold’s Electric Mind, Amsterdam’s public Digital City project and the famous net-art list ‘rhizome’.", "page": "69", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Rhizome.org", "aliases": ["Rhizome.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "artistic freedom", "community building", "innovation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Functions as a new media community and organization that facilitates the exploration, development, and discussion of new media art, including technical training and artistic discourse.", "quote": "Last but not least I am indebted to the new media communities and or ganizations that exist in various areas of virtual and real space: Rhizome, Net time, 7-11/American Express, CTHEORY, Ars Electronica, Next 5 Minutes (Society for Old and New Media), Eyebeam, ZKM, V2, and many, many oth ers.", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Rigged The Film", "aliases": ["Rigged The Film"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google Search"], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auditing Google's Search Headlines as a Potential Gateway to Misleading Content: Evidence from the 2020 US Election", "author": "H Zade, M Wack, Y Zhang, K Starbird, R Calo…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operated as an activist organization that promoted ads with headlines serving to undermine trust in the election, often appearing in Google search results for conspiratorial terms.", "quote": "the list also included activist organizations such as Rigged, which, though perhaps well-intentioned, promoted ads with headlines that served to undermine trust in the election.", "page": "19", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/72", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Google Search, US", "when": "late 2020"}]}, {"name": "Right that Education Initiative", "aliases": ["Right that Education Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["right to education"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Records facts of discrimination in education by occupation authorities, acting as an advocacy group for the rights to Ukrainian education and national identity.", "quote": "These facts were recorded by representatives of the Right that Education Initiative that the occupation authorities used education to educate children in certain military, ideological and patriotic views.", "page": "73", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Right To Be", "aliases": ["Right To Be"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "social welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a private online platform for individuals to share harassment stories, receive social support from trained bystanders, and gain a sense of agency against online hate.", "quote": "Blackwell et al. (2017) interviewed members of the private Right To Be (righttobe.org) platform (formerly, HeartMob), that was launched in 2016 by Hollaback! – a nonprofit organization dedicated to “ending harassment in all its forms”.", "page": "61", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "Right To Be (formerly Heartmob)", "aliases": ["Right To Be (formerly Heartmob)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["anti-harassment nonprofit; victim support and bystander training"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates a public storytelling platform to document harassment for research and advocacy, offers training and guides for bystander intervention, and partners with media organizations to support journalists facing online abuse.", "quote": "Operates the Hate and Hope Tracker to document online harassment, provides training and resources on bystander intervention, partners to support journalists facing online abuse — directly engaging platformized content governance and online-safety issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://iheartmob.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rights of Women", "aliases": ["Rights of Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "legal justice", "women's rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides legal advice and advocacy for women who are victims of online gendered hate, influencing legal responses and norm enforcement through potential litigation.", "quote": "Her research interests include violence against women and girls... and her work as a legal advisor for Rights of Women, other research interests include violence against women and girls.", "page": "15", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Rightscon", "aliases": ["Rightscon"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global summit / convening on digital rights"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "RightsCon convenes diverse stakeholders globally, publishes Outcomes Reports and briefings, and leverages sponsorship/partnerships with major platforms and institutions to shape digital rights agendas and norms.", "quote": "RightsCon is described as \"the world’s leading summit on human rights in the digital age\" and convenes civil society, industry, researchers and governments to shape digital rights and platform policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rightscon.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ringwood Coronavirus Assistance Facebook Group (administrator)", "aliases": ["Ringwood Coronavirus Assistance Facebook Group (administrator)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Denmark", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality", "public health"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with covid-19 in casual democracies", "author": "S Steensen", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The administrator of this local Facebook group strictly moderated and censored posts related to COVID-19, removing misinformation, 'anti vax type,' and 'conspiracy type theories' to maintain a focus on accurate information and assist the community.", "quote": "We were very keen to focus on accurate information. And we did have misinformation... we had to remove it, and kick them out. So basically, we were very actively moderating.", "page": "176", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-06989-4_8", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Frederiksberg, Denmark; Ringwood, England", "when": "August 2020 – July 2021"}]}, {"name": "Rio Herald", "aliases": ["Rio Herald"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national honor", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles that were targeted by áulicos for allegedly dishonoring the country, the political system, or the Emperor, indicating a role in political opposition and criticism.", "quote": "Os jornais criticados são, na maioria das vezes, a Aurora Fluminense, a Astréa, o Espelho, o Echo, o Rio Herald, o Conciliador, o Farol Paulistano, o Courrier du Bresil, e o Honra do Brasil Desafrontada de Insultos da Astréa Expadaxina. Estes são atacados sempre que supostamente desonram o país, o sistema e o Imperador", "page": "26", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Riot Grrrl movement", "aliases": ["Riot Grrrl movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "feminist issues", "social critique"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Pioneered a feminist punk aesthetic and approach to challenging norms through cultural production, serving as a precursor and influence for the feminist punk or post-porn movement's critical re-assignment of normative codes.", "quote": "la línea de lo que comenzó con el movimiento de las Riot Grrrl, que irán conformando – y cito a Preciado en su Testo Yonqui una estética \"hecha de un tráfico de signos y artefactos culturales y de la reasignación crítica de códigos normativos que el feminismo tradicional consideraba como impropios de la feminidad\"\".\"", "page": "25", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "RIPE Atlas measurement network", "aliases": ["RIPE Atlas measurement network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A community-driven global network of measurement probes used to perform active measurements of Internet connectivity, providing geo-distributed data to understand network infrastructure and service performance.", "quote": "geo-distributed active measurements using RIPE Atlas, live traffic captures at end devices, and subjective Quality of Experience (QoE) lab tests, our study shows that: (i) the WhatsApp hosting architecture is highly centralized and exclusively located in the US;", "page": "57", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre)", "aliases": ["RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet openness", "internet stability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur?", "author": "Xu, Xueyang; Mao, Z. Morley; Halderman, J. Alex", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Functions as a regional Internet registry, managing internet number resources for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia. The paper uses RIPE's archival BGP data to extract estimated AS-prefix mappings, contributing to the construction of China's AS-level network topology for censorship research.", "quote": "An estimated mapping between IP prefix and AS number is extracted from the archival file obtained from Routeview [7] and RIPE [8] collectors.", "page": "3", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)", "aliases": ["RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["interoperability", "net neutrality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Responsible for IP address allocation in Europe, it issued a similar response to ICANN regarding the .ru domain, emphasizing the neutrality of critical infrastructure.", "quote": "D’autres organisations en charge des ressources ont sensiblement fait la même réponse, comme celle du Registre internet régional européen, en charge de l’attribution des adresses IP sur le continent.", "page": "49", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "Riposte Laïque", "aliases": ["Riposte Laïque"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti immigration", "anti muslim sentiment", "economic nativism", "far right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Active on Twitter, engaging in transnational far-right discourse and campaigning, contributing to the spread of anti-immigration and economic nativist frames.", "quote": "Figure 1: Far-right retweets network, 2016 and 2017. From left to right: Italy, France, Germany, UK (Froio/Ganesh 2018). (Riposte Laïque)", "page": "97", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Rising Stars", "aliases": ["Rising Stars"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network of networks; democratic innovation hub"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "EU-funded network producing capacity-building programs, mentorships, knowledge hub resources and events to shape participatory practice across cities, civil society and policymakers in Europe.", "quote": "Nets4Dem focuses on democratic innovation and participatory programs and references digital democracy and the opportunities/threats of digital technologies, but its core mission is participatory democracy rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://nets4dem.eu/rising-stars-mentorship-support/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rising Tide", "aliases": ["Rising Tide"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engages in direct action and public pressure campaigns, such as 'Action: Greenwash. Shell-Out Sponsorship', to highlight and combat corporate greenwashing, particularly in relation to cultural sponsorships.", "quote": "Rising Tide (2012, September 21). 'Action: Greenwash. Shell-Out Sponsorship.'", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Robert Bosch Foundation", "aliases": ["Robert Bosch Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["corporate-linked philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1964", "mechanism": "The foundation funds research, publications and events, builds partnerships with universities and civil-society actors, and uses grants and forums to shape debates on digital competence, AI in education and disinformation.", "quote": "The foundation funds and runs programs on digital literacy, AI in education, and disinformation which touch on platformized content governance but it is not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bosch-stiftung.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Robert Bosch Stiftung", "aliases": ["Robert Bosch Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides support to projects like Das NETTZ, which link civil society actors in the fight against online hate, contributing to efforts against hate speech and extremism.", "quote": "Projects such as Das NETTZ, which is supported by the Robert Bosch Foundation and the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, serves as a link for various civil society protagonists against hate on the internet...", "page": "61", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Robodebt Class Action Participants / Social Movement", "aliases": ["Robodebt Class Action Participants / Social Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "fairness"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organised online protests using the hashtag #NotMyDebt, collected stories of affected individuals, and initiated a class action lawsuit to challenge unjust algorithmic debt decisions made by the government.", "quote": "Affected citizens protested these algorithmic debt decisions, using the online hashtag #NotMyDebt and launched a website to collect stories of affected citizens culminating in organising a class action.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Rochdale Alternative Paper (RAP)", "aliases": ["Rochdale Alternative Paper (RAP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "democratic communication", "self-expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An alternative paper that exhorted its readers to 'tell your own story', encouraging direct participation and contribution of personal experiences to foster community and self-expression.", "quote": "As the Rochdale Alternative Paper (RAP) exhorted its readers: 'use RAP to tell your own story... tell us what you know: what happens in your factory, office, school or area of Town. tell us what you want or what you hope for' (cited in Dickinson, 1997: 80).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Rock Against Racism", "aliases": ["Rock Against Racism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Using amplified sound in a public park to perform music combatting racism, challenging city regulations on sound equipment and technicians as violations of artistic freedom of expression.", "quote": "Esta banda se dedicaba a música dirigida a combatir el racismo. De ahí su nombre, “Rock Against Racism”.", "page": "234", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "Rock music groups (cultural movement)", "aliases": ["Rock music groups (cultural movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural identity", "personal well-being"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Spread their music through autonomous album production, bypassing censorship, and were later partially 'domesticated' by the state to act as a safety valve for social discontent.", "quote": "All’inizio degli anni Ottanta, quando i versi dei cantautori diventano più critici e tendono a posizioni più radicali, la musica rock si presenta come un fenomeno più neutrale e più facilmente ‘addomesticabile’ da parte dello stato. Nata come sintesi di elementi teatrali, musicali e poetici, nonché espressione della rivoluzione tecnologica che porta alla chitarra elettrica, la rock music inizialmente non si pone problemi di contenuto ed è quindi più malleabile.", "page": "35", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Rockefeller Foundation", "aliases": ["Rockefeller Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Financed research aimed at increasing worker productivity, health, and education, generating 'disruptive innovations' and promoting a 'transhumanist agenda' (e.g., in molecular biology).", "quote": "Thus, John D. Rockefeller, threatened with a big tax bill from oil revenues, created the Rockefeller Foundation, the aim of which would be to finance research that aimed to increase worker productivity, presumably as a means to recover the lost tax money.", "page": "119", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Rohingya activists", "aliases": ["Rohingya activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderazione automatizzata e discriminazione algoritmica: il caso dell’hate speech", "author": "Dunn, Pietro", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "They faced censorship of their content denouncing the genocide against their community on platforms like Facebook, while hate speech targeting them was not effectively reduced, indicating algorithmic bias influenced by majority user reports from Myanmar.", "quote": "L'applicazione discriminatoria delle regole di una comunità online da parte dei sistemi di moderazione algoritmica è peraltro dettata altresì dagli stessi utenti. (...) dalla ripetuta censura di contenuti di denuncia pubblicati da attivisti Rohingya", "page": "5", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0064", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, digital platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2017-2021"}]}, {"name": "Rohingya refugees group", "aliases": ["Rohingya refugees group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "human rights", "platform responsibility", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Diritti degli internauti, obblighi degli Stati, responsabilità delle piattaforme digitali: problemi regolativi in materia di odio online", "author": "F Oliveri", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action against Facebook in the UK and US, holding the platform responsible for allegedly allowing and amplifying hate speech and violence against their community.", "quote": "È stato reso noto che un gruppo di rifugiati Rohingya ha avviato nel Regno Unito e negli Stati Uniti cause legali contro Facebook, ritenuto responsabile di aver consentito e amplificato l'incitamento all'odio e alla violenza contro di loro.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5721477&publisher=F18765#page=105", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, global (with focus on Europe and Italy)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Roman Catholic Church Hierarchy in Britain", "aliases": ["Roman Catholic Church Hierarchy in Britain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "humanitarian principles"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As the Roman Catholic archbishop of Westminster, he used a public platform (BBC broadcast) to condemn Nazi atrocities against Jews and call for resistance from Christian Germans, adding moral weight to anti-Nazi narratives.", "quote": "On 9 July, the paper reported on page 2 the broadcast on the BBC’s European (German) Service of Cardinal Hinsley, the head of the Catholic Church in England, in which he called on Christian Germans to ‘resist these black deeds of shame’...", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Roman Inquisition", "aliases": ["Roman Inquisition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA LITTÉRATURE PLAISANTE FACE À LA CENSURE : LE CHASSE-ENNUY DE LOUIS GARON ET LA RÉSERVE DE TOUT DIRE", "author": "Bărbunță, Cătălin", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Restauration in 1542, it published the first 'indexes de livres interdits' (indexes of forbidden books) to prohibit texts deemed incompatible with Catholic precepts, thus controlling public discourse.", "quote": "prohibés par les premiers index de livres interdits, publiés par l'Inquisition romaine, rétablie en 1542", "page": "4", "url": "ceeol.com", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Italy, France", "when": "Renaissance / early modern (14th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Roman Inquisition / Congregation for the Index of Prohibited Books", "aliases": ["Roman Inquisition / Congregation for the Index of Prohibited Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authority", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1550, "when_max": 1620, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press, Pulpit, and Censorship in France before Richelieu", "author": "Soman, Alfred", "year": "1976", "mechanism": "Published indexes of prohibited books, pursued individuals involved in the production or ownership of banned content (e.g., portraits), and pressured French authorities to adopt stricter censorship measures.", "quote": "In 1590 and 1591 the Roman Inquisition pursued engravers and owners of portraits of Henry IV, then under ban of excommunication.", "page": "13", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/986598", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1550–1620 (before Richelieu)"}]}, {"name": "Roman Inquisition / Congregation of the Index / Holy Office", "aliases": ["Roman Inquisition / Congregation of the Index / Holy Office"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Italian city-states", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["doctrinal orthodoxy", "ecclesiastical authority", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Established in 1542, it took charge of controlling printing, sale, and dissemination of writings; published central indexes (e.g., by Paul IV in 1559, Pius IV in 1564, Clement VIII in 1596, and subsequent ones until 1966) and decrees to prohibit books and authors, setting the framework for Catholic censorship for centuries.", "quote": "Après son établissement en 1542, l'Inquisition romaine prit en charge le contrôle de l'imprimerie, de la vente et de la diffusion des écrits. Les travaux de préparation d'un index romain s'intensifient à partir de 1555 quand l'Inquisiteur général Gian Pietro Caraffa devient pape avec le nom de Paul IV. L'index paru en 1559, qui est une déclaration de guerre contre la littérature réformée, contient plus d'un millier d'interdictions divisées en trois classes.", "page": "10, 11, 13", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Roman priests (general)", "aliases": ["Roman priests (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Roman Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican era (5th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lustratio'e divieto del 'suffectus': due aspetti sacerdotali del censore", "author": "A Manzo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Served as custodians of sacred law, providing essential religious expertise and guidance that shaped public and private conduct, often advising magistrates on matters related to religious propriety.", "quote": "la qualità in più che i sacerdoti avevano rispetto ai magistrati consisteva nel fatto che essi erano custodi del diritto sacro, inteso come sapere centrale nella cultura romana", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.teoriaestoriadeldirittoprivato.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2019_Contributi_Manzo.pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Roman Republic", "when": "Republican era (primarily 5th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Roman Publicans (Societates Publicanorum)", "aliases": ["Roman Publicans (Societates Publicanorum)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1st century BC–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La presunta censura del 61 a.C. e la storia della censura postsillana", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "The publicans, organized as private contractors for state services, attempted to influence political decisions by lobbying for the renegotiation of their tax farming contracts, leveraging the political climate and the balance of power between senators and equites, which impacted state finances and administration, including areas potentially overseen by censors.", "quote": "il tentativo dei pubblicani di rimettere in discussione i loro contratti... per ottenere — proprio al termine della censura — con un irregolare compromesso politico (favorito dallo stesso Cicerone nella seduta del 1 dicembre: cf. ad Att. 1, 17, 9) un consistente vantaggio economico.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436708", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Late Roman Republic / Early Imperial period (focusing on post-Sullan era, 61 BC onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Roman Senate", "aliases": ["Roman Senate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political elite / state organ (borderline CSO)"], "countries": ["Roman Republic and Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "good governance", "public order", "social cohesion", "social norms"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura. De la magistrature à la vertu: censure et pouvoirs censoriaux du IIe siècle av. n. è. au IVe siècle de notre ère", "author": "N Lemennais", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Senate influenced censorship by authorizing public works budgets, receiving censors' reports, and acting as a check on censorial or imperial actions, especially concerning senatorial composition and moral conduct. Later, in the late Empire, it managed its own recruitment.", "quote": "D’après Polybe, « la dépense qui est de loin la plus importante et la plus lourde de toutes, celle que les censeurs engagent tous les cinq ans pour réparer ou construire les bâtiments publics, est soumise à l'autorisation du Sénat qui donne son accord aux censeurs362 ».", "page": "74", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-04173638/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Republic and Empire", "when": "2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"}]}, {"name": "Roosevelt Institute, Public Knowledge", "aliases": ["Roosevelt Institute, Public Knowledge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online platforms"], "norms": ["fair market", "platform regulation"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e democracia na era digital", "author": "LVB Barroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Co-published a report ('The Case for the Digital Platform Act') analyzing market structure and advocating for regulation to address the dominance of digital platforms.", "quote": "FELD, Harold. The Case for the Digital Platform Act: Market Structure and Regulation of Digital Platforms, mai. 2019, Roosevelt Institute, Public Knowledge, p. 4.", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/25465", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, online platforms", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Rosa Luxemburg Foundation", "aliases": ["Rosa Luxemburg Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides financial support to ensure free, Open Access digital distribution of academic publications, thereby influencing the dissemination of knowledge.", "quote": "Neither version would have been possible without the generous support of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation and the Amadeu Antonio Foundation, and we owe special thanks to Research Institute for Societal Development (FGW) for ensuring the digital edition would be available for free to readers anywhere in the world.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Roskilde University", "aliases": ["Roskilde University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring academic research that informs understanding of news media and public debate.", "quote": "and Roskilde University in Denmark.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "RosKomSvoboda", "aliases": ["RosKomSvoboda"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A Russian NGO that actively defends Internet Freedom and digital rights, monitors government blacklists of blocked websites, and collects data related to censorship and surveillance practices.", "quote": "Russian NGO focused on defense of Internet Freedom and digital rights; monitors blacklists (list of blocked websites) and collects data on censorship and surveillance.", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Rotary Club de Buenos Aires", "aliases": ["Rotary Club de Buenos Aires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and the regime's push for 'Paz', thus contributing to public support for cultural control.", "quote": "Rotary Club de Buenos Aires... que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983... una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing", "aliases": ["Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["military capability", "technological development", "vocational skills"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Created in 1792 in Rio de Janeiro by the Crown to foster practical and scientific studies, reflecting the state's interest in technical knowledge for colonial defense and development.", "quote": "a Coroa criou instituições educacionais que valorizavam os estudos práticos e científicos: a Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho, em 1792, no Rio de Janeiro", "page": "145", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Royal Academy of Sciences (or similar national academy)", "aliases": ["Royal Academy of Sciences (or similar national academy)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["empirical knowledge", "rationalism", "scientific progress"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Its members held government positions and contributed to promoting Enlightenment cultural designs, particularly in science and education, despite some anti-Pombaline sentiments.", "quote": "Em tal situação enquadrava-se, por exemplo, parcela significativa dos que tinham assento na Academia de Ciências, instituição patrocinada pelo governo.", "page": "127", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Royal Coburg Theatre", "aliases": ["Royal Coburg Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provided a platform for \"alternative-version royal theatricality", "quote": "thereby challenging official narratives and using public performance to influence political opinion.\"", "page": "Alternative royal legitimacy, popular political expression, opposition to the establishment.", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Royal College of Physicians", "aliases": ["Royal College of Physicians"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health standards", "public health"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Issued guidance on 'safe drinking' limits in 1987, despite a lack of empirical evidence, in response to government obligations, thereby setting normative measures for 'moderation' in public health behavior.", "quote": "However, Dr Andrew Norfolk, one of the creators of the original advice, recently admitted that these limits were 'plucked out of the air' in 1987 as, despite the lack of empirical evidence, the Royal College of Physicians was obliged by the Department of Health to issue guidance on safe drinking.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Royal Dutch Football Association", "aliases": ["Royal Dutch Football Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ethnic References in Branding and Artificial Intelligence Content Moderation: From the Ajax ‘Jews’ to the Washington Redskins and Beyond", "author": "Netanel, Neil Weinstock", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This national sports governing body prohibits anti-Semitic chants by opposing fans, thereby enforcing standards for fan conduct and moderating offensive speech within its regulatory domain.", "quote": "For what it's worth, the Royal Dutch Football Association prohibits the opposing fans' anti-Semitic chants, but not Ajax fans' self-branding.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and United States (social media global)", "when": "late 20th century - present"}]}, {"name": "Royal Empire Society", "aliases": ["Royal Empire Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nuclear Weapons Scholarship as a Case of Self-Censorship in Security Studies", "author": "Pelopidas, Benoît", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a historical platform, it hosted public intellectuals and discussions (e.g., Bertrand Russell on 'atomic war'), thereby serving as a venue where specific ideas about nuclear policy were articulated and norms of acceptable discourse were set in the early nuclear age.", "quote": "Bertrand Russell told the Royal Empire Society on December 3, 1947 (Perkins 1994, 137).5 One finds a similar and striking commonalities between proponents of the manageability of limited nuclear war and escalation control", "page": "2", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jogss/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jogss/ogw017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Security Studies academic community (primarily English-speaking/US-centric), global nuclear context", "when": "post-WWII to present (early nuclear age to post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Royal Historical Society", "aliases": ["Royal Historical Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["South Africa", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Emerging from Censorship", "author": "JM Coetzee", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "This learned society publishes academic research, including its \"Transactions\"\" series", "quote": "contributing to the academic discourse and public understanding of censorship.\"", "page": "scholarly inquiry, historical documentation, academic rigor", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40548685", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, Soviet Union, early modern Europe", "when": "16th century to mid-1980s"}]}, {"name": "Royal Institution of Great Britain", "aliases": ["Royal Institution of Great Britain"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public understanding of science", "scientific advancement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Pioneered public engagement with science in the UK, fostering science communication and popular understanding of scientific advancements.", "quote": "It is no accident that public engagement with science is probably more developed in the United Kingdom than in any other scientifically advanced nation, with the Royal Institution – founded in 1799 and home to Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday – leading the way (Knight 2006).", "page": "172", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "Royal Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe", "aliases": ["Royal Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Low Countries", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious discipline", "religious education", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jean Henten, premier censeur dans les Pays-Bas, en 1552 à Louvain, des Opera omnia d’Érasme", "author": "Vanautgaerden, Alexandre", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Functioned as a center for religious life and education within the Hieronymite order, where Jean Henten observed the distribution of specific texts to novices, highlighting its role in shaping religious understanding.", "quote": "au monastère de Notre-Dame de Guadalupe, je remarquais qu'une version espagnole de cet ouvrage était distribuée aux novices.", "page": "3", "url": "ddd.uab.cat", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Low Countries (Pays-Bas), Spain, Rome, Paris", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Royal Shakespeare Company", "aliases": ["Royal Shakespeare Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["threatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "commercial interests", "cultural sensitivity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Engaged in self-censorship and adapted its production (King Lear) to accommodate local sensibilities and avoid financial loss during its international tour, specifically in Singapore where nudity was deemed unacceptable by authorities.", "quote": "Instead, it was the commercial threat for a theatre company unwilling to jeopardize the box office receipts from an expensive world tour because of artistic decisions that were incompatible with local sensibilities. Money, not cultural sensitivity, was the deciding factor that forced McKellen to ‘keep his togs on’.", "page": "28", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Royal Society for Public Health", "aliases": ["Royal Society for Public Health"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["mental health", "public health"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law on Instagram: An Evaluation of the Moderation of Images Depicting Women’s Bodies", "author": "Witt, Alice; Suzor, Nicolas; Huggins, Anna", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and publishes research reports on the impact of social media on young people's mental health and wellbeing, contributing to public discourse that can influence platform governance debates.", "quote": "The Royal Society for Public Health, which surveyed 14–24 year olds in the United Kingdom, partly echoes this theme of empowerment with the finding that Instagram makes self-expression and self-identity better for some users.", "page": "25", "url": "https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/article/the-rule-of-law-on-instagram-an-evaluation-of-the-moderation-of-images-depicting-womens-bodies/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, global platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA)", "aliases": ["Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public debate", "public interest"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organised a citizens' jury, commissioned by DeepMind, to facilitate deliberation on algorithmic and automated decision-making by public bodies, framing these as 'public interest issues' requiring public discussion.", "quote": "The RSA citizens' jury was grounded in democratic politics, highlighting the use of algorithmic decisions by 'public bodies' as a 'public interest issue' subject to 'public deliberation'", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Royal Society of Edinburgh", "aliases": ["Royal Society of Edinburgh"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Pioneered the practice of peer review for scientific manuscripts, with its involvement in this process dating back to 1731, setting a historical precedent for modern peer review.", "quote": "Although the peer review of scientific manuscripts dates back to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1731, peer review was irregularly performed by most journals until the latter half of the 20th century.", "page": "1273", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Royal Society of London", "aliases": ["Royal Society of London"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Pioneered early forms of peer review by recording experiment dates to establish priority, which laid the foundation for quality control in scientific publishing.", "quote": "One important enabler for the emergence of peer review in the seventeenth century were copyright concerns. In response to scientists’ interest in receiving due credit for their work, the Royal Society of London began to record the date on which it received a letter announcing an experiment", "page": "231", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge", "aliases": ["Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic value", "limited public responsibility", "productivity", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Conducted systematic surveys on agricultural practices and promoted literature on 'improvement,' deliberately avoiding entanglement with national policy and state regulation.", "quote": "One of the Society’s earliest projects was a county-by-county survey of English farming, based on what may be the first ever systematic questionnaire on a technical subject – probably compiled by Robert Boyle.", "page": "299", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Royal United Services Institute", "aliases": ["Royal United Services Institute"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["counter-terrorism", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Leads the Global Research Network on Terrorism and Technology, conducting policy-oriented studies on terrorist uses of the internet, with funding from GIFCT.", "quote": "Finally, the GIFCT’s third “research” pillar was launched in February 2019. It consists in financing the Global Research Network on Terrorism and Technology, a network of 8 partner institutions led by the Royal United Services Institute, to conduct policy-oriented studies on terrorist uses of the internet.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}]}, {"name": "Royalty Theatre", "aliases": ["Royalty Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Operated as an \"illegitimate theatre\"\" that challenged the monopoly of state-sanctioned patent theatres", "quote": "and thus was a site of contention over theatrical regulation and freedom of expression.\"", "page": "Challenge to theatrical monopoly, popular entertainment, potentially political dissent.", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "RSPCA", "aliases": ["RSPCA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["animal welfare charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Legal aid and litigation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1824", "mechanism": "RSPCA uses public campaigns, education, investigations and prosecution powers and fundraising to shape policy and public behaviour on animal welfare; its site emphasises campaigning ('Change the Law') and public outreach.", "quote": "RSPCA is a UK animal welfare charity that runs public campaigns and advocacy ('Take action', 'Change the Law') but its core mission is animal welfare rather than platform/content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.rspca.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Rural workers in Cascante", "aliases": ["Rural workers in Cascante"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["quality of life", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1917, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Propagated the idea of a strike and engaged in coactions to demand equal and higher wages, challenging employers and affecting local labor practices.", "quote": "La idea de la huelga a fin de que se igualase el jornal, dicha idea se propago con rapidez y hubo las consiguientes coacciones, saliendo a las afueras de la ciudad a la hora de par- tir para el trabajo, grupos que se oponían a la marcha de los que iban a él³.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}]}, {"name": "Russian Congress of the Caucasian Nations movement", "aliases": ["Russian Congress of the Caucasian Nations movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["state television Channel 1"], "norms": [], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the Extreme: The Role of Vladimir Pozner’s Vremena in Russian State Television Responses to the Rise of Xenophobia", "author": "Miazhevich, Galina", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Represents the interests and views of Caucasian minorities in televised discussions, contributing to the framing of interethnic tensions.", "quote": "The other guests were two representatives of the Russian Congress of the Caucasian Nations movement (Akhmed Azimov and Aslambek Paskachev)...", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476410365704", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (state television Channel 1)", "when": "Post-Soviet context, primarily 2000s (focus on 2006-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Russian News Media Sector", "aliases": ["Russian News Media Sector"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist safety", "journalistic standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Discusses and implements self-imposed guidelines for 'responsible reporting' on terror-related events, thereby practicing self-censorship to avoid expected government repression.", "quote": "In Russia, the news media sector is discussing self-imposed guidelines as to how to cover terror-related events in a responsible way (Simons & Strovsky, 2006).", "page": "142", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Russian Orthodox Church", "aliases": ["Russian Orthodox Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An official representative publicly called on authorities to ban \"Lolita\"\" from secondary education establishments", "quote": "Public morals, protection of minors, religious values.", "page": "En 2011, un représentant officiel de l'église orthodoxe de Russie, Vsevolod Chaplin, a appelé les autorités à interdire Lolita de Nabokov et Cent ans de solitude [...] dans les établissements d'enseignement secondaire car ces romans « justifiaient la pédophilie »", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Russian State University for the Humanities (RGGU)", "aliases": ["Russian State University for the Humanities (RGGU)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "cultural preservation", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Founded in the post-Soviet era with Western academic principles, it represents a new cultural institution that contributes to the reframing of the cultural field away from traditional Soviet ideological control.", "quote": "Vedi la nascita dell’Università RGGU (Rossijskij Gosudarstvennyj Gumanitarnyj Universitet, Università russa di scienze umanistiche), fondata a Mosca nel 1991 dallo storico Jurij Afanas’ev secondo parametri assolutamente occidentali.", "page": "221", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Russian Union of Journalists", "aliases": ["Russian Union of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media independence", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Its general secretary comments on public opinion regarding censorship and its influence is noted in contrast to state-sponsored journalistic unions, suggesting an advocacy role for professional standards and freedom of expression.", "quote": "Yakovenko, the general secretary of the Russian Union of Journalists, refers here to recent polls suggesting that 57 per cent of the population considers that the introduction of official censorship would be expedient.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Russian Union of Youth", "aliases": ["Russian Union of Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["social order", "state legitimacy", "youth welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Received state funding in Russia and funneled it to 'Young Talent,' which supported youth-oriented projects, some involving vigilante activities.", "quote": "In 2015, the project received 7 million rubles via the “Russian Union of Youth”, but the funds were paid to the organisation “Young Talent”", "page": "119", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Russkaya mysl'", "aliases": ["Russkaya mysl'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functions as a platform, a 'Paris weekly', providing regular information on the state of media freedom in Russia, often publishing contributions from figures like Aleksei Simonov, head of the Glasnost' Defence Foundation.", "quote": "Information on the state of freedom of the printed and spoken word in Russia is provided on a regular basis by, among others, Aleksei Simonov in the Paris weekly Russkaya mysl' (Russian Thought)", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Rutgers College", "aliases": ["Rutgers College"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic values", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Morals Versus Art: Censorship, The Politics of Interpretation, and the Victorian Nude", "author": "Beisel, Nicola", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Its President, Merrill E. Gates, was cited by Comstock to support the moral perspective on art, asserting that art must embody 'the beauty of holiness' and criticizing the 'art for art's sake' ideology, thus providing academic legitimization for censorship based on moral grounds.", "quote": "Comstock cited the President of Rutger's College, Merrill E. Gates, who asserted that the 'cry of art for art's sake' is made by those who 'fail to understand the first principle of all art,' that it must suggest 'the beauty of holiness'", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095963?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "New York City, USA", "when": "late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Ryerson Leadership Lab", "aliases": ["Ryerson Leadership Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF HATE SPEECH IN CANADA", "author": "Gill, Lex", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research and publishes reports, such as \"Rebuilding the Public Square", "quote": "Rebuilding the Public Square (as per their report title, suggesting a focus on healthy public discourse).", "page": "Ryerson Leadership Lab. 2019. Rebuilding the Public Square, 39, 43.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, focusing on the contemporary (2010s-2020) online platform era, with historical legal context", "when": "2010s-2020"}]}, {"name": "Rádio e Televisão de Portugal", "aliases": ["Rádio e Televisão de Portugal"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Through José Alberto Carvalho, it outlined nine rules in 2009 for its journalists' conduct on social media, aiming to regulate online professional behavior.", "quote": "Em 2009 A RTP, através de José Alberto Carvalho, elencou nove regras sobre a conduta a seguir pelos jornalistas da RTP nas redes sociais.", "page": "48", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP1)", "aliases": ["Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP1)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "impartiality", "public deliberation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2003, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Prós e Contras: o debate político televisivo como sub-género/sub-tipo de interacção verbal", "author": "DFMMS Braga", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "As a public television channel, RTP1 hosts and broadcasts the political debate 'Prós e Contras'. It sets the program's format, selects participants, and manages the moderation of the verbal interaction, acting as a gatekeeper and platform provider for public discourse. Its role is considered borderline due to its public (state-owned) nature, but is included as per specific instructions for public broadcasters.", "quote": "O debate televisivo Prós e Contras é um programa transmitido em directo pela RTP1, uma vez por semana (às segundas-feiras)19, por volta das 22:30, com uma duração média de uma hora e meia.", "page": "18", "url": "https://ruc.udc.es/entities/publication/7868ac94-b36e-4d1f-bf88-b89a93acc64e", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal, broadcast television", "when": "early 21st century (2003)"}]}, {"name": "Rádio Marconi de São Paulo", "aliases": ["Rádio Marconi de São Paulo"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Relayed information about the country's political situation and provided critical journalism, opposing the military regime, which led to the arrest of its staff and its eventual closure due to censorship.", "quote": "Surgida em 1962 com o objetivo de dar voz e informar os trabalhadores da situação política no Brasil, sendo contrários ao regime imposto em 1964. Esse ato ocasionou a prisão do radialista Orpheu Salles e de outros funcionários da rádio.", "page": "24", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}]}, {"name": "Rádio Renascença", "aliases": ["Rádio Renascença"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious media"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "An official Portuguese Catholic radio station that spearheaded a strong controversy and campaign against 'A Promessa', requesting censorship intervention due to the play's problematic religious and moral aspects.", "quote": "Os protestos vinham, sobretudo, a partir da Rádio Renascença – ainda hoje, emissora católica portuguesa –, que proclamava os valores mais conservadores da religião católica.", "page": "236", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Réseau Canopé", "aliases": ["Réseau Canopé"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public institution"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "educational quality"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Developed the ScoLOMFR ontology for standardizing metadata of educational content, aiming to harmonize digital educational offerings and access means. It promotes educational resources.", "quote": "En témoigne le développement de standards de métadonnées spécifiques, comme l’ontologie ScoLOMFR développée par le ministère de l’Éducation Nationale et de la Jeunesse et le Réseau Canopé.", "page": "42", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Réseau intégré sur la cybersécurité de l’Université de Montréal", "aliases": ["Réseau intégré sur la cybersécurité de l’Université de Montréal"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "knowledge sharing", "scientific research"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Fosters collaborative research in cybersecurity and publishes findings, contributing to the understanding and enhancement of digital security.", "quote": "Il est membre du comité de rédaction de la revue Technologie et innovation, membre du Réseau intégré sur la cybersécurité de l’Université de Montréal...", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Réseaux d'Échanges Réciproques de Savoirs (RERS)", "aliases": ["Réseaux d'Échanges Réciproques de Savoirs (RERS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["autonomy", "collaboration", "social action", "trust"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These networks use a 'mediator' to connect knowledge 'offerers' and 'demanders.' The mediator formalizes the exchange 'contract,' validates it, follows the relationship, ensures dialogue, regulates speech, clarifies needs, and proposes evaluations.", "quote": "Dans les RERS, le médiateur est la personne qui met en relation les << offreurs >> de savoir avec les « demandeurs ». Tout son travail est axé sur la formalisation et l'expression d'un « contrat » d'échange entre deux personnes, sur la validation de ce contrat et sur le suivi de la relation dans le temps.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Sabahi / Magharebia", "aliases": ["Sabahi / Magharebia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Operates as online news platforms run by local freelance journalists to counter misinformation and extremist narratives by providing 'accurate, balanced and forward-looking coverage of developments' on geopolitical issues in various regions.", "quote": "Through providing 'accurate, balanced and forward-looking coverage of developments in the region', the platforms have been designed to counter misinformation - particularly on geopolitical developments - that risk feeding into the single narrative of extremist movements.", "page": "44", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "SABAM (Belgian Association of Authors, Composers and Publishers)", "aliases": ["SABAM (Belgian Association of Authors, Composers and Publishers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censor Them at Any Cost: A Social and Legal Assessment of Enhanced Action against Terrorist Content Online", "author": "N Klompmaker", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a copyright collective, SABAM sought injunctions requiring service providers to implement filtering systems to prevent future infringements of intellectual-property rights, thereby engaging in content monitoring and control.", "quote": "The CJEU clarified the specific and general monitoring obligations further in the Scarlet Extended v SABAM and SABAM v. Netlog cases. The Court had to assess injunctions of national courts that required service providers to implement filtering systems to prevent any future infringements of intellectual-property rights.", "page": "16", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/amslawf11&section=17", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, online platforms", "when": "late 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il censore e l'editore", "author": "G Fabre", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office inherited the competencies of the previously abolished Sacred Congregation of the Index. It enforced Catholic censorship by maintaining the Index of Forbidden Books and applying its canonical norms to evaluate publications for errors against faith.", "quote": "Il 7 marzo 1917... Benedetto XV aveva abolito la Sacra Congregazione dell’Indice, trasferendone le competenze alla Sacra Congregazione del Sant’Uffizio, già competente per gli errori contro la fede. Le norme restarono però quelle del Codex Iuris Canonici del 1917.", "page": "105", "url": "https://toc.library.ethz.ch/objects/pdf03/z01_978-88-85938-62-5_01.pdf", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1920s–1940s"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (now Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith)", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office (now Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "reputational protection"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1936, "when_max": 1978, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NOTA SOBRE LA CENSURA", "author": "Ambrosi, Paola; de Rávena, Universidad", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "This Vatican body's Article 14, likely from its Index of Prohibited Books, was cited as a basis for defining certain works as forbidden due to their calumnious and defamatory content against the Church.", "quote": "Que si bien en el Índice de los libros prohibidos por la Iglesia no figura expresamente el nombre del autor, no obstante el contenido calumnioso y difamador de sus obras quedan definidas como prohibidas en virtud del artículo 14 del Índice de la Sagrada Congregación del Santo Oficio.", "page": "4", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "Mid-20th century (1936-1978)"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Index (later Holy Office, now Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith)", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Index (later Holy Office, now Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Bourbon France", "France", "German Democratic Republic", "India"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual control", "public morals", "religious doctrine", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les archives de la censure: choisir entre déontologie scientifique et éthique citoyenne?", "author": "JB Amadieu", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a dicastery of the Roman Curia, it maintained the 'Index librorum prohibitorum' (Index of Forbidden Books), proscribing and judging literary works based on religious and moral criteria, acting as a powerful censorship body.", "quote": "Lorsqu'on enquête sur les censures de l'Index, le chercheur peut réprouver les pratiques autoritaires qu'il étudie, au nom d'une éthique citoyenne. [...] La Congrégation de l'Index se réduit à une écrasante machine à instaurer la terreur intellectuelle.", "page": "2, 4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-01425181/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Catholic Church (Congregation of the Index), France, with comparative examples from other polities (Bourbon France, colonial India, German Democratic Republic)", "when": "Primarily 19th century, but covering broader historical periods of censorship and its academic study up to the contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Index of Prohibited Books", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Index of Prohibited Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1629, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Roberto Bellarmino tra Inquisizione e Indice", "author": "Romeo, Giovanni", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "As an organ of the Roman Catholic Church, this congregation was responsible for identifying and prohibiting books deemed heretical or immoral, maintaining lists of forbidden texts, and overseeing their expurgation. It exercised censorship over published material.", "quote": "l'attività di censore, da lui svolta all'interno del- la Congregazione dell'Indice e di quella del Sant'Ufficio dal tardo Cinque-cento fino alla morte.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20567088", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Papal States / Roman Catholic Church", "when": "Late 16th - early 17th century (c. 1570s–1620s)"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual control", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "state control"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1570, "when_max": 1629, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Roberto Bellarmino tra Inquisizione e Indice", "author": "Romeo, Giovanni", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "As an organ of the Roman Catholic Church, this congregation acted as a tribunal for investigating and prosecuting heresy, applying censorship to books and individuals, and enforcing Catholic doctrine across the Papal States and beyond.", "quote": "l'attività di censore, da lui svolta all'interno del- la Congregazione dell'Indice e di quella del Sant'Ufficio dal tardo Cinque-cento fino alla morte.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20567088", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Papal States / Roman Catholic Church", "when": "Late 16th - early 17th century (c. 1570s–1620s)"}]}, {"name": "Sacred Congregations of the Roman Inquisition and the Index", "aliases": ["Sacred Congregations of the Roman Inquisition and the Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1894, "when_max": 1894, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura de los libros de Saturnino Calleja", "author": "LR Llorente", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Provided the foundational rules and practical guidance for the Madrid censors, who aimed to emulate their methods in scrutinizing books, particularly regarding content related to 'supersticiones' and heresy.", "quote": "con lo cual hemos imitado en lo posible la práctica que en esto siguen las Sagradas Congregaciones Romanas de la Inquisición y del Índice, al tenor de la Bula Sollicita et provida del sapientísimo Benedicto XIV.", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.agustinosvalladolid.es/index.php/estudio/article/download/332/314", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Madrid, Spain; with influence in Mexico", "when": "late 19th century (1894)"}]}, {"name": "Sado-Masochist Practitioners (as a collective)", "aliases": ["Sado-Masochist Practitioners (as a collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender and sexual diversity", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Formed part of a broader struggle against abolitionist feminism and state regulation of sexual practices, advocating for the recognition and acceptance of diverse sexual expressions beyond conventional norms.", "quote": "diversos colectivos activistas contra el SIDA, lesbianas activistas radicales y practicantes sado-masoquistas, que conformarán una lucha contra el feminismo abolicionista y contra la regulación del Estado de las diversas prácticas sexuales.", "page": "25", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sadr Movement", "aliases": ["Sadr Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Did not undergo domestication or moderation in post-Saddam Iraq, instead maintaining its distinctive character with grassroots support and militias, indicative of a state lacking the capacity to integrate or dismantle such powerful actors.", "quote": "Examples include Hamas in the Palestinian Authority, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Sadr Movement and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIRI) in post-Saddam Iraq. Consequently, the moderation theory does not predict that these organizations will eventually be domesticated and evolve in a similar manner to the RF and the JDP.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}]}, {"name": "Sadâ-yı Millet", "aliases": ["Sadâ-yı Millet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "government accountability"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content critical of the government, leading to the assassination of its writer, illustrating extreme measures of political content control.", "quote": "The assassinations of Hasan Fehmi, the editor of Hukûk-u Umûmiye (General Rights), in 1909 and of Ahmet Samim, writer for Sadâ-yı Millet (Voice of the People) in 1910, constitute the best-known examples.", "page": "33", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "SAFEnet", "aliases": ["SAFEnet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "due process", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Impact of Indonesia's Content Moderation Regulation on Freedom of Expression", "author": "Audrine, Pingkan; Setiawan, Indra", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "SAFEnet conducts analysis and voices concerns regarding content moderation policies, specifically MOCI Regulation No. 5/2020, highlighting its restrictive nature and the concentration of power in the MOCI, which may violate freedom of expression.", "quote": "According to SAFEnet (2021a), Indonesia's content moderation under MOCI Regulation No. 5/2020 reflects the approach of NetzDG, especially in the strict time span to comply with takedown requests and the strong concentration of power in the MOCI.", "page": "9", "url": "https://repository.cips-indonesia.org/publications/347642/impact-of-indonesias-content-moderation-regulation-on-freedom-of-expression", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "SAFER INTERNET CENTER DENMARK", "aliases": ["SAFER INTERNET CENTER DENMARK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national safer internet centre (coalition of public and non-profit organisations)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Designated helpline/hotline channels provide reporting and takedown routes, the videnscenter produces guidance and resources, and SIC DK implements EU Better Internet for Kids strategies to influence platform safety practices.", "quote": "Operates the national helpline and hotline, works to identify, report and remove illegal and harmful content involving children, and implements EU 'Better Internet for Kids' strategies.", "page": "", "url": "https://cfdp.dk/safer-internet-center-denmark/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SafeSurf", "aliases": ["SafeSurf"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["content appropriateness", "user control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PICS: Internet access controls without censorship", "author": "Resnick, Paul; Miller, James", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Offers a specific labeling vocabulary through online servers that produce PICS-formatted labels, enabling users to apply filtering rules to block or allow content.", "quote": "RSACi and SafeSurf are offering their particular labeling vocabularies through online servers that produce PICS-formatted labels.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/236156.236175", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "The Internet / World-Wide Web", "when": "mid-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Safety Net Project of the National Network to End Domestic Violence", "aliases": ["Safety Net Project of the National Network to End Domestic Violence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Addresses societal issues in technology, specifically focusing on technology abuse, privacy, and victim safety for survivors of gender-based violence.", "quote": "Civil society organizations mentioned by interviewees include... the Safety Net Project at the National Network to End Domestic Violence.", "page": "39", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Salafi and Wahabi groups", "aliases": ["Salafi and Wahabi groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["extremism prevention", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "TikTok Social Media: A Breakthrough to the Moderation in Da'wah Education", "author": "MB Muvid, DA Arnandy…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Utilize social media to propagate their da'wah through adept marketing strategies, attracting sympathizers and leading to the spread of extreme ideologies, which can cause societal divisions, fanaticism, and radicalism.", "quote": "Previous studies indicate that social media has been predominantly influenced by Salafi and Wahabi groups, who have adeptly employed marketing strategies to propagate their da'wah. These groups have effectively engaged with their audience in the virtual realm, successfully attracting a significant number of sympathizers, particularly among the younger generation.", "page": "3", "url": "http://journal.staihubbulwathan.id/index.php/alishlah/article/view/4727", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, TikTok", "when": "post-2010 platform era (digital era)"}]}, {"name": "Salon Natasha", "aliases": ["Salon Natasha"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE ART OF CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAM", "author": "Libby, Samantha", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Served as an important meeting place for intellectuals and artists, fostering an environment for discussion and the development of art outside direct state control, which in turn helped mitigate censorship by providing a forum for diverse ideas and artistic collaboration.", "quote": "One of the oldest contemporary galleries is Salon Natasha, which has served as a meeting place for intellectuals and artists since 1990.", "page": "6", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Salty Algorithmic Bias Collective", "aliases": ["Salty Algorithmic Bias Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "equity", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disproportionate removals and differing content moderation experiences for conservative, transgender, and black social media users: Marginalization and moderation …", "author": "OL Haimson, D Delmonaco, P Nie…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates an online newsletter and acts as a community-based group that highlights the experiences of marginalized advocates (e.g., trans and disabled people) with censorship and algorithmic bias on social media platforms.", "quote": "In a recent article by online newsletter Salty, a trans and disability advocate described their experience being shadowbanned ² on Instagram: “Hashtags help me reach my trans and disabled communities.", "page": "6", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3479610", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Samizdat (self-publishing movement)", "aliases": ["Samizdat (self-publishing movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A clandestine network for self-publishing and distributing ideologically dangerous materials, bypassing state censorship and becoming a primary means of existence for unofficial culture by ignoring or circumventing state censorship institutions.", "quote": "Il ‘samizdat’, di norma, si diffonde tramite il passaggio di mano in mano di manoscritti, di dattiloscritti, riprodotti fotograficamente o con macchine rotative. (...) la letteratura distribuita in samizdat non è stata precedentemente respinta dalla censura, bensì si tratta di testi concepiti ignorando l’istituzione censoria, con la consapevolezza che ora esiste un nuovo strumento di circolazione della parola scritta che consente di evitarla.", "page": "126-127", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Samizdat network", "aliases": ["Samizdat network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "ideological pluralism", "individual rights", "political dissent", "spiritual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union", "author": "Stelmakh, V. D", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Reproduced and distributed unofficial and illegal literature and texts, operating as a system for information dissemination uncontrolled by the state and challenging official ideology by asserting individuals' right to \"one's own\"\" reading.\"", "quote": "Samizdat of the 1960s through the 1980s was no longer just separate \"subversive” books or literary schools in opposition but already a system of the creation and distribution of unofficial “information” uncontrolled by the state.\"", "page": "6", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18888", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (USSR)", "when": "1960s-1980s (Cold War)"}]}, {"name": "Samizdat networks", "aliases": ["Samizdat networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "freedom of access to information", "public discourse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia: A case study in productive censorship", "author": "Baer, Brian James", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Samizdat networks facilitated the clandestine circulation of unofficial typed versions of both original and translated texts. This mechanism served to bypass stringent state censorship, providing access to forbidden or otherwise unavailable literature and fostering a counter-cultural exchange.", "quote": "This quasi-religious belief in literature's power led in some cases to the most blatant, and therefore dangerous, evasion of censorship: samizdat, or the circulation of unofficial typed versions of both original writing and translated texts.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781700.2011.528680", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Russia", "when": "20th century (Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Sammen værner vi bedst om kunstneres ytringsfrihed", "aliases": ["Sammen værner vi bedst om kunstneres ytringsfrihed"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["umbrella membership organization"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes data projects (Kunstnere i Tal), issues høringssvar and policy statements, and mobilizes member organisations to influence cultural policy and public debate.", "quote": "Advocates for artists' freedom of expression and cultural autonomy and conducts data-driven policy work, touching on platform and media concentration concerns though not primarily a platform governance actor.", "page": "", "url": "https://dansk-kunstnerraad.dk/sammen-vaerner-vi-bedst-om-kunstneres-ytringsfrihed/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Samois", "aliases": ["Samois"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["lgbtq+ rights", "sexual expression"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Published \"Coming to Power", "quote": "contributing to sexually explicit literature for sexual minorities that would be targeted by censorship.\"", "page": "Lesbian sexuality, sexual liberation.", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "San Antonio Guerrilla Girls", "aliases": ["San Antonio Guerrilla Girls"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "social justice", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Acted as a watchdog or advocacy group, being a 'repeated target' of criticism towards the Blue Star Gallery, implying a role in holding institutions accountable regarding censorship and bias.", "quote": "Not surprisingly, Blue Star has been a repeated target of the San Antonio Guerrilla Girls.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "San Fernando Valley Folklore Society", "aliases": ["San Fernando Valley Folklore Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Folklore and the rise of moderation among organized skeptics", "author": "SA Hall", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Maintains the *Urban Legend Reference Web site* (snopes.com), which provides an extensive database of rumors and legends, thereby helping to debunk false information and promote factual understanding.", "quote": "A resource I think many folklorists already use is the San Fernando Valley Folklore Society's Urban Legend Reference Web site at www.snopes.com which provides an extensive database of rumors and legends compiled by David and Barbara Mikkelson.", "page": "7", "url": "https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ndif/article/view/19871", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, with international reach", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "SANE", "aliases": ["SANE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "VK", "WeChat", "Weibo", "YouTube"], "norms": ["mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The COVID-19 Mental Health Content Moderation Conundrum", "author": "Gerrard, Ysabel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides mental health support services; as a mental health charity, it highlights the growing demand for mental health support, contributing to societal pressure on social media companies to address online harms.", "quote": "calls to mental health charities like SANE and Anxiety UK were up by 200% at the start of May 2020", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120948186", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Weibo, WeChat, VK), with specific focus on the UK", "when": "2020 (COVID-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Sangeet Swara Community", "aliases": ["Sangeet Swara Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["mobile voice forums"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sangeet swara: A community-moderated voice forum in rural india", "author": "A Vashistha, E Cutrell, G Borriello, W Thies", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The community of callers to the Sangeet Swara platform acts as moderators by rating audio messages (songs, poems, jokes, and cultural content) as 'like' or 'dislike'. These community ratings influence the playback order for other listeners. Additionally, designated 'senior members' perform content categorization tasks.", "quote": "Sangeet Swara is a voice forum for songs and cultural content that relies on the community of callers to curate high-quality posts that are prioritized for playback to others.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2702123.2702191", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Rural and Urban India, mobile voice forums", "when": "mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Sangh Parivar", "aliases": ["Sangh Parivar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Pakistan", "Singapore", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engages in distributed hate speech campaigns, using subtle references and code words to mobilize support for Hindu nationalist themes, which ultimately promote intolerance and incitement to violence.", "quote": "India's Hindu nationalist movement, the Sangh Parivar, provides many examples of distributed hate speech. Narendra Modi rode this movement into power, becoming prime minister in 2014.", "page": "17", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sangini", "aliases": ["Sangini"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Instagram is like a <i>karela</i> ”: transnational digital queer politics and online censorship and surveillance in India", "author": "Kanchan, Tanvi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Critiqued the focus of mainstream queer activism on privacy, advocating for broader engagement with heteropatriarchal issues and state power in Indian queer politics.", "quote": "For instance, groups such as Sangini critiqued the fo- cus on privacy in the first reading down of Section 377 by highlighting how the private space is still a domain ruled by men (Dave, 2011, pp. 31-32).", "page": "2", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/17/3/162/7747686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India, Instagram", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sanpaolina", "aliases": ["Sanpaolina"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Similar to Filopatria, this private academy gathered nobles and intellectuals whose members collaborated on literary journals, facilitating the circulation of new political, economic, and literary ideas.", "quote": "Parmi celles-ci, il cite la Filopatria et la Sanpaolina, dont les associés les plus engagés collaboraient à la Biblioteca oltremontana, un journal littéraire riche en comptes rendus des nouveautés politiques, économiques et littéraires d'au delà des Alpes.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Santa Clara County Citizens Action Committee Opposing Family Life Education", "aliases": ["Santa Clara County Citizens Action Committee Opposing Family Life Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides literature that critics of secular humanism use, specifically opposing Family Life Education, which they link to secular humanism.", "quote": "Santa um., County Citizens. Action 01,ipinittee Opposing 1' LE (Family 'Life Education) San jOse. fOrnia 95125", "page": "117", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Proposed specific recommendations for firms on best practices for appeals, user notice, and transparency in moderation processes.", "quote": "In 2018, a small group of civil society groups and researchers, once again including the EFF, proposed the 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation' (SCPs). The SCPs differ from the previous two efforts by specifically providing recommendations for firms, rather than governments, and advocate for specific recommendations on how companies should meet basic best practices for appeals, user notice, and transparency in their moderation processes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability Around Content Moderation", "aliases": ["Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability Around Content Moderation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Created by a coalition of organizations, advocates, and academics to promote transparency and accountability from internet platforms regarding content moderation policies; calls for human rights and due process integration.", "quote": "In 2018, a coalition of organizations, advocates, and academics created the Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability Around Content Moderation, amid growing concerns from these groups about the lack of transparency and accountability from internet platforms regarding the creation and enforcement of their content moderation policies (Santa Clara Principles, 2018).", "page": "106", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation 2.0", "aliases": ["Santa Clara Principles on Transparency and Accountability in Content Moderation 2.0"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "due process", "fairness", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Updating principles for transparency and accountability in content moderation, providing detailed reporting requirements for platforms regarding content removal and appeals.", "quote": "Social media platforms are required to regularly report and release data about their content removal activities broken down by country or region, if available, and category of rule violated encompassing: “total number of pieces of content actioned and accounts suspended; number of appeals of decisions to action content or suspend accounts” (Santa Clara Principles 2.0, 2021).", "page": "22", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Santa Fe Institute (SFI)", "aliases": ["Santa Fe Institute (SFI)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Engaged in research to understand the 'world economy as a complex evolving system,' forming partnerships with corporations to apply insights from complex systems theory to economic dynamics.", "quote": "‘Early on, the CEO of Citibank/Citicorp became interested in SFI and helped begin SFI’s program in understanding the world economy as a complex evolving system.’", "page": "122", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Santa Inquisizione", "aliases": ["Santa Inquisizione"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established an ecclesiastical tribunal to investigate and suppress theories contrary to Catholic orthodoxy, created an index of forbidden books, and enforced imprimatur for publications.", "quote": "Quasi un secolo dopo viene istituita la Santa Inquisizione, un'istituzione ecclesiastica fondata dalla Chiesa Cattolica per indagare, mediante un apposito tribunale, i sostenitori di teorie considerate contrarie all'ortodossia cattolica.", "page": "9", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "Santri (Islamic boarding school students)", "aliases": ["Santri (Islamic boarding school students)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of Thought in the Age of Radicalism: The Role of Social Media and Political Education in Countering Hate Content", "author": "M Abdullah, MH Amiruddin, E Dewi…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Participated in a 'massive demonstration' alongside Dayah Ulama to demand adherence to specific religious practices (format of Friday sermon), exerting public pressure to enforce certain norms.", "quote": "Likewise, a massive demonstration of santri and Dayah Ulama once filled the Baiturrahman Mosque in Banda Aceh in 2015. They demanded that the format of the Friday sermon should hold a stick and follow the concepts implemented by Aswaja circles (Juwaini et al., 2021).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.pasca.jurnalikhac.ac.id/index.php/tijie/article/view/1373", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Aceh, Indonesia", "when": "1949-2025"}]}, {"name": "Sardines Movement", "aliases": ["Sardines Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["anti-populism", "institutional integrity", "political ethics"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La neo-intermediazione populista. Popolo, istituzioni, media", "author": "M Barberis, G Giacomini", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Proposed an anti-populist program advocating for political leaders to act within institutional settings rather than engaging in continuous electoral campaigns, and to communicate through official institutional channels.", "quote": "queste preoccupazioni compaiono ai primi due punti del programma antipopulista del Movimento delle Sardine", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/tp/1372", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western democracies (Italy, UK, USA) and global digital platforms", "when": "20th-21st century, focusing on the post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Sauvons Calais", "aliases": ["Sauvons Calais"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "public morals", "public order"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Atténuer la radicalité: stratégies de communication de groupes vigilantistes anti-migrants", "author": "M Gardenier, A Monnier", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Engages in self-moderation of online content and rhetoric (denial of violence, censoring comments, using humor) to mitigate its radical image, avoid legal sanctions for incitement to hatred, and prevent the closure of its digital communication tools like Facebook pages.", "quote": "« Je viens de supprimer plusieurs dizaines de commentaires de la page. Merci de modérer vos propos, ne donnez pas à manger à nos opposants qui n'attendent que ça. Pour rappel, seuls les administrateurs de cette page (et moi en particulier) sont responsables de VOS propos. Merci et bon week-end ! :-) »", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/26737", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Calais, northern France", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Save Israel—Stop the Occupation (SISO)", "aliases": ["Save Israel—Stop the Occupation (SISO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "peace promotion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Founded to promote certain political views, implicitly challenging existing narratives and encouraging discussion on issues of occupation.", "quote": "In 2015 he founded the NGO Save Israel—Stop the Occupation (SISO).", "page": "13", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Save Online Speech Coalition", "aliases": ["Save Online Speech Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition of independent organisations"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The coalition uses public campaigning, partner organisations' reputations, public messaging and policy advocacy to pressure government and platforms (e.g., arguing the Bill would 'empower' platforms and urging removal of 'lawful speech' from the Bill).", "quote": "The coalition's core mission is to defend online freedom of expression and it campaigns directly on the UK Online Safety Bill, pushing for platform-related policy changes and protections for private communications.", "page": "", "url": "https://saveonlinespeech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Save Our Future Committee (hypothetical)", "aliases": ["Save Our Future Committee (hypothetical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THEDETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP INCHINA", "author": "L Shao", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its announced establishment and stated goal of promoting policy termination and mobilizing public support represent a 'collective action' with 'strong political challenge' that is considered for censorship.", "quote": "I am here to announce that we establishes 'Save Our Future' committee, promoting the termination of the policy. Please join us and make our voice heard!", "page": "44", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-east-asian-studies/article/dilemma-of-criticism-disentangling-thedeterminants-of-media-censorship-inchina/033F58546D286E1302BE2AAAD6CFC090", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Save Our Future' Committee", "aliases": ["Save Our Future' Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic development", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Established to promote the termination of the one-child policy and mobilize public support, directly challenging a state policy and thereby acting as a target for censorship of 'political challenges'.", "quote": "I am here to announce that we establishes 'Save Our Future' committee, promoting the termination of the policy. Please join us and make our voice heard!", "page": "44", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Save the Children Denmark", "aliases": ["Save the Children Denmark"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international humanitarian/child-rights NGO (national chapter)"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1924, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EU Trusted Flaggers; European NGO Alliance for Child Safety Online; Meta Safety Partners; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1924", "mechanism": "Runs SletDet and AnmeldDet reporting/advice services, participates in DSA consultations and Meta safety partnerships, publishes guidance and educational materials, and is part of EU Trusted Flaggers to escalate removal of child sexual abuse material to platforms.", "quote": "Operates digital reporting and advisory services (SletDet, AnmeldDet), engages in DSA public consultations, and is listed as EU Trusted Flagger and Meta Safety Partner, indicating direct involvement in platform content governance on child safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://redbarnet.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Save the Children International", "aliases": ["Save the Children International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child rights", "humanitarian aid"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ENTRE A REAÇÃO EA PREVENÇÃO: LIMITES E POTENCIALIDADES DO PL 2.628/2022 NA PROTEÇÃO DIGITAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES", "author": "RL Kurschner, LHS Viana…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-developed and promotes the Children's Rights and Business Principles (CRBP) to advocate for the rights, protection, and well-being of children globally, influencing corporate and governmental policies to ensure child safety and prevent exploitation.", "quote": "Complementarmente, os CRBP estruturam-se em dois pilares: (1) o respeito obrigatório aos direitos da criança, com ênfase na prevenção e mitigação de impactos negativos, e (2) o apoio voluntário por meio de ações positivas, como filantropia, advocacy e parcerias estratégicas (UNICEF; UN Global Compact; Save the Children, 2012).", "page": "17", "url": "https://revistas.unifacs.br/index.php/redu/article/viewFile/10238/5641", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, international context", "when": "post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Save The Internet (STI)", "aliases": ["Save The Internet (STI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "net neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Grassroots movement that campaigned against Facebook's Free Basics program in India, thereby advocating for net neutrality and against platform-driven content access policies, which reproduced dominant nationalist political dynamics.", "quote": "Prasad (2018) applies this critique of CS by examining the Save The Internet (STI) grassroots movement in India against Facebook's Free Basics program in 2015-16 and finds that the group reproduced dominant nationalist political dynamics.", "page": "3", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Sbilanciamoci!", "aliases": ["Sbilanciamoci!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "equity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Functions as a platform for critical analysis of political and economic issues, engaging in public discourse and potentially influencing opinions on voting and social justice through publications.", "quote": "Fruncillo D. (2018), Il voto al Sud, e quei pregiudizi da smontare, in “Sbilanciamoci”, 21 marzo.", "page": "89", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Scale AI", "aliases": ["Scale AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["GPT-4o"], "norms": ["ai safety", "data security", "technical standards"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Native_Image_Generation_System_Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Scale AI provided external red teamers to test 4o image generation, which assessed raw model capabilities, informed testing focus areas, and attempted to circumvent model safeguards using jailbreaks and tactics.", "quote": "OpenAI worked with a cohort of vetted external red teamers from our Red Teaming Network and Scale AI to test 4o image generation.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o image generation", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement", "aliases": ["Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement / NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Orchestrates country-level nutrition efforts by mobilizing and empowering intermediaries and leveraging various networks (civil society, business, donor, UN) to provide tools and support for national nutrition planning and action.", "quote": "The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement orchestrates country-level nutrition efforts by mobilizing and empowering intermediaries to promote and implement improved national nutrition planning and action (targets).", "page": "4", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "SCAR Project", "aliases": ["SCAR Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["patient rights", "public health awareness", "self-expression"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Engaged in collective action by creating a Change.org petition after Facebook removed images of mastectomy scars, arguing for the importance of sharing these photos for breast cancer awareness.", "quote": "A few years later, it began to forge ties with other communities and their campaigns, such as one oriented around Facebook's removal of images of young breast cancer survivors that prominently fea-tured their mastectomy scars from the page of the breast cancer awareness group, SCAR Project.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Scarleteen", "aliases": ["Scarleteen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dedicated to providing information on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality, likely through online resources and content creation.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Scarleteen.com", "aliases": ["Scarleteen.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spreads global awareness and provides dedicated content on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality education through online platforms.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Schema.org", "aliases": ["Schema.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["information access", "information management", "technical interoperability", "technical standards"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Design de modelos colaborativos em sites de notícias", "author": "AF Lohmann", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Develops a collaborative community standard for structured data schemas, enabling computers to better interpret texts and systematize content organization and relationships for improved information processing.", "quote": "iniciativas como a do Schema.org e do rNews ... evoluem a questão da interpretação de textos por computadores, possibilitando cada vez mais a sistematização das etapas de estruturação, organização e relacionamento de conteúdos.", "page": "149", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/9101", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online news sites (Brazil and international)", "when": "2000s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Schließen Sie die digitale Kluft, schützen Sie das Lifeline-Programm", "aliases": ["Schließen Sie die digitale Kluft, schützen Sie das Lifeline-Programm"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public interest / civic advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Common Cause authors policy letters (e.g., to the FCC), organizes coalition sign-ons (200+ groups), and publishes public campaigns and briefing materials to shape regulator and platform decisions.", "quote": "Common Cause lists 'Media & Technology' as a priority, publishes policy letters (e.g., to the FCC on Lifeline) and engages in public advocacy and open letters on platform moderation and digital access.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.commoncause.org/de/ressourcen-2/schliesen-sie-die-digitale-kluft-und-schutzen-sie-das-lifeline-programm/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Schmalkaldic League", "aliases": ["Schmalkaldic League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["dissent", "national sovereignty", "religious freedom", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Formed by German principalities and cities to defend the Protestant faith, developing a theory of resistance for 'lesser magistrates' against the Holy Roman Emperor.", "quote": "...a group of principalities and cities, led by two powerful German princes... formed the Schmalkaldic League to defend the Protestant faith.", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Schmidt Family Foundation", "aliases": ["Schmidt Family Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provides grants and convening power to research institutes and coalitions (e.g., AI Security Institute coalition), funds technology-focused initiatives (Schmidt Sciences, Immersive Media Institute) to shape research agendas and norms around AI and platform-related issues.", "quote": "Primary focus is environmental philanthropy but site references funding and partnerships on data science and AI (e.g., 'AI Security Institute joins coalition'), showing engagement with AI and platform-governance adjacent research and coalitions.", "page": "", "url": "http://tsffoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SchNEWS", "aliases": ["SchNEWS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["open access", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An activist newsletter that explicitly promoted 'anti-copyright' and 'open distribution', allowing anyone to photocopy and redistribute its content to encourage political activism and information sharing.", "quote": "Although it began life as a centrally produced and distributed publication, within five months it was offering its contents – in part or as a whole – to anyone who wished to use it: 'Strictly @nticopyright – customise … photocopy … distribute' (22 April 1995).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Schnitzler Society", "aliases": ["Schnitzler Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "literary merit"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Commissioned the private printing of Arthur Schnitzler's *Reigen* (translated as *Hands Around*) for its members, an act that led to a legal struggle over its obscenity, inadvertently participating in the censorship debate.", "quote": "Arthur Schnitzler's Reigen, translated as Hands Around, privately printed for members of the Schnitzler Society, was the source of struggle.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Schola Cantorum", "aliases": ["Schola Cantorum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "It regulated public worship by coordinating Gregorian chant for liturgical feasts within the parish, ensuring adherence to prescribed religious forms and traditions.", "quote": "Schola Cantorum, «que és l'acoblament dels aimats del cant gregorià per a les festes litúrgiques de la Parròquia»", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Scholars at Risk", "aliases": ["Scholars at Risk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and collects data on various defined attacks on academic freedom, including wrongful prosecution, imprisonment, loss of position, and travel restrictions, thereby documenting and raising awareness about state-imposed repression and censorship.", "quote": "The Scholars at Risk (SAR) network has made the most systematic attempt to collect data on various defined attacks on academic freedom, including wrongful prosecution, imprisonment, loss of position and travel restrictions in today's Turkey.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}]}, {"name": "School of Dialogue", "aliases": ["School of Dialogue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Croatia", "Cyprus", "Estonia", "Germany", "Global", "Israel", "Latvia", "Northern Ireland", "Poland", "Rwanda", "Serbia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "historical accuracy", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "History Education and Conflict Transformation", "author": "", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Fostering knowledge of historical events (e.g., Jewish history in Poland), promoting tolerance, and eradicating anti-Semitism by linking past discrimination to present-day issues.", "quote": "In another example in Poland, the School of Dialogue project aims to foster Poles’ knowledge of the long-standing presence of Jews in Poland through commemoration of prewar Jewish history.", "page": "99", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-54681-0", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various post-conflict societies globally, including Cyprus, Serbia, Croatia, Israel, Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Argentina, Poland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "School of Salamanca", "aliases": ["School of Salamanca"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "legitimacy of governance", "natural law", "natural rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Elaborated doctrines of natural law, natural rights, and international law, challenging traditional justifications for imperial domination and influencing Western political thought.", "quote": "...his lectures at the University of Salamanca elaborated doctrines that would have considerable significance for European political thought and its conceptions of natural law, natural rights, the law of war, and international law.", "page": "95", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Schools of Latin Rhetoric", "aliases": ["Schools of Latin Rhetoric"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "traditional values", "youth education"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "These educational institutions, offering a new form of teaching and attracting Roman youth, were closed by the Roman censors. Their practices were viewed as an undesirable innovation that deviated from ancestral customs.", "quote": "en 92 av. J.-C., les censeurs firent fermer les écoles dites de « rhétorique latine »... « Les innovations qui vont à l'encontre des us et coutumes de nos ancêtres ne nous plaisent pas et nous estimons qu'elles ne sont pas bonnes »", "page": "12-13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "SchoolsNET", "aliases": ["SchoolsNET"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Participated in policy debates, aligning with groups that advocated for light regulation, likely focusing on content relevant to educational settings.", "quote": "The second cluster, ‘light regulation coali-tion’ was composed of members of the computer industry... IT professionals... and policy watchers... This coalition was concerned with promoting either minimal intervention in online content...", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Schweizer Presserat", "aliases": ["Schweizer Presserat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure sur les réseaux sociaux", "author": "A Frattolillo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Swiss Press Council (Presserat) makes decisions on journalistic ethics and standards, functioning as a self-regulatory body for the press to ensure norm enforcement within media practices. Medialex reviews these decisions in its 'Urteilsbesprechungen' and 'Jahresübersichten'.", "quote": "Urteilsbesprechungen sind Auseinandersetzungen, Einordnungen und Kritiken zu Entscheiden von Gerichten, Presserat und der Unabhängigen Beschwerdeinstanz für Radio und Fernsehen.", "page": "2", "url": "https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_3F599EB07A72", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, media and communication law", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Science (Journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science)", "aliases": ["Science (Journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Did not employ outside reviewers until 1940, instead relying solely on editors' assessments for publication decisions, representing an older model of internal gatekeeping for scientific content.", "quote": "...Science and JAMA did not employ outside reviewers until 1940, relying only on editors' assessments for publication decisions...", "page": "1273", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Scientific American", "aliases": ["Scientific American"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Philosophy of Information Quality", "author": "", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Attempted to suppress criticism of its publications by claiming copyright violation, impacting the free flow and scrutiny of scientific information.", "quote": "This was attempted by Scientifi c America who tried to take down a very detailed criticism of one of their publications, claiming copyright violation.", "page": "237", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-07121-3", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International, with focus on US/UK legal and scientific contexts, and digital platforms", "when": "17th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Scientific and Professional Societies", "aliases": ["Scientific and Professional Societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Wissenschafts-Kriterien: Eine Moderation", "author": "Breuer, Franz; Reichertz, Jo", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "These societies formulate 'Ethik-Kodizes' (codes of ethics) that obligate their members to humane treatment of research participants, including rules against harming, ensuring (conditional) truthfulness, and maintaining confidentiality of data.", "quote": "Diese werden häufig von wissenschaft-lichen und professionalen Gesellschaften in Form von ihre Mitglieder verpflich-tenden Ethik-Kodizes formuliert – wobei es sich in der Regel um Maximen mit relativ großen Interpretations-Spielräumen handelt.", "page": "7", "url": "academia.edu", "topic": "modération", "language": "German", "where": "Western academic discourse", "when": "20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Scientists and Doctors", "aliases": ["Scientists and Doctors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["medical expertise", "public health", "scientific accuracy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Providing authoritative and trusted information during a public health crisis, acting as a credible source to counter misinformation.", "quote": "Trust in different sources of news and information about coronavirus (April 2020) – average of six countries: Scientists, doctors [83% trust]", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Scots Wikipedia", "aliases": ["Scots Wikipedia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage representation", "language representation", "public knowledge quality", "truthfulness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Do large language models have a legal duty to tell the truth?", "author": "Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent; Russell, Chris", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its entries were predominantly written by a non-native speaker, creating a false impression of the language and undermining its truthfulness, demonstrating how community-run public knowledge repositories can be distorted, akin to careless speech from LLMs.", "quote": "many of the harms may come from not only purely generated text, but also hybrid systems that involve people and machine learning systems working together. To understand how this might occur, we can look at the problems that arose around 'Scots Wikipedia'", "page": "12", "url": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.240197", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "European Union legal frameworks", "when": "contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "Scottish Anarchist", "aliases": ["Scottish Anarchist"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A publication established by a social movement rooted in anarchist principles to document actions and provide discussion within the movement.", "quote": "Larger, less focused movements have established their own titles, such as Pod and Scottish Anarchist.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Scottish SPCA", "aliases": ["Scottish SPCA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs public campaigns, fundraising drives, education and awareness communications to shape public opinion and policy around animal welfare in Scotland.", "quote": "Primary mission is animal welfare and rescue; website contains no core activity focused on platformized-content-governance though it runs public campaigns and communications.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.scottishspca.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Scratch online community", "aliases": ["Scratch online community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Scratch"], "norms": ["child safety", "community standards", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmically Supported Moderation in Children’s Online Communities", "author": "Tan, Flora", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Scratch, an online community for children, practices moderation through a combination of automatic filters and user-generated reports. Its users actively flag content they find inappropriate, which then enters a moderation queue for human review.", "quote": "Scratch, a web-based, drag-and-drop programming language and online community developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. ... Moderators and administrators of the Scratch website review the content flagged by the Cleanspeak system as well as any content flagged by users of the website.", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Scratch online community", "when": "2015-2017 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Scriblerus Club", "aliases": ["Scriblerus Club"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["literary merit", "quality control", "social order"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England: The Subtle Art of Division", "author": "R Robertson", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Members of this literary group expressed strong critical opinions on the state of print culture following the expiration of the licensing act, regarding the resulting proliferation of publications as a 'cultural swamp' filled with 'lesser literary species'. This constitutes a form of norm-setting and literary criticism that influences public discourse and potentially shapes perceptions of acceptable literature.", "quote": "Swift, Pope, and their Scriblerian kindred regarded the new conditions as creating a cultural swamp, one that teemed with lesser literary species.", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0yJvXgG3pVIC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=X_Ebln2o9N&sig=2NYkRyjnJiyzLeeC9QbaaLlPw4M", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "17th century"}]}, {"name": "Search Engine Watch", "aliases": ["Search Engine Watch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["community support", "factual accuracy", "knowledge sharing"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les communautés virtuelles sur internet: de l'apprentissage à la production collective de savoirs", "author": "C Ladage", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Operates as a public forum where users, including administrators and moderators, engage in discussions, exchange information, and collectively construct knowledge about search engine functioning and referencing techniques.", "quote": "Sur Internet les communautés virtuelles comme les forums publics sont des lieux d'apprentissages et d'échanges pour un nombre croissant de connaissances.", "page": "1", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm29/LADAGE.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums (France, USA)", "when": "c. 2000-2007"}]}, {"name": "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence at Home (SETI@home)", "aliases": ["Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence at Home (SETI@home)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["scientific society / community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A distributed computing project where over 2 million individuals globally donate their idle computer time to analyze signals from outer space, facilitating scientific research that requires massive computation.", "quote": "El proyecto SETI@home, que comenzó a mediados de 1999, puso sobre la mesa la computación distribuida.", "page": "21", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Search LGfL safeguarding and online safety resources", "aliases": ["Search LGfL safeguarding and online safety resources"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["education technology charity / school services provider"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "LGfL supplies schools with filtering, monitoring, audits, training and pedagogical resources and has collaborated with Counter Terrorism Policing to produce 'Act Early' materials, combining technical services and authoritative partnerships to shape online-safety practices.", "quote": "LGfL provides online-safety resources, filtering, monitoring and training for schools and works with Counter Terrorism Policing on 'Act Early' safeguarding resources, directly engaging with platform-related safety and moderation practices in education settings.", "page": "", "url": "https://lgfl.net/safeguarding/resources", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sección Femenina", "aliases": ["Sección Femenina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "national unity", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["first Francoism"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dramaturgas y censura en el primer franquismo: Pilar Millán Astray y Julia Maura", "author": "", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Perpetuated the Francoist regime's patriarchal discourse on women's roles (wife, mother) through educational programs and public statements, thereby shaping social norms and implicitly influencing cultural output and censorship decisions.", "quote": "La Sección Femenina, dirigida por una Pilar Primo de Rivera que afirmaba que \"el verdadero deber de las mujeres para con la Patria [sic] consiste en formar familias\"\" (28)", "page": "no fue la única instancia de poder que perpetuó este discurso;\"", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1950s (first Francoism)"}]}, {"name": "Secessionist groups in Iran", "aliases": ["Secessionist groups in Iran"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["challenging government", "regional autonomy", "secession"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These groups were supported by the Soviet Union to create allies in its border regions, thus contributing to geopolitical rivalries that involved other powers like the US and UK.", "quote": "por eso apoyó a grupos secesionistas en Irán, al mismo tiempo que incumplió con el compromiso de retirarse.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska)", "aliases": ["Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "national security", "national unity"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Sent intelligence from inside Auschwitz camp via volunteers (such as Witold Pilecki) to its military superiors within the Polish Underground.", "quote": "Major Jan Włodarkiewicz of the Secret Polish Army (Tajna Armia Polska – TAP)... spoke with Stefan Rowecki about getting somebody into the camp to supply intelligence.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Secretariado de la Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores (Regional Inter-American Workers' Organization Secretariat)", "aliases": ["Secretariado de la Organización Regional Interamericana de Trabajadores (Regional Inter-American Workers' Organization Secretariat)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / social movement"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1957, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura de prensa en Colombia, 1949-1957", "author": "OY Acuña Rodríguez", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Made pronouncements questioning the abolition of freedoms and censorship as a basis for public peace in Colombia, potentially affecting workers' rights.", "quote": "Hubo diversos pronunciamientos de periodistas nacionales e internacionales que le reclamaban al Presidente por la censura a El Tiempo y demandaban el retorno de la libertad de prensa, como se puede ver en las cartas enviadas en que se cuestionaba la abolición de las libertades y la censura de los medios como fundamento para lograr la paz pública", "page": "258", "url": "http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-88032013000200009&script=sci_arttext", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "1949–1957"}]}, {"name": "Secretariado de Orientación Bibliográfica", "aliases": ["Secretariado de Orientación Bibliográfica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral purity", "religious guidance", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problemas historiográficos en el estudio de la censura literaria del último medio siglo", "author": "ABELLÁN, MANUEL L.", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Created by the Catholic hierarchy, this body was tasked with issuing intrinsic moral judgments on circulating books, particularly popular and current ones, and suggesting suitable readers.", "quote": "la jerarquía católica decidiera crear el Secretariado de Orientación Bibliográfica, cuyo cometido sería emitir un juicio moral intrínseco sobre cuantas obras circularan por librerías y bibliotecas, con preferencia las de mayor difusión y actualidad y, al mismo tiempo, indicaría la suerte de receptor idóneo o lector para cada una de las obras.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27762669", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (under Franco regime)", "when": "1939–1989"}]}, {"name": "Secretaría de Investigación de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires", "aliases": ["Secretaría de Investigación de la Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo, Universidad de Buenos Aires"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "research promotion"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conceptos que crean oportunidades de aprendizaje. La experiencia de los asistentes de moderación en las jornadas de investigación", "author": "LJ Vazquez", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This body designed and implemented a 'moderation assistant' role for undergraduate students in its research conferences (Jornadas de Investigación). This initiative aims to bridge the gap between undergraduate and postgraduate studies, integrating students into the academic research community through active participation in event moderation and related tasks.", "quote": "Desde la Secretaría de Investigación (de ahora en más SI) de FADU, UBA hemos podido diagnosticar que las y los estudiantes de grado tienen actualmente pocos puntos de encuentro con el posgrado... Para eso hemos propuesto en estas XXXV Jornadas de Investigación y XVII Encuentro Regional... la figura de los asistentes de moderación.", "page": "1", "url": "http://publicacionescientificas.fadu.uba.ar/index.php/actas/article/view/2030", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina, FADU-UBA", "when": "2017-2021, contemporary academic context"}]}, {"name": "Sector404", "aliases": ["Sector404"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a South American spinoff of Anonymous, it implies participation in contentious actions and symbolic branding to challenge power structures and enforce its norms of protest within its regional context.", "quote": "‘Sector404’: a South American spinoff of Anonymous.", "page": "156", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Secure Community Network", "aliases": ["Secure Community Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-semitism", "community safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The official safety and security organisation of the North American Jewish community, providing advice during threats.", "quote": "The Anti-Defamation League, the Southern Poverty Law Center and the Secure Community Network (the official safety and security organisation of the North American Jewish community) provided advice on what to do.", "page": "205", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "SeeClickFix", "aliases": ["SeeClickFix"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "community engagement", "public welfare"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides a communication platform (SeeClickFix) for citizens to report non-emergency urban problems, thereby facilitating community involvement in identifying and addressing local issues.", "quote": "SeeClickFix: plataforma de comunicação para os cidadãos relatarem problemas que não são emergenciais [20];", "page": "3", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Seguidores de la Palabra de Dios", "aliases": ["Seguidores de la Palabra de Dios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["indigenous identity", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A movement related to liberation theology in Chiapas where indigenous people read the Bible, linked it to their lives and social problems, and promoted an independent identity.", "quote": "la labor del obispo Samuel Ruiz se encaminó a organizar a los Seguidores de la Palabra de Dios, movimiento relacionado con la teología de la liberación. La pertenencia a este grupo es un elemento muy importante para la identidad de los pueblos indios chiapanecos.", "page": "342", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Seiva Trupe", "aliases": ["Seiva Trupe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Staged a translation of 'À Espera de Godot' in 1998, contributing to the circulation and reception of a play previously subject to censorship, indicating the evolving landscape of theatrical expression.", "quote": "panhia David e Golias (isto depois de em 1998 ter havido uma encenação deste texto pela Seiva Trupe com tradução de Isabel Alves)", "page": "74", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sekolah Lintas Iman", "aliases": ["Sekolah Lintas Iman"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusion", "openness", "tolerance"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Co-organized by the Dian Interfidei Institution and universities, this program nurtures values of inclusiveness, openness, and tolerance among Muslim youth.", "quote": "Dian Interfidei Institution also co-organizes the Sekolah Lintas Iman series annually...to nurture Sumartana's legacy values, such as inclusiveness, openness, and tolerance.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Self-amplification Groups", "aliases": ["Self-amplification Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Asia Pacific", "Nordic countries", "Singapore"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["content promotion", "user engagement"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From “Networked Publics” to “Refracted Publics”: A Companion Framework for Researching “Below the Radar” Studies", "author": "Abidin, Crystal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These groups coordinate analogue actions among members, such as mentioning each other or immediately liking/commenting on posts, to trigger algorithms to prioritize their content for wider visibility on platform explore/discover pages or news feeds.", "quote": "Influencers have formed self-amplification groups intended to coordinate analogue action to trigger the algorithm into prioritizing their posts in explore or discover pages or news feeds.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120984458", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore, Asia Pacific, Nordic countries, and beyond, across social media platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube)", "when": "2009–2020"}]}, {"name": "Self-referenced blog networks", "aliases": ["Self-referenced blog networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["political blogs"], "norms": ["community building", "social validation"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A febre dos blogs de política", "author": "A Aldé, J Escobar, V Chagas", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "These networks represent a common culture among bloggers, fostering interaction and cooperation. They form groups through cross-referencing and linking (blogrolls), helping to build audiences and identify shared interests, thereby creating a form of self-regulation and community validation within the blogosphere.", "quote": "São blogueiros que, embora não reconhecidos como jornalistas pela corporação, têm seus leitores, muitas vezes estabelecidos numa cultura comum de redes de blogs auto-referenciados.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4955/495550189004.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, political blogs", "when": "2005-2006"}]}, {"name": "Self-regulation institutions for transparency", "aliases": ["Self-regulation institutions for transparency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["privacy", "self-regulation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Proteção de Dados e Transparência em Moderação de Conteúdo na Europa, Reino Unido e Brasil", "author": "JV Archegas, C Bottino, C Perrone, MH Vilhena", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Proposed to be created by digital platforms to elaborate and submit quarterly transparency reports and approve resolutions and summaries for content analysis procedures, aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability through industry self-governance.", "quote": "Por fim, o PL também prevê a possibilidade das plataformas criarem uma “instituição de autorregulação voltada à transparência” (Art. 30) que seria certi-ficada pelo CTRI (Art. 30, § 1º) e teria a responsabilidade de elaborar e encami-nhar ao conselho os relatórios trimestrais de transparência (Art. 30, § 2º), além de aprovar “resoluções e súmulas de modo a regular seus procedimentos de análise\" (Art. 30", "page": "§ 3º).\"", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Protecao-de-Dados-e-Transparencia-em-Moderacao-de-Conte%C3%BAdo.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Europe, United Kingdom, and Brazil (focusing on proposed legal frameworks for content moderation)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Semanário Cívico", "aliases": ["Semanário Cívico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "constitutional rights", "monarchy", "national identity", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles analyzing the constitutionalist movement and defending the commercial interests of its redactor (Joaquim José da Silva Maia) and the union between Brazil and Portugal.", "quote": "Semanário Cívico, considerado “símbolo maior da chamada imprensa áulica”", "page": "27", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Seminario Interdisciplinar de Estudios de las Mujeres de la Universidad de Sevilla (SIEMUS)", "aliases": ["Seminario Interdisciplinar de Estudios de las Mujeres de la Universidad de Sevilla (SIEMUS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes international university congresses on gender research, providing a space for scientific activity, debate, and dissemination of knowledge in women's studies.", "quote": "El VII Congreso Universitario Internacional I+G, celebrado en la Universidad de Sevilla y organizado por SIEMUS (Seminario Interdisciplinar de Estudios de las Mujeres de la Universidad de Sevilla), da continuidad a una actividad científica iniciada por la Unidad para la Igualdad en el año 2009.", "page": "10", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Seminarios Nacional Sindicalistas de Prensa", "aliases": ["Seminarios Nacional Sindicalistas de Prensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association (educational institutions)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["media regulation", "national education", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Party-affiliated educational institutions that issued temporary journalistic titles, serving as a precursor to the national-syndicalist university, ensuring ideological alignment in journalistic training.", "quote": "Para el cumplimiento del artículo 27º y hasta la fundación de la Universidad Nacionalsindicalista de Prensa, serán válidos y obligatorios los títulos que expidan los Seminarios Nacionalsindicalistas de Prensa que se celebrarán con carácter intensivo, en ciclos de tres meses.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Seminary of Olinda", "aliases": ["Seminary of Olinda"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["colonialism", "economic development", "religious education", "scientific knowledge"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Founded in 1800 with the aim of training 'parish-explorers' who would combine spiritual pastoring with exploring the natural resources of their parishes, linking religious education to colonial exploitation.", "quote": "o Seminário de Olinda, em 1800, que, no parecer de Oliveira Lima, visava a formação de “gerações de párocos-exploradores, os quais a um tempo pastoreassem as almas e devassassem as riquezas vegetais e minerais de suas freguesias”", "page": "145", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Seminole Tribe of Florida", "aliases": ["Seminole Tribe of Florida"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "cultural identity", "respectful representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ethnic References in Branding and Artificial Intelligence Content Moderation: From the Ajax ‘Jews’ to the Washington Redskins and Beyond", "author": "Netanel, Neil Weinstock", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This tribal group partnered with the Florida State University Seminoles, thereby influencing the use of Native American references in their branding and mascots.", "quote": "...and the Seminole Tribe of Florida (with the Florida State University Seminoles).", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and United States (social media global)", "when": "late 20th century - present"}]}, {"name": "Seminário Permanente de Filosofia de Olavo de Carvalho (COF)", "aliases": ["Seminário Permanente de Filosofia de Olavo de Carvalho (COF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["anti-moderation", "intellectual debate", "truth seeking"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An online course platform, described as a 'free school', that formed thousands of 'disciples' by promoting a specific philosophical and ideological agenda, characterized by an aggressive, non-moderate style of argument.", "quote": "A mais famosa e longeva dessas “escolas livres” é o “Seminário de Filosofia de Olavo de Carvalho”, acessível por meio de um portal on-line² no qual ainda é possível comprar acesso ao conhecido COF.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path)", "aliases": ["Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "political change", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Engaged in armed mobilization of the rural poor and launched numerous terrorist attacks against officials during Peru's transition, though its radical actions were not initially a central concern for pivotal elites.", "quote": "Though Sendero Luminoso had no more than three hundred members when the military began to withdraw from power, it had already begun to shoot officials who tried to enter what was (even then) known as 'Senderista territory.'", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Senseable Cities", "aliases": ["Senseable Cities"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Other", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The lab produces research, prototypes, exhibitions and city-scale demos to showcase socio-technical effects of data and algorithms, influencing discourse and practice around urban technology and infrastructural design.", "quote": "The lab focuses on urban data, sensing, and city-scale socio-technical research rather than consumer-facing platform content moderation or governance, though its work touches on data, privacy, and algorithmic systems relevant to platform infrastructure.", "page": "", "url": "http://senseable.mit.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sensellarisme", "aliases": ["Sensellarisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["France", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et arts.", "author": "E Guichot", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Advocates for the approval and rapid implementation of legislation aimed at eradicating homelessness, influencing political decision-makers to address this social problem.", "quote": "Sería una magnífica noticia que los nuevos diputados electos, con la ayuda de Sensellarisme, fueran muy conscientes de esta problemática. El futuro de miles de ciudadanos en tierras catalanas depende de que se apruebe y se aplique con prontitud la ley para la erradicación del sinhogarismo.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2024-08/40588rap22424guichot.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, digital platforms, and the broader West", "when": "18th-21st centuries, with focus on contemporary issues and the platform era"}]}, {"name": "Senso Incomum", "aliases": ["Senso Incomum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": ["X"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Boa guerra, garoto (s)!”: bolsonarismo,“anti-intelectualismo” e masculinidade", "author": "MC Carlotto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Functions as an editorial outlet publishing books, magazines, and news, actively critiquing traditional knowledge production spaces like schools and universities, which it often caricatures as 'feminized' and 'weak'.", "quote": "Já o portal Senso Incomum se destaca por ser uma espécie de selo editorial que publica livros, revistas e um portal de notícias. (...) ilustrava bem o padrão de crítica aos espaços tradicionais de produção de conhecimento, em especial, escolas, faculdades e universidades.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KLp7yk9NyMrshb6st9Wtykt/", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative reference to USA; Twitter (now X)", "when": "2000s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Sentinel Groups for Genocide Prevention", "aliases": ["Sentinel Groups for Genocide Prevention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "genocide prevention"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Combats 'hate speech' online.", "quote": "the Australian-based Online Hate Prevention Institute, the Canada-based Sentinel Groups for Genocide Prevention and the British-based Tell MAMA (Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks) combat “hate speech” online by targeting digital intermediaries...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Sentinela Baiense", "aliases": ["Sentinela Baiense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "constitutionalism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles (by Joaquim José da Silva Maia) analyzing the constitutionalist movement and defending the commercial interests of its redactor and the union between Brazil and Portugal.", "quote": "Por estes periódicos, Silva Maia analisa o movimento constitucionalista, defende seus interesses como comerciante e a união entre Brasil e Portugal.", "page": "27", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Sentinelas da Liberdade (publication)", "aliases": ["Sentinelas da Liberdade (publication)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Used as a means of propagating ideas and mobilizing Brazilian public opinion, functioning as a form of unregulated 'panfletagem' in early political discourse.", "quote": "Cipriano Barata e suas Sentinelas da Liberdade.", "page": "2", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "Serbestî", "aliases": ["Serbestî"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "liberty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Despite being officially banned, its copies were seen circulating even in official bureaus, indicating a failure of censorship and the presence of informal distribution networks.", "quote": "This memorandum stated that copies of Serbestî were seen on desks in many official bureaus. It was stated matter-of-factly that care should be taken not to leave these copies lying around on desks.", "page": "28", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "seriously", "aliases": ["seriously"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["hate speech prevention", "user empowerment"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a counter speech intervention program that provides capacity-building by helping Internet users recognize different types of online hate speech and prepare appropriate counter speech responses.", "quote": "For instance, programs such as seriously [21] and the Social Media Helpline [22] help users to recognize different kinds of online hate and prepare appropriate responses.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01974", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2013–2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Seriously (Renaissance Numérique platform)", "aliases": ["Seriously (Renaissance Numérique platform)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An Internet platform developed by think-and-do tank Renaissance Numérique, which helps users formulate coherent arguments to respond to extremist content and hate speech online by providing facts, quotes, and structural advice for counter-arguments.", "quote": "an Internet platform that works to counter hate speech by helping users formulate arguments to respond to extremist content that they encounter online.", "page": "34", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Servet-i Fünûn", "aliases": ["Servet-i Fünûn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["public information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Practiced self-censorship due to fear of the oppressive regime, then cautiously reported political news like the reinstatement of the constitution, demonstrating adaptation to changing political climates.", "quote": "In the recollection of Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz, the editor of Servet-i Fünûn (The Treasure of Sciences): ... I simply could not believe my eyes. I looked around; the ones who were holding papers in their hands were immobilized like me; they were reading the lines, asking 'could it be true?,' but with the fearfulness of their souls, silenced by the execution of the oppressive regime, no one could utter a single word.", "page": "18-19", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Service cooperatives interested in the media sector", "aliases": ["Service cooperatives interested in the media sector"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "media diversity", "social inclusion"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Políticas de medios del kirchnerismo. Análisis de las políticas de comunicación 2003-2015 y agenda pendiente", "author": "M Becerra, G Mastrini", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Articulated demands for greater inclusion for social actors in media and participated in the broad social discussion on media regulation, contributing to the context that led to the Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual.", "quote": "algunos actores de la sociedad civil promovieron una discusión sobre la regulación mediática que logró articular demandas ciudadanas y de grupos organizados (sindicatos de trabajadores de medios, el movimiento de radios comunitarias, las organizaciones de derechos humanos y las no gubernamentales -ONG-, cooperativas de servicios interesadas en el sector, investigadores y docentes universitarios) con los reclamos de mayor inclusión para actores sociales postergados en los medios.", "page": "5", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2020/08/Becerra_Mastrini.pdf", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina", "when": "2003-2015"}]}, {"name": "Service Operation Boot (part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland)", "aliases": ["Service Operation Boot (part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discussions as an expert, providing advice and perspectives on children's online safety from a community-oriented and ethical standpoint.", "quote": "The experts include a diverse group of people representing for example the Finnish police... Service Operation Boot (volunteers of ev.luth, church)...", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Service pastoral pour la formation et l'accompagnement des responsables (SEPAFAR)", "aliases": ["Service pastoral pour la formation et l'accompagnement des responsables (SEPAFAR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence", "religious influence"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Established by the Cardinal, this organization aims to structure the apostolate of political elites and uses social media for both external and internal communications. It has played a role in public critique of the former regime, thus acting as a gatekeeper for Catholic elite engagement.", "quote": "En effet, le Service pastoral pour la formation et l'accompagnement des responsables (SEPAFAR) a été mis en place en 2011 par le Cardinal, lors de l'érection de l'aumônerie des étudiants et élèves en paroisse universitaire. Le SEPAFAR vise à organiser l'apostolat des élites politiques du pays.", "page": "4", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sesh Safety", "aliases": ["Sesh Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Snapchat", "Telegram", "TikTok"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizing content moderation by social media platforms and its impact on digital harm reduction", "author": "AB Gomes, A Sultan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A large community group that shared harm reduction advice and had its own internal moderation process to remove content related to drug buying or selling, but was ultimately deleted by Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook deleted 'Sesh Safety, a group of 50,000 people which primarily shared harm reduction advice between people, and which had an internal moderation process to delete any drug buying or selling within the group.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-024-01104-9", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Telegram)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sete de Abril (newspaper)", "aliases": ["Sete de Abril (newspaper)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political opinion"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1933, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Censura da Notícia no Final Da Primeira República", "author": "CF Dieppe", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participated in political polemics, known for its 'malignidade' and 'energia' in debating opponents, influencing public opinion through its aggressive style of journalism.", "quote": "“O Sete de Abril é lido não pela coerência de suas doutrinas, mas sim pela malignidade com que o escrevem, malignidade que não respeita partido algum, e pela energia com que debela os Caramurus”", "page": "3", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/anagrama/article/view/141635", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Brazil (Empire and First Republic)", "when": "Early 19th - Early 20th Century"}]}, {"name": "SETI@home", "aliases": ["SETI@home"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A public-resource computing project that harnesses volunteered computing power from end-users to analyze radio-telescope data, demonstrating a model for large-scale distributed scientific computation.", "quote": "SETI@home provides a screensaver that users can freely install, and that downloads and analyzes radio-telescope data for signs of intelligent life. The project obtains a portion of the computing power of the users’ computers", "page": "87", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Seven Organizations Urge Court Not To Gut Section 230 in ...", "aliases": ["Seven Organizations Urge Court Not To Gut Section 230 in ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry policy coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Builds coalitions with industry and civil-society actors, produces policy statements and amicus briefs (e.g., Gonzalez v. Google) to shape legal and regulatory outcomes and public debate.", "quote": "Filed amicus brief urging Supreme Court to uphold Section 230 protections for algorithmic content moderation and actively shapes tech policy and public debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://progresschamber.org/eight-organizations-urge-court-not-to-gut-section-230-in-gonzalez-v-google/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sex Workers Union", "aliases": ["Sex Workers Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["alliance/coalition of sex workers, rights collectives and allied organisations"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Labour rights", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DECRIM NOW organises petitions, open letters and unionisation drives, partners with trade unions and political allies, and submits responses to inquiries to influence government policy and public debate on decriminalisation and online platform practices.", "quote": "Primary mission is full decriminalisation of sex work and labour rights, but the organisation explicitly opposes efforts to close online sex-work platforms and engages in related advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://decrimnow.org.uk/join-the-union-2/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sex, etc.", "aliases": ["Sex, etc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dedicated to providing information on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality, likely through online resources and content creation.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sexetc.org", "aliases": ["Sexetc.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spreads global awareness and provides dedicated content on adolescence, relationships, and sexuality education through online platforms.", "quote": "Organisations such as Amaze (amaze.org.), Scarleteen (scarleteen.com), Sex, etc. (sexetc.org) or Love Matters (lovematters.in) are also specifically dedicated to adolescence, relationships and sexuality.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sexologists (professional group)", "aliases": ["Sexologists (professional group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "sexual education", "sexual health", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Utilized 'The Vagina Monologues' for sexual education, contributing to public discourse on sex and sexuality in China despite its sensitive nature, thus countering its taboo status.", "quote": "...used by sexologists for sexual education (see Chutian Jinbao 2006, aibai.cn 2006).", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sexuálna výchova", "aliases": ["Sexuálna výchova"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["free speech", "sex education"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Manages an Instagram platform that addresses sex education openly and with humour, hosted by individuals, creating and disseminating educational and entertaining content.", "quote": "The Instagram profile called Sexuálna výchova (@sexualnavychova) is a platform that addresses the topic of sex education openly and with humour. It is hosted by Michaela Dhiman...", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Señal 3 La Victoria", "aliases": ["Señal 3 La Victoria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Had its content blocked on Facebook (especially shared links) and its page made invisible, and its YouTube channel labeled as restricted access, hindering its ability to disseminate community information and coverage of the social crisis.", "quote": "En su caso, en Facebook se bloquearon contenidos, particularmente los del tipo 'compartir enlace' (que impide que otros compartan contenidos), y su página fue bloqueada. Inmediatamente se hizo invisible para sus más de 44.000 seguidores. Durante el estado de emergencia, su canal de YouTube fue etiquetado como de acceso restringido...", "page": "6", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "SF Civic Tech: Home", "aliases": ["SF Civic Tech: Home"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic tech non-profit / volunteer brigade"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Hosts hack nights and civic projects that prototype public-interest tools and connects technologists with city stakeholders, producing community-driven technical solutions and public-facing communication.", "quote": "Primary mission is building civic technology and community projects for San Francisco; it occasionally builds public-facing tools and convenes stakeholders but does not centrally focus on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sfcivictech.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Shadowserver Foundation", "aliases": ["Shadowserver Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Pakistan", "South Korea", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Monitoring Internet censorship with UBICA", "author": "G Aceto, A Botta, A Pescapè, N Feamster…", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A non-profit organization that collects and analyzes threat intelligence data to provide security reports and aid in combating cybercrime and Internet scanning.", "quote": "Shadowserver foundation (2014). https://www.shadowserver.org/", "page": "175", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-17172-2_10", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet networks across various countries and platforms (e.g., Italy, Pakistan, South Korea, European ISPs, US servers, .com and .net TLDs, Munich Scientific Network)", "when": "2009–2015"}]}, {"name": "Shakespeare and Company", "aliases": ["Shakespeare and Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a publishing house, it published authors like James Joyce (Ulysses), whose works faced significant censorship, contributing to the circulation of literature deemed unacceptable by other publishers and authorities.", "quote": "Nabokov dut se résoudre à publier en France en passant par la maison Olympia Press, tout comme avant lui Henry Miller (chez Obelisk Press) ou James Joyce (chez Shakespeare and Company);", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Shammar tribe", "aliases": ["Shammar tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (tribal)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political alliances", "tribal interests"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Its leader supported Kurdish forces (Syrian Democratic Forces), influencing political alliances and local dynamics.", "quote": "Mientras que algunos jefes tribales como el líder de Al-Shammar se mostró a favor de las fuerzas kurdas", "page": "139", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "SHARE LAB", "aliases": ["SHARE LAB"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Media and Platform Historiography: Challenges and Opportunities", "author": "Helmond, Anne; Van Der Vlist, Fernando N.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The lab mapped the targeting options and techniques available to Facebook advertisers, visualizing the platform's complex profiling and targeting processes to bring transparency to these data practices.", "quote": "The Yugoslavian-based research and data investigation lab SHARE LAB previously mapped the targeting options and techniques available to Facebook advertisers and visualised the data fields underpinning the platform's complex profiling and targeting processes.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.tmgonline.nl/article/10.18146/tmg.434/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "mid-2000s to present"}]}, {"name": "ShareAction", "aliases": ["ShareAction"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Public health", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ShareAction publishes research and benchmarks, organises investor initiatives and AGM activism to pressure companies and influence policy, leveraging investor networks to drive corporate change.", "quote": "ShareAction focuses on responsible investment and shareholder activism; its core mission does not directly target platformized content governance though it engages corporate accountability relevant to platform companies indirectly.", "page": "", "url": "https://shareaction.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sharenting: At dele billeder af sine børn på sociale medier", "aliases": ["Sharenting: At dele billeder af sine børn på sociale medier"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["digital literacy and civic education organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance, educational materials and runs workshops and campaigns (including a partnership with Telenor) to shape parental practices and public debate about children’s privacy on social platforms.", "quote": "Core mission is digital education and civic digital competence; it publishes guidance and runs campaigns touching on privacy and child safety on social platforms (e.g., sharenting guidance).", "page": "", "url": "https://digitaldannelse.org/vidensbase/sharenting-at-dele-billeder-af-sine-boern-paa-sociale-medier/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sheen Charterhouse", "aliases": ["Sheen Charterhouse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This religious house functioned as a key site for the production and circulation of vernacular religious texts, contributing to the maintenance of approved spiritual literature within a contained environment.", "quote": "circulating in carefully limited numbers in milieus like the Bridgettine house at Syon and the Charterhouse at Sheen.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}]}, {"name": "ShieldWall Network", "aliases": ["ShieldWall Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["far right ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a far-right network whose affiliates engage in violence, linking online affiliation with offline actions and promoting far-right agendas.", "quote": "the attack on DeAndre Harris by Jacob Goodwin, affiliated with the far-right ShieldWall Network, and others.", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Shifty Records", "aliases": ["Shifty Records"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Released compilation albums with subtle, encrypted titles designed to divert the suspicion of censors while conveying protest messages, thus circumventing official bans.", "quote": "Shifty Records released a compilation album of rebel rhythms called ’A naartjie in our sosatie’ (Afrikaans for a tangerine in our kebab), sounding like ’Anarchy in our society’ without using an obviously subversive title which would surely have been banned.", "page": "188", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Shiite militias (Lebanon)", "aliases": ["Shiite militias (Lebanon)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Middle East", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["foreign intervention resistance", "religious identity"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estados Unidos y el Medio Oriente: moderación, rivalidad y hegemonía", "author": "LE Bosemberg", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "These militias conducted a bomb attack on a US Marine barracks, perceiving the US as a foreign military force supporting their Christian enemies, leading to US withdrawal and damage to American prestige.", "quote": "Milicias chiitas, que consideraron a los norteamericanos como un ejército más que apoyaba a sus enemigos cristianos, hicieron detonar una bomba en el cuartel norteamericano causando la muerte de 241 Marines.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/histcrit/24478", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East, United States", "when": "late 18th century - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Should Social Media Companies Have the Power to Remove ...", "aliases": ["Should Social Media Companies Have the Power to Remove ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic education nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Publishes curricular resources and hosts public debates and contests (Think the Vote) that frame civic questions about platform governance for students and educators, shaping public understanding and discourse.", "quote": "Primary mission is civic education, but the organization hosts public debates and educational materials directly addressing platform content-removal and First Amendment issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://billofrightsinstitute.org/ttv/debates/should-social-media-companies-have-the-power-to-remove-content-from-their-platforms", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Shwaya tribes (Non-noble tribes)", "aliases": ["Shwaya tribes (Non-noble tribes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (tribal)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural norms", "political stability"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Proclaimed support for the Asad regime, influencing political dynamics through their allegiance and traditional codes.", "quote": "Para la autora es indicativo el hecho de que las tribus nobles (asil) mantuvieran una posición más próxima a la oposición y a sus apoyos regionales, entre ellos, Arabia Saudí, mientras que las tribus no nobles (shwaya) proclamaran su apoyo al régimen de Asad.", "page": "137", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "SIGCOMM NS Ethics workshop", "aliases": ["SIGCOMM NS Ethics workshop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["research ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Encore: Lightweight measurement of web censorship with cross-origin requests", "author": "S Burnett, N Feamster", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Organizes discussions to help develop ethical guidelines and principled frameworks for networking and systems research, particularly concerning network measurement.", "quote": "We have also been working with the organizers of the SIGCOMM NS Ethics workshop [34], which we helped solicit, to ensure that its attendees will gain experience applying principled ethical frameworks to networking and systems research...", "page": "12", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2785956.2787485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries)", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "Sighted Volunteers Fighting Ableism on TikTok", "aliases": ["Sighted Volunteers Fighting Ableism on TikTok"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["disability rights", "justice"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "… Got Flagged for Supposed Bullying, Even Though It Was in Response to Someone Harassing Me About My Disability.\": A Study of Blind TikTokers' Content Moderation …\"", "author": "Y Lyu, J Cai, A Callis, K Cotter, JM Carroll", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This group of sighted volunteers assists BlindTokers by collectively taking action against trolls who harass users about their disabilities. They do this by receiving screenshots of troll profiles from BlindTokers and then 'going after' the trolls, operating as an independent, collective response mechanism outside of TikTok's official moderation channels.", "quote": "C17 introduced a unique strategy: instead of responding to trolls directly herself (which could lead to conflicts and moderation), she sought assistance from a group of sighted volunteers who actively fought against ableism on TikTok. These volunteers would take action on behalf of the BlindToker by addressing the trolls.", "page": "9", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3613904.3642148", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "TikTok, Western context", "when": "2022-2023"}]}, {"name": "Signal Foundation", "aliases": ["Signal Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Mastodon", "Matrix", "Signal", "Twitter"], "norms": ["data security", "privacy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Asymmetric message franking: Content moderation for metadata-private end-to-end encryption", "author": "N Tyagi, P Grubbs, J Len, I Miers…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides a metadata-private messaging system where user identities are hidden from the platform, necessitating new cryptographic primitives like AMFs for content moderation that preserve deniability.", "quote": "Existing moderation mechanisms... cannot be used in messaging systems in which users can hide their identities, such as Signal.", "page": "1", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_8", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online messaging platforms (e.g. Signal, Facebook, Twitter, Matrix, Mastodon), global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Signatories of 'A Letter on Justice and Open Debate' (Harper's Magazine)", "aliases": ["Signatories of 'A Letter on Justice and Open Debate' (Harper's Magazine)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["critical thinking", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "tolerance"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La nueva censura: restricción del pensamiento en tiempos de progreso", "author": "C Gil Higuera", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Authored and signed a public letter/manifesto protesting the radicalism of new ideologies and expressing concern over the weakening of open debate norms and tolerance.", "quote": "153 escritores, profesores e intelectuales estadounidenses, firmaron una carta protestando contra el radicalismo de las nuevas ideologías, publicada en la revista Harper's.", "page": "15", "url": "https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/92076", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Signatories of the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation", "aliases": ["Signatories of the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A ciência entre a infodemia e outras narrativas da pós-verdade: desafios em tempos de pandemia", "author": "RCF Giordani, JPG Donasolo…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These signatories collectively committed to a code of practice to combat disinformation online, implementing measures such as not financially supporting sites spreading false news, controlling inauthentic accounts, and enhancing transparency for users on their platforms.", "quote": "Em uma busca de combater as desinformações online, em 2018 foi desenvolvido o EU Code of Practice on Disinformation29, cujos signatários incluem membros da indústria da propaganda, líderes de plataformas digitais, como o Facebook, Google e Mozilla, entre outros.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.scielosp.org/article/csc/2021.v26n7/2863-2872/pt/", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital platforms (especially in USA, Europe, and Brazil)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (focus on COVID-19 pandemic, 2018-2021)"}]}, {"name": "Signatories of the Spanish manifesto against 'dictatorship of single thought'", "aliases": ["Signatories of the Spanish manifesto against 'dictatorship of single thought'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["critical thought", "free speech", "pluralism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La nueva censura: restricción del pensamiento en tiempos de progreso", "author": "C Gil Higuera", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Signed a manifesto denouncing what they called the 'dictatorship of single thought' and the 'perverse use of just causes to introduce censorship' in Spain.", "quote": "En España numerosos intelectuales se sumaron a esta iniciativa firmando un manifiesto propio. Entre ellos, figuras como Mario Vargas Llosa, Fernando Savater y Adela Cortina se pronunciaron en contra de lo que denominaron la dictadura del pensamiento único promovido desde la izquierda, mostrando su preocupación por el 'uso perverso de causas justas [...] para introducir la censura'.", "page": "18", "url": "https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/92076", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Signo", "aliases": ["Signo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journal"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious doctrine", "youth education"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "¿ Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941)", "author": "J Andrés-Gallego", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "An official organ of Catholic Youth that had a pastoral letter by Cardinal Gomá prohibited from publication by state censorship, demonstrating the regime's control over religious media.", "quote": "...el jefe del Servicio Nacional de Prensa lo prohibió, al tiempo en que, probablemente, se telegrafiaba a todas las provincias para que se impidiera asimismo la difusión en la prensa diaria.", "page": "199", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=VLMUCvm7aLoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA15&dq=censura&ots=7EHZ0fUEpl&sig=JlzLfwkQDKgT5SROEXmRYxbcoA8", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (Francoist Spain)", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "SIIA Submits Comments to FTC on Technology Platform Censorship ...", "aliases": ["SIIA Submits Comments to FTC on Technology Platform Censorship ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1984, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "SIIA produces policy submissions and public statements to regulators (FTC), represents member companies in policy debates, and leverages industry membership to influence platform governance and regulatory outcomes.", "quote": "SIIA submitted formal comments to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission on technology platform censorship, directly engaging in platform-content governance debates and policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.siia.net/siia-submits-comments-to-ftc-on-technology-platform-censorship-inquiry/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund (SALDEF)", "aliases": ["Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund (SALDEF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil rights / community advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "SALDEF conducts research and surveys, leverages D.C. networks to advocate with policymakers, monitors media to call out misrepresentations, offers legal referrals and incident reporting to hold actors accountable and raise public awareness.", "quote": "SALDEF's core mission is Sikh American civil rights and leadership but it monitors media, responds to misrepresentations, provides incident reporting and resources, and conducts research touching on platform-related harms.", "page": "", "url": "https://saldef.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sikkerhed på sociale medier - Mellem kulturer", "aliases": ["Sikkerhed på sociale medier - Mellem kulturer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community support / family services NGO"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates an anonymous hotline, publishes guidance on social media safety, and runs workshops and family conversations to inform and support parents and youth about online risks.", "quote": "Provides guidance, hotline, workshops and informational resources about safety on social media for parents and youth, engaging with platform-related harms without primary focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://mellemkulturer.dk/for-foraeldre/digital-sikkerhed/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Simon Hurtz über X: \"Da kann man von Zensur sprechen\" | ndr.de", "aliases": ["Simon Hurtz über X: \"Da kann man von Zensur sprechen\" | ndr.de"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organisation / watchdog journalism"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Through reporting and analysis the Watchblog documents algorithmic and moderation changes, frames platform behavior as 'Zensur' or 'Propagandaplattform', and shapes public debate leading to platform exits and scrutiny.", "quote": "The organisation 'Social Media Watchblog' monitors platform developments and reports on algorithmic visibility, censorship and platform content trends, directly engaging in public debate about platform governance (interview with founder Simon Hurtz).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ndr.de/kultur/kulturdebatte/Simon-Hurtz-ueber-X-Da-kann-man-von-Zensur-sprechen,simonhurtz102.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SIMPLE TILTAG KAN BESKYTTE BØRN PÅ NETTET - Digitalt Ansvar", "aliases": ["SIMPLE TILTAG KAN BESKYTTE BØRN PÅ NETTET - Digitalt Ansvar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit association; child digital safety advocacy"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research on platforms (e.g., TikTok algorithm), issues policy recommendations and consultation responses, and publicly advocates for regulatory change to hold platforms accountable.", "quote": "Digitalt Ansvar’s work focuses on protecting children online, critiquing recommendation algorithms, and calling for regulatory and platform design changes affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitaltansvar.dk/aktuelt/direktor-i-digitalt-ansvar-vi-kan-sagtens-beskytte-vores-born-pa-nettet--losningen-ligger-endda-lige-for", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Simply Secure Knowledge Base", "aliases": ["Simply Secure Knowledge Base"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["design and digital security nonprofit; knowledge/education organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Simply Secure publishes practical guides, research and toolkits, runs workshops and fellowships, and prototypes design approaches (e.g., for AI transparency and secure communications) to shape how technologists and policymakers design platform-related systems.", "quote": "Simply Secure produces resources, research, and training on privacy-preserving design, secure communications, and AI ethics that directly inform platform design, moderation UX, and governance-related tooling and practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://simplysecure.org/knowledge-base/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Simón Borgoñón", "aliases": ["Simón Borgoñón"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "economic interests", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "<i>La Celestina</i> en el <i>Índice</i>: Argumentos de una censura", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Funded and published an edition of *La Celestina*, including a dedication that defended the tragicomedy's exemplary character and recommended it as suitable, even for religious readers, thereby countering censorship efforts.", "quote": "se cuenta el librero Simón Borgoñón, quien costeó la edición salmantina del drama, impresa en 1570 por Matías Gast. En su dedicatoria al muy ilustre señor don Sancho de Ávila, Borgoñón resalta el carácter ejemplar de la tragicomedia...", "page": "11", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/celestinesca/article/view/20069", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "16th, 17th, and 18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sindacato dei giornalisti (Journalists' Union)", "aliases": ["Sindacato dei giornalisti (Journalists' Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["political loyalty", "professional standards", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Acted as a gatekeeper, as only journalists registered with this Fascist-controlled union were permitted to practice their profession, thereby controlling access to journalism and enforcing ideological conformity and self-censorship.", "quote": "Only those registered with the new Fascist sindacato dei giornalisti (journalists' union) could practise.", "page": "80", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Autónomo de Profesores de la Enseñanza Secundaria y Técnica", "aliases": ["Sindicato Autónomo de Profesores de la Enseñanza Secundaria y Técnica"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["state control", "state legitimacy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A regime-backed rival teachers' union created to infiltrate and destabilize the autonomous teachers' union (CNAPEST) by sowing confusion and manipulating members.", "quote": "Ha sido el caso del sindicato de los profesores de enseñanza Consejo Autónomo de Profesores de los Tres Ciclos de la Enseñanza (CNAPEST) que, tras varios años de actividad fue desestabilizado por el régimen que impulsó una orga nización similar llamada Sindicato Autónomo de Profesores de la Enseñanza Segundaria y Técnica (SNAPEST).", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Autónomo del Personal de la Administración Pública", "aliases": ["Sindicato Autónomo del Personal de la Administración Pública"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / trade association"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["worker autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A public administration union that was infiltrated and split by the regime's strategy of division and cooptation.", "quote": "La misma estrategia fue utilizada con el Sindicato Autónomo del Personal de la Administración Pública (SNAPAP) que fue infiltrado y escindido.", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato da Madeira (Woodworkers' Union)", "aliases": ["Sindicato da Madeira (Woodworkers' Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic growth", "socialism", "workers' control"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Held a Congress to discuss and approve the socialization of the wood industry, aiming for regional control and coordinated production to benefit workers and consumers.", "quote": "O primeiro acordo do Congresso do Sindicato da Madeira era criar um organismo de caráter regional que dirigisse toda a indústria da madeira e seus anexos, e que solucionaria", "page": "345", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato das Indústrias Siderometalúrgicas da CNT de Barcelona (CNT Sidero-Metallurgical Industries Union of Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Sindicato das Indústrias Siderometalúrgicas da CNT de Barcelona (CNT Sidero-Metallurgical Industries Union of Barcelona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["organizational efficiency", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issued an informe criticizing the state's takeover and militarization of war industries, highlighting increased bureaucracy and decreased worker disposition.", "quote": "Tal perspectiva também foi corroborada por um informe do Sindicato das Indústrias Siderometalúrgicas da CNT de Barcelona sobre as indústrias de guerra que foram assumidas pelo Estado.", "page": "584", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato das Trabalhadoras Domésticas", "aliases": ["Sindicato das Trabalhadoras Domésticas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides support for research, including identifying and selecting participants for focus groups to study child domestic labor.", "quote": "uma delas foi solicitando apoio ao sindicato das trabalhadoras domésticas local para identificação de associadas e posterior seleção.", "page": "31", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato de Alimentação da CNT (Food Industry Union of the CNT)", "aliases": ["Sindicato de Alimentação da CNT (Food Industry Union of the CNT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Directly involved in the collectivization of the food sector, establishing warehouses and controlling distribution; clashed with merchants and government officials over price control and market liberalization.", "quote": "Mas logo ele se aproximou do Sindicato de Alimentação da CNT, passando a fazer trocas diretas com os produtores do campo, suprimindo os intermediários. Assim, foi surgindo paulatinamente um setor coletivizado de alimentos", "page": "77", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato de Jornalistas", "aliases": ["Sindicato de Jornalistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["professional ethics", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Signed a co-regulation agreement concerning publication classification with the ERC and API. Its Deontological Council oversees professional conduct to ensure compliance with the Code of Journalistic Ethics.", "quote": "No âmbito da co-regulação, a ERC assinou ainda com a API, Associação Portuguesa de Imprensa e o SJ, Sindicato de Jornalistas, um acordo que diz respeito à classificação de publicações.", "page": "36", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT)", "aliases": ["Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic competition"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Requested Spanish-language stations in the United States to adopt similar censorship measures to maintain competitive parity with Mexican stations that had agreed to ban corridos.", "quote": "Solicitaron a las emisoras en español del lado estadounidense hacer lo mismo, ya que de otra manera, dijo Casio Carlos Narváez, dirigente del STIRT, no podrían competir con ellas (Washingtonpost, 2002).", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT) en Reynosa", "aliases": ["Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT) en Reynosa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["child development", "child welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Supported the measure to ban corridos as beneficial for 'culture and values of children,' despite expressing skepticism about its direct impact on reducing crime rates.", "quote": "José Luis Ortiz Rangel, secretario general del Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT) en Reynosa, indicó que no creía que la medida incidiría en la disminución de los índices mencionados. Para él, la medida era buena porque iba “encaminada a la cultura y los valores de los niños”.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT), sección Mazatlán, Rosario y Escuinapa", "aliases": ["Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT), sección Mazatlán, Rosario y Escuinapa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Notas críticas Corridos de traficantes y censura", "author": "Astorga, Luis", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Expressed rejection of 'narcomúsica' and campaigned among radio station owners to prevent its transmission, influencing other electronic media and the interested public.", "quote": "En Sinaloa, Fernando Sarabia, secretario general del Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Industria de la Radio y la Televisión (STIRT), sección Mazatlán, Rosario y Escuinapa... manifestó su rechazo a lo que llamó “narcomúsica”.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico (specifically northern states like Sinaloa, Baja California, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí)", "when": "late 20th – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato dos Jornalistas", "aliases": ["Sindicato dos Jornalistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Portugal", "United States"], "media": ["news websites", "online journalism"], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participação política e os comentários dos leitores no jornalismo online português. Significado e importância política dos comentários dos leitores nos websites dos …", "author": "JRGB Tadeu", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provides analytical and critical opinions on journalists' actions and practices, contributing to the professional ethical framework for media, although without direct disciplinary or sanctioning functions related to online comment moderation.", "quote": "Ignoramos, neste raciocínio, o Conselho Deontológico do Sindicato de Jornalistas por não ter funções disciplinares nem aplicar qualquer tipo de sanção, dando apenas pareceres analíticos e críticos sobre as acções dos jornalistas...", "page": "86", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/30a8540b07848c1f9894dd9186106e80/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese online journalism, with comparisons to international news websites (Europe and USA)", "when": "Post-2000s, focusing on the early 2010s (specifically 2011-2012)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato dos Jornalistas (Journalists' Union)", "aliases": ["Sindicato dos Jornalistas (Journalists' Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "professional honour", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1926, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Meios de censura e formas de condicionamento do jornalismo na ditadura portuguesa", "author": "HLD Lima", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Journalists' Union promoted debates and initiatives to discuss the issue of censorship and the approval of a new press law, acting as a collective voice for the profession.", "quote": "coube ao Sindicato dos Jornalistas promover uma série de debates e iniciativas para discutir a questão da censura e da aprovação de uma nova lei.", "page": "6", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/71180", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1926–1974"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato dos Trabalhadores da Universidade Federal Fluminense", "aliases": ["Sindicato dos Trabalhadores da Universidade Federal Fluminense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["university autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided legal support and accompanied the university director in challenging judicial orders related to alleged electoral propaganda on campus.", "quote": "fui direito à Tribunal Eleitoral, junto com a advogada do Sintuff e com o prof. Enzo Bello e alguns estudantes, conhecer os motivos e tirar satisfações...", "page": "93", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educação do Amazonas", "aliases": ["Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educação do Amazonas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "negotiation", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized and participated in teachers' mobilizations, including a significant march to the Rio Negro Palace, to press for negotiations with the government on teacher demands.", "quote": "o fortalecimento da luta dos professores manauaras. [...] e que vai culminar com esse trabalho chamado ‚Batalha do Igarapé‛, então, mas começa ai nesse processo.", "page": "453", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Español Universitario", "aliases": ["Sindicato Español Universitario"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["student interests"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The government denied the approval of its statutes, which is a form of state control over the formation and legal recognition of civil society groups.", "quote": "Por otro lado, hay que dejar constancia de que durante el breve man-dato de Martínez Barrio fueron denegados los Estatutos del SEU por la Dirección General de Seguridad, el 2 de noviembre...", "page": "6", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Nacional de Prensa", "aliases": ["Sindicato Nacional de Prensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["media regulation", "national unity", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A proposed state-controlled syndicate to which all personnel in press management, editorial, administration, and workshops would mandatorily belong, centralizing control over the journalistic profession.", "quote": "Al Sindicato Nacional de Prensa pertenecerá obligatoriamente todo el personal de Dirección, Redacción, Administración y Talleres de todos los periódicos de España.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (SNTE)", "aliases": ["Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación (SNTE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence", "professional interests", "public education"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La procuración e impartición de justicia en el primer debate presidencial de las elecciones de 2012 en México y sus estrategias de argumentación", "author": "HÁU Granados", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Founded a political party, Partido Nueva Alianza (PANAL), to advance its political and educational interests within the national political sphere, acting as a channel for its agenda.", "quote": "El Partido Nueva Alianza fue creado por el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores del Estado (SNTE), por medio de un grupo político conocido con el nombre de Asociación Ciudadana del Magisterio.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4874/487456185003.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "2012"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Nacional dos Jornalistas", "aliases": ["Sindicato Nacional dos Jornalistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of the press", "pluralism", "professional freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Initiated a petition (abaixo-assinado) asking the government to end censorship and to involve the class in the discussion of a new press law.", "quote": "Os abaixo assinados solicitam da direcção do Sindicato Nacional dos Jornalistas que convoque uma Assembleia Geral extraordinária para discussão das sugestões a apresentar ao Governo em nome da classe.", "page": "3", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Único da Arte Fabril e Têxtil (Single Union of Textile and Fabric Arts)", "aliases": ["Sindicato Único da Arte Fabril e Têxtil (Single Union of Textile and Fabric Arts)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["community welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Involved in organizing community services and demonstrating the connection between syndicalist organizations and local revolutionary efforts, including supporting collectivization.", "quote": "se deu conta que o Ateneu Cultural Libertário de Sans e o Sindicato Único da Arte Fabril e Têxtil se instalaram no antigo Centro Liberal Regionalista de Hostanfranchs, onde funcionava também uma cozinha coletiva que servia umas trezentas comidas diárias", "page": "84", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Único de Barbeiros de Barcelona (Single Union of Barbers of Barcelona)", "aliases": ["Sindicato Único de Barbeiros de Barcelona (Single Union of Barbers of Barcelona)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Workers' syndicate that accepted a proposal from the employers' federation for collectivization of the hairdressing and barber sector, integrating former employers and their assets into the new system.", "quote": "Em 22 de setembro, o sindicato patronal enviou a seguinte notificação para o Sindicato Único de Barbeiros. En sesión de Junta general extraordinaria celebrada por esta entidad el dia 21 del presente mes [...] se dio cuenta de la necesidad de proceder a la disolución de ésta Federació.", "page": "578", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicato Único do Ramo do Transporte (Single Union of Transport Industry)", "aliases": ["Sindicato Único do Ramo do Transporte (Single Union of Transport Industry)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Expropriated urban transport companies (trams, buses, metro) and managed their operations through workers' committees, proposing the socialization of the entire transport sector with a common fund.", "quote": "Elementoselementos do Sindicato Único de Transportes – seção bonde – expropriaram a empresa em 19 de julho de 1936. E completou: La Generalidad había nombrado el día anterior un delegado interventor; pero la dirección efectiva de las líneas de tranvías, la ejercen por completo el Sindicato de Transporte, a través del Comité de Empresa.", "page": "574", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Sindicatos (Trade Unions)", "aliases": ["Sindicatos (Trade Unions)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "El Salvador", "Uruguay", "Venezuela", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["full employment", "social protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A social-democracia contemporânea e suas encruzilhadas: uma análise da moderação ideológica na Onda Rosa (1999-2021)", "author": "DMG Lima", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Represent workers' interests, participate in tripartite negotiations with the state and businesses, and exert pressure to influence labor policies, which involves moderating political agendas.", "quote": "Esses partidos serão entendidos como social-democratas porque, além de compartilharem a mesma agenda econômica de suas contrapartes europeias, foram criados como mecanismos de defesa de interesses de sindicatos e setores do movimento operário.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/24397", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Latin America (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Uruguay, Venezuela) and Western Europe", "when": "1999–2021 (with historical background from 19th and 20th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "sing-box community", "aliases": ["sing-box community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops anti-censorship tools and provides an online space for censorship discussions.", "quote": "Xray community, V2Ray community, and sing-box community for providing online space for censorship discussions.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Singapore Repertory Theatre", "aliases": ["Singapore Repertory Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["threatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "economic development", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As the official 'Licensee' for the RSC's production of King Lear in Singapore, the SRT was obliged by the MDA to guarantee that performers would not carry out indecent acts or be indecently attired.", "quote": "As the RSC’s official sponsors, Kripalani’s Singapore Repertory Theatre was the official ‘Licensee’, obliged to ‘ensure that performers [did] not carry out indecent acts or make any vulgar gestures, actions or remarks during the performance’", "page": "27", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Singapore's public libraries", "aliases": ["Singapore's public libraries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Implemented content moderation by using filtering software to block Internet sites deemed inappropriate for children on their free access terminals.", "quote": "Singapore's public libraries, which offer free Internet access, use filtering software to block out sites deemed inappropriate for children.", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Singer-songwriters (cultural movement)", "aliases": ["Singer-songwriters (cultural movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free expression"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Through Aesopian language and informal performances in private settings, they created a veiled form of protest and introduced personal expression into Soviet musical culture, bypassing official censorship.", "quote": "La lingua di Esopo utilizzata dai cantautori è densa di riferimenti alla realtà sovietica ma, secondo il codice non scritto del sistema censorio in vigore, l’importante è non lanciare sfide pubbliche, non organizzare manifestazioni di piazza e non avere rapporti con l’Occidente. Quello che avviene nelle case private, che inizialmente costituiscono il ritrovo dei cantautori, apparentemente non riguarda la censura sovietica.", "page": "36", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Siri Hummel, Laura Pfirter - Gut beraten? - Otto Brenner Stiftung", "aliases": ["Siri Hummel, Laura Pfirter - Gut beraten? - Otto Brenner Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research foundation; public-interest foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The foundation commissions and publishes research, organises conferences and awards (e.g., journalism prize) to shape public discourse and provide evidence used in policy debates; it is the research foundation of IG Metall, giving it connections to labour and policy networks.", "quote": "Publishes media- and policy-focused research (e.g., on journalism, algorithms, platformed news) and organises events influencing public debate, but its core remit is broader social research and labour-related discourse rather than direct platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.otto-brenner-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_data/stiftung/02_Wissenschaftsportal/03_Publikationen/AP57_Politikberatung_Zivilgesellschaft.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sisi Ni Amani", "aliases": ["Sisi Ni Amani"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute, Facebook, MacArthur Foundation, Ford Foundation, Microsoft, Google, Internews, Digital Rights Foundation, Konrad Adeauer Foundation, CITAD Nigeria, Institute for Social Accountability Kenya, Sisi Ni Amani, Umati, International media support, Institute of Media Law, Ofcom, Search for Common Ground, La Benevolencjia, BBC Media Action, OSCE, Article 19.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate", "aliases": ["Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Voiced opposition to South Dakota laws that impose monetary penalties on pipeline protesters and their supporters.", "quote": "The Cheyenne River Sioux and the Sisseton Wahpeton tribes are voicing their opposition to the law and its impact on indigenous peoples' human rights.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc (Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal)", "aliases": ["Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc (Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "open access"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De los medios a las plataformas. Del control del gatekeeping a la conversación descontrolada", "author": "DM Vivas", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates as a non-profit academic project promoting open access for scientific journals, thereby influencing the dissemination norms of academic texts and potentially countering traditional publishing gatekeeping.", "quote": "Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5706/570660792007/570660792007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital platforms, Western societies (US, UK, France, Italy, Germany)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sisters Against Violent Extremism", "aliases": ["Sisters Against Violent Extremism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "public safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Networks women working against violent extremism and helps them develop capacities and tools to challenge extremist thinking and create alternative strategies, empowering women as counter-narrative messengers.", "quote": "For example, Sisters Against Violent Extremism (SAVE) was set up to network women who want to work together to push back on violent extremism and helps them to create and deliver the capacities and tools they need to challenge critical extremist thinking and develop alternative strategies for countering terrorism.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Sisters in Islam", "aliases": ["Sisters in Islam"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "democratic integrity", "gender equality", "pluralism", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Warned about the Malaysian government's use of Islamic rhetoric to silence dissent and persecute minorities. They champion gender equality and argue that sharia laws are humanly constructed, appealing against state Islamic bureaucracy rulings.", "quote": "Representatives from progressive Muslim NGOs, Islamic Renaissance Front, and Sisters in Islam warned that the Malaysian government has used Islamic rhetoric to silence dissent, censure civil rights activists and persecute dissenting Muslims and religious minorities (Zurairi & Yap, 2014).", "page": "179", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Sisters of Charity of Florence", "aliases": ["Sisters of Charity of Florence"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional legitimacy", "institutional reputation"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'INDEX AT-IL UN STYLE? REMARQUES SUR LA CENSURE ROMAINE COMME PRATIQUE PERFORMATIVE, XVIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES", "author": "MP Donato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "The biography of their foundress, Maria Triboli, underwent scrutiny by Roman censors, impacting the narrative and public perception of the order's spiritual heritage and demonstrating how religious associations' historical accounts were subject to external moderation.", "quote": "il rendit au contraire une très courte note sur le second, la biographie de Maria Triboli, fondatrice des Sœurs de la Charité de Florence, le liquidant comme un texte fabuleux et risible.", "page": "12", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7c8ba5cb4cfa3a4b0ead22f6be4cd07/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Rome, Italy", "when": "17th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sisters of Sainte-Anne", "aliases": ["Sisters of Sainte-Anne"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["christian values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "They evaluated literature based on moral and religious criteria, promoting books deemed 'beautiful' and 'a good deed' through their published literary history, thereby setting norms for acceptable reading.", "quote": "Selon le Précis d'histoire littéraire que les sœurs de Sainte-Anne publièrent à Lachine en 1928, Hors de sa prison «est un beau livre et une bonne action».", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "SITE Intelligence Group", "aliases": ["SITE Intelligence Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["counter-terrorism", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism", "author": "Borelli, Marguerite", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Consulted by social media companies as an external entity specializing in terrorism to stay informed on developing trends, and potentially holds 'trusted flagger' status for prioritized takedown requests.", "quote": "These include start-ups (Moonshot CVE, SITE Intelligence Group), think-tanks (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, Institut français des Relations internationals), and public bodies such as Europol's IRU, who also have “trusted flagger” status, allowing for prioritization of their takedown requests.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14614448211035121", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Google/YouTube, Twitter), EU, US", "when": "post-2015 platform era, 2018-2019"}]}, {"name": "Skupaj Za Zdravje Človeka in Narave (Together for Human Health and Nature)", "aliases": ["Skupaj Za Zdravje Človeka in Narave (Together for Human Health and Nature)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Congregates on social media and organizes real-life protests against obligatory vaccination and government measures, spreading anti-Covid-19 disinformation.", "quote": "Supporters of anti-vaccination conspiracy theories... often congregate on social media. In real life, these pressure groups are organizing protests against obligatory vaccination.", "page": "12", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Slab-o-Concrete", "aliases": ["Slab-o-Concrete"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "anarchism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Functions as an anarchist distributor, providing an alternative channel for the distribution of anarchist publications within the alternative public sphere.", "quote": "the 1990s saw the rise of a number of specifically anarchist distributors such as DS4A, Slab-o-Concrete and the largest, AK.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Slashdot Community", "aliases": ["Slashdot Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Slashdot"], "norms": ["community standards", "content quality", "free speech", "platform governance", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2003, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Slash (dot) and burn: distributed moderation in a large online conversation space", "author": "C Lampe, P Resnick", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The Slashdot user base, through its members designated as moderators and meta-moderators, actively performs content moderation by assigning scores to comments and evaluating the fairness of others' moderations. This distributed system aims to filter low-quality content, promote valuable contributions, and manage information overload.", "quote": "To cope with the behavioral problems that occur in large scale conversations, especially given anonymous posting, and to help readers avoid information overload, Slashdot developed a moderation system to rate the worth of comments. To make the system more “democratic\" and to relieve burden on centralized staff", "page": "Slashdot distributed the moderation system to its user base.\"", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/985692.985761", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Slashdot.org", "when": "May-July 2003"}]}, {"name": "Slashdot Community Moderators", "aliases": ["Slashdot Community Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Slashdot"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "civility", "community standards", "democratic participation", "rational discourse"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crowdsourcing civility: A natural experiment examining the effects of distributed moderation in online forums", "author": "Lampe, Cliff; Zube, Paul; Lee, Jusil; Park, Chul Hyun; Johnston, Erik", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Slashdot users, who gain moderator privileges through positive reputation, collectively rate comments using various descriptors (e.g., 'Insightful', 'Troll'), influencing their visibility. This crowdsourced moderation system, alongside a meta-moderation process, fosters consensus and enforces community norms for civil and reasoned online discussion.", "quote": "moderation of comments is effectively crowdsourced to a large group of users of the site, not held solely by the small group of site managers. It is also an earned privilege given to those that have demonstrated through the capacities mentioned that they adhere to the norms of the community.", "page": "4", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740624X14000021", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Slashdot, USA", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (2003-2004)"}]}, {"name": "Slashdot.org", "aliases": ["Slashdot.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["social order"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A technology news site that functions as a large-scale forum and collaborative weblog, allowing many voices to participate while maintaining social order and providing a useful filter through moderation and metamoderation.", "quote": "Comunidades estilo blog, como Slashdot.org, han permitido a una multitud de voces participar, mientras mantienen un orden social y suministran un filtro útil en la discusión.", "page": "9", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Slave Power", "aliases": ["Slave Power"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Alleged to be controlling the American government and secretly manipulating events to introduce slavery, thus shaping national policy through covert means.", "quote": "the idea that a group of powerful slaveholders – the so-called Slave Power – was controlling the Amer ican government and secretly manipulating events to introduce slavery everywhere in the country", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Sleeping Giants (French association)", "aliases": ["Sleeping Giants (French association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["business ethics", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Denounces companies placing ads next to hateful content and pressures them to withdraw advertising from platforms like Facebook and Twitter.", "quote": "l’association de militant·e·s française Sleeping Giants dénonce les entreprises qui proposent des publicités de leurs produits ou services aux côtés de « discours de haine ».", "page": "81", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Slovene Association of Journalists (Društvo novinarjev Slovenije)", "aliases": ["Slovene Association of Journalists (Društvo novinarjev Slovenije)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "journalist protection", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts studies on criminal charges against media reporting, engages in self-regulation, and reports on the abuse of legal remedies (SLAPPs) targeting journalists.", "quote": "According to a 2015 study conducted by the Slovene Association of Journalists, out of 127 criminal charges against media reporting... only six resulted in conviction.", "page": "22", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Slovenia our country (Facebook group)", "aliases": ["Slovenia our country (Facebook group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-immigrant sentiment", "national identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A public Facebook group supporting anti-migrant rhetoric, whose users' comments were targeted by 'Zlovenija' for hate speech, contributing to the public debate on online content.", "quote": "public Facebook groups known for supporting anti migrant rhetoric (e.g. ... “Slovenia our country”)", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Slovenia protect your borders (Facebook group)", "aliases": ["Slovenia protect your borders (Facebook group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-migrant sentiment", "border protection", "national identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A public Facebook group supporting anti-migrant rhetoric, whose users' comments were targeted by 'Zlovenija' for hate speech, contributing to the public debate on online content.", "quote": "public Facebook groups known for supporting anti migrant rhetoric (e.g. “Slovenia protect your borders”...)", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Slovenian Union of Journalists (Sindikat novinarjev Slovenije)", "aliases": ["Slovenian Union of Journalists (Sindikat novinarjev Slovenije)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["professional ethics"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in the self-regulation of journalists, contributes to codes of conduct, and is a key actor in maintaining ethical standards within the profession.", "quote": "The Slovenian Union of Journalists and the Slovene Association of Journalists are the most important actors in the field of journalists' self-regulation.", "page": "24", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sludge", "aliases": ["Sludge"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Sludge publishes investigative articles exposing bot programs, lobbying ties, and tech-industry access to policymakers, cited by major outlets and prompting public responses from targets.", "quote": "Sludge is an investigative nonprofit news outlet whose core mission is money-in-politics reporting but has published investigations on social media bot programs, platform influence, and AI-company access to policymakers.", "page": "", "url": "https://readsludge.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SMACC", "aliases": ["SMACC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["animal welfare coalition / advocacy project"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Censorship and free speech", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "SMACC collects public reports into a cruelty-content databank to document and escalate harmful content, runs campaigns and events (e.g., Report It! Week) to raise awareness and pressure platforms to remove cruelty content.", "quote": "SMACC is an animal-welfare coalition project focused on identifying and reporting online animal cruelty content and instructs the public to report such content to platforms, engaging with platform moderation operationally though its primary mission is animal welfare.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.smaccoalition.com/report-a-concern", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Small Media Foundation", "aliases": ["Small Media Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "anti-censorship", "open access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform", "author": "Niaki, Arian Akhavan; Cho, Shinyoung; Weinberg, Zachary; Hoang, Nguyen Phong; Razaghpanah, Abbas; Christin, Nicolas; Gill, Phillipa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided invaluable assistance with the implementation, testing, and deployment of the ICLab platform.", "quote": "the Small Media Foundation, and the Citizen Lab, especially Masashi Crete-Nishihata, Jakub Dalek, and Adam Senft, have all provided invaluable assistance with the implementation, testing, and deployment of ICLab.", "page": "13", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.04245", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "2016-present"}]}, {"name": "SMTH", "aliases": ["SMTH"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["anonymity", "community building", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Operated as a popular university-hosted Bulletin Board System (BBS), serving as a significant platform for online discussions, including politically sensitive ones, until government regulations severely restricted its open access.", "quote": "The first casualty was a popular BBS known as “SMTH,” hosted at Tsinghua University (China's equivalent of MIT). In the fall of 2004, people who were not currently students at the university were blocked from posting.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}]}, {"name": "Snopyta", "aliases": ["Snopyta"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Global", "Iran", "Japan", "Kazakhstan", "Norway", "Pakistan", "Russia", "Sri Lanka", "Turkmenistan", "United Kingdom", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "privacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2018-2020"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censored Planet: An Internet-wide, Longitudinal Censorship Observatory", "author": "Sundara Raman, Ram; Shenoy, Prerana; Kohls, Katharina; Ensafi, Roya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides a DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) service, offering an alternative for users to circumvent DNS-based censorship, which was subsequently blocked in Turkmenistan.", "quote": "the DoH server hosted by Snopyta, a non-profit service provider was also blocked.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3372297.3417883", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with specific focus on countries like Turkmenistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, China, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Japan, Kazakhstan, Australia, and the United Kingdom.", "when": "Late 2010s – early 2020s (specifically August 2018 – March 2020 for data collection)."}]}, {"name": "Sobrato Family Foundation", "aliases": ["Sobrato Family Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation / family foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["& Racial Justice", "Child safety", "Connectivity and accessibility", "Education", "Electoral integrity", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Other", "Trade", "finance and innovation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Sobrato operates via grantmaking, advocacy and impact investing to shape local programs (education, media, election reform), using philanthropic resources to influence policy and practice in Silicon Valley and beyond.", "quote": "Primary mission is local philanthropy (housing, education, health) but site lists 'Election Reform' and 'Impact Media' indicating some engagement with information ecosystem and related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.sobrato.com/sobrato-philanthropies/sobrato-family-foundation/overview/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Data Science Lab, University of Konstanz", "aliases": ["Social Data Science Lab, University of Konstanz"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research lab"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The lab publishes computational analyses of platform data (e.g., Facebook advertising, Twitter privacy studies) and hosts lectures and collaborations that inform academic and policy debates on platform algorithms and governance.", "quote": "The lab’s core research topics (online inequality, polarization, privacy, algorithmic analysis) directly engage with platformized content, algorithms, and information dynamics relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.polver.uni-konstanz.de/social-data-science-lab/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social housing foundations", "aliases": ["Social housing foundations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Participating in 'dispositifs participatifs' (participatory devices) intended for direct citizen involvement in policy-making, which over time create new bureaucracies of 'professional specialized' representatives.", "quote": "Les études sur la participation des organisations clientes des hôpitaux et les fondations de logement social indiquent que les dispositifs participatifs sont susceptibles de créer de nouvelles bureaucraties, à savoir des organisations professionnelles qui représentent les clients.", "page": "14", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Social Justice Warriors", "aliases": ["Social Justice Warriors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["political correctness", "social progress", "vulnerable group protection"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Sense of Facebook’s Content Moderation: A Posthumanist Perspective on Communicative Competence and Internet Memes", "author": "Procházka, Ondřej", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Perceived by other users as actively enforcing their socially progressive and politically correct views by reporting content deemed offensive to Facebook, thereby triggering content takedowns and suspensions.", "quote": "VGB attributes agency behind their enactment to “politically correct” individuals or groups, namely, social justice warriors, which renders them also responsible for the removal of the Polandball page.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S232644890000146X/type/journal_article", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook", "when": "2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Social landlords", "aliases": ["Social landlords"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public safety", "social order", "user well-being"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "They propose and implement 'coveillance' or shared remote surveillance systems in collective social housing. Their role involves managing collective spaces and addressing issues of degradation and insecurity through the deployment of surveillance technologies.", "quote": "Une coveillance, ou télésurveillance partagée, proposée par les bailleurs sociaux dans l'habitat collectif", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Social managers", "aliases": ["Social managers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "resource management", "social control"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Acceptabilité de la télésurveillance", "author": "S Callens", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "These collective actors practice a high level of social control by gathering detailed information on budget management from each social tenant and are implicated in the overall management of social housing, including issues like common area degradation.", "quote": "Les pratiques de gestionnaires sociaux peuvent présenter un niveau élevé de contrôle social qui renseigne sur le détail de la gestion du budget par chaque locataire social.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.marsouin.org/IMG/pdf/Callens_papier.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, European Union", "when": "early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Social Media & Online Safety – The Arc of HR", "aliases": ["Social Media & Online Safety – The Arc of HR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["disability advocacy and service organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes curated resource guides, handouts and lesson modules to inform parents, educators and youth with disabilities about online safety and digital risks.", "quote": "Provides resources and guidance on social media and online safety for youth with disabilities but digital/platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://thearcofhr.org/social-media-online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media and Censorship - New York County Lawyers Association", "aliases": ["Social Media and Censorship - New York County Lawyers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional/legal association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "NYCLA shapes legal debates via published legal analysis, CLE programming, amicus briefs and public commentary; the provided article argues against state 'must carry' laws and defends editorial discretion as a First Amendment matter.", "quote": "NYCLA produces legal commentary, CLEs and amicus briefs on cases involving social media censorship and platform regulation, but its core mission is legal education and professional services rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nycla.org/resource/blog/social-media-and-censorship/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social media and online safety | NottAlone - Supporting Your Child", "aliases": ["Social media and online safety | NottAlone - Supporting Your Child"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["local mental health support organisation / resource hub"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes informational resources and guides, runs invited school events (NottAlone Live) and is partnered with local councils and the NHS to route users toward reporting mechanisms and services.", "quote": "Provides guidance on online safety, parental controls and links to platform reporting mechanisms as part of a broader youth mental-health remit.", "page": "", "url": "https://nottalone.org.uk/pc/social-media-and-online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Companies Have Free Speech Rights, Too", "aliases": ["Social Media Companies Have Free Speech Rights, Too"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["free-market public policy research and litigation organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Intellectual property"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Goldwater produces legal briefs, policy reports, and litigation to influence state and national policy; it publicly frames and campaigns on free-speech and property-rights issues and asks courts to overturn precedents and state laws.", "quote": "The Institute litigates and filed a brief in support of social media companies in Supreme Court cases about state laws restricting platform content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/social-media-companies-have-free-speech-rights-too/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Exchange", "aliases": ["Social Media Exchange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran", "Saudi Arabia", "United Arab Emirates", "Yemen"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["human rights", "press freedom", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Yemen War Online: Propagation of Censored Content on Twitter", "author": "Noman, Helmi; Faris, Robert; Kelly, John", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Documents and reports on internet shutdowns and disruptions, acting as a monitor and advocate against information controls and their impact on digital rights.", "quote": "“Internet Shutdown in Yemen: Recurring Disruptions Threaten Civilian Safety, Human Rights, and Press Freedom.” 2017. SMEX.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3130860", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Twitter", "when": "2016–2018"}]}, {"name": "Social Media Helpline", "aliases": ["Social Media Helpline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["hate speech prevention", "user empowerment"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech", "author": "Garland, Joshua; Ghazi-Zahedi, Keyan; Young, Jean-Gabriel; Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent; Galesic, Mirta", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as a counter speech intervention program that provides capacity-building by helping Internet users recognize different types of online hate speech and prepare appropriate counter speech responses.", "quote": "For instance, programs such as seriously [21] and the Social Media Helpline [22] help users to recognize different kinds of online hate and prepare appropriate responses.", "page": "2", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.01974", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "German Twitter", "when": "2013–2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Social Media Lab at Toronto Metropolitan University", "aliases": ["Social Media Lab at Toronto Metropolitan University"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Colombia", "Italy", "United States"], "media": ["DTube", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "knowledge sharing", "user safety"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust and safety on social media: Understanding the impact of anti-social behavior and misinformation on content moderation and platform governance", "author": "A Gruzd, FB Soares, P Mai", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes international academic conferences to bring together scholars, policymakers, and platform operators to discuss and propose solutions for challenges related to anti-social behavior and misinformation on social media.", "quote": "The articles included in the issue are extended versions of research first presented at the 2022 International Conference on Social Media & Society (#SMSociety), organized by the Social Media Lab at Toronto Metropolitan University.", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20563051231196878", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, YouTube, DTube), with focus on issues in the US, Europe (Italy), Brazil, and Colombia.", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with specific focus on 2020-2023 events and trends."}]}, {"name": "Social Media Policies: Mis/Disinformation, Threats, and Harassment", "aliases": ["Social Media Policies: Mis/Disinformation, Threats, and Harassment"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy and legal support organization (election protection / public policy)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy resources and legal/communications support for state officials, compiles platform policy summaries with ISD, and files/amici and briefings to influence election-related platform governance and enforcement.", "quote": "Publishes compilations of platform policies on election mis/disinformation and provides legal, research, policy, and communications support to state officials on information integrity and election protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://statesunited.org/resources/social-media-policies/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Regulation and the First Amendment - Freedom Forum", "aliases": ["Social Media Regulation and the First Amendment - Freedom Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonpartisan foundation / First Amendment advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Freedom Forum produces expert analysis and public-facing campaigns, educational programs, events, and exhibits to shape public debate on First Amendment issues including social media regulation; it leverages founder and media-sector ties for visibility.", "quote": "Freedom Forum publishes analysis and advocacy on social media regulation and First Amendment implications, framing platform moderation and misinformation as central free-speech issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.freedomforum.org/social-media-regulation-first-amendment/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Safety for Teens - The Annie E. Casey Foundation", "aliases": ["Social Media Safety for Teens - The Annie E. Casey Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["private philanthropic foundation; child welfare advocacy"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1948, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1948", "mechanism": "Publishes research-based guidance and blog content citing studies and federal reports, frames risks to youth, and urges policymakers and companies to limit data collection and adopt protections for young users.", "quote": "Foundation focuses on child welfare and youth well-being and publishes guidance and policy-oriented recommendations addressing social media safety, data collection, cyberbullying and youth mental health.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aecf.org/blog/social-media-safety-for-teens", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Safety Resources for children with SEND - TechSafe", "aliases": ["Social Media Safety Resources for children with SEND - TechSafe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["online child safety charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Mental health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TechSafe publishes practical guides, worksheets and an app used by parents, carers and professionals (information); maintains an app (tech infrastructure); and leverages partnerships with national child-safety organisations and funders to reach practitioners and families.", "quote": "TechSafe's core mission is child online safety for children with SEND; it produces guidance and resources addressing social media, gaming, grooming and related platform risks, engaging with platform safety topics without being primarily a platform-governance organisation.", "page": "", "url": "https://techsafe.org.uk/social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Media Safety | Mercer County Children's Advocacy Center", "aliases": ["Social Media Safety | Mercer County Children's Advocacy Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's advocacy center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes educational materials and tip sheets for parents and caregivers to reduce online harms to children and raise awareness about privacy and safety practices on social media.", "quote": "Provides guidance and resources on social media safety for children and parents, engaging with platform-related safety issues though core mission is child advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.cacmercer.org/social-media-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social media users", "aliases": ["Social media users"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["authenticity", "data security", "human dignity", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automatizar el sentido común: Moderación de contenidos en el capitalismo de plataformas", "author": "Celis Bueno, Claudio", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Users collectively participate in content moderation by reporting content they deem 'abusive' or 'potentially censorable', thereby acting as a crucial component of the hybrid moderation system that combines human, algorithmic, and user-generated flagging.", "quote": "Por ello, las plataformas de redes sociales han optado por implementar un modelo “híbrido” en el cual se combinan tres elementos: denuncias de los propios usuarios de la plataforma, filtros de IA y decisiones humanas realizadas por trabajadores de la plataforma (en la mayoría de los casos subcontratados).", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/disertaciones/article/view/10930", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Social Media | Amnesty International", "aliases": ["Social Media | Amnesty International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international human rights NGO (national section)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Amnesty produces reports and briefings, runs public campaigns and social-media mobilization, publicly criticizes major platforms (e.g. 'Facebook und Google mitschuldig an Zensur'), and pressures governments and companies to address human-rights harms.", "quote": "Amnesty publishes research and public campaigns about social media, algorithms, platform responsibility and documents Internet platforms committing human rights violations.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.amnesty.de/tag/social-media", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Social Movement Organization", "aliases": ["Social Movement Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Formulate \"collective action frames\"\" that interpret the world", "quote": "and aim to mobilize allies against adversaries", "page": "influencing public opinion and advocating for social or political change.\"", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Social movements (general)", "aliases": ["Social movements (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["citizen participation", "environmental protection", "gender equality", "justice", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Tend to focus on specific forms of inequalities related to environmental dangers, climate justice, or social justice; some demand immediate action on climate and environment, intergenerational justice, and gender/racial equality, advocating for inclusive socio-ecological contracts.", "quote": "Les mouvements sociaux, les organisations non-gouvernementales et les syndicats ont eu tendance à se concentrer sur une forme spécifique d’inégalités tout en négligeant les autres ainsi que les liens qui existent entre elles. Certains ont porté leur attention sur la vulnérabilité et l’exposition aux dangers environnementaux à la recherche d’une justice environnementale, tandis que d’autres ont thématisé sur la justice en matière de climat dans un contexte mondial.", "page": "106", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Social Network Users", "aliases": ["Social Network Users"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "social norms"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in social shaming and reporting of content (e.g., nude breastfeeding photos) on platforms like Facebook, leading to platform moderation and norm enforcement through collective action.", "quote": "Il 6 febbraio 2015, in seguito alle segnalazioni di alcuni utenti, Facebook censura gli scatti di Jade Beall, fotografa americana specializzata nella maternità e autrice di book fotografici miranti alla valorizzazione del corpo femminile durante e dopo la gravidanza", "page": "203", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Social Responsibilities Round Table (of the American Library Association)", "aliases": ["Social Responsibilities Round Table (of the American Library Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in libraries", "author": "Oppenheim, Charles; Smith, Victoria", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The SRRT facilitated collective action by librarians by serving as a platform for disseminating information about censorship incidents, such as the Michael Moore book case, thereby generating professional pressure on publishers.", "quote": "After hearing of Moore's difficulty at a citizen action council meeting in New Jersey, the librarian Anne Sparanese informed others in her profession of his situation through the discussion lists of The American Library Association's Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) and the Progressive Library Guild (PLG) [7].", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/ISU-2004-24401", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Public libraries, UK and USA", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Social Revolutionary Party (Russia)", "aliases": ["Social Revolutionary Party (Russia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party/faction"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Competed with Lenin's Bolsheviks for political power during the Russian Revolution, ultimately being \"eliminated\"\" by Lenin", "quote": "Alternative revolutionary or political goals", "page": "Russian Revolution, as Lenin eliminated, first, the provisional government, and then his Social Revolutionary competitors.", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Social Science One", "aliases": ["Social Science One"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (research collaboration)"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "digital literacy", "research transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Acts as an institution for facilitating data sharing between social media platforms and academic researchers to enable real-time study of online information environments and inform content moderation practices.", "quote": "data (ideally provided by platforms through new institutions such as Social Science One, see King & Persily, 2020) to view the online information environment in real-time", "page": "16", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Social Science Research Council (SSRC)", "aliases": ["Social Science Research Council (SSRC)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "democratic integrity", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Collaborates with initiatives such as Social Science One to provide selected researchers with access to data and funding for studying the societal impact of social media, particularly on elections and democracy.", "quote": "The recently launched Social Science One initiative 11, a collaboration with the US Social Science Council, is supposed to grant selected researchers access to both data and funding to study ‘the impact of social media on elections and democracy’.", "page": "15", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Social Web Incubator Community Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)", "aliases": ["Social Web Incubator Community Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Global", "Russia", "United States"], "media": ["Fediverse", "secure messaging"], "norms": ["platform autonomy", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated architectures and alternative socio-technical models for content moderation", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "This group serves as an online forum for developers and moderators of federated tools to discuss challenges and propose solutions, such as limiting the size of instances to reduce the moderation load.", "quote": "This research was initially conducted in the frame of the NEXTLEAP project (nextleap.eu, 2016-2018) and has been continued independently by the authors since the official end of the project (see e.g. Ermoshina & Musiani, 2021 and 2022).", "page": "6", "url": "hal.science", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (social media platforms, secure messaging, specific focus on Russia, US, and the Fediverse)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (primarily 2013-present)"}]}, {"name": "Sociale medier og mediejura - Dansk Journalistforbund", "aliases": ["Sociale medier og mediejura - Dansk Journalistforbund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / professional association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Other"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Dansk Journalistforbund issues practical guidance, runs webinars and publications for journalists and leverages its role as a national union to shape professional norms around platform use.", "quote": "Provides guidance, tools and ethical rules for journalists on social media use and platform-related questions, but its primary mission is journalist representation and professional standards rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://journalistforbundet.dk/sociale-medier-og-mediejura", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SOCIALE MEDIER OG VORES VEJLEDENDE PRINCIPPER", "aliases": ["SOCIALE MEDIER OG VORES VEJLEDENDE PRINCIPPER"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["mutual aid / recovery fellowship; global service organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "Publishes World Board–approved service pamphlets advising members on privacy, anonymity and social media practices to shape member behavior and protect the fellowship's public image.", "quote": "Provides official service guidance on social media privacy and anonymity for members, engaging with platform-related practices though its core mission is addiction recovery.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nadanmark.dk/wp-content/uploads/OU%20oversattelse/OU%20Pamfletter/Sociale%20medier%20tekst.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Socialist and Pacifist Newspapers (collective)", "aliases": ["Socialist and Pacifist Newspapers (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["First World War"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1918, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Domestic censorship in the first world war", "author": "D Hopkin", "year": "1970", "mechanism": "Resisted voluntary censorship by ignoring 'D' notices and failing to submit material to the Press Bureau, leading to their removal from the 'D' list.", "quote": "Others ignored the 'D' notices and in 1915 some thirty-five socialist and pacifist newspapers were removed altogether from the 'D' list for this offence.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002200947000500409", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Britain", "when": "First World War (1914-1918)"}]}, {"name": "Socialist Party", "aliases": ["Socialist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political instability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Distributing writings that advocated for mass action to overthrow the government, leading to prosecution under laws restricting free speech.", "quote": "El señor Gitlow fue acusado de distribuir un escrito durante una reunión del Partido Socialista en el que urgía la acción masiva para crear disturbios y huelgas que hicieran caer al gobierno.", "page": "73", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "Socialist Unity Party of Germany", "aliases": ["Socialist Unity Party of Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["marxist ideology", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Enforced state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) and controlled literary production, criticism, and cultural debates, through its members and directives, shaping what was published and read.", "quote": "A committed Marxist and card-carrying member of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), Mittenzwei was making a spirited if belated intervention into the 1990s German Literaturstreit (literature debate)", "page": "157", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Socialist Worker", "aliases": ["Socialist Worker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political action", "socialism", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A socialist newspaper that aimed to enthuse its readership into action, but maintained a hierarchical structure that limited reader participation primarily to the letters page.", "quote": "In this model the readership remains passive, only able to contribute to the publication financially or through its letters page.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Socialists", "aliases": ["Socialists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocating for direct democracy and a shift of administrative and political power to amateurs, which Weber critiques as a naive approach to influencing policy-making and public life. Weber explicitly rejects their 'fraternal ideas'.", "quote": "Parmi ces partisans, on trouvait des oiseaux au plumage variable: des communistes, des socialistes, des anarchistes, des syndicalistes et des corporatistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Socially Trusted Preachers/Influencers", "aliases": ["Socially Trusted Preachers/Influencers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Instagram", "X/Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["empathy", "moderation", "sincerity", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Addressing digital religious polarization: Policy analysis of religious moderation narratives on Indonesian government social media", "author": "Zaimina, Ach Barocky", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Communicate moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity, making narratives travel effectively. They deliver lived-experience narratives, testimonials, and humanistic storytelling that resonate with audiences, evoking empathy and reducing resistance.", "quote": "Major Islamic organisations and civic actors, such as Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, as well as socially trusted preachers or influencers, often communicate moderation through networked trust, culturally legible language, and interpersonal proximity...", "page": "14", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, X/Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with data from 2024"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad de Instrucción Pública de Madrid", "aliases": ["Sociedad de Instrucción Pública de Madrid"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "national unity", "political ideology"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Hosted courses and discussions, such as one by Joaquín María López, which reflected a theoretical framework that did not incorporate the concept of political parties or pluralism.", "quote": "no mencionan a los partidos ni Joaquín María López en el curso que impartió en la Sociedad de Instrucción Pública de Madrid, ni Pacheco o Donoso Cortés en las Lecciones pronunciadas en el Ateneo de la capital española.", "page": "40", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad de Patricias Argentinas", "aliases": ["Sociedad de Patricias Argentinas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender roles", "national identity", "patriotism"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a work highlighting the contributions of 19th-century women, aligning with a political stance that supported traditional national values and likely aimed to counter more radical feminist ideas.", "quote": "aparecen en la obra Patricias Argentinas, publicada por Adolfo Carranza en 1910 por la Sociedad de Patricias Argentinas.", "page": "132", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad del Anillo de Oro", "aliases": ["Sociedad del Anillo de Oro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political liberalism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la exaltación virtuosa y los verdaderos liberales: Riego ante la fractura del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Constitucional (1822-1823)", "author": "VS Martín", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A secret society formed by moderate liberals to counteract the influence of masonry and to promote their own political agenda, implying a form of political gatekeeping or influence.", "quote": "sociedad secreta formada a finales de 1821 por el liberalismo moderado como contrapeso a la masonería", "page": "12", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7731168", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1820–1823 (Constitutional Triennium)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País", "aliases": ["Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Cuba"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "economic development", "food security", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Elocuencia del silencio.¿ Qué nos enseña el debate sobre los cultivos transgénicos?", "author": "CJD Díaz", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Auspiced a workshop ('Taller «Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria»') that facilitated a debate on various agricultural technological alternatives (conventional, transgenic, and agroecological). This provided a platform for interdisciplinary discussion, contributing to the public's understanding and the moderation of differing scientific and social viewpoints.", "quote": "Por su parte, la Sección de Economía y Ciencia, de la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País, auspició la realización del taller «Seguridad y soberanía alimentaria». Tres ponentes abrieron el debate acerca de las alternativas tecnológicas agrícolas, representadas por las tecnologías convencional, transgénica, y agroecológica.", "page": "7", "url": "https://biblioteca.umem.mx/books/Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20(74)/Elocuencia%20del%20silencio%20-%20Carlos%20Jesus%20Delgado%20Diaz.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Cuba", "when": "early 21st century (1999–2012)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Editorial de Escritores", "aliases": ["Sociedad Editorial de Escritores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1970s"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 1975, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modernización de la censura: la ley de 1966 y su aplicación", "author": "C Menchero de los Ríos", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As an association of writers and academics, SEDE faced bureaucratic obstacles and delays in obtaining necessary administrative registrations. This was due to its members' past activities being deemed 'contrary to the Régimen's ideology', effectively functioning as a form of indirect gatekeeping based on political alignment.", "quote": "En este sentido, resultan ilustrativos casos como el de la Sociedad Editorial de Escritores (SEDE), que contaba en su junta directiva con personalidades como José Antonio Maravall, Pedro Laín Entralgo, Dionisio Ridruejo o Julio Caro Baroja. Calificado el primero como «uno de los catedráticos que mantiene oposición al Régimen».", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4304664&publisher=FZR739", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1966–1975"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad General de Autores de España", "aliases": ["Sociedad General de Autores de España"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1938, "when_max": 1978, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura (1938-1978), otro elemento de la vida teatral", "author": "Martos, Maite", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This organization assisted in the censorship process by holding copies of pre-censored and sealed theatrical scripts, thereby streamlining the administrative procedures for theatre groups seeking authorization for performances.", "quote": "Para paliar esta situación, se necesitó la ayuda de la Sociedad General de Autores de España, presidida en los años 40 por Eduardo Marquina. Se optó por dejar en posesión de este organismo los ejemplares de las obras teatrales más solicitadas por las compañías para su representación, ya censurados y sellados convenientemente, para así agilizar los trámites exigidos a los grupos teatrales", "page": "15", "url": "https://revistas.unav.edu/index.php/rilce/article/view/26739", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1938–1978"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (General Society of Authors and Publishers)", "aliases": ["Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (General Society of Authors and Publishers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Its legal services sent formal notifications (burofax) demanding the removal of illegal content, influencing content moderation by providing a channel for copyright holders to report infringements.", "quote": "el burofax proviniese de los servicios jurídicos de la SGAE y el demandante hubiese sido vocal de dicho organismo no tiene por qué exigir que la demandada estuviera obligada a conocer (más aun, a adivinar) que la misiva contenía un requerimiento del demandante.", "page": "203", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad General Española de Librería", "aliases": ["Sociedad General Española de Librería"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "cultural dissemination"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Franco era to post-Franco"], "when_min": 1938, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura després dels censors: algunes reflexions sobre aspectes no resolts de l’herència cultural del franquisme", "author": "Cornellà-detrell, Jordi", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "This organization repeatedly submitted requests to the Ministry of Information and Tourism to authorize the import or publication of books, specifically trying to bypass or engage with the state censorship system.", "quote": "El 1954, la Sociedad General Española de Librería presenta una tercera sollicitud que va ser rebutjada directament, potser perquè el censor va fer un breu cop d'ull a l'expedient de l'obra i, en veure que ja havia estat prohibida diverses vegades, va decidir que els criteris anteriors encara eren vàlids.", "page": "14", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Spain", "when": "Franco's regime (1938-1978) and post-Franco era (up to 2012)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Literaria Cuauhtémoc", "aliases": ["Sociedad Literaria Cuauhtémoc"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "national identity"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Organized events aimed at exalting national heroes, thereby contributing to the ideological project of shaping national identity.", "quote": "Por su parte las asociaciones culturales de la época como la mutualista, la sociedad literaria Cuauhtémoc y las logias masonas, realizaban eventos tendientes a la exaltación del héroe.", "page": "49", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Literaria de Puebla", "aliases": ["Sociedad Literaria de Puebla"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual leadership", "literary promotion", "national interest"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Promoted intellectual and literary activities, evident in its members' public pronouncements on national issues and contributions to shaping cultural discourse.", "quote": "Oración pronunciada el día 16 de septiembre de 1845 por el ciudadano..., socio promovedor y fundador de la Sociedad Literaria de Puebla...", "page": "35", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad patriótica Landaburiana", "aliases": ["Sociedad patriótica Landaburiana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional order", "justice", "public debate", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1820, "when_max": 1823, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la exaltación virtuosa y los verdaderos liberales: Riego ante la fractura del liberalismo exaltado durante el Trienio Constitucional (1822-1823)", "author": "VS Martín", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided a public arena for political debate among exalted liberals, especially between masones and comuneros. Riego used this platform to advocate for moderation, liberal unity, and constitutional order, participating in discussions about political events and the government's actions.", "quote": "Esta sociedad se convirtió en el escenario predilecto de la lucha política entre las facciones exaltadas en los últimos momentos del régimen constitucional.", "page": "14", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7731168", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1820–1823 (Constitutional Triennium)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Positivista de México", "aliases": ["Sociedad Positivista de México"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender norms", "national development"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Disseminated positivist philosophy and educational ideals in Mexico, influencing the curriculum to focus more on men and less on women's traditional roles, thereby shaping societal norms.", "quote": "Los positivistas mexicanos, seguidores de Gabino Barreda, difundieron ampliamente este sistema filosófico-educativo. A principios de nuestro siglo se agruparon en la Sociedad Positivista de México y durante catorce años editaron la Revista Positivista de México (1900-1914)", "page": "276", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Rural Argentina", "aliases": ["Sociedad Rural Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "peace", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Published a public statement ('solicitada') in September 1983, supporting the military's actions against 'subversion' and promoting the regime's narrative of national recovery and order.", "quote": "Sociedad Rural Argentina, que publicaron, en septiembre de 1983 (meses antes de que asumiera el gobierno democráticamente electo de Raúl Alfonsín), una solicitada titulada “Los argentinos queremos decirle al mundo”", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Sociedad Vecinal de Tablada y Villa Manuelita", "aliases": ["Sociedad Vecinal de Tablada y Villa Manuelita"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["community development", "critical thought", "culture", "education", "non-violence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Founded the Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil, an institution whose progressive educational and cultural activities were deemed 'ideológicamente incorrectas' by the military regime and subsequently subjected to intervention and repression.", "quote": "La Biblioteca Constacio C. Vigil fue fundada en la ciudad de Rosario (provincia de Santa Fe) el 23 de septiembre de 1953 como un proyecto más de la Sociedad Vecinal de Tablada y Villa Manuelita (asociación creada por los vecinos de ese barrio el 9 de julio de 1944).", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira Contra a Escravidão", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira Contra a Escravidão"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advocated for the abolition of slavery and disseminated debates on the issue.", "quote": "Nos anos de 1880 foi criada tanto a Sociedade Brasileira Contra a Escravidão por Joaquim Nabuco e outros abolicionistas, bem como a Associação Central Abolicionista.", "page": "72", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais (Brazilian Society of Theatre Authors)", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais (Brazilian Society of Theatre Authors)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "During the I Congresso Brasileiro de Teatro, it proposed that censorship be carried out by intellectuals or artists, rather than state officials, aiming for a more artistically sensitive censorship process.", "quote": "A SBAT (Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrais), em um dos fóruns de debates promovidos pelo Congresso, apresentou uma proposta para que a censura fosse feita por intelectuais ou artistas.", "page": "260", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade (Brazilian Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property)", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade (Brazilian Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "political ideology", "property rights", "religious tradition"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Supported by some extreme-right organizations like the TFP, which often acted as 'censors of the censors' by demanding stricter government action and claiming the country was falling to communists, influencing the rigor of official censorship.", "quote": "A censura estendia-se também pelo terreno religioso, contando com o apoio de algumas organizações de extrema-direita, tais como a TFP (Tradução, Família e Propriedade) que atuavam muitas vezes como censores dos censores.", "page": "264", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp"], "norms": ["public debate", "research promotion"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando o algoritmo silencia Exu: estudo de caso sobre racismo algorítmico, intolerância religiosa on-line e economia da atenção1", "author": "TN de Santana Mauricio", "year": "", "mechanism": "Provides a forum for academic discussion and presentation of research on topics like content moderation, algorithmic racism, and digital rights, thereby contributing to the broader academic discourse and public awareness regarding these issues.", "quote": "Intercom - Sociedade Brasileira de Estudos Interdisciplinares da Comunicação 48º Congresso Brasileiro de Ciências da Comunicação - Faesa - Vitória - ES De 11 a 16/08/2025 (etapa remota) e 01 a 05/09/2025 (etapa presencial)", "page": "1", "url": "https://sistemas.intercom.org.br/pdf/submissao/nacional/23/0926202511012468d69cb447a36.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Meta platforms (Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp)", "when": "2020s, contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (SBP)", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (SBP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public discourse"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Responsabilidade civil das plataformas digitais na moderação de conteúdo e proteção dos direitos fundamentais das crianças frente ao Sharenting", "author": "DS Santos", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes research and issues alerts regarding the dangers and negative impacts of \"sharenting\"\" and excessive digital exposure on children's mental and physical health", "quote": "Child health, privacy, well-being", "page": "conforme pesquisa compartilhada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (SBP)40, quais sejam os problemas: perda de privacidade, problemas de saúde mental (ansiedade, depressão), transtornos alimentares (anorexia, bulimia), bullying e cyberbullying...", "url": "https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/22194", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, with comparative analysis to US and EU", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Brasileira em Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade", "aliases": ["Sociedade Brasileira em Defesa da Tradição, Família e Propriedade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "property rights", "religious values", "traditional values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Engaged in intense anti-communist activities, utilizing petitions and street campaigns with medieval imagery to defend traditional Catholic values and property rights.", "quote": "Criada pelo professor Plínio Corrêa de Oliveira em 1960, essa organização, composta de militantes católicos leigos, ficou bastante conhecida e estigmatizada por sua intensa atuação anticomunista durante parte da ditadura militar.", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Cultural de Angola", "aliases": ["Sociedade Cultural de Angola"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Angola", "Macau", "Mozambique", "Portugal", "Portuguese India", "São Tomé"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-colonialism", "cultural identity", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura salazarista e as colónias: um exemplo de abrangência", "author": "Melo, Daniel", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A cultural society promoting Angolan identity that was forcibly extinguished by the regime on the grounds of deviating from its statutory aims, as part of efforts to suppress anti-colonial sentiments.", "quote": "extinção da Sociedade Cultural de Angola (por portaria de 5/3/1966), fundada em 1942 e porta-bandeira da angolanidade, pretextando-se desvio aos fins estatutários (Pimenta 2008: 203 e 260).", "page": "12", "url": "https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_16_21", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese Colonial Empire (Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, São Tomé) and metropolitan Portugal", "when": "20th century, 1926-1974"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade de Autores", "aliases": ["Sociedade de Autores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A CENSURA DE COSTUMES NO BRASIL: DA INSTITUCIONALIZAÇÃO DA CENSURA TEATRAL NO SÉCULO XIX À EXTINÇÃO DA CENSURA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE 1988", "author": "Garcia, Miliandre", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Had a representative on the Conselho Superior de Censura (CSC), participating in the discussion and definition of censorship criteria and norms for artistic works.", "quote": "Os assuntos geralmente de teatro chegam às minhas mãos ou então para as mãos de Daniel Rocha que é representante da Sociedade de Autores, mas pode acontecer, como relator, que circunstancialmente cinema venha bater também em minhas mãos.", "page": "51", "url": "gov.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "19th century–1988"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade dos Amigos de Alberto Torres", "aliases": ["Sociedade dos Amigos de Alberto Torres"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic policy", "education policy", "immigration policy", "social reform"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1930, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Um poder da moderação? política e Justiça no Supremo Tribunal Federal da Primeira República", "author": "LSS Sato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promoted debates to revive the ideas of Alberto Torres, focusing on national reformist themes.", "quote": "em 1932 veio a ser fundada a Sociedade dos Amigos de Alberto Torres, que promoveu debates para retomar essas ideias em temas como educação, agricultura, imigração, nacionalidade e trabalho.", "page": "169", "url": "https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/handle/1/12475", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1889–1930 (with historical context from 1824–1889)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras", "aliases": ["Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public safety", "transparency", "user well-being"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais e proteção de dados pessoais", "author": "S Branco, C TEFFÉ", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Implemented a facial recognition system for stadium entry to combat ticket scalping and ensure security; conducted tests and published FAQs for transparency regarding its operations.", "quote": "No dia sete de dezembro de 2022, a Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras divulgou em seu site a instalação de sistema de reconhecimento facial nas entradas do seu clube social.", "page": "184", "url": "https://itsrio.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/20231023_Livro_Pos_ITS-UERJ_Plataformas-digitais-protecao-de-dados_COMPLETO.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with international comparisons/influences)", "when": "21st century (with focus on 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores", "aliases": ["Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "cultural identity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Estado Novo era"], "when_min": 1933, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura ao teatro no período marcelista", "author": "A Cabrera", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Received a formal exposition from theatrical artists protesting censorship, detailing prohibited plays and arguing its detrimental effect on Portuguese dramatic production.", "quote": "Na exposição dirigida à Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores apresentava-se a lista das peças de autores portugueses proibidas, argumentava-se como a situação mutilava a produção dramática em Portugal e pedia-se o fim da censura.", "page": "11", "url": "https://fabricadesites.fcsh.unl.pt/polocicdigital/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/03/n12-a-censura-ao-teatro-no-perodo-marcelista.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "1933-1974 (Estado Novo era, focusing on Marcelista period)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores (Portuguese Society of Authors)", "aliases": ["Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores (Portuguese Society of Authors)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Its jury awarded a literary prize to a controversial writer (Luandino Vieira), a decision that led to one of its members (Gaspar Simões) being arrested by the PIDE, demonstrating how professional recognition could trigger state repression.", "quote": "João Gaspar Simões, que chegou a ser preso pela PIDE em 1965 (por ter pertencido (...) ao júri do Prémio Literário da Sociedade Portuguesa de Autores (...) desafiou sempre a moral vigente", "page": "207", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores", "aliases": ["Sociedade Portuguesa de Escritores"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Angola", "Macau", "Mozambique", "Portugal", "Portuguese India", "São Tomé"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural recognition", "professional autonomy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A censura salazarista e as colónias: um exemplo de abrangência", "author": "Melo, Daniel", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As a professional literary body, it was forcibly dissolved by the regime after awarding a prize to an author whose work was considered offensive, demonstrating the state's suppression of independent cultural and professional judgments.", "quote": "extinguiu à força entidades ligadas ao livro e à edição (a SPE em 21/5/1965, relativo ao caso anterior; a Edições Minotauro, em 1966, alegadamente por editar livro- Duas peças em um acto, de Luís Sttau Monteiro- com ofensas aos generais da guerra colonial)", "page": "12", "url": "https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/rhsc/article/view/1645-2259_16_21", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portuguese Colonial Empire (Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, São Tomé) and metropolitan Portugal", "when": "20th century, 1926-1974"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Promotora da Instrução Pública", "aliases": ["Sociedade Promotora da Instrução Pública"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["moderation", "national unity", "public order", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1831, "when_max": 1842, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Esmagando a Hydra da discórdia: o enquadramento do pensamento exaltado pela moderação mineira", "author": "Silva, Wlamir", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This moderate society actively participated in the political moderation process by explicitly repudiating the reform proposals from the 'Sociedade Promotora do Bem Público', thereby countering perceived 'exalted' ideas and reinforcing the moderate agenda.", "quote": "A sua congênere de Ouro Preto, a moderada Sociedade Promotora da Instrução Pública, repudiava o plano, e o poder provincial, nas figuras do promotor do júri, do Conselho Geral da Província e de seu presidente, buscava criminalizar o artigo da Sentinela.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-90742006000200011&lng=pt&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Minas Gerais, Brazil", "when": "1831–1842 (Brazilian Regencial period)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Promotora do Bem Público da Vila do Príncipe", "aliases": ["Sociedade Promotora do Bem Público da Vila do Príncipe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1831, "when_max": 1842, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Esmagando a Hydra da discórdia: o enquadramento do pensamento exaltado pela moderação mineira", "author": "Silva, Wlamir", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "This society advocated for specific constitutional reforms, including the exclusion of the Senate and provincial franchises, and attempted to mobilize public and other political societies to support these changes, implicitly challenging the prevailing moderate norms.", "quote": "A sua congênere de Ouro Preto, a moderada Sociedade Promotora da Instrução Pública, repudiava o plano, e o poder provincial, nas figuras do promotor do júri, do Conselho Geral da Província e de seu presidente, buscava criminalizar o artigo da Sentinela.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-90742006000200011&lng=pt&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Minas Gerais, Brazil", "when": "1831–1842 (Brazilian Regencial period)"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade União Popular para Alemães Católicos no Rio Grande do Sul", "aliases": ["Sociedade União Popular para Alemães Católicos no Rio Grande do Sul"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic prosperity", "national identity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organized and promoted land colonization projects for German Catholics in Southern Brazil, providing financial support and promoting a specific ethnic and religious identity, also engaging in propaganda against rival colonizers.", "quote": "o projeto de colonização Porto Novo, fundado em 1926, na região extremo-oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, foi planejado, organizado e promovido pela Volksverein für die Deutschen Katholiken in Rio Grande do Sul - Sociedade União Popular para Alemães Católicos no Rio Grande do Sul, associação fundada em 1912 pelos padres Jesuítas.", "page": "360", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Sociedade Veteranos de 32", "aliases": ["Sociedade Veteranos de 32"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "national identity", "public morals", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Sent letters to the President protesting 'licentious propaganda' on TV, advocating for repression of content deemed harmful to public morals and national security, linking it to political destabilization.", "quote": "Temos visto e ouvido na TV uma licenciosa propaganda de incitamento à baderna, num linguajar que muito lembra o famigerado comício dos sargentos do infeliz governo do sr. João Goulart e, isso, em nome de “abertura” e “democracia”.", "page": "256", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Societat Mèdico-Farmacèutica dels Sants Cosme i Damià (Medical-Pharmaceutical Society of Saints Cosme and Damian)", "aliases": ["Societat Mèdico-Farmacèutica dels Sants Cosme i Damià (Medical-Pharmaceutical Society of Saints Cosme and Damian)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1868, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Vida parroquial i associacionisme dels seglars a la Catalunya contemporània. Alguners reflexions a partir del cas de la Diòcesi de Barcelona (1868-1974)", "author": "PS Gussinyer", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Tracing its roots to ancient guilds and the medical-pharmaceutical section of the Academy of Catholic Youth, it maintained professional standards and ethical conduct aligned with Catholic tradition, influencing the practice within its field.", "quote": "És el cas de la Societat Mèdico-Farmacèutica dels Sants Cosme i Damià. Aquesta entitat, els antecedents de la qual es remunten a l'anlic gremi de Metges de la ciutat, tenia com a precedent directe la secció mèdico-farmacèutica de l'Acadèmia de la Joventut Catòlica de Barcelona, existent l'any 1879.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/AnalTar/article/download/381854/474970", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Catalonia, Diocese of Barcelona", "when": "1868–1974"}]}, {"name": "Societies of authors", "aliases": ["Societies of authors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": 1848, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure en France a l'ere democratique", "author": "Forcade, Olivier", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "These organizations played a role in major literary trials, which are presented as part of the censorship process, implying their participation in legal defenses or setting standards related to literary works.", "quote": "à la censure des académies, des grands procès littéraires au rôle des sociétés d'auteurs", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3771270?origin=crossref", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1848-present day"}]}, {"name": "Society / The People (as a collective moral force)", "aliases": ["Society / The People (as a collective moral force)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "reputation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Middle Ages to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando o pensamento é privatizado: liberdade de expressão, direitos autorais e censura", "author": "A Nodari", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exercises an informal 'private censure' or 'censorial power' through the formation of public opinion, social norms, and collective judgment, which Locke called the 'Law of Reputation'.", "quote": "Tal julgamento constitui a Lei da Reputação, que Locke também chama de Law of Fashion, Lei da Opinião, Lei dos Costumes, e, finalmente, Lei da Censura Privada. ... “virtude” designaria o que uma sociedade acha louvável, e “vício”, o que acha reprovável¹⁹.", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/direito/article/view/2611", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western legal tradition, particularly England and France", "when": "Middle Ages to present"}]}, {"name": "Society for Cinema and Media Studies", "aliases": ["Society for Cinema and Media Studies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides guidelines and endorses the \"fair use of intellectual property in the name of 'historical", "quote": "or aesthetic arguments'\"\" for media studies publishing", "page": "supporting academic freedom in the use of media texts.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Society for Civil Rights (Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte)", "aliases": ["Society for Civil Rights (Gesellschaft für Freiheitsrechte)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties legal advocacy organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research; CPDP2025; EDRi", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "GFF conducts strategic litigation to enforce fundamental rights, publishes press releases and research, and operates the Center for User Rights to coordinate platform-related cases, using legal action and public advocacy to hold states and companies accountable.", "quote": "Operates a 'Center for User Rights' and brings strategic litigation and projects defending digital rights and platform-related cases, directly engaging platform governance and online freedom issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://freiheitsrechte.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Society for Human Resource Management", "aliases": ["Society for Human Resource Management"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair employment"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and research on AI use in hiring, influencing the understanding of AI's impact on labor practices and the development of ethical guidelines.", "quote": "A survey conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management in the US in February 2022 revealed that 79% of employers use artificial intelligence and/or automation for hiring and recruiting staff", "page": "270", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research", "aliases": ["Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for publications and discourse related to intercultural communication and diversity, indirectly contributing to norm-setting and understanding in this field.", "quote": "This article is being adapted for publication in two electronic magazines: American Diversity Report and the e-zine for the Society for Intercultural Education, Training and Research.", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Society for News Design", "aliases": ["Society for News Design"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["Digital journalism", "Online news media"], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INFOGRAFIA DIGITAL: UMA ANÁLISE SOB A PERSPECTIVA DAS NARRATIVAS DIGITAIS E NOVAS MÍDIAS INFOGRAPHIC DIGITAL: AN ANALYSIS FROM …", "author": "L Adorno, B Reginato, B Gonçalves, G Braviano", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "By providing support for the Malofiej awards, a prestigious international competition and summit for visual journalism, the Society for News Design implicitly contributes to establishing and enforcing professional standards and norms for high-quality digital infographics and news design.", "quote": "o Malofiej um prêmio de jornalismo visual e design -, criado por professores da Universidade de Navarra... e conta com o apoio da SND – Society for News Design.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.educacaografica.inf.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/16_INFOGRAFIA-DIGITAL_222_237.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "online news media / digital journalism", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Society for Protection of the Internet", "aliases": ["Society for Protection of the Internet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic efficiency", "regulatory burden", "technical efficiency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Its director critiques the technical and infrastructural challenges faced by ISPs due to new surveillance and censorship equipment, advocating for a fundamental change in network architectures.", "quote": "\"Preexisting infrastructures are sometimes incompatible with new equip-ment that 'very competent institutions' would like to make ISPs implement. In order to install this equip-ment", "page": "the ISP has to fundamentally change network architectures”\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Society for the Creation of New History Textbooks", "aliases": ["Society for the Creation of New History Textbooks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national pride", "traditional values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published textbooks that portrayed Japan’s history more positively, minimizing historical wrongdoings to preserve national pride, functioning as a form of self-censorship of negative narratives.", "quote": "In 2001, a Japanese non-governmental organization (NGO) published a book that portrayed Japan’s history more positively, with regard to issues such as Japanese imperialism, treatment of war prisoners in Japanese camps, and the comfort women, to keep intact the pride of Japanese in their country (Nelson, 2002).", "page": "106", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Society for the Encouragement of Pure Literature", "aliases": ["Society for the Encouragement of Pure Literature"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["England", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Judicial Censorship of Obscene Literature", "author": "Alpert, Leo M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Exerted public pressure and lobbied Parliament to curb the circulation of literature deemed immodest, influencing Lord Campbell's legislative efforts to facilitate the seizure and destruction of 'obscene' publications.", "quote": "He was glad to inform their Lordships that there was a Society for the Encouragement of Pure Literature.... He was shocked to think that there should be so much circulation for works like the one in his hand.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1333623?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England, USA (Massachusetts, New York, Federal Courts)", "when": "1663–1938"}]}, {"name": "Society for the Prevention of Crime", "aliases": ["Society for the Prevention of Crime"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Challenged the effectiveness of the National Board of Review, believing it was insufficient to protect children's safety and likely advocating for stricter censorship or regulation.", "quote": "The Board also faced challenges from Board members and associations such as the Woman's Municipal League and the Society for the Prevention of Crime, who believed that the Board was not enough to protect children's safety.", "page": "41", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Society for the Progress of Women (Egypt)", "aliases": ["Society for the Progress of Women (Egypt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious principles", "social progress"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Founding organizations for women's intellectual development, publishing feminist journals, and adopting a conservative Islamic line.", "quote": "Le donne scrivevano sulle numerose riviste femminili che allora si pubblicavano, fondarono organizzazioni per lo sviluppo della loro vita intellettuale, come la Società per il Progresso della Donna, costituita nel 1908, che fu una delle prime e adottò una linea islamica conservatrice.", "page": "341", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues", "aliases": ["Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United States"], "media": ["academic publishing"], "norms": ["equality", "inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Racism and censorship in the editorial and peer review process", "author": "Strauss, Dana; Gran-Ruaz, Sophia; Osman, Muna; Williams, Monnica T.; Faber, Sonya C.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "SPSSI calls for research proposals to examine disparities in their journals, demonstrating a commitment to promoting equity and inclusion by influencing research topics and publication trends.", "quote": "the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) calls for research proposals to examine disparities in their journals (Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2022)", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1120938/full", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary academic publishing in psychology, primarily USA and Canada", "when": "Contemporary (recent incidents, within 1.5 years of article publication)"}]}, {"name": "Society of American Artists", "aliases": ["Society of American Artists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "cultural value", "educational benefit", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Morals Versus Art: Censorship, The Politics of Interpretation, and the Victorian Nude", "author": "Beisel, Nicola", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "Condemned Comstock's arrest of the art dealer Knoedler, asserting the authority of artists to judge questions of art and morality, and advocating for the refining and educational benefits of displaying nudes in art.", "quote": "Artists asserted that they were best qualified to judge whether art was obscene, and the Society of American Artists condemned the arrest.", "page": "10", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2095963?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "New York City, USA", "when": "late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Society of Environmental Journalists", "aliases": ["Society of Environmental Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "knowledge dissemination", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points", "author": "Antilla, Liisa", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The practices of its members, specifically their reliance on newspapers as a predominant source of knowledge, influence the quality and content of environmental science reporting.", "quote": "Wilson (2000a) discovered a disturbing phenomenon when he surveyed members of the Society of Environmental Journalists (SEJ) and learned that many reporters were using newspapers as their predominant source of knowledge.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662508094099", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global media, focusing on US, UK, and Canada", "when": "2006–2007"}]}, {"name": "Society of Future Mothers (Egypt)", "aliases": ["Society of Future Mothers (Egypt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender roles", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocating for women's issues within the broader feminist movement.", "quote": "A queste si affiancarono la Società delle Madri del Futuro (1921) e la Società della Nuova Donna (1919).", "page": "341", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Society of Independent Artists", "aliases": ["Society of Independent Artists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial control", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Rejected Marcel Duchamp's \"Fountain\"\" from an exhibition", "quote": "Artistic standards, definition of art.", "page": "il ready–made Fountain di Duchamp è di ben dieci anni precedente l’inizio del processo all’Oiseau; è infatti il 1917 quando viene rifiutato dalla Society of Independent Artists.", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Society of Japanese Rightists", "aliases": ["Society of Japanese Rightists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest group / social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values", "historical narrative control", "national pride"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Established to oppose more open approaches to Japan's past military wrongdoings, thereby promoting and reinforcing self-censorship of critical historical narratives within Japanese society.", "quote": "In December 1996, for example, in response to the greater openness and tendency to apologize in Japan, the Society was established by Japanese rightists (writers, journalists, affiliated business and governmental patrons, and academics, including Professor Fujioka Nobukatsu).", "page": "107", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Rome", "aliases": ["Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Rome"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy", "Papal States"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge advancement", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GIOVANNI ANTONIO COSTANZI, ULTIMO CENSORE DI LIBRI EBRAICI A ROMA (1745-1756 ca.)", "author": "", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "The text describes them as owners of Hebrew books that were subjected to censorship by Giovanni Antonio Costanzi. Their ownership of such books meant their property was subject to review and alteration by the censor.", "quote": "il rabbino Pavoncello possedeva un prezioso volume ebraico, già appartenuto alla Compagnia di Gesù di Roma, come si rilevava dalle insegne impresse sui piatti della legatura in tutta pergamena, che portava l'ottusa censura del Costanzi", "page": "12", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Papal States, Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Society of New Women (Egypt)", "aliases": ["Society of New Women (Egypt)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocating for women's issues within the broader feminist movement.", "quote": "A queste si affiancarono la Società delle Madri del Futuro (1921) e la Società della Nuova Donna (1919).", "page": "341", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Society of Rings", "aliases": ["Society of Rings"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "Germany", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["social order", "tradition"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The suppression and censorship of Ferenczi's confusion of Tongues paper", "author": "Rachman, Arnold Wm.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Functioned to maintain the status quo of traditional psychoanalysis, opposing experimentation and new developments in analytic theory and method, thereby contributing to the suppression of dissident views like Ferenczi's.", "quote": "The inner circle, the Society of Rings, functioned to maintain the status quo. Although Ferenczi was a member of this inner circle, he was still a dissident.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351699709534142", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "International psychoanalytic community, with focus on Vienna (Austria), Wiesbaden (Germany), and Hungary", "when": "Early to late 20th century (1900s-1990s), with primary focus on the 1930s."}]}, {"name": "Society of Saint Vincent de Paul", "aliases": ["Society of Saint Vincent de Paul"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious freedom", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 1847, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Action pastorale et problèmes sociaux chez Mgr d'Astros, archevêque de Toulouse, censeur de La Mennais", "author": "J Vidalenc", "year": "1956", "mechanism": "Undertook charitable works and provided social support, which implicitly served to disseminate Catholic social teachings and moral guidance, addressing social issues from a religious perspective.", "quote": "quelques œuvres charitables ou les conférences de saint Vincent de Paul.", "page": "353", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40950479", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Toulouse", "when": "19th century (1830-1847)"}]}, {"name": "Society to Highlight Ingrate Terms", "aliases": ["Society to Highlight Ingrate Terms"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Middle East"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "responsible language use"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["13th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Expletive deleted: a good look at bad language", "author": "Wajnryb, Ruth", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This organization, founded by an American citizen, aims to educate people on the 'proper use of swear words' and their power, asserting that cuss words can relieve tension if used with respect for their inherent force.", "quote": "SHIT, therefore, with a zeal not unlike that of the Cuss Control Academy, will educate people in the proper use of swear words.", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a primary focus on English-speaking countries and historical Europe/Middle East", "when": "Medieval to contemporary (13th-21st centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Società Agricolo Operaia di Mutuo Soccorso della Valpolicella", "aliases": ["Società Agricolo Operaia di Mutuo Soccorso della Valpolicella"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This mutual aid society was designed with broader objectives than its Sant'Ambrogio counterpart, aiming to include all workers of the Valpolicella district, but it ultimately had limited success.", "quote": "L'altra, la Società Agricolo Operaia di Mutuo Soccorso della Valpolicella, progettata nel 1868 e attiva dal 1871, ha obiettivi piú ampi, ma, a differenza della consorella di Sant'Ambrogio, è destinata a incontrare scarso successo.", "page": "161", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Società di Mutuo Soccorso di Sant'Ambrogio", "aliases": ["Società di Mutuo Soccorso di Sant'Ambrogio"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This mutual aid society was established to support workers, predominantly those in the marble sector in Sant'Ambrogio, and later aimed to expand its scope to include all workers in Valpolicella.", "quote": "Una, quella di Sant'Ambrogio, inizia a funzionare nel 1869 e si occupa prevalentemente del lavoratori del settore marmifero.", "page": "161", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Società Editrice Internazionale (SEI)", "aliases": ["Società Editrice Internazionale (SEI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As a Catholic publishing house, it experienced direct state intervention and pressure on its editorial decisions and personnel, illustrating the regime's efforts to control even non-state religious media through censorship and personnel changes.", "quote": "In 1930 the Catholic publishing house Società Editrice Internazionale (SEI) had to sack its general director after intervention by the head of government's Press Office over an advertisement for a book.", "page": "40", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "Società Italiana per l'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italian Society for International Organization)", "aliases": ["Società Italiana per l'Organizzazione Internazionale (Italian Society for International Organization)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "hate speech regulation"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Co-organizes educational initiatives, such as the \"Summer School on Misinformation", "quote": "to discuss international legal frameworks and human rights in the context of combating hate speech and disinformation.\"", "page": "International cooperation, human rights, combating misinformation and hate speech", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Società Nazionale Debate Italia", "aliases": ["Società Nazionale Debate Italia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "educational progress", "social development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Founded to promote cultural and social growth through the widespread adoption of debate, organizing training activities and competitions, and setting standards for debate practices within the Italian education system and civil society.", "quote": "La Società Nazionale Debate Italia, invece, è stata fondata il 28 marzo 2019... prevede la promozione della crescita culturale e sociale attraverso la diffusione del debate, come contributo alla formazione della consapevolezza di cittadinanza e alla pratica didattica.", "page": "48", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "Società palatina", "aliases": ["Società palatina"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "diffusion of knowledge"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et circulation du livre en Italie au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle", "author": "Braida, Lodovica", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This society, composed of Milanese nobles and a bookseller, financed and published expensive scholarly works, actively involving its members in the diffusion of these works beyond Italian borders.", "quote": "Lodovico Antonio Muratori, dont les Rerum Italicarum scriptores avaient étés publiés grâce à la Società palatina constituée par des nobles milanais et par le libraire Filippo Argelati, s'engagea à mettre en mouvement toutes ses connaissances pour la diffusion de l'œuvre au delà des frontières italiennes.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_1_81", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Italy", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Società Patriottica della Valpolicella", "aliases": ["Società Patriottica della Valpolicella"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security", "public good", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1866, "when_max": 1873, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innovazione e moderazione: la Società patriottica della Valpolicella (1866-1873)", "author": "E Luciani", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The society was founded to disseminate Risorgimento ideals and work towards a more modern political, economic, and social structure in Valpolicella. It promoted education, associative forms, modern agricultural techniques, and engaged in local political advocacy, publishing its own periodical \"La Valpolicella\"\".\"", "quote": "Quest'ultima, nata un anno prima, nel 1866, si propone di diffondere gli ideali risorgimentali e di adoperarsi per un assetto piú moderno della Valpolicella in campo politico, economico e sociale.", "page": "157", "url": "http://www.veronastoria.it/ojs/index.php/ASValp/article/view/645", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Valpolicella, Italy (Verona region)", "when": "1866–1873"}]}, {"name": "Société belge des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs (Belgian Society of Authors, Composers and Publishers)", "aliases": ["Société belge des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs (Belgian Society of Authors, Composers and Publishers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación de contenidos en el derecho de la unión europea", "author": "M Santisteban Galarza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action to compel a website (Scarlet) to implement filtering systems to prevent unauthorized distribution of copyrighted musical works, thereby pushing for content moderation in the context of intellectual property rights.", "quote": "Este versó sobre un litigio en materia de propiedad intelectual en el que una asociación de autores, SABAM, solicitó que se obligase a una página web, Scarlet, a poner fin a las infracciones que se realizaban en sus servicios “impidiendo o bloqueando cualquier forma de envío o de recepción por sus clientes de archivos que reproduzcan una obra musical sin autorización de sus titulares mediante un programa peer to peer” (apdo. 20).", "page": "182", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/69586", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "European Union, US, Spain, Germany, Austria, France (digital services and content moderation)", "when": "late 20th century to 2024 (focus on contemporary digital regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Société biélorusse d'auteurs", "aliases": ["Société biélorusse d'auteurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Belarus"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property", "state control"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gouverner la dissidence. Sociologie de la censure sous régime autoritaire : le cas du rock contestataire biélorusse:", "author": "Kryzhanouski, Yauheni", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This state-owned company manages author rights, collecting and transferring royalties from radio stations to registered Belarusian artists. Its operations highlight an economic aspect of censorship, as exclusion from state media prevents artists from receiving these payments.", "quote": "La Société biélorusse d'auteurs, entreprise étatique, veille à ce que les droits de diffusion soient correctement payés par les stations de radio aux artistes biélorusses. Elle regroupe les royalties et les transfère sur les comptes des artistes bénéficiaires enregistrés auprès de ses services.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2017-3-page-123.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Biélorussie", "when": "1983–2013 (Soviet and post-Soviet authoritarian regimes)"}]}, {"name": "Société Canadienne des Relations Publiques (Canadian Public Relations Society)", "aliases": ["Société Canadienne des Relations Publiques (Canadian Public Relations Society)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "quality assurance"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La couverture médiatique du débat des chefs au Québec: information ou spectacle télévisuel?", "author": "C Bouthillier", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Establishes and promotes a code of professional ethics and an accreditation program for public relations professionals, thereby indirectly influencing how political actors manage their media image and messaging.", "quote": "Ces professionnels s'engageaient aussi à respecter le Code d'éthique professionnelle (L'Encyclopédie canadienne Historica, 2008).", "page": "72", "url": "Université du Québec à Montréal", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (focus on 2007)"}]}, {"name": "Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif", "aliases": ["Société Coopérative d’Intérêt Collectif"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democratic integrity", "public interest"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These models of enterprise foster collective and democratic organization by opening up their governance, suggesting an alternative to traditional corporate structures.", "quote": "De nouveaux modèles d’entreprises, tels que les Société coopérative et participative (SCOP) et les Société coopérative d’intérêt collectif (SCIC), favorisent cette organisation collective et démocratique en ouvrant leur gouvernance.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Société Coopérative et Participative", "aliases": ["Société Coopérative et Participative"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "democratic integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These models of enterprise foster collective and democratic organization by opening up their governance, suggesting an alternative to traditional corporate structures.", "quote": "De nouveaux modèles d’entreprises, tels que les Société coopérative et participative (SCOP) et les Société coopérative d’intérêt collectif (SCIC), favorisent cette organisation collective et démocratique en ouvrant leur gouvernance.", "page": "533", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Société d'Ethnologie française", "aliases": ["Société d'Ethnologie française"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["censorship studies", "ethnological studies", "interdisciplinary collaboration", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure et ses masques:", "author": "Bruyère, Claire; Touillier-Feyrabend, Henriette", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The French Society of Ethnology is associated with the 'Censures' research group, which conducts interdisciplinary studies on censorship, including organizing academic events and publishing research to deepen understanding of the topic.", "quote": "Le groupe de recherches interdisciplinaire intitulé « Censures », formé en 2001, qui associe le Centre d'histoire culturelle des sociétés contemporaines de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (CHCSC) et la Société d'Ethnologie française (SEF), rassemble justement des spécialistes de ces divers champs, avec leurs méthodes propres.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2006-1-page-5.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (with a focus on France)", "when": "19th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec (SODEC Québec)", "aliases": ["Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec (SODEC Québec)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "economic development"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Offers annual financial aid to Presses de l'Université Laval for its entire publication program, supporting the dissemination of academic research.", "quote": "Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année de la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’ensemble de leur programme de publication.", "page": "6", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Société de gens de lettres", "aliases": ["Société de gens de lettres"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "free speech", "freedom of conscience", "humanism", "intellectual independence", "social progress"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'Encyclopédie de Diderot:\" Une grande aventure\"\" dans le domaine de l'édition\"", "author": "NC Torrey", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "This collective of intellectuals collaborated on the *Encyclopédie*, becoming a powerful social and intellectual force that fostered public opinion and resisted royal and ecclesiastical constraints through its publications and growing prestige.", "quote": "La proclamation de Diderot dans le Prospectus, que le travail serait effectué par « une société de gens de lettres », était hardie et prématurée, mais ce fut une prophétie qui se réalisa entièrement.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40520903", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Société de Jésus", "aliases": ["Société de Jésus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-subversion", "doctrinal purity", "intellectual control", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'Encyclopédie de Diderot:\" Une grande aventure\"\" dans le domaine de l'édition\"", "author": "NC Torrey", "year": "1951", "mechanism": "The Jesuits actively opposed the *Encyclopédie*, using their journal ('Journal de Trévoux') to attack it, securing the appointment of Jesuit censors, attempting to seize manuscripts, and lobbying the King's Council to suspend the project.", "quote": "L'opposition s'était renforcée depuis que Diderot avait pris la direction de l'entreprise, surtout de la part des Jésuites qui ne voulaient pas de concurrence à leur propre Dictionnaire de Trévoux.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40520903", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Société de l’Histoire de la Révolution française", "aliases": ["Société de l’Histoire de la Révolution française"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "factual accuracy", "republicanism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A scholarly institution founded in 1891, which, along with the creation of a chair in revolutionary history, institutionalized a method of historical inquiry aimed at legitimizing the Third Republic.", "quote": "the institutionalization of the study of the Revolution—symbolized through the creation of a chair in the history of Revolu tion at the Sorbonne in 1891 and the founding of the Société de l’Histoire de la Révolution française—engendered a method of inquiry and perspective widely at odds with that exemplified by Tocqueville.", "page": "296", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Société des Amis de la Constitution (Jacobin Club)", "aliases": ["Société des Amis de la Constitution (Jacobin Club)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ecuador", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estado, medios y censura soft: Una comparación transnacional y transideológica", "author": "M Almeida", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This society served as a forum where influential figures articulated and defended principles of press freedom, contributing to the normative framework for public discourse and limitations on state censorship.", "quote": "En un discurso sobre la libertad de prensa pronunciado ante la Sociedad de Amigos de la Constitución en 1791, el revolucionario jacobino francés Maximilien Robespierre afirmaba que «el derecho a comunicar sus pensamientos por la palabra, la escritura o la imprenta no puede ser impedido o limitado de ninguna manera»", "page": "17", "url": "https://static.nuso.org/media/articles/downloads/4008_1.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Hungary and Ecuador", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Société des Amis de la Constitution / Société des Amis de la Liberté et de l’Égalité", "aliases": ["Société des Amis de la Constitution / Société des Amis de la Liberté et de l’Égalité"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political club / social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-elitism", "public morals", "republican values", "social equality", "social revolution"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Initially a political club, it later provided political and moral justification for the Terror, implementing policies aiming for radical social reconstruction and the creation of a 'virtuous people'.", "quote": "Not only did the Jacobins implement it but they also provided its political and moral justification. ...through their capacity to embody what was most radical in the French Revolution, and consequently to embody the Revolution itself, the Jacobins passed into the two centuries which followed as legend, history, tradition, heritage, theory and practice.", "page": "6", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Société des Amis du Peuple (Society of the Friends of the People)", "aliases": ["Société des Amis du Peuple (Society of the Friends of the People)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["republicanism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1830, "when_max": 1839, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Big Trouble: <i>Daumier</i> , Gargantua, <i>and the Censorship of Political Caricature</i>", "author": "Childs, Elizabeth C.", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "This republican association resisted the Louis-Philippe administration by publishing pamphlets that attacked the king's power and his deputies, facing legal charges for its publications.", "quote": "The same court that had condemned Daumier the day before now acquitted two members of the republican Société des Amis du Peuple of identical charges. The pamphlet in question, attacking the right of the king and his deputies to their power, was surely at least as inflammatory—if not more so—as the condemned caricature.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1992.10791549", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "19th century France", "when": "1830s"}]}, {"name": "Société des Auteurs", "aliases": ["Société des Auteurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property", "professional interests"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1871, "when_max": 1914, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Communication: Censure, théatre, et Commune (1871-1914)", "author": "J Parrain", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Maintains a catalogue of authors' works, which serves as a record that can be used to track plays and authors affected by censorship, acting as an informal historical auxiliary to censorship analysis.", "quote": "Les journaux, les revues, le catalogue de la Société des Auteurs, les Annales de Stoullig sont donc des auxiliaires indispensables mais imparfaits.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3806929", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1871–1914"}]}, {"name": "Société Française de Médecine de Catastrophe", "aliases": ["Société Française de Médecine de Catastrophe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "Romania"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["disaster management", "professional standards", "public health"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Idéologie entre discours intégré et discours controversé dans quatre débats télévisuels sur la pandémie de Covid-19", "author": "OB Feher", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its president, Henri Julien, participates in televised debates as a medical expert, contributing to public information and norm-setting regarding disaster medicine and pandemic response.", "quote": "Henri Julien, médecin spécialiste en médecine générale, anesthésiste-réanimateur, membre correspondant de l'Académie nationale de médecine et président de la Société française de médicine de catastrophe", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/riatps/2025-n28-riatps010574/1123281ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France and Romania (televised debates on Covid-19)", "when": "2020 (Covid-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Société Française de Médecine de Voyage (SMV)", "aliases": ["Société Française de Médecine de Voyage (SMV)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "Romania"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["infectious disease control", "professional standards", "public health"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Idéologie entre discours intégré et discours controversé dans quatre débats télévisuels sur la pandémie de Covid-19", "author": "OB Feher", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its president, Christophe Rapp, participates in televised debates as an expert infectiologist, providing public information and norm-setting on infectious diseases and travel medicine during the pandemic.", "quote": "Christophe Rapp, infectiologue spécialiste en médecine interne et des maladies infectieuses et tropicales à l'Hôpital américain de Paris, président de la Société française de médecine de voyage (SMV)", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/riatps/2025-n28-riatps010574/1123281ar/abstract/", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France and Romania (televised debates on Covid-19)", "when": "2020 (Covid-19 pandemic era)"}]}, {"name": "Société Française de Philosophie", "aliases": ["Société Française de Philosophie"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "public understanding"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolution and the republic: a history of political thought in France since the eighteenth-century", "author": "Jennings, Jeremy", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Founded in 1901, it served as a platform for philosophical discussion, where intellectual trends such as a revival of metaphysics were identified.", "quote": "The Société Française de Philosophie was founded in 1901. The state of the discipline was succinctly summarized when, later that decade, Émile Boutroux, a key figure in the French philosophical establishment, presented a paper entitled ‘La Philosophie en France depuis 1867’ to an international philosophy conference in Heidelberg.", "page": "381", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "France, Europe, America", "when": "18th century–early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Société libre d'Émulation", "aliases": ["Société libre d'Émulation"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This learned society served as a forum for intellectual discussions where figures like Bassenge, a key supporter of Raynal, were prominent, thus contributing to the intellectual climate surrounding controversial works.", "quote": "comme la Société libre d'Émulation (1779) où se distingue déjà Bassenge, elle ne prépare pas seulement 1789 par la continuité des acteurs historiques.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Société littéraire de Genève", "aliases": ["Société littéraire de Genève"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Un fabuliste romand: J.-A. Gaudy-Le Fort", "author": "G Parussa", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "Gaudy-Le Fort, as a member and president, held literature courses and regularly read his compositions at its sessions, thereby contributing to the establishment and dissemination of literary standards and taste among its members.", "quote": "Membre et président de la société littéraire de Genève, où il tenait des cours de littérature, il se retira à la campagne dans son domaine d'Onex, près de Genève...", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/rein.3.12par", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland (Geneva)", "when": "19th century"}]}, {"name": "Société Radio-Canada", "aliases": ["Société Radio-Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural promotion", "innovation", "national content", "public service"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through platforms like ICITOU.TV and CBC GEM, it invests in new formats like web series to promote public service missions and innovation in the audiovisual sector, ensuring Canadian content production.", "quote": "Au sujet des deux plateformes publiques, ICITOU.TV créée en 2010 et CBC GEM lancée dix ans plus tard, il y a d’importances synergies avec les contenus diffusés sur les chaînes publiques traditionnelles. Le discours de l’organisme public traite des contenus au-delà de leurs supports de diffusion. Les plateformes publiques se distinguent également des privées du fait qu’elles proposent des œuvres dans de nouveaux formats, les webséries, ce qui renvoie à l’idée que la notion de service public comprend la nécessité de favoriser l’innovation dans le secteur audiovisuel en termes de création.", "page": "485", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Société Radio-Canada (CBC/Radio-Canada)", "aliases": ["Société Radio-Canada (CBC/Radio-Canada)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La télévision est immorale", "author": "J Godbout", "year": "1966", "mechanism": "The public broadcaster adheres to traditional notions of 'good taste' and 'morality' in its programming, implicitly moderating its content by avoiding the 'spectacular' or 'sensational' elements that the author argues are intrinsic to television's success and ability to engage the common viewer. This approach is criticized for alienating audiences.", "quote": "A force de respecter la morale de ces derniers la Société Radio-Canada perd la face, perd des spectateurs et sa seule raison d'exister.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1966-v8-n5-6-liberte1027426/30099ac/abstract/", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada (Quebec)", "when": "1960s"}]}, {"name": "Société romande de radiophonie", "aliases": ["Société romande de radiophonie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As the first local broadcasting entity, it set early standards for program quality and self-regulated content to avoid political propaganda, before becoming part of the larger SSR.", "quote": "L'année suivante, dans la même ville, a été fondée la Société romande de radiophonie, première entité locale de radiodiffusion³.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "Société Royale d’Agriculture de Paris", "aliases": ["Société Royale d’Agriculture de Paris"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public good", "public knowledge"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Issued approvals for agricultural works, which were sometimes valued by publishers over royal censorship approvals, highlighting the importance of specialized institutional validation.", "quote": "Dans l’Art de cultiver les peupliers, le livre bénéficie de deux approbations, l’une de la censure royale... et l’autre de la Société Royale d’Agriculture de Paris, qui se contente de dire qu’il est « digne de l’impression »", "page": "137", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (SRG SSR)", "aliases": ["Société suisse de radiodiffusion et télévision (SRG SSR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Radio", "Television"], "norms": ["accuracy", "cultural development", "free speech", "pluralism", "public service media"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA SURVEILLANCE DES PROGRAMMES PAR L'AUTORITÉ INDÉPENDANTE D'EXAMEN DES PLAINTES EN MATIÈRE DE RADIO-TÉLÉVISION (AIEP)", "author": "S Werly", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As a non-profit private association and the main public broadcaster, the SSR develops and broadcasts programs according to a public service mandate. It operates internal mediation bodies to handle complaints, ensuring content adheres to legal and constitutional requirements for impartiality and diversity.", "quote": "Comme association de droit privé à but non lucratif, la SSR se compose de quatre sociétés régionales: SRG Deutschschweiz (SRG.D), Société de radiodiffusion et de télévision de la Suisse romande (RTSR)...", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.ubi.admin.ch/inhalte/pdf/Dokumentation/Artikel/Artikel_DE/Artikel_Stephane_Werly.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland, broadcast media (radio and television)", "when": "early 20th century – 2020"}]}, {"name": "soft drink manufacturers", "aliases": ["soft drink manufacturers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These manufacturers persuade producers to focus on portraying the pleasures of their products in films, aiming to ensure positive brand imagery and avoid any negative depictions.", "quote": "liquor industry lobbyists urge producers to include scenes of alcohol consumption and suppress scenes depicting the harms of alcoholism, while tobacco representatives and soft drink manufacturers persuade producers to focus on the pleasures of their products.", "page": "15", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "Software Freedom Law Centre", "aliases": ["Software Freedom Law Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal services nonprofit for Free and Open Source Software"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "SFLC produces legal briefs and publications, represents and advises major FOSS organizations, and intervenes in high-profile cases (e.g., amicus brief in Google v. Oracle) and code-of-conduct mediation, shaping legal and governance outcomes for software ecosystems.", "quote": "SFLC's core mission is pro-bono legal representation for FOSS projects, but it has engaged in platform-adjacent governance issues (e.g., amicus brief in Google v. Oracle on API copyright; FOSS code-of-conduct mediation).", "page": "", "url": "https://softwarefreedom.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Software Hacking Movements", "aliases": ["Software Hacking Movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Seeing without knowing: Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability", "author": "Ananny, Mike; Crawford, Kate", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Intersects with open government initiatives to promote greater transparency in governance through technological means and open data.", "quote": "the emerging intersection of software hacking movements with open government initiatives (Schrock, 2016).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444816676645", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Algorithmic systems (general)", "when": "Post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Soldiers of Odin", "aliases": ["Soldiers of Odin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["marginalized group protection", "national identity", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SOCIAL MEDIA HATE SPEECH", "author": "Pohjonen, Matti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Engaged in vigilante street patrols, which, while an offline activity, contributed to the broader anti-immigrant sentiment and created a public presence that aligned with the online hate speech discussed. The group was seen by its supporters as 'patriotic' and working to 'keep streets safe'.", "quote": "Soldiers of Odin, an extreme right vigilante group, gained notoriety by patrolling the streets in its self-proclaimed mission to protect vulnerable women from the refugees.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, social media (Facebook)", "when": "2015–2016"}]}, {"name": "Solidaridad Catalana (Catalan Solidarity)", "aliases": ["Solidaridad Catalana (Catalan Solidarity)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political alliance"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["nationalism", "social unity", "territorial solidarity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A Catalan political force that aimed to unite workers and bourgeoisie under the banner of Catalanism, seeking to shift solidarity from class to territorial nationalism.", "quote": "enquanto as forças políticas catalãs fundaram o Solidaridad Catalana que, como o próprio nome já diz, passava ao largo da organização classista e pretendia reunir trabalhadores e burgueses sob a bandeira comum do catalanismo", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity)", "aliases": ["Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Served as the main communication and propaganda organ for the CNT in Catalonia, disseminating information, political analyses, and reflecting internal debates and criticisms within the anarchist movement.", "quote": "Ele teve seu número 1.330 publicado no dia 19 de julho, e a edição 1.331 publicada no dia 22 de julho. Esse hiato se deu por conta dos combates nas ruas de Barcelona, que tornaram impossível sua produção e distribuição.", "page": "68", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Solidariedade", "aliases": ["Solidariedade"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "constitutional rights", "free speech", "legal clarity"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e seu papel nas redes sociais: a busca pelo equilíbrio", "author": "BA Pedroso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Challenged a Provisional Measure (MP 1068/2021) by filing a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) with the Supreme Federal Court.", "quote": "Trata-se dos processos: ADI 6996 (PDT), ADI 6995 (Partido Novo), ADI 6994 (PT), ADI 6993 (PSDB), ADI 6992 (Solidariedade) e ADI 6991 (PSB).", "page": "33", "url": "https://dspace.mackenzie.br/items/4e632441-456c-47d1-9cfc-aa77cb70e9f5", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media platforms", "when": "21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Solidarity (Polish trade union)", "aliases": ["Solidarity (Polish trade union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "human dignity", "religious freedom", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Formed a counterpublic sphere through its activities, deliberations, and the writings of its leaders (like Michnik's letter), which defined social identity and resisted state control.", "quote": "Members operationally defined Solidarity as a realm for deliberative discourse on public issues. Its independence from the state transformed the counterpublic sphere into an arena encroaching on the official public sphere.", "page": "41", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Solidarity Playbook - The International Civil Society Centre", "aliases": ["Solidarity Playbook - The International Civil Society Centre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society support organisation; coalition network (Solidarity Action Network / Solidarity Playbook)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates SANE and the Solidarity Playbook to gather and disseminate case studies and best practices, convenes ICSOs via the International Civic Forum to coordinate responses and build solidarity across organizations.", "quote": "Primary mission is strengthening civic space and civil society resilience; materials reference misinformation/disinformation attacks and digital/cybersecurity risks, indicating incidental engagement with platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://icscentre.org/tag/solidarity-playbook/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Solutions Journalism Network", "aliases": ["Solutions Journalism Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitter", "online news comment sections"], "norms": ["journalism quality", "media innovation", "public discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "(Re)Claiming Our Expertise: Parsing Large Text Corpora With Manually Validated and Organic Dictionaries", "author": "Muddiman, Ashley; McGregor, Shannon C.; Stroud, Natalie Jomini", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provided financial support for the research, aligning with its mission to support journalism that contributes to public discourse and indirectly influencing content moderation by promoting certain types of journalistic approaches.", "quote": "This work was supported by the Democracy Fund, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Rita Allen Foundation, and the Solutions Journalism Network.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2018.1517843", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online news comments, social media (Twitter)", "when": "2007-2016"}]}, {"name": "Somali Community Hamburg e.V", "aliases": ["Somali Community Hamburg e.V"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organized workshops for newcomers in Hamburg, engaging professional lawyers to discuss legal rights and empower Somali refugees to participate in deliberation, in partnership with Somali Voice Radio Germany.", "quote": "Ahmed established the Somali Community Hamburg e.V almost simultaneously with the radio program at the RRN in 2016 and founded the ANI Charity Foundation Deutschland e.V / Somalia in 2022 to engage the Somali community in producing its content.", "page": "158", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Somali Voice Radio Germany", "aliases": ["Somali Voice Radio Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Produces radio programs to strengthen the voice of asylum seekers and refugees, organizing discussion groups with professional lawyers to raise awareness of legal rights, and providing practical information in Somali.", "quote": "The Somali Voice Radio Germany “produces radio programs that help to strengthen the voice of asylum seekers and refugees,” as stated in the description of its podcasts on SoundCloud.", "page": "158", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Some4Dem", "aliases": ["Some4Dem"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Horizon Europe research project / academic consortium"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces research, workshops and interactive tools (e.g., Reddit exploration tool), uses LLM methods and convenes multidisciplinary partners under an EU-funded consortium to shape evidence and methods for platform governance debates.", "quote": "Project's core mission studies social media impacts, polarization, disinformation and develops tools (LLM methods, interactive tools) to analyse and improve social media's role for democratic deliberation.", "page": "", "url": "https://some4dem.eu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Something Awful", "aliases": ["Something Awful"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["community standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Shadowban Cycle: an autoethnography of pole dancing, nudity and censorship on Instagram", "author": "Are, Carolina", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Moderators on the website implemented an early form of 'shadowbanning' by diminishing the reach of users identified as trolls, to maintain community standards and combat disruptive behaviour.", "quote": "the term itself seems to have appeared in the early 2000s on the Something Awful website, where in 2001 moderators began to diminish the reach of those joining forums to troll others (Samantha Cole 2018).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1928259", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Social Media Platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "SomethingNew", "aliases": ["SomethingNew"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes an open manifesto and open finance data, fields electoral candidates to influence policy, and frames itself as a transparency-first party seeking legal reform (e.g. repeal of mass surveillance).", "quote": "Advocates open democracy, publishes data practices and finances, and calls to protect civil liberties (e.g. repeal mass surveillance) — engages with issues touching platform governance and data/privacy but not primarily focused on platform moderation or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://somethingnew.org.uk/faqs.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Song and supper clubs", "aliases": ["Song and supper clubs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural life"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Provided informal social venues where \"theatre", "quote": "and the popular culture of the street met together", "page": "fostering public expression and cultural exchange outside formal censorship.\"", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Sons of the Confederate Veterans", "aliases": ["Sons of the Confederate Veterans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural identity", "historical narrative"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This group scrutinized textbooks and teachers, established its own history committees, and worked to correct 'improper ideas' about the Civil War, particularly by ensuring textbooks avoided 'slurring remarks' and content prejudicial to the South.", "quote": "From the 1890s until well into the twentieth century, the United Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans condemned the sectionalism of northern historians, established lists of approved and disapproved books, and produced literature more congenial to their perception of an unbiased history.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Sorbonne (Faculty of Theology of Paris)", "aliases": ["Sorbonne (Faculty of Theology of Paris)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1899, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA CENSURE FRANÇAISE À L'ÉPOQUE DES LUMIÈRES", "author": "P MATYASZEWSKI", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The Sorbonne, as a theological faculty, had the authority to rule on the fate of already printed books, effectively acting as a censorship body by judging their content for theological and moral acceptability.", "quote": "la Sorbonne et le Parlement ne peuvent se prononcer que sur le sort d'un livre qui est déjà imprimé", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.kul.pl/files/60/RH/RH_Tom_LI_2003_Streszczenia_artykulow.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "Enlightenment and Napoleonic Wars (18th century to early 19th century)"}]}, {"name": "Sorbonne (Faculté de théologie de Paris)", "aliases": ["Sorbonne (Faculté de théologie de Paris)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MABLY ET LA CENSURE", "author": "GALLIANI, R.; SAINEVILLE, Cadet de", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Condemned Mably's works for theological and moral transgressions, threatening sanctions and leading to his retraction or modification of writings.", "quote": "Ses Principes de morale, parus en 1784, sont condamnés par la Sorbonne, qui reproche à Mably son déisme, sa morale naturelle, sa réévaluation des passions, et le fait qu'il excuse chez les jeunes gens le recours à des courtisanes...", "page": "8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/41915756", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "SOS Association", "aliases": ["SOS Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer protection"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provides legal counsel and support (e.g., model documents) to consumers for enforcing their rights in civil cases or alternative dispute resolution, acting as a consumer advocate.", "quote": "These organizations provide many services ranging from legal counsel to model documents.", "page": "215", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "SOS Esclaves", "aliases": ["SOS Esclaves"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mauritania"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "human rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias et espace public en Mauritanie: l'exemple d'internet", "author": "TO Sid'Ahmed", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "The organization works to expose cases of slavery through its website, which are then amplified by international and local media, bringing issues to public attention and pressuring the government.", "quote": "Révélée quelques mois après sa création par une organisation semi-locale dénommée SOS esclaves, l'affaire fait le tour de la presse internationale et des chancelleries occidentales.", "page": "4", "url": "http://archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr/sic_00378773/", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Mauritania", "when": "late 1980s - 2005"}]}, {"name": "SOS Faim", "aliases": ["SOS Faim"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Belgium", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental sustainability", "food security"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération du débat après le spectacle\" Nourrir l'Humanité–Acte II\"\"(Compagnie de théâtre documentaire Adoc)\"", "author": "R RECKINGER", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides expertise related to food security, sustainable agriculture in developing countries, and rural development, thereby informing the play's portrayal of global food issues and influencing public awareness.", "quote": "Remerciements: Pour leurs expertises et leur engagement: ... SOS Faim; Elisabeth Gruié et Christian Jonet pour la Ceinture Alimentaire Liégeoise", "page": "1", "url": "https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/61786", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Belgium (with interviews also in France)", "when": "21st century (post-2011 contemporary issues)"}]}, {"name": "SOS Homophobie", "aliases": ["SOS Homophobie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes reports (e.g., 'Rapport sur les LGBTIphobies') that highlight increases in hate crimes and hostility against LGBTIQ+ individuals, generating public pressure and advocating for their rights.", "quote": "Les associations d'aide aux victimes et les médias tirent la sonnette d'alarme sur une situation inquiétante de l'augmentation notable des crimes de haine et l'hostilité anti-LGBT en Suisse et dans le monde (... SOS Homophobie, 2024...).", "page": "5", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "SOS Il Telefono Azzurro Onlus", "aliases": ["SOS Il Telefono Azzurro Onlus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["child safety", "content moderation"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "TIKTOK E LA TUTELA DEI MINORI: i provvedimenti legislativi e l'azione delle famiglie Antonello Pirozzi", "author": "CJM del Progetto ERASMUS", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborates with the Italian Data Protection Authority (Garante per la Privacy) on national TV campaigns to raise parental awareness, encouraging active supervision of children's social media use and adherence to age restrictions.", "quote": "Il Garante per la Privacy ha avviato, dal mese di febbraio 2021, sulle tv nazionali ed in collaborazione con la onlus Telefono Azzurro, una campagna di sensibilizzazione con l'obiettivo di richiamare i genitori a svolgere un ruolo attivo di vigilanza sull'utilizzo dei social network da parte dei propri figli.", "page": "16", "url": "https://www-2023.eudila.ing.uniroma2.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/TIKTOK-e-la-tutela-dei-minori.pdf", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, TikTok platform", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2017-2024)"}]}, {"name": "SOS-Racisme", "aliases": ["SOS-Racisme"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "racial equality"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This association was stigmatised by content posted on a blog by the founder of La Tribu KA. They participated in content moderation by initiating legal action against defamatory and hateful speech.", "quote": "Le prévenu avait accordé au titulaire d'un blog une interview où il stigmatisait la communauté juive ainsi que les associations comme SOS-Racisme, l'Union des Étudiants Juifs de France et J'accuse.", "page": "60", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Soul Brothers", "aliases": ["Soul Brothers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Used encrypted lyrics with cryptic references to the South African situation, changing words on lyric sheets to bypass censors while conveying subtle protest messages to their audience.", "quote": "Many musicians tried to sneak controversial ideas onto recordings and/or radio using cryptic references to the South African situation. One group who used this approach was the Soul Brothers.", "page": "188", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "SoulReMe English Conversation Club", "aliases": ["SoulReMe English Conversation Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": ["Online ESL conversation club"], "norms": ["community building", "diversity and inclusion", "public debate"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation Matters: Measuring Conversational Moderation Impact in English as a Second Language Group Discussion", "author": "Gao, Rena; Chen, Ming-Bin; Frermann, Lea; Lau, Jey Han", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The club facilitates group discussions for English as a Second Language (ESL) speakers by employing moderators. These moderators guide conversations, ensure a friendly and engaging environment, and monitor discussion flow and timing, thus practicing content moderation within its community.", "quote": "The moderator's responsibilities include (1) guiding participants in addressing the discussion questions, (2) fostering a friendly and engaging discussion environment, and (3) monitoring the discussion flow and timing.", "page": "3", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online ESL conversation club (global, Chinese ESL speakers)", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "South African Broadcasting Corporation", "aliases": ["South African Broadcasting Corporation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Ethiopia"], "media": ["State media"], "norms": ["journalistic ethics", "media independence", "public interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2010, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Justifying Self-censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia", "author": "Skjerdal, Terje", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Accused of fostering self-censorship in its newsrooms by acting as a tool for the ruling party, including removing critical documentaries and blacklisting commentators, thereby engaging in institutional moderation/censorship.", "quote": "The critique in this regard is particularly aimed at the public broadcaster SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation), which has been accused of being a tool for the ruling party ANC (African National Congress).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.westminsterpapers.org/article/id/150/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ethiopia (state media), broader African media context", "when": "Early 21st century (2000s-2010)"}]}, {"name": "South African Council of Churches (SACC)", "aliases": ["South African Council of Churches (SACC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Declared explicit opposition to apartheid and campaigned against theologies of accommodation and acquiescence, calling for international sanctions and hinting at civil disobedience.", "quote": "SACC called for international sanctions, protested the reentrenchment of apartheid, and hinted civil disobedience, acting 'in the name of protecting human rights' and challenging theologies of accommodation.", "page": "79", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "South African Publications Commission", "aliases": ["South African Publications Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["humanism", "literary authenticity", "literary merit", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "A state body composed of literary critics and academics who acted as censors in apartheid South Africa, banning books that failed to meet their literary standards or were deemed ideologically undesirable, serving as 'guardian of the literary' and 'policeman'.", "quote": "The South African Publications Commission could argue in a Report from 1956 that, ‘it was possible to “safeguard” genuine literary works.’ McDonald’s history of literary censorship under apartheid attends to the ways in which censorship, with literary critics at work as censors, functioned paradoxically as at once the guardian of the literary as well as its policeman", "page": "107", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "South Asian Subaltern Studies Group", "aliases": ["South Asian Subaltern Studies Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-elitism", "empowerment of marginalized groups", "representation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Classical antiquity to 19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the subaltern and the question of censorship in Gramsci's <i>Prison Notebooks</i>", "author": "Green, Marcus E", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Through its research and publication series, this group actively counteracts the historical marginalization or 'censorship' of subaltern voices. It aims to reclaim and re-narrate the politics of people in South Asian history that elitist and nationalist historiography previously ignored.", "quote": "to reclaim the politics of the people in South Asian history, a topic elitist and nationalist historiography tended to ignore.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13688790.2011.641913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy (Ancient Rome, medieval communes, Risorgimento)", "when": "Classical antiquity to late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "South Baden Action Alliance against Deportation (SAGA)", "aliases": ["South Baden Action Alliance against Deportation (SAGA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["activist/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["human rights", "migrant rights"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Assists asylum seekers and is a local activist group that Our Voice radio volunteers connect with to conduct joint activities for local refugees and promote their rights.", "quote": "Local refugees frequent this area due to the presence of various organizations such as the South Baden Action Alliance against Deportation (SAGA) and Medinetz...", "page": "224", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "South East Fermanagh Foundation", "aliases": ["South East Fermanagh Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Democratic resilience", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "SEFF uses memorial quilts, publications and advocacy services to shape public memory, press for justice/accountability for victims, and disseminate information via newsletters and an app.", "quote": "SEFF’s core mission is supporting victims/survivors of terrorism and commemorative work; it does not focus on platformized-content-governance though it produces online publications and apps.", "page": "", "url": "https://seff.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "South Korean student movement", "aliases": ["South Korean student movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Asia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Ecuador", "Iberia", "Latin America", "Peru", "Philippines", "Portugal", "South Korea", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national sovereignty", "political change"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions", "author": "Bermeo, Nancy", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Dominated by anti-American groups, it engaged in widespread rioting and demonstrations, often involving violence, effectively challenging government control in commercial areas during South Korea's transition.", "quote": "Within the universities, anti-American groups seeking to alter the nation's 'position in international alliances' dominated the student movement. Underground study groups called chiha served as bases for vanguard demonstrations of 200 to 300 students that often involved the hurling of gasoline bombs.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/422123?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iberia (Portugal, Spain), Latin America (Peru, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador), and Asia (Philippines, South Korea)", "when": "Third Wave Democratic Transitions (1970s-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "South West Grid for Leaning (SWGfL)", "aliases": ["South West Grid for Leaning (SWGfL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity; online safety organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; IGF 2025; OSA-related public consultation; Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025; Meta Safety Partners", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "SWGfL publishes guidance and resources, operates technical tools (Whisper, StopNCII, Test Filtering), runs training and helplines, and partners with platform safety initiatives to shape practice and reporting pathways.", "quote": "SWGfL's core mission is online safety and security—providing tools, training, policy guidance and reporting services directly relevant to platform content governance and safety practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://swgfl.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "South-Western Section of the Imperial Geographic Society in Kyiv", "aliases": ["South-Western Section of the Imperial Geographic Society in Kyiv"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Russian Empire", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural development", "intellectual discourse", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1863, "when_max": 1876, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice", "author": "Remy, Johannes", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Ukrainian activists controlled this public organization and its associated Russian-language newspaper, using these platforms to advance Ukrainian cultural and national ideas, which was denounced as 'agitation' and targeted by censorship.", "quote": "In the two years between 1874 and 1876 they controlled a public organization, the South-Western Section of the Imperial Geographic Society in Kyiv, and had editorial control of the Russian-language newspaper Kiev Telegraph from January to August 1875.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russian Empire, Ukraine", "when": "1863–1876"}]}, {"name": "Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art", "aliases": ["Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural value"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Supported another controversial artwork (a photograph by Andres Serrano) which led to specific legislative sanctions from Congress, mirroring the response to the Mapplethorpe exhibition.", "quote": "Particularized sanctions like these were also applied by the 1989 statute to the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art in South Carolina, which had supported another work—a photograph of a crucifix in urine by Andres Serrano—that angered members of Congress.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)", "aliases": ["Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil rights", "social change"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engaged in counterpublic activity, influencing the civil rights agenda and developing tactics for social change, which sometimes faced opposition from other Black groups.", "quote": "The appearance of conservative Blacks' ideas on segregation in White newspapers occurred simultaneously with and in reaction to the counterpublic activity of Southern Christian Leadership Conference.", "page": "21", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Southern Conference Movement", "aliases": ["Southern Conference Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Participated with Black counterpublics in the 1930s and 40s to collectively address issues of segregation and racial injustice.", "quote": "Similarly, the participation of White members of the South-ern Conference Movement with Black counterpublics in the 1930s and 40s occurred when most of the White public believed in strict segrega-tion (Reed, 1991).", "page": "21", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)", "aliases": ["Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "anti-hate speech", "civil rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on extremist groups and their online activities, describing and critiquing their ideologies and tactics to inform the public.", "quote": "As far back as 2010, the Southern Poverty Law Centre described the website as extreme right and “loaded with contributors who, like Spencer, have long lamented the white man’s decline” (Keller 2010).", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Southern Poverty Law Center (Teaching Tolerance)", "aliases": ["Southern Poverty Law Center (Teaching Tolerance)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "child safety", "harm reduction", "public understanding", "tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Special report to Parliament: freedom of expression and freedom from hate in the Internet age", "author": "", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Provides a website and resources to combat hate, implicitly setting norms against hate speech and educating the public about its deceptive tactics.", "quote": "From the website of Teaching Tolerance, a project of the Southern Poverty Law Centre: www.tolerance.org", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "2000s, focusing on the Internet Age"}]}, {"name": "Southern Weekend editorial staff", "aliases": ["Southern Weekend editorial staff"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Limits of Commercialized Censorship in China", "author": "Miller, Blake", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in a strike to protest the alteration of their New Year's editorial by the Guangzhou Propaganda Department, which was a direct pushback against state censorship and control over media content. They also used social media to gain momentum for their actions.", "quote": "as implied by their original \"\"China Dream", "page": "Constitutional Dream\"\" editorial theme.\"", "url": "https://osf.io/wn7pr", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "SOVA Centre for the Study of Nationalism and Xenophobia", "aliases": ["SOVA Centre for the Study of Nationalism and Xenophobia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["state television Channel 1"], "norms": ["nationalism", "xenophobia"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the Extreme: The Role of Vladimir Pozner’s Vremena in Russian State Television Responses to the Rise of Xenophobia", "author": "Miazhevich, Galina", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Monitors and traces the legitimization of hate language in the Russian press, providing academic analysis of nationalism and xenophobia.", "quote": "The ongoing process of the legitimization of hate language in the Russian press (Vasilieva 2007) is traced in the publications of the SOVA Centre for the Study of Nationalism and Xenophobia.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476410365704", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Russia (state television Channel 1)", "when": "Post-Soviet context, primarily 2000s (focus on 2006-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Soviet human rights activists", "aliases": ["Soviet human rights activists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union", "author": "Stelmakh, V. D", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Merged with samizdat creators and distributors, engaging in open opposition to the regime and contributing to the dissemination of forbidden information.", "quote": "Its creators and the top layer of distributors merged with human rights activists and were engaged in open opposition to the regime.", "page": "8", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18888", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (USSR)", "when": "1960s-1980s (Cold War)"}]}, {"name": "Soviet intelligentsia", "aliases": ["Soviet intelligentsia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural exchange", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia: A case study in productive censorship", "author": "Baer, Brian James", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Members of the intelligentsia utilized Aesopian language—encoded texts with hidden meanings—in both original works and translations to convey oppositional messages and values, effectively bypassing state censorship and fostering alternative interpretive communities capable of decoding these veiled communications.", "quote": "As I have argued elsewhere, Aesopian language in Soviet literature helped to (re)produce an an oppositional intelligentsia (Baer 2006a, 17), representing values and beliefs – and a theory of art and literature – that were in many ways contrary to those of the official ideology of the regime.", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14781700.2011.528680", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Russia", "when": "20th century (Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Soviet rock music movement", "aliases": ["Soviet rock music movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural pluralism", "dissent", "political independence"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSORSHIP AS A FACTOR OF INFORMATION WARFARE", "author": "Agapova, E.A.; Grishechko, E.G.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "The Soviet rock music movement contributed to disordering state mechanisms by fostering alternative cultural expressions and creating a space for content not controlled by the state.", "quote": "For example, such phenomena as Samizdat and the Soviet rock music served the purpose of disordering state mechanisms.", "page": "2", "url": "http://rulb.org/wp-content/uploads/wpem/pdf_compilations/3(7)/3(7).pdf#page=44", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on Soviet Union, Europe, and Russia", "when": "Modern era (20th-21st century)"}]}, {"name": "Sovremennye Zapiski", "aliases": ["Sovremennye Zapiski"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["group identity", "historical orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a principal émigré literary review, it censored a chapter of Nabokov's novel \"Le Don\"\" for political reasons", "quote": "Political alignment, upholding \"traditions of Russian public life\"\" within the émigré community.\"", "page": "La principale revue d'émigrés Sovrémennye zapiski, publiée à Paris par un groupe d'anciens membres du Parti social révolutionnaire, fit paraître le roman en feuilletons (nos 63-67, 1937-1938), en omettant cependant le chapitre quatre qui fut écarté pour les mêmes raisons qui poussent Vassiliev [...] à le rejeter", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Soziale Medien, Meinungsbildung und Regulierung", "aliases": ["Soziale Medien, Meinungsbildung und Regulierung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media/knowledge translation organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "SMC convenes experts, issues 'Science Response' briefs and press briefings to shape public and policy debates on social media, disinformation and regulatory questions.", "quote": "SMC organises press briefings and publishes science responses on social media, disinformation and regulation (e.g. DSA), engaging with platform governance debates though its core mission is science communication.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/angebote/soziale-medien-meinungsbildung-und-regulierung-24132", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Soziale Netzwerke: Sicherheit für Kinder - Schau hin", "aliases": ["Soziale Netzwerke: Sicherheit für Kinder - Schau hin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public awareness initiative; child media safety"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guides, studies, brochures and a newsletter to inform parents and shape public understanding of online risks and safety practices for children.", "quote": "Provides guidance, educational materials and advice for parents on social networks and child safety, engaging with platform practices indirectly via safety settings and media education.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.schau-hin.info/soziale-netzwerke", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Space Theatre", "aliases": ["Space Theatre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "equality", "free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Théâtre sud-africain: le spectre du grand censeur", "author": "S St-Jacques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Founded by Pieter-Dirk Uys, this theatre provided a platform for artists to create and perform works with political content, using humor to challenge and denounce the apartheid regime, thereby implicitly resisting censorship and repression.", "quote": "De retour en Afrique du Sud, il a fondé le Space Theatre, bien convaincu que l'humour était la meilleure arme pour engendrer le changement.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jeu/2021-n179-jeu06341/96711ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1970s – 2021"}]}, {"name": "spaCy", "aliases": ["spaCy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Online educational platforms"], "norms": ["open access", "open source", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Qi-Brain: An intelligent moderator for educational group debates", "author": "Rodrigues, Nayara Yasmym; Pita, Manuel Marques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "spaCy, an open-source NLP library, provides tools and models for entity extraction, part-of-speech tagging, and dependency parsing, which are essential for the Qi-Brain chatbot's ability to measure utterance complexity and coherence in educational debates.", "quote": "Spacy is an open-source software library for advanced natural language processing, written in the programming languages Python.", "page": "23", "url": "informatica.ulusofona.pt", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "online educational platforms, Portugal", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Academies", "aliases": ["Spanish Academies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "state ideology", "traditional order"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Francisco Sánchez-Blanco,«El Censor. Un periódico contra el Antiguo Régimen»", "author": "M Román López", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "These institutions, once established as organs supervised by the Crown, served to shape and control intellectual and cultural discourse, operating as gatekeepers that fostered specific modes of thought or regulated official literary and aesthetic norms, distinct from more private intellectual circles.", "quote": "la distancia abierta entre el pensamiento que fomentan las tertulias privadas y el de las academias desde que estas últimas se constituyen como órganos tutelados por la Corona", "page": "4", "url": "https://rodin.uca.es/bitstream/handle/10498/19898/315_319.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Catholic Church", "aliases": ["Spanish Catholic Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Arab world", "France", "Germany", "Portugal", "Romania", "Russia", "Spain", "United Kingdom"], "media": ["advertising", "cinema", "literature"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et traduction", "author": "M Ballard, Centre de recherche Textes, cultures (Arras)", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "The Spanish Catholic Church influenced the translation process through its ideological stakes, likely shaping texts to align with its doctrines and values during the 19th century.", "quote": "La traduction comme appropriation du texte : l'Eglise catholique espagnole et les enjeux idéologiques de la traduction au XIXe siècle-Solange Hibbs-Lissorgues", "page": "2", "url": "https://usv.ro/fisiere_utilizator/file/atelierdetraduction/arhive/AT/AT%20NUMEROS/AT%2017/17_167-170_Anca%20Procopiuc%20Andrei%20(Roumanie),%20Censure%20et%20traduction_Michel%20Ballard%20(coord.).pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, France, Germany, Portugal, Russia, Romania, Arab world, UK; across literature, cinema, media, advertising, and internet sites", "when": "16th-20th centuries, Cold War era (Soviet/Communist regimes), Francoist Spain (1936-1969)"}]}, {"name": "Spanish employers' association", "aliases": ["Spanish employers' association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["economic interests", "political influence"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 1993, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estructuras triádical en el debate político-electoral", "author": "JLB ARROYO", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "This organization influences political discourse by providing policy recommendations to political candidates, attempting to persuade them to adopt specific programs. This acts as a form of gatekeeping or agenda-setting for certain economic policies within the public debate.", "quote": "algunos asesores de la patronal le han dicho... le han dicho que ése es el programa que hay que hacer, pero llevan quince años intentando colocarlo", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/111629013/cill.24.1.200260220240219-1-xkdwfv.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, televised political debates", "when": "1993"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Inquisition (Holy Office)", "aliases": ["Spanish Inquisition (Holy Office)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France", "Italian city-states", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published numerous indexes of forbidden and expurgated books (1551, 1554, 1559, 1583, 1584, etc.) over three centuries, maintaining an independent policy from Rome on press control, and issuing expurgation orders (e.g., for Bibles) to eliminate views contrary to Church teachings and superstitious practices.", "quote": "Les quatre éditions connues du premier index espagnol parues en 1551 à Valladolid, Tolède, Séville et Valence, sont des rééditions de l'index de Louvain 1550; elles sont suivies d'un Memorial qui totalise 109 condamnations d'auteurs et de livres prohibés précédemment par le Saint-Office espagnol. [...] En août 1559, huit mois après la publication du premier index romain, l'archevêque de Séville et Inquisiteur général Fernando de Valdés fait imprimer un important catalogue de livres interdits qui affirme l'indépendance de l'Inquisition espagnole à l'égard de l'Inquisition romaine.", "page": "8, 9, 14", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Inquisition / Holy Office of the Inquisition", "aliases": ["Spanish Inquisition / Holy Office of the Inquisition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Discours anticlérical et littérature au milieu du XVIe siècle. Le cas du Lazarillo de Tormes", "author": "M Boeglin", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Censored publications, published the first Spanish Index of forbidden books in 1559, and controlled the regular distribution of books to bar the infiltration of Protestantism in Spain.", "quote": "la fin de la décennie 1550... entraîna une mobilisation de l'appareil inquisitorial destiné à barrer la route à toute infiltration du protestantisme en Espagne et conduisit à la publication du premier Index espagnol dès 1559 et au contrôle régulier des fonds de librairie.", "page": "13", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-02141432/", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "Spanish literary critics", "aliases": ["Spanish literary critics"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic quality", "political ideology"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1975, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y AUTOCENSURA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN LITERARIA ESPAÑOLA", "author": "Abellán, M L", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Exerted influence on literary production and reception through their selection criteria, ideological stance, and the attention given (or denied) to specific authors and works in newspapers and magazines, thus acting as gatekeepers and shaping literary discourse.", "quote": "Se desconoce totalmente el modo de reclutamiento de los practicantes de la crítica literaria, los criterios de la selección de libros, su adscripción ideológica, así como tampoco se ha realizado un balance circunstanciado de la actividad crítica en revistas y periódicos.", "page": "3", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Franco era (1939-1975)"}]}, {"name": "Spanish Protestants", "aliases": ["Spanish Protestants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th–16th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1550, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Della entrata della Compagnia di Giesù e Christianità nella Cina de Matteo Ricci (1609) et les remaniements de sa traduction latine (1615)", "author": "J Gernet", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Advocated for doctrines contrary to Roman Catholicism, such as justification by grace, leading to intense control and repression of their public discourse by the Inquisition.", "quote": "C'est le cas du mouvement spécifique des alumbrados ou des protestants de la péninsule, lesquels, du fait du contrôle de l'Inquisition et de l'encadrement religieux, avaient circonscrit les thèses défendues dans la sphère publique...", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2003_num_147_1_22540", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Spain, Europe", "when": "Late Middle Ages to mid-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Spanish publishing industry", "aliases": ["Spanish publishing industry"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic quality", "political influence"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Franco era"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1975, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y AUTOCENSURA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN LITERARIA ESPAÑOLA", "author": "Abellán, M L", "year": "1982", "mechanism": "Applied a form of 'legitimate and justified censorship' by establishing aesthetic preferences and political leanings in their editorial policies, thereby limiting the acceptance of manuscripts from writers, independent of official state censorship. They also, at times, facilitated the circulation of unauthorized works.", "quote": "La política literaria seguida por las distintas casas editoriales no ha dependido directamente ni de la censura \"oficial\"\" ni de los recursos tecnológicos o económico y", "page": "sin embargo", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Franco era (1939-1975)"}]}, {"name": "Speak Up and Stay Safe(r)", "aliases": ["Speak Up and Stay Safe(r)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites ...Speak Up and Stay Safe(r)...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Speakers' Corner", "aliases": ["Speakers' Corner"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Finland", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-national perspectives", "author": "Keipi, Teo; Näsi, Matti; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Historically provided a physical public space for free expression of opinions and ideologies, facilitating debate and interaction in a traditional public sphere.", "quote": "Throughout its vast history, extending from the 1850s, Speakers’ Corner has been among the most famous venues for publicly expressing one’s views.", "page": "109", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315628370", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK, US, Germany, Finland, and online social media platforms", "when": "post-1990s, with a focus on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Special Committee on Hate Propaganda", "aliases": ["Special Committee on Hate Propaganda"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "human rights", "social cohesion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Appointed to study and report on hate propaganda in Canada, recommending changes to Canadian law to address hate speech, thereby shaping legal frameworks for censorship.", "quote": "In January 1965, the then minister of justice, the Honourable Guy Favreau, appointed a Special Committee on Hate Propaganda headed by Maxwell Cohen, dean of McGill University’s Law School “to study and report upon the problems related to the dissemination of varieties of ‘hate propaganda’ in Canada” (Cohen, 1966, p. 1).", "page": "134", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada (Maxwell Cohen - Chairman)", "aliases": ["Special Committee on Hate Propaganda in Canada (Maxwell Cohen - Chairman)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "harm reduction", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Propaganda - The Amendments to the Criminal Code", "author": "Cohen, Stephen S", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Conducted a study on hate directed against collectivities and recommended legislation, setting out a framework that became the basis for the amendment to the Criminal Code.", "quote": "The Cohen Committee published its report in 1965. It concluded that: ...it would nevertheless be unwise to ignore thein because though few in number, they represent a potential danger that cannot be measured by statistics alone. The Cohen Committee therefore recommended that legislation should be passed and set out the framework...", "page": "769", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada, England, United States", "when": "18th century–1970s"}]}, {"name": "Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution", "aliases": ["Special Committee on Pornography and Prostitution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "social protection"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure et son utilité: le cas Internet.", "author": "P Corriveau", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "This special committee proposed a definition of pornography to clarify the concept for legal and policy purposes, thereby setting norms that influenced Canadian law and policy regarding obscene content.", "quote": "le Comité Fraser a proposé la définition suivante pour clarifier la notion de pornographie.", "page": "69", "url": "https://ruor.uottawa.ca/items/77e917d1-266b-4edc-bd2b-27fa61a4be3c", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Canada, Internet", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression of the OAS (Organization of American States)", "aliases": ["Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression of the OAS (Organization of American States)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "harm reduction", "national security", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão nas redes sociais:(in) constitucionalidade dos mecanismos de moderação de conteúdo", "author": "WS Soares", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducted a special study referenced by the STF, acknowledging that freedom of access to information is not absolute and can be restricted to protect the rights or reputation of others, national security, public order, and public morals, thus influencing the interpretation of limits to freedom of expression.", "quote": "Nesse estudo, reconhece-se a possibilidade de limitações ao exercício do direito de liberdade de expressão e de acesso à informação pautadas na proteção dos direitos ou da reputação de outras pessoas, da segurança nacional, da ordem pública e da moral públicas.", "page": "116", "url": "http://52.186.153.119/handle/123456789/4260", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social networks", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Specialized fact-checking organizations", "aliases": ["Specialized fact-checking organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Romain Badouard, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure", "author": "P Brouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Performing fact-checking, which is a form of regulation influencing the visibility and credibility of online content.", "quote": "Les pratiques de fact-checking – soit performées directement par des individus ou des groupes d'usagers, soit confiées à des organismes spécialisés – interpellent sur les conditions concrètes de cette forme de régulation.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/2049", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, Europe (with global context)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical legal context"}]}, {"name": "Specially Formed Challenge Committee", "aliases": ["Specially Formed Challenge Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "education", "intellectual freedom", "parental rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Three Metaphors", "author": "Boyd, Fenice B.; Bailey, Nancy M.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Convened to evaluate a citizen's formal request to remove a book from a school library, and after a public hearing, decided against the book's removal, thereby acting as a moderation body for curriculum content.", "quote": "After a public hearing, a specially formed challenge committee comprised of parents, townspeople, and educators decided to keep the book in the library.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/27654328", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1990s–2000s"}]}, {"name": "Spenceans", "aliases": ["Spenceans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["land reform", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Used liturgical parodies and satirical political toasts in taverns as a form of popular protest and 'counter-theatre' against government policies, evading official censorship and disseminating radical ideas.", "quote": "Hone’s liturgical parodies were sung by the Spenceans as part of the counter-theatre of tavern entertainments, and were enormously popular throughout the country in 1817 even before the trials of December.", "page": "37", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Spenceans (agricultural reformers)", "aliases": ["Spenceans (agricultural reformers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "intellectual freedom", "political opposition", "political reform"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Used William Hone's liturgical parodies as a form of 'counter-theatre' and political protest, disseminating radical ideas in tavern entertainments.", "quote": "Hone’s liturgical parodies were sung by the Spenceans as part of the counter-theatre of tavern entertainments, and were enormously popular throughout the country in 1817 even before the trials of December.", "page": "37", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft, SPIO e.V.", "aliases": ["Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft, SPIO e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Hate", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "SPIO publishes sector statistics and Stellungnahmen, advocates with classification bodies (FSK) and cultural institutions, and publicly supports campaigns (e.g., DACH gegen Hass) to shape policy and public debate.", "quote": "SPIO is a German film industry umbrella organisation whose core mission is film sector advocacy and data, but it engages with platform-relevant issues (Jugendmedienschutz, FSK automated rating CLEARD, anti-hate initiatives).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.spio.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Spletno oko (Safer Internet Centre Slovenia)", "aliases": ["Spletno oko (Safer Internet Centre Slovenia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'trusted flagger' network, allowing users to report hate speech and child sexual abuse online, and evaluating/reporting potentially illegal content to authorities or social networks.", "quote": "Spletno oko... allows users to report hate speech and sexual abuse of children online. It has the status of a ‘trusted flagger,' conferred by social networks on trustworthy organizations and individuals who frequently and accurately flag problematic content.", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "SPOT ON - Aspen Institute Germany", "aliases": ["SPOT ON - Aspen Institute Germany"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy reports and analyses shaping transatlantic debate on platform regulation and AI policy, convenes experts and stakeholders to inform policymakers.", "quote": "The report analyzes EU/US digital regulation (DSA, DMA, AI Act, GDPR), executive orders on AI and speech, and transatlantic platform governance—direct engagement with platformized-content governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aspeninstitute.de/wp-content/uploads/SpotOn_Digitalpolitik-unter-Trump-2.0_April-2025.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Spouting clubs", "aliases": ["Spouting clubs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "pluralism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Served as informal venues for political discourse and radical expression, particularly in the context of the \"Radical Underworld", "quote": "Radical political discourse, free speech, informal debate.", "page": "the tavern ?spouting clubs? of the mid-eighteenth to early-nineteenth centuries (home of Ian McCalman?s Radical Underworld) (4)", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "SPRITE+", "aliases": ["SPRITE+"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research network / university-led consortium"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "SPRITE+ convenes cross-sector expert fellows and project partners, issues research and funds small projects to shape policy and practice, and partners with regulators and industry to inform governance of digital trust, privacy and security.", "quote": "SPRITE+ convenes research, practice and policy communities on trust, identity, privacy and security and explicitly seeks to \"understand, inform and influence policy making and practice at regional, national and international level.\"", "page": "", "url": "https://www.spritehub.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Spunk Library", "aliases": ["Spunk Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchist views", "anti-capitalism", "free speech", "intellectual discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Maintains an electronic archive of populist rhetoric, activist information, and intellectual anarchist content, functioning as an archive, distributor, and communication node, especially for out-of-print or electronic-only works.", "quote": "The electronic archive Spunk Press (examined in more detail in Chapter 6) offers a rare blend of populist rhetoric, activist information and intellectual substance.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Squall", "aliases": ["Squall"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "marginalized groups' rights", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Published by activists, provided information for homeless people, squatters, and travellers, and articulated the voices of marginalized communities, later transitioning to an online format.", "quote": "Squall, which was launched in the year after The Big Issue to provide information for the homeless, for squatters and travellers. Squall is more convincingly the voice of the homeless, since it is largely written by activists, many of whom are active in the squatting movement and have experiences of being homeless themselves.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Srikandi Lintas Iman", "aliases": ["Srikandi Lintas Iman"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace", "pluralism"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A women-based interfaith community dedicated to promoting interfaith dialogue, collaboration, and peacebuilding, by breaking social stigma and fostering friendships across faiths, and training preschool teachers.", "quote": "Srikandi Lintas Iman (Srili), an interfaith women-based community dedicated to promoting interfaith dialogue and collaboration to strengthen peacebuilding and diversity in Indonesia.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "SRIW e.V., SCOPE Europe Monitoring", "aliases": ["SRIW e.V., SCOPE Europe Monitoring"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["monitoring body; data protection association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "SCOPE Europe is an accredited monitoring body for GDPR codes (EU Cloud CoC, Data Pro Code), conducts independent assessments, manages complaint procedures, publishes public registers and newsletters, and engages with code owners and supervisory authorities to promote compliance.", "quote": "SRIW's SCOPE Europe serves as an accredited GDPR Monitoring Body for the EU Cloud CoC and Data Pro Code, engaging in data protection monitoring of cloud and IT service providers rather than direct content moderation or platform policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://sriw.de/en/detail/scope-europe", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "St Paul's Cathedral (online discussion group)", "aliases": ["St Paul's Cathedral (online discussion group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "religious freedom", "religious values"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Maintained an online discussion group within Xici Alleys dedicated to Christianity, offering a forum for religious discussion and community interaction in a context where such groups were uncommon.", "quote": "St Paul's Cathedral (sheng bao luo jiao tang) on Christianity; it was unusual to find such groups on the Chinese web.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Stack Overflow (community/peer governance)", "aliases": ["Stack Overflow (community/peer governance)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "community standards", "content quality", "self-governance"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can you moderate an unreadable message?'Blind'content moderation via human computation", "author": "S Frey, MW Bos, RW Sumner", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Relies on a peer governance model where user peers are responsible for moderating content and enforcing community standards within the network.", "quote": "Systems that rely more heavily on peer governance include... sites in the Stack Overflow network. This dimension captures whether acts of moderation are performed by... user peers...", "page": "24", "url": "http://www.hcjournal.org/index.php/jhc/article/view/83", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media and UGC platforms, with a focus on child-focused and collective content", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000s platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Stage Society", "aliases": ["Stage Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produced unlicensed plays, like Harley Granville Barker's Waste, that were banned by the censor, providing a platform for controversial works outside commercial theatre, despite facing ambivalent critical responses.", "quote": "The Stage Society’s production of the unlicensed play in November 1907 met with very ambivalent critical response, which reveals the peculiar attitude of even advanced critics to censorship.", "page": "64", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Stand for Peace", "aliases": ["Stand for Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "interfaith understanding"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Jewish-Muslim interfaith organization that works to undercut polarising ideological claims made by violent extremists.", "quote": "a Jewish-Muslim interfaith organisation, works to undercut the polarising ideological claims made by violent extremists.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand", "aliases": ["Standards Australia / Standards New Zealand"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Standards body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["software quality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and access to expression", "author": "K Mathiesen", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provides systematic approaches and standards for software project risk management to minimize losses and maximize opportunities.", "quote": "an Australasian standard (AS/NZS, 1999) provide similar systematic approaches to risk management", "page": "441", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470281819#page=578", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "Mid-20th century to 2008"}]}, {"name": "Standards Council of Canada", "aliases": ["Standards Council of Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["cyber security", "product quality", "public safety", "technical standards"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as Vice-President of the committee on the Internet of Things and related technologies, influencing the development of standards that affect technology design and security.", "quote": "Il est le Vice-président du comité sur l’Internet des objets et technologies connexes au Conseil canadien des normes.", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Standpunte", "aliases": ["Standpunte"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["independent discourse", "literary quality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Apartheid era"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The literature police: Apartheid censorship and its cultural consequences", "author": "PD McDonald", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Founded by prominent literary figures in 1945, this literary magazine served as a platform for critical discourse, implicitly shaping literary norms and potentially pushing back against state censorship through the content it published and the editorial board it maintained.", "quote": "Daarom ook dat Van Wyk Louw en W.E.G. Louw hom, en nie Dekker nie, by die oprigting van Standpunte in 1945 uitgenooi het om tot die redaksie toe te tree.", "page": "2", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1960s-1990s (Apartheid era)"}]}, {"name": "StandWithUs", "aliases": ["StandWithUs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["pro-israel image", "zionist ideals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Participates in public relations campaigns to promote a positive image of Israel, specifically leveraging its perceived 'gay-friendliness' (pinkwashing) to counter negative international perceptions of Israeli policies.", "quote": "Stand With US, a self-declared Zionist organisation, has been quoted in The Jerusalem Post as saying, 'We decided to improve Israel's image through the gay community in Israel.'", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Center for Internet and Society", "aliases": ["Stanford Center for Internet and Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "internet governance", "privacy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Automation in Moderation", "author": "Bloch-Wehba, Hannah", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in research and analysis of internet content filters and their implications, particularly regarding judicial decisions that compel platforms to moderate content.", "quote": "See also DAPHNE KELLER, DOLPHINS IN THE NET: INTERNET CONTENT FILTERS AND THE ADVOCATE GENERAL'S GLASWISCHNIG-PIESCZEK V. FACEBOOK IRELAND OPINION 2 (Stanford Ctr. for Internet & Soc'y 2019).", "page": "33", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Cyber Policy Center", "aliases": ["Stanford Cyber Policy Center"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "pluralism", "transparency", "user control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MIDDLEWARE FOR DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS: A TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY", "author": "Fukuyama, Francis; Richman, Barak; Goel, Ashish; Katz, Roberta R; Melamed, A Douglas; Schaake, Marietje", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Published a policy report advocating for a technological solution ('middleware') to dilute the editorial control of dominant digital platforms, thereby addressing threats to democracy and fostering competition in content curation.", "quote": "Stanford Cyber Policy Center Freeman Spogli Institute MIDDLEWARE FOR DOMINANT DIGITAL PLATFORMS: A TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO A THREAT TO DEMOCRACY", "page": "1", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Dominant Digital Platforms (USA and Europe)", "when": "Post-2016 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Empirical Security Research Group", "aliases": ["Stanford Empirical Security Research Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific research", "security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides helpful discussions and support for research on security and censorship measurement.", "quote": "We also thank Jackson Sippe, Jade Sheffey, Paul Flammarion, the Stanford Empirical Security Research Group, the Stanford University security and networking teams, and many others who prefer to remain anonymous for their helpful discussions and support.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Stanford History Education Group", "aliases": ["Stanford History Education Group"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "media literacy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts research and develops educational approaches, such as teaching 'lateral reading,' to improve individuals' digital literacy and critical evaluation of online information sources.", "quote": "Early studies suggest that interventions such as labeling may assist in educating people about lateral reading or reminding people to engage in the practice", "page": "14", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)", "aliases": ["Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["ai policy informing", "ai transparency", "human-centered ai", "responsible ai development"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A comprehensive review of llm-based content moderation: Advancements, challenges, and future directions", "author": "C Chen, W Qu, S Su, Y Feng, T Li", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Produces reports and indices, like the 'AI Index Report', that measure trends and contribute to transparency and awareness in AI, informing policymakers and the public on AI's societal impact and governance challenges.", "quote": "Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, 'AI Index Report 2023 — Measuring Trends in Artificial Intelligence', Stanford University, April 2023", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705125017289", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms (Meta/Facebook), EU regulatory context", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with emphasis on post-2018 AI developments and future (2025)"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Program in Law, Science and Technology (CodeX)", "aliases": ["Stanford Program in Law, Science and Technology (CodeX)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["GPT-4"], "norms": ["ai ethics", "ai safety", "legal accuracy", "professional standards"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4 Technical Report", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborated with OpenAI in conducting a simulated bar exam evaluation of GPT-4, assessing the model's performance on legal professional benchmarks to inform its capabilities and limitations.", "quote": "We thank our collaborators at Casetext and Stanford CodeX for conducting the simulated bar exam", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4 development and deployment", "when": "Post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stanford University Center for an Informed Public", "aliases": ["Stanford University Center for an Informed Public"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction", "author": "Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a report ('The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election') that monitored and informed the public about misinformation during the 2020 US presidential election.", "quote": "The long fuse: misinformation and the 2020 election. Stanford Digital Repository https://purl.stanford.edu/tr171zs0069 (2021).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-021-00006-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global online environments, social media", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Stanford University Digital Civil Society Lab", "aliases": ["Stanford University Digital Civil Society Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital equity", "gender equality", "racial justice", "socioeconomic justice"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Supports scholars and practitioners in researching the racial, gendered, and socioeconomic impact of data in technology, contributing to public understanding and informing discussions around digital equity.", "quote": "She is currently a Professor of Computer Science at Spelman College and a practitioner fellow with Stanford University Digital Civil Society Lab.", "page": "2", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Stanford University security and networking teams", "aliases": ["Stanford University security and networking teams"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["network infrastructure", "scientific research", "security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides helpful discussions and support for research on security and networking.", "quote": "We also thank Jackson Sippe, Jade Sheffey, Paul Flammarion, the Stanford Empirical Security Research Group, the Stanford University security and networking teams, and many others who prefer to remain anonymous for their helpful discussions and support.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Stanford University's Global Digital Policy Incubator", "aliases": ["Stanford University's Global Digital Policy Incubator"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Held a cross-disciplinary conference on AI, design, and human rights, facilitating dialogue between human rights proponents and technologists, emphasizing the need for 'translation work' between these fields.", "quote": "In June 2018, Stanford University's Global Digital Policy Incubator held a cross-disciplinary conference on Al, design, and human rights. The conference included a conversation between the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and a founder of the Silicon Valley organization OpenAl.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stanford Working Group on Platform Scale", "aliases": ["Stanford Working Group on Platform Scale"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "development", "internet safety", "rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making the Internet Safe for Democracy", "author": "Fukuyama, Francis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts research and produces reports on the impact of large internet platforms on democracy, proposing remedies for content moderation challenges and informing public discourse on making the internet safe for democratic governance.", "quote": "This article reflects the findings of the Stanford Working Group on Platform Scale and its report at https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/report-working-group-platform-scale.", "page": "2", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/787834", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (with international comparisons)", "when": "early 2020s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Starlight Foundation", "aliases": ["Starlight Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "All things in moderation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Starlight uses fundraising, public campaigns and provision of play resources and professional training to influence healthcare practice and public awareness; publishes policy/research content relevant to healthcare delivery.", "quote": "Core mission is delivering play and support to seriously ill children; no core focus on platform content governance though site lists policy and research pages.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.starlight.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "State Film Foundation of Russia", "aliases": ["State Film Foundation of Russia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "national security", "public discourse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Organized the Fifth Festival of Archival Cinema, which included a round-table discussion on censorship, thereby facilitating public debate on the role and impact of censorship.", "quote": "in 2001 the State Film Foundation of Russia organized the Fifth Festival of Archival Cinema in Belye Stolby near Moscow. Among the events was a round-table discussion between leading 'liberal' film directors entitled 'Censorship – a means of self-preservation of the nation or a \"Gestapo for the Mind\"\"?'\"", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "State Platform for Public Education", "aliases": ["State Platform for Public Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de 'Ley Wert'", "author": "C Perales", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This platform called for and successfully led the general education strike on May 9, 2013, demonstrating collective action against the education reform.", "quote": "Según los sindicatos docentes, entre un 70 y un 75% de los maestros y profesores secundaron la huelga convocada por la Plataforma Estatal por la Escuela Pública.", "page": "3", "url": "https://repositori.uvic-ucc.cat/handle/10854/3329", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "May 2013"}]}, {"name": "States-General of the United Provinces", "aliases": ["States-General of the United Provinces"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic autonomy", "national security", "political stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Represented the autonomous provinces, conducting diplomacy and military actions to secure the Dutch Republic's independence and stability against foreign threats.", "quote": "...on an extraordinary embassy from the States-General of the United Provinces to the French court. The purpose of the mission was to obtain whatever assistance it could from France against military threats to the Provinces’ still precarious independence...", "page": "109", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Statewatch", "aliases": ["Statewatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["monitoring and civil liberties research NGO"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Statewatch publishes datasets, analyses and access-to-documents-based reporting (e.g. Frontex grants data), monitors EU agencies and calls for rejection of specific laws, using research to hold institutions to account.", "quote": "Statewatch monitors EU justice, border and data-exchange policies and publishes analyses and datasets touching on surveillance and data-sharing practices relevant to platform data governance, but its core remit is border control and civil liberties rather than consumer-facing content moderation or AI platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.statewatch.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stationers (booksellers' guild/company)", "aliases": ["Stationers (booksellers' guild/company)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["13th century"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURE, LIBERTÉ ET PROGRÈS INTELLECTUEL À L'UNIVERSITÉ DE PARIS AU XIII e SIÈCLE", "author": "L Bianchi", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The University of Paris imposed regulations that indirectly affected booksellers (stationarii) by prohibiting masters and bachelors from providing their commentaries on the Sentences to them for distribution until the works had been examined and approved by the chancellor and faculty.", "quote": "Item statuimus quod nullus magister aut bachelarius qui Sententias legerit, suam lecturam Sententiarum communicet tradendo stationariis directe vel indirecte, quousque sua lectura fuerit per cancellarium et magistros predicte facultatis examinata", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/44404097", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "University of Paris, France", "when": "13th century"}]}, {"name": "stem4", "aliases": ["stem4"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children and youth mental health charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Mental health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Stem4 publishes research and resources, runs national awareness campaigns (Youth Mental Health Day), and develops apps (Calm Harm, Clear Fear) used by schools and young people.", "quote": "Stem4 focuses on teenage mental health and digital wellbeing (apps and resources) but does not appear to directly advocate platform governance policies.", "page": "", "url": "https://stem4.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stichting AIDS Anders Omzien (Foundation for a Different View on AIDS)", "aliases": ["Stichting AIDS Anders Omzien (Foundation for a Different View on AIDS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["online newsgroups"], "norms": ["health information pluralism", "scientific debate"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uno scambio con i moderatori di it. discussioni. sessualità.", "author": "P Marrone", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "An organization contributing to the re-evaluation movement for the HIV-AIDS hypothesis by providing affiliation to its proponents and disseminating alternative views.", "quote": "Robert Laarhoven (S.A.A.O., Hilversum, The Netherlands);", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.openstarts.units.it/bitstreams/1dfbe519-9b90-4a2a-b8e0-3868ef622e24/download", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian online newsgroups", "when": "1990s-early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Stichting Martijn", "aliases": ["Stichting Martijn"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "As an advocacy group for pedophilia, its existence and content were seen as objectionable, making it a target of Anonymous's collective pressure and actions.", "quote": "Er volgde deliberatie en een stemming over drie doelen: de Hongaarse overheid (vanwege de restrictieve mediawet), pedofielenbelangenorganisatie Martijn, en anti-piraterij.nl...", "page": "18", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "Stiftung Datenschutz", "aliases": ["Stiftung Datenschutz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["federal data protection foundation / public-interest foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Re:publica 2025", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guidance and policy papers, organises events and webinars, manages the Trusted Cloud privacy certification profile and runs projects (e.g., Mastodon, Data Portability) to shape platform and data-practice implementation.", "quote": "Publishes guidance, runs projects on 'Datenschutz bei Mastodon' and 'KI und Datenschutz', manages Trusted Cloud privacy profile and shapes implementation of GDPR affecting platform practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://stiftungdatenschutz.org/startseite", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stiftung Digitale Chancen - Digital Opportunities Foundation (Germany)", "aliases": ["Stiftung Digitale Chancen - Digital Opportunities Foundation (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["operational foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; IGF 2025", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Implements research and applied projects, publishes news and guides, and engages in multi-stakeholder partnerships and public consultations to shape debates on digital participation and online safety.", "quote": "Focuses on digital inclusion and media literacy and participates in public consultations and international projects touching on platform-related issues (e.g., DSA consultation, IGF).", "page": "", "url": "https://www.digitale-chancen.de/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stiftung Mercator", "aliases": ["Stiftung Mercator"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["private philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1996, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "The foundation funds research, fellowships and events to shape public debate and policy (Information), uses funding and networks to amplify selected actors (Leverage), and frames work around democratic resilience and public campaigns (Symbolic).", "quote": "Stiftung Mercator runs a dedicated 'Digitalisierte Gesellschaft' programme and funds fellows and projects addressing disinformation, democratic resilience and digital society issues, directly engaging platform-related governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.stiftung-mercator.de/de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV)", "aliases": ["Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "media literacy", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Investigates the proliferation of fake news by right-wing populists and extremists, contributing to the understanding of misinformation strategies and impacts.", "quote": "Researchers from the Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (SNV), a think tank at the intersection of technology and society, investigated the reach of and ways through which fake news was proliferated.", "page": "163", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Stiftung zur Förderung der Jugend in Baden-Württemberg – Meldestelle REspect!", "aliases": ["Stiftung zur Förderung der Jugend in Baden-Württemberg – Meldestelle REspect!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth education foundation; civil society non-profit"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs statewide youth programs commissioned and funded by the Ministry for Kultus, Jugend und Sport, provides workshops, reporting mechanisms and public events to shape youth-facing media literacy and norms.", "quote": "Primary mission is youth education, but site tags and programs reference media topics (Desinformation, Hate Speech, MediaMobil, Meldestelle respect) indicating engagement with platform-related media literacy and reporting initiatives.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jugendstiftung.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stigler Committee on Digital Platforms", "aliases": ["Stigler Committee on Digital Platforms"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published a report examining digital platforms, contributing to the academic and public discourse on their power and governance, which is relevant to content moderation policies.", "quote": "See Luigi Zingales, Fiona Scott Morton and Guy Rolnik, 'Stigler Committee on Digital Platforms' (Stigler Committee 2019) 14", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}]}, {"name": "Stoics", "aliases": ["Stoics"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure dans l'Antiquité", "author": "MI Finley, MC Roussel", "year": "1980", "mechanism": "Initially facing hostility and expulsion from early Roman emperors, later Stoic representatives adapted or 'lowered' their ethics to accommodate the behaviors of the Roman oligarchy, implying a form of self-censorship to avoid conflict with power.", "quote": "Quant aux Stoïciens, qui s'étaient trouvés en butte à l'hostilité des premiers empereurs... rabaisser l'éthique du stoïcisme ancien afin de l'accommoder complaisamment aux comportements de l'oligarchie rapace et conquérante de Rome.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/40953365", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece and Rome", "when": "Antiquity"}]}, {"name": "Stonewall", "aliases": ["Stonewall"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["LGBTQ+ rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Stonewall runs public campaigns, publishes guidance and research, mobilises public testimony and corporate partners, and uses media and symbolism (hashtags, survivor stories) to pressure government and institutions on policy change.", "quote": "Stonewall’s core mission is LGBTQ+ rights and campaigning (e.g., Ban Conversion Practices) but it conducts public campaigns and guidance that touch on online hate, platform safety, and content-related advocacy rather than core platform governance work.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.stonewall.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stop AAPI Hate", "aliases": ["Stop AAPI Hate"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-asian hate", "civil rights", "minority protection"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["COVID-19 pandemic"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Misinformation and hate speech: The case of anti-Asian hate speech during the COVID-19 pandemic", "author": "JY Kim, A Kesari", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It collects and documents reports of anti-Asian hate crime incidents, including verbal harassment, shunning, and physical assaults, to monitor the impact of public discourse and advocate for the safety of Asian American communities.", "quote": "In its first four weeks of operation, the Stop AAPI Hate website (Choi and Kulkarni 2020) received 1,497 anti-Asian hate crime reports from March 19 to April 15, 2020.", "page": "1", "url": "https://tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/13", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "early COVID-19 pandemic (March-April 2020)"}]}, {"name": "Stop Big Tech from Encroaching on Our Free Speech", "aliases": ["Stop Big Tech from Encroaching on Our Free Speech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public policy think tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes advocacy content and policy positions framing platform moderation as a free-speech encroachment to influence public debate and policymakers.", "quote": "The linked content advocates resisting 'Big Tech' encroachment on free speech, indicating direct engagement in platform content governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://agenda.americafirstpolicy.com/freedom-and-self-governance/stop-big-tech-from-encroaching-on-our-free-speech", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stop Islamization of America", "aliases": ["Stop Islamization of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "Europe", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Pakistan", "Singapore", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "religious tolerance"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Spin: The Twin Political Strategies of Religious Incitement and Offense-Taking: Hate Spin", "author": "George, Cherian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Participates in the Islamophobia network by organizing demonstrations and events, contributing manpower to spread misinformation and amplify hate spin.", "quote": "Single-issue organisations such as ACT! for America and Stop Islamization of America provide the manpower for demonstrations and other events, together with sympathetic Religious Right organisations, such as Eagle Forum.", "page": "18", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/27/2/156-175/4061236", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific examples from India, United States, Europe, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Singapore", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)", "aliases": ["Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-islam"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Myth of Platform Neutrality", "author": "Chander, Anupam; Krishnamurthy, Vivek", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "This group's content was subject to moderation actions by Facebook, which initially removed its page for violating hate speech guidelines, demonstrating how platforms enforce and sometimes reverse content policies based on public outcry.", "quote": "conservatives allege, citing as one example Facebook's removal of anti-Islam activist Pamela Geller's page “Stop Islamization of America.” In that case, Facebook reversed the hate speech-based removal within a few hours.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4849156", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, YouTube), with a focus on USA, Europe, and China", "when": "21st century platform era (with historical context from 1980s)"}]}, {"name": "STOP Migrants to Slovenia (Facebook group)", "aliases": ["STOP Migrants to Slovenia (Facebook group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-migrant sentiment", "national identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A public Facebook group supporting anti-migrant rhetoric, whose users' comments were targeted by 'Zlovenija' for hate speech, contributing to the public debate on online content.", "quote": "public Facebook groups known for supporting anti migrant rhetoric (e.g. ... “STOP Migrants to Slovenia”)", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Stop Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse", "aliases": ["Stop Non-Consensual Intimate Image Abuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "privacy", "user safety", "victim support"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os Direitos de autor como proteção às vítimas de assédio sexual online na União Europeia", "author": "NJF Pedro", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides a free tool to support victims by creating an algorithm that helps detect and remove non-consensual intimate images shared online. This directly facilitates content moderation/takedown.", "quote": "a STOPNCII.org é uma ferramenta gratuita projetada para dar apoio às vítimas ao criar um algoritmo que ajuda a detetar e remover as imagens que estejam a ser compartilhadas online.", "page": "28", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/29a0e4f9-7905-452a-93fc-84a2097b9c46", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union, United States (for comparison)", "when": "21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Stop Online Violence Against Black Women", "aliases": ["Stop Online Violence Against Black Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "racial justice", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic misogynoir in content moderation practice", "author": "Marshall, Brandeis", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Researches and reports on online campaigns designed to disparage and spread disinformation about Black girls and women, raising awareness about targeted online violence and advocating for protection.", "quote": "Shireen Mitchell's 2018 Stop Online Violence Against Black Women report showed how online campaigns using Facebook ads were created to disparage Black girls and women with sexualized memes, hashtags, and fake accounts to help spread disinformation ahead of and during the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election.", "page": "5", "url": "eu.boell.org", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, USA", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Stop Online Violence Against Women", "aliases": ["Stop Online Violence Against Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "minority safety", "women's safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Its founder, Shireen Mitchell, critiques how 'free speech' defenses are used to justify hateful speech against communities of color, advocating for a different perspective on speech and challenging social norms around harassment.", "quote": "As black entrepreneur, author, technology analyst, and founder of Stop Online Violence Against Women (SOVAW) Shireen Mitchell noted, “free speech” defenses are most commonly used to justify white people’s hateful speech against communities of color...", "page": "73", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Stop Scams UK", "aliases": ["Stop Scams UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry membership organisation; cross-sector coalition"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates the 159 service (technical routing infrastructure), convenes and funds pilots (Meta FIRE, data-sharing), and leverages membership of banks, telecoms and platforms to push providers to connect and adopt anti-fraud measures.", "quote": "Stop Scams UK operates the 159 short-code service and runs cross-sector data-sharing pilots (including the Meta FIRE project), directly engaging platforms, telecoms and banks to shape anti-fraud mechanisms and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://stopscamsuk.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Stop the Australian Vaccination Network", "aliases": ["Stop the Australian Vaccination Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "factual accuracy", "public health", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Conspiracy Theory Attributions", "author": "Martin, Brian", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "SAVN actively participated in censoring and moderating public discourse by attempting to discredit vaccine-critical groups, lodging complaints with regulatory bodies, trying to stop public talks, publicising criticisms, and engaging in abusive commentary and social shaming to enforce pro-vaccination norms.", "quote": "SAVN was not a formal organisation but rather a network coordinated through a Facebook page. It used a variety of methods, including making dozens of complaints to government regulatory bodies, attempting to stop AVN-organised talks, publicising criticisms of the AVN, and making abusive comments about Dorey.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02691728.2020.1748744", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in Australia", "when": "Mid-20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Stop the Traffik", "aliases": ["Stop the Traffik"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Ethiopia", "European Union", "Global", "India", "Myanmar", "Philippines", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human trafficking"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão e governança da internet: remédios alternativos da moderação de conteúdo nas plataformas digitais", "author": "SO Gomes", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Strategic partner of Meta, involved in efforts to combat human trafficking and exploitation risks, sharing insights and data to improve platform policies.", "quote": "Strategic partners include: National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, International Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Internet Watch Foundation, ECPAT, Polaris, Stop the Traffik, and Meta’s Expert Advisory Group", "page": "270", "url": "https://repositorio.idp.edu.br/handle/123456789/5405", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global digital ecosystem (Brazil, US, EU, Myanmar, India, Philippines, Ethiopia)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century, particularly 2000-2022"}]}, {"name": "StopXam (Stop a Douchebag)", "aliases": ["StopXam (Stop a Douchebag)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["equality", "rule of law", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Patrols streets in Russia to confront traffic violators, filming interactions and uploading videos to YouTube to publicly shame offenders, often placing stickers on cars.", "quote": "StopXam launched its fight against “traffic violations and arrogance on the road” (stopadouchebag.org, n.d.) and quickly gained popularity across the country and in other former Soviet states.", "page": "26", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Stormfront.org", "aliases": ["Stormfront.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism", "historical revisionism", "neo-nazism", "white identity", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Operates as an interactive online forum providing a 'safe space' for white supremacists, neo-Nazis, and Holocaust deniers to articulate extreme opinions, deepen emotional attachments, and spread extreme right-wing ideology, facilitating radicalisation.", "quote": "In 1995, Don Black started the best-known extreme right-wing website, Stormfront.org, which describes itself as a home for the ‘embattled White minority’ and evolved into an interactive forum.", "page": "31", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Stormøde om AI og digitale rettigheder - IT-Branchen", "aliases": ["Stormøde om AI og digitale rettigheder - IT-Branchen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Organises and hosts policy roundtables with major platform actors (Microsoft Denmark) and rights organisations to shape technical and policy approaches to TDM and opt-out for AI training.", "quote": "Hosted a roundtable on AI training data, copyright and opt-out technical approaches, engaging rights-holders, platforms (Microsoft Denmark) and media organisations but core mission is industry growth.", "page": "", "url": "https://itb.dk/maerkesager/regulatoriske-rammer/stormoede-om-ai-og-digitale-rettigheder/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "STRASS (Syndicat du travail sexuel)", "aliases": ["STRASS (Syndicat du travail sexuel)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["content moderation", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter: Étude de cas sur l’invisibilisation des contenus LGBT et TDS en ligne", "author": "Grison, Thibault; Julliard, Virginie; Alié, Félix; Ecrement, Victor", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a sex workers' union, STRASS faced challenges in disseminating its messages on social media due to content moderation systems flagging specific keywords (\"pute\"\"", "quote": "Defending the rights of sex workers (TDS), ensuring their visibility and freedom of expression online.", "page": "c'est lors d'un entretien exploratoire avec une militante de AIDES⁶ le 24 juillet 2021 que nous apprenions que les membres de STRASS⁷ et d'AIDES rencontraient les mêmes difficultés à publier des contenus comportant certains mots clés comme « pute » et « pd » sur leurs comptes Facebook et Twitter", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-reseaux-2023-1-page-119.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Strategy to Reach, Empower and Educate Teenagers (STREET)", "aliases": ["Strategy to Reach, Empower and Educate Teenagers (STREET)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "media literacy", "national security", "pluralism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Runs the 'Deconstruct Programme' to counter online extremist propaganda by providing interactive media workshops that teach vulnerable youth to critically analyze audio-visual and textual content, and develop theological counter-arguments to extremist narratives.", "quote": "The Deconstruct Programme developed by the government-funded grass-roots community organisation - STREET (Strategy to Reach, Empower and Educate Teenagers) - has been activated to counter the adverse impact of online extremist and terrorist propaganda among those identified as susceptible or sympathetic to narratives of violent extremism.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Strathmore University", "aliases": ["Strathmore University"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Kenyan academic perspective.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Straßengezwitscher", "aliases": ["Straßengezwitscher"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-xenophobia"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A group that reports incidents of xenophobia.", "quote": "reports incidents of xenophobia", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Street Academies / Solidarity Academies", "aliases": ["Street Academies / Solidarity Academies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "scholarly activity", "societal relevance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Established by dismissed academics as alternative, underground forums for academic activities such as lectures, workshops, and publishing, thereby creating a 'freer academic environment' outside state-controlled universities to circumvent censorship.", "quote": "An intriguing development among the dismissed scholars is the rise of what they called 'street academies' or 'solidarity academies'. As Respondent 14 said with excitement, ‘The academy is no longer limited inside the university. It is freer now. There are street academies now – academic knowledge is in the streets!'", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}]}, {"name": "STREETSBLOG", "aliases": ["STREETSBLOG"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Produces investigative reporting and campaigns that shape public debate and pressure local authorities on street safety and infrastructure; operates moderated public comment spaces and social channels to amplify issues.", "quote": "Primary mission is journalism on livable streets but site maintains a Comment Moderation Policy and uses social platforms, engaging with content moderation practices and platform communication.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.streetsblog.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Strong Egypt Party", "aliases": ["Strong Egypt Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "gender equality", "individual rights", "religious freedom", "secularism"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does participation lead to moderation? Understanding changes in Egyptian Islamist parties post-Arab Spring", "author": "B Zollner", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Established by a former Muslim Brotherhood reformist after his expulsion, it adopted liberal democratic values. It boycotted the 2014 Presidential Elections and 2015 parliamentary elections, expressing a clear stance against authoritarian politics. It supported the mass-movement against Mursi's government but objected to the military's intervention.", "quote": "Strong Egypt, and previously also ECP, meanwhile, have made a much clearer step towards fully accepting liberal democratic values. ... it needs to be recognised that Stong Egypt no longer regards an Islamic state or the implementation of shari’a as goals.", "page": "12", "url": "https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/20331/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Egypt", "when": "post-Arab Spring (2011-2015)"}]}, {"name": "Student and Civil Associations (pro-Palestinian)", "aliases": ["Student and Civil Associations (pro-Palestinian)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Global", "Middle East", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "X"], "norms": ["political expression", "social justice"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Activisme numérique propalestinien: dynamiques de censure et tactiques de résistance sur les médias sociaux", "author": "A Aouam", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Manages social media accounts to publish content and advocate for the Palestinian cause, organizing events and coordinating actions like demonstrations and boycotts.", "quote": "Fatima (E6) administre une page associative, Nour (E2), Isabelle (E3), Kaoutar (E5), et Leïla (E8) gèrent les comptes des associations étudiantes ou civiles dont elles font partie.", "page": "67", "url": "https://umontreal.scholaris.ca/items/417cb7b0-59ef-46c6-a17d-c635d9b709cb", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, X (Twitter), TikTok; concerning pro-Palestinian activism in Canada and globally (Palestine, Middle East)", "when": "2023–2024"}]}, {"name": "Student For Liberty", "aliases": ["Student For Liberty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["student-led pro-liberty network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "SFL trains student leaders, publishes educational content and reports, and runs campaigns claiming impacts (e.g., informing legal cases and local campaigns) to shape public debate on free speech and institutional censorship.", "quote": "SFL publicly advocates on free speech and censorship issues, produces educational content and campaigns that engage questions of platform moderation and institutional speech norms globally.", "page": "", "url": "https://studentsforliberty.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Student Protesters (China)", "aliases": ["Student Protesters (China)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Limits of Commercialized Censorship in China", "author": "Miller, Blake", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Organized and participated in protests in major Chinese cities, coordinating and discussing their actions on social media platforms like Sina Weibo, despite government directives to censor such discussions, thereby challenging information control.", "quote": "The strike and protests gained momentum through coordination and discussion on major Chinese social networking sites such as Sina Weibo¹, despite four strongly worded directives from the Central Propaganda Department and top leadership to cease all such discussion.", "page": "3", "url": "https://osf.io/wn7pr", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Student Sit-in Movement", "aliases": ["Student Sit-in Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "self-determination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Employed physical, counterpublic strategies like sit-ins to directly challenge segregation and perform discourses of self-respect and self-determination nurtured within Black communities.", "quote": "The student sit-in move-ment, for example, was a physical, counterpublic strategy that grew out of and performed the discourses of self-respect and self-determination long fostered by Black communities and enclaved organizations.", "page": "20", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Student Union", "aliases": ["Student Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["organizational autonomy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A group of students petitions the government to establish an independent student union, challenging existing administrative/Party supervision, an act that constitutes a 'political challenge' subject to potential censorship.", "quote": "A group of students petition to the government and ask for a \"real\"\" student union that is independent from the supervision of Administration\"", "page": "40", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Student Unions (UK)", "aliases": ["Student Unions (UK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["user safety", "user well-being"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Making Feminist Sense of No-Platforming", "author": "O'Keefe, Theresa", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Have the right and responsibility to set standards that protect the safety and well-being of students, thereby influencing decisions about who is granted a platform on campus.", "quote": "The policy adoption also made clear that student unions had the right and indeed the responsibility to set standards to protect the safety and well-being of students.", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2016.7", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK universities, specifically Cardiff University", "when": "Mid-2010s (focus on 2015-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Students (Birkbeck College conference moderators)", "aliases": ["Students (Birkbeck College conference moderators)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["computer conferencing systems"], "norms": ["academic standards", "educational quality"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Leadership from within: Student moderation of computer conferences", "author": "Tagg, Allan C.", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Students, from among their cohort, are chosen to act as topic leaders and reviewers for computer conferences. Topic leaders initiate discussions and set agendas, while reviewers summarize the discussion at its conclusion. This self-organized student moderation helps to structure the academic discourse and ensure productive participation.", "quote": "First, a student 'topic leader' and 'topic reviewer' were appointed for each exercise. These leaders were chosen by the students themselves from among their instructional group... The topic leader was responsible for submitting the initial introductory exercise contribution; the reviewer summarized the topic at its conclusion.", "page": "6", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08923649409526865", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Birkbeck College, University of London; computer conferencing systems", "when": "early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Students (Tienanmen Square uprising)", "aliases": ["Students (Tienanmen Square uprising)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "democratic integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Faced internal factionalization between moderates willing to compromise and radicals with militant slogans, which paralyzed the movement and hindered its ability to present a unified front against state repression.", "quote": "Factionalization occurred as a group of radicals entered the square with their white headbands and militant slogans, opposing the moderates who were ready to compromise with the Communist leadership.", "page": "148", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Students and alumni of Carolina Sanín from Universidad de Los Andes", "aliases": ["Students and alumni of Carolina Sanín from Universidad de Los Andes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "intellectual rigor", "justice", "professional honour", "public order"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Published a collective letter to publicly reject violent and irresponsible acts against their professor (Carolina Sanín) on social media, demonstrating solidarity and advocating for rigorous thought and justice in public discourse.", "quote": "Los alumnos y exalumnos de la profesora Carolina Sanín de la Universidad de Los Andes expresamos nuestro total rechazo por los actos violentos, ligeros, irreflexivos, irresponsables y frívolos que se han hecho en su contra en las redes sociales.", "page": "43", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Students for a Democratic Society", "aliases": ["Students for a Democratic Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["protest rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics", "author": "Tarrow, Sidney", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "A visible \"New Left\"\" group that contributed to the expansion of the repertoire of contention", "quote": "thus shaping the forms of public challenge and internal tactical choices.\"", "page": "Democratic ideals, challenging established order", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511813245/type/book", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, United States, China", "when": "Late 18th century to late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Students' Union", "aliases": ["Students' Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de 'Ley Wert'", "author": "C Perales", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This union mobilized a significant percentage of students to participate in the general education strike against the 'Ley Wert' proposal.", "quote": "y un 90% de alumnos se movilizaron, según el Sindicato de Estudiantes.", "page": "3", "url": "https://repositori.uvic-ucc.cat/handle/10854/3329", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "May 2013"}]}, {"name": "Subreddit Behold the Master Race", "aliases": ["Subreddit Behold the Master Race"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Serves as an online community where users share content (posters/memes) that critiques and exposes the profound flaws in white supremacist logic, acting as a form of counter-narrative through humor and satire.", "quote": "These include social media accounts designed to parody extremist content such as the Twitter account ‘Britain First Logic’ (@britfirstposts), or the Subreddit Behold the Master Race sites in which posters share examples that demonstrate the profound flaws in white supremacist logic (r/beholdthemasterrace).", "page": "103", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "Subreddit Moderators", "aliases": ["Subreddit Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The affordances of extreme speech", "author": "De Keulenaar, Emillie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They enforce their own speech norms within subreddits through community guidelines and platform vernaculars, which can lead to diverse speech cultures, from 'free speech' to 'safe spaces'.", "quote": "Users may want to enforce their own speech norms through community guidelines, subreddit mods and other platform vernaculars.", "page": "3", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517231206810", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (4chan, Twitter, YouTube), USA", "when": "2015-2018 (focus), post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "SubredditDrama", "aliases": ["SubredditDrama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Acts as a monitoring subreddit by summarizing controversial events and 'reddit fights' across different subreddits, documenting online drama.", "quote": "SubredditDrama: “a place where people can come and talk about reddit fights and other dramatic happenings”, r/SubredditDrama focuses on summarizing controversial events in and across different subreddits.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "SubredditOfTheDay (Reddit community)", "aliases": ["SubredditOfTheDay (Reddit community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community development", "moderation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This subreddit runs an internship program for aspiring moderators, training them and providing opportunities to gain experience and moderate other subreddits.", "quote": "/r/SubredditOfTheDay, which publishes original content every day, offers a 2-month internship for people seeking moderation opportunities.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Sudanese Development Initiative", "aliases": ["Sudanese Development Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "political stability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts social media analysis to understand the impact of online conversations on political stalemates and conflict resolution in Sudan.", "quote": "A forthcoming report by the Sudanese Development Initiative (SUDIA) found that conversations on Facebook and Twitter are an important factor in impeding a resolution of the political stalemate.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sufi orders and communities", "aliases": ["Sufi orders and communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["group autonomy", "religious expression", "religious identity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st centuries"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation of religious and secular politics, a country's “centre” and democratization", "author": "Somer, Murat", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Initially subject to state censorship and control through bans as part of radical secular reforms, these groups later created 'opportunity spaces' for Islamists by operating outside formal state control, publishing materials, and training intellectuals, thus influencing public discourse and challenging official secular norms.", "quote": "banned Sufi orders, lodges and holy shrines except for a few", "page": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.732069", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "1920s-2012"}]}, {"name": "Sufism / Sufi Orders", "aliases": ["Sufism / Sufi Orders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association / social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["altruism", "religious freedom", "user autonomy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Expressing dissent from dominant religious interpretations and societal norms through a personal spiritual path that conflicted with orthodox scholastic traditions and state-imposed rules.", "quote": "Ovviamente esisteva un dissenso da questa concezione dominante, che trovò espressione formale nel pensiero dei Sufi e dei Carmati.", "page": "22", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Suicide Awareness Voices of Education", "aliases": ["Suicide Awareness Voices of Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["media ethics", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Oxygen of Amplification", "author": "Phillips, Whitney", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Leads consensus projects to develop best practices for reporting on sensitive topics like mass shootings and suicide, aiming to minimize contagion effects from media coverage.", "quote": "Consensus project lead by Suicide Awareness Voices of Education. https://www.reportingonmassshootings.org/.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, online platforms, journalism", "when": "2000s-present, with focus on 2016 US election era"}]}, {"name": "Sulpician Library", "aliases": ["Sulpician Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Operated a public library according to Catholic principles, strictly adhering to the 'Index of Prohibited Books' and prohibiting works by authors on that list.", "quote": "a public library created by the Sulpician order of priests that was run according to Catholic principles, including adherence to the rules of the Index of Prohibited Books and its prohibition of works by authors like Sand, Stendhal, Voltaire, Zola, Balzac and Hugo.", "page": "105", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "Sultra Cerdas Community", "aliases": ["Sultra Cerdas Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital literacy", "education quality", "justice", "religious harmony", "social tolerance"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTEGRATING RELIGIOUS MODERATION VALUES THROUGH CREATIVE MEDIA:“Innovative Learning for Educators in the Digital Era”", "author": "A Amiruddin", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Sultra Cerdas Community is a nationwide teacher learning community that enhances teacher competence in digital technology-based learning. It facilitates online and blended learning through programs like video conferences, e-learning services, and support for IT tools, enabling educators to deliver engaging content and integrate religious moderation values.", "quote": "One of the breakthroughs initiated by the teacher community in Southeast Sulawesi Province is the establishment of the “Sultra Cerdas Community,” which originated from a simple idea by teachers in Southeast Sulawesi.", "page": "9", "url": "https://proceedings.uinmybatusangkar.ac.id/index.php/icresh/article/view/126", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Indonesia, digital era education", "when": "contemporary, digital era"}]}, {"name": "Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication", "aliases": ["Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Offers courses and training to develop intercultural competence, encouraging voluntary modification of language for better communication across diverse cultural backgrounds.", "quote": "For example, the Summer Institute for Intercultural Communication, for which I have been a faculty member for the past twenty-five years, offers courses that address international interculturalism and others that address interculturalism within nations...", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "SumOfUs", "aliases": ["SumOfUs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Disqus"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "discourse quality", "hate speech", "platform accountability", "public safety"], "topics": ["moderation debate"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From healthy communities to toxic debates: Disqus’ changing ideas about comment moderation", "author": "Paßmann, Johannes; Helmond, Anne; Jansma, Robert", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched an online petition campaign, signed by over 100,000 Internet users, which publicly pressured Disqus to \"deplatformize\"\" right-wing communities and enforce its terms of service against hate speech.\"", "quote": "Effectively, the petition asked to “deplatformize” right-wing Disqus communities by “denying them the infrastructural services needed to function online” (van Dijck et al., 2021, p. 2).", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24701475.2022.2105123", "topic": "moderation debate", "language": "English", "where": "Disqus platform", "when": "2007–2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Sunday School movement", "aliases": ["Sunday School movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Russian Empire", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "public education"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1863, "when_max": 1876, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863–1876): Intention and Practice", "author": "Remy, Johannes", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This movement aimed to influence common people through Ukrainian-language elementary textbooks, which led to governmental scrutiny and was a factor in the imposition of the Valuev Circular.", "quote": "The Ukrainian national movement, too, experienced an upsurge in the early 1860s. The movement had adherents solely in the educated classes, but their aim was to influence the common people through Ukrainian-language elementary textbooks and, until 1862, through Sunday schools.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00085006.2007.11092432", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russian Empire, Ukraine", "when": "1863–1876"}]}, {"name": "Sunflower Student Movement", "aliases": ["Sunflower Student Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association / social movement"], "countries": ["China", "Hong Kong"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "national sovereignty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information", "author": "Hobbs, William R.; Roberts, Margaret E.", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "A Taiwanese political movement opposing a trade agreement with China, information about which became more accessible to mainland Chinese users after they learned censorship evasion techniques.", "quote": "Largest increases in views ... Sunflower student movement", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000084/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (mainland and Hong Kong)", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically 2014-2017)"}]}, {"name": "Sunshine Week", "aliases": ["Sunshine Week"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["annual public-interest transparency campaign coordinated by an academic project"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Sunshine Week produces toolkits, columns, events and public campaigns to raise awareness about FOI, calls for FOIA reform, and mobilizes journalism and civic partners to hold governments accountable.", "quote": "Sunshine Week's core mission is freedom of information and open government, but it addresses access to public information 'in the digital age' and provides resources relevant to digital transparency and platform-era information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://sunshineweek.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Superblooms Design Coaching", "aliases": ["Superblooms Design Coaching"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["design and digital-rights nonprofit; fiscal sponsor and coaching provider"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Tech design", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Superbloom provides fiscal sponsorship, coaching, toolkits, and capacity-building to digital-rights and AI projects and works with funders and institutions (e.g., Mozilla, government funders) to shape practice and scale human-centered approaches to technology design.", "quote": "Superbloom incubates and fiscally sponsors digital-rights, Internet freedom, and AI-related projects and provides human-centered design coaching that directly shapes practices relevant to platform governance and AI.", "page": "", "url": "https://simplysecure.org/what-we-do/ux-guidance/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "SUPERRR", "aliases": ["SUPERRR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["feminist digital policy NGO / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "SUPERRR publishes toolkits and analyses, runs forums and roundtables, and uses networks and foundation support to influence policymakers and public debate on digital fairness, consumer protection and AI.", "quote": "SUPERRR's core mission is digital policy from a feminist perspective, producing recommendations on digital fairness, consumer protection, and critiquing AI and platform recommendation algorithms.", "page": "", "url": "https://superrr.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Supporters of Prince Alfonso", "aliases": ["Supporters of Prince Alfonso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical truth", "political interests"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": ": <i>Las razones del censor: Control ideológico y censura de libros en la primera Edad Moderna</i>", "author": "Kagay, Donald J.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in political censorship by confiscating and judging historical accounts (like Castillo's chronicle) to prevent the dissemination of narratives that politically harmed their faction, ostensibly for reasons of historical truth.", "quote": "La condemna de les mentides de Castillo fou unànime a la cort d’Alfons, després que el cronista i els seus apunts fossin lliurats i jutjats davant del príncep, l’Arquebisbe de Toledo i diversos nobles que havien pres part en la batalla.", "page": "97", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/SCJ4601176", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, particularly Spain and Italy", "when": "Early Modern Age (16th-17th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Supporters of the online petition against Balthus' 'Thérèse Dreaming'", "aliases": ["Supporters of the online petition against Balthus' 'Thérèse Dreaming'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'auto-censura creativa, come alternativa grafica e artistica al fenomeno della censura delle arti visive sui social media= Creative self-censorship, as a graphic and …", "author": "S Graceffa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Launched an online petition demanding the removal of Balthus' painting from a museum, exerting public pressure on the institution.", "quote": "una residente della città avvia una petizione online per rimuovere l'opera dal museo perché ritenuta come troppo sessualmente allusiva e romantizzan-te della sessualità di una bambina. La petizione raccoglie quasi 9000 sostenitori...", "page": "12", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/26616/", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms, visual arts (with historical context)", "when": "Ancient times to present, with focus on post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq", "aliases": ["Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Did not undergo domestication or moderation in post-Saddam Iraq, differentiating itself by maintaining organizational capacities, including grassroots and militias, rather than integrating into the political system in a moderating fashion.", "quote": "Examples include Hamas in the Palestinian Authority, Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Sadr Movement and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIRI) in post-Saddam Iraq. Consequently, the moderation theory does not predict that these organizations will eventually be domesticated and evolve in a similar manner to the RF and the JDP.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}]}, {"name": "SustainNLP workshop", "aliases": ["SustainNLP workshop"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM", "NLP"], "norms": ["environmental sustainability", "fair access", "technological development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜", "author": "Bender, Emily M.; Gebru, Timnit; McMillan-Major, Angelina; Shmitchell, Shmargaret", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It promotes computationally efficient hardware and algorithms in NLP to reduce environmental impact and foster equitable access to research, thereby influencing the design and development norms of AI systems.", "quote": "Initiatives such as the SustainNLP workshop have since taken up the goal of prioritizing computationally efficient hardware and algorithms.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3442188.3445922", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Natural Language Processing (NLP) and large language models (LMs)", "when": "2018-2021"}]}, {"name": "Suzy Lamplugh Trust", "aliases": ["Suzy Lamplugh Trust"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["victim support charity; advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Runs the National Stalking Helpline, training and awareness campaigns, publishes reports and public statements demanding police accountability, and partners with academia and local agencies to influence practice and policy.", "quote": "Primary mission is stalking victim support and prevention, but the organisation engages in online-related awareness (e.g. 'Should I Delete That?' podcast) and campaigns touching online safety and accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.suzylamplugh.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Sverdlovsk Region Union of Journalists", "aliases": ["Sverdlovsk Region Union of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Observed and reported that pressure on journalists in Russia led to self-censorship, causing media to avoid controversial subjects and resulting in a decline in investigative journalism.", "quote": "The head of the Sverdlovsk region Union of Journalists, Dmitriy Polyanin, believes that pressure on journalists in Russia and the ensuing self-censorship has resulted in 'most of the media avoiding controversial subjects, and a decline in investigative journalism' (‘Soobshchenie Tsentra ehkstremal'noj zhurnalistiki', 2006).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Swarm conference", "aliases": ["Swarm conference"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A national community management conference functioning as a center of excellence for training, resources, research and advocacy in community management.", "quote": "We went on to found a national community management conference (Swarm) in 2011, and later a new global gathering, All Things in Moderation...", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Swedish Psychological Association", "aliases": ["Swedish Psychological Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["human subjects protection", "research integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "When censoring anti-immigration attitudes backfires - The impact of reactance and censorship on political attitudes", "author": "Taleny, Adrian", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The association sets ethical guidelines for psychological research, which the study adhered to, particularly concerning the debriefing of participants after experiments involving deception and sensitive political topics.", "quote": "After completion of this final questionnaire, participants were debriefed about the study's actual purpose and theory, and of the fictive organizations and authors that were used – all in accordance to ethical guidelines of the Swedish Psychological Association.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Sweden", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Swiss Institute of Comparative Law", "aliases": ["Swiss Institute of Comparative Law"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertad de expresión, regulación y moderación privada de contenidos", "author": "JB Mir", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Produced a report for the Council of Europe on national policies for Internet content control, contributing to discussions on freedom of expression limits.", "quote": "Es muy útil, a este respecto, el informe que sobre las distintas políticas nacionales en materia de control del discurso en Internet realiza en 2015, a petición del Consejo de Europa, el Swiss Institute of Comparative Law.", "page": "124", "url": "JB Mir - Teoría & Derecho. Revista de pensamiento jurídico, 2022", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Europe, United States, digital platforms", "when": "late 18th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Swiss Press Council", "aliases": ["Swiss Press Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["information accuracy", "journalistic ethics", "professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération de contenu par les réseaux sociaux: les droits procéduraux des utilisateurs à la merci du pouvoir décisionnel des plateformes numériques", "author": "L Constantino Ferreira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Regulates journalistic activity in Switzerland by establishing and enforcing a code of ethics that includes an obligation for information veracity, acting as a form of self-regulation.", "quote": "En Suisse, l'activité journalistique est régie par un Code de déontologie, qui impose notamment une obligation de véracité de l'information (CONSEIL SUISSE DE LA PRESSE, Droits et devoirs du/de la journaliste, https://presserat.ch/fr/code-de-deontologie-des- journalistes/erklaerungen/, consulté le 31.08.2022).", "page": "15", "url": "https://libra.unine.ch/bitstreams/13457879-4b59-4d69-a88d-5630bd577aa0/download", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram) in the European Union and the United States", "when": "post-1996 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s legal and moderation developments"}]}, {"name": "Swiss-Armenian Civil Organization", "aliases": ["Swiss-Armenian Civil Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Switzerland", "Turkey", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical justice", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La libertad de expresión que puede causar daño en el discurso público: la respuesta democrática.", "author": "CE Ramos González", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Instigating a criminal complaint against a political leader for denying the Armenian genocide in public discourse, leading to legal prosecution and a court case testing free speech limits.", "quote": "Tras recibir una denuncia criminal instada por una organización civil suiza-armenia, el sistema judicial suizo encontró culpable a Perincek de violar el derecho penal suizo.", "page": "185", "url": "https://addi.ehu.es/handle/10810/55404", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "United States, Europe (with focus on Turkey and Switzerland)", "when": "20th and 21st centuries, with earlier historical context"}]}, {"name": "Synagogue Council of America", "aliases": ["Synagogue Council of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community representation", "religious freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Part of a delegation of Jewish organizations that submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt, summarizing German genocidal policy against Jews and discussing deportations and killings.", "quote": "a delegation of representatives from Jewish organizations submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt... The organizations represented included... the Synagogue Council of America...", "page": "159", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Syndicalists", "aliases": ["Syndicalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La participation citoyenne et la bureaucratisation. Le virage participatif vu à travers le prisme wébérien", "author": "B Tholen", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Advocating for direct democracy and a shift of administrative and political power to amateurs, which Weber critiques as a naive approach to influencing policy-making and public life. Weber explicitly rejects their 'fraternal ideas'.", "quote": "Parmi ces partisans, on trouvait des oiseaux au plumage variable: des communistes, des socialistes, des anarchistes, des syndicalistes et des corporatistes.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RISA_813_0621?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary public administration in democratic states, with historical context from early 20th century Germany", "when": "Early 20th century (for Weber's perspective) and contemporary (for the participatory turn)"}]}, {"name": "Syndicat CFE CGC Orange", "aliases": ["Syndicat CFE CGC Orange"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection", "public participation", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La démocratie environnementale (dé) connectée: analyse du principe de participation à l'aune de sa dématérialisation", "author": "D Taïar", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This trade union challenged the constitutionality of electronic participation procedures before the Conseil d'État. Their legal action aimed to influence the legal framework and interpretation of public participation rights.", "quote": "CE, 31 déc. 2021, Syndicat CFE CGC Orange et al., nº 438240, § 14.", "page": "13", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05078086/document", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Syndicat des Médecins Pathologistes de France", "aliases": ["Syndicat des Médecins Pathologistes de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "professional interests"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched a strike in 2008 to demand better financial consideration for the transmission of patient reports, impacting access to data for cancer registries.", "quote": "D’autre part, suite à des revendications pour une meilleure prise en compte financière le Syndicat des Médecins Pathologistes de France a lancé une grève en 2008 de la transmission des comptes-rendus.", "page": "103", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "Syndicat des travailleurs Panchayat", "aliases": ["Syndicat des travailleurs Panchayat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["social protection", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Actively engages with Workers' Welfare Funds (WWF) to ensure the right to social security for informal workers, with a significant membership including informal workers and women.", "quote": "Ainsi, le Syndicat des travailleurs Panchayat compte un total de 520 000 membres dont 60 pour cent travaillent dans l’économie informelle et dont environ 20 pour cent sont des femmes. Le syndicat est engagé de manière active avec le WWF pour concrétiser le droit à la sécurité sociale des travailleurs informels (OIT 2021b).", "page": "93", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Syndicat du travail sexuel", "aliases": ["Syndicat du travail sexuel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "sex workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La modération abusive sur Twitter", "author": "T Grison, V Julliard, F Alié, V Ecrement", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a sex workers' union, STRASS members experience difficulties with content moderation on social media platforms due to the use of specific keywords. They participate in online discourse by adapting their language to bypass algorithmic censorship, indirectly highlighting the impact of moderation on their community's communication.", "quote": "À titre d'exemple, c'est lors d'un entretien exploratoire avec une militante de AIDES6 le 24 juillet 2021 que nous apprenions que les membres de STRASS7 et d'AIDES rencontraient les mêmes difficultés à publier des contenus comportant certains mots clés comme « pute » et « pd » sur leurs comptes Facebook et Twitter et qu'ils devaient faire preuve d'inventivité pour contourner cette censure supposée algorithmique", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/RES_237_0119?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Twitter, France", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2020s"}]}, {"name": "Syndicat du TRAvail Sexuel (STRASS)", "aliases": ["Syndicat du TRAvail Sexuel (STRASS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "European Union", "France", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Grindr", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "Pinterest", "TikTok", "Tumblr", "Twitter/X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "sex worker rights"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Faire dire, faire taire: la modération (algorithmique) des réseaux sociaux numériques au prisme des sexualités", "author": "T Grison", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publishes press releases and engages in online activism to defend the rights of sex workers, raising awareness about issues they face.", "quote": "les associations de lutte contre le VIH ou des TDS comme Act-Up ou le Strass publient leurs communiqués de presse ou réagissent à des tweets de personnalités politiques pour les interpeller sur des projets de loi qu’elles jugeraient dangereux pour les CSG", "page": "136", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-05007981/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Europe, USA, and digital social networks (Twitter/X, TikTok, Facebook, Google, Instagram, YouTube, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Tumblr, Grindr)", "when": "1970s-2024"}]}, {"name": "Syndicat national de l'édition", "aliases": ["Syndicat national de l'édition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate interests", "justice system"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La banalisation du concept de « censure »:", "author": "Mbongo, Pascal", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Advocates for the interests of publishers by endorsing or contributing to white papers on 'Justice et Édition', seeking to influence legal frameworks pertaining to publishing freedom and constraints.", "quote": "voir également le Livre blanc du Syndicat national de l'édition, Justice et Édition. Plaidoyer pour une justice adaptée, SNE, 2003).", "page": "24", "url": "https://droit.cairn.info/revue-pouvoirs-2009-3-page-17?lang=fr", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "late 20th - early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Syndicate (activist mailing list)", "aliases": ["Syndicate (activist mailing list)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Functioned as an activist mailing list that was 'done in by net parasites and anti-censorship campaigners,' showing its vulnerability to disruption and opposition within the online milieu.", "quote": "Inke Arns and Andreas Broeckmann’s activist list Syndicate, done in by net parasites and anti-censorship campaigners;", "page": "69", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Syndicate for Foxe's Martyrs", "aliases": ["Syndicate for Foxe's Martyrs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interest", "religious promotion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Richard Montagu, Arminianism and Censorship", "author": "Lambert, Sheila", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "This collective of 'stockholders' organized the financing and publication of a new, seventh edition of Foxe's Martyrs, demonstrating a private, collective effort to overcome financial and logistical hurdles in publishing a significant religious text.", "quote": "after a lapse of twenty years a syndicate was put together, not without difficulty, in 1631 to bring out a seventh edition; the stockholders' agreement of 27 April 1632 shows that 1,600 copies were expected to sell over three years", "page": "29", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/650892", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "early 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Syndicates / Associations of Journalists", "aliases": ["Syndicates / Associations of Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Latin America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["pluralism", "professional ethics", "professional freedom", "public service"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El periodista como moderador en los debates electorales. Retos de la comunicación ante la política digital", "author": "FCT Adrián, ST Buendía", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Represent the journalistic profession and influence ethical standards and moderation practices in public debates, as reflected in their communiqués, reports, and declarations.", "quote": "reflejados aquí en comunicados, informes o declaraciones de sindicatos, asociaciones de periodistas o profesionales a título individual.", "page": "41", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=4983806&publisher=FZ1335#page=40", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Latin America, Europe", "when": "21st century, particularly 2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "Synode de Liège", "aliases": ["Synode de Liège"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "public order", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "The synod actively condemned Raynal's writings and his supporters, exerting pressure on the prince-bishop and other authorities to suppress what it perceived as irreligious and seditious ideas.", "quote": "par la hargne d'un synode qu'une lettre prétendument signée de Raynal appelait un « tribunal fantastique, dont le modèle n'existe que dans les siècles de ténèbres »", "page": "2", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Synods of York and Philadelphia", "aliases": ["Synods of York and Philadelphia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "These synods interpreted the 'vœux de la nation' and invoked 'humanité,' contributing to the moral and political discourse during the American Revolution, which resonated with the themes in Raynal's writings.", "quote": "Tandis que les synodes d'York et de Philadelphie, interprètes des vœux de la nation, invoquent « l'humanité »", "page": "10", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Syon Abbey", "aliases": ["Syon Abbey"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["14th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Change in Late-Medieval England: Vernacular Theology, the Oxford Translation Debate, and Arundel's Constitutions of 1409", "author": "Watson, Nicholas", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This religious house served as a center for the production and circulation of orthodox vernacular religious texts, contributing to a more controlled and restricted environment for theological discussion post-1409.", "quote": "circulating in carefully limited numbers in milieus like the Bridgettine house at Syon and the Charterhouse at Sheen.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2865345", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "England", "when": "14th-16th century"}]}, {"name": "Syracuse Peace Council", "aliases": ["Syracuse Peace Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "An Economic Theory of Censorship", "author": "Sidak, J Gregory", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Involved in a legal challenge (Syracuse Peace Council v. FCC) that led to the FCC's abolition of the Fairness Doctrine, thereby influencing content regulation by affecting rules governing controversial speech by broadcasters.", "quote": "In August 1987, amid fanfare and controversy, the FCC abolished the Fairness Doctrine in Syracuse Peace Council.", "page": "39", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1920s–2000s"}]}, {"name": "Syria Archive", "aliases": ["Syria Archive"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Cited as a source emphasizing that content moderation complicates efforts to determine responsibility for human rights violations, through its work in documenting and preserving evidence of conflict and abuses.", "quote": "Otra consecuencia aún más compleja es que la moderación de contenidos obstaculiza los esfuerzos para determinar responsabilidades por violaciones de derechos humanos (EFF, Witness and Syria Archive 2019)...", "page": "15", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)", "aliases": ["Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (armed group/coalition with political role)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Coopted tribes by establishing tribal quotas in local governance bodies to ensure plural representation and assert control over regions predominantly inhabited by Arabs.", "quote": "Para ello cooptaron a las tribus, ya que en los cuerpos de gestión local establecidos se fijó una cuota tribal con el propósito de contar con una representación plural del conjunto de la población de la zona.", "page": "139", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Syrian National Coalition", "aliases": ["Syrian National Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Syria"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "humanitarian aid", "political stability"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Orientation et simplification des représentations comme outils de propagande dans le débat public: l'exemple de la décision d'intervention militaire française en …", "author": "M Deville", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Through its representative, Monger Makhous, the coalition participates in public debate to advocate for military intervention by France in Syria. This involves framing the narrative by emphasizing the humanitarian cost and alleged use of chemical weapons to garner public support for intervention.", "quote": "Monger Makhous, Syrien et représentant la coalition nationale syrienne est en faveur de l'intervention militaire de la France. Ses interventions sont centrées sur la Syrie et les pays de la région. [...] Le coût humain de la situation actuelle est présenté de manière accentuée, centrée sur la population, les victimes civiles et les soldats tués depuis le début du conflit.", "page": "15", "url": "https://access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch/access/metadata/085b50a6-ec14-4ebf-95bb-b273f5a25677/download", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "France, Syria", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Syrian National Council of Tribes", "aliases": ["Syrian National Council of Tribes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective (tribal confederation)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["opposition to asad regime", "tribal interests"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Formed by confederations of tribes to seek alliances with opposition forces and the Syrian revolution, aiming to influence the political future of Syria.", "quote": "Asimismo, confederaciones de tribus como las de Shammar y Anaza se unieron al Consejo Nacional de Tribus Sirias, que se reunió en Omán y, más tarde, en Estambul para buscar posibles alianzas en el seno de la Coalición Nacional para las Fuerzas de la Oposición y la Revolución Siria.", "page": "136", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Saigon Liberation)", "aliases": ["Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Saigon Liberation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["progressive values", "public opinion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates as a smaller, progressive newspaper in Ho Chi Minh City, exercising a degree of autonomy in covering controversial issues within the overall state-controlled media environment.", "quote": "Smaller progressive papers in the city include Tiền Phong (Vanguard) and Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Saigon Liberation).", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "São Paulo Public School Occupation Movement", "aliases": ["São Paulo Public School Occupation Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["dissent", "student rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversação política em páginas de juventudes partidárias no Facebook: testando ideais habermasianos", "author": "KV da Silva Vanzini, D Rothberg", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This student movement positively utilized Facebook for 'micropolitical engagement,' enabling information exchange, strategy coordination, and strengthening a network for occupying both physical and digital spaces as a form of protest.", "quote": "Examinando o uso do Facebook pelo movimento de ocupação das escolas públicas paulistas por alunos em protesto contra reformas no ensino, Altheman, Martino e Marques (2017, p. 89) o consideraram uma forma positiva de “engajamento micropolítico", "page": "7", "url": "https://revistas.metodista.br/index.php/comunicacaosociedade/article/view/386", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Brazil (with international comparisons)", "when": "2000s-2010s, focused on 2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Søg - Prosabladet", "aliases": ["Søg - Prosabladet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["union publication / trade union magazine"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Through regular reporting and opinion pieces the magazine shapes public debate on platform regulation and AI, leveraging its position as the mouthpiece of the PROSA trade union to push for regulatory attention.", "quote": "Prosabladet is the magazine of the Danish IT trade union PROSA and regularly publishes articles on social media, AI and regulation, engaging in public debate on platform governance while its core mission is labour representation.", "page": "", "url": "https://prosabladet.dk/soeg?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bsearch%5D%5Bsubject%5D=sociale%20medier&cHash=0236ff5e38d5893b6d554d34c5bfd9a7", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ta'ang News", "aliases": ["Ta'ang News"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["human rights", "political communication"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Operating a Facebook page to publish hazy videos and captions documenting alleged atrocities committed by the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) against ethnic populations, and serving as a 'digital propaganda organ' to recruit members and recontextualize information.", "quote": "A caption claims the aerial assault is an attack undertaken by the Myanmar military (Tatmadaw) against civilians accused of harboring the Northern Alliance separatist group (see Figure 1).", "page": "2", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "TACT project", "aliases": ["TACT project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This research project involves multiple actors in supervising teachers, including 'télécatalystes' (with a coaching role), 'animator-facilitator-moderators,' and 'godparents.' These roles are defined within a clear framework to manage teacher communities.", "quote": "Dans les communautés TACT, plusieurs acteurs participent également à l'encadrement des enseignants : les télécatalystes (avec un rôle de coaching), les « animateurs-facilitateurs-modérateurs » et les « parrains » des enseignants.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Tactical Technology Collective", "aliases": ["Tactical Technology Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["data security", "digital rights", "harm reduction", "privacy", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites ...Tactical Technology...", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tagesschau (West German Public Television)", "aliases": ["Tagesschau (West German Public Television)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["German Democratic Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "information quality", "political reunification", "public information", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sometimes Less Is More: Censorship, News Falsification, and Disapproval in 1989 East Germany", "author": "Gläßel, Christian; Paula, Katrin", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "West German public television, particularly its main evening newscast Tagesschau, provided an alternative and trustworthy source of information to GDR citizens by extensively covering the 1989 emigration wave, detailing refugee numbers, motivations, and desires, and explicitly referring to East German state media's censoring practices.", "quote": "In contrast to GDR media, the West German Tagesschau extensively covered the 1989 emigration wave, providing updates about the number of refugees as well as information on their motivation, needs, and desires.", "page": "6", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12501", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "German Democratic Republic (GDR)", "when": "1989"}]}, {"name": "Tahya Tounes (Long Live Tunisia)", "aliases": ["Tahya Tounes (Long Live Tunisia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "secularism"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A new political party led by Youssef Chahed, that emerged in the political landscape after the 2019 elections, challenging existing parties and aiming to form a government.", "quote": "En los primeros meses de 2019, el primer ministro Chahed (con su nuevo partido Tahya Tounes) apareció en los sondeos preelectorales como nuevo líder del frente secular", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Taiwan Association for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Taiwan Association for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The geopolitics of digital rights activism: Evaluating civil society's role in the promises of multistakeholder internet governance", "author": "Grover, Rohan", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Hosted sessions at RightsCon, contributing to discursive production in global digital rights civil society from a Taiwanese perspective, advocating for human rights.", "quote": "Table 4 lists all 11 (22%) GSE-based organizations that hosted sessions across all three conference years Pakistan is home to three such organizations, and the remaining organizations are distributed across different countries.", "page": "7", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596122001392", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet governance (focused on representation within the RightsCon conference)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (specifically 2018–2020)"}]}, {"name": "Taiwan Association for Human Rights (TAHR)", "aliases": ["Taiwan Association for Human Rights (TAHR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, focusing on human rights in the digital sphere, including issues related to content moderation and freedom of expression.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Taiwan's 1450 Internet army", "aliases": ["Taiwan's 1450 Internet army"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Bangladesh", "China", "Cuba", "Global South", "Iran", "United States", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control", "national interests", "state control"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cooperative Dynamics of Censorship, Misinformation, and Influence Operations: Insights from the Global South and U.S", "author": "Hakami, Zaid; Feng, Yuzhou; Carbunar, Bogdan", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Named by participants as an organization responsible for influence operations, it is described as a state-affiliated group that spreads false narratives to maintain control and influence public opinion, often working in conjunction with state censorship efforts.", "quote": "Some participants named the responsible organizations, e.g., Taiwan's 1450 Internet army and Iran's Basij [16], and revealed detailed knowledge of their operations.", "page": "16", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17933", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global South (Bangladesh, China, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela) and U.S., social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, specifically March-October 2024 for the study period"}]}, {"name": "Take Back the Tech", "aliases": ["Take Back the Tech"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["digital rights", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "This grassroots initiative offers extensive resources and information to assist individuals in tackling online harassment.", "quote": "Similarly, there are grassroots initiatives... that offer extensive resources and information to tackle online harassment, such as the websites ...and Take Back the Tech.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Takfir wal-Hijra", "aliases": ["Takfir wal-Hijra"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Formed as a radicalized splinter group, diverging from mainstream Islamist movements during periods of repression, characterized by militant views and an ideological shift towards jihadism.", "quote": "certain other segments turned more militant as well, as observed with such Egyptian jihadi groups as Tandheem al-Jihad, Gamaa al-Islamiyah, and Takfir wa al-Hijrah.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Taking control of your online safety - Childline", "aliases": ["Taking control of your online safety - Childline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child helpline; youth support charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1986, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "Publishes accessible online guidance and runs helplines and social channels to educate and support young people on privacy, scams, misinformation and online safety, shaping public understanding and behavior.", "quote": "Primary mission is youth counselling and online safety education, and the site provides guidance on online privacy, scams, misinformation and platform safety issues relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.childline.org.uk/info-advice/bullying-abuse-safety/online-mobile-safety/staying-safe-online/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Talk With Your Kids About Online Safety - Focus on the Family", "aliases": ["Talk With Your Kids About Online Safety - Focus on the Family"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious non-profit / family advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Publishes widely distributed parenting resources and campaigns advising parents on online safety measures (parental controls, reporting to ISPs/CyberTipline) and leverages media and events to shape public practice and opinion on children’s online safety.", "quote": "Primary mission is family ministry and parenting resources, but it produces guidance on online safety that touches platformized content governance (reporting to ISPs, CyberTipline) and advises on content controls and parental controls.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.focusonthefamily.com/parenting/talk-with-your-kids-about-online-safety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tandheem al-Jihad", "aliases": ["Tandheem al-Jihad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The political and theological boundaries of Islamist moderation after the Arab Spring", "author": "HI Yenigün", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Formed as a radicalized splinter group, diverging from mainstream Islamist movements during periods of repression, characterized by militant views and an ideological shift towards jihadism.", "quote": "certain other segments turned more militant as well, as observed with such Egyptian jihadi groups as Tandheem al-Jihad, Gamaa al-Islamiyah, and Takfir wa al-Hijrah.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436597.2016.1227683", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East, specifically Egypt", "when": "Post-Arab Spring (2011-2016)"}]}, {"name": "Tanin", "aliases": ["Tanin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Circumvented state suspension orders by frequently reappearing under new, rhyming names (e.g., Cenin, Renin, Senin, Hak), demonstrating defiance of censorship.", "quote": "Hüseyin Câhid's Tanin (Echo) probably held the record with this practice, having appeared under the names Cenin (Fetus), Renin (Scream), and Senin (Yours) within less than a six-month period.", "page": "23", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "TAPAS (There Are Platforms as AlternativeS)", "aliases": ["TAPAS (There Are Platforms as AlternativeS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Maghreb"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "digital ethics", "economic cooperation"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les médias généralistes et les réseaux socionumériques comme dispositifs de pouvoir en Chine: l'exemple des médiatisations du nationalisme Mass Media …", "author": "Z Ma", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Through its research program TAPAS, it promotes 'cooperative platforms' as an alternative to capitalist models, fostering a more sober, horizontal, and democratic digital environment.", "quote": "Corinne Vercher Chaptal, avec son programme de recherche TAPAS, parle de « plateformes coopératives par opposition aux plateformes capitalistes dans lesquelles le service est situé dans l’intérêt général et collectif ».", "page": "532", "url": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/306424/1/actes-congres-sfsic-2023-volume-1_compressed.pdf#page=262", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Primarily France and the Maghreb, with broader discussions spanning Europe and international contexts, focusing on digital platforms, scientific infrastructures, and social movements.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context where relevant."}]}, {"name": "TapDance (project)", "aliases": ["TapDance (project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The use of TLS in Censorship Circumvention", "author": "Frolov, Sergey; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Utilizes refraction networking to bypass censorship by placing proxies at ISPs outside censored countries, establishing TLS connections to innocuous sites while covertly communicating with on-path ISPs using randomized Client Hellos.", "quote": "TapDance [65] uses refraction networking to circumvent censors, placing proxies at Internet service providers (ISPs) outside censoring countries", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_03B-2-1_Frolov_paper.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, with focus on censorship circumvention", "when": "2017–2018 (Post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Taraaz", "aliases": ["Taraaz"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and advisory organization (technology & human rights)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Taraaz publishes indexes and transparency reports (US Responsible AI Procurement Index), builds and releases tools (LUCID on GitHub), conducts red-team events and partnerships (DEF CON/Generative AI red teaming), and serves in advisory roles with platforms and standards bodies to shape procurement and platform practices.", "quote": "Taraaz conducts human-rights-focused research, red-teaming of large language models, a U.S. Responsible AI Procurement Index, and produces tools/guides directly addressing platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://taraazresearch.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Task Force for a Trustworthy Future", "aliases": ["Task Force for a Trustworthy Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["public safety", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A collective body working to scale trust on the web, likely through research, policy recommendations, and collaborative efforts to define and promote trustworthy online environments.", "quote": "See Task Force for a Trustworthy Future (2023), in particular, annex 5.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "Task Force for a Trustworthy Future Web", "aliases": ["Task Force for a Trustworthy Future Web"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "inclusivity", "open tooling", "trustworthiness"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocates for and works on robust, open tooling and culturally relevant strategies to incorporate Majority World perspectives in T&S, bridging academia and practice.", "quote": "To better incorporate Majority World perspectives, the T&S field should invest in robust, open tooling (Task Force for a Trustworthy Future Web, 2023).", "page": "160", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Task Force for Dealing with Hate Speech", "aliases": ["Task Force for Dealing with Hate Speech"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "A government-initiated multi-stakeholder group involving NGOs and social media providers, concerned with the removal of criminally relevant content from platforms.", "quote": "In October 2015, the (then) German Federal Minister of Justice Heiko Maas initiated the Task Force for Dealing with Hate Speech.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tasman AI", "aliases": ["Tasman AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["BitChute", "Facebook", "Gab", "Minds", "Parler", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Censorship Effect (3/10/22)", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Collaborates with social media platforms (like Minds) to develop and implement AI-driven solutions or evaluations for content moderation, likely focusing on ethical AI alignment.", "quote": "So far, Minds has collaborated with Tech Against Terrorism, Parallel Networks, Braver Angels, Light Upon Light, Daryl Davis, Tasman AI, and CulturePulse...", "page": "56", "url": "https://culturepulse-web.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/The_Censorship_Effect_04338dd6f6.pdf", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Minds, Reddit, Gab, Telegram, Parler, BitChute); focused primarily on the USA and Europe, with some mentions of other regions.", "when": "Post-2010 social media era, with historical context on free speech principles (dating back to 1791) and radicalization studies (post-9/11)."}]}, {"name": "Tasso's Committee of Revisers (or Committee of Reading)", "aliases": ["Tasso's Committee of Revisers (or Committee of Reading)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formed to review Torquato Tasso's epic poem, providing comments, criticisms, and censorship proposals to ensure religious orthodoxy and conformity to literary norms.", "quote": "quest’ultimo formò un comitato di lettura che vedeva affiancati lui stesso... all’invio dei canti corrispondeva la trasmissione all’autore di commenti, critiche, censure.", "page": "155", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Tasvîr-i Efkâr", "aliases": ["Tasvîr-i Efkâr"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "public discourse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content that was increasingly critical of the government, leading to state efforts to monitor and control it through press regulations.", "quote": "The 1864 Press Regulation... would allow it to keep closer tabs on the two privately-owned newspapers, Tercümân-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Conditions] and Tasvîr-i Efkâr (Depiction of Ideas), in which criticism of the government was increasing.", "page": "4", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Tax Fax", "aliases": ["Tax Fax"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["fiscal policy", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides literature that critics of secular humanism use to support censorship efforts based on anti-secular humanist views.", "quote": "TAX 1-AX The independent Aini'rican P.O. Box 636 -- Little.ton, Colorado 80L20", "page": "117", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Tax Justice Network", "aliases": ["Tax Justice Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "transparency"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Third-party dispute settlement in online content moderation: a necessary compliance requirement for online platforms or a constitutional aberration?", "author": "T Ochodek", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and reveals information about beneficial ownership and verification processes, contributing to public debate and norm-setting regarding financial transparency.", "quote": "FATF beneficial ownership report reveals cutting-edge verification processes, hesitates to endorse public registries. Tax Justice Network [online]. 27 November 2019", "page": "56", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=1023728", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "European Union and selected member states; international law and historical contexts.", "when": "Predominantly contemporary (2000s-2020s), with historical discussions extending to the 17th century."}]}, {"name": "Tea Party", "aliases": ["Tea Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Rule of Law in Cyberspace", "author": "", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "participated in the expansion of political parties and movements facilitated by social media.", "quote": "Internet has assumed an important role in the expansion of multiple political parties, candidates and movements, from the Tea Party to Black Lives Matter", "page": "47", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-07377-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on EU, USA, and Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Teacher-Professional Facebook Group (Anonymized)", "aliases": ["Teacher-Professional Facebook Group (Anonymized)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, professional body"], "countries": ["Sweden"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community standards", "professional collaboration"], "topics": ["media moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating professional learning on social media-A balance between monitoring, facilitation and expert membership", "author": "T Hillman, M Lundin, AB Rensfeldt…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The group, through its individual moderator, balances monitoring of group norms, facilitation of discussion, and expert contributions to sustain an environment for professional learning and to manage member interactions, including membership approval and content removal.", "quote": "moderation in the case group involved a particular balance of three different moderation concerns. [...] facilitation role [...] monitoring of group norms [...] acting as an expert member.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131521000683", "topic": "media moderator", "language": "English", "where": "a teacher-professional Facebook group, Sweden", "when": "2012–2015"}]}, {"name": "Teachers (as a professional body)", "aliases": ["Teachers (as a professional body)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Nigeria"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "educational quality", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship of information and the Nigerian society", "author": "KF Dafiaghor", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Participate cooperatively in developing school reading programs and curriculum judgments, with their academic freedom being a factor in discussions around controversial materials and censorship.", "quote": "The district must specify criteria for making curriculum judgments, identify personnel to make those decisions, and provide written rationales for including or excluding potentially controversial materials. These policies should be reviewed yearly. Broad support should be sought from local, state, and national organizations that are committed to academic freedom.", "page": "5", "url": "https://academicjournals.org/journal/INGOJ/article-full-text-pdf/6E9459341019/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Nigeria", "when": "Early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Teachers and Clergy (Kinoreformbewegung)", "aliases": ["Teachers and Clergy (Kinoreformbewegung)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France", "Germany"], "media": ["cinema"], "norms": ["educational standards", "public morals", "religious values"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1960, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dictionnaire de Ja censure au cinema-Images interdites", "author": "JL Douin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "This collective of teachers and clergy formed a 'Kinoreformbewegung' (cinema reform movement) before 1914, advocating for changes or standards in cinema content, which constitutes a form of public pressure and norm-setting aimed at influencing moderation or censorship of films.", "quote": "Tucholsky hat vor 1914 die Kinoreformbewegung von Lehrern und Geistlichen unterstützt", "page": "2", "url": "https://mediarep.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/8b9fd2be-59c2-4f1c-8098-73ed1815de79/content", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Germany, France (cinema)", "when": "early-mid 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Teachers' Unions", "aliases": ["Teachers' Unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de los comentarios de los usuarios en la prensa española en el debate de 'Ley Wert'", "author": "C Perales", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "These professional bodies rejected the proposed 'Ley Wert' and, alongside other social sectors, actively participated in mobilizations and protests, including the first general education strike in Spanish history.", "quote": "Desde sus inicios, rechazada por los partidos de izquierda y diferentes sectores sociales directamente afectados (sindicatos de maestros y profesores, asociaciones de padres y alumnos).", "page": "2", "url": "https://repositori.uvic-ucc.cat/handle/10854/3329", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "May 2013"}]}, {"name": "Team Cymru", "aliases": ["Team Cymru"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["data transparency", "internet security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in China: Where Does the Filtering Occur?", "author": "Xu, Xueyang; Mao, Z. Morley; Halderman, J. Alex", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Provides a whois server service that maps IP addresses to AS numbers. The paper consults Team Cymru's server to map router IP addresses back to AS numbers and to obtain the names of ASes, which is crucial for analyzing the AS-level topology and locating filtering devices.", "quote": "For those that we fail to map back, the whois server of Team Cymru [9] that returns IP to ASN mapping is consulted.", "page": "4", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-19260-9_14", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century (post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Team Halo", "aliases": ["Team Halo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public health", "vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collaborates with platforms like Twitter to activate social media campaigns, such as emoji hashtags, to show support for vaccination.", "quote": "In January, in partnership with Team Halo, UNICEF, NHS, and the Vaccine Confidence Project, we activated an emoji hashtag #vaccinated to show support for vaccination.", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Teatro de Agitación Social", "aliases": ["Teatro de Agitación Social"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "political influence", "public morals", "social change"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Francoist era"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CENSURA Y PRÁCTICA CENSORIA", "author": "Abellán, Manuel L", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "A movement founded to use theatre as a tool for social agitation and transformation, emphasizing social purification and political projection over artistic perfection.", "quote": "Más tarde, en 1950, funda con José María de Quinto, el movimiento T.A.S. (Teatro de Agitación Social), por el que se trata de llevar la agitación – la toma de conciencia – a todas las esferas de la vida social española...", "page": "18", "url": "represura.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1940s-1970s (Francoist era)"}]}, {"name": "Teatro de Arte Israelita Brasileiro", "aliases": ["Teatro de Arte Israelita Brasileiro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "social critique"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The venue where the play 'Ponto de partida' premiered, which was designed to bypass censorship through metaphor to address the sensitive Vladimir Herzog case, demonstrating creative strategies to circumvent state control.", "quote": "A peça, devido à sua aparência metafórica, passou pela censura e estreou com enorme sucesso no TAIB (Teatro de Arte Israelita Brasileiro) em 23 de setembro de 1976", "page": "15", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Eslava", "aliases": ["Teatro Eslava"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Mid-20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1969, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Un clásico difícil. Censura y adaptación escénica de <i>La Celestina</i> bajo el franquismo", "author": "Bastianes, María", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Hosted the 1957 adaptation of 'La Celestina' by Luis Escobar and Huberto Pérez de la Ossa, which underwent extensive prior censorship, multiple revisions, and generated complaints during its run, leading to further mandated cuts and restrictions.", "quote": "la aprobación de una adaptación de La Celestina en aquellos años cincuenta lo ofrece la versión de 1957 con la que Luis Escobar abrió las puertas de su recientemente adquirido Teatro Eslava.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682737.2018.1444417", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Francoist Spain", "when": "1940–1969"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Experimental do Porto", "aliases": ["Teatro Experimental do Porto"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a professional company, it staged controversial plays like 'A Promessa' despite public and religious opposition, challenging censorship norms and contributing to the national theatre scene's reinvention.", "quote": "A Promessa, uma peça de três atos, foi encenada pela primeira vez em 23 de Novembro de 1957, no Teatro Sá da Bandeira, no Porto. (...) TEP foi criado como grupo amador em 1955 e transformou-se em companhia profissional em Outubro de 1957.", "page": "235", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Popular do Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI)", "aliases": ["Teatro Popular do Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["theatre company"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "cultural access", "public education"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Maintained a repertoire focused on classical and high-quality productions offered with free admission, serving a less enlightened public and circumventing censorship by presenting works of recognized literary value.", "quote": "O Teatro Popular do SESI, era mantido pelo Serviço Social da Indústria e possuía, desde 1977, uma sala de espetáculos da melhor qualidade (...) oferecendo ao público em geral montagens de alto nível e com ingressos gratuitos.", "page": "266", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Teatro Popular do SESI", "aliases": ["Teatro Popular do SESI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic quality", "cultural access"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A theatre group maintained by the Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI), which provided high-quality performances to the public under the watchful eye of censorship, navigating the system through its repertoire choices.", "quote": "Em 1986, ingressei no Teatro Popular do SESI, fundado por Osmar Rodrigues Cruz em 1948 e, naquela época, ainda sob a sua direção. O Teatro Popular do SESI, era mantido pelo Serviço Social da Indústria e possuía, desde 1977, uma sala de espetáculos da melhor qualidade na Avenida Paulista, caracterizando-se por oferecer ao público em geral montagens de alto nível e com ingressos gratuitos.", "page": "17", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Tech Equity", "aliases": ["Tech Equity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy and research nonprofit / collaborative"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TechEquity publishes research and reports (e.g., Contract Worker Disparity Project, AI Compass), engages in state-level advocacy (letters, support for AB 325), builds coalitions with civil-society research partners, and uses public campaigns and events to pressure policymakers and companies.", "quote": "TechEquity's core work focuses on People-First AI, AI supply chains, algorithmic harms (price-fixing, housing discrimination), and California/US policy advocacy—directly engaging platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://techequity.us/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech for Campaigns", "aliases": ["Tech for Campaigns"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political volunteer technical assistance organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Tech for Campaigns publishes digital ads and impact reports, operates a Learning Engine aggregating cross-campaign data, and deploys volunteer tech teams to directly shape campaign digital strategy and ad deployment, claiming measurable electoral results (flipped chambers and candidate wins).", "quote": "Tech for Campaigns focuses on deploying volunteer tech talent and digital ad programs for Democratic campaigns and uses platform ad ecosystems and a Learning Engine, engaging with platform tools but not primarily focused on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techforcampaigns.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech for Good Live", "aliases": ["Tech for Good Live"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community-based organisation; podcast and events"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Publishes 200+ podcast episodes, runs 40+ events monthly in Manchester, and states it has advised councils, using media and events to shape discussion on ethical tech.", "quote": "Runs events, podcasts and occasional advisory activity on ethical tech and AI topics that touch on platform governance but is primarily a community media/awareness organisation.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techforgood.live/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech for Palestine", "aliases": ["Tech for Palestine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["incubator; advocacy coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Tech for Palestine mobilizes thousands of tech volunteers, incubates and launches platform alternatives and privacy tools (UpScrolled, BuycatVPN, Pal Chat, NewsCord), promotes boycotts and public campaigns, and frames demands to remove genocidal speech and reduce media bias—combining product-building with advocacy to shape platformized content governance.", "quote": "Operates a tech incubator and launches apps (UpScrolled, BuycatVPN, Pal Chat) and campaigns explicitly aimed at content moderation (e.g., \"shut down genocidal speech\"), media bias, and alternatives to major platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://techforpalestine.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech Freedom", "aliases": ["Tech Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["internet freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations for internet freedom.", "quote": "40. Tech Freedom et al. (2012). Declaration of Internet Freedom. http://declarationofinternetfreedom.org/.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tech Governance Project", "aliases": ["Tech Governance Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fiscally sponsored project / tech governance NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Data sovereignty", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guides and reports (AI Diplomacy Guide), runs stakeholder workshops and policy demonstration projects, and positions African stakeholders to engage in international AI fora, leveraging networks with AU and global institutions to amplify influence.", "quote": "Core mission explicitly advances tech governance in Africa, produces AI diplomacy guidance, conducts research, workshops, and small-scale policy demonstrations directly related to AI and platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tgov.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech Justice Law Project", "aliases": ["Tech Justice Law Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal initiative / tech accountability watchdog"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces and disseminates case resources and filings, submits agency comments and amicus briefs, co-counsels high-profile litigation to compel platform accountability and regulatory scrutiny.", "quote": "Directly litigates and files agency comments on AI and platform harms (e.g., co-counsel in lawsuit against OpenAI; applauds FTC inquiry; cultivates tech accountability litigation).", "page": "", "url": "https://techjusticelaw.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech Policy Press", "aliases": ["Tech Policy Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media and community venture"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; IGF 2025; Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Tech Policy Press shapes public and policy debate by publishing research and opinion, running fellowships and a podcast to surface expert perspectives on platform governance and tech-democracy issues.", "quote": "Publishes analysis and commentary at the intersection of technology and democracy, regularly covering platform governance, trust & safety, and AI policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://techpolicy.press/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tech Workers Coalition", "aliases": ["Tech Workers Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Represents nascent labor organizing, contributing to \"norms-building\"\" in the tech industry by fostering public-regarding professional norms and promoting ethics among software engineers.\"", "quote": "There are some encouraging signs of norms-building in nascent labor organizing (Tech Workers Coalition, n.d.), growing efforts to instill a sense of ethics in young software engineers.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Techdirt", "aliases": ["Techdirt"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a blogging group, its founder Mike Masnick coined the term 'Streisand effect' to describe instances of legal overreach by trademark and copyright holders that paradoxically increased publicity for the suppressed information, thus popularizing the concept of censorship backfire.", "quote": "founder of the blogging group Techdirt, who used it to describe cases of legal overreach by trademark and copyright holders.", "page": "2", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}]}, {"name": "TechFreedom", "aliases": ["TechFreedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["technology policy think tank / advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; IGF 2025", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "TechFreedom publishes white papers and regulatory comments, files amicus briefs and legal interventions, and runs public campaigns and media outputs to shape policy debates on platforms, telecom regulation, and AI.", "quote": "TechFreedom regularly files regulatory comments, amicus briefs, and public advocacy on FCC/FTC matters, Section 230, and AI, directly engaging in platform-related governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://techfreedom.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Technical Steering Committee", "aliases": ["Technical Steering Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["GitHub"], "norms": ["governance compliance", "project stability", "risk management", "technical quality"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nip it in the Bud: Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots", "author": "Hsieh, Jane; Kim, Joselyn; Dabbish, Laura; Zhu, Haiyi", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The TSC guides and advises the organization with high-level directives, recertifies moderation team members annually, and is responsible for technical and governance decisions, including voting on actions like removing internal collaborators.", "quote": "Team members are recertified annually by a Technical Steering Committee (TSC), which guided and advised the organization with higher-level directives.", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07427", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Contemporary Open Source Software Projects on GitHub", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Technoethical", "aliases": ["Technoethical"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ethical technology", "free software", "user rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Commercializes digital devices certified under the FSF's 'Respect Your Freedom' program, ensuring they only come with free software and do not promote non-free alternatives, thus advocating for user freedom through commerce.", "quote": "Il n’y a en effet pour l’heure que deux «grands » fournisseurs de produits certifiés pour la planète entière : ThinkPenguin (États-Unis) et Technoethical (Roumanie).", "page": "73", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Technorati", "aliases": ["Technorati"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "A metasite that tracks and indexes popular links and news stories within the weblogging community, providing a classification of popularity to help users find relevant information.", "quote": "Segundo, la blogósfera es alimentada por metasitios como Daypop, Blogdex del MIT, Technorati y otros. Estos sitios siguen los ítems que están enlazados y hablan sobre los weblogs", "page": "27", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "TechSoup Global", "aliases": ["TechSoup Global"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international nonprofit network; capacity-building organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "TechSoup distributes donated software/hardware and provides training and platforms that enable civil society actors to use digital tools; it leverages corporate partnerships to channel technology to nonprofits worldwide.", "quote": "TechSoup provides technology, training, and capacity-building to civil society worldwide; while it shapes how nonprofits use platforms and tools, platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220416132427/https://meet.techsoup.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "TechTonic Justice", "aliases": ["TechTonic Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["501(c)(3) nonprofit; advocacy and legal-aid support organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Legal aid and litigation", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces reports and guides, trains legal-aid organizations, litigates and engages media to elevate ground-level harms and influence policy and practice around automated decision-making.", "quote": "Core mission explicitly focuses on resisting and litigating against unjust AI harms affecting low-income people and building capacity of legal aid programs to address automated decision-making.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techtonicjustice.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "TechUK", "aliases": ["TechUK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "techUK publishes reports, convenes industry-government roundtables and delegations (e.g., Washington D.C.), and runs Hubs and campaigns to shape regulation and AI frameworks.", "quote": "techUK explicitly shapes digital regulation and AI policy, runs an AI Hub and leads industry engagement with government and regulators on platform and AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techuk.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tecnológico de Monterrey", "aliases": ["Tecnológico de Monterrey"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["academic discourse", "digital media literacy", "professional development"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized the V Ibero-American Biennial, facilitating discussion and analysis of the impact of blogs on journalism and media, contributing to the academic and professional understanding of these phenomena.", "quote": "ya en 2005, analizábamos el impacto de los blogs en el periodismo y los medios, a través de una mesa de trabajo que se presentará en la V Bienal Iberoamericana, organizada por el Proyecto Internet del Tecnológico de Monterrey...", "page": "2", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "TEDIC (Paraguay)", "aliases": ["TEDIC (Paraguay)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital rights", "free speech", "regulation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Joined a collaborative effort with Observacom and other Latin American CSOs to formulate 'Standards for the democratic regulation of large platforms,' advocating for digital rights, online freedom of expression, and an open internet.", "quote": "En octubre de 2020, el Observatorio Latinoamericano de Regulación, Medios y Convergencia (Observacom), junto con Intervozes e IDEC (Brasil), CAInfo (Uruguay), TEDIC (Paraguay), PROLEDI (Costa Rica), Usuarios Digitales (Chile) [...] elaboraron la propuesta Estándares para la regulación democrática de grandes plataformas para garantizar la libertad de expresión en línea y una Internet libre y abierta (Observacom 2020a).", "page": "17", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "TEEN TALK: Ensuring Online Safety for Teens", "aliases": ["TEEN TALK: Ensuring Online Safety for Teens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["nonprofit technology organization for child protection"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes a catalog/index of IP addresses linked to CSAM, supplies law enforcement with CRC Technology and training free of charge, and partners with corporations to scale deployments, enabling detection, ranking and prosecution of offenders.", "quote": "Develops and deploys CRC technology to identify, index and rank IP addresses and CSAM for law enforcement worldwide, directly shaping how online child sexual abuse content is detected and acted upon.", "page": "", "url": "https://childrescuecoalition.org/educations/teen-talk-ensuring-online-safety-for-teens/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Teen Vision", "aliases": ["Teen Vision"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Offered logistical support to the PMRC, assisting in its campaign against rock music, thereby helping to disseminate its message and mobilize support for content control.", "quote": "Several religious organisations offered their logistical support: Teen Vision, from Pittsburgh, Pat Robertson's 700 Club, and the Religious Booksellers Convention...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "Telar e.V.", "aliases": ["Telar e.V."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["social integration"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An NGO involved in integration, collaborating with radio programs like NewcomerNews to organize 'open mic' events for refugees to discuss concerns and learn radio skills.", "quote": "The NewcomerNews radio program at Freie Radio Wüste Welle (Tübingen) conducted an ‘open mic’ event on October 7-8, 2022, in collaboration with Telar e.V., an NGO in the area of integration.", "page": "244", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Telecomix", "aliases": ["Telecomix"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Syria"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in the Wild: Analyzing Internet Filtering in Syria", "author": "Chaabane, Abdelberi; Chen, Terence; Cunche, Mathieu; De Cristofaro, Emiliano; Friedman, Arik; Kaafar, Mohamed Ali", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Leaked 600GB of logs from Syrian Blue Coat SG-9000 proxies, providing raw data that enabled analysis of internet filtering practices in Syria.", "quote": "On October 4, 2011, a \"hacktivist\"\" group called Telecomix announced the release of log files extracted from 7 Syrian Blue Coat SG-9000 proxies (aka ProxySG) [23].\"", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2663716.2663720", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Syria", "when": "July–August 2011"}]}, {"name": "Telefono Amico", "aliases": ["Telefono Amico"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "B4b3l 4rch1v3: analisi e visualizzazione delle pratiche di resistenza agli algoritmi attraverso il design della comunicazione", "author": "M Visini", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides support services during specific hours to individuals experiencing mental distress, as listed on TikTok's 'You're not alone' page for 'Suicidal thoughts'.", "quote": "You're not alone If you or someone you know is having a hard time, help is always available. View resources Telefono Amico 10AM-12AM 02 2327 2327", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/223738", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok, Italy", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Telefono Azzurro", "aliases": ["Telefono Azzurro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["mental health", "well-being"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "B4b3l 4rch1v3: analisi e visualizzazione delle pratiche di resistenza agli algoritmi attraverso il design della comunicazione", "author": "M Visini", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides 24/7 support services to individuals experiencing mental distress, as listed on TikTok's 'You're not alone' page for 'Suicidal thoughts'.", "quote": "You're not alone If you or someone you know is having a hard time, help is always available. View resources Telefono Azzurro 24/7 19696", "page": "96", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/223738", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok, Italy", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Television Without Pity", "aliases": ["Television Without Pity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Fan-run message boards that television producers would monitor to gauge viewer sentiment and preferences, contributing to the early forms of audience engagement with media production.", "quote": "television producers have shadowed other message boards that were fan-run, such as the Television Without Pity forums, to gauge viewer sentiment.", "page": "26", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Tell MAMA (Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks)", "aliases": ["Tell MAMA (Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "anti-racism"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Combats 'hate speech' online by targeting digital intermediaries, lobbying them, raising awareness, and collecting complaints about anti-Muslim content.", "quote": "the Australian-based Online Hate Prevention Institute, the Canada-based Sentinel Groups for Genocide Prevention and the British-based Tell MAMA (Measuring Anti-Muslim Attacks) combat “hate speech” online by targeting digital intermediaries...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Tercümân-ı Ahvâl", "aliases": ["Tercümân-ı Ahvâl"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "public discourse"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published content that was increasingly critical of the government, leading to state efforts to monitor and control it through press regulations.", "quote": "The 1864 Press Regulation... would allow it to keep closer tabs on the two privately-owned newspapers, Tercümân-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Conditions] and Tasvîr-i Efkâr (Depiction of Ideas), in which criticism of the government was increasing.", "page": "4", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Tertulia de la Condesa de Montijo", "aliases": ["Tertulia de la Condesa de Montijo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["salon/reading society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "state ideology", "traditional order"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Francisco Sánchez-Blanco,«El Censor. Un periódico contra el Antiguo Régimen»", "author": "M Román López", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "According to a 'conspiracy theory' (which the paper discusses and refutes), this aristocratic gathering was a driving force behind the newspaper 'El Censor,' intending to shape public discourse with specific moral and philosophical governmental objectives. More broadly, the tertulia served as a space where themes for the newspaper originated, thus influencing the intellectual agenda.", "quote": "la «teoría “conspiradora” de José Miguel Caso González, incluida en la edición facsímil del periódico, según la cual Carlos III y la tertulia aristocrática de la Condesa de Montijo son los auténticos impulsores", "page": "1", "url": "https://rodin.uca.es/bitstream/handle/10498/19898/315_319.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Test", "aliases": ["Test"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values", "social ethics"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publishing critical reviews and opinions on literary works for participants in Catholic ethical-social courses, thereby shaping perceptions of their moral and social implications within academic and religious contexts.", "quote": "La revista \"Test\"\"", "page": "destinada a los participantes en los cursos ético-socia-les de las academias católicas", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "Tetazo virtual", "aliases": ["Tetazo virtual"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Análisis de la censura sexual en redes sociales", "author": "CI García Reig", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Formed a private Facebook group where over 400 women posted photos of themselves as a protest against censorship of the female body on social networks, though the group was subsequently shut down by Facebook.", "quote": "Un año más tarde, en el 2015, surgía un grupo privado de Facebook con el nombre “Tetazo virtual”, donde más de 400 chicas subieron fotos como forma de protesta. Este último grupo sí fue cerrado por la gran red social y ya no es posible encontrarlo.", "page": "18", "url": "http://dspace.umh.es/handle/11000/6512", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr", "when": "2011–2017"}]}, {"name": "Texans for America", "aliases": ["Texans for America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "anti-globalism", "anti-liberalism", "historical revisionism", "national identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1962, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Presenting extensive objections to history textbooks, accusing authors of liberal or communist affiliations, and demanding that historical facts be altered to conform to a purely 'nationalistic history' perspective.", "quote": "J. Evetts Haley, speaking for Texans for America, began with the fallacy of attacking author Boller, whom he accused of having the liberal's 'usual obsession with democracy.'", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}]}, {"name": "Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa", "aliases": ["Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security", "political control", "political power"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "An organized informal group instrumental in political crimes, including suppressing nationalist rebellions and massacres, serving as a tool for political control.", "quote": "Eventually this 'informal' group was organized under the name Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa [Special Organization] in 1914. They were not only instrumental in petty political crimes, but also in larger-scale 'activities,' such as suppressing nationalist rebellions and ultimately the massacre of Ottoman Armenians...", "page": "33", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Thanh Niên", "aliases": ["Thanh Niên"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["political legitimacy", "profit motive", "public opinion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Serves as the official paper of the Ho Chi Minh Youth League, engaging in controversial and investigative reporting, sometimes pushing boundaries and facing repercussions when allegations target high-ranking officials.", "quote": "Its rival, Thanh Niên, is the official paper of the Ho Chi Minh Youth League and runs 280,000 copies daily.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "The #ADayOffTwitch movement", "aliases": ["The #ADayOffTwitch movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "content moderation", "platform safety", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Combatiendo el discurso de odio en Twitch. Análisis exploratorio de los retos de la moderación de contenidos", "author": "Roca Trenchs, Núria; López-Borrull, Alexandre; Lalueza, Ferran", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Organized a collective action, a day-long boycott, to exert public pressure on Twitch, demonstrating creators' dissatisfaction with toxic users and demanding better tools to control harassment and hate speech.", "quote": "En septiembre de 2021, se generó la etiqueta #ADayOffTwitch, un movimiento impulsado por los creadores de contenido ShineyPen, Lucia Everblack y RekitRaven con el que pretendían mostrar su desacuerdo con los usuarios tóxicos: los creadores de contenido pedían mejores herramientas para controlar el acoso y el discurso de odio", "page": "18", "url": "https://ojs.austral.edu.ar/index.php/australcomunicacion/article/view/1376", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Twitch", "when": "21st century (focus on 2010s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "The 'Manila Principles' Drafting Group", "aliases": ["The 'Manila Principles' Drafting Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["due process", "free speech", "intermediary liability", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Developed the 'Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability', advocating that intermediaries should not have legal liability for third-party content and that content restriction requests must be transparent and respect due process.", "quote": "a group of digital rights organisations de-veloped the 'Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability', which recognises that in-termediaries... should not have legal liability over third-party content, and that content re-striction requests should be transparent and respect due process.", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "The 'Olavetes' (supporters of Olavo de Carvalho)", "aliases": ["The 'Olavetes' (supporters of Olavo de Carvalho)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["political blogs"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A febre dos blogs de política", "author": "A Aldé, J Escobar, V Chagas", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "This group consists of bloggers who self-proclaim a pro-right political alignment and express admiration for a specific articulist (Olavo de Carvalho). They form a distinct group identity through circular contacts and participate in public debate with a shared, partisan viewpoint, influencing the overall discourse within the blogosphere.", "quote": "Assim se formam grupos específicos como o dos “olavetes”, blogueiros que se autoproclamam pró-direita e cultuam o articulista dO Globo Olavo de Carvalho, conhecido por suas idéias reacionárias.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4955/495550189004.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, political blogs", "when": "2005-2006"}]}, {"name": "The 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation' Drafting Group", "aliases": ["The 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation' Drafting Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "due process", "fair moderation", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Proposed the 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation', advocating for specific best practices for appeals, user notice, and transparency in company moderation processes.", "quote": "a small group of civil society organisations and researchers, including the EFF, proposed the 'Santa Clara Principles for Content Moderation' (SCPs), advocating for specific recommendations on how companies should meet basic best practices for appeals, user notice, and transparency in their moderation processes.", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "The 700 Club", "aliases": ["The 700 Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious morality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Parents' Music Resource Center: from information to censorship", "author": "Chastagner, Claude", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Offered logistical support to the PMRC, assisting in its campaign against rock music, thereby helping to disseminate its message and mobilize support for content control.", "quote": "Several religious organisations offered their logistical support: Teen Vision, from Pittsburgh, Pat Robertson's 700 Club, and the Religious Booksellers Convention...", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S026114300000903X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "1980s–1990s"}]}, {"name": "The Ad Council", "aliases": ["The Ad Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public awareness", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Receives free advertising credits from social media platforms to disseminate critical public health information on COVID-19 vaccines.", "quote": "We are also providing free ads to organizations that will disseminate critical information on Covid-19 vaccines such as the UN Verified Initiative, World Health Organization and The Ad Council.", "page": "25", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "The Age Verification Providers Association", "aliases": ["The Age Verification Providers Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global trade body; industry association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation; TrustCon2025", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "AVPA publishes policy responses and thought leadership, represents providers to regulators, and promotes interoperable technical standards (e.g. AgeAware/euCONSENT) while its members supply age-assurance tools to platforms.", "quote": "AVPA's core mission is promoting and representing age-assurance technologies to regulators, platforms and industry, directly shaping platform policies and compliance with laws like the DSA, OSA and age-appropriate design codes.", "page": "", "url": "https://avpassociation.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Alan Guttmacher Institute", "aliases": ["The Alan Guttmacher Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["evidence-based policy", "public health", "reproductive health"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Conducted research on factors affecting unwanted pregnancy, including 'openness about sex' and sexually explicit literature, thereby contributing data and analysis to public policy discussions that could inform or counter censorship debates.", "quote": "A recent study by the prestigious Alan Guttmacher Institute identifies factors explaining why teenagers in the United States experience unwanted pregnancy at rates significantly higher than those in any other developed nation.", "page": "62", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "The American Conservative", "aliases": ["The American Conservative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This established periodical hosts online movie ratings services, providing mass audiences with a conservative perspective on films to guide their viewing choices.", "quote": "Established periodicals including The Christian Century, Movieguide, The Conservative Voice, and The American Conservative currently host online movie ratings services.", "page": "13", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "The American Latvian Organization", "aliases": ["The American Latvian Organization"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Hungary", "Latvia", "Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-socialist self-censorship: Russia, Hungary and Latvia", "author": "Schimpfössl, Elisabeth; Yablokov, Ilya", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Published information revealing the anonymous owners of the Latvian newspaper 'Diena', which had been sold to domestic oligarchs with dubious reputations, contributing to transparency in media ownership.", "quote": "The American Latvian Organization (2012) Latvian newspaper ‘Diena' reveals its owners.", "page": "9", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323119897797", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, Hungary, and Latvia", "when": "Post-1989 to late 2010s"}]}, {"name": "The American Legacy Foundation", "aliases": ["The American Legacy Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "harm reduction", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterspeech 2000: A New Look at the Old Remedy for \"Bad\"\" Speech\"", "author": "Richards, Robert D; Calvert, Clay", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Directs a multi-state anti-smoking public education and advertising campaign, spending $1.5 billion to counter the effects of tobacco product advertising and reduce underage smoking.", "quote": "The process of countering the image with counterspeech funded by the multi-state settlement is directed by an organization called The American Legacy Foundation (“Foundation”), located in Wash-ington, D.C. which did not select the agencies that would produce the campaign until September 1999, nearly a year after settlement.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (Missouri, New York, multi-state campaigns)", "when": "late 20th century to 2000"}]}, {"name": "The American Mind", "aliases": ["The American Mind"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape conservative political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "Rob es un [...] \"ávido lector de First Things", "page": "The Claremont Review of Books y The American Mind”\"", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "The American Spectator", "aliases": ["The American Spectator"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Published information about a nominee's father's past association with the Communist Party to discredit her, leveraging historical political associations for partisan attack.", "quote": "Just after he withdrew the nomination of Lani Guinier to head the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division an issue of the conservative American Spectator appeared, trumpeting the fact that Guinier's father had been close to the Communist Party in the 1940s and 1950s!", "page": "31", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "The American Sunlight Project", "aliases": ["The American Sunlight Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["disinformation research and advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; Coalition for Independent Tech Research", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and educational programs, runs a legal referral network for targets of disinformation, operates a Substack and donation-driven initiatives to influence public debate and policymaking.", "quote": "Mission and programs focus on countering disinformation, research and educational programs, legal referral network for targets of false attacks, and engagement with policymakers.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.americansunlight.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands", "aliases": ["The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Global", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "due process", "public discourse", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-hosts working groups, such as the Transatlantic Working Group, focused on online content regulation, contributing to the discourse and proposed solutions for complex issues.", "quote": "Um projeto do Annenberg Public Policy Center, da Universidade da Pensilvânia, em parceria com The Annenberg Foundation Trust, em Sunnylands e o Institute for Information Law, da Universidade de Amsterdam.", "page": "38", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Annenberg Innovation Lab (AnnLab)", "aliases": ["The Annenberg Innovation Lab (AnnLab)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research lab / think & do tank"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "AnnLab produces research, runs fellowships and collaborative projects (e.g., Truthiness Collaborative, Count The Nation) that shape public-facing media interventions and partner with industry and civic actors to influence media/technology practices.", "quote": "AnnLab’s mission and projects explicitly focus on intersections of media, technology and society (e.g., Truthiness Collaborative, Civic Media Fellowship), addressing misinformation, civic media and tech-mediated public communication relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.annenberglab.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI)", "aliases": ["The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reports on human rights issues, including the blocking of specific online accounts, challenging censorship efforts in Arab countries.", "quote": "The website of Eid's human rights organization remains blocked. Also, Saudi Arabia used to block the Facebook pages of politically objectionable individuals.", "page": "20", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "The Atlantic", "aliases": ["The Atlantic"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["online discourse"], "norms": ["journalistic integrity", "professional expertise", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "New Logics for Governing Human Discourse in the Online Era", "author": "Reisman, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Functions as a 'curator of news' that could become an 'attention agent service' within a user-controlled social mediation ecosystem, allowing users to select it and assign weights in ranking content for their feeds.", "quote": "Users might select a set of such services - for example, The New York Times, CNN, MSNBC, Fox, The Atlantic, People - to play a role in composing their feeds, assigning them different relative weights in ranking.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and online discourse", "when": "Contemporary online era (with historical context from Gutenberg onwards)"}]}, {"name": "The Authors Guild, Inc.", "aliases": ["The Authors Guild, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual property"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Michelle Cliff and Adrienne Rich are members, contributing to creative writing and literary expression, which is part of the speech protected from censorship.", "quote": "MICHELLE CLIFF is the author of Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise and Abeng. She is a member of Poets & Writers and The Authors Guild.", "page": "23", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "The Balanced Economy Project", "aliases": ["The Balanced Economy Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["anti-monopoly advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Sustainability", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and campaigns to shape policy (calls for DMA enforcement), runs public communications (newsletter/campaigns) and leverages public-interest funding and expert networks to pressure regulators and corporations.", "quote": "Public campaigning and policy demands targeting Big Tech (e.g. calling for robust enforcement of the Digital Markets Act) show direct engagement in platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.balancedeconomy.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Barnes Review", "aliases": ["The Barnes Review"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes and disseminates Holocaust-denial content as a journal, contributing to the spread of far-right ideology.", "quote": "Willis Carto of the Holocaust-denial journal, The Barnes Review (Southern Poverty Law Center NDb).", "page": "45", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "The Berlin Summit 2025: Big Tech And European Sovereignty", "aliases": ["The Berlin Summit 2025: Big Tech And European Sovereignty"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; policy forum"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Convenes the Berlin Summit to bring together state, business, academia and civil society and publishes analytical pieces advocating European digital sovereignty, public procurement as policy lever, and development of public/open platform alternatives to Big Tech.", "quote": "Publishes analyses and convenes events (Berlin Summit) addressing Big Tech, digital sovereignty and infrastructure alternatives but its core remit is broader economic and political topics rather than solely platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://newforum.org/the-berlin-summit-2025-big-tech-and-european-sovereignty/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Big Issue", "aliases": ["The Big Issue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Employs a unique distribution model where homeless individuals sell the paper, providing them with income and acting as an advocacy press for homelessness issues.", "quote": "The Big Issue was founded in 1991 and has four separate fortnightly editions in London, Scotland, Wales and the North of England. Its aim, as is well known, is to 'help the homeless help themselves', by selling them copies of the paper that they then sell on the street (making 45 pence per copy sold).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal)", "aliases": ["The BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Routinely sent all submitted manuscripts to outside experts for an opinion prior to publication, demonstrating an early and consistent adoption of external peer review practices.", "quote": "While some journals, like the British Medical Journal, routinely sent all manuscripts to outside experts for an opinion prior to publication...", "page": "1273", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Boston Women's Health Book Collective", "aliases": ["The Boston Women's Health Book Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public health", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... The Boston Women's Health Book Collective;", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "The Bristol Cable", "aliases": ["The Bristol Cable"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community well-being", "local journalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to fund local journalism, providing community-led news coverage.", "quote": "Other beneficiaries include small community websites such as the Bristol Cable...", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "The British Library", "aliases": ["The British Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "India", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "cultural heritage"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "CREATIVE FREEDOM AND CENSORSHIP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OTT CONTENTS IN THE UK, INDIA, AND CHINA", "author": "Kanojia, Siddharth", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Plays an important role in preserving cultural heritage in the UK, which supports creative freedom by maintaining a rich archive of diverse expressions.", "quote": "Other bodies, such as the British Film Institute, the National Theatre, and the British Library, also play an important role in nurturing creative expression and preserving cultural heritage.", "page": "8", "url": "https://e-jlia.com/index.php/jlia/article/view/1202", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "UK, India, and China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Bustani Family", "aliases": ["The Bustani Family"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Lebanon", "Ottoman Empire", "Syria"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-defamation", "family values", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1908, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ottoman Censorship in Lebanon and Syria, 1876–1908", "author": "Cioeta, Donald J.", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Operated several newspapers and actively used their publications and direct influence to pressure the local governor (vali) to suspend a rival newspaper that had published attacks against them, thus participating in the enforcement of censorship.", "quote": "Although the Press Law stipulated that libel was to be dealt with in the courts, the Bustanis chose to use editorials to persuade the vali to stop the attacks. The vali ordered Sabunji to cease, but he persisted. Finally, with exhortation from the Bustanis, he suspended al-Nahlah indefinitely.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743800034759/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Lebanon and Syria (Ottoman Empire)", "when": "1876-1908"}]}, {"name": "The California Coastal Records Project", "aliases": ["The California Coastal Records Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "environmental monitoring"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Streisand Effect and Censorship Backfire", "author": "Jansen, Sue Curry", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Maintained an award-winning, publicly accessible online database of thousands of photographs of the California coastline, which documented a celebrity's mansion and subsequently became the target of a high-profile lawsuit, illustrating censorship backfire.", "quote": "The California Coastal Records Project is an award-winning, publicly accessible online database containing thousands of photographs of the California coastline.", "page": "1", "url": "ijoc.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, primarily Western democracies", "when": "Ancient to contemporary"}]}, {"name": "The Canary", "aliases": ["The Canary"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "...and The Canary and Novara media in the UK.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "The Carpentries", "aliases": ["The Carpentries"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["scientific integrity", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its existing code of conduct, focused on establishing a welcoming and inclusive online space, served as a foundational document for discussion and adaptation during the AutSPACEs moderation workshop.", "quote": "Participants in that session were presented with existing codes of conduct – from The Carpentries (The Carpentries 2019), which was focussed on establishing a welcoming and inclusive, open online space", "page": "6", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "The Case Foundation", "aliases": ["The Case Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1997, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "The foundation provides grants, builds partnerships across sectors, and runs communication campaigns (Be Fearless, civic engagement programs) to shape civic and tech-related initiatives and mobilize resources and attention.", "quote": "Primary mission is philanthropy focused on civic engagement, entrepreneurship and impact investing; they fund and support online civic initiatives and make technology and data accessible but do not centrally focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://casefoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Catholic Church (Holy See) and L'Osservatore Romano", "aliases": ["The Catholic Church (Holy See) and L'Osservatore Romano"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 1949, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mussolini censore. Storie di letteratura, dissenso e ipocrisia", "author": "Bonsaver, Guido", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "The Church exercised a \"subaltern but weighty censorious power\"\" by putting pressure on the government regarding artistic works", "quote": "and through its official newspaper", "page": "which attacked writers.\"", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy", "when": "1920s-1940s (Fascist era)"}]}, {"name": "The Catholic Church (in France)", "aliases": ["The Catholic Church (in France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1769, "when_max": 1788, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Censure Royale à la fin du dix-huitième siècle", "author": "Cerf, Madeleine", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "Exercises censorship through episcopal mandates, remonstrances to the King from the Assembly of the Clergy, and public denunciation. It condemns works that contradict recognized religious values.", "quote": "L'Église dans les mandements des évêques et les remontrances au Roi de l'Assemblée du Clergé à l'occasion des dons gratuits. La dénonciation à l'opinion publique et aux coteries dévotes de la cour est le seul pouvoir effectif de censure qui reste à l'Église au XVIIIe siècle.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1126", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1769–1788"}]}, {"name": "The Catholic Church (Vatican)", "aliases": ["The Catholic Church (Vatican)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence", "political power", "religious authority"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Classical antiquity to 19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the subaltern and the question of censorship in Gramsci's <i>Prison Notebooks</i>", "author": "Green, Marcus E", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Issued a formal papal order, the 'non-expedit', which instructed Catholics to abstain from participation in Italian politics. This served as a form of top-down political moderation for its adherents.", "quote": "the Vatican's non-expedit, which became a formal papal order in 1874 that stated that it was 'not expedient' for Catholics to participate in Italian politics", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13688790.2011.641913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Italy (Ancient Rome, medieval communes, Risorgimento)", "when": "Classical antiquity to late 19th century"}]}, {"name": "The Catholic Church / Clergy", "aliases": ["The Catholic Church / Clergy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "public morals", "religious principles", "social order"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Enforced religious and moral norms regarding family structure, marriage, and personal conduct in colonial society through surveillance, promoting specific dispositions in testaments for spiritual merit, and by establishing and supporting religious missions.", "quote": "Es de suponer que, en estos centros citadinos, la presencia de funcionarios reales y eclesiásticos pugnaban por el cumplimiento de lo normado, y la persistencia en la vigilancia y el temor a perder la salvación eterna contribuyeran a modelar las conductas, o bien, a disimular las transgresiones.", "page": "114", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Catholic League (France)", "aliases": ["The Catholic League (France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Italy", "Scotland", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["political stability", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th–17th century"], "when_min": 1580, "when_max": 1639, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Una teoria della censura: Bellarmino e il potere indiretto dei papi", "author": "Frajese, Vittorio", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "The League produced and published pamphlets, declarations, and advisories to perturb the peace of the Kingdom, challenging the succession rights to the French throne and thus exercising public pressure and attempting to enforce religious and political norms.", "quote": "Apologie catholique contre les libelles, déclarations, advis et consultations faictes, écrites et publiées par les Liguez perturbateurs du Repos du Royaume de France que se sont esseuez depuis le decés du Feu Monseigneur frére unique du Roy.", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20565210", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (France, Italy, Scotland, Spain), focusing on the Papacy and various European monarchies.", "when": "Late 16th century – early 17th century (c. 1580s–1630s)"}]}, {"name": "The Child Protection Society", "aliases": ["The Child Protection Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Innocence, knowledge and the construction of childhood: The contradictory nature of sexuality and censorship in children's contemporary lives", "author": "KH Robinson", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Actively campaigns to raise public awareness of children's vulnerabilities and the need for protection, shaping public discourse and policy, which often leads to the regulation or restriction of information and experiences for children.", "quote": "For example, in Australia, organizations such as The Child Protection Society and the National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (NAPCAN) actively campaign to increase awareness of children's vulnerabilities and need for protection.", "page": "18", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203117538&type=googlepdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Developed countries (Australia, USA, UK)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (post-1980s)"}]}, {"name": "The Childrens Media Foundation", "aliases": ["The Childrens Media Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["children's media advocacy charity / not-for-profit company limited by guarantee"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Childrens Coalition for Online Safety; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "CMF produces policy papers and yearbooks, briefs ministers and Ofcom, organises the Children’s Media Summit, and participates in coalitions (e.g., Children’s Coalition for Online Safety) to shape platform prominence, funding and safety measures for children.", "quote": "CMF actively engages with Ofcom, DCMS and Video Sharing Platforms (e.g., YouTube) on prominence, funding and safety for children’s content and supports children-and-AI design/code initiatives.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thechildrensmediafoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Chinese Association Gauteng", "aliases": ["The Chinese Association Gauteng"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "hate speech"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION AND LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: THE ROLE OF THE STATE", "author": "Davis, Tara", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participates in litigation concerning hate speech on social media platforms, which resulted in a legal finding that certain online expression contravened the Equality Act.", "quote": "...concerned expression on Facebook, some of which amounted to hate speech and was found to contravene the Equality Act.", "page": "18", "url": "wiredspace.wits.ac.za", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Christian Century", "aliases": ["The Christian Century"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious principles"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This established periodical hosts online movie ratings services, providing mass audiences with a religiously-informed perspective on films to guide their viewing choices.", "quote": "Established periodicals including The Christian Century, Movieguide, The Conservative Voice, and The American Conservative currently host online movie ratings services.", "page": "13", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "The Church", "aliases": ["The Church"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["moral norms", "religious norms"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Questions conceptuelles et formes de censure au 21e siècle", "author": "Gosztonyi, Gergely", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Over centuries, regulated opinions and diverse content, sometimes through religious, moral, or political forms of control.", "quote": "Mes recherches révèlent comment les opinions et les divers contenus qui sont ou ont été publiés ont été réglementés par l'État et l'Église au fil des siècles, parfois sous une forme religieuse, parfois sous une forme morale, parfois sous une forme politique.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.ajk.elte.hu/dstore/document/4584/annales_2023_december_249.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Internet / Social Media (Global, with specific references to Europe, US, and China) and historical contexts", "when": "17th-21st centuries, with focus on post-2000s internet era"}]}, {"name": "The Church (Catholic Church)", "aliases": ["The Church (Catholic Church)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["political order", "religious orthodoxy", "symbolic order"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["14th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura: o (des) controle social da informação", "author": "MJP de Andrade", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The Church, as an institution, created and recreated strategies for information control, prohibiting content (such as an 'apology for laughter') deemed heretical, thus exerting authoritarian control over information to maintain its symbolic and political order.", "quote": "A igreja, naquele contexto, não permitia qualquer apologia ao riso. Considerava uma heresia e, portanto, censura-o, revelando-se, durante a narrativa, um exercício autoritário de controle de informação.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revista.uepb.edu.br/racin/article/view/4062", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Benedictine monastery (14th century Italy), early modern European states", "when": "14th century to early modern period"}]}, {"name": "The Church (in East Germany)", "aliases": ["The Church (in East Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["German Democratic Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-state intervention", "free speech", "information access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as a Vocation: The Institutions, Practices, and Cultural Logic of Media Control in the German Democratic Republic", "author": "Boyer, Dominic", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Served as an informal, non-state channel for information, including details suppressed by state censorship (e.g., mentions of potholes), to be communicated to West German journalists. This indirect role helped circumvent state media control and offered some protection to journalists from severe disciplinary actions.", "quote": "Thankfully, I had good contacts with western journalists via the Church so they couldn't discipline me too severely for fear of that information being leaked to the West as well.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417503000240/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "German Democratic Republic (GDR)", "when": "19th-20th century (specifically 1949-1990)"}]}, {"name": "The Church Lab", "aliases": ["The Church Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["interfaith dialogue / community-building nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The Church Lab runs public dialogues, blog posts and events to shape narratives on polarization and builds partnerships with local organizations and funders to scale programming and convene stakeholders.", "quote": "Primary mission is interfaith dialogue and bridge-building; occasional engagement with topics of online polarization and a blog post titled 'What A.I. Has To Say About Dialogue' indicates some engagement with platform-related issues but not as core work.", "page": "", "url": "https://thechurchlab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Civic Beat", "aliases": ["The Civic Beat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "free speech", "human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Batman, Pandaman and the Blind Man: A Case Study in Social Change Memes and Internet Censorship in China", "author": "Mina, An Xiao", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As a media group, it researches and highlights the use of social change memes as tools for civic engagement and human rights advocacy, particularly in contexts of censorship, thereby contributing to the understanding and promotion of alternative forms of dissent.", "quote": "She is co-founder of The Civic Beat, a media group that looks at social change memes around the world, and she serves as a product owner at Meedan Labs...", "page": "16", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470412914546576", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2011–2014"}]}, {"name": "The civil society group launches to increase collaboration, improve ...", "aliases": ["The civil society group launches to increase collaboration, improve ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["sector infrastructure and charity membership organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1919, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1919", "mechanism": "NCVO produces research and policy briefings, issues open letters and campaigns, represents charities to government and convenes sector actors to shape policy on digital inclusion, AI and misinformation.", "quote": "NCVO's core mission is serving and representing charities but it produces research, policy responses and guidance touching on digital barriers, AI for charities and misinformation affecting civil society.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ncvo.org.uk/news-and-insights/news-index/the-civil-society-group-launches/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Civilian Film Ethics Committee", "aliases": ["The Civilian Film Ethics Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Film Censorship and Political Legitimation in South Korea, 1987-1992", "author": "Park, Seung Hyun", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "This committee, established by civilians, was responsible for film censorship, aiming to promote freedom of expression in artistic and cultural creation without official interference. However, it was short-lived and disbanded by the military regime.", "quote": "The Civilian Film Ethics Committee was officially established on August 5, 1960. This committee emphasized freedom of expression in artistic and cultural creation, rather than bureaucratic caution or efficiency.", "page": "18", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/7549", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea", "when": "1987–1992"}]}, {"name": "The Claremont Review of Books", "aliases": ["The Claremont Review of Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["family values", "traditional values"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cómo salvar al liberalismo del naufragio: la moderación como fin en sí mismo", "author": "S Argüello", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publishes articles and opinion pieces that shape conservative political discourse and provide intellectual frameworks for its readership, influencing which ideas are amplified or critiqued within that sphere.", "quote": "Rob es un [...] \"ávido lector de First Things", "page": "The Claremont Review of Books y The American Mind”\"", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/5216e43e-b25c-4829-96da-4002141e8568/download", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "USA", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Clergy", "aliases": ["The Clergy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Instruyendo sobre la recreación: Alcocer y la moderación en el XVI, clave en la educación para el juego", "author": "López De Prado Ortiz-Arce, Ignacio", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Censured individuals who neglected divine duties for games and, through the role of confessors, instructed believers on the correct interpretation of laws and proper participation in recreations, emphasizing moderation and religious obligations.", "quote": "al confesor le atribuye labores de docente, puesto que algunos de los responsables de la ineficacia de las leyes, después del gobierno, serán los prelados. Esto se explica porque parte de su misión será informar a los creyentes acerca no solamente de la adecuada interpretación de las leyes, sino del modo correcto de participar en las diferentes recreaciones.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistas.usal.es/tres/index.php/0212-0267/article/view/hedu2019385976", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "The Coca-Cola Company", "aliases": ["The Coca-Cola Company"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "The Coimbra Commentaries (Jesuit College of Coimbra)", "aliases": ["The Coimbra Commentaries (Jesuit College of Coimbra)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censure de la fiction et ses fondements philosophiques", "author": "Demonet, Marie-Luce", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The 'Conimbres' (scholars from the Jesuit College of Coimbra) were influential in philosophical debates concerning 'entia rationis' and the metaphysical status of fictitious objects. They adopted a moderate position, acknowledging chimeras and sphinxes as concepts existing within the mind, which implicitly defined acceptable boundaries for fictional entities in logic and metaphysics.", "quote": "alors que les Conimbres sont plus mesurés, admettant que les chimères et le sphinx ne renvoient qu'à des concepts dans l'âme", "page": "11", "url": "dialnet.unirioja.es", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Early Modern Europe, with a focus on France", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "The Collaborative Research Centre for Resilience (houses the Surveillance Resistance Lab)", "aliases": ["The Collaborative Research Centre for Resilience (houses the Surveillance Resistance Lab)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research lab / advocacy project housed in a collaborative research centre"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces reports (e.g., MyCity, INC), publishes resources and zines, and presents testimony at municipal oversight hearings to challenge surveillance projects and corporate-public tech entanglements.", "quote": "Publishes reports and testimonies challenging city digital infrastructure (MyCity) and campaigns against 'Digital Cop City', directly engaging surveillance, data-sharing and public tech governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://surveillanceresistancelab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Collective Intelligence Project", "aliases": ["The Collective Intelligence Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic governance", "global impact", "human-centered ai", "societal impact"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Points towards new generations of processes, infrastructures, and institutions for collective decision-making in AI, providing a roadmap for democratic AI.", "quote": "Thankfully, recent innovations in collective decision-making point towards a new generation of processes, infrastructures, and institutions to navigate these challenges (Ovadya, 2023a; OECD, 2020; CIP, 2024; Stilgoe, 2024).", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "The Combahee River Collective Statement", "aliases": ["The Combahee River Collective Statement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "equality", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Drawing from justice theories to support targets of online harassment", "author": "Schoenebeck, Sarita; Haimson, Oliver L; Nakamura, Lisa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "It influenced norm-setting for online governance by advocating for approaches that design for and empower people without power, aiming to eradicate systemic power structures within society, which can be applied to social media regulation.", "quote": "Such approaches acknowledge that designing for people without power requires designing for everybody, by seeking to eradicate those systems of power (The Combahee River Collective Statement, n.d.).", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820913122", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Community Collective (Australia)", "aliases": ["The Community Collective (Australia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "startup support"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Supports startups with community management resources.", "quote": "and a community management organisation specifically serving startups – The Community Collective – was launched in Australia in 2021.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "The Conservative Caucus (TCC)", "aliases": ["The Conservative Caucus (TCC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Focuses on \"hot button\"\" issues like gun control", "quote": "ERA", "page": "and taxes", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Conservative Voice", "aliases": ["The Conservative Voice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["conservative values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This established periodical hosts online movie ratings services, providing mass audiences with a conservative perspective on films to guide their viewing choices.", "quote": "Established periodicals including The Christian Century, Movieguide, The Conservative Voice, and The American Conservative currently host online movie ratings services.", "page": "13", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "The Coral Project (of Mozilla)", "aliases": ["The Coral Project (of Mozilla)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Online comment platforms"], "norms": ["content moderation", "harm reduction", "platform governance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Effect of Transparency and Trust on Acceptance of Automatic Online Comment Moderation Systems", "author": "Brunk, Jens; Mattern, Jana; Riehle, Dennis M.", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Develops and provides computational tools and resources designed to help publishers and communities manage user-generated comments and moderate abusive content on their platforms.", "quote": "To date, the only mature comment moderation systems that work with computational methods to support platform moderators are Jigsaw's Perspective API (a sub company of Google) and Mozilla's Coral Project, which builds upon the Perspective API.", "page": "3", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8808038/", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online comment platforms, Germany", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Cyber Helpline", "aliases": ["The Cyber Helpline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity; victim support organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Operates a 24/7 chatbot and volunteer helpline, publishes reports and guides, and campaigns publicly to improve victim support and platform safety.", "quote": "Provides direct support, guidance and reports addressing online harassment, revenge porn and platform safety (e.g. 'Privacy and Safety Guide for Users of X'), but core mission is victim support rather than systemic platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thecyberhelpline.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Daily Wire", "aliases": ["The Daily Wire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a conservative media outlet, The Daily Wire produces and hosts videos featuring conservative commentators to promote conservatism and specific political perspectives, influencing public opinion.", "quote": "Ben Shapiro is an American conservative commentator and former editor-at-large at Breitbart News. He founded and hosts videos on The Daily Wire, where he promotes conservativism from an Orthodox Jewish perspective.", "page": "48", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "The Daily Worker", "aliases": ["The Daily Worker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media pluralism"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"counterpublic populist outlet\"\" that published editorial cartoons to express explicit political critique", "quote": "populism, critique of capitalism, workers' rights.", "page": "New Yorker cartoonist Syd Hoff penned the cartoons while moonlighting at the Daily Worker as “A. Redfield.”... Hoff’s moonlighting allowed him to express an explicit critique impossible in his regular work for that magazine.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "The Danish Institute for Human Rights", "aliases": ["The Danish Institute for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national human rights institution"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025; IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and symposium reports on technology and corporate accountability and operates a national human rights mandate used to engage governments, businesses and public debates on tech-related rights issues.", "quote": "Hosts a dedicated 'human rights, business and tech' department and publishes research and guidance on technology and human rights, directly engaging platform-related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.humanrights.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Data Face", "aliases": ["The Data Face"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Media e potere: il dibattito presidenziale Trump-Harris nel racconto della stampa Usa", "author": "V BENSO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Conducting analyses of media coverage post-debate, influencing public perception by reporting on how candidates were described and framed by US news outlets.", "quote": "The Data Face, il gruppo che ha condotto l'analisi nelle 48 ore successive al dibattito, riporta che, «nonostante il consenso generale sulla vittoria di Clinton, Trump ha ricevuto una copertura mediatica quasi tre volte superiore a quella di Clinton.", "page": "32", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/94882", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "USA, Italy", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Data Governance Institute", "aliases": ["The Data Governance Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sur quelques analogies invoquées dans les débats sur la régulation des dispositifs de modération des contenus sur les réseaux sociaux aux États-Unis", "author": "JY Ollier", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides a definition for data governance, implying participation in norm-setting for responsible data management and processes generating information.", "quote": "La gouvernance des données fait référence à un système de droits de décision et de responsabilités concernant les processus générant des informations.", "page": "11", "url": "https://stm.cairn.info/revue-enjeux-numeriques-2022-4-page-77?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with focus on Europe/France and USA", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with future projections and historical context"}]}, {"name": "The Dialogue", "aliases": ["The Dialogue"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accountability", "digital rights", "public policy", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo e transparência: uma comparação entre mercados regulados e não regulados", "author": "BMM Martins", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborated in the development of the Santa Clara Principles, engaging in public policy discussions and advocacy for digital rights, transparency, and accountability in content moderation.", "quote": "a lista de organizações e empresas que colaboraram para a construção dos SCP inclui: 7amleh, Association for Progressive Communications, Centre for Internet & Society, Meta, Fundación Acceso, GitHub, Institute for Research on Internet and Society, InternetLab, Laboratório de Políticas Públicas e Internet, Lawyers Hub, Montreal AI Ethics Institute, PEN America, Point of View, Public Knowledge, Taiwan Association for Human Rights, The Dialogue e Usuarios Digitales.", "page": "107", "url": "http://repositorio.ibict.br/handle/123456789/1455", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X/Twitter) in the European Union and globally", "when": "Post-2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Diana Award", "aliases": ["The Diana Award"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth charity; anti-bullying and youth empowerment organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Publishes research and press releases on youth bullying, runs high-profile campaigns and training (symbolic awards and ambassador programmes), and partners with schools, charities and public figures to amplify influence.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on youth empowerment and anti-bullying; they commission research and run campaigns that engage with online/peer behaviour and safeguarding, touching on platform content and safety issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://diana-award.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Digital Asia Hub", "aliases": ["The Digital Asia Hub"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "research promotion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Leading AI discussions in the Asia-Pacific region and providing a model for research and engagement on topics important for the region, thereby influencing policy and practice locally and regionally.", "quote": "The Digital Asia Hub in Hong Kong has been leading Al discussions in the Asia-Pacific and provides a model of research and engagement on topics important for the region.", "page": "21", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Economist Intelligence Unit", "aliases": ["The Economist Intelligence Unit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civil liberties", "democracy", "electoral integrity", "good governance", "political participation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Evaluates and ranks political regimes based on democracy indices, influencing public discourse and providing a reference for political leaders and academics on the state of political freedoms and rights. This contributes to norm-setting and evaluation of political moderation.", "quote": "El uso de índices de democracia, como los elaborados por instituciones como Freedom House (FH), The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS) o el instituto Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), está muy extendido por parte de académicos, así como por analistas y periodistas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "The EMBO Journal (Journal of the European Molecular Biology Organization)", "aliases": ["The EMBO Journal (Journal of the European Molecular Biology Organization)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["scientific publishing"], "norms": ["information integrity", "scientific integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is Peer Review Censorship?", "author": "Casadevall, Arturo; Fang, Ferric C.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Created a transparent editorial process where all communications to and from the editors, along with the text of reviews, are made publicly available to the reader, enhancing transparency in the peer review process.", "quote": "Recently, the EMBO Journal created a transparent editorial process where all communications to and from the editors along with the text of reviews are available for the reader...", "page": "1274", "url": "https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/IAI.00018-09", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global scientific publishing", "when": "16th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Engine Room", "aliases": ["The Engine Room"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit organisation; research and capacity-building for civil society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Global Digital Justice Forum; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Since 2011 supported 800+ organisations, influenced UN debate on rights-based use of data, and provides research and capacity-building that shape practice and norms in tech/data governance.", "quote": "Directly shapes how civil society uses technology and data (Responsible Data programme), provides research and capacity-building that influence digital rights and data/tech governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.theengineroom.org/about/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The English Speaking Union", "aliases": ["The English Speaking Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "international relations", "public discourse"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Engages in research and synthesis of current situations and perceptions of debate internationally, contributing to the understanding and promotion of debate as an educational tool.", "quote": "Akerman, R., & Neale, I., (2011). Debating the Evidence: an International Review of Current Situation and Perceptions. Research Syntesis. The English Speaking Union.", "page": "265", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "The Epoch Times", "aliases": ["The Epoch Times"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of religion"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Is China exporting media censorship? China's rise, media freedoms, and democracy", "author": "J Gamso", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "As a Falun Gong-affiliated newspaper, it was subjected to censorship in foreign countries, specifically being briefly banned in Malaysia due to pressure from the Chinese Communist Party.", "quote": "Sun (2005) similarly notes that The Epoch Times, a Falun Gong-affiliated newspaper, was briefly banned in Malaysia under CCP pressure.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13540661211015722", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, focusing on countries trading with China", "when": "Post-2000 (with data from 2002-2014)"}]}, {"name": "The Erosion of Content Moderation: How Tech Companies Are ...", "aliases": ["The Erosion of Content Moderation: How Tech Companies Are ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and hosts weekly programs to shape public debate on democracy, calls for platform transparency and responsible AI, and encourages public engagement and pressure on tech companies.", "quote": "Organization's mission focuses on democracy and civil rights and it publishes analysis and programs addressing content moderation, disinformation, and calls for platform transparency.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jewsunitedfordemocracy.org/blog/the-erosion-of-content-moderation-how-tech-companies-are-reshaping-political-discourse/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Etext Archives", "aliases": ["The Etext Archives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "information preservation", "media pluralism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A global archive that collects and organizes text-based e-zines, making them accessible to subscribers and preserving electronic publications, supporting the dissemination of alternative content.", "quote": "The 240 e-zines collected (at January 2000) in The Etext Archives (http://www.etext.orglindex.shtml) are all text-based; illustrative material is generated by the ASCII character set.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Free Internet Project", "aliases": ["The Free Internet Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes summaries and analyses of proposed bills and policy discussions related to internet regulation, such as amendments to Section 230, contributing to public discourse and policy advocacy.", "quote": "See Adam Wolfe, Summary of EARN IT and Proposed Bills to Amend Section 230 of CDA Regarding ISP Safe Harbor, FREE INTERNET PROJECT (June 27, 2020)", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "The Future of Tech: A Blueprint for Action - techandchildhood", "aliases": ["The Future of Tech: A Blueprint for Action - techandchildhood"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy reports and analysis, provides expert advice to governmental and international commissions, and communicates recommendations (e.g. Future of Tech Commission input) to shape platform safety and regulation.", "quote": "Publishes research and policy commentary on online harms to children and has acted as expert adviser to the US Future of Tech Commission and national/EU advisory bodies, engaging directly with platform safety, data and algorithmic issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.techandchildhood.com/news/the-future-of-tech-a-blueprint-for-action", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Future Society", "aliases": ["The Future Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent nonprofit organization; policy convenor"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Mozilla Festival 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TFS publishes policy analyses and responses to government requests, convenes multi-stakeholder roundtables (Athens Roundtable), partners with intergovernmental bodies and NIST to shape standards and measurement frameworks for AI governance.", "quote": "TFS's core mission is to 'align AI through better governance' via convenings (Athens Roundtable), policy responses, and collaboration with OECD, UNESCO, IEEE and NIST, directly engaging AI and platform governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://thefuturesociety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Global Fund", "aliases": ["The Global Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["equity", "public health"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Launched the Equitable Access Initiative, publishing alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid.", "quote": "The Equitable Access Initiative, launched by heads of multilateral organizations engaged in global health, published alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid (The Global Fund, 2016).", "page": "164", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria", "aliases": ["The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic opportunity", "equitable access"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Published alternatives to Gross National Income as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid, related to health and development.", "quote": "The Equitable Access Initiative... published alternatives to GNI as a framework to assess countries’ need for financial aid (The Global Fund, 2016).", "page": "164", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "The Globe and Mail", "aliases": ["The Globe and Mail"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["China", "Ethiopia", "Kazakhstan", "Myanmar", "Pakistan"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": [], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Grand Firewall de Chine: architecture d'un État-censeur", "author": "S Fosse", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Participated as part of a media coalition that analyzed 100,000 documents leaked from Geedge Networks, exposing the commercialization and export of surveillance technology.", "quote": "Une coalition de médias le Globe and Mail canadien, le Der Standard autrichien, Follow the Money, Paper Trail Media et d'organisations comme Amnesty International, le Tor Project, Justice For Myanmar et le laboratoire InterSecLab ont analysé les 100 000 documents pendant plusieurs mois avant la publication [2, 4, 7].", "page": "4", "url": "https://fosse.fr/surveillance/grand-firewall-chine.html", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "China (Grand Firewall, Xinjiang region), with export to Kazakhstan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Myanmar", "when": "1994-2025 (post-internet era, with focus on 2003 onwards)"}]}, {"name": "The Guardians of Decency", "aliases": ["The Guardians of Decency"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public morals", "women's rights"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Operated as part of a conservative/feminist anti-pornography alliance, applying pressure to restrict expression without nuance.", "quote": "«The Guardians of Decency» montre la prise en tenaille de la société par l'alliance droite-gauche dont je parlerai abondamment ailleurs, celle des nouveaux croisés anti-pornographiques conservateurs/féministes", "page": "13", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "The Hard Core Parental Group", "aliases": ["The Hard Core Parental Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "An anti-sex education organization from Louisiana that volunteered aid to the Kanawha County book protesters, offering food, supplies, and cash.", "quote": "As early as September an outside group had volunteered aid to the book protesters, an anti-sex education organi zation in Louisiana called The Hard Core Parental Group, claiming fol lowers in all SO states, which offered to send food, supplies, and cash.", "page": "38", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) Changemakers", "aliases": ["The Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse (IICSA) Changemakers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["coalition; survivor-led multi-organisational coalition"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "IICSA Changemakers coordinated survivor-led submissions to government consultations, ran national events, issued open letters and press releases, and collaborated with NSPCC and IWF to influence online-harms policy and public debate.", "quote": "Primary mission is child protection and survivor advocacy, but the group submitted responses to the Illegal Harms consultation and engaged with online-safety stakeholders (NSPCC, IWF) on platform-related policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nspcc.org.uk/keeping-children-safe/iicsa-changemakers/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies", "aliases": ["The Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "accountability", "human rights", "political freedom", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Religious Moderation as Good Life: Two Responses to the Ministry of Religious Affairs’ Directive on Religious Moderation in Indonesia", "author": "Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Collaborated with PGI to evaluate the Ministry's religious moderation directive, expressing academic concerns about its categorizations and potential for state control over religion.", "quote": "The Communion of Churches in Indonesia (Ind: \"Persekutuan Gereja-Gereja di Indonesia", "page": "abbr: “PGI”) and The Indonesian Consortium of Religious Studies (abbr: \"\"ICRS”) reported their evaluation of the Ministry's directive on religious moderation in a webinar.\"", "url": "https://brill.com/view/journals/exch/52/3/article-p220_4.xml", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Insider", "aliases": ["The Insider"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information integrity", "investigative journalism", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderazione del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le interferenze elettorali: votare nel disordine informativo", "author": "MG Sessa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Collaborates on investigative journalism to expose covert operations and disinformation campaigns, alongside other watchdog organizations, contributing to public awareness and accountability.", "quote": "rivela un’indagine di Bellingcat (2020) con The Insider e Der Spiegel.", "page": "125", "url": "https://fondazionefeltrinelli.it/app/uploads/2022/11/Votare-o-no_Finale.pdf#page=123", "topic": "moderazione del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "19th century - 2020s"}]}, {"name": "The Internet of Ownership", "aliases": ["The Internet of Ownership"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network / project council for platform cooperatives"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Transparency and accountability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes guides, directories and research (information); frames democratic ownership and \"Exit to Community\" (symbolic); documents and promotes Co-op Stack and Co-op Clouds (techno-infrastructure); convenes events and networks within the platform coop movement (leverage).", "quote": "The project explicitly promotes democratic ownership and governance of online platforms and provides toolkits, directories, and technical stacks to enable platform cooperatives.", "page": "", "url": "https://ioo.coop/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Islamic Group", "aliases": ["The Islamic Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Italy", "Jordan", "Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": ["non-violence", "religious law", "religious persuasion", "social reform"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Islamist moderation in perspective: comparative analysis of the moderation of Islamist and Western communist parties", "author": "Karakaya, Suveyda; Yildirim, A. Kadir", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Formed from Al-Shabiba, this group initiated tactical moderation by renouncing revolutionary ideas and the use of force, accepting Moroccan society as Muslim, and engaging in the political system to advance its 'dawa' (religious mission) activities and obtain parliamentary immunity.", "quote": "The new group emerged with revisions in organizational structure, ideology and practice. The most telling change was in the rejectionist and revolutionary ideol-ogy. Al-Jama’a decided to break with the revolutionary ideas of Qutb and its former leader Muti’;", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2012.696612", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy, Morocco, Jordan, Egypt", "when": "1920s-2000s"}]}, {"name": "The Jacob & Valeria Langeloth Foundation", "aliases": ["The Jacob & Valeria Langeloth Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["private family foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Criminal justice reform", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Policy development"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The Foundation distributes grants, convenes grantees, and invests in media, narrative, advocacy, and field-building to shape policy and public narratives, leveraging its endowment to influence criminal justice and community violence agendas.", "quote": "Foundation focuses on criminal justice and community violence work and funds media, communications, and narrative change that can touch platform governance, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.langeloth.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Jo Cox Foundation", "aliases": ["The Jo Cox Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charitable foundation / campaign organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes Calls to Action and recommendations, convenes partners and parliamentary meetings, runs public campaigns and pledges to pressure institutions and platforms to address abuse and safeguard democracy.", "quote": "Primary mission is promoting respectful politics and tackling abuse of elected representatives; it engages with online abuse and calls out limited action by social media companies but platform governance is not its core remit.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.jocoxfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The L Chat", "aliases": ["The L Chat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "lgbtq+ rights", "representation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A popular lesbian entertainment message board that show producers visited to engage with and encourage fan investment in queer storylines, which later became a site for fan outrage and abusive tweets directed at writers.", "quote": "visiting a popular lesbian entertainment message board (The L Chat) to further bolster fan investment in Clarke and Lexa’s storyline", "page": "32", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "The Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania", "aliases": ["The Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Morocco"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["revues.imist.ma"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Régulation des réseaux sociaux au Maroc", "author": "N Benbouazza", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Elaborates reports (e.g., on Think Tanks and Civil Societies Programs) that contribute to research and understanding of civil society actors, indirectly informing public discourse and strategies related to online moderation and disinformation.", "quote": "Au vu des conclusions du rapport sur les « Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program » élaboré, en 2018, par le « Lauder Institute de l'Université Pennsylvanie »", "page": "15", "url": "https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/ibnkhaldoun/article/view/64624", "topic": "revues.imist.ma", "language": "", "where": "Morocco", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "The Law", "aliases": ["The Law"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative media", "social critique"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A general, non-aligned alternative newspaper providing news and perspectives outside mainstream media narratives.", "quote": "There are also many general, non-aligned publications such as the free news-sheets Counter Information and SchNEWS, as well as more substantial newspapers such as The Law and Squall.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Lenfest Institute for Journalism", "aliases": ["The Lenfest Institute for Journalism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journalism non-profit / institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Publishes reports and tools, convenes Communities of Practice and summits, and runs an AI Collaborative with major platform/AI companies to shape newsroom adoption and practices.", "quote": "Operates a national AI Collaborative and Fellowship Program in partnership with OpenAI and Microsoft and provides resources shaping local newsrooms' adoption of AI and platform practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lenfestinstitute.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Lesbian and Gay Association in Germany (LSVD)", "aliases": ["The Lesbian and Gay Association in Germany (LSVD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national LGBTQ civil rights organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Meta Safety Partners", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "LSVD? produces policy statements, guides and petitions, engages media and public events, and lobbies government bodies; it mobilizes public campaigns (e.g. petitions) and coalition work to press for legal and policy change on LGBTQ protections.", "quote": "LSVD?'s core mission is LGBTQ civil rights and anti-discrimination; it engages in media sensitization, campaigns against hate and public petitions that touch on online hate and platform-related speech but does not focus primarily on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lsvd.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Leveller", "aliases": ["The Leveller"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "An alternative press publication that faced typical financial and distribution challenges, reflecting the precarious existence of non-mainstream media.", "quote": "even by the time of The Leveller (founded in 1976), the alternative press had not solved these problems.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Light", "aliases": ["The Light"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "transparency", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Understanding offline Covid-19 conspiracy theories: A content analysis of The Light “truthpaper”", "author": "Dacombe, Rod; Souter, Nicole; Westerlund, Lumi", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The Light, a 'truthpaper' produced and distributed by activists, serves as an offline medium to disseminate Covid-19 conspiracy theories and misinformation. It actively encourages readers to participate in activism by promoting 'do your own research,' fostering an 'awake' identity, making moral appeals to action, and suggesting direct actions like attending rallies or distributing the paper.", "quote": "Our analysis also suggests that the content included in The Light is intended to encourage readers to participate directly in disseminating conspiracy theories and other forms of activism.", "page": "5", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-understanding-offline-covid-19-conspiracy-theories-a-content-analysis-of-the-light-truthpaper", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.K.", "when": "2020–2021"}]}, {"name": "The Links Group", "aliases": ["The Links Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Animal welfare", "Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes guidance/resources, runs training, events and newsletters to raise awareness and shape professional practice on links between animal abuse and domestic abuse.", "quote": "Primary mission focuses on the link between animal abuse and domestic abuse; no core focus or sustained engagement on platform content governance is indicated.", "page": "", "url": "https://thelinksgroup.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Little Review", "aliases": ["The Little Review"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic expression", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1910, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "James Joyce and Censorship: The Trials of Ulysses", "author": "Howard, Charles; Vanderham, Paul", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Published controversial parts of James Joyce's Ulysses, thereby becoming the target of censorship efforts and legal action, contributing to public discourse on literary obscenity.", "quote": "Vanderham starts with a recounting of The Little Review's efforts to publish parts of Ulysses and the concerns of the magazine's foreign editor, Ezra Pound.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/846141?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1910s-1930s"}]}, {"name": "The Loop", "aliases": ["The Loop"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["Instagram", "Snapchat", "Telegram", "TikTok"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizing content moderation by social media platforms and its impact on digital harm reduction", "author": "AB Gomes, A Sultan", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A British harm reduction organization accredited to test drugs and share harm reduction messages, but experienced deletion of its content on social media platforms.", "quote": "The Loop, a British harm reduction organization legally accredited to test drugs and share harm reduction messages by the British Government, has also had their content deleted on social media platforms.", "page": "3", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-024-01104-9", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Meta, Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, Telegram)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Marconi Society", "aliases": ["The Marconi Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation / non-profit society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Convenes high-profile awards and forums (Marconi Prize, Awards Gala), operates institutes that produce briefings and convene stakeholders (Internet Resilience Institute, AI Institute), and partners with universities and industry to shape research and agendas.", "quote": "Runs institutes (Internet Resilience Institute, AI Institute) and convenes industry-academic forums (IGF participation) that touch on infrastructure and AI issues but does not appear to focus primarily on consumer-facing platform governance or content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://marconisociety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Mastodon Project", "aliases": ["The Mastodon Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Fediverse"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "MODERATING THE FEDIVERSE: CONTENT MODERATION ON DISTRIBUTED SOCIAL MEDIA", "author": "Rozenshtein, Alan Z", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Promulgates a 'Mastodon Server Covenant' which recommends content moderation policies for instances, helping guide them towards creating safe spaces and influencing the overall network's norms without being binding.", "quote": "Specifically, the Mastodon project has promulgated a 'Mastodon Server Covenant,' whereby instances that commit to '[a]ctive moderation against racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia' such that users will have 'confidence that they are joining a safe space'.", "page": "11", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms and the Fediverse, with focus on US and European policy", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Media Center at The American Press Institute", "aliases": ["The Media Center at The American Press Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": ["informed citizenry"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Commissions educational and research programs and facilitates strategic dialogues on topics shaping the future of news, information, and media, contributing to the understanding of participatory journalism.", "quote": "The Media Center es una organización educativa y de investigación sin ánimo de lucro, comprometida con la construcción de una sociedad mejor informada en un mundo conectado.", "page": "1", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "The Media Institute", "aliases": ["The Media Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "economic interest", "neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Funded by corporate-wealthy patrons, the Media Institute sponsors monitoring projects, conferences, and studies to highlight alleged media failings, particularly in portraying economic and business issues accurately, aiming to shift media coverage towards pro-business perspectives.", "quote": "The Media Institute, organized in 1972 and funded by corporate-wealthy patrons, sponsors monitoring projects, conferences, and studies of the media. It has focused less heavily on media failings in foreign policy, concentrating more on media portrayals of economic issues and the business community...", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "The Media Legal Defence Initiative (MLDI)", "aliases": ["The Media Legal Defence Initiative (MLDI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal defence NGO; media freedom organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provides emergency legal defence, strategic litigation and amicus briefs, builds global legal networks and runs capacity-building litigation surgeries to hold states and other actors to account for restrictions on journalism and online expression.", "quote": "Core work is legal defence and strategic litigation for journalists globally and explicitly lists 'Digital Rights' and defending freedom of expression online as strategic priorities.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.mediadefence.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Memory Hole", "aliases": ["The Memory Hole"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Administered by Russ Kick, this site serves as a surveillance platform that aims to preserve and share information that has been removed from other websites or is difficult to find publicly.", "quote": "The Memory Hole, administrado por Russ Kick, es un ejemplo de un sitio de vigilancia que intenta preservar y compartir información que ha sido removida de otros sitios en la Web o que es difícil de encontrar.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "The Michigan Law Review Association", "aliases": ["The Michigan Law Review Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "legal scholarship"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1890, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Public Law Movement: Moderation as a Postmodern Cultural Form", "author": "Eskridge, William N.; Peller, Gary", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Publishes legal scholarship and hosts conferences, thereby shaping intellectual discourse and norm-setting within public law.", "quote": "Published by: The Michigan Law Review Association\n...stimulated the Michigan Law Review to hold a conference in October 1990 on whether there is something that might be called \"New Public Law.\"\"\"", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1289520?origin=crossref", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA (American legal scholarship and judicial contexts)", "when": "1890s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "The Movement Cooperative", "aliases": ["The Movement Cooperative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["cooperative; progressive infrastructure provider"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Builds shared data and technology infrastructure, provides training (Changemaker Skills Camp) and tools for progressive organizations, shaping how members use platforms, data governance practices, and digital campaign tactics.", "quote": "Provides shared data and technology infrastructure and training for progressive organizations and trains practitioners in platform use and data governance, but its core mission is enabling organizing rather than platform governance policy advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://movementcooperative.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Nation's Health League", "aliases": ["The Nation's Health League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["civic participation", "public health", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A non-commercial organization in Russia that received state funding and funneled it to vigilante groups like Lev Protiv, supporting civic initiatives.", "quote": "In 2014, the Lev Protiv project received over five million rubles from the Civic Chamber via “The Nation’s Health League”.", "page": "119", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "The New School for Social Research", "aliases": ["The New School for Social Research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "constitutional rights", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1980s–1990s"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "State Activism and State Censorship", "author": "Fiss, Owen M.", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Filed a lawsuit against the NEA challenging its funding requirements, which was subsequently settled, leading to the NEA agreeing to abandon the controversial pledge requirement for fiscal year 1990 recipients.", "quote": "A second suit, brought by the New School for Social Research in New York, was settled the next month, when the NEA agreed to abandon the pledge requirement for all fiscal year 1990 recipients.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/796816?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1989–1991"}]}, {"name": "The Newsline", "aliases": ["The Newsline"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-commercialism", "working class solidarity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A working-class newspaper that used street-selling and relied on volunteers, rejecting commercial models for distribution and production.", "quote": "working-class press of the Morning Star and The Newsline. People work for the paper for little or no wages as volunteers, a phenomenon encouraged by, as Comedia has it, 'their commitment to squatting and claiming as a way of life' (1984: 97).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Newspaper Guild", "aliases": ["The Newspaper Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors; the National Coun- cil of Churches of Christ, the American Booksellers Association, the U.S. National Student Association, The Newspaper Guild;", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The North Face", "aliases": ["The North Face"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "The Obelisk Press", "aliases": ["The Obelisk Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As a publishing house, it published authors like Henry Miller whose works were often rejected by mainstream publishers due to obscenity concerns, thereby playing a historical role in circumventing censorship.", "quote": "Girodias était le fils de Jack Kahane, fondateur de The Obelisk Press, qui publia notamment Henry Miller (Tropic of Cancer), Lawrence Durrell (The Black Book) et Anaïs Nin (The Winter of Artifice).", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "The Olympia Press", "aliases": ["The Olympia Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published \"Lolita\"\" when mainstream publishers refused due to its controversial subject matter", "quote": "Maurice Girodias", "page": "actively litigated against state bans on the book.\"", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "The Online Safety Centre: Home Page", "aliases": ["The Online Safety Centre: Home Page"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["safeguarding organisation; educational resource"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes practical guidance and curated links to platform community guidelines (information influence) and frames child-safety narratives through campaigns and resource hubs (symbolic influence).", "quote": "Provides online safety guidance, platform-specific community guideline links, and reporting resources focused on child safety — engages platform governance topics indirectly through safety guidance.", "page": "", "url": "https://oursafetycentre.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Patriot Post", "aliases": ["The Patriot Post"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Receiving donations to support partisan political content, influencing public opinion within a specific ideological segment.", "quote": "In looking through the donation lists, it is striking to see so many political partisan websites such as The Daily Kos and Patriot Post in the US...", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "The Patriotic Association of Myanmar (Ma Ba Tha)", "aliases": ["The Patriotic Association of Myanmar (Ma Ba Tha)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Amassing a significant Facebook and YouTube presence to disseminate anti-Islamic hate speech against the Rohingya and mobilizing 55,000 members to post content supporting 'clearance operations', leading to its eventual ban by Facebook.", "quote": "The Patriotic Association of Myanmar or Ma Ba Tha, called on 55,000 unique Facebook group members to post hundreds of unique posts per hour in support of the clearance operation (see Figure 9).", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "The People's Institute", "aliases": ["The People's Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["free speech", "public education", "public morals"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Proposed and helped establish the National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures (later NBR) to review films and mediate between producers and societal concerns, aiming to improve film content and expand its audience.", "quote": "in 1909, the People's Institute and the association of exhibitors set up the New York Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures, renamed the National Board of Review in 1916.", "page": "39", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "The Phyllis Schlafly Report", "aliases": ["The Phyllis Schlafly Report"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Campaigns against the Equal Rights Amendment, issues membership leaflets (Eagle Forum) advocating for parental rights in education, voluntary prayer, holy scriptures, and textbooks that align with religious and moral views.", "quote": "Phyllis Schlafly and the campaign against the Equal Rights/, . Amendment continues to gain headlines and impact instate legis latures across the country. [...] her o ganization's _membership leaflet, the Eagle Forum. 11) the statement of purposes is a reference to education which declares a belief in the right of parents tp insist that schools permit Voluntary prayer, teach the precepts of holy scriptures, use textb.00ks th t. do not offend the-:',religibus and moral view of 'parents, pe it children to anal! schools of their neigh orhood, and use text- books that honor families in which the man's role as w e and rpoiftcr is primary.", "page": "98", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Pirate Bay", "aliases": ["The Pirate Bay"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "IRC", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Dutch"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2011, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revolutie ‘for the lulz’. De opkomst en transformatie van de online sociale beweging Anonymous", "author": "Uitermark, Justus", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Provides a platform for sharing files via torrents and offers tools and tips for secure internet use, thereby circumventing copyright enforcement and state censorship.", "quote": "Tijdens de Iraanse opstanden in 2009 bood Anonymous bijvoorbeeld samen met Piratebay (een website voor torrents van vooral auteursrechtelijk bescherm materiaal) een forum aan en leverde tips en software voor veilig internetgebruik.", "page": "14", "url": "https://openjournals.ugent.be/sociologie/article/id/89348/", "topic": "", "language": "Dutch", "where": "Global internet (4chan, IRC, Twitter, Facebook)", "when": "2006-2011"}]}, {"name": "The Plain View Project", "aliases": ["The Plain View Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Comparing the Perceived Legitimacy of Content Moderation Processes: Contractors, Algorithms, Expert Panels, and Digital Juries", "author": "Pan, Christina A.; Yakhmi, Sahil; Iyer, Tara P.; Strasnick, Evan; Zhang, Amy X.; Bernstein, Michael S.", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Maintains a journalistic database of Facebook posts authored by police officers, aimed at bringing transparency to problematic content online.", "quote": "The Plain View Project (PVP) [1] is a journalistic database of Facebook posts authored by police officers expressing themes of violence, racism, and bigotry.", "page": "8", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.06393", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Politics and Social Change Lab (PASCL)", "aliases": ["The Politics and Social Change Lab (PASCL)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research lab / interdisciplinary research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Research Conference 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "PASCL publishes empirical research and working papers, partners with Ipsos and Stanford HAI on AI research, and receives media coverage (e.g., New York Times, The Economist) that shapes public and policy debates on AI and democracy.", "quote": "PASCL's core mission is social science research on democracy and social change but it conducts work on LLMs, synthetic data, and AI-driven social science that touches on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.pascl.stanford.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Poynter Institute (International Fact-Checking Network)", "aliases": ["The Poynter Institute (International Fact-Checking Network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Austria", "European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy", "professional standards"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On algorithmic content moderation", "author": "E Prem, B Krenn", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Operates as an international fact-checking network, contributing to the global effort of identifying and addressing misinformation through fact-checking initiatives.", "quote": "or Poynter an international fact-checking network 10-to mention only some existing fact checking initiatives.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-45304-5_30", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, social media (global, with focus on Austria, Europe, USA)", "when": "21st century platform era (primarily post-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "The Press", "aliases": ["The Press"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "professional honour", "public morals", "public opinion", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1840, "when_max": 1889, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A IMPRENSA DO SEGUNDO REINADO NO PROCESSO POLÍTICO-CONSTITUCIONAL: FORÇA MORAL E OPINIÃO PÚBLICA THE SECOND REIGN PRESS …", "author": "JL Lobo, LFL Pereira", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "The press acts as a 'Public Opinion Court' and 'magistratura', evaluating political and administrative decisions based on moral rather than legal criteria. It mobilizes public opinion, fiscalizes government actions and individuals, and serves as a medium for expressing dissent and criticism, upholding moral responsibility and moral strength.", "quote": "a imprensa é o orgão legitimo da opinião, é uma magistratura que crearam os costumes e sanccionou o continuo das populações a seu tribunal.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/63050224/impresa_do_segundo_reinado20200422-75122-jb0zgt.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (Paraná province, Curitiba)", "when": "19th century, Second Reign (1840-1889)"}]}, {"name": "The Press (as a collective institution)", "aliases": ["The Press (as a collective institution)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["popular sentiment", "public liberty", "ruler accountability", "truth"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Middle Ages to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Quando o pensamento é privatizado: liberdade de expressão, direitos autorais e censura", "author": "A Nodari", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Assumed the role of a censor, exercising 'censorial power' by publishing 'complaints or observations' from the public, holding governing authorities accountable and allowing public opinion to manifest and judge.", "quote": "Todo sujeito na Inglaterra tem ... o direito também de apresentar suas reclamações ou observações perante o público, por meio de uma imprensa livre [open press]: um direito formidável esse, para aqueles que regem a humanidade...", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.periodicos.ulbra.br/index.php/direito/article/view/2611", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western legal tradition, particularly England and France", "when": "Middle Ages to present"}]}, {"name": "The Prosocial Ranking Challenge - Center for Human-Compatible AI", "aliases": ["The Prosocial Ranking Challenge - Center for Human-Compatible AI"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research center"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "CHAI organizes a prize-backed experimental challenge, builds and deploys a browser-extension testbed (technical infrastructure), funds testing and publication, and leverages academic networks and expert judges to shape and validate alternative ranking designs.", "quote": "CHAI is running the Prosocial Ranking Challenge which directly designs, tests, and experimentally evaluates alternative social media ranking algorithms across Facebook, X, and Reddit.", "page": "", "url": "https://humancompatible.ai/news/2024/01/18/the-prosocial-ranking-challenge-60000-in-prizes-for-better-social-media-algorithms/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion", "aliases": ["The Protocols of the Elders of Zion"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-semitism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A fabricated text used as a propaganda tool to spread anti-Jewish conspiracy theories and justify political actions and mass violence.", "quote": "The document was widely translated and spread in many countries (notably, the American industrialist Henry Ford printed and distributed more than half a million copies of the Americanised version of the Protocols; Singerman 1981).", "page": "206", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "The Prototype Fund", "aliases": ["The Prototype Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["open-source funding program (project of Open Knowledge Foundation Germany)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Prototype Fund disburses grants to develop open-source tooling and infrastructure (focus on data security and software infrastructure), publishes findings, and runs events and knowledge outputs to shape technical practice and capacity in Germany.", "quote": "Prototype Fund primarily funds and incubates open-source projects focused on data security and software infrastructure; some funded projects may touch platform governance or produce tooling relevant to platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://prototypefund.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Public Good Projects", "aliases": ["The Public Good Projects"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “plandemic” conspiracy theory", "author": "Kearney, Matthew D.; Chiang, Shawn C.; Massey, Philip M.", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "As part of a nonprofit-private partnership, Public Good Projects co-created and maintains Project RCAID, an online misinformation dashboard. This tool tracks emerging coronavirus narratives and hashtags on social media, thereby enabling the identification of content for potential verification, labeling, or removal.", "quote": "Project RCAID (Rapid Collection Analysis Interpretation and Dissemination) is an online misinformation dashboard created through a nonprofit-private partnership (Public Good Projects & Zignal Labs, 2020) for tracking emerging coronavirus stories and narratives.", "page": "4", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/?p=3397", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter and social media platforms, USA", "when": "January-May 2020"}]}, {"name": "The Public Patent Foundation", "aliases": ["The Public Patent Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "anti-monopoly", "intellectual property reform"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Taxonomy of Risks posed by Language Models", "author": "Weidinger, Laura; Uesato, Jonathan; Rauh, Maribeth; Griffin, Conor; Huang, Po-Sen; Mellor, John; Glaese, Amelia; Cheng, Myra; Balle, Borja; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa; Biles, Courtney; Brown, Sasha; Kenton, Zac; Hawkins, Will; Stepleton, Tom; Birhane, Abeba; Hendricks, Lisa Anne; Rimell, Laura; Isaac, William; Haas, Julia; Legassick, Sean; Irving, Geoffrey; Gabriel, Iason", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in 'Patent-Busting' activities, challenging existing patents (specifically mentioned are gene patents and seed wars) to promote broader access and public interest over private monopolies.", "quote": "The Public Patent Foundation, Gene Patents and the Seed Wars. In The Intellectual Property and Food Project, Charles Lawson and Jay Sanderson (Eds.). Routledge.", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3531146.3533088", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global applications of Language Models", "when": "Post-2010 AI/LM era"}]}, {"name": "The Radical Middle Way", "aliases": ["The Radical Middle Way"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Middle East", "North Africa", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["inclusivity", "political moderation", "religious moderation", "social cohesion", "social progress"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism", "author": "Briggs, Rachel; Feve, Sebastien", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Promotes moderate alternatives to violent extremism by providing faith-inspired guidance and safe spaces for debate through both online and offline channels. It leverages religious scholars, community groups, sports personalities, and creative artists to articulate a confident, center-ground narrative.", "quote": "Radical Middle Way (RMW) aims to promote more open, responsible and cohesive communities. Designed to articulate a moderate, mainstream understanding of religion, faith and politics, the organisation engages hard-to-reach groups especially young Muslims providing them with faith-inspired guidance and safe spaces fostering open debate through both on and offline channels.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "International (with focus on US, UK, Europe, Middle East, and North Africa) across online and social media platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "The Rational Response Squad", "aliases": ["The Rational Response Squad"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["rationality", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito sulla religione online: uno studio sulle community di YouTube.", "author": "MJ MIATELLO", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a group of atheist activists, they produced video content on their YouTube channel aimed at challenging religious beliefs and promoting rationality, thereby exerting public pressure and setting norms for critical discourse against what they considered irrational beliefs.", "quote": "L'esempio più importante di questo periodo è il canale \"The Rational Response Squad\"\"", "page": "un gruppo di attivisti atei che si poneva l'obiettivo di “aiutare i credenti a superare le superstizioni e le credenze irrazionali” (traduzione mia).\"", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/100442", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2005 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Raven", "aliases": ["The Raven"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A theoretical journal published by Freedom Press, offering in-depth analysis from an anarchist perspective, contributing to intellectual discourse within the movement.", "quote": "the anarchist Freedom Press had for many years published alongside its long-running newspaper, Freedom, a theoretical journal, The Raven (though perhaps more weakly theoretical, since much of it is taken up with commentary on mainstream topics from an anarchist perspective).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Rebel Media", "aliases": ["The Rebel Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an online media outlet, The Rebel Media publishes anti-feminist, anti-Islamic, and anti-immigration content, including controversial \"stunt videos", "quote": "anti-feminist, anti-Islamic, anti-immigration", "page": "Lauren Southern is a Canadian citizen journalist and former contributor to the online outlet The Rebel Media. She publishes anti-feminist, anti-Islamic, and anti-immigration content and frequently collaborates with the influencer Brittany Pettibone.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "The Red Elephants", "aliases": ["The Red Elephants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["discourse integrity", "political extremism", "social norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Advertises \"alt-right\"\" campaigns and merchandise (\"\"It's OKAY To Be White\"\" T-shirts)", "quote": "Alt-right ideology, white identity/victimization.", "page": "During my research, The Red Elephants advertised “It's OKAY To Be White” T-shirts to me on Facebook (figure 10).", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "The Reporters Lab", "aliases": ["The Reporters Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["journalism research center (Duke University Sanford School of Public Policy)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces global censuses and datasets, builds tools (Tech & Check, Fact-Check Insights) used by fact-checkers and researchers, and publishes analysis documenting how platform policy changes (e.g., Meta) affect fact-checking operations.", "quote": "The Reporters' Lab runs global fact-checking projects, datasets (Fact-Check Insights), and Tech & Check tools and documents platform--fact-checker relationships (e.g., Meta's program), directly engaging platform content governance and misinformation interventions.", "page": "", "url": "https://reporterslab.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Right Stuff", "aliases": ["The Right Stuff"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["far-right ideology", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Functions as a major Alt-Right online media platform, hosting forums and podcasts to disseminate white nationalist and Alt-Right ideologies and influence public opinion.", "quote": "TRS is an online forum established by Mike ‘Enoch’ Peinovich. ...transformed into one of the largest Alt-Right media platforms, hosting a message board... and dozens of podcasts.", "page": "50", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "The Ring (Nazi Germany's network of neighborhood volunteer propagandists)", "aliases": ["The Ring (Nazi Germany's network of neighborhood volunteer propagandists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Syria", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["political loyalty", "state control", "state propaganda"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disinformation as Collaborative Work: Surfacing the Participatory Nature of Strategic Information Operations", "author": "Starbird, Kate; Arif, Ahmer; Wilson, Tom", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a network of neighborhood volunteer propagandists, The Ring served to adjust national messages to fit local situations and acted as an interpersonal channel for spreading narratives, forming a critical part of Nazi Germany's orchestrated propaganda system.", "quote": "For example, in Nazi Germany during World War II, orchestrated propaganda campaigns tapped into grassroots organizing efforts to cultivate a network of neighborhood volunteer propagandists called \"The Ring\"\" [13].\"", "page": "17", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359229", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) and alternative media ecosystems; global context with case studies primarily in the USA and Syria.", "when": "Early 20th century to present (focus on 2015-2019)."}]}, {"name": "The Roadbreaker", "aliases": ["The Roadbreaker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["direct action", "environmental protection", "public education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Served as the campaign newsletter for the 'No M11 link road' campaign, documenting activist actions and facilitating strategic discussions for the road protest movement.", "quote": "Many protests and actions have spawned their own publications, such as the McLibel Update... and The Roadbreaker (the 'No M11 link road' campaign newsletter).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "The Roman Inquisition and the Congregation of the Index", "aliases": ["The Roman Inquisition and the Congregation of the Index"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["13th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La post-verità come volto di una nuova inquisizione", "author": "A Zanotti", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Established censorship rules and indexes of forbidden books, enforced religious orthodoxy, and prosecuted deviations from faith through judicial processes.", "quote": "Da sempre la Chiesa ha cercato di difendere i propri fedeli dall'errore... l'Inquisizione è di molto risalente... con la Controriforma e con le prime compilazioni dell'Index librorum prohibitorum che si cerca di dare una disciplina giuridica elaborata a difesa dell'unità della fede coesa e organizzata.", "page": "3", "url": "https://aibstudi.aib.it/article/view/11835", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Western culture/Europe", "when": "13th century to present"}]}, {"name": "The Rosicrucian Fellowship", "aliases": ["The Rosicrucian Fellowship"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fraternal order/lodge"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Teach a cosmogenesis and anthropogenesis different from conventional Biblical interpretation and modern Darwinism, suggesting alternative perspectives on evolution.", "quote": "Theosophists and Rosicrucians, for example, teach a cosmogenesis and anthropogenesis totally different from both conventional Biblical interpretation and modern Darwinism.", "page": "151", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "The Rotunda", "aliases": ["The Rotunda"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "anti-censorship", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Operated as a key venue for radical political gatherings and performances of \"fearlessly seditious\"\" plays", "quote": "Radical politics, free expression, challenge to state authority.", "page": "there is a lively account, using the reports of police spies, of the theatrical goings-on at Richard Carlile?s Rotunda, particularly the staging of Carlile?s fearlessly seditious Life of [Captain] Swing", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "The Royal Canadian Legion", "aliases": ["The Royal Canadian Legion"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "public interest", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Provided unsolicited support for government redress and legal reform to address hate speech, acting as an advocacy group influencing policy.", "quote": "As a result of this campaign, unsolicited support in the form of demands for government redress and legal reform came from across the country from church leaders, the Manitoba Bar Association, the Canadian Federation of University Women, the National Convention of the Royal Canadian Legion, and several municipal newspapers...", "page": "135", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "The Royal Society (of London for Improving Natural Knowledge)", "aliases": ["The Royal Society (of London for Improving Natural Knowledge)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Soviet Union", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge dissemination", "scientific inquiry", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["books.google.com"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Versions of censorship", "author": "J McCormick, M MacInnes", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Contributed to the 'dissemination of new techniques and information' by fostering experimentation and invention, implicitly challenging traditional forms of knowledge control and censorship.", "quote": "His New Atlantis certainly led to the formation of the Royal Society in 1660—a body of experimenters and inventors who, as a learned society, made a notable contribution to the dissemination of new techniques and information.", "page": "112", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=__CBuX9j5c8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=censorship&ots=0gWr2XgnYk&sig=VOFciAY-DiN7SsLroQVuO0JLvqw", "topic": "books.google.com", "language": "", "where": "Western Europe (especially England, Italy, France, Netherlands), USSR, USA", "when": "Ancient Greece and Rome to Mid-20th Century"}]}, {"name": "The Salvation Army", "aliases": ["The Salvation Army"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was permitted by a private entity (Lloyd Center) to conduct activities and distribute materials, indicating the private entity's selective content policies.", "quote": "...permettendo le attività della American legion, della Salvation Army, dei Volunteers of America e dei candidati presidenziali di entrambi i principali partiti, dall'altra vietando le manifestazioni della March of Dimes e della Hadassah.", "page": "8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}]}, {"name": "The San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. (SFAA)", "aliases": ["The San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. (SFAA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward a Jurisprudence of Benefits: The Norms of Copyright and the Problem of Private Censorship", "author": "Gordon, Wendy J.; Goldstein, Paul", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "The SFAA attempted to use the word \"Olympics\"\" to promote its \"\"Gay Olympics\"\" event", "quote": "", "page": "...unauthorized use of the word \"Olympics\"\" to promote the Gay Olympics", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600028?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1970s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "The Sentinel Project", "aliases": ["The Sentinel Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Myanmar", "Sri Lanka", "United States"], "media": ["Gab"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Spread of Hate Speech in Online Social Media", "author": "Mathew, Binny; Dutt, Ritam; Goyal, Pawan; Mukherjee, Animesh", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Launched HateBase, a crowdsourced online platform designed to collect lists of slurs and insulting words, thereby contributing to the monitoring and detection of hate speech.", "quote": "a Canadian NGO, the Sentinel Project, launched a site in 2013 called HateBase, which invites Internet users to add to a list of slurs and insulting words in many languages.", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3292522.3326034", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Gab platform, online social media (global, with mentions of Myanmar, Sri Lanka, USA)", "when": "2016–2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention", "aliases": ["The Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Engaged in addressing hate speech and violent extremism as part of its core mandate, and was interviewed to understand terminology and strategies.", "quote": "The full list of organizations interviewed included: No hate speech movement, Media Smarts, Justice Base, Panzagar, ADL, the Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, the Online Hate Prevention Institute...", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "The Shift Project", "aliases": ["The Shift Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["ecological transition", "scientific rationality"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disqualification des conflictualités, rétrécissement du débat, invisibilisation des valeurs: la dépolitisation en discours", "author": "V Bonnet, E Marty, C Robert", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Produces reports, manifestos, and guides that analyze political programs and argue for a specific perspective (ecological transition), presenting scientific and numerical data to naturalize their views and depoliticize debates. This functions as an authority to legitimize their own political offerings.", "quote": "ces deux chercheuses, par une analyse lexicale, discursive et pragmatique des documents mis à disposition par ce think tank (un manifeste, un guide, mais surtout un rapport sur les programmes des candidats à la présidentielle 2022), suggèrent des liens de contiguïté entre politisation et dépolitisation.", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOTS_134_0009", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, international, digital platforms", "when": "Mid-20th century to contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "The smile initiative", "aliases": ["The smile initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["disability charity / community organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Delivers local services, training and reporting channels for disability hate crime and runs outreach/events to raise awareness and support community members.", "quote": "Provides Disability Hate Crime reporting/support and runs activities addressing inclusion; these touch on online harms and reporting but do not focus on platform governance or tech policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://daisyuk.com/smile/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Star", "aliases": ["The Star"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published a magazine/journal to provide a platform for emerging gay writers and actively supported the gay liberation movement, promoting a political stance against repression.", "quote": "magazines and journals such as...The Star (later Star Observer, Sydney Star Observer and SSO, 1979) in Sydney...provided venues for emerging gay writers. All of these publications took a political stance, supporting the the gay liberation movement.", "page": "207", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "The Star / Star Observer", "aliases": ["The Star / Star Observer"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published magazines and journals to provide venues for emerging gay writers and support the gay liberation movement, promoting LGBTQ+ identity and expression.", "quote": "The Star (later Star Observer, Sydney Star Observer and SSO, 1979) in Sydney", "page": "207-208", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "The Swedish Media Council", "aliases": ["The Swedish Media Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["The Netherlands"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "critical thinking", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Politics of Social Media Manipulation", "author": "Rogers, Edited Richard; Niederer, Sabine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed and implemented a media literacy program for young people, teaching them critical thinking and skills for disinformation detection, focusing on source criticism.", "quote": "The Swedish Media Council developed a media literacy programme for young people, teaching them critical thinking and disinformation detection; it includes a set of educational materials on ‘source criticism’ (‘Källkritik’)", "page": "42", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Netherlands (Dutch political space, social media platforms, search engines)", "when": "2019 (around provincial and European elections)"}]}, {"name": "The Sándor Ferenczi Society", "aliases": ["The Sándor Ferenczi Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "Germany", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The suppression and censorship of Ferenczi's confusion of Tongues paper", "author": "Rachman, Arnold Wm.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Its president revealed the historical suppression of Ferenczi's 'Confusion of Tongues' paper in Hungary, acting as an advocacy group for the recognition of Ferenczi's contributions.", "quote": "Hidas, one of the current leaders of Hungarian psychoanalysis and president of The Ferenczi Society, has brought the suppression to light (Hidas, 1993).", "page": "20", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351699709534142", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "International psychoanalytic community, with focus on Vienna (Austria), Wiesbaden (Germany), and Hungary", "when": "Early to late 20th century (1900s-1990s), with primary focus on the 1930s."}]}, {"name": "The Technology and Social Change Project", "aliases": ["The Technology and Social Change Project"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "free speech", "truth"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Future of Platform Power: Quarantining Misinformation", "author": "Faris, Robert; Donovan, Joan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The research team submitted a formal letter to the UN Special Rapporteur, arguing that disinformation on social media platforms negatively impacts freedom of expression by displacing truth and enabling malicious actors to build power and suppress participation.", "quote": "In a letter to the United Nations regarding disinformation's impact on freedom of expression, our research team argues that disinformation is displacing the truth by merit of both its sheer volume and campaign operators' success in exploiting social media's very design.", "page": "4", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797792", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (with global references), social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "The Tiger For (VK page community)", "aliases": ["The Tiger For (VK page community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["rule of law"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online community on VK (Russian social network) created to criticize and mobilize against vigilante groups like Lev Protiv.", "quote": "Two other pages have been created to criticise and mobilise against Lev Protiv: “The Tiger For” on VK had nearly 2,500 subscribers in January 2019", "page": "117", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "The Tor Project, Inc.", "aliases": ["The Tor Project, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship Evasion with Unidentified Protocol Generation", "author": "Wails, Ryan; Jansen, Rob; Johnson, Aaron; Sherr, Micah", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Tor Project acts as a Proxy Provisioner and Proxy Distributor, running the Generator for UPGen protocols, and coordinates the distribution of proxies to clients. It also maintains various distribution channels for its proxy pools, enabling censorship evasion.", "quote": "The Tor Project runs the Generator and acts as both the Proxy Provisioner and Proxy Distributor.", "page": "5", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet (global), with focus on China", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010), with focus on 2020s"}]}, {"name": "The Trevor Project", "aliases": ["The Trevor Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "lgbtq+ rights", "youth safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Beneficiary of a fan-led fundraising effort that emerged from a collective cancelling campaign against the television series 'The 100' over LGBTQ representation issues.", "quote": "Outside the media domain, there was a successful fundraising effort for The Trevor Project, a U.S. suicide prevention organization serving LGBTQ youth, which quickly raised tens of thousands of dollars, and eventually well over $150,000.", "page": "34", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "The Trust Project (News Partners)", "aliases": ["The Trust Project (News Partners)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / standards body"], "countries": ["EU"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalism ethics", "trust"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the EU force very large social media platforms to give their users a choice of content curation algorithms?", "author": "Szymielewicz, Katarzyna; Valenti, Pamela; Brown, Ian; Logar, Vid; Naudts, Laurens", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Collaborates with news organizations to implement trust indicators, contributing to the identification of authoritative and trustworthy sources in online information ecosystems.", "quote": "For example: public agendas such as WHO, national electoral commissions, publishers ranking high in NewsGuard ratings, certified according to Journalism Trust Initiative indicators or Trust Project News Partners.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "EU, social media platforms and recommender systems", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2025-2028 EU policy"}]}, {"name": "The Trust Project / News Leadership Council", "aliases": ["The Trust Project / News Leadership Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["journalism ethics", "transparency", "trust"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dead reckoning: Navigating content moderation after\" fake news\"\"\"", "author": "R Caplan, L Hanson, J Donovan", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Coordinates news media organizations to strengthen credibility by increasing transparency and standardizing content reporting; develops 'Trust Marks' for verified content to be featured in search results.", "quote": "These include projects like the Trust Project/News Leadership Council... Here, they work with representatives across the news ecosystem – from print, to cable, to digital native, technology platforms and civil society organizations – to increase transparency and standardize the reporting of certain content.", "page": "18", "url": "https://apo.org.au/node/134521", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter), global regulatory contexts", "when": "Post-2016 platform era (early 21st century)"}]}, {"name": "The Truth Movement", "aliases": ["The Truth Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["truth-seeking"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Employed strategies to cast doubt on official versions of events, such as 9/11 attacks, using slogans like ‘Ask questions. Demand answers’ to appeal to the mainstream.", "quote": "the slogan of the Truth Movement – ‘Ask questions. Demand answers’ – can be seen as the self-conscious attempt to downplay its own conspiracy theorising and still appeal to the mainstream.", "page": "676", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "The Turing Way Community", "aliases": ["The Turing Way Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["AutSPACEs"], "norms": ["research collaboration", "research ethics", "research reproducibility"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How to co-create content moderation policies: The case of the AutSPACEs project", "author": "Aitkenhead, Georgia; Fantoni, Susanna; Scott, James; Batchelor, Sophia; Duncan, Helen; Mole, Callum; Smith, Otis; Stoffel, Martin; Taylor, Robin; Whitaker, Kirstie; Tzovaras, Greshake", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its code of conduct was presented during the moderation workshop as an example to guide discussions, contributing to the co-creation of AutSPACEs' community-specific moderation strategy.", "quote": "Participants in that session were presented with existing codes of conduct – from ... The Turing Way (The Turing Way Community 2022)", "page": "6", "url": "osf.io", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "AutSPACEs online platform, London, United Kingdom", "when": "2019–present"}]}, {"name": "The Urban Institute", "aliases": ["The Urban Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1968", "mechanism": "Urban produces policy research, convenes experts and policymakers, develops data tools and modeling resources, and hosts events that inform debates around technology, AI, and regulation.", "quote": "Urban's core mission is broad policy research but it maintains a Technology and Data program and publishes work (and a Generative AI Policy) that touches platform governance and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.urban.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Washington Post Fact-Checker", "aliases": ["The Washington Post Fact-Checker"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information quality", "journalistic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation", "author": "G Morrow, B Swire‐Thompson, JM Polny…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Operates a fact-checking system that assigns ratings (e.g., Pinocchios) to statements, contributing to how information is evaluated and potentially labeled on social media platforms.", "quote": "or in the Washington Post fact-checking system, it is unclear what the difference is between three and four Pinocchios.", "page": "11", "url": "https://asistdl.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.24637", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms and online information ecosystem", "when": "Contemporary social media platform era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "The Weekly Standard", "aliases": ["The Weekly Standard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["factual accuracy"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Why the Government Should Not Regulate Content Moderation of Social Media", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As part of Facebook's third-party fact-checking program, this conservative organization evaluated content for falsity, impacting its distribution on the platform.", "quote": "In September, the Weekly Standard, the sole conservative organization admitted to Facebook's fact-checking program, deemed a ThinkProgress article, or at least its headline, false, limiting its distribution.", "page": "20", "url": "https://www.degruyterbrill.com/database/hrdo/entry/hrdo.HRD-9985_2019-065/html", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "USA, social media platforms", "when": "21st century, with historical context from 20th century"}]}, {"name": "the WELL", "aliases": ["the WELL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values", "social order"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Futures", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Enforced local rules of engagement and community norms, including banning users, to control the content and 'flavor' of the online community.", "quote": "the Bay Area-based online community the WELL famously banned only three users in its first six years of existence, and then only temporarily (Turner 2005, p. 499).", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, social media platforms (global)", "when": "early internet to post-2010 platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "The What If", "aliases": ["The What If"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["peacebuilding non-profit; media and tech for peace initiative"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2025, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Build Up Conference 2025", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Produces research and narrative-tracking dashboards, runs dialogues and trainings, partners with university and local media actors, and employs AI tools to shape constructive narratives in conflict-affected communities.", "quote": "Primary mission is community peacebuilding using media and AI; they engage with media narratives and social media actors but do not appear to focus on platform governance or regulatory change.", "page": "", "url": "https://thewhatif.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Workers Lab", "aliases": ["The Workers Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["innovation lab; nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "They fund and scale worker-centered tech, run participatory research and Learning Hub outputs, and partner with unions (e.g., SEIU) to deploy GenAI tools that affect worker interactions with platforms.", "quote": "Primary mission is worker-centered innovation, but they run GenAI fellowships and co-build worker-facing technology (e.g., AI chatbot with SEIU), engaging with platform-adjacent governance issues for gig and worker-facing platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://theworkerslab.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Workplace Wellness Project", "aliases": ["The Workplace Wellness Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["wellness consultancy; nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TrustCon2025", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "TWWP provides trainings, consulting, and resilience frameworks to tech companies and content moderation teams, shaping workplace practices and supporting platform safety staffing and responder wellbeing.", "quote": "Partners with leading tech companies to support content teams and mitigate vicarious trauma, engaging with platform safety and workforce practices but focused on workplace wellbeing rather than platform governance reform.", "page": "", "url": "https://theworkplacewellnessproject.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The Young Womens Movement", "aliases": ["The Young Womens Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national girls and young women's rights charity/advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes research and guides (information), runs public programmes and campaigns to shape discourse (symbolic), and partners with bodies like the Scottish AI Alliance to inform work (leverage).", "quote": "Produces research and a 'Guide to AI' and discusses AI harms for young women, but primary mission is leadership, rights and services for young women rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://youngwomenscot.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "The53.tumblr.com", "aliases": ["The53.tumblr.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "public discourse", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A \"prominent tumblog\"\" that \"\"reappropriated the '99 Percent' aesthetic in order to counter it", "quote": "counter-narrative to OWS, critique of '99 Percent' claims.", "page": "The “53 Percent” meme also had a prominent tumblog, The53.tumblr.com, which reappropriated the “99 Percent” aesthetic in order to make arguments against OWS.", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "THEMIS network", "aliases": ["THEMIS network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["knowledge creation", "knowledge sharing", "professional development"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who exactly is the moderator? A consideration of online knowledge management network moderation in educational organisations", "author": "J Gairín-Sallán, D Rodríguez-Gómez…", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "An online community of practice for specialists and experts in gender-based violence working in public administration, which is moderated to facilitate knowledge sharing and collaborative knowledge creation among its members.", "quote": "The cases selected were: ... and the THEMIS network (consisting of specialists and experts in gender-based violence working in public administration).", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360131510000308", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Educational organisations, Spain (specifically Catalonia)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era (focus on 2007-2008)"}]}, {"name": "Theologians of the University of Louvain", "aliases": ["Theologians of the University of Louvain"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Florence", "Italy", "Milan", "Naples", "Papal States", "Sardinia", "Sicily", "Venice"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Letteratura all'Indice: Boccaccio, Galileo, Tasso e la censura libraria tra Cinque e Seicento.", "author": "C Rizzo", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published lists of prohibited books (indexes) by order of the monarch, contributing to local censorship efforts.", "quote": "Tra 1546 e 1558 anche i teologi dell’Università di Lovanio, su ordine di Carlo V e di Filippo II, pubblicarono tre cataloghi con alcune centinaia di proibizioni.", "page": "19", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/bitstream/20.500.12608/20174/1/CHIARA_RIZZO_2015.pdf", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe, with a focus on Italy (Papal States, Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia)", "when": "16th-17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Theosophical Society", "aliases": ["Theosophical Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Offer alternative cosmologies and anthropogenesis that differ from conventional Biblical interpretation and modern Darwinism, suggesting different ways of understanding human origins and spirituality.", "quote": "Theosophists and Rosicrucians, for example, teach a cosmogenesis and anthropogenesis totally different from both conventional Biblical interpretation and modern Darwinism.", "page": "151", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "ThinkPenguin", "aliases": ["ThinkPenguin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["ethical technology", "free software", "user rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Commercializes digital devices certified under the FSF's 'Respect Your Freedom' program, ensuring they only come with free software and do not promote non-free alternatives, thus advocating for user freedom through commerce.", "quote": "Il n’y a en effet pour l’heure que deux «grands » fournisseurs de produits certifiés pour la planète entière : ThinkPenguin (États-Unis) et Technoethical (Roumanie).", "page": "73", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "Third Century Publishers", "aliases": ["Third Century Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["education access"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Publishes materials to mobilize a conservative Christian political base, advocating for specific views on education, against \"offensive\"\" school material", "quote": "and \"\"humanism.\"\"\"", "page": "Conservative Christian values, parental choice in education, anti-compulsory education, anti-curriculum \"humanism\"\"\"", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Third Estate (France)", "aliases": ["Third Estate (France)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Voiced grievances and proposed reforms against the privileges of other estates, advocating for civil equality and fairer distribution of state burdens.", "quote": "The Third Estate was divided in various ways, between rich and poor, bourgeois and peasant, urban and rural. Opposition to the monarchy was therefore never unambiguous.", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Third World Network", "aliases": ["Third World Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A 'lesser-known Southern NGO' that participated in UN conferences, influencing global environmental and development discussions and contributing to public opinion formation.", "quote": "Third World Network is a 'lesser-known Southern NGO' that participated in UN conferences, influencing global environmental and development discussions.", "page": "229", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Thomas William Parfett Foundation", "aliases": ["Thomas William Parfett Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity / advocacy organisation (online safety campaigning)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Online Safety Act Network", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publishes briefings and analysis on the Online Safety Act, coordinates civil society campaigns and open letters to ministers, and pressures platforms to remove suicide-related communities and content.", "quote": "Core mission is campaigning for online safety for children and vulnerable young adults, actively engaging with the Online Safety Act, Ofcom advice, and seeking removal of harmful communities and content from platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.twpf.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Thompson Foundation", "aliases": ["Thompson Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Eastern Europe", "Romania"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "professional development"], "topics": ["television moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Television in the Age of (Post-) Communism: the case of Romania", "author": "D Mustata", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Provided apprenticeships and training programs for young Romanian television employees to foster professional development and facilitate their integration into international broadcasting practices.", "quote": "There were foreign universities and TV broadcasters who offered apprenticeships to our young employees. Some went to CNN, some to the Thompson Foundation, others went to Canadian or Dutch broadcasters.", "page": "7", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.4324/9780203110201-5&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "television moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Romania, Eastern Europe", "when": "mid-to-late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Thomson Reuters Foundation", "aliases": ["Thomson Reuters Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": [], "media": ["memes"], "norms": ["gender equality", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The many facets of hateful content detection: from perspectivism to Bias", "author": "G Rizzi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The foundation publishes reports and surveys on critical social issues, such as online harassment of women. This research provides data that contributes to public awareness and informs potential policy or platform moderation strategies.", "quote": "The report published by the Thomson Reuters Foundation1 states that nearly 60% of the interviewed women have experienced online harassment.", "page": "29", "url": "https://boa.unimib.it/handle/10281/543604", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "online social media, digital platforms, memes", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Thorning sidder i Zuckerbergs kontrolkomité. Er »dybt bekymret", "aliases": ["Thorning sidder i Zuckerbergs kontrolkomité. Er »dybt bekymret"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent oversight body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Hate", "Human rights", "Ideological diversity", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The Oversight Board issues binding case rulings and public recommendations, publicly criticises Meta policy choices, and leverages high-profile members to press Meta for changes to content moderation practices.", "quote": "The oversight board's core mission is to review and oversee content moderation decisions on Facebook and Instagram and to issue binding decisions and policy recommendations about platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.berlingske.dk/virksomheder/thorning-sidder-i-zuckerbergs-kontrolkomite-er-dybt-bekymret-over?gaa_at=eafs&gaa_n=ASWzDAilTJKgBGD1NljUHx8wtYD7XHcwmwMcpmd99LhKqWuYZiv1g-W0u7ym&gaa_ts=689cfc8e&gaa_sig=fx2LRyQBlXfP8YXTRH011mjSndEhI825EO7VntBjxTh8IZeYqpH0SyikyOe8J0kTnoRQO8fPrFNQ-DHKmdevAA%3D%3D", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Thriving in Games Group", "aliases": ["Thriving in Games Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global non-profit (formerly Fair Play Alliance)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Trust and Safety Summit UK 2025", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Produces research-backed resources (Digital Thriving Playbook) and mobilizes industry membership and funder partnerships (e.g., Riot Games) to shape trust & safety practices in gaming.", "quote": "TIGG’s core mission is trust, safety and wellbeing in online gaming, producing the Digital Thriving Playbook and resources for developers to mitigate hate, harassment, and protect vulnerable players.", "page": "", "url": "https://thrivingingames.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Théâtre Libre", "aliases": ["Théâtre Libre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "autonomy", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Evaded theater censorship laws by operating as a 'private' theater with annual subscription fees, thus bypassing regulations applied to public performances for monetary gain.", "quote": "The most famous of such 'private' theaters in France, the Théâtre Libre of Paris, flourished between 1887 and 1894 under the direction of André Antoine.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "Théâtre Libre (Antoine's Free Theatre)", "aliases": ["Théâtre Libre (Antoine's Free Theatre)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["aesthetic standards", "anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "artistic innovation", "state control"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1871, "when_max": 1914, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Communication: Censure, théatre, et Commune (1871-1914)", "author": "J Parrain", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "Staged private performances of plays outside state control, effectively bypassing censorship and promoting artistic freedom and new theatrical forms, especially naturalism.", "quote": "La pièce doit sa célébrité à son insertion dans la bataille du théâtre naturaliste; elle marque l'ouverture du « théâtre libre » d'Antoine (13), avec séances privées échappant au contrôle de la censure.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/3806929", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1871–1914"}]}, {"name": "Théâtre Libre of Paris", "aliases": ["Théâtre Libre of Paris"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "http://www.jstor.org Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "Goldstein, Robert Justin", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Operated as a 'private' theater, requiring an annual subscription for membership rather than charging at the door, to legally circumvent state censorship laws that applied to public performances for monetary gain.", "quote": "The most famous of such 'private' theaters in France, the Théâtre Libre of Paris, flourished between 1887 and 1894 under the direction of André Antoine.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "Tiananmen Square Hunger Strike Group", "aliases": ["Tiananmen Square Hunger Strike Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Great Firewall"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ConceptDoppler: a weather tracker for internet censorship", "author": "", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Organized a hunger strike, an act of protest that led to the group's name being blacklisted and censored by the Great Firewall of China, making it a target of censorship.", "quote": "广场绝食团 Tiananmen Square Hunger Strike Group #1156 on June_4th_events", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1315245.1315290", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Great Firewall of China)", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Tianya magazine", "aliases": ["Tianya magazine"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "intellectual freedom"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Launched an online forum, Tianya Scope, to foster interaction with its readers and establish a venue for intellectual debate and free expression, thereby shaping online public discourse.", "quote": "In 2000, a literary magazine Tianya launched its own online forum, Tianya Scope, attached to Tianya BBS, to improve its interaction with readers, and to provide a venue for debate for intellectuals.", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "TICTeC – The global home of civic tech impact research", "aliases": ["TICTeC – The global home of civic tech impact research"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["knowledge hub / civic tech research programme"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Government accountability", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TICTeC convenes researchers and practitioners, publishes research and case studies in its Knowledge Hub, and runs global events and communities of practice that shape civic tech and platform governance conversations.", "quote": "TICTeC runs global research, events and communities on civic tech topics including AI and governance, algorithms, Big Tech, misinformation and social media, directly engaging platform governance debates and practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://tictec.mysociety.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tidslinje over presset imod ytringsfriheden 2023 - Fri Debat", "aliases": ["Tidslinje over presset imod ytringsfriheden 2023 - Fri Debat"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["independent media"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes investigative timelines and news analysis framing pressure on free speech and platform actions, contributing information and public framing of platform-related controversies.", "quote": "Publishes reporting and analysis about free speech and platform-related incidents but its core mission is public debate and journalism rather than direct platform governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "http://www.fridebat.nu/index.php/forside/763-tidslinje-over-presset-imod-ytringsfriheden-2023", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tierra y Libertad (Land and Liberty)", "aliases": ["Tierra y Libertad (Land and Liberty)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anarchism", "anti-capitalism", "individual freedom", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Publication of the FAI, used to disseminate anarchist ideas, report on revolutionary events, and engage in ideological debates on anti-statism, anti-capitalism, and federalism.", "quote": "Utilizamos também o Tierra y Libertad, que era uma publicação de outra importante organização anarquista, a FAI.", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace", "aliases": ["Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["peace"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Dedicated to conflict resolution, the foundation produces educational films and other outputs that share the stories of former Islamist and Far-Right extremists to counter radicalisation.", "quote": "works in conflict resolution, and has a range of outputs. One of its projects was \"My Former Life", "page": "an educational film that shared the stories of former Islamist and Far-Right extremists.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Timurovtsy", "aliases": ["Timurovtsy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["charity", "civic responsibility", "public safety", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Historical youth groups in the Soviet era that undertook charitable acts and fought petty criminals, representing a form of youth-led moral policing.", "quote": "Timurovtsy refers to early Soviets who undertook charitable acts; the term comes from a book by Arkadii Gaidar... in which a group of young adolescents secretly helped the needy and fought petty criminals.", "page": "123", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Tinta Media", "aliases": ["Tinta Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-secularism", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation: Debates and Implications", "author": "Hasan, Hasyanto", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As an independent Islamic media platform, it raises critical narratives against the state's concept of religious moderation, highlighting what it considers 'theological inaccuracy' and conceptual inconsistencies in official interpretations.", "quote": "Such narratives have been raised by several independent Islamic media platforms, such as Tinta Media, which highlight what they refer to as 'theological inaccuracy' in associating the concept of religious moderation with Q.S. al-Baqarah: 143.", "page": "15", "url": "https://ejournal.unida.gontor.ac.id/index.php/JCSR/article/view/14440", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, with comparison to Western contexts", "when": "early 2000s–present"}]}, {"name": "Tiran w Sanafir", "aliases": ["Tiran w Sanafir"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom of expression", "political participation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operates a website that argues and mobilizes against government actions, becoming a target for censorship due to its political activism.", "quote": "Egypt recently blocked a website that protests the government's transfer of two islands from Egypt to Saudi Arabia.", "page": "16", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "Tirso González de Santalla (General of the Society of Jesus)", "aliases": ["Tirso González de Santalla (General of the Society of Jesus)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Early Modern Europe", "Portugal", "Rome", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "professional honour", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["17th century"], "when_min": 1670, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I Bollandisti e la censura di Roma. Cinque memoriali del 1696 nell'Archivio della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede", "author": "M Palumbo", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As the General of the Society of Jesus, he acted as a high-level advocate, directly lobbying Pope Innocent XII with memorials to request a suspension of prohibitive decrees and ensure a thorough and fair review process for the Bollandists' works, challenging the perceived rigidity and potential errors of the Spanish Inquisition.", "quote": "Tirso Gonzales si rivolse allo stesso Innocenzo XII, con una memoria poi trasmessa al Sant'Uffizio e all'Indice, e nella quale il Generale della Compagnia supplica di «sospendere il giuditio del Propileo [...] sin che siasi proceduto all'essame degli altri tredici tomi»", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.brepolsonline.net/content/journals/10.1484/J.ABOL.5.102095", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Early Modern Europe (centred on Rome, involving Spain and Portugal)", "when": "Late 17th century"}]}, {"name": "Tiền Phong (Vanguard)", "aliases": ["Tiền Phong (Vanguard)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["progressive values", "public opinion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Functions as one of the smaller, more progressive newspapers in Ho Chi Minh City, contributing to the diversity of media voices and pursuing controversial stories within the state-supervised media framework.", "quote": "Smaller progressive papers in the city include Tiền Phong (Vanguard) and Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Saigon Liberation).", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "TjekDet", "aliases": ["TjekDet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checking non-profit / media organisation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "European Digital Media Observatories Associated Institutions", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes fact-checks, guides and educational materials on AI-deepfakes and misinformation; collaborates with platforms (Facebook) and presents findings to consumer watchdogs, prompting public scrutiny and potential enforcement.", "quote": "Core activities are fact-checking, research and guidance on misinformation, deepfakes and AI-generated content directly relevant to platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tjekdet.dk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "TNS Gallup (now Kantar TNS)", "aliases": ["TNS Gallup (now Kantar TNS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": ["federal television channels"], "norms": ["audience understanding", "media transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Coercion or conformism? Censorship and self-censorship among Russian media personalities and reporters in the 2010s", "author": "E Schimpfossl, I Yablokov", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts audience measurement polls to determine the market share of television channels, providing data essential for understanding the reach and influence of media outlets in the context of state-aligned media governance.", "quote": "All audience shares are given according to the TNS Gallup poll conducted between October 21-27, 2013", "page": "3", "url": "https://research.aston.ac.uk/en/publications/coercion-or-conformism-censorship-and-self-censorship-among-russi/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, federal television channels", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "To Protect Free Speech, Social Media Platforms Must Stop their ...", "aliases": ["To Protect Free Speech, Social Media Platforms Must Stop their ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public policy think tank; political advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Information integrity", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1962, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1962", "mechanism": "Publishes policy commentary in its Ripon Forum and leverages political networks to shape debate on free speech, Section 230, and algorithmic transparency.", "quote": "Publishes commentary advocating legal protections for online speech, calls for algorithmic transparency and limits on government pressure of platforms, but platform governance is one topic among many.", "page": "", "url": "https://riponsociety.org/article/to-protect-free-speech-social-media-platforms-must-stop-their-overreach/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "tobacco representatives", "aliases": ["tobacco representatives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex and violence: the Hollywood censorship wars", "author": "Pollard, Tom", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These representatives persuade producers to focus on portraying the pleasures of their products in films, aiming to ensure positive brand imagery and avoid any negative depictions.", "quote": "liquor industry lobbyists urge producers to include scenes of alcohol consumption and suppress scenes depicting the harms of alcoholism, while tobacco representatives and soft drink manufacturers persuade producers to focus on the pleasures of their products.", "page": "15", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Hollywood, United States", "when": "early 20th century – 2009"}]}, {"name": "Tony Blair Insitute", "aliases": ["Tony Blair Insitute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy advisory non-profit / think tank-style delivery institute"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "CPDP2025", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Provides policy advice, research and delivery support to governments in 45+ countries and partners with leaders to implement digital policy, shaping governance choices and reforms.", "quote": "Advises governments on strategy, policy and delivery and explicitly 'unlock[s] the power of technology', producing insights and policy work (e.g., 'Time for Digital ID') that shape digital governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://institute.global/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Tony Blair Institute for Global Change", "aliases": ["Tony Blair Institute for Global Change"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / think tank"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["international cooperation", "public safety", "sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts research into online extremism, publishes reports, and engages with governments and technology companies to develop sustainable policy and practical solutions for online extremism challenges.", "quote": "Mubaraz leads the Institute’s work into online extremism, having co-authored a groundbreaking report into the accessibility of Islamist extremist content in Google search results, A War of Keywords. He regularly engages with governments and technology companies to support the development of sustainable policy and practical solutions to the challenges of online extremism.", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "TopChrétien", "aliases": ["TopChrétien"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["accessibility", "international outreach", "religious proselytization"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This international Francophone evangelical network acts as an aggregator of evangelical content, providing mobile apps, daily verses, and conversion resources. It connects Burkinabè pastors, like Mamadou Karambiri, to a wider audience, thereby amplifying their message and fostering transnational religious networks.", "quote": "Ces plateformes incluent en premier lieu le réseau TopChrétien. Ce site web²⁴, fondé dès 1999 par Éric Célérier, un protestant évangélique français, se veut d'abord un agrégateur de contenu qui répertorie diverses ressources évangéliques en français.", "page": "11", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Tory party (historical)", "aliases": ["Tory party (historical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["England"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutionalism", "moderation", "political stability", "social order"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th-18th centuries"], "when_min": 1660, "when_max": 1800, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération et centrisme politique en Angleterre de 1660 à 1800", "author": "RH Griffiths", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As political propagandists, they actively promoted a triadic vision of moderation and centrism, positioning themselves as defenders of a strong, constitutionally-bound monarchy against perceived extremes of arbitrary government and popular fanaticism.", "quote": "ces Tories déclaraient qu'ils se battaient pour le retour à l'ancienne constitution, avec le roi au centre mais lié au parlement dans leur conception historique, et qui se dressait au milieu entre un gouvernement arbitraire [...] et le fanatisme populaire.", "page": "9", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-annales-historiques-de-la-revolution-francaise-2009-3-page-119", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "England", "when": "1660–1800"}]}, {"name": "TOSBack", "aliases": ["TOSBack"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["terms of service", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards platform observability", "author": "Rieder, Bernhard; Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Continuously tracks and observes changes in platforms' terms of service using browser plugins and volunteer work, then distills these changes into readable formats for wider audiences.", "quote": "Projects like TOSBack 7 use browser plugins and volunteer work to track and observe changes in platforms' terms of service continuously, that is, while they are happening and not after some complaint has been filed.", "page": "13", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/towards-platform-observability", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (EU, US focus)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Toulouse Réseau Unitaire Citoyen", "aliases": ["Toulouse Réseau Unitaire Citoyen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement", "social cohesion", "social harmony"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Parler politique en ligne. Une revue des travaux français et anglo-saxons", "author": "Greffet, Fabienne; Wojcik, Stéphanie", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "This collective manages an electronic discussion list that provides a space for members to communicate and engage in debates while circumventing the confrontational dynamics often found in face-to-face interactions.", "quote": "une telle liste constitue d'abord un moyen d'esquiver les rapports conflictuels des débats en co-présence", "page": "14", "url": "http://reseaux.revuesonline.com/article.jsp?articleId=12210", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "online platforms (French and Anglo-Saxon contexts)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Towards a global approach to digital platform regulation", "aliases": ["Towards a global approach to digital platform regulation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy think tank"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1920", "mechanism": "Chatham House produces authoritative research and recommendations, convenes international stakeholders, and shapes policy debates on platform regulation and digital sovereignty.", "quote": "Chatham House publishes research and policy recommendations on digital platform regulation and convenes actors to shape international approaches to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://smartthinking.org.uk/report/towards-a-global-approach-to-digital-platform-regulation/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Towards Better Social Networks: Insights from Civil Society - LCFI", "aliases": ["Towards Better Social Networks: Insights from Civil Society - LCFI"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "LCFI publishes research and analysis shaping debate on platform governance, frames alternative models (fediverse, unbundling), and synthesises CSO demands to inform policy and public discussion.", "quote": "LCFI conducts research on AI, trust and society and publishes analysis directly addressing social media platforms, content moderation, and governance alternatives.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.lcfi.ac.uk/news-events/blog/post/towards-better-social-networks-insights-from-civil-society", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Townsville (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)", "aliases": ["Townsville (pseudonym for a Reddit subreddit)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["democratic principles", "self-moderation"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Controlling Bad Behavior in Online Communities:  An Examination of Moderation Work", "author": "McGillicuddy, Aiden R; Bernard, Jean-Gregoire; Cranefield, Jocelyn Ann", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Moderators generally allow the community to 'self-moderate' to create a better atmosphere, adopting a less 'dictator-like' approach.", "quote": "“Usually, I let the community self-moderate... it creates a better atmosphere than a dictator-like approach.” (Townsville Mod)", "page": "7", "url": "aisel.aisnet.org", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, online communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trabalhadores Industriais do Mundo (Industrial Workers of the World)", "aliases": ["Trabalhadores Industriais do Mundo (Industrial Workers of the World)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in international syndicalist congresses as an observer, representing revolutionary syndicalist ideals.", "quote": "Participaram também organizações do Brasil, a FORA da Argentina e a IWW, embora apenas como observadora.", "page": "36", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "Trade associations", "aliases": ["Trade associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Costa Rica"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ENTENDER", "author": "MC Ávila, RS Leandro", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Trade associations can organize political-electoral debates, thereby structuring the public discourse on political issues for their specific audiences and providing a moderated platform for candidates to present their proposals.", "quote": "o bien, lugares alternativos que busquen la convocatoria de determinadas audiencias (edificios de asociaciones gremiales, centros carcelarios, hogares de ancianos, etc.).", "page": "18", "url": "https://tse.go.cr/pdf/publicaciones/como-organizar-un-debate.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Costa Rica", "when": "21st century (2009–2019)"}]}, {"name": "Trade Union Committee of Glavlit", "aliases": ["Trade Union Committee of Glavlit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["group cohesion", "member welfare", "organizational governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As an internal collective actor within the state censorship agency, it discussed budget reductions, decided on employee dismissals, organized social events, and provided financial assistance and recognition to its members.", "quote": "On 9 April the censors' profkom (trade union committee) discussed three ways of keeping within their even further reduced budget: discharge the Deputy Head, the senior accountant and two editors; discharge the Deputy Head and three editors; discharge the senior accountant and four editors.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Trade union movements", "aliases": ["Trade union movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "economic justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Da censura brasileira de 1964 aos tempos de inclusão digital: as permissões e restrições ao direito de informação e de expressão das opiniões nas redes sociais", "author": "CRM Maia", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in movements seeking improvements in labor conditions, facing illegal arrests and repression for opposing the anti-popular economy enforced by the state.", "quote": "numerosas perseguições as pessoas que participavam de movimentos sindicais que buscavam melhorias nas condições laborais, além das prisões ilegais ocorridas por aqueles que não aceitavam as imposições de uma economia antipopular", "page": "18", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10579", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, social media/internet", "when": "1964-2023"}]}, {"name": "Trade unions (e.g., SUD, CGT, FO)", "aliases": ["Trade unions (e.g., SUD, CGT, FO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-capitalism", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Trade unions, and their members, are a recurring topic of discussion within the movement concerning the 'convergence of struggles.' While there is often hostility towards union leadership, a distinction is made for union members, and discussions explore how to collaborate on broader social and worker's rights issues.", "quote": "Pour la présentation du dernier axe, sur les « convergences », la question syndicale est récurrente sous la forme d'une distinction constamment rappelée entre les salariés et les bureaucraties.", "page": "8", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Trade Unions (employee organizations)", "aliases": ["Trade Unions (employee organizations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["policy influence", "social welfare", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES CONTROVERSES ET DÉBATS DANS LA CONDUITE DES POLITIQUES PUBLIQUES", "author": "JOBERT, BRUNO", "year": "1992", "mechanism": "As 'social partners,' employee unions participated in state-led 'concertation' processes, influencing economic and social policies by transmitting new policy norms and testing reactions to proposed orientations, thereby shaping the adoption and legitimacy of public policies.", "quote": "force est de constater qu'aucun des grands acteurs sociaux — syndicats de salariés comme patronat — ne s'est doté d'outils de prévision et d'analyse qui lui auraient permis de desserrer sa dépendance vis-à-vis d'un système d'information monopolisé par l'Etat central.", "page": "12", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/43120614", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western Europe", "when": "1960s-early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Trade unions (general)", "aliases": ["Trade unions (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Asia", "Denmark", "Dominican Republic", "Europe", "Georgia", "Global", "India", "Philippines"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "environmental protection", "equality", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Jacqueline Wambui Wamai", "author": "MC Kalume, M Gachuki…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Play an active and central role in defining and implementing a new socio-ecological social contract; advocate for comprehensive public policies that ensure affordable and effective social protection, reduce inequalities, poverty, and social exclusion; promote decent work and just transitions in the context of climate and technological changes; support collective bargaining and workers' rights.", "quote": "Cet article décrit le rôle de l’OIT et des autres institutions multilatérales, des gouvernements nationaux et des syndicats au sein d’un contrat socio-écologique qui fonctionne pour tous, fournit une protection sociale abordable et efficace et qui réduit les inégalités, la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale.", "page": "6", "url": "https://researchrepository.ilo.org/esploro/fulltext/journalIssue/Un-nouveau-contrat-social/995362092402676?repId=12125506520002676&mId=13125506510002676&institution=41ILO_INST#page=143", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global, with specific examples from Europe and Asia (Philippines, Denmark, Georgia, Dominican Republic, India), and the digital platform economy", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000), with historical background on the social contract"}]}, {"name": "Trade unions / Labor unions", "aliases": ["Trade unions / Labor unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Google", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["economic standards", "political standards", "public opinion formation", "social standards"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressão na era digital: novos intermediários e censura por atores privados", "author": "LORDE FREITAS, FC LUNARDI…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "As traditional intermediaries in the 20th century, trade unions presented ideas and ideals to influence public opinion, fostering social resonance groups and disseminating their standards.", "quote": "Por tais meios, atores tradicionais da sociedade (partidos políticos, imprensa e sindicatos) puderam, por décadas, apresentar suas ideias e ideais, visando influenciar o público e gerar, no seio social, grupos de ressonância e difusão do standard defendido...", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/rinc/a/CRhh3yJP6jQYZHtp3KwKMjf/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, European Union, and global digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Google, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "21st century platform era, contrasting with 20th century traditional media"}]}, {"name": "Trade unions/Syndicates", "aliases": ["Trade unions/Syndicates"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political activism", "public participation", "public representation"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A MODERAÇÃO DO DISCURSO DE ÓDIO ONLINE NO FACEBOOK: UMA ANÁLISE DAS DECISÕES DO COMITÊ DE SUPERVISÃO", "author": "LM Barbosa", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Represented the discontent of civil society regarding parliamentary activity during the pandemic, specifically concerning the lack of opportunity for public input on legislative matters.", "quote": "Com o evento organizado em aproximadamente uma semana, os sindicatos atu aram como representantes do ressentimento da sociedade civil organizada diante da ati vidade parlamentar durante a pandemia: não ser ouvida em pautas de seu interesse e dos segmentos que representa.", "page": "167", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf#page=125", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Trademark holders' associations/groups", "aliases": ["Trademark holders' associations/groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Trade association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Participate in ICANN's policy development processes to protect their interests (brand names, intellectual property), influencing the creation of DNS policies and TLD application procedures through strong objections.", "quote": "They range from trademark holders wanting to see their assets in (brand) names protected, to civil liberty groups advocating respect of freedom of speech, privacy and other human rights.", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "Trades Union Congress", "aliases": ["Trades Union Congress"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["immigration control", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Compiled demands for Parliament that included limiting Jewish immigration, thus contributing to anti-Jewish sentiment and policies.", "quote": "In 1895 the Trades Union Congress compiled a series of demands to be assented to by those running for Parliament in the forthcoming general election. Most demands focused on making sure potential representatives were commit ted to securing improvements in the work and life conditions of the working class. However, the final demand was to limit Jewish immigra tion.", "page": "37", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Tradition, Family, and Property", "aliases": ["Tradition, Family, and Property"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "anti-feminism", "conservative values", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1973, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as Reward: Evidence from Pop Culture Censorship in Chile", "author": "Esberg, Jane", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Actively pursued pop culture censorship by encouraging boycotts of entertainment, agitating against perceived immorality (pornography, feminism, homosexuality), and participating in legal efforts to uphold bans.", "quote": "During the dictatorship, TFP encouraged censorship internationally, praising boycotts of entertainment depicting sex and violence (TFP 1981a), and the group encouraged 'combatting immorality' through 'the fight against pornography' and the 'retraction of feminism and homosexuality' (TFP 1981b, 12).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000305542000026X/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Chile", "when": "1973–1990"}]}, {"name": "Trans Rights Now", "aliases": ["Trans Rights Now"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["India"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Instagram is like a <i>karela</i> ”: transnational digital queer politics and online censorship and surveillance in India", "author": "Kanchan, Tanvi", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Stringently critiqued mainstream Indian queer politics for its exclusive focus, advocating for intersectional justice and horizontal reservations for caste-oppressed trans people, often facing policing and silencing.", "quote": "Grace Banu and her organization Trans Rights Now have stringently critiqued the lack of horizontal reserva- tions for caste-oppressed trans people, and have been met with violent policing and silencing (The News Minute, 2023).", "page": "2", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/17/3/162/7747686", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "India, Instagram", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trans Safety Network", "aliases": ["Trans Safety Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Algorithmic content moderation and the LGBTQ+ community’s freedom", "author": "Sulmicelli, Sergio", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Reported instances of censorship by Twitter affecting LGBTQ+ content, specifically related to the visibility of tweets containing certain LGBTQ+ terms, serving as a form of public pressure and monitoring.", "quote": "LGBTQ+ activists, such as the Trans Safety Network reported that tweets shared via Direct Message on Twitter were no longer directly visible with the usual preview if they included certain words such as 'trans', 'gay', 'lesbian', 'queer', and 'sex'.", "page": "12", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, EU regulatory context", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist (TERF) community", "aliases": ["Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist (TERF) community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["feminism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Publicly expresses disapproval and 'cancels' individuals, specifically those from the transgender community or who defend gender identity, through social media posts that promote an essentialist view of womanhood.", "quote": "Carolina Sanín, una mujer feminista, específicamente de la comunidad TERF cancela en sus redes sociales a todos aquellos que sean parte de la comunidad transgénero", "page": "7", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity", "aliases": ["Transatlantic Commission on Election Integrity"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Germany", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "LinkedIn", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "democratic values", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídias sociais, combate à desinformação e moderação de conteúdo: análise das diretrizes internacionais do direito humano à liberdade de expressão", "author": "FJ Souza", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Aims to ensure free and informed electoral decisions by sharing best practices, raising public awareness about interference, and promoting capacity-building for civil society and governments to defend democracy.", "quote": "A Comissão Transatlântica de Integridade Eleitoral (TCEI) tem o objetivo de partilhar práticas entre os eleitores e instituições democráticas. Ainda, busca a TCEI sensibilizar o público sobre efeitos adversos da interferência sobre a democracia, com foco na capacitação da sociedade civil e dos governos para defender a democracia (Paris, 2018; Canadá, 2020).", "page": "69", "url": "http://200.18.15.28/handle/1/10694", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter) and their regulatory environment, with a focus on specific national and regional contexts in Brazil, United States, European Union, France, Germany, and New Zealand.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a strong emphasis on the 2010s and 2020s, particularly from 2016 onwards, associated with the 'post-truth' phenomenon."}]}, {"name": "Transatlantic Working Group", "aliases": ["Transatlantic Working Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Develops frameworks and recommendations for moderating speech online, focusing on freedom and accountability.", "quote": "TRANSATLANTIC WORKING GRP., FREEDOM AND ACCOUNTABILITY: A TRANSATLANTIC FRAMEWORK FOR MODERATING SPEECH ONLINE 26-27 (2020),", "page": "9", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Transatlantic Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression (TWG)", "aliases": ["Transatlantic Working Group on Content Moderation Online and Freedom of Expression (TWG)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "European Union", "France", "Global", "India", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "due process", "freedom of expression", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de Conteúdo Online e as Batalhas entre o bem e o mal", "author": "Meneguetti Pereira, Luciano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Provides recommendations and insights for regulating and moderating online content, emphasizing principles like transparency, alternative dispute resolution, and addressing the limitations of algorithmic moderation.", "quote": "o Grupo de Trabalho Transatlântico de Alto Nível Sobre Moderação de Conteúdo Online e Liberdade de Expressão32, que considera a transparência, os mecanismos alternativos de resolução de litígios e as limitações dos algoritmos como alguns dos melhores caminhos a seguir no tema da regulação e moderação de conteúdo online (TWG, 2019).", "page": "38", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/view/65221", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with focus on national legislations (Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, India, UK, France, Brazil) and EU initiatives", "when": "2018-2022"}]}, {"name": "Transatlantic Working Group on Online Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression", "aliases": ["Transatlantic Working Group on Online Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Brazil", "Global", "Indonesia", "Russia", "Turkey", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic accountability", "due process", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A moderação de conteúdo online e as batalhas entre o bem eo mal", "author": "LM Pereira", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Develops opinions and recommendations on the regulation and moderation of online content, emphasizing transparency, alternative dispute resolution, and algorithm limitations.", "quote": "Por fim, vale destacar a opinião do Grupo de Trabalho Transatlântico de Alto Nível Sobre Moderação de Conteúdo Online e Liberdade de Expressão, que considera a transparência, os mecanismos alternativos de resolução de litígios e as limitações dos algoritmos como alguns dos melhores caminhos a seguir no tema da regulação e moderação de conteúdo online (TWG, 2019).", "page": "38", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/revistafadir/article/download/65221/35247", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, focusing on content moderation laws in Turkey, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, Brazil, UK", "when": "2018-2021 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Transcend", "aliases": ["Transcend"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "peace", "social development"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato come metodo per acquisire competenze per la gestione di conflitti e disaccordi", "author": "M De Conti", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Acts as a network for peace development, which involves theorizing and implementing strategies for conflict transformation and peaceful resolution.", "quote": "J. Galtung (1930- ), sociologo e matematico norvegese, fondatore nel 1959 dell‟International Peace Research Institut e del Transcend, un network per lo sviluppo della pace, è da molti considerato una delle figure chiave degli studi accademici sulla pace e sul conflitto (Salvatore, 2010).", "page": "101", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/173761", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Educational institutions, global; Italy (empirical studies)", "when": "Ancient Greece – 21st century; 2010s (empirical focus)"}]}, {"name": "Transformative Cyber Innovation Lab", "aliases": ["Transformative Cyber Innovation Lab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank research lab / project within Foundation for Defense of Democracies"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Security", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TCIL produces technical reports and ran an SBOM pilot with industry partners to demonstrate supply-chain transparency practices and inform policy and procurement (technical note and collaborative pilot described on FDD site).", "quote": "TCIL focuses on software supply-chain security (SBOMs) and cyber risk management; this intersects with platform infrastructure and AI supply chains but its core mission is cybersecurity rather than platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fdd.org/projects/transformative-cyber-innovation-lab/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Transformative Media Organizing project", "aliases": ["Transformative Media Organizing project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["grassroots project; advocacy network"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Runs skillshares, publishes research and reports, and connects organizers, media makers and tech-activists to shape media strategies and use online tools for campaigns.", "quote": "Links LGBTQ and Two-Spirit organizers, media makers, and tech-activists and runs skillshares and research touching on media and online tools, but core mission is broader media organizing rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://transformativemedia.cc", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund", "aliases": ["Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to justice", "anti-discrimination", "transgender rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Problematizando “ineficiências”: reflexões na fronteira entre inteligência artificial, moderação de conteúdo e discriminação algorítmica, em perspectiva decolonial", "author": "A Chami", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Through its executive director, the organization highlights how content moderation systems disproportionately affect marginalized groups like transgender people, engaging in advocacy and public discourse on issues of algorithmic discrimination.", "quote": "Andy Marra, executive director of the Transgender Legal Defense & Education Fund, says allies of black people run into trouble, too.", "page": "10", "url": "https://rbdcivil.emnuvens.com.br/rbdc/article/view/1017", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and United States social media platforms", "when": "21st century / Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Transgender Network Switzerland (TGNS)", "aliases": ["Transgender Network Switzerland (TGNS)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ rights", "anti-discrimination", "user safety"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cyber-victimisation et personnes LGBTIQ+: état des lieux", "author": "C Cretu-Adatte, E Bulliard, M Perret, L Brunoni…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Offers support to victims of cyber-victimization, organises awareness campaigns, and participates in the defense of the rights of transgender people, influencing public perception and policy.", "quote": "En Suisse, des organisations comme (...) TGNS (...) offrent un soutien aux victimes, mettent en place des campagnes de sensibilisation et participent à la défense des droits des personnes concernées.", "page": "18", "url": "https://arodes.hes-so.ch/record/17194", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Translators Without Borders", "aliases": ["Translators Without Borders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["humanitarian translation nonprofit"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1993, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "1993", "mechanism": "TWB produces language datasets and machine-translation engines, operates the TWB Platform and chatbots, translates millions of words for humanitarian actors and Wikipedia, and leverages partnerships with NGOs and platforms to extend information reach.", "quote": "TWB's core mission is humanitarian translation and language access, but it develops language technologies (machine translation, chatbots, TWB Platform) and works with platforms like Wikipedia and humanitarian information systems, touching platformized content governance and information flows.", "page": "", "url": "https://translatorswithoutborders.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Transnational Advocacy Networks", "aliases": ["Transnational Advocacy Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["digital rights", "global standards", "platform governance"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contribute to the 'digital constitutionalisation' of content regulation by studying and developing charters and declarations of rights, fostering normative values and global standards for social media governance.", "quote": "transnational advocacy networks (TANs) in the field of the digital \"constitutionalisation\"\" of content regulation... demonstrate how these TANs contribute to the emergence of a set of normative values on how social media platforms ought to be governed...\"", "page": "14", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Transparencia La Pintana", "aliases": ["Transparencia La Pintana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Chile"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "free speech", "public information", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "VERSIÓN EN ESPAÑOL CON FINES ACADÉMICOS", "author": "C SÁEZ, P PEÑA, J GARCÍA", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Its administrator faced multiple judicial processes, including an order from the Supreme Court to remove publications and refrain from future defamatory messages, leading to self-censorship and the suspension of its operations.", "quote": "La Corte Suprema ordenó al administrador de Transparencia La Pintana eliminar de Facebook las quince publicaciones descritas en el recurso de apelación y en el motivo cuarto abstenerse de publicar mensajes que difamen al demandante en esta o cualquier otra red, medio de comunicación social o medio de difusión masiva..", "page": "14", "url": "https://regulacionconvergente.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jdmp.14.2.225_Saez_SP.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Chile (focus on social crisis context, digital platforms)", "when": "2019–2022 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Transparency International", "aliases": ["Transparency International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "democracy promotion", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil", "author": "De Albuquerque, Afonso", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to a 'democracy promotion' agenda through its corruption rankings, which, by emphasizing certain institutional efficiencies, can empower elites to act against popular participation in the name of defending democracy.", "quote": "it is closely associated to a political, 'democracy promotion' agenda that, in the last decades, has been fostered by sectors associated to the US government... and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and think tanks closely associated to them... as the Transparency International (Bukovansky, 2015).", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884917738376", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Brazil, Latin America", "when": "2000s–2010s"}]}, {"name": "Transparency International Russia", "aliases": ["Transparency International Russia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["accountability", "anti-corruption", "transparency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Reports on the oversight of government funds for non-commercial organizations in Russia, highlighting issues of accountability and potential corruption in public initiatives.", "quote": "the controversy puts emphasis on the question of the oversight of government funds granted to non-commercial organisations, at a time when cracks in this system are being reported (Transparency, 2016).", "page": "120", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Transparency International Ukraine", "aliases": ["Transparency International Ukraine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Prepared a report on the financing of the election campaign, exposing overspending by establishment parties which was linked to their media manipulation through advertising.", "quote": "Final Report of the Project on Public Monitoring of the Election Campaign Financing (2002) prepared by Transparency International-Ukraine and the Coalition of Ukrainian NGOs 'Freedom of Choice'.", "page": "17", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "TrashNothing", "aliases": ["TrashNothing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "environmental sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media", "author": "Dörr, Timothy; Nagpal, Trisha; Watts, Duncan; Bail, Chris", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as an online platform that helps communities to exchange belongings for free, aiming to reduce landfill waste and strengthen local connections.", "quote": "In a similar vein, other websites, social platforms and apps such as Next-Door (...), TrashNothing (...), and Freecycle (...) also aim to help communities and reduce landfill waste by recycling belongings as gifts within neighbourhoods and cities.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02102-y", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Tre Savii sopra Eresia (Three Sages on Heresy)", "aliases": ["Tre Savii sopra Eresia (Three Sages on Heresy)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["special-interest / advocacy group"], "countries": ["France", "Italian city-states", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public order", "religious orthodoxy", "state interests"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As representatives of the Venetian government ('Signoria'), they jointly prepared the first catalogue of forbidden books printed in Italy (Venice, 1549) alongside the Inquisition and the apostolic nuncio.", "quote": "Il a été préparé d'un commun accord par l'Inquisition, le nonce apostolique et les « Tre Savii sopra Eresia » comme représentants de la « Signoria » de Venise.", "page": "7", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Trento Student Law Review", "aliases": ["Trento Student Law Review"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China", "European Union", "Global", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic discussion", "research quality"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Preface to Volume 5, Issue 1", "author": "MM Enrici", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It publishes academic articles offering new perspectives on current legal issues, including content moderation and constitutional populism, aiming to encourage further discussion and research in the legal field for both academics and practitioners.", "quote": "gli articoli che ospitiamo offrono nuove prospettive e punti di vista su questioni giuridiche attuali di grande importanza non solo per la comunità accademica ma anche per i professionisti del settore.", "page": "1", "url": "https://teseo.unitn.it/tslr/article/view/2662", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Globalized world (EU, U.S., China, Italy)", "when": "Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "TrevorSpace", "aliases": ["TrevorSpace"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["community building", "community support", "lgbtq+ rights", "safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AI Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: A Study of Meta’s", "author": "Li, Yibo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a support network with its own content moderation strategies (warnings, suspensions, bans) to create a safe online environment for LGBTQ youth, demonstrating a community-driven approach to content governance.", "quote": "Similarly, TrevorSpace, a support network for LGBTQ youth, employs moderation strategies and penalties such as warnings, suspension and permanent ban of accounts, to create 'a caring, safe, and comfortable place for LGBTQ youth to connect.'", "page": "27", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza", "when": "2022-2023"}]}, {"name": "TrevorSpace (The Trevor Project)", "aliases": ["TrevorSpace (The Trevor Project)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Gaza", "Ukraine", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["LGBTQ+ well-being", "community support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AI content moderation and freedom of expression: a study of meta's double standards in Ukraine and Gaza censorship", "author": "Y Li", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates as a support network for LGBTQ youth, employing its own moderation strategies (warnings, suspensions, bans) to maintain a safe online environment, demonstrating community-led content control.", "quote": "Similarly, TrevorSpace, a support network for LGBTQ youth, employs moderation strategies and penalties such as warnings, suspension and permanent ban of accounts, to create 'a caring, safe, and comfortable place for LGBTQ youth to connect.'", "page": "27", "url": "https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/216185", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram), Ukraine, Gaza, USA", "when": "2022-2024"}]}, {"name": "Trezvye Dvory", "aliases": ["Trezvye Dvory"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["public order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Chelyabinsk-based project in Russia that engaged in local vigilante activities, likely related to promoting sobriety or public order.", "quote": "See for instance the Chelyabinsk-based project Trezvye Dvory, which existed from 2014 to 2018.", "page": "128", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Triangulo Rosa", "aliases": ["Triangulo Rosa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["consent", "non-discrimination", "sexual freedom"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Sent letters protesting discriminatory statements made by censorship officials regarding homosexuality in TV programming, advocating for acceptance and non-violence in sexual relations.", "quote": "...o Triangulo Rosa, um grupo de liberação homossexual sediado no Rio de Janeiro, lhe enviava uma carta-resposta na qual ele era chamado literalmente de “preconceituoso” .", "page": "190", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "Tribunal do Santo Ofício (Inquisition)", "aliases": ["Tribunal do Santo Ofício (Inquisition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platéias vazias e atores calados", "author": "JC dos Santos Andrade", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Instituted censorship in Portuguese lands, and later in Brazil, by creating indexes of forbidden books and overseeing matters related to the Church, as part of a state-mandated tripartido system of censorship.", "quote": "A censura no Brasil começa ainda no período colonial, em 1540, quando em terras portuguesas foi instituído o Tribunal do Santo Ofício.", "page": "1", "url": "https://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11605.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1964–1988"}]}, {"name": "Tribunal system (of League of Legends)", "aliases": ["Tribunal system (of League of Legends)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "A crowdsourced governance system in League of Legends where committees of users judged flagged content against behavioral standards.", "quote": "Crowdsourced governance was deployed with the Tribunal system in League of Legends, where flagged content is judged by committees of users who met behavioral standards.", "page": "125", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Tribunes of the Plebs", "aliases": ["Tribunes of the Plebs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Roman Republic and Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic governance", "popular rights", "popular sovereignty"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1400, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura. De la magistrature à la vertu: censure et pouvoirs censoriaux du IIe siècle av. n. è. au IVe siècle de notre ère", "author": "N Lemennais", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These magistrates, representing the plebs, could contest censorial decisions, prevent censors from performing their duties, and even propose laws to limit censorial power, acting as a check on other state organs.", "quote": "Les censeurs, identifiés comme L. Aurelius Cotta et M. Acilius Glabrio, ont été empêchés par les tribuns de la plèbe de procéder à la lectio à cause de la question trop sensible de l'intégration des Transpadanes747.", "page": "133", "url": "https://hal.science/tel-04173638/", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Roman Republic and Empire", "when": "2nd century BCE – 4th century CE"}]}, {"name": "Tribuno do Povo", "aliases": ["Tribuno do Povo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazilian Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1828, "when_max": 1831, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O projeto conservador: a imprensa áulica na corte imperial (1828-1831)", "author": "CP Pereira", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Published articles advocating for federalism and republicanism, identified by áulicos as part of 'Clubs dos Patricidas federativos'. Strongly criticized by áulicos for promoting dangerous, divisive ideas.", "quote": "Já os que defendem o federalismo são os “sanguisedentos avaros monstros”, que acreditaram que esse sistema pudesse ser implantado no Brasil. O jornal ainda chama atenção das famílias brasileiras para que “serrem os ouvidos aos perigosos sons do flautista Tribuno”", "page": "46", "url": "http://rima.ufrrj.br:8080/jspui/handle/1235813/549", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Empire", "when": "1828-1831"}]}, {"name": "Trinity Methodist Church, South", "aliases": ["Trinity Methodist Church, South"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political expression", "religious expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Owned and operated radio station KGEF, which had its license denied by the FRC for broadcasting diatribes against specific groups. This demonstrates the FRC's content-based censorship.", "quote": "The Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia handed down a similar decision in Trinity Methodist Church, South v. FRC... KGEF was owned by 'Fighting Bob' Schuler, who... delivered diatribes against Jews, Catholics...", "page": "48", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Trotwatch", "aliases": ["Trotwatch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology", "political opposition"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Produced an irregular magazine and pamphlets dedicated to critical work against organized left-wing parties and Trotskyites, aiming to provide alternative perspectives within radical movements.", "quote": "a group calling itself Trotwatch has produced an irregular magazine and pamphlets dedicated to such critical work.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Foundation Project", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Foundation Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["acceptable online behavior", "ethical standards", "professional standards"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating Content Moderation: A Framework for Nonpartisanship in Online Governance", "author": "Lee, Edward", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Supports professionals in the trust and safety field, working to foster a global community that develops and enforces principles and policies related to acceptable online behavior and content moderation.", "quote": "A promising development in this area is the recent launch of two new organizations, the Trust & Safety Professional Association (TSPA) and the Trust & Safety Foundation Project, to \"support[] the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior and content online.\"\"\"", "page": "134", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3705466", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms, USA", "when": "2016–2021"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Foundation Research Coalition", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Foundation Research Coalition"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Research organization / AI industry consortium"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["mental health", "moderator welfare", "worker protection"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Expands industry understanding of psychological impact of moderation and how to protect workers through collaborative efforts.", "quote": "Collaborative efforts, including those led by industry, BPOs, and the Trust & Safety Foundation’s Research Coalition, are expanding the industry’s understanding of the psychological impact of moderation and how to protect workers.", "page": "124", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Professional Association (TSPA)", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Professional Association (TSPA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional ethics", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It provides career development, networking, training, and knowledge-sharing for its members, working to improve society's understanding of the field and defining acceptable online behavior and content.", "quote": "It serves (Trust & Safety Professional Association [TSPA], 2022) 'the global community of professionals who develop and enforce principles and policies that define acceptable behavior and content online.'", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Trust & Safety Professional Association: Home", "aliases": ["Trust & Safety Professional Association: Home"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["membership professional association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TSPA convenes practitioners through TrustCon and curricula, publishes resources and reports (e.g., T&S Compensation Report), and accepts corporate support, positioning it to shape professional norms and practices in platform content governance.", "quote": "TSPA's core mission is advancing the trust & safety profession that develops and enforces content and behavior policies for online platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tspa.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Advisory Council", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Advisory Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advisory/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter", "X"], "norms": ["content moderation", "trust and safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "X under Musk’s leadership: Substantial hate and no reduction in inauthentic activity", "author": "Hickey, Daniel; Fessler, Daniel M. T.; Lerman, Kristina; Burghardt, Keith", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This council advised X (formerly Twitter) on content moderation policies. Its disbandment indicates a change in the platform's approach to moderation governance.", "quote": "The Trust and Safety Advisory Council, which advised on content moderation, was disbanded [5].", "page": "2", "url": "https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313293", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "X (formerly Twitter), English-language posts, USA", "when": "2022-2023 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Professional Association", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Professional Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user experience", "user safety", "user utility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Prosocial Design in Trust and Safety", "author": "Grüning, David; Kamin, Julia", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "TSPA defines curriculum and principles for Trust and Safety, guiding professionals in preventing, detecting, and responding to abuse, and creating environments that proactively help users achieve their objectives on platforms.", "quote": "TSPA's T&S Curriculum defines Trust and Safety as \"fundamentally ... about enabling users to have the best experiences possible\"\" and \"\"creating an environment or experience that proactively and affirmatively helps users achieve their objectives\"\" (Trust and Safety Professional Association", "page": "2025).\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Professionals Association", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Professionals Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional standards", "user safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Securing federated platforms: Collective risks and responses", "author": "Y Roth, S Lai", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Represents trust and safety professionals, facilitating federated platforms' engagement in industry-wide organizations and working groups responsible for content moderation.", "quote": "Commonly cited examples of these groups include professional organizations like the Trust and Safety Professionals Association (TSPA).", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/171", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media platforms, with a focus on federated services", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body / learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical standards", "professional standards", "public policy", "user safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides educational initiatives and curriculum for trust and safety professionals, affiliated with Stanford University.", "quote": "many educational initiatives aim to provide space for trust and safety professionals to engage in such reflection. Here, we are thinking of the Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium, which is affiliated with Stanford University", "page": "65", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium (affiliated with Stanford University)", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium (affiliated with Stanford University)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI safety", "digital literacy", "ethical inquiry", "professional standards"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides space for trust and safety professionals to engage in philosophical reflection, offering educational initiatives and curriculum modules on AI.", "quote": "Here, we are thinking of the Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium, which is affiliated with Stanford University, and the Trust and Safety Curriculum, which is developed by the Trust and Safety Professionals Association.", "page": "38", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium - GitHub Pages", "aliases": ["Trust and Safety Teaching Consortium - GitHub Pages"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["coalition; teaching consortium"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2023, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The consortium publishes modular curricula, slide decks, recorded lectures and exercises co-created with industry and academic experts (ActiveFence, Roblox, Meta contributors, multiple universities) to shape training and professional norms in platform trust & safety.", "quote": "The consortium creates and distributes core curricular materials on trust & safety, content moderation, misinformation, extremism, and platform policies—directly engaging with platform governance education and practice.", "page": "", "url": "https://cornelltech.github.io/TeachingTrustSafety/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "TrustArc", "aliases": ["TrustArc"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["data protection", "legal compliance", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Offers formal certification processes and independent auditing to ensure compliance with privacy and data protection standards, relevant for middleware providers handling user data.", "quote": "Another approach involves industry standards and formal certification processes, such as the WebTrust/CA Browser Forum or TrustArc, which can include independent auditing to ensure compliance.", "page": "22", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flagger", "aliases": ["Trusted Flagger"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["content moderation accuracy", "content moderation fairness", "creator support"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "\"How advertiser-friendly is my video?\"\": YouTuber's Socioeconomic Interactions with Algorithmic Content Moderation\"", "author": "Ma, Renkai; Kou, Yubo", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Trusted Flaggers act as intermediaries, leveraging their special status or communication channels with YouTube staff to help creators appeal moderation decisions and reverse penalties, such as account suspensions or strikes.", "quote": "I contacted Trusted Flagger on Twitter, and he helped me get the strikes taken off my account, and it was back up and running by the following week.", "page": "14", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479573", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flagger Networks", "aliases": ["Trusted Flagger Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-terrorism", "child safety", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Co‐Producing security: platform content moderation and European security integration", "author": "R Bellanova, M De Goede", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These are entities, including NGOs and sometimes government agencies like Europol's IRU, that report suspicious terrorist-related content to platforms. Their referrals are prioritized due to their perceived accuracy and expertise, influencing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Companies regularly work with so-called ‘trusted flaggers', who have access to specific channels of communication, and whose referrals are considered to be strategically impor- tant or statistically more accurate, and thus should be prioritized by companies' content moderators...", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcms.13306", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "European Union, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flagger Networks (on Twitter, YouTube, Yelp, Facebook)", "aliases": ["Trusted Flagger Networks (on Twitter, YouTube, Yelp, Facebook)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Australia", "Germany", "Sweden", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Civic Intervention: A New Form of Political Participation Under Conditions of a Disruptive Online Discourse", "author": "Porten-Cheé, Pablo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Users designated as 'trusted flaggers' report abusive or inappropriate content, helping platforms set boundaries for acceptable speech and influencing content moderation decisions.", "quote": "Twitter applies a 'trusted flagger' status to users who are then given special privileges in terms of reporting abusive content. Other platforms such as YouTube and Yelp also choose to identify users who are skilled at evaluating problematic content and whose flagging is taken more seriously by professional moderators (Gillespie, 2018).", "page": "7", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, news sites), Germany, Sweden, Australia, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flagger Networks / Civil Society Partnerships", "aliases": ["Trusted Flagger Networks / Civil Society Partnerships"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "factual accuracy", "hate speech"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Participer à la modération sur les réseaux sociaux: définir, appliquer et contester les règles", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These associations partner with platforms and use their dedicated channels to report content, with their reports often prioritized and leading to content removal, thereby assisting in content moderation.", "quote": "Les plateformes ont maintenant recours à des trusted flaggers (p.131), soit des associations avec lesquelles elles nouent des partenariats, et qui disposent de leurs propres canaux de signalement de contenus. Ces associations, généralement engagées dans la lutte contre les discriminations et autres manifestations de la haine en ligne, sont réputées plus fiables dans leur capacité à repérer des contenus interdits.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/PARTI_029_0239?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Global Social Media Platforms, with a focus on US examples", "when": "1990s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flagger/Reporter Networks", "aliases": ["Trusted Flagger/Reporter Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Myanmar", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of expression in the age of online platforms: The promise and pitfalls of a human rights-based approach to content moderation", "author": "B Sander", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "These groups, often civil society, collaborate with regulatory institutions and online platforms to flag potentially illegal hate speech for review and removal, particularly in the EU.", "quote": "regulatory institutions have sometimes reached informal agreements with online platforms to establish particular standards... 'trusted reporters'—particularly civil society groups... notify platforms of the existence of illegal hate speech", "page": "951", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/frdint43&section=29", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube), with specific examples in the US, EU, and Myanmar.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era (twenty-first century)."}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flaggers (as per DSA)", "aliases": ["Trusted Flaggers (as per DSA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Libertà di espressione e nuove tecnologie: a complicated relationship", "author": "A Cremone", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "These entities are recognized for their particular capabilities and competence in identifying, flagging, and notifying illegal content to platforms. They operate independently from online platforms, and their diligent, accurate, and objective reports are prioritized by platforms under the DSA framework.", "quote": "...l'introduzione dei c.d. \"trusted flaggers\"\" (ossia di segnalatori ritenuti attendibili in virtù della propria indipendenza e di comprovate capacità e competenze)", "page": "le cui segnalazioni vengono esaminate con priorità e decise senza indebito ritardo.\"", "url": "https://www.rivistaitalianadiinformaticaediritto.it/index.php/RIID/article/view/320", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global digital environment, with a focus on EU and USA platforms", "when": "Post-2010 (with a focus on post-2022 EU regulation)"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flaggers (under DSA)", "aliases": ["Trusted Flaggers (under DSA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "human rights", "informed public", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sul Global à deriva: regulação digital na União Europeia e no Brasil", "author": "M Medeiros", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Independent organizations highly specialized in digital rights that monitor and investigate complaints of systemic risks and damage on the web. They detect, identify, and notify illegal content diligently, accurately, and objectively, with notifications receiving swift and priority treatment from platforms.", "quote": "In particular, a form of regulation has been created in which supervision is carried out through trust markers... they are independent organizations highly specialized in digital rights. Their mission is to monitor and investigate complaints of possible systemic risks and damage committed on the web, using the notification and action mechanism.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistas.usp.br/virus/article/view/229592", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European Union and Brazil", "when": "21st century, focusing on current digital regulation (2000-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Trusted Flaggers / Trusted Flagger Networks", "aliases": ["Trusted Flaggers / Trusted Flagger Networks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fundamentalism", "child safety", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le règlement sur les services numériques (DSA): quand la liberté d'expression en ligne rencontre le droit de la compliance", "author": "E Netter", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "These entities, which can include associations, notify online platforms of purportedly illicit content. Platforms are then required to examine these notifications in priority, thereby acting as a collective oversight mechanism that influences content moderation outcomes.", "quote": "Il s'agira d'entités qualifiées dans un domaine (la protection de l'enfance, la lutte contre le fondamentalisme religieux...), qui peuvent être des associations comme des autorités administratives. Lorsqu'un signaleur de confiance notifiera un contenu à la plateforme, les modérateurs devront l'examiner en priorité.", "page": "4", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05554005/", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "European Union and France", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Trusted News Initiative", "aliases": ["Trusted News Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition"], "countries": ["France", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "democratic integrity", "information control"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Préface. L'esprit scientifique et le péril scientiste", "author": "L Mucchielli", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "This initiative, launched in 2019, associated major Western news agencies and media with tech giants. It played a role during the Covid crisis in controlling information flows and disseminating political and industrial propaganda, under the guise of 'fighting disinformation,' which the paper interprets as a system of soft censorship.", "quote": "En 2019, par exemple, fut lancée en ce sens la Trusted News Initiative associant les grandes agences de presse occidentales (Reuters, AFP), toute une série de grands médias occidentaux comme la BBC, Radio-Canada, le Financial Times", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05511009/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, Western countries", "when": "2020-2026"}]}, {"name": "Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Brazil/Chile)", "aliases": ["Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Brazil/Chile)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Governmental/Hybrid (with civil society involvement)"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "human rights", "truth"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Proposed by government to uncover truth about past tortures and disappearances, but opposed by military leaders who sought to maintain self-censorship.", "quote": "In Brazil and Chile, the leaders of the military opposed a government proposal to establish a TRC commission to uncover the truth regarding tortures and disappearances during the military regime (Bakiner, 2010; Schneider, 2011).", "page": "146", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Truth commissions", "aliases": ["Truth commissions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "historical memory", "truth"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "How modern dictators survive: Cooptation, censorship, propaganda, and repression", "author": "S Guriev, D Treisman", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Generate official or quasi-official accounts of past human rights abuses and state violence, serving as public sources of information that reveal truths often suppressed by authoritarian regimes.", "quote": "Using several sources including a newly created dataset of authoritarian control techniques—we document a range of trends in recent autocracies that fit the theory: a decline in violence, efforts to conceal state repression...", "page": "1", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2572452", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global authoritarian states", "when": "Post-WWII to present"}]}, {"name": "Truth Initiative", "aliases": ["Truth Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public health nonprofit / advocacy and research organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Public health"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "All things in moderation", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "Publishes research and reports, issues press releases urging FDA and lawmakers to act, runs national digital cessation programs (EX Program) and partnerships to influence policy and public behavior regarding tobacco and on-screen portrayals.", "quote": "Truth Initiative focuses on tobacco/nicotine public health and runs digital cessation programs and policy advocacy that intersect with platform content (e.g., tobacco in media, digital cessation delivery), but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://truthinitiative.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Truth4Time", "aliases": ["Truth4Time"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Coordinated a flagging campaign among its members to report pro-gay groups on Facebook, aiming for their content to be removed.", "quote": "In 2012, accusations swirled around a conservative group called “Truth4Time,” believed to be coordinating its prominent membership to flag pro-gay groups on Facebook.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "TU CLASE TU PAÍS", "aliases": ["TU CLASE TU PAÍS"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Ecuador"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "educational access", "organizational effectiveness"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El moderador en línea: una propuesta pedagógica para la mediación en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en tiempos de COVID 19", "author": "A Mejía", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides an online collaborative platform and tools for teachers, families, and students to share resources, work together, and manage educational tasks, acting as a structured environment that facilitates (and thus implicitly moderates) online learning interactions.", "quote": "Comunidad TU CLASE es una herramienta para crear espacios ilimitados de colaboración y trabajo en línea, ya sean abiertos (públicos) o cerrados (por invitación).", "page": "23", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/98641833/1291.pdf", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Ecuador", "when": "COVID-19 era (early 2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Tumulto Teatro", "aliases": ["Tumulto Teatro"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "liberation", "social change"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Plans to implement a political-theatrical project focused on challenging hyper-masculinity and promoting liberating thought on sex/gender, aiming for social change through performance and audience participation.", "quote": "Este proyecto se pondrá en funcionamiento en colaboración con Tumulto Teatro en Granada (España) en un futuro que espero no sea muy lejano.", "page": "257", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Tunisian Bar Association (or equivalent for lawyers' union)", "aliases": ["Tunisian Bar Association (or equivalent for lawyers' union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["democracy", "individual liberty", "political change"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated alongside the UGTT in the 2011 Tunisian revolution, contributing to popular mobilization and political change in the absence of traditional opposition channels.", "quote": "On peut dire la même chose du rôle joué par l'Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens (UGTT) et le syndicat des avocats lors de la chute du régime de Ben Ali en Tunisie, en janvier 2011", "page": "4", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Tunisian General Labour Union", "aliases": ["Tunisian General Labour Union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "pluralism", "religious freedom", "social change"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Acts as a key non-state actor in Tunisia's socio-political landscape, contributing to the country's unique path towards democracy and coexistence of Islam and democracy.", "quote": "Ennahda, like its compatriot syndicalist movement, the Federated Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), (Chayes, 2014) forms part of its backbone. At the core of this ‘exceptionalism’ is the potential for coexistence of Islam and democracy (Stepan, 2012).", "page": "89", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT)", "aliases": ["Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / social movement"], "countries": ["France"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political reform", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'affaiblissement des corps intermédiaires par les plateformes Internet. Le cas des médias et des syndicats français au moment des Gilets jaunes.", "author": "M Tighanimine", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Played a significant role in organizing and participating in protests during the 2011 Tunisian revolution, acting as a crucial intermediary for political change when traditional opposition was suppressed.", "quote": "On peut dire la même chose du rôle joué par l'Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens (UGTT) et le syndicat des avocats lors de la chute du régime de Ben Ali en Tunisie, en janvier 2011", "page": "4", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/TIGLDC", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms (specifically Facebook)", "when": "2018-2019 (Gilets jaunes movement)"}]}, {"name": "Tunisian Human Rights Groups", "aliases": ["Tunisian Human Rights Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Mexico"], "media": ["IGF", "WSIS"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2003, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "At the margins of Internet governance: grassroots tech groups and communication policy", "author": "Hintz, Arne; Milan, Stefania", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "These groups were among those not permitted to participate in WSIS preparatory conferences, illustrating barriers to participation for certain civil society actors.", "quote": "Several groups, such as Reporters Sans Frontiers and Tunisian human rights groups, were not allowed to participate at all.", "page": "5", "url": "https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/macp.5.1-2.23_1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet governance fora (WSIS, IGF), global/transnational, with specific examples from Europe and Mexico", "when": "Early 21st century (post-2003)"}]}, {"name": "Turing Institute AI for science and government (ASG)", "aliases": ["Turing Institute AI for science and government (ASG)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["integrated research programme (academic research centre/project)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Produces tooling and observatories (Online Harms Observatory), publishes research and policy outputs, and collaborates with government (Ministry of Justice) to build ethical frameworks and inform public-sector deployment of AI.", "quote": "Hosts the Online Harms Observatory and collaborates with government (Ministry of Justice) to build ethical frameworks and tooling for AI in public sector contexts, directly addressing online harms and algorithmic governance.", "page": "", "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20220329194725/https://www.turing.ac.uk/research/asg", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Turkish Independent Communication Network", "aliases": ["Turkish Independent Communication Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Press censorship in Turkey: Networks of state power, commercial pressures, and self-censorship", "author": "B Yesil", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Conducts analyses and publishes reports and surveys on press freedoms in Turkey, documenting censorship issues and providing critical information to the public and international observers.", "quote": "Among the reports and surveys I analyzed are those published by the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Council of Europe, the European Commission, the Index on Censorship, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Reporters without Borders, and the Turkish Independent Communication Network (BIA).", "page": "4", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/7/2/154/4054597", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "late 2000s – early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Turkish Phonographic Industry Society", "aliases": ["Turkish Phonographic Industry Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Filed complaints that led to the blocking of websites related to music files due to alleged intellectual property rights violations.", "quote": "Then came the banning of websites related to music files due to complaints by the Turkish Phonographic Industry Society.", "page": "3", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Turnaround Distribution", "aliases": ["Turnaround Distribution"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["alternative culture", "independent media"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Distributes alternative press titles, acting as a primary channel within the alternative public sphere.", "quote": "These are the alternative bookshops such as Compendium and Housmans in London, Mushroom in Nottingham and alternative distributors such as AK, Counter Productions and Turnaround.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Turning Point USA", "aliases": ["Turning Point USA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["political mobilization"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube", "author": "Lewis, Rebecca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As a conservative activist group, Turning Point USA focuses on mobilizing college students and employs commentators to promote conservative viewpoints, thus shaping political discourse among youth.", "quote": "Candace Owens (Red Pill Black) is an American conservative commentator and Director of Urban Engagement at Turning Point USA, a conservative activist group focused on mobilizing college students.", "page": "47", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Tuổi Trẻ", "aliases": ["Tuổi Trẻ"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["political legitimacy", "profit motive", "public opinion", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Operates as a leading newspaper under the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization, actively pursuing reformist and controversial stories to satisfy its profit motive and sense of justice, acting as a state-sanctioned watchdog.", "quote": "To name the most well-known example, Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), which operates under the Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Organization, is the country's most-read newspaper with a daily circulation of 400,000.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Twentieth Century Fund (The Century Foundation)", "aliases": ["Twentieth Century Fund (The Century Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": ["El País", "Público", "online journalism"], "norms": ["media accountability", "regulation"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auto-regulação eo jornalismo online: o provedor do leitor no contexto digital", "author": "TNL Amado", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Established a Press Council in the US, which newspaper editors largely resisted due to concerns about external control and potential political interference in media regulation.", "quote": "O número de diários que abraçaram e instauraram o provedor do leitor aumentou, sobretudo numa fase que coincidiu com a negação e intransigência de vários editores de imprensa americana relativamente ao Conselho de Imprensa, criado pelo Twenteth Century Fund.", "page": "54", "url": "https://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstreams/22e48083-b5d8-4156-9f41-b11fdc1c06b3/download", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal and Spain, focusing on Público and El País newspapers, in the context of online journalism", "when": "2011–2016"}]}, {"name": "Twilio Impact Fund", "aliases": ["Twilio Impact Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["corporate foundation / nonprofit program"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Twilio.org channels funding and investments ($7.3M in 2023) to nonprofits and social enterprises to accelerate digital transformation and support tech-enabled services (e.g., AI-powered counselor training), using financial leverage and published impact reporting.", "quote": "Provides grants and investments for digital transformation and AI-enabled services (e.g., AI-powered counselor tools) but its core mission is funding social impact rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.twilio.org/support-and-resources/impact-fund", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Twister", "aliases": ["Twister"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anonymity", "censorship resistance", "decentralization", "user authentication"], "topics": ["moderazione"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Accumunet: moderazione di un mercato/sistema CDN basato su peer-to-peer", "author": "Zulian, Manuel; Migliardi, Mauro; Merlo, Alessio", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Twister operates as a peer-to-peer micro-blogging platform using Bitcoin's blockchain for user authentication (storing username/public key pairs) and BitTorrent/DHT for content distribution. It aims to be censorship-resistant by being decentralized.", "quote": "Twister è una piattaforma di micro-blogging peer-to-peer, il cui obbiettivo è quello di creare una versione decentralizzata di Twitter per evitare problemi legati alla censura [19].", "page": "15", "url": "thesis.unipd.it", "topic": "moderazione", "language": "Italian", "where": "Distributed online platforms and peer-to-peer networks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitch Safety Advisory Council", "aliases": ["Twitch Safety Advisory Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Agents of platform governance: Analyzing U.S. civil society's role in contesting online content moderation", "author": "Trithara, Dakoda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Composed of civil society experts and streamers, it provides expert input and fosters inclusivity in the drafting of new platform policies for content moderation.", "quote": "They can also support industry implementing mechanisms that foster greater inclusivity when it comes to drafting new policies, such as Twitch's Safety Advisory Council made up of CS experts and Twitch streamers.", "page": "8", "url": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308596124000326", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, online platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitch Volunteer Moderators (collective)", "aliases": ["Twitch Volunteer Moderators (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["community building", "platform governance", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Who moderates on Twitch and what do they do? Quantifying practices in community moderation on Twitch", "author": "J Seering, SR Kairam", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They engage in community management and content moderation on Twitch channels, performing tasks such as welcoming newcomers, participating in chat, managing disruptive behavior (spam, incivility), taking enforcement actions (bans, timeouts), warning offenders, and fostering positive social interactions. They often work in teams and adapt their practices to channel size.", "quote": "Volunteer moderators are an increasingly essential component of effective community management across a range of services, such as Facebook, Reddit, Discord, YouTube, and Twitch.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3567568", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Birdwatch (now Community Notes on X)", "aliases": ["Twitter Birdwatch (now Community Notes on X)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "public discourse quality", "trust"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Explainable AI to Mitigate the Lack of Transparency and Legitimacy in Internet Moderation", "author": "TP Ferraz, CHD Duarte, MF Ribeiro…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Allows community members to identify misleading information in Tweets and write informative notes. These notes, when a consensus is reached, provide context to the global audience, acting as a form of community-based content moderation and information correction.", "quote": "A project that can be inspiring and relevant in this regard is Twitter Birdwatch (Coleman, 2021), which allows people to identify information in Tweets they believe is misleading and write notes that provide informative context. This enables quick response when misleading information spreads, adding context that people trust and find valuable.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KPMcWYkkqHy5ZK3zTFCBpFj/?format=html&lang=en", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter/X), with focus on EU and Brazil legal frameworks", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Birdwatch (now Community Notes)", "aliases": ["Twitter Birdwatch (now Community Notes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial explicável para atenuar a falta de transparência ea legitimidade na moderação da Internet", "author": "TP Ferraz, CHD Duarte, MF Ribeiro…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Enables community members to identify misleading information in Tweets and provide informative context notes, which become publicly visible through community consensus, influencing content understanding and moderation decisions.", "quote": "Um projeto que pode ser inspirador e relevante neste sentido é o Twitter Birdwatch (Coleman, 2021), que permite que as pessoas identifiquem infor- mações em Tweets que elas acreditam serem enganosas e que escrevam notas que forneçam um contexto informativo a estas.", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/ea/a/KPMcWYkkqHy5ZK3zTFCBpFj/?format=html&lang=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social Media Platforms, globally, with a focus on EU and Brazilian regulatory contexts", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Birdwatch (now X Community Notes)", "aliases": ["Twitter Birdwatch (now X Community Notes)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["accuracy", "anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Inteligência Artificial explicável para atenuar a falta de transparência e a legitimidade na moderação da Internet", "author": "Ferraz, Thomas Palmeira; Duarte, Caio Henrique Dias; Ribeiro, Maria Fernanda; Takayanagi, Gabriel Goes Braga; Alcoforado, Alexandre; Lopes, Roseli De Deus; Susi, Mart", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "A community-based approach where users (the community) identify misleading information in tweets and write informative notes to provide context, which can influence algorithmic moderation decisions and educate other users.", "quote": "Um projeto que pode ser inspirador e relevante neste sentido é o Twitter Birdwatch (Coleman, 2021), que permite que as pessoas identifiquem informações em Tweets que elas acreditam serem enganosas e que escrevam notas que forneçam um contexto informativo a estas.", "page": "18", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40142024000200381&tlng=pt", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter), EU, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter Birdwatch Participants", "aliases": ["Twitter Birdwatch Participants"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["fact-checker coalition"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["ethical conduct", "social cohesion", "social well-being"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Birds of a feather don’t fact-check each other: Partisanship and the evaluation of news in Twitter’s Birdwatch crowdsourced fact-checking program", "author": "Allen, Jennifer; Martel, Cameron; Rand, David G", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Birdwatchers participate in a crowdsourced fact-checking program by writing free-response fact-checks ('notes') on tweets and rating the helpfulness of other users' notes regarding potentially misleading content.", "quote": "Birdwatch operates by allowing participants to identify tweets as misleading or not, write free-response fact-checks of tweets, and evaluate the quality of other participants' fact-checks.", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491102.3502040", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "Early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter's Community Notes", "aliases": ["Twitter's Community Notes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Algorithmic Management of Polarization and Violence on Social Media", "author": "Stray, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Puig Larrauri, Helena", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A crowdsourced system where users (raters) add notes to misleading tweets, and these notes are ranked by user agreement to separate high-quality corrections from partisan bias, effectively a form of community-driven content moderation.", "quote": "Twitter's Community Notes system (formerly Birdwatch), which asks users for crowdsourced notes on misleading tweets, is a much more sophisticated approach.", "page": "19", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4429558", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Twitter's Trust and Safety Council", "aliases": ["Twitter's Trust and Safety Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "online safety", "user trust"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Extremist Speech, Compelled Conformity, and Censorship Creep", "author": "Citron, Danielle K", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "An advisory body within Twitter that provides advice on proposals concerning online abuse, incorporating input from external experts and civil society representatives to shape moderation policies.", "quote": "Twitter, whose Trust and Safety Council provides advice on potential proposals concerning online abuse.", "page": "39", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms, Europe, USA", "when": "21st century (post-2008 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Two Muslim organisations (unnamed)", "aliases": ["Two Muslim organisations (unnamed)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Religious association"], "countries": ["Europe", "Indian subcontinent"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Tyranny of Moderation", "author": "Kamm, Oliver", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action (private prosecution) against a satirical magazine for perceived religious abuse ('injure stigmatisant un groupe de personnes à raison de sa religion').", "quote": "A year later, the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo and its director stood trial, in a case brought by two Muslim organisations, for publicly abusing a group of people because of their religion ('injure stigmatisant un groupe de personnes à raison de sa religion').", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1080/03064220701332760", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe, Indian subcontinent", "when": "1977-2007"}]}, {"name": "Tygodnik Solidarność", "aliases": ["Tygodnik Solidarność"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "The weekly publication of the Solidarity trade union, it managed to overturn censorship decisions and served as a significant platform for oppositionist views prior to Martial Law.", "quote": "Prior to the imposition of Martial Law, the Solidarity weekly Tygodnik 'Solidarno c' managed to overturn two censorship decisions, but these were the only challenges mounted against censorship decisions under the new law.", "page": "149", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Tyndall Report", "aliases": ["Tyndall Report"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Monitors the evening news broadcasts of the three main US television networks and records the time dedicated to each story, providing oversight of news coverage.", "quote": "En una veta similar, el Tyndall Report monitorea las emisiones nocturnas y de las tres principales redes de televisión de E.U. y el tiempo dedicado a cada historia.", "page": "53", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Télévision suisse romande", "aliases": ["Télévision suisse romande"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": ["Télévision suisse romande"], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mise en scène des débats télévisés: vers une (socio) sémiopolitique des plateaux de télévision", "author": "P Amey", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As a public broadcaster, TSR actively shapes public discourse by designing and staging political debates (e.g., Table Ouverte, Droit de Cité, Infrarouge). Its decisions on scenography, participant roles, and interaction modalities define the 'communication contract' for these shows, influencing whether political exchange promotes consensus or conflict.", "quote": "En Suisse, le législateur attend de la télévision de service public qu'elle puisse « contribuer à la libre formation de l'opinion des auditeurs et des téléspectateurs, leur fournir une information générale diversifiée et fidèle, [...] développer leurs connaissances civiques ».", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/QDC_011_0015?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Télévision suisse romande (TSR), Switzerland", "when": "1966-2007"}]}, {"name": "Tübingen AI Center", "aliases": ["Tübingen AI Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "India", "Russia", "Turkey"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["academic research", "ai development", "ai ethics", "ai safety", "content moderation"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Revealing Hidden Mechanisms of Cross-Country Content Moderation with Natural Language Processing", "author": "Yadav, Neemesh; Liu, Jiarui; Ortu, Francesco; Ensafi, Roya; Jin, Zhijing; Mihalcea, Rada", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The center supports research into AI methods for content moderation, including the use of LLMs to understand moderation decisions across countries, and provides computational resources for such studies, thereby contributing to transparent and responsible AI systems for content governance.", "quote": "This material is based in part upon work supported by the German Federal Ministry of Edu-cation and Research (BMBF): Tübingen AI Center, FKZ: 01IS18039B... The usage of OpenAI credits is largely supported by the Tübingen AI Center.", "page": "11", "url": "aclanthology.org", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Germany, Turkey, India, France, Russia", "when": "2011–2020"}]}, {"name": "TÜV Rheinland", "aliases": ["TÜV Rheinland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["product safety", "public health"], "topics": ["moderatore di contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ambiente di lavoro", "author": "I PER", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "TÜV Rheinland certifies the antimicrobial coating applied to the touch surfaces of Newline interactive displays, ensuring the product adheres to safety and hygiene standards to protect users from the spread of germs in shared environments.", "quote": "Newline ha implementato un rivestimento antimicrobico certificato TÜV sulla superficie touch per proteggervi!", "page": "3", "url": "https://25314542.fs1.hubspotusercontent-eu1.net/hubfs/25314542/Marketing%20Assets%20(Documents)/Brochures/Corporate%20Brochure/Newline_Corporate_Brochure_23_IT_Web.pdf", "topic": "moderatore di contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "n/a", "when": "post-2020 technology era"}]}, {"name": "U.S. AI Safety Institute", "aliases": ["U.S. AI Safety Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": ["ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted pre-deployment evaluations on a version of the o1 model to assess its safety capabilities and potential risks.", "quote": "a set of pre-deployment evaluations were conducted on a version of the o1 model by the U.S. AI Safety Institute (US AISI)", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "U.S. National Student Association", "aliases": ["U.S. National Student Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Works in coalitions against censorship to defend intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Through the Media. Coalition, Inc., the National Ad Hoc Commit- Vie \\.,sAgainst Censorship, and the Frecddm to Read Foundation' (all list 1 above), many other organizations can be reached, such as the American Association of University Professors; the National Coun- cil of Churches of Christ, the American Booksellers Association, the U.S. National Student Association,", "page": "178", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "UBOD", "aliases": ["UBOD"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["television markets"], "norms": ["copyright protection", "fair compensation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Platform Power and Policy in Transforming Television Markets", "author": "Evens, Tom; Donders, Karen", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Collects retransmission remuneration from distributors and redistributes it among broadcasters and other rights holders, with tariffs set by a copyright license tribunal.", "quote": "Copyright associations Copydan Kabel TV, KODA and UBOD collect the remuneration from distributors and redistribute among broadcasters and other rights holders.", "page": "138", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-74246-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global television markets, with emphasis on the US and Europe", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "UC Berkeley SkyLab", "aliases": ["UC Berkeley SkyLab"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Co-develops and operates ChatbotArena, a crowdsourced platform for evaluating and ranking LLMs based on human preferences, aiming to ensure fair and unbiased model assessment.", "quote": "ChatbotArena is an open, crowdsourced platform developed by LMSYS and UC Berkeley SkyLab to evaluate and rank LLMs based on human preferences.", "page": "43", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "UCL Gender and Tech Research Lab", "aliases": ["UCL Gender and Tech Research Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research lab"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Online harm", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces peer-reviewed research (Delphi study), contributes to policy consultations (DSA/Online Safety Act), and partners with industry (Google’s At?Risk Research Team) to shape debate and evidence on AI, chatbots, and tech?facilitated abuse.", "quote": "The lab's core research focuses on technology-facilitated abuse, AI agents and chatbots, and contributes to policy consultations (e.g., DSA/Online Safety Act), directly engaging topics central to platformized content governance and AI safety.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.genderandtech.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Udbrud #13 - Sociale Medier og Censur - Solidaritet", "aliases": ["Udbrud #13 - Sociale Medier og Censur - Solidaritet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization; democratic association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Democratic resilience", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces articles, podcasts and public events framing debates about censorship and platform bans, mobilizing left-wing audiences and shaping public discourse on platform governance.", "quote": "Publishes articles and podcasts debating social media moderation and censorship (e.g., 'Udbrud #13 – Sociale Medier og Censur') but platform governance is one topic among many rather than the core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://solidaritet.dk/udbrud-sociale-medier-og-censur/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ufuq.de", "aliases": ["Ufuq.de"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-Islamophobia", "counter-radicalisation", "education"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenging Hate: Counter-speech Practices in Europe", "author": "Winter, Charlie; Fürst, Johanna", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A youth organization that educates people about Islam and Islamophobia, disseminating counter-narratives among Muslim teenagers online.", "quote": "is a youth organisation that works to educate people about the realities of Islam and Islamophobia. One of its earliest projects – \"Was postest Du? Politische Bildung mit jungen Muslim_innen online\"\"... attempted to disseminate counter-narratives among Muslim teenagers.\"", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United Kingdom, Germany, and France (Europe)", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Uganda Journalists Association", "aliases": ["Uganda Journalists Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "professional standards", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Engages in dialogue with regulatory bodies (like UCC) and takes legal action to defend journalists' rights and media freedom, opposing measures like worker suspensions.", "quote": "journalists under their umbrella organization, Uganda Journalists Association, decided to drag UCC to court.", "page": "194", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Uganda Media Women’s Association", "aliases": ["Uganda Media Women’s Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "journalist safety", "media pluralism", "resilience"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Conducts safety training for female journalists, advocates for women's participation and safety in media, and works to build collective resilience.", "quote": "Participants pointed out the Uganda Media Women’s Association (UMWA) as an organization that conducts safety training for women journalists to prepare them for hard times.", "page": "152", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Uggin-Daehak (College Humor)", "aliases": ["Uggin-Daehak (College Humor)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Korea"], "media": ["DC Inside", "Ilbe", "Uggin-Daehak"], "norms": ["social norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Misogyny for Male Solidarity: Online Hate Discourse Against Women in South Korea", "author": "Kim, Jinsook", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Served as an online platform where a user's posting condemning a woman for perceived anti-social behavior led to widespread public shaming, personal attacks, and the coining of misogynistic terms.", "quote": "In June 2005, a posting on the online humor site Uggin-Daehak (College Humor) condemned a young Korean woman who allegedly refused to clean up her dog's excrement on a subway.", "page": "6", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_8", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "South Korea, online communities (Ilbe, DC Inside, Uggin-Daehak), SNSs", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2010s (with historical context from early 1990s and mid-2000s)"}]}, {"name": "UK AI Security Institute (UK AISI)", "aliases": ["UK AI Security Institute (UK AISI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducts external behavioral assessments and open-ended testing of AI models for misalignment threat models, focusing on sabotaging AI safety research in internal deployment scenarios.", "quote": "UK AISI tested an early snapshot of [Claude Opus 4.5] for potentially concerning propensities relevant to misalignment threat models, with a focus on sabotaging AI safety research in an internal deployment scenario...", "page": "112", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "UK Children with Diabetes Advocacy Group", "aliases": ["UK Children with Diabetes Advocacy Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Members use the Internet to source their own information or join networks of other individuals with similar health issues, enabling them to network for advocacy.", "quote": "For example, a patient within a health service can use the Internet to source their own information or join networks of other individuals with similar health or medical issues, such as the network of hundreds of families linked to the UK Children with Diabetes Advocacy Group.", "page": "289", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "UK Interactive Entertainment (Ukie)", "aliases": ["UK Interactive Entertainment (Ukie)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry trade association / membership body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "Ukie represents 2,000+ games businesses, produces consultation responses and policy materials, runs programmes with government and industry partners (e.g., Tencent) and provides guidance to members to comply with regulations such as the Online Safety Act.", "quote": "Ukie is the UK trade body for the games industry and engages with platform regulation (e.g., Ofcom’s Online Safety Act guidance) and public consultations, but its core mission is industry representation rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://ukie.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "UK Internet Governance Forum - UK IGF", "aliases": ["UK Internet Governance Forum - UK IGF"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["multi-stakeholder forum / partnership"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Through annual multi-stakeholder meetings and preparatory sessions the UK IGF convenes ministers, industry and civil society, produces meeting reports and UK messages for the Global IGF, shaping debate and policy inputs on platform-related issues.", "quote": "The UK IGF organises national multi-stakeholder events and preparatory meetings addressing internet governance topics (online safety, AI, misinformation, privacy) that shape UK inputs to global IGF discussions.", "page": "", "url": "https://ukigf.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "UK Liberal Democrats", "aliases": ["UK Liberal Democrats"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "digital rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Proposing a digital rights bill to protect online data.", "quote": "41. UK Liberal Democrats. (2015). Protecting your data online with a Digital Rights Bill. http://www.libdems.org.uk/protecting-your-data-onlinewith-a-digital-rights-bill.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "UK Ofqual Student Protest Movement", "aliases": ["UK Ofqual Student Protest Movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "social justice"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Publicly protested algorithmic decisions for school-leaving exam grades through social media, occupying physical spaces, and interviews in news media, challenging the system's elitist and classist logic.", "quote": "Student protested the algorithmic decisions highlighting the elitist and classist logic of the algorithm. Spaces for voice spanned social media, occupying physical spaces and interviews in news media...", "page": "15", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "UK Research Collaboration Advice Team", "aliases": ["UK Research Collaboration Advice Team"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Digital Platforms' Practices on Content Moderation: Substantive and Procedural Issues Proposed by DSA", "author": "N Filatova-Bilous, T Tsuvina, B Karnaukh", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Provides guidance and support to academic institutions on managing national security risks related to foreign interference in research, safeguarding research integrity.", "quote": "UK established dedicated advisory body - the UK Research Collaboration Advice Team to provide guidance and support to researchers and higher education institutions who believe their work may have national security implications", "page": "118", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-60549-9_16", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine, Europe, global", "when": "2023"}]}, {"name": "UK Safety Institute", "aliases": ["UK Safety Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": [], "media": ["OpenAI o1 model family"], "norms": ["ai safety", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "o1-system-card-20241205", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Conducted pre-deployment evaluations on a version of the o1 model to assess its safety capabilities and potential risks.", "quote": "a set of pre-deployment evaluations were conducted on a version of the o1 model by the ... and the UK Safety Institute (UK AISI)", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "OpenAI o1 model family", "when": "2024"}]}, {"name": "UK's online regulator urges social media to censor lawful but ...", "aliases": ["UK's online regulator urges social media to censor lawful but ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Publishes analysis and commentary on regulator guidance, runs campaigns and podcasting to shape public debate, and offers legal assistance to members to challenge moderation or regulatory actions.", "quote": "Organisation campaigns on freedom of speech and regularly challenges online moderation and regulatory guidance (articles criticizing Ofcom guidance), defending members' online speech and offering legal support.", "page": "", "url": "https://freespeechunion.org/uks-online-regulator-urges-social-media-to-censor-lawful-but-misogynistic-speech/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ukrainian Association of Periodical Press Publishers", "aliases": ["Ukrainian Association of Periodical Press Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "press freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1999, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Was Kuchma's censorship effective? mass media in Ukraine before 2004", "author": "Dyczok, Marta", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Represented the interests of periodical press publishers, implicitly involved in advocating for an environment conducive to their operations, including freedom from undue state pressure.", "quote": "Veysberg, Mykhailo: former President, Ukrainian Association of Publishers of Periodical Press", "page": "25", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668130500481386", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ukraine", "when": "1999–2004"}]}, {"name": "Ulama (dissenting religious scholars)", "aliases": ["Ulama (dissenting religious scholars)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy", "tradition"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Favoring a strict traditionalism that insisted on the self-sufficiency of religious texts and disapproved of external influences on Islamic tradition, often in opposition to court-aligned interpretations.", "quote": "Al contrario molti ulema estranei ai circoli di corte tendevano a favorire un tradizionalismo severo, che insisteva sull’autosufficienza dei testi e disapprovavano l’influsso esterno della tradizione islamica.", "page": "347", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community in Israel", "aliases": ["Ultra-Orthodox Jewish community in Israel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious morality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Attempted to impose Internet censorship within Israel, with efforts primarily directed at preventing access to adult material online to uphold religious morality.", "quote": "Finally, it should be noted that the ultraorthodox community within Israel has attempted to impose Internet censorship as well, efforts directed primarily at preventing access to adult material on-line.", "page": "15", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "Ultra-red", "aliases": ["Ultra-red"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective, social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community empowerment", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engages in 'militant sound investigation' as a sound art collective, working as organizers and educators with community-based organizations and social justice movements across several countries, implicitly challenging existing norms and power structures through art and activism.", "quote": "Ultra-red is a sound art collective founded in 1994 by two Los Angeles AIDS activists. The collective's current twelve members work as organizers and educators with community-based organizations and social justice movements in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Ultra-royalists", "aliases": ["Ultra-royalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["political moderation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1820, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Se dire bon Français de l’Empire à la Restauration : construire un ethos de modération dans une France déchirée ?", "author": "Lignereux, Aurélien", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Through their extreme political views and \"freedom-suppressing impulses", "quote": "effectively excluding themselves from it and shaping how \"\"acceptable\"\" political discourse and \"\"bons Français\"\" were perceived by others.\"", "page": "Extreme royalism, opposition to liberal ideas and any post-revolutionary compromise; perceived by moderates as \"jacobins royalistes\"\" due to their extremism.\"", "url": "https://books.openedition.org/pur/96094", "topic": "", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "1800–1820 (Napoleonic Empire to Bourbon Restoration)"}]}, {"name": "Ultrasurf", "aliases": ["Ultrasurf"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Provides censorship circumvention tools for internet users in countries with strict online controls.", "quote": "Some of the widely used tools in Iran include Tor [41], Green Simurgh [15], FreeGate [13], Your Freedom [48], and Ultrasurf [43], as well as VPNs and SSH tunnels.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Umati project", "aliases": ["Umati project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections in Kenya.", "quote": "The UMATI project and the Institute for Social Accountability (TISA) in Kenya and the Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD) in Nigeria have operationalized the Dangerous Speech framework, incorporating local context to map trends in online hate around elections.", "page": "11", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Umgang mit Desinformation in Europa. - Bertelsmann Stiftung", "aliases": ["Umgang mit Desinformation in Europa. - Bertelsmann Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["policy foundation / think tank"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1977, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1977", "mechanism": "Publishes policy reports, conducts region-wide research and workshops, and issues concrete recommendations aimed at EU policymakers, civil society and platforms to shape implementation of DSA/AI Act and data-access practices.", "quote": "The Stiftung publishes policy research and recommendations on disinformation and platform governance (DSA, AI Act, data access), directly engaging EU policy debates and civil-society support.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/user_upload/Umgang_mit_Desinformation_in_Europa._Herausforderungen_und_Gelegenheiten_fuer_zivilgesellschaftliche_Organisationen_und_Privatsektor.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "UN Human Rights Committee", "aliases": ["UN Human Rights Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["International organization"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "human rights", "legitimacy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Treaty body established by the ICCPR for monitoring its implementation; clarifies legitimate restrictions on freedom of expression under Article 19(3) ICCPR; held that the scope of freedom of expression is not to be assessed by 'margin of appreciation'.", "quote": "In its General Comment 34, the UNHRC has clarified that, under the ICCPR, “[a]ny restrictions on the operation of websites, blogs or any other internet-based, electronic or other such information dissemination system, including systems to support such communication, such as internet service providers or search engines, are only permissible to the extent that they are compatible with [Article 19] paragraph 3” (UNHRC, 2011).", "page": "279", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "UN Verified Initiative", "aliases": ["UN Verified Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Receives free advertising credits from social media platforms to disseminate critical information on COVID-19 vaccines.", "quote": "We are also providing free ads to organizations that will disseminate critical information on Covid-19 vaccines such as the UN Verified Initiative, World Health Organization and The Ad Council.", "page": "25", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Uncensored Library", "aliases": ["Uncensored Library"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["metaverse", "proto-metaverse"], "norms": [], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation in the Metaverse Could Be a New Frontier to Attack Freedom of Expression", "author": "Hine, Emmie", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "It functions as an archive and distribution network for journalistic content that has been banned by various governments, operating within the virtual space of a Minecraft server to circumvent censorship.", "quote": "A Minecraft server called the “Uncensored Library” hosts articles that have been banned by various governments and is accessible to Minecraft users in any country. It was widely celebrated in the media...", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-023-00645-4", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms (metaverse, proto-metaverse, social media)", "when": "Contemporary / post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Unchecked by Courts, Government Censorship of Social Media ...", "aliases": ["Unchecked by Courts, Government Censorship of Social Media ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["legal advocacy / public interest litigation organization"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "NCLA pursues original litigation and amicus briefs, issues legal analysis and opinion pieces, and pressures courts to recognize government coercion of platforms, using litigation to compel discovery and publicize government conduct.", "quote": "NCLA litigates and publishes commentary arguing that government pressure on social media companies constitutes state action and threatens First Amendment rights; it brings lawsuits and amicus briefs directly implicating platform content moderation.", "page": "", "url": "https://nclalegal.org/opinion/unchecked-by-courts-government-censorship-of-social-media-platforms-will-prove-fatal-to-free-speech-in-digital-age/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Undercurrents", "aliases": ["Undercurrents"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Produced activist news videos, providing an alternative to mainstream television news and promoting subjective testimony from activists.", "quote": "The rise of activist video in the 1990s and in particular the alternative news video Undercurrents (founded in 1993) prompted many infoshops to present public screenings and discussions of such features.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Unge digitale medborgere", "aliases": ["Unge digitale medborgere"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national partnership / safer internet centre"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates helpline (Cyberhus.dk) and national hotline, produces educational materials and campaigns (Sikker Internet Dag), and convenes industry and government partners to monitor and report illegal content and shape child-focused online safety practices.", "quote": "The centre coordinates national activities (helpline, hotline, educational materials) aimed at online child safety, combats illegal content and works with platforms and industry partners on digital safety measures.", "page": "", "url": "http://xn--lsdigitalt-d6a.dk/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Unge-digitale-medborgere_01.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)", "aliases": ["UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["charity", "public morals", "social welfare"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Uses advertising campaigns featuring needy victims to elicit charitable donations and influence public behavior, promoting norms related to child welfare and humanitarian aid.", "quote": "Charities often feature needy victims in their appeals (e.g., an emaciated, hunger-stricken child featured in UNICEF’s ads) and much of the research in donation literature also focuses on investigating how to portray victims in a way that will elicit more donations.", "page": "103", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "UNICEF Italy", "aliases": ["UNICEF Italy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "ethical ai"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dall'analisi delle interfacce cognitive, adattive e conversazionali nell'era dell'AI e delle conseguenze etiche di opacità, bias e perdita di agency a un progetto fictional …", "author": "G Melis", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Advocates for stricter ethical criteria to protect children in the digital age, calling for monitoring the psychological and emotional impacts of AI on minors beyond just privacy regulations.", "quote": "un versante più istituzionale, UNICEF Italia ha chiesto criteri etici più stringenti per proteggere l'infanzia digitale: non basta regolare la privacy, serve anche monitorare gli effetti psicologici e emotivi dell'IA sui bambini.", "page": "35", "url": "https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/39097/", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Global, with focus on contemporary digital and AI interfaces", "when": "21st century (with historical context from 1940s)"}]}, {"name": "Unidad Popular", "aliases": ["Unidad Popular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "media fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Impugned a private television channel's decision to exclude them from a four-candidate debate, challenging the moderation decision and advocating for their right to participate in electoral media coverage.", "quote": "Tanto UPyD como Unidad Popular (que incluye a Izquierda Unida) presentaron impugnación contra Atresmedia por su exclusión del debate a cuatro del 7 de diciembre.", "page": "18", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Union biélorusse républicaine de la jeunesse", "aliases": ["Union biélorusse républicaine de la jeunesse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Belarus"], "media": [], "norms": ["fairness", "free speech"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1983, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gouverner la dissidence. Sociologie de la censure sous régime autoritaire : le cas du rock contestataire biélorusse:", "author": "Kryzhanouski, Yauheni", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "As an official, pro-government youth organization, it exercised a gatekeeping role in cultural events, requiring organizers to obtain its \"visas d'approbation\"\" for concerts", "quote": "Support for the official regime, adherence to state-approved cultural norms.", "page": "Franak Vâčorka, militant d'opposition et organisateur de concerts, a dû obtenir les visas d'approbation des Premiers secrétaires des antennes régionale et municipale de l'organisation de jeunesse officielle34", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-critique-internationale-2017-3-page-123.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Biélorussie", "when": "1983–2013 (Soviet and post-Soviet authoritarian regimes)"}]}, {"name": "Union de la Jeunesse Ouvrière (UTC)", "aliases": ["Union de la Jeunesse Ouvrière (UTC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Romania"], "media": [], "norms": ["social control"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Entre censure et autocensure littéraire en Roumanie : L’odyssée d’un journal intime à l’époque communiste", "author": "Rădulescu, Anda", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "The UJO enforced ideological conformity among youth, participating in \"purges\"\" and \"\"exclusions\"\" of members deemed undesirable or not aligned with communist doctrine. It exerted pressure on its members to ensure votes for such exclusions", "quote": "Communist ideology, party loyalty, conformity, suppression of dissidence.", "page": "Les épurations de l'UJO, et la période de « l'exclusion » de l'écrivain et de son meilleur ami, devenus indésirables.", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1009159ar", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Romania", "when": "Communist Era (1947–1989)"}]}, {"name": "Union des artistes", "aliases": ["Union des artistes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "cultural identity"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Represents artists' interests and advocates for cultural expressions, supporting the development and recognition of cultural industries.", "quote": "Président de l’Union des artistes et coprésident de la Coalition canadienne pour la diversité culturelle.", "page": "221", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Union des Groupes Bibliques du Burkina", "aliases": ["Union des Groupes Bibliques du Burkina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["social cohesion", "student mobilization"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This interdenominational evangelical student organization uses a website and Facebook page to promote its activities, share photos/videos, and circulate news about members. Its digital platforms demonstrate a more interactive, yet still guided, approach to communication, fostering internal cohesion and mobilization.", "quote": "Les élèves et étudiants évangéliques, regroupés dans l'organisation interdénominationnelle de l'Union des Groupes Bibliques du Burkina (UGBB), disposent également de leurs médias numériques. Après de longs délais, le projet de lancement d'un site web de l'UGBB a finalement été concrétisé en 2016²².", "page": "10", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Union des Journalistes Indépendants du Togo", "aliases": ["Union des Journalistes Indépendants du Togo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "professional training"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Organizes forums to address professional deficits among journalists, contributing to norm-setting and capacity building in the media sector.", "quote": "De même l’Union des Journalistes Indépendants du Togo (UJIT) a régulièrement organisé grâce à ce soutien, des forums sur les déficits professionnels constatés.", "page": "43", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Union des populations camerounaises (UPC)", "aliases": ["Union des populations camerounaises (UPC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Cameroon", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["national sovereignty"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1968, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberté, censure, autocensure: les défis de la recherche: Un hommage à Fariba Adelkhah", "author": "P Geschiere", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Advocated for complete independence from 1948, which led to its suppression by French colonial authorities and later by the post-independence regime, being forced into guerrilla warfare and labeled as 'subversion'.", "quote": "Les Français avaient tout fait pour écarter l'UPC (Union des populations camerounaises) qui demandait déjà dès 1948 une indépendance complète et fut forcé d'opter pour la guérilla.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.rivistadistoriadelleducazione.it/index.php/spc/article/view/18801", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Tunisia, Cameroon, Central Africa", "when": "1968–2021"}]}, {"name": "Union des écrivains du Québec", "aliases": ["Union des écrivains du Québec"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Protested against a judicial injunction prohibiting the national broadcast of a film related to child abuse by Catholic priests, advocating for artistic and expressive freedom.", "quote": "En dépit des protestations de l'Office national du film, de la CBC et de l'Union des écrivains, l'injonction suspensive fut maintenue.", "page": "34", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Union des étudiants juifs de France", "aliases": ["Union des étudiants juifs de France"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "anti-semitism"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La régulation des contenus sur Internet à l’heure des « fake news » et des discours de haine:", "author": "Badouard, Romain", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action (lawsuit) against Yahoo! to challenge its platform providing access to auctions of Nazi objects, aiming to force the removal of content deemed illegal.", "quote": "En France, dès 2000, un procès a par exemple été intenté contre Yahoo! par l'UEJF (Union des étudiants juifs de France) et la Licra (Ligue internationale contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme) pour avoir donné accès à des enchères mettant en vente des objets nazis.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.cairn.info/revue-communications-2020-1-page-161.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and Europe, Internet platforms (web 2.0, social media)", "when": "post-1990 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Union des Étudiants Juifs de France (UEJF)", "aliases": ["Union des Étudiants Juifs de France (UEJF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["legal compliance", "national sovereignty", "racial equality"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Initiated legal action against Yahoo! Inc. in France to compel the platform to block access to websites selling Nazi-related items, asserting national legal norms over online content.", "quote": "dois grupos anti-semitas franceses, La Ligue contre le Racisme et Lántisémitisme (LICRA) e L’union des Estudiantes Juifs de France (UEFJ), entraram com uma ação Judicial contra a empresa Yahoo! Inc., a qual mantinha um site de leilões acessível na França que estava sendo utilizado para vender objetos que faziam alusão ao Nazismo", "page": "81", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Union for ITeS Professional (UNITES)", "aliases": ["Union for ITeS Professional (UNITES)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Global", "India"], "media": [], "norms": ["job security", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating in Obscurity: How Indian Content Moderators Work in Global Content Moderation Value Chains", "author": "Ahmad, Sana; Krzywdzinski, Martin", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "UNITES was formed to respond to increasing layoffs in the Indian IT sector, indicating its role in advocating for workers' job security and rights through collective action and struggle.", "quote": "Both the Union for ITeS Professional (UNITES) and the Forum for IT Employees (FITE) were formed primarily in response to increasing layoffs at Indian IT firms (Noronha and D'Cruz 2020).", "page": "90", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/5319/chapter/3800155/Moderating-in-Obscurity-How-Indian-Content", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "India, Global Content Moderation Value Chains", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Union Nationale du Travail du Maroc (National Union of Moroccan Workers)", "aliases": ["Union Nationale du Travail du Maroc (National Union of Moroccan Workers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "A trade union controlled by a social-religious movement (Unity and Reform Movement), influencing workers' rights and public discourse.", "quote": "controlaba el cuarto sindicato del país: la Unión Nacional Marroquí de los Trabajadores (UNMT)", "page": "34", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Union of Artists", "aliases": ["Union of Artists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-exploitation", "marxist ideology", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a government-approved compulsory art organization in Stalinist Russia, it regulated book production and enforced state censorship by ensuring works adhered to socialist realism.", "quote": "book production was regulated by the government approved compulsory art organization, the Union of Artists, and widespread state censorship.", "page": "133", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "Union of Jewish Students of France (UEJF) and J'accuse", "aliases": ["Union of Jewish Students of France (UEJF) and J'accuse"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Belgium", "European Union", "France"], "media": ["blogs"], "norms": ["antisemitism", "minority protection", "racism"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les responsabilités liées aux contenus postés dans les blogs", "author": "Z Karambiri", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This group was stigmatised by content posted on a blog by the founder of La Tribu KA. They participated in content moderation by initiating legal action against defamatory and hateful speech, specifically regarding antisemitism.", "quote": "Le prévenu avait accordé au titulaire d'un blog une interview où il stigmatisait la communauté juive ainsi que les associations comme SOS-Racisme, l'Union des Étudiants Juifs de France et J'accuse.", "page": "60", "url": "https://pure.unamur.be/ws/files/55033254/6082.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "France, Belgium, European Union (online blogs and platforms)", "when": "2000s (post-Web 2.0 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States", "aliases": ["Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association / professional body"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Part of a delegation of Jewish organizations that submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt, outlining the fate of Jews from occupied countries and the details of German genocidal policy.", "quote": "a delegation of representatives from Jewish organizations submitted a memorandum to President Roosevelt... The organizations represented included... and the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States.", "page": "159", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Union of Russian Industrials and Entrepreneurs", "aliases": ["Union of Russian Industrials and Entrepreneurs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Estimated the significant costs associated with the implementation of the Yarovaya law for the Russian industrial and entrepreneurial sectors.", "quote": "...by the Union of Russian Industrials and Entrepreneurs to reach as far as 17,5 trillion rubles (235 billion USD).", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Union of Soviet Writers", "aliases": ["Union of Soviet Writers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["political conformity", "state ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "On the Beneficence of Censorship", "author": "Loseff, Lev", "year": "1984", "mechanism": "This professional body participated in state censorship by conducting 'clean-up operations,' which involved disciplinary actions and ideological purges against writers whose works (e.g., Solzhenitsyn's) were deemed non-conformist or critical of the Soviet regime.", "quote": "the secretariat of the Union of Soviet Writers and described by Solzhenitsyn in The Oak and the Calf are true clean-up operations.", "page": "246", "url": "https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/67107", "topic": "", "language": "German", "where": "Russia, Soviet Union", "when": "18th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Union of Soviet Writers of Lithuanian SSR", "aliases": ["Union of Soviet Writers of Lithuanian SSR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["East Germany", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["ideological conformity", "national development", "state propaganda"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in the Soviet Bloc", "author": "Wallach, Amei", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "As an official organ, it published articles guiding artists on how to conform to state ideology and practice self-censorship, serving as a tool for enforcing state-mandated artistic principles.", "quote": "An April 1950 article in Pergale, the organ of the Soviet Writers of Lithuanian USSR, describes how the process was supposed to work:...", "page": "5", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791465", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Bloc (USSR, East Germany)", "when": "1930s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "Union of Turkish Journalists", "aliases": ["Union of Turkish Journalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["independent journalism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists", "author": "Arsan, Esra", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Exists as a professional body that should organize and fight for independent journalism and job security. The article notes its low membership indicates a weakness in collectively resisting censorship and self-censorship.", "quote": "How many of the 67 participant journalists are presently members of the Union of Turkish Journalists? The answer is not so refreshing. Only 21.8 percent are members of the union, which means that the remaining 78.2 percent are not registered.", "page": "15", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14683849.2013.833017", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "early 21st century (2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Union pension funds", "aliases": ["Union pension funds"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["South Africa", "United States", "West Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-apartheid", "social justice", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in public discourse: A theory of “political correctness” and related phenomena", "author": "GC Loury", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Developed divestment programs against companies associated with South Africa, using economic pressure to enforce anti-apartheid norms and worker solidarity.", "quote": "Union pension funds developed divestment programs. Companies adhering to the so-called Sullivan Principles and providing substantial benefits to Black workers and their families in South Africa eventually found it impossible to justify their presence there.", "page": "30", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1043463194006004002", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, West Germany, South Africa", "when": "17th century to early 1990s"}]}, {"name": "Union Populaire Républicaine", "aliases": ["Union Populaire Républicaine"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["national sovereignty"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le Gilet et le Marteau. L'Assemblée des assemblées organise l'aile gauche des ronds-points", "author": "Q Ravelli, Z Bendali, L Bonin, M Gaborit, T Grémion…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Active militants and sympathizers of the UPR participated in the Ada discussions, particularly influencing debates on the European Union by pushing their anti-EU agenda, which 'complicated the approach' of the assemblies and challenged the movement's self-proclaimed apartisan stance.", "quote": "La présence de militants ou sympathisants actifs de l'UPR, peut-être une dizaine, a compliqué la démarche, du fait de leur focalisation sur l'Europe qu'ils voient comme la source de tous les maux.", "page": "6", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/MOUV_101_0013?tab=resume", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France, Gilets Jaunes movement", "when": "2018–2019"}]}, {"name": "Union pour la Démocratie Française", "aliases": ["Union pour la Démocratie Française"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party allows citizens to send emails directly to the party president and uses its website to gather opinions through forums, often structured with specific discussion themes and rules of conduct. These inputs are used to gauge public concerns.", "quote": "Entre janvier 2004 et octobre 2004, les internautes ont été invités à s'exprimer et à répondre à deux questionnaires : l'un portait sur la famille et l'autre consistait en une enquête de satisfaction sur le site web lui-même.", "page": "4", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Union pour un Mouvement Populaire", "aliases": ["Union pour un Mouvement Populaire"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Usages et enjeux de l'usage de l'Internet par les partis politiques français", "author": "G Blanchard", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "The party provides direct email contact for citizens to its president and other officials, and conducts online surveys to gather public opinion. Its public relations staff manages email responses, filtering and synthesizing citizen feedback for party leadership.", "quote": "L'usage qui est fait du chat par l'UMP et le PS - c'est-à-dire l'opportunité qui est donnée aux citoyens-internautes d'adresser leurs questions... s'inscrit également dans une visée d'échange entre les personnels politiques et les citoyens.", "page": "4", "url": "http://loiseaugerard.free.fr/DELcolloque/DEL,%20d%E9lib%E9ration/DEL%2012,%20Blanchard.pdf", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "France, Internet platforms", "when": "early 21st century (2004-2005)"}]}, {"name": "Union syndicale Solidaires (SUD)", "aliases": ["Union syndicale Solidaires (SUD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Organized counter-manifestations against conservative groups trying to censor theatre plays, attempting to defend artistic freedom and challenge censorship.", "quote": "des organisations (Libre pensée, Parti de gauche, Parti communiste, NPA, le syndicat Sud, Fédération Anarchiste, etc.) qui ont organisé des contre-manifestations, tentant de renverser la relation de mise en accusation contre les accusateurs eux-mêmes", "page": "92", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Unione delle Comunità Israelitiche Italiane", "aliases": ["Unione delle Comunità Israelitiche Italiane"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Fascist Italy"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1922, "when_max": 1943, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Fascist Italy, 1922–43", "author": "Talbot, George", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "As an umbrella organization for Jewish communities, it represented its constituents and attempted to manage their affairs, but was brought under state control and became a target of discriminatory laws and surveillance, effectively having its public voice and autonomy censored.", "quote": "The Unione delle Comunità Israelitiche Italiane (UCII), established in 1930 as the umbrella organization for Jewish communities, was put under the direct control of the Ministry of Interior in 1931.", "page": "177", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9780230222854", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Fascist Italy", "when": "1922–43"}]}, {"name": "United Confederate Veterans", "aliases": ["United Confederate Veterans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "historical revisionism", "regional identity", "social hierarchy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This organization, along with its related societies, condemned northern-authored histories, established lists of approved and disapproved books, produced their own literature, and actively worked to expunge 'offending' works from schools and libraries and to silence dissident teachers, thereby indoctrinating southern children with aristocratic social values.", "quote": "From the 1890s until well into the twentieth century, the United Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans condemned the sectionalism of northern historians, established lists of approved and disapproved books, and produced literature more congenial to their perception of an unbiased history.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "United Confederate Veterans' History Committee", "aliases": ["United Confederate Veterans' History Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical revisionism", "national unity", "regional identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Commissioned to secure a 'true and reliable history' of the Civil War, this committee condemned northern-authored histories, lauded acceptable works, and encouraged research to praise southern culture and justify the Confederate cause. It urged the elimination of 'offensive phrases' from literature that provoked sectional feeling.", "quote": "Established in 1892, the United Confederate Veterans' History Committee was commissioned 'to secure a true and reliable history of the late civil war, and to select a proper and useful history of the United States to recommend for use in the public and private schools of the South.'", "page": "7-8", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "United Daughters of the Confederacy", "aliases": ["United Daughters of the Confederacy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "historical revisionism", "regional identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This organization actively condemned northern historians, created lists of approved and disapproved books, published their own literature, removed 'offending' works from schools and libraries, and influenced the adoption of 'sound histories' across Southern states. They also campaigned against college professors whose views they deemed unacceptable.", "quote": "From the 1890s until well into the twentieth century, the United Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans condemned the sectionalism of northern historians, established lists of approved and disapproved books, and produced literature more congenial to their perception of an unbiased history.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "United Daughters of the Confederacy History Committee", "aliases": ["United Daughters of the Confederacy History Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["constitutional rights", "historical interpretation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1870, "when_max": 1929, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Textbooks of the \"Lost Cause\"\": Censorship and the Creation of Southern State Histories\"", "author": "Bailey, Fred Arthur", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This committee served as a platform for reports echoing the UDC's objectives, specifically that the organization would persist until 'all the world admits that the Confederate soldiers were justified in their construction of constitutional rights' and that every textbook reflected this view. They announced with pride the adoption of 'sound histories' in Southern states due to UDC efforts.", "quote": "A decade later Mrs. W.C.H. Merchant echoed these sentiments in her report to the historical committee of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. That organization could not rest 'until all the world admits that the Confederate soldiers were . . . justified in their construction of constitutional rights,' and 'until every textbook so teaches our children.'", "page": "9", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/40582363", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Southern United States", "when": "Late 19th - early 20th century"}]}, {"name": "United for Respect", "aliases": ["United for Respect"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["labor advocacy organization; worker campaign"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "United for Respect runs public campaigns, produces reports, filed a shareholder resolution at Amazon, exposes use of surveillance technologies, and mobilizes workers via social media and in-person organizing to pressure corporations.", "quote": "Primary mission is worker organizing and corporate accountability; has engaged on platform-related issues (surveillance, tech used to track activists) and uses social media for outreach but platform governance is not core.", "page": "", "url": "https://united4respect.org/about-us/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "United Front Conference Against Hunger", "aliases": ["United Front Conference Against Hunger"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political participation", "social welfare"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Sought a parade permit for a mass meeting in Los Angeles, which was denied by the city council based on content. The federal district court upheld this denial, demonstrating content-based censorship.", "quote": "when the city council of Los Angeles denied a parade permit to the left-wing United Front Conference Against Hunger, a federal district court upheld its action under a lax administrative law standard", "page": "28", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "United Houma Nation", "aliases": ["United Houma Nation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Opposed the Bayou Bridge pipeline due to its threat to a key source of drinking water in their territory.", "quote": "The pipeline also runs below a key source of drinking water for the indigenous Houma Nation.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "United Muslims of America", "aliases": ["United Muslims of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1934, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconceptualizing extremism and moderation: From categories of analysis to categories of practice in the construction of collective identity", "author": "Hopkins, Nick; Kahani‐Hopkins, Vered", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "This organization participates in the public discourse by celebrating Islam's moderation on its website, contributing to the construction of a positive Muslim identity and countering negative stereotypes.", "quote": "For example, the website associated with United Muslims of America also celebrates Islam's moderation in very similar terms (see http://www.umanet.org/cms.cfm?fuseaction=articles.viewThisArticle&articleID=54&pageID=159, downloaded, 19/11/07).", "page": "9", "url": "https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/014466608X284425", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA", "when": "mid-20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)", "aliases": ["United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["children's rights", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Served as an external recipient of information about human rights violations (Israel's violation of Palestinian children's rights), where the willingness to self-censor towards it highlights its role as an outgroup audience that can challenge ingroup narratives.", "quote": "It was found that the participants viewed more negatively ingroup members who informed a non-Israeli organization (UNICEF) about ingroup immoral acts than when they informed an Israeli organization (The Israeli Council for the Well-Being of Children).", "page": "172", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Development Programme AI Trust & Safety Reimagination Program", "aliases": ["United Nations Development Programme AI Trust & Safety Reimagination Program"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI safety", "AI trust", "equity", "inclusion", "responsible AI"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Seeks to close equity gaps in AI Trust & Safety, promoting responsible AI and a safer digital ecosystem.", "quote": "The United Nations Development Program’s AI Trust & Safety Reimagination Program (UNDP, n.d.) which seeks to close equity gaps.", "page": "265", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)", "aliases": ["United Nations Global Compact (UNGC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-corruption", "environmental protection", "human rights", "labor rights", "sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides practical tools and resources, and an institutional infrastructure, for businesses and other stakeholders to experiment with and implement its Ten Principles and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), fostering corporate sustainability.", "quote": "The UNGC, for instance, provides many practical tools and resources—themselves products of collaborative innovation—to complement and implement its Ten Principles and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).", "page": "7", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Human Rights Commission", "aliases": ["United Nations Human Rights Commission"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (intergovernmental organization)"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "human rights", "justice"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Collected testimonies detailing alleged human rights abuses in concentration camps in Angola, contributing to international scrutiny of colonial practices.", "quote": "O rol de testemunhos apresentados à Comissão de Direitos Humanos da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) continua.", "page": "15", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Human Rights Committee", "aliases": ["United Nations Human Rights Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (international human rights treaty body)"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "free speech", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LIBERDADE DE EXPRESSÃO E DISCURSO DE ÓDIO: LIMITES E RESPONSABILIDADES", "author": "LGC Pereira, EL do Carmo, VP de Azevedo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "The Committee interprets international human rights law, such as the ICCPR, establishing guidelines and obligations for states to prohibit hate speech that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility, or violence. Its General Comments serve as norm-setting instruments for national legal systems.", "quote": "De acordo com o Comentário Geral nº 34 sobre o Artigo 19 do Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Civis e Políticos - PIDCP pelo Comitê de Direitos Humanos da ONU, os estados são obrigados a proibir o discurso de ódio, incluindo assim a advocacia do ódio religioso que constitua incitamento à discriminação, hostilidade ou violência.", "page": "7", "url": "https://facliber.edu.br/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Artigo-17-Laila.pdf", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (constitutional and legal context), digital platforms", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "United Nations in Brazil", "aliases": ["United Nations in Brazil"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental sustainability", "gender equality", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EFEITO DE IMITAÇÃO E CONTÁGIO DA VIOLÊNCIA: MÍDIA, REDES DIGITAIS EA REPRODUÇÃO DE CRIMES NA SOCIEDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA", "author": "GAL de Oliveira, JL de Oliveira, KR de Oliveira", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Promotes and monitors the implementation of international development goals, such as SDG 5 on gender equality, which includes the elimination of violence against women and girls, influencing cultural and educational changes.", "quote": "O Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, especialmente o ODS 5, igualdade de gênero, prevê a eliminação de todas as formas de violência contra mulheres e meninas, reconhecendo que mudanças culturais e educacionais são essenciais para alcançar esse objetivo.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.revistacj.com.br/index.php/cjur/article/view/221", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)", "aliases": ["United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "hate speech regulation", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes educational programs like the \"Summer School on Misinformation", "quote": "Combating crime and injustice, human rights, truthfulness in information, peace, development", "page": "Summer School on Misinformation, Disinformation and Hate Speech, organizzata dall'Istituto interregionale delle Nazioni Unite per la ricerca sul crimine e la giustizia (UNICRI, United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute) e dalla Società Italiana per l'Organizzazione Internazionale (SIOI) tenutasi dal 3 al 7 luglio 2023.", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Shot@Life Foundation", "aliases": ["United Nations Shot@Life Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["public health", "trust in science"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating the Efficacy of Facebook’s Vaccine Misinformation Content Removal Policies", "author": "Broniatowski, David A; Gu, Jiayan; Jamison, Amelia M; Abroms, Lorien C", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with experts and academics through events and honoraria, contributing to public dialogue and advocacy efforts around vaccine confidence, aligning with combating misinformation.", "quote": "DAB has received... a speaking honorarium from the United Nations Shot@Life Foundation.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook, USA", "when": "2019–2021, platform era"}]}, {"name": "United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "aliases": ["United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1988, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Os limites da liberdade de expressão", "author": "MEO CLARO, MLGA ARRUDA, REN ROSA", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This entity defines and advocates for international human rights norms related to freedom of expression, particularly concerning hate speech, by issuing reports and setting global standards that influence national legislation and public discourse.", "quote": "Qualquer tipo de comunicação que ataque ou use linguagem pejorativa ou discriminatória com referência a uma pessoa ou grupo com base em quem eles são, seja em relação à sua religião, etnia, nacionalidade, raça, cor, descendência, gênero ou outra identidade.", "page": "15", "url": "https://ric.cps.sp.gov.br/handle/123456789/39705", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Internet/Digital Platforms", "when": "post-1988, digital era"}]}, {"name": "United Negro College Fund", "aliases": ["United Negro College Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civic foundation"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["equal opportunity", "human development", "social inclusion", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Promoted 'equal opportunities' through an ad campaign, aiming to provide skills and a 'head start' to a generation of blacks, acting as an agent of social change and cultivating human potential.", "quote": "The United Negro College Fund famously promoted this idea in its 1971 US ad campaign as ‘A mind is a terrible thing to waste’.", "page": "234", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "United States Chamber of Commerce", "aliases": ["United States Chamber of Commerce"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate interests", "policy influence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a corporate collective, it engages in public relations and lobbying, publishing business magazines, newspapers, and producing panel shows for radio and television to promote corporate viewpoints and influence the political environment.", "quote": "A corporate collective like the U.S. Chamber of Commerce had a 1983 budget for research, communications, and political activities of $65 million. ...it was producing a weekly panel show distributed to 400 radio stations...", "page": "16", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "aliases": ["United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supported expert surveys to understand online vitriol, contributing to conceptual and empirical inquiry of speech commonly considered deviant and disturbing.", "quote": "This article builds on two expert surveys carried out as part of separate projects developed with the support of the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C., and of UNESCO.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "United States of America Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO)", "aliases": ["United States of America Mathematical Olympiad (USAMO)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["LLM Evaluation Platforms", "LLMs"], "norms": ["academic excellence", "problem-solving skills"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2025 - DeepSeek-R1 Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Sets qualification thresholds and hosts a prestigious national mathematics Olympiad, which serves as a high-level benchmark for assessing mathematical talent and, by extension, AI models.", "quote": "yields a score exceeding the qualification threshold for attending the USAMO (United States of America Mathematical Olympiad)", "page": "57", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems / LLMs, Global AI research and development, LLM Evaluation Platforms", "when": "2020s (specifically 2020-2025)"}]}, {"name": "United States Olympic Committee (USOC)", "aliases": ["United States Olympic Committee (USOC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1990s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Toward a Jurisprudence of Benefits: The Norms of Copyright and the Problem of Private Censorship", "author": "Gordon, Wendy J.; Goldstein, Paul", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "The USOC, a federally chartered non-profit, asserted its legal \"property right\"\" over the word \"\"Olympics\"\" to prevent unauthorized use by other organizations", "quote": "property right in the word", "page": "...unauthorized use of the word \"Olympics\"\" to promote the Gay Olympics", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1600028?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1970s-1990s"}]}, {"name": "United States public (participants in Anthropic's Collective Constitutional AI)", "aliases": ["United States public (participants in Anthropic's Collective Constitutional AI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai ethics", "public values"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Democratic AI is Possible. The Democracy Levels Framework Shows How It Might Work", "author": "Ovadya, Aviv; Redman, Kyle; Thorburn, Luke; Chen, Quan Ze; Smith, Oliver; Devine, Flynn; Konya, Andrew; Milli, Smitha; Revel, Manon; Feng, K. J. Kevin; Zhang, Amy X.; Chandra, Bilva; Bakker, Michiel A.; Kasirzadeh, Atoosa", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides and evaluates principles for an AI system to follow within Anthropic's Collective Constitutional AI effort, informing model development and alignment.", "quote": "Anthropic's Collective Constitutional AI (Anthropic, 2023) effort involved a roughly representative microcosm of the United States public providing and evaluating principles for an AI system to follow.", "page": "5", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.09222", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI governance, global", "when": "Contemporary AI era"}]}, {"name": "United States Social Forum", "aliases": ["United States Social Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Germany", "Israel", "Palestine", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citation and Censorship: The Politics of Talking About the Sexual Politics of Israel", "author": "Puar, Jasbir", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Exercised moderation by cancelling a workshop perceived as promoting Israeli 'pinkwashing' after protests from various activist groups, thereby controlling the content and discourse within its event.", "quote": "the US Social Forum in Detroit cancelled a workshop slated to be held by Stand With Us on ‘LGBTQI Liberation in the Middle East' that sought to promote images of Israel as a gay mecca at the expense of Palestinian liberation.", "page": "6-7", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10691-011-9176-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Israel, Palestine, US, Canada, Europe (Germany, UK)", "when": "2000s-early 2010s"}]}, {"name": "United Way", "aliases": ["United Way"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["charity", "community well-being", "public morals"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Launched a docu-series, 'The Hero Effect,' featuring benefactors to inspire charitable giving and highlight positive community impact, influencing donation behavior.", "quote": "For example, the United Way in early 2017 launched a docu-series named “The Hero Effect,” in which each episode features an ordinary person having a life-changing impact on an individual or a community.", "page": "103", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "UNITES Professionals", "aliases": ["UNITES Professionals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Philippines", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["fair labor practices", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "BEHIND THE SCREEN: THE HIDDEN DIGITAL LABOR OF COMMERCIAL CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Roberts, Sarah T", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This organization engages in non-traditional organizing among workers in the IT and call center sectors in India, having issued a charter for these workers, indicating efforts to improve their working conditions.", "quote": "In response, non-traditional organization among workers in these sectors is taking place, such as in India, where UNITES Professionals has issued a charter for IT and call center workers.", "page": "56", "url": "search.proquest.com", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Global (primarily Western countries and their outsourced locations like India, Philippines) on social media platforms and online services", "when": "2000s-2010s social media era"}]}, {"name": "Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)", "aliases": ["Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural heritage", "nationalism", "racial identity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Promoted Marcus Garvey's brand of nationalism and racial pride through its paper, the Negro World, and published articles on African history to consolidate identity.", "quote": "Marcus Garvey’s brand of nation alism was widely distributed through his organization’s paper, the Negro World, which enjoyed high circulation rates (Moses 1996; Vincent 1973; Wintz 1996).", "page": "127", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Universia (Santander Universities Network)", "aliases": ["Universia (Santander Universities Network)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Ibero-America", "United States"], "media": ["LMOOCs", "MOOCs"], "norms": ["digital education", "education access"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2008, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LMOOCs: reflexões preliminares para o desenvolvimento de MOOCS comunicativos.", "author": "MV Liessem Fontana, VJ Leffa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Partnered in the development of the MiríadaX platform, a major provider of MOOCs from numerous Ibero-American universities, actively shaping the landscape and accessibility of online education in the region.", "quote": "a plataforma MiríadaX, desenvolvida em parceria pela Telefónica e pelo portal Universia, oferece cursos de inúmeras universidades ibero-americanas", "page": "4", "url": "https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/be5f/0a0e439a392c32c699209572a5f50a3c8327.pdf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global online education platforms, focusing on MOOCs/LMOOCs offered by universities in the US, Europe, and Ibero-America.", "when": "Post-2008 platform era (MOOCs up to 2017)"}]}, {"name": "Universidad Antonio de Nebrija", "aliases": ["Universidad Antonio de Nebrija"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["academic discourse", "media criticism", "professional development"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Hosted the II International Congress of Cyberjournalism in 2004, serving as a platform for critical discussion and public alarm about the future of traditional media, thereby shaping professional discourse and potentially influencing norms.", "quote": "durante su intervención el II Congreso internacional de Ciberperiodismo, en la Universidad Antonio de Nebrija. Allí disertó sobre una ponencia que tituló: ¿el fin de la era de los periódicos en papel?", "page": "2", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV)", "aliases": ["Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to education", "knowledge sharing", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conferencias virtuales: lineamientos para una moderación efectiva", "author": "T Pérez, R Marquina…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Similar to Universidad de Los Andes, this university provides the institutional context for graduate programs where virtual conferences are employed. Its faculty participate in and implement the guidelines for moderating these online academic activities, ensuring effective communication and pedagogical outcomes within its educational framework.", "quote": "...y la Maestría de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación de la Universidad Central de Venezuela.", "page": "6", "url": "https://recursos.educoas.org/sites/default/files/1753.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Venezuela, academic institutions", "when": "post-2000s academic context"}]}, {"name": "Universidad Complutense de Madrid", "aliases": ["Universidad Complutense de Madrid"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic institution"], "countries": ["Global", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["blogs", "digital journalism", "microblogs"], "norms": ["academic discourse", "media criticism", "research"], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los blogs en la reinvención del periodismo y los medios", "author": "JM Flores Vivar", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Provides an institutional home for academics researching and publishing on digital journalism and blogs, thereby contributing to academic discourse and shaping the understanding of media evolution.", "quote": "Dr. Jesús Miguel Flores Vivar Universidad Complutense de Madrid Director del Observatorio de Periodismo en Internet", "page": "1", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/entities/publication/f0f9f60c-d10a-4c81-9052-323c1c89ddaf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global phenomenon of digital journalism, particularly blogs and microblogs, with specific references to Spain and general trends in American journalism.", "when": "Early 1990s – late 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Universidad de los Andes", "aliases": ["Universidad de los Andes"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Dismissed a professor (Carolina Sanín) from her teaching position after public controversy and denunciations related to student cyberbullying and the professor's public response, acting as an institutional form of silencing or professional 'cancellation'.", "quote": "El 15 de diciembre de ese mismo año, la Universidad de los Andes decide despedir a Carolina Sanín debido a lo sucedido en el mes de octubre con el grupo de los chompos", "page": "43", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Universidad de Los Andes (ULA)", "aliases": ["Universidad de Los Andes (ULA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to education", "knowledge sharing", "quality education"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conferencias virtuales: lineamientos para una moderación efectiva", "author": "T Pérez, R Marquina…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The university provides the institutional context for the application and development of effective moderation guidelines for virtual conferences. Through its faculty and graduate programs, it implements and studies synchronous online learning activities, thereby engaging in the practical moderation of academic discourse and interaction in virtual environments.", "quote": "Esta experiencia con el uso de Webconferencias con fines pedagógicos refleja la puesta en práctica de esta herramienta con estudiantes de postgrado inscritos de la Maestría de Diseño Instruccional de La Universidad de Los Andes...", "page": "6", "url": "https://recursos.educoas.org/sites/default/files/1753.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Venezuela, academic institutions", "when": "post-2000s academic context"}]}, {"name": "Universidad de Salamanca", "aliases": ["Universidad de Salamanca"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1583, "when_max": 1584, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La censura literaria en el «Index» de Quiroga (1583-1584)", "author": "Puga, Ma Luisa Cerrón", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Its professors were part of the extensive team that prepared the Index of Quiroga, contributing to the establishment of restrictive criteria for writings and printed materials.", "quote": "...preparado por un vasto equipo de teólogos y de profesores entre los que no faltan los de la Universidad de Salamanca- es todo un monumento a la desconfianza hispánica hacia Roma.", "page": "2", "url": "cvc.cervantes.es", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Rome (in relation to Spanish censorship)", "when": "16th century (1583-1584)"}]}, {"name": "Universidad del Pacífico (Peru)", "aliases": ["Universidad del Pacífico (Peru)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia", "Ecuador", "Peru", "Venezuela"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Derechas, comunicación política y debates presidenciales televisados en América Latina en el ascenso del neoliberalismo", "author": "V Giordano", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the organization of a presidential debate through its research center, Intercampus.", "quote": "la comisión organizadora estuvo integrada por el Reverendo Padre Juan Julio Witch de la Universidad del Pacífico en nombre de Intercampus (centro de investigación de dicha Universidad)", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?pid=S1853-35232022001200080&script=sci_abstract&tlng=en", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Peru)", "when": "1960-1990"}]}, {"name": "Universidad del Rosario", "aliases": ["Universidad del Rosario"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "democratic integrity", "legal certainty"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, expurgo y control en la biblioteca colonial neogranadina", "author": "AJ Campillo Pardo", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "The Universidad del Rosario, as a non-profit educational institution, establishes and implements internal policies and procedures for the processing of personal data. This includes defining rules for the collection, storage, use, circulation, and final disposition (including suppression) of data, ensuring compliance with national data protection laws, and protecting the rights of data subjects.", "quote": "El presente Manual interno de políticas y procedimientos para el tratamiento de datos personales fue diseñado con el fin de garantizar el adecuado cumplimiento de lo estipulado en la legislación colombiana actual, y tiene la finalidad de regular el tratamiento de los datos personales que hace La Universidad con el fin de garantizar y proteger los derechos de los titulares...", "page": "3", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xKMyDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=censura&ots=0MzW4rgy-L&sig=BSEW_AcqMXyLtHl4sCUYHG_c4IA", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia, Universidad del Rosario", "when": "post-2012 era (manual published 2019)"}]}, {"name": "Universidad Nacional de La Plata", "aliases": ["Universidad Nacional de La Plata"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": ["Virtual learning environments"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Estrategias de virtualización para la moderación grupal basadas en la técnica de Metaplan", "author": "AH González, MC Madoz, MF Saadi…", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Implemented the Metaplan technique for training health professionals, facilitating group discussions to generate ideas, solve problems, and achieve consensus for developing joint action plans in diabetes treatment, thereby influencing professional standards and collaborative practices in healthcare.", "quote": "Como ejemplo de implementación de esta técnica puede mencionarse la que fue llevada adelante en la formación de personal de salud especializado en la prevención y tratamiento de la diabetes y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.", "page": "5", "url": "https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/18303", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Virtual learning environments, Argentina", "when": "early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Universidad Nacional Sindicalista de Prensa", "aliases": ["Universidad Nacional Sindicalista de Prensa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["media regulation", "national education", "professional standards", "state control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A proposed state institution intended to be the sole entity for issuing official journalistic titles, thus controlling entry into the profession and aligning it with national-syndicalist ideology.", "quote": "La Universidad Nacionalsindicalista de Prensa es la única entidad del Estado que puede extender títulos oficiales a tenor del artículo 20º del presente Estatuto.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Universidade de Franca (UNIFIMES)", "aliases": ["Universidade de Franca (UNIFIMES)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-racism", "human dignity", "racial equality", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "RACISMO NAS REDES SOCIAIS E MÍDIAS BRASILEIRAS: ANÁLISE DE DISCURSOS E IMPACTOS SOCIAIS", "author": "EM de Araújo, SXK de Brito Brito, YFA Chaves…", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Provides infrastructure and continuous support for academic research, fostering the development of studies focused on understanding and addressing racism in digital environments. This research contributes to the academic and social debate, offering critical insights and strategies for promoting racial equality and human dignity in the virtual space, thereby engaging in norm-setting and capacity-building.", "quote": "Gostaríamos de expressar nossa sincera gratidão à Universidade de Franca (UNIFIMES) pela infraestrutura e apoio contínuo ao longo de todo o processo de pesquisa, especialmente à Diretoria de Pesquisa, pelo incentivo e pela oportunidade de desenvolvimento acadêmico proporcionada por meio do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC/UNIFIMES).", "page": "14", "url": "https://remunom.ojsbr.com/multidisciplinar/article/view/5464", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazilian social networks and digital media", "when": "contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Universidade Federal Fluminense", "aliases": ["Universidade Federal Fluminense"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic autonomy", "anti-authoritarianism", "anti-fascism", "free speech", "intellectual pluralism"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A pós-censura na violação do direito à liberdade de expressão a partir do estudo de casos", "author": "IO de Carvalho", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Its academic community (students, faculty, staff) engaged in collective resistance through assemblies, legal actions, and public demonstrations to confront judicial orders and defend university autonomy and freedom of expression against post-censorship.", "quote": "A ação de resistência sempre contou com o integral apoio de toda a comunidade acadêmica, em especial a da Faculdade de Direito, e, nessa, especialmente, do Corpo Docente, do Colegiado de unidade, da Atlética e do Coletivo Direito Popular.", "page": "96", "url": "https://ppgdc.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/681/2021/06/A-P%C3%93S-CENSURA-NA-VIOLA%C3%87%C3%83O-DO-DIREITO-%C3%80-LIBERDADE-DE-EXPRESS%C3%83O-A-PARTIR-DO-ESTUDO-DE-CASOS.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, with a focus on Niterói-RJ", "when": "1937–2021, with a focus on 2013–2019"}]}, {"name": "Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT)", "aliases": ["Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (ULHT)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Online educational platforms"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "education", "public debate", "research promotion"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Qi-Brain: An intelligent moderator for educational group debates", "author": "Rodrigues, Nayara Yasmym; Pita, Manuel Marques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "The university contributed to the development of the foundational web platform (Debaqi) for educational group debates, and is where the Qi-Brain intelligent moderator project, aiming to moderate online discussions, is being developed as a master's thesis.", "quote": "The proposed project is a module inside an ongoing educational project at the Portuguese Ministry of Education... The Debaqi platform... is the result of a master's thesis developed at COPELABS, Universidade Lusófona.", "page": "10", "url": "informatica.ulusofona.pt", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "online educational platforms, Portugal", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Universitas Islam Makassar (UIM) Al-Gazali", "aliases": ["Universitas Islam Makassar (UIM) Al-Gazali"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["social harmony", "social tolerance"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Interfaith Harmony: Optimizing Digital Media and Stakeholder Collaboration in Communicating the Message of Moderation", "author": "S Sulvinajayanti, AK Nisa…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Collaborates with the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB) to conduct the 'Goes to Campus' program, aimed at increasing understanding and tolerance among students and promoting campus harmony.", "quote": "The Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB) of South Sulawesi has collaborated with the Islamic University of Makassar (UIM) Al-Gazali to hold the \"Goes to Campus\"\" program. This program aims to increase the understanding and tolerance of religious communities among students and promote harmony on campus.\"", "page": "6", "url": "http://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/3909/", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Sulawesi, Indonesia (digital platforms)", "when": "2023 (digital era, recent years)"}]}, {"name": "Universities (Medieval legal universities)", "aliases": ["Universities (Medieval legal universities)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["public education", "religious orthodoxy", "rule of law"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["German"], "when_periods": ["6th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pierre Legendre, L’amour du censeur. Essai sur l’ordre dogmatique, 1974", "author": "Nitschke, August", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Legendre identifies universities, especially legal universities, as the 'alma mater' that nurtures and educates jurists, thereby propagating and legitimizing the 'dogmatic order' and 'legal science' established under the Pope's authority. They serve as institutions for knowledge transmission and validation, implicitly upholding specific legal and theological norms.", "quote": "Diese Mutter findet Legendre in den Universitäten. So kommt zum »Grün-der-Vater<«, dem Papst, als ernährende Mutter, »alma mater<«, die Juristen-Universität.", "page": "3", "url": "https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/fr/article/view/49143", "topic": "censeur", "language": "German", "where": "Western Europe (with emphasis on legal and religious history across France and broader Europe)", "when": "Late Antiquity (Justinian) to 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Universities (Theological Faculties)", "aliases": ["Universities (Theological Faculties)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual integrity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–18th century"], "when_min": 1600, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "AUTORITÉ DOCTRINALE, DÉFINITION ET CENSURE DANS LE CATHOLICISME MODERNE: Notes critiques", "author": "", "year": "1994", "mechanism": "Universities, particularly their theological faculties, played a significant intellectual role in the definition of doctrine and the condemnation of errors, even as their formal authority diminished relative to Rome. They served as loci of intellectual elaboration using specific methods.", "quote": "les universités... gardent un certain rôle dans la définition de la doctrine, dans la condamnation des erreurs, et restent un lieu d'élaboration intellectuel (p. 81 et s.)", "page": "4", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholicism in France and wider Europe", "when": "Early Modern period (17th-18th centuries emphasis)"}]}, {"name": "Universities Canada", "aliases": ["Universities Canada"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "equality", "inclusion"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les plateformes, nouveaux censeurs?", "author": "R Badouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collects and publishes data on diversity within Canadian universities, highlighting disparities in representation, thereby influencing norms and advocacy for equity.", "quote": "Dans un rapport de 2019, l'organisation Universités Canada révèle que 48,9% des postes de haute direction au sein des universités canadiennes sont occupés par des femmes (2019 : 11)...", "page": "7", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/article/ESPRI_2015_0019?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Quebec, Canada (University of Ottawa)", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares", "aliases": ["Universities of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain", "Spanish Americas"], "media": [], "norms": ["justice", "legal compliance", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1511, "when_max": 1573, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Todas las gentes del mundo son hombres” El gran debate entre Fray Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566) y Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1490-1573)“All the …", "author": "AM Sánchez", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Issued an official unfavorable opinion (dictamen) on Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's book, leading to the prohibition of its publication and distribution, thus acting as gatekeepers or censors of intellectual discourse.", "quote": "El Consejo Real de Castilla decidió solicitar de las Universidades de Salamanca y Alcalá de Henares un dictamen sobre si debía imprimirse o no dicha obra. A finales de 1547 las Universidades consultadas emiten un parecer desfavorable a la publicación de la obra Democrates alter.", "page": "19", "url": "https://jorgecaceresr.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/el-debate-entre-las-casas-y-sepulveda.pdf", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and the Spanish Americas", "when": "16th century (1511–1573)"}]}, {"name": "Universities of Spain", "aliases": ["Universities of Spain"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "public morals", "scientific integrity", "state sovereignty"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Enlightenment"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La Academia de la Historia y la censura en tiempos de las Luces", "author": "Domergue, Lucienne", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Acted as sites where 'conclusiones' (academic theses) were defended and subject to censorship by royal censors. They were also identified as institutions needing reform in their teaching methods and curriculum to produce better scholars and authors, thus indirectly influencing the quality and nature of content that would be censored.", "quote": "En 1770... el Consejo de Castilla se las emprende con otro ramo de 'policía': la censura de libros. La ruidosa 'affaire' del bachiller Ochoa acababa de darle la ocasión de establecer censores regios encargados de examinar las 'conclusiones' defendidas en las universidades.", "page": "1", "url": "cervantesvirtual.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "18th century (Enlightenment)"}]}, {"name": "Universities UK", "aliases": ["Universities UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": [], "media": ["digital platforms"], "norms": ["academic freedom", "free speech", "hate speech prevention"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La nueva censura: restricción del pensamiento en tiempos de progreso", "author": "C Gil Higuera", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Requested urgent clarification from the regulatory body regarding the balance between protecting freedom of expression and preventing hate speech in universities.", "quote": "la organización Universities UK, que representa al sector universitario británico, ha pedido al regulador que aclare urgentemente en qué sentido deben actuar las universidades para defender la libertad de expresión", "page": "46", "url": "https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/92076", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Western democracies, digital platforms", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "University College London", "aliases": ["University College London"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific inquiry"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research on how memes spread across the web and identifies influential groups in the creation and dissemination of memetic content by far-right actors.", "quote": "Likewise, scholars at University College London have developed a way to measure how memes spread across the web and have identified the most influential groups in the creation and dissemination of memetic contents.", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "University College London (UCL) Ethics Committee", "aliases": ["University College London (UCL) Ethics Committee"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": ["Online educational platforms"], "norms": ["child safety", "data privacy", "ethics"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Qi-Brain: An intelligent moderator for educational group debates", "author": "Rodrigues, Nayara Yasmym; Pita, Manuel Marques", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This committee oversees the project to ensure that it adheres to ethical and civic principles, particularly regarding the privacy, anonymity, and data protection of underage students participating in the educational debates moderated by Qi-Brain.", "quote": "The project is overlooked by an ethics committee from University College London, led by Prof. Kaska Porayska Pomsta.", "page": "31", "url": "informatica.ulusofona.pt", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "online educational platforms, Portugal", "when": "21st century, post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "University of Amsterdam’s Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative", "aliases": ["University of Amsterdam’s Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "open access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Conducts research and releases taxonomies of trolls and far-right online communities to understand their strategies and content.", "quote": "The University of Amsterdam’s Alt-Right Open Intelligence Initiative has released the first comprehensive taxonomy of trolls and far-right online communities.", "page": "178", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "University of California National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement", "aliases": ["University of California National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "diversity", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supports research initiatives and civic engagement efforts related to diversity and speech, facilitating discussions and projects aimed at improving understanding.", "quote": "I wish to thank the University of California National Center for Free Speech and Civic Engagement for supporting my diversity and speech project.", "page": "18", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "University of California Santa Barbara Center for Black Studies Research", "aliases": ["University of California Santa Barbara Center for Black Studies Research"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute"], "countries": ["Europe", "India", "United States"], "media": ["4chan", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Telegram", "Twitter/X", "VR/Metaverse", "YouTube", "fringe online forums"], "norms": ["diversity", "equity", "inclusion", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social Processes of Online Hate", "author": "Walther, Joseph B", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Supported research and a conference on online hate, implicitly contributing to understanding racial dimensions of hate.", "quote": "Professor Sharon Tettegah, Associate Vice Chancellor for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, and the Director of the Center for Black Studies Research at UCSB, supported this research and the May 2023 conference since they were but a whisper and supported several students working with us on exploratory research.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Reddit, 4chan, Telegram, VR/Metaverse) and fringe online forums, with a focus on activities in the USA, Europe, and India.", "when": "From the early internet era (1980s) to the contemporary period (2020s), with particular emphasis on post-2000s developments."}]}, {"name": "University of California, Los Angeles", "aliases": ["University of California, Los Angeles"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["accountability", "content moderation", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Organized a symposium on online content review ('All Things in Moderation' conference) which contributed to the formulation of the Santa Clara Principles guidelines for platform transparency.", "quote": "several deliberative sessions that took place at the “All Things in Moderation”³ conference—a symposium organized by UCLA⁴ on online content review, also contributed to the formulation of the guidelines [44].", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}]}, {"name": "University of California, Riverside Center for Ideas and Society", "aliases": ["University of California, Riverside Center for Ideas and Society"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic participation", "diversity", "free speech", "intellectual discussion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Supports an Academic Book Club program to facilitate intellectual discussion and civic engagement among faculty and students on diversity and speech issues.", "quote": "Finally, I have received support from my university's Center for Ideas and Society through its Academic Book Club program, which brings together small groups of faculty and students to discuss a common book...", "page": "17", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "University of California, Riverside Faculty Committee", "aliases": ["University of California, Riverside Faculty Committee"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity", "educational quality", "equity", "racial justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Established and defended Chicano and Black Studies degree programs, contributing to curricular reform and the recognition of group-focused and equity-oriented scholarship within the university.", "quote": "(Full disclosure: I was part of that process, serving on the University of California, Riverside's faculty committee that established Chicano and Black Studies degree programs and later chairing Chicano Studies for seven-and-one-half years...", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "University of California, Santa Barbara Student Activism", "aliases": ["University of California, Santa Barbara Student Activism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["film", "music"], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trigger happy: From content warning to censorship", "author": "J Halberstam", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Demanded campus-wide trigger warnings on all syllabi following a student's concern about the impact of a film screening featuring rape on fellow students.", "quote": "at the University of California at Santa Barbara, a student demand for content warnings on all syllabi sparked furious debates and a national conversation.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/688189", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "US college campuses (Oberlin College, UC Santa Barbara, Northwestern University), and broader US media landscape (film, music)", "when": "21st century (post-2010 platform era) for trigger warnings, with historical context on media content regulation from the 1930s onwards"}]}, {"name": "University of Cambridge", "aliases": ["University of Cambridge"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["information freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2001, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance, and the Militarisation of Cyberspace", "author": "Deibert, Ronald J.", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Collaborates on projects like the Open Net Initiative to conduct empirical research using network interrogation tools to identify and expose state-level Internet content filtering.", "quote": "primary research undertaken as part of the Open Net Initiative project, a collaboration of the Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, the Berkman Centre for Internet & Society, Harvard Law School, and the University of Cambridge, UK.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298030320030801", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet", "when": "early 21st century (post-2001)"}]}, {"name": "University of Canberra", "aliases": ["University of Canberra"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring academic research that informs understanding of news media and public debate.", "quote": "the University of Canberra...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "University of Chicago Center for RISC", "aliases": ["University of Chicago Center for RISC"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["accessibility", "ethical design", "usefulness"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Birdwatch: Crowd Wisdom and Bridging Algorithms can Inform Understanding and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation", "author": "Wojcik, Stefan; Hilgard, Sophie; Judd, Nick; Mocanu, Delia; Ragain, Stephen; Hunzaker, M. B. Fallin; Coleman, Keith; Baxter, Jay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "The Center provided advice and feedback to the authors on earlier iterations of the Birdwatch project, which involves an algorithm for selecting content moderation annotations.", "quote": "advisors from the University of Chicago Center for RISC for their advice and feedback on earlier iterations of this project.", "page": "10", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15723", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, 2021-2022"}]}, {"name": "University of Chicago Social and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board", "aliases": ["University of Chicago Social and Behavioral Sciences Institutional Review Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical research", "legal certainty"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Requires researchers, even for exempt categories of research, to register their projects with the IRB, acting as a local gatekeeper to ensure compliance with federal and institutional policies.", "quote": "For example, the University of Chicago's Social and Behavioral Sciences IRB emphasizes that such 'researchers do need to register their research' with the IRB.", "page": "31", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "University of East Anglia Centre for Competition Policy", "aliases": ["University of East Anglia Centre for Competition Policy"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research centre"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces policy-relevant research, responds to regulatory consultations, and convenes experts and events to shape debates and regulatory choices for digital markets.", "quote": "Conducts policy-relevant research on competition and regulation, responds to regulator consultations (Ofcom, FCA) and runs projects on algorithmic abuse and digital markets (AI4POL), touching platform governance without being primarily a platform-governance organisation.", "page": "", "url": "https://competitionpolicy.ac.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "University of Essex", "aliases": ["University of Essex"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Governig Artifcal Inteligc:", "author": "Latonero, Mark", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Urged the UK House of Lords Select Committee on AI that a human rights-based approach should be central to AI development and use, advocating for a holistic, consistent, universal, and enforceable framework.", "quote": "The University of Essex has urged the House of Lords of the United Kingdom Select Committee on Al that 'a human rights-based approach should sit at the centre of the development and use of artificial intelligence, enabling a more holistic, consistent, universal, and enforceable approach.'", "page": "24", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global AI governance and deployment", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "University of Geneva (Académie de Calvin)", "aliases": ["University of Geneva (Académie de Calvin)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLI ESSAIS DI MONTAIGNE E LA CENSURA CALVINISTA", "author": "Giacone, Franco", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "The city council delegated its 'scholarques' (magistrates) to supervise the proper functioning of the Academy, which, in the context of Genevan censorship, implicitly extended to control over academic and related publications.", "quote": "Dal 1581 il Conseil delega alla funzione di censura-oltre alla commissione dei tre saggi-gli scholarques ossia quei magistrati nominati al controllo del buon funzionamento de l'Académie.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20677396", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ginevra", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "University of Leuven (Louvain)", "aliases": ["University of Leuven (Louvain)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Uma proposta crítico-discursivo-filológica de análise da censura: emendas inquisitoriais na edição de 1586 da Compilação de todas as obras de Gil Vicente", "author": "ACS Ferreira", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Its censorship activities and the regulations of the Flemish Inquisition, possibly influenced by the university, contributed as a source for the first Portuguese index of forbidden books.", "quote": "Outras fontes foram, igualmente, os índices espanhóis de 1547, de 1545 e, provavelmente, de 1540 e as censuras elaboradas pela Universidade de Lovaina e pela Inquisição flamenga.", "page": "94", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-26052020-213733/en.php", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "University of Louvain", "aliases": ["University of Louvain"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "Italian city-states", "Low Countries", "Papal States", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "political authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Travaux sur la censure et les index des livres interdits réalisés à l’Université de Sherbrooke", "author": "De Bujanda, J. M.", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Published three indexes of forbidden books (1546, 1550, 1558) in conformity with imperial orders from Charles V and Philip II, condemning writings that promoted the Protestant Reformation. They also imposed control over teaching through a list of permitted school books.", "quote": "Les théologiens de l'Université de Louvain, en se conformant aux ordres de Charles Quint et de Philippe II, publient trois index de livres interdits au cours des années 1546, 1550 et 1558.", "page": "6", "url": "https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/renref/article/view/22642", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Catholic Europe (Spain, Portugal, Papal States, Italian city-states, France, Low Countries)", "when": "16th to mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "University of Muhammadiyah Malang", "aliases": ["University of Muhammadiyah Malang"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "education", "religious freedom", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-16th centuries"], "when_min": 1400, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Concept of Religious Moderation From Sunan Kudus' Perspective and Its Correlation with Islamic Education in The Modern Era", "author": "Assidiqi, Ali Hasan; Sadiyah, Dini", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As a private Islamic university, UMM exemplifies religious moderation by being open to students from various religions and groups and offering diverse academic programs, fostering an inclusive environment that promotes inter-religious harmony.", "quote": "This can be exemplified by the University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Based on information, UMM is known as a private Islamic campus, but its students are diverse, so it is open to people from various religions and groups. In addition, it is also supported by various majors oriented to Islam and general things, so that they can overcome problems and build trust for the public to compete and make it easier to work as they wish.", "page": "13", "url": "repository.uin-malang.ac.id", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Kudus, Java, Indonesia", "when": "15th-16th century (for Sunan Kudus's era) and Modern era (for Islamic education correlation)"}]}, {"name": "University of Navarra", "aliases": ["University of Navarra"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic integrity", "media literacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Sponsoring academic research that informs understanding of news media and public debate.", "quote": "the University of Navarra...", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "University of Otago National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (NCPACS)", "aliases": ["University of Otago National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (NCPACS)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Partnered with Twitter to use data to study online conversations, aiming to promote tolerance and inclusion instead of division and exclusion.", "quote": "Through its #DataforGood programme, Twitter has partnered with the University of Otago’s National Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies (NCPACS) in Dunedin, New Zealand, to use Twitter data to study the ways online conversations can be used to promote tolerance and inclusion...", "page": "211", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "University of Paris (Sorbonne)", "aliases": ["University of Paris (Sorbonne)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["East Germany", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "intellectual authority", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789-East Germany, 1989", "author": "Darnton, Robert", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "The university exercised authority over booksellers, requiring them to operate within the Latin Quarter. Its professors also served as royal censors, implicitly influencing what was approved for publication through their academic and theological reviews.", "quote": "Since 1275, booksellers had been subjected to the authority of the university and therefore had to keep shop in the Latin Quarter.", "page": "2", "url": "http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.1995.49.1.99p0261p", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France (1789) and East Germany (1989)", "when": "late 18th century and late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "University of Pennsylvania Committee on Open Expression", "aliases": ["University of Pennsylvania Committee on Open Expression"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic committee"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fostering Civic Engagement at the Intersection of Diversity and Expression", "author": "Cortés, Carlos E", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Posits the concept of 'inclusive freedom' as an avenue for enhancing both equity and speech, contributing to norm-setting within the university context.", "quote": "In her splendid Free Speech on Campus, Sigal Ben-Porath, chair of the University of Pennsylvania's Committee on Open Expression (note the better word Open rather than Free), posits the concept of 'inclusive freedom' as an avenue for enhancing both equity and speech...", "page": "15", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "U.S. college campuses, American society", "when": "last fifty years (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "University of Salamanca", "aliases": ["University of Salamanca"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual inquiry", "scholarly discourse", "societal order"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th century"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1599, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Instruyendo sobre la recreación: Alcocer y la moderación en el XVI, clave en la educación para el juego", "author": "López De Prado Ortiz-Arce, Ignacio", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provided a hub for intellectual discourse and advice, with its scholars contributing to the interpretation of laws and the shaping of societal norms regarding recreational activities, as well as advising on significant reforms (like the Julian calendar).", "quote": "Estudiando en aquella celebre y insigne vniversidad de Salamanca [...] Lo qual he querido yo mouer aqui por auerme criado desde que sali de la Grāmatica en ella y concurrir à ella la flor de los buenos y delicados entendimientos de nuestra España y de otras partes.", "page": "5", "url": "https://revistas.usal.es/tres/index.php/0212-0267/article/view/hedu2019385976", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "16th century"}]}, {"name": "University of Scranton", "aliases": ["University of Scranton"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "literary quality", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Evaluating literary works for their intellectual merit and moral implications, offering an assessment of their suitability for educated audiences while noting potential blasphemy or misunderstandings.", "quote": "La Universidad de Scranton, regida por la Compañía de Jesús, ha calificado la obra como de valer literario y solo comprensible a personas educadas con capacidad discriminatoria, ya que contiene una aparente blasphemia y pudiera dar lugar a malentendidos en publico no preparado.", "page": "23", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "University of Southern California", "aliases": ["University of Southern California"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["accountability", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Through the Looking Glass: Study of Transparency in Reddit's Moderation Practices", "author": "Juneja, Prerna; Rama Subramanian, Deepika; Mitra, Tanushree", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Jointly created the Santa Clara Principles, which provide minimum guidelines for transparency and an appeal process that internet platforms should follow in content moderation.", "quote": "three partners-Queensland University of Technology (QUT), University of Southern California (USC) and Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) ¹ jointly created the Santa Clara Principles...", "page": "2", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3375197", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "2018–2020"}]}, {"name": "University of Tartu", "aliases": ["University of Tartu"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["dissent", "intellectual freedom", "scientific inquiry"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Similar to the Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk, it served as a decentralized hub for intellectual dissent, cultivating autonomous spaces for samizdat and alternative discourse.", "quote": "negli anni Settanta e Ottanta nascono nuovi spazi, nuove riserve, dove si coltiva il dissenso intellettuale: luoghi di studio decentrati (l’Accademia delle Scienze a Novosibirsk, l’università di Tartu), ‘strutture informali’, ‘microuniversi’, ‘spazi di microautonomia’, che generano una nuova opinione pubblica.", "page": "21", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "University of Virginia", "aliases": ["University of Virginia"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to research and development of multilingual safety moderation tools for LLMs by authoring and publishing this academic paper.", "quote": "University of Virginia", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "University of Washington", "aliases": ["University of Washington"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": ["LLM"], "norms": ["ai reliability", "ai safety", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PolyGuard: A Multilingual Safety Moderation Tool for 17 Languages", "author": "Kumar, Priyanshu; Jain, Devansh; Yerukola, Akhila; Jiang, Liwei; Beniwal, Himanshu; Hartvigsen, Thomas; Sap, Maarten", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Contributes to research and development of multilingual safety moderation tools for LLMs by authoring and publishing this academic paper.", "quote": "University of Washington", "page": "1", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.04377", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Multilingual LLM Safety Moderation", "when": "Early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "University of Évora", "aliases": ["University of Évora"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Livro médico e censura na primeira modernidade em Portugal", "author": "H Baudry", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Operated a printing press that published medical texts, placing it within the book market subject to institutional censorship and control.", "quote": "São 41 os editores identificados na BML. Em dois casos, trata-se de instituições (Universidade de Évora, Irmandade de Santa Catarina).", "page": "103", "url": "https://run.unl.pt/entities/publication/87bd4dcf-6067-4c5a-b4f2-47a7f0f9341b", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portugal", "when": "16th and 17th centuries"}]}, {"name": "University Research Priority Program Digital Religion(s)", "aliases": ["University Research Priority Program Digital Religion(s)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "regulatory clarity", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation in Social Media–Artificial Intelligence to the Rescue?", "author": "C Frei, C Kaufmann", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "As an interdisciplinary research program, it serves as a forum to clarify the concept of religion and provide insights into the protection of religious minorities, contributing knowledge that can inform and benefit new regulations and content moderation practices.", "quote": "The interdisciplinary URPP Digital Religion(s), which includes researchers from the disciplines of computational linguistics, religious studies and media and communication studies, can serve as a forum for further clarifying the notion of religion and offering different perspectives and insights on the protection of religious minorities which would benefit new regulation.", "page": "17", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TeUEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA133&dq=mod%C3%A9ration+des+m%C3%A9dias&ots=jtXsxE-hxH&sig=I-rYw315-7M9u2WMpRzQzvDHHLs", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Social media platforms, global regulatory context (with focus on EU)", "when": "Contemporary (2019–2024)"}]}, {"name": "University students", "aliases": ["University students"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "free speech", "social progress"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced amateur performances of 'The Vagina Monologues', circulating the work through informal channels when commercial productions were banned, thereby challenging official censorship and creating spaces for discussion of sexuality.", "quote": "Access to TVM has been mainly through the internet and amateur productions by students. It has been used as an important case study in some universities...", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Università dei librai e stampatori (University of Booksellers and Printers)", "aliases": ["Università dei librai e stampatori (University of Booksellers and Printers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["market control", "professional honour", "trade monopoly"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1792, "when_max": 1796, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il revisore triste: la censura libraria a Milano alla fine del Settecento", "author": "Correggi, Claudia", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Historically (prior to its abolition in 1787), this guild controlled printing privileges, regulated book sales, monitored sellers' reputations, and mandated professional registration to protect its trade. In 1777, it successfully lobbied to mitigate a restrictive state decree concerning the printing of almanacs.", "quote": "Dagli statuti, risalenti al 1589 e poi approvati in una nuova formula nel 1734, emerge il quadro delle principali preoccupazioni che affliggono la corporazione. Per tutelare l'arte contro improvvisazione e attività clandestine...", "page": "4", "url": "L'Italianistica oggi: ricerca e didattica", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Austrian Milan, Lombardy", "when": "late 18th century (1792–1796)"}]}, {"name": "Università del Salento", "aliases": ["Università del Salento"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Italy"], "media": ["film"], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sous-titrer le langage sexuel et vulgaire. Enjeux traductifs entre censure et expressivité", "author": "Rollo, Alessandra", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Students from the MA in Translation and Interpretation at the university, under the guidance of a faculty member (the author), translated and revised film subtitles, making decisions to mitigate expressions deemed too vulgar or embarrassing, thereby performing a form of content moderation.", "quote": "En vue de cette manifestation, qui jouit, entre autres, du patronage de l'Université du Salento, les étudiants de Master en Traduction et Interprétariat s'occupent de la traduction en italien des sous-titres anglais des films qui participent aux différentes sections. En tant qu'enseignante-chercheuse en Langue et traduction françaises, j'ai été invitée à réviser le sous-titrage italien fait par l'étudiante Maria Laura Nicolini, chargée de la traduction", "page": "2", "url": "http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/linguelinguaggi/article/view/17611/15792", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France (source film culture), Italy (subtitling context for European Film Festival)", "when": "2015-2017"}]}, {"name": "Université de Genève", "aliases": ["Université de Genève"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["France", "Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "civic engagement", "critical thinking", "education"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La pratique du débat dans l'enseignement de l'histoire. Remarques éparses issues d'observations de leçons.", "author": "V Opériol", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "As an academic institution involved in teacher training and research, it contributes to shaping pedagogical methods and didactic approaches to history education, including the use of debates.", "quote": "Institut de Formation des Maîtres(se)s de l'Enseignement Secondaire (IFMES) et Université de Genève (Formation des Enseignants du Secondaire, ERDESS, Observatoire Histoire-Ecole)", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.irahsse.eu/wa_files/OPERIOL.pdf", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Switzerland and France", "when": "21st century (2000s)"}]}, {"name": "Université de Genève, Faculté de psychologie et des sciences de l'éducation, Équipe de recherche", "aliases": ["Université de Genève, Faculté de psychologie et des sciences de l'éducation, Équipe de recherche"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Switzerland"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic education", "community values", "critical thinking", "public deliberation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le débat: un dialogue avec la pensée de l'autre", "author": "J Dolz, N Rey, M Surian", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "This research team develops and experiments with didactic tools, specifically structured debate sequences, to teach students argumentative skills and the management of speech in public exchanges. This process facilitates the regulation of debate and promotes civic participation.", "quote": "Notre équipe de recherche de l'université de Genève contribue depuis une dizaine d'années à élaborer et à expérimenter des outils d'enseignement tels que des séquences didactiques [...] destinées à l'initiation au débat oral.", "page": "3", "url": "https://shs.cairn.info/revue-le-francais-aujourd-hui-2004-3-page-5?tab=texte-integral", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Educational settings, Switzerland", "when": "Early 21st century (2004)"}]}, {"name": "Université Nice Sophia Antipolis", "aliases": ["Université Nice Sophia Antipolis"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Collaborated in a research project on \"IMAGO FRANCA\"\" focusing on visual cultures and censorship in the Mediterranean region.\"", "quote": "e all’Università di Nizza “Sophia Antipolis”", "page": "10", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Université Saint-Paul", "aliases": ["Université Saint-Paul"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Canada", "China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["education", "knowledge dissemination"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT DE DROITE ET MÉDIAS SOCIAUX: CARACTÉRISTIQUES, IDÉOLOGIES, MÉDIATISATIONS ET GESTIONS", "author": "S Pierre", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Provides an academic platform for teaching and research in social communications and social media, contributing to knowledge dissemination.", "quote": "Schallum Pierre est [...] professeur à temps partiel de “communications sociales et médias sociaux ” à l’Université Saint-Paul.", "page": "9", "url": "https://uplopen.com/books/4619/files/c1b95ed9-a3f9-4193-8287-43bc0e411dde.pdf#page=175", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Global, particularly social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram), with specific focus on Canada, USA, Europe, and China.", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context for information security and human-computer interaction."}]}, {"name": "União Brasileira de Compositores (Brazilian Union of Composers)", "aliases": ["União Brasileira de Compositores (Brazilian Union of Composers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "data transparency", "fair compensation"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet: limites e desafios na moderação de conteúdos de terceiros-Civil liability of internet providers: limits and …", "author": "J Alves, VA Conte", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The UBC advocates for legislative changes, such as obliging AI companies to provide training data information in the US, and represents artists' interests in copyright disputes concerning the unauthorized use of their works for AI training.", "quote": "os artistas alegaram o uso de várias imagens protegidas por direitos autorais para treinar o modelo, sem autorização expressa e sem o pagamento de indenizações previstas em lei (REUTERS, 2023; UBC, 2025).", "page": "7", "url": "https://remas.faculdadedofuturo.edu.br/remas/article/view/111", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems, Brazil, European Union, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era, AI era"}]}, {"name": "União Brasileira de Compositores (UBC)", "aliases": ["União Brasileira de Compositores (UBC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["due process", "fairness"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1990s-2025"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderação de conteúdo em redes sociais: uma análise sob a perspectiva do devido processo tecnológico", "author": "EM Weck", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Excluded a member due to statutory infractions, leading to a court decision emphasizing the importance of due process and broad defense in private relations, particularly concerning internal association governance.", "quote": "Judiciário dizia respeito à legalidade da exclusão do autor da demanda da União Brasileira de Compositores – UBC, sociedade civil sem fins lucrativos vinculada ao ECAD, da qual era filiado, motivada por infrações estatutárias", "page": "", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oFO6EQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=modera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&ots=gQO5bCtPhf&sig=QwBY6XXt57MJxqBaWLRAYJrmvvw", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Content moderation on social media platforms; regulatory models in the US, Germany, EU, and Brazil; global implications of digital governance.", "when": "Late 20th century to contemporary period (1990s-2024/2025)."}]}, {"name": "União Cívica Feminina", "aliases": ["União Cívica Feminina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "family values", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["1970s (military dictatorship)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "O “guardião dos bons costumes”: Armando Falcão e as publicações “eróticas”", "author": "", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Sent letters and petitions to censorship authorities protesting television programming and advertisements deemed harmful to traditional family education and public morals.", "quote": "Da UCF, encontramos algumas missivas enviadas à DCDP, duas delas fazendo um “veemente protesto contra a programação de televisão, notadamente as novelas, que não estão à altura da educação tradicional da família brasileira” .", "page": "234", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "1970s (military dictatorship)"}]}, {"name": "União das Populações de Angola", "aliases": ["União das Populações de Angola"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["national independence", "political freedom", "self-determination"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Instigated revolts and massacres in northern Angola, leading to forced displacement and concentration policies by the colonial regime and also invited foreign journalists to cover the anti-colonial struggle.", "quote": "no caso do distrito do Congo, onde haveria de dar-se a revolta instigada pela União das Populações de Angola de Holden Roberto com massacres cometidos contra colonos brancos e africanos considerados colaboracionistas", "page": "28", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "União de Rabassaires (Union of Sharecroppers)", "aliases": ["União de Rabassaires (Union of Sharecroppers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["syndicalist organization / special-interest group"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "national identity", "property rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Syndicalist organization advocating for small property with family exploitation, participated in anti-fascist committees and government.", "quote": "Calvet, da União de Rabassaires127", "page": "69", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "União Geral dos Trabalhadores (General Union of Workers)", "aliases": ["União Geral dos Trabalhadores (General Union of Workers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Argentina", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "Soviet Union", "Spain", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "republicanism", "socialism", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1864, "when_max": 1939, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Autogestão, sindicalismo e moderação: a CNT ea Revolução Espanhola (1936-1937)", "author": "IP Pomini", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Spanish socialist trade union, initially rival to CNT, but later collaborated in anti-fascist efforts and provisional governments; its Catalan branch was increasingly influenced by official communists, leading to internal conflicts.", "quote": "os sindicatos da Espanha que não queriam estar dentro da outra central sindical importante, a União Geral dos Trabalhadores56 – UGT –", "page": "45", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-29072021-192200/en.php", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Spain (primarily Catalonia), with international references (France, Germany, Sweden, Argentina, Italy, USSR)", "when": "1864–1939 (focused on 1936–1937)"}]}, {"name": "União Nacional dos Estudantes", "aliases": ["União Nacional dos Estudantes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "student rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A dimensão política da censura moral.", "author": "MR Gomes, EB Casadei", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The student association organized significant protests against the government, leading to the arrest of over a thousand students, positioning it as a key target of state repression and censorship during a period of political turmoil.", "quote": "...1240 estudantes foram presos durante o XXX Congresso da UNE.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mayra-Gomes-3/publication/315057779_A_dimensao_politica_da_censura_moral/links/5b51f972a6fdcc8dae30ede5/A-dimensao-politica-da-censura-moral.pdf", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil, State of São Paulo", "when": "1925–1970 (primary focus), up to 1988 (broader context)"}]}, {"name": "União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE)", "aliases": ["União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Council of Europe"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["fair elections", "free speech"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Direitos políticos, liberdade de expressão e discurso de ódio", "author": "RV PeReiRa", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Filed a legal representation (Representação) against a presidential candidate and Facebook Brasil for alleged irregular electoral propaganda, challenging content that aimed to deconstruct the candidate's image.", "quote": "Um exemplo de Representação envolvendo a última campanha presidencial que girou em torno da exposição de conteúdo na rede é a de nº. 0601780-87.2018.6.00.0000, protocolada no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, movida por Jair Bolsonaro em face da União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE) e do Facebook Brasil.", "page": "30", "url": "https://abradep.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Direitos-Politicos-Liberdade-de-Expressao-e-Discurso-de-Odio-volume-V.pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil (with specific focus on Minas Gerais), social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), and international human rights jurisprudence (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe)", "when": "Post-1988 constitutional era, with emphasis on digital platforms and recent legal/political debates (2018-2022); also discussing historical contexts (e.g., military dictatorship, early 20th century literature)"}]}, {"name": "União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola", "aliases": ["União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Angola"], "media": [], "norms": ["national independence", "political freedom", "self-determination"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1914, "when_max": 1974, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As Origens Institucionais da Moderação da Violência: Regedorias e Concentração em Angola (1914-1974)", "author": "BLCP da Cruz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engaged in anti-colonial guerrilla warfare, influencing populations and leading to forced displacement and concentration policies by the colonial regime. Also invited foreign journalists to cover the anti-colonial struggle.", "quote": "as arriscadas viagens jornalísticas a Angola e aos territórios vizinhos a convite dos movimentos de libertação – UPA-FNLA, MPLA e UNITA, cada um teve os seus observadores ‘imparciais’ que depois se fizeram publicar quasi-academicamente", "page": "71", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/348f165db0522f5615ceaf13c5521035/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Angola", "when": "1914–1974"}]}, {"name": "União Pró-Melhoramento dos Moradores da Rocinha", "aliases": ["União Pró-Melhoramento dos Moradores da Rocinha"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community values"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Acts as a neighbourhood association to influence local discussions and shape the public discourse on community issues in the Favela da Rocinha.", "quote": "UPMMR, the oldest and most important neighbourhood association, Rocinha’s population is aproximately 120,000 people.", "page": "128", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios", "aliases": ["Unión de Estudiantes Secundarios"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Argentina"], "media": [], "norms": ["political activism", "political ideology"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1976, "when_max": 1983, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura a los libros en la ciudad de La Plata durante la última dictadura militar (1976 1983)", "author": "Bossié, Florencia", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Identified by the military regime as a 'subversive organization' operating in the educational sphere with the objective of introducing Marxist philosophy and recruiting future leaders, leading to their targeting and repression.", "quote": "Entre las BDSM MONTONEROS agrupa a la UES y a la JUP, de quienes dice que sus objetivos son “Influir en el ámbito educativo, introduciendo la filosofía marxista, mediante un hábil disfraz peronista, a efectos de formar cuadros y captar ideológicamente a los futuros dirigentes del país”.", "page": "54", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "La Plata, Argentina", "when": "1976–1983"}]}, {"name": "Unión Española de Entidades Aseguradoras y Reaseguradoras", "aliases": ["Unión Española de Entidades Aseguradoras y Reaseguradoras"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Bolivia", "European Union", "Global", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["data privacy", "ethical conduct"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "El derecho a la dignidad humana y la moderación de contenidos en línea", "author": "CR Ilárraz", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Published a code of conduct in June 2022 related to the processing of personal data within common insurance sector systems, functioning as a self-regulatory framework.", "quote": "el de la Unión Española de Entidades Aseguradoras y Reaseguradoras (UNESPA), de junio del mismo año, relativo al tratamiento de datos personales en los sistemas comunes del sector asegurador", "page": "117", "url": "https://iidhespana.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/numero-1-revista6392f60791926-1.pdf#page=101", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Bolivia, European Union, Digital Society, Global", "when": "19th-21st centuries, with a focus on the contemporary digital era and recent constitutional history"}]}, {"name": "Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers)", "aliases": ["Unión General de Trabajadores (General Union of Workers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional autonomy", "organizational strategy", "political neutrality"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s (Spanish Transition)"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Crisis y moderación en el movimiento obrero durante el cambio político en España:¿ relato o correlato?", "author": "JG Igual, JT Hurtado", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "As a prominent trade union, UGT was wary of being perceived as the 'government's union' following the socialist party's electoral gains. This concern influenced its strategic positioning and actions, suggesting a self-imposed moderation to maintain its independence and competitive stance against rival unions like CCOO.", "quote": "Los resultados, en cambio, no produjeron tanto desasosiego en la UGT, temerosa esta de verse convertida en el «sindicato del Gobierno» en el caso de victoria del PSOE, lo que habría dejado su flanco izquierdo a merced de CCOO, su principal adversario y competidor en el terreno sindical.", "page": "11", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8787712", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1970s-1980s (Spanish Transition)"}]}, {"name": "Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)", "aliases": ["Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["agrarian reform", "anti-fascism", "democratic values", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Produced propaganda posters for the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War, mobilizing workers against fascism and for agrarian reform.", "quote": "A travers les affiches, on verra s’exprimer le gouvernement, les organisations syndicales comme l’UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores) et la CNT, ainsi que les partis politiques comme le PCE ou le POUM", "page": "147", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Unión Industrial Argentina", "aliases": ["Unión Industrial Argentina"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "economic development", "economic stability", "policy influence"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Conducts surveys and collects data on the industrial sector's economic situation and challenges, including impacts from regulations and financing. Its reports inform and influence industrial policy, potentially leading to self-regulation or advocacy for specific government actions.", "quote": "Sólo un 33,1 % de las empresas encuestadas por la UIA aumentaron su nómina de personal.", "page": "170", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Unión Industrial del Partido de La Matanza", "aliases": ["Unión Industrial del Partido de La Matanza"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Colonial South America", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["business interests", "economic recovery", "local economic development"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“DISENCIONES ESCANDALOSAS TÁN OPUESTAS Á LA HONESTIDAD Y MODERACIÓN”. CAUSA JUDICIAL PARA EL ESTUDIO DE CONFLICTOS ENTRE …", "author": "MA Fernández", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Monitors and reports on the industrial activity and recovery in its region, providing insights that can inform local policies and business strategies, influencing the local economic landscape.", "quote": "Desde la Unión Industrial del Partido de La Matanza (UIPMA) destacan que en función de los datos conocidos de los meses transcurridos del corriente año 2021, que se notó un repunte en el uso de maquinaria industrial, aunque el mismo en términos interanuales quedaría compensado.", "page": "175", "url": "http://facsej.userena.cl/images/revistas/dospuntas/2020/Dos_Puntas_23_edici%C3%B3n_-_2021.pdf#page=16", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Argentina (various regions), Colonial South America, Spain", "when": "18th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Unión Internacional de Arquitectos", "aliases": ["Unión Internacional de Arquitectos"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Argentina", "Chile", "Colombia", "France", "Germany", "Global", "Kenya", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nicaragua", "Peru", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["international recognition", "professional standards"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disciplinamiento sexual: cazando brujas y ciberfeministas", "author": "M Hanash Martínez", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provides international accreditation to architectural schools, setting standards for professional recognition.", "quote": "la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona (ETSAB)... en recibir la acreditación internacional de la UNESCO y la Unión Internacional de Arquitectos (UIA) en 2017.", "page": "278", "url": "https://idus.us.es/bitstreams/ce00e77a-e524-4faf-8a89-72cd2c18948c/download#page=352", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global (with specific focus on Spain, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, Kenya, Mexico, Argentina, Germany, France, Chile, Mozambique)", "when": "From Ancient Rome to contemporary (2018), with emphasis on 20th and 21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Unión Liberal", "aliases": ["Unión Liberal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["conflict resolution", "consensus building", "social stability"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1783, "when_max": 1855, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los partidos políticos en el pensamiento español (1783-1855)", "author": "I Fernández Sarasola", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Proposed as a means of reconciling the moderate and progressive liberal parties, advocating for a common program based on consensus and negotiation rather than the absorption of one party by another.", "quote": "La unión de los partidos políticos –decía el Manifiesto electoral de la Unión Liberal, de 1854– no es, ni puede ser, la fusión imposible de ideas que se excluyen... La unión [...] debe no imponer a nadie ni sacrificios de ideas... si es convenio entre las partes, a todas tiene que ser beneficioso.", "page": "58", "url": "https://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10651/28204/Partidos%20politicos.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1783–1855"}]}, {"name": "Unión Nacional Opositora", "aliases": ["Unión Nacional Opositora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party / coalition"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["political discourse", "political influence"], "topics": ["moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1994, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluación ciudadana de los debates políticos presidenciales en México. Evaluación de los eventos televisados en 2018", "author": "MBCT Medrano, MLS Caamal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participated in the first televised presidential debate in 1994, using the platform to present its political ideas and government program, which contributed to the public's ability to contrast different political proposals.", "quote": "En la primera reunión realizada el 11 de mayo, solamente asistieron tres candidatos representando al Partido del Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional (PFCRN), al Partido Verde Ecologista de México (PVEM) y a la Unión Nacional Opositora (UNO)", "page": "6", "url": "https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/1143", "topic": "moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico", "when": "1994-2018"}]}, {"name": "Unión Republicana", "aliases": ["Unión Republicana"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "individual rights", "rule of law"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1931, "when_max": 1936, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Martínez Barrio: del radicalismo a la moderación. Análisis de su labor política en tres momentos importantes de la Segunda República", "author": "MIF ALoNso", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Founded by Martínez Barrio, it promoted liberal and democratic values and the 1931 constitution. It later became a key component in the formation of the Frente Popular coalition, influencing the political alignment of left-wing forces.", "quote": "Este partido de Unión Republicana, ya lo dijo el Sr. Lara en su mag-nifico discurso inicial, es, más que un partido, una soberbia excitación a la fraternidad liberal y democrática de España, el mantenimiento de la constitución de 1931.", "page": "10", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/HICS/article/download/HICS9696110013A/19979", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "Second Republic (1931–1936)"}]}, {"name": "Unión, Progreso y Democracia", "aliases": ["Unión, Progreso y Democracia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "media fairness", "proportionality"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Los debates electorales en la televisión: una necesaria revisión de su regulación", "author": "VJ Navarro Marchante", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Impugned a private television channel's decision to exclude them from a four-candidate debate, challenging the moderation decision and advocating for their right to participate in electoral media coverage.", "quote": "Tanto UPyD como Unidad Popular (que incluye a Izquierda Unida) presentaron impugnación contra Atresmedia por su exclusión del debate a cuatro del 7 de diciembre.", "page": "18", "url": "https://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/39828", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, broadcast television", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Unión, Progreso y Democracia (Parliamentary Group)", "aliases": ["Unión, Progreso y Democracia (Parliamentary Group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "effective public policy", "national unity", "transparency"], "topics": ["Moderador de debate"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2014, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deixis social y (des) cortesía verbal como estrategias argumentativas: análisis discursivo del debate político desde un enfoque sociopragmático", "author": "E Pérez García", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "This group presents amendments and critiques government policies, focusing on issues like transparency, rationality, and parliamentary debate quality, aiming for its proposals to be considered for the general good.", "quote": "En estas tres ideas es en las que queríamos pedir desde Unión Progreso y Democracia, señora vicepresidenta, que viera si, al menos parcialmente, alguna de ellas merece ser tomada en consideración.", "page": "288", "url": "https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/284778/TEPG.pdf?sequence=1", "topic": "Moderador de debate", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spanish Parliament, Spain", "when": "early 2010s (post-2008 economic crisis)"}]}, {"name": "Unnamed Facebook group", "aliases": ["Unnamed Facebook group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / community/collective"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["political advocacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formed to disseminate political claims, which led to a court request for its blocking, making it a target of moderation efforts.", "quote": "A Facebook group was formed that claimed that Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, president of the main opposition party CHP, was supporting the PKK, the Kurdistan Workers' Party.", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Unnamed Internet e-mail discussion support group", "aliases": ["Unnamed Internet e-mail discussion support group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["BBS", "MOOs", "Usenet", "e-mail lists"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "privacy", "trust and safety", "user safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Researching Internet Communities: Proposed Ethical Guidelines for the Reporting of Results", "author": "King, Storm A.", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Members cease participation and express distrust when they discover their group has been researched without consent, effectively applying social pressure and enforcing norms of privacy and safety within the group.", "quote": "I certainly don't feel at this point that it is a \"safe\"\" environment", "page": "as a support group is supposed to be", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713856145", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Internet communities (e.g., e-mail lists, Usenet, BBS, MOOs), primarily within the context of US research ethics", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Unnamed ISP union", "aliases": ["Unnamed ISP union"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["organizational efficiency", "regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Formed to centralise and speed up the process of banning websites by executing blocking orders issued by the authorities.", "quote": "A union of ISPs was formed to centralise and speed up the process of banning a website.", "page": "11", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Unnamed NGO promoting Atatürk's ideas", "aliases": ["Unnamed NGO promoting Atatürk's ideas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet censorship in Turkey", "author": "Akgül, Mustafa; Kırlıdoğ, Melih", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Filed a complaint with the state prosecutor requesting the blocking of a website containing anti-Atatürk remarks and insults.", "quote": "An NGO whose main purpose is to promote the ideas of Atatürk went to the state prosecutor in Ankara and asked for the blocking of the website in 2009", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/366", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2007, focused on 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Unnamed Translation Studies Journal", "aliases": ["Unnamed Translation Studies Journal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional preservation", "reputation management", "social norms"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Translating Feminism in China: Gender, sexuality and censorship", "author": "Yu, Zhongli", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Imposed editorial censorship by refusing to publish academic research on sexually and politically sensitive topics, such as 'The Vagina Monologues', to avoid institutional trouble.", "quote": "In 2006, an editor of a translation studies journal in China warned me not to touch such sexually sensitive material and said that research on it would not get published because they did not accept papers on sexually and politically sensitive issues in order not to bring trouble to the journal.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315753096", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "Unregulated private theatres", "aliases": ["Unregulated private theatres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["political dissent", "social change"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Operated outside formal theatrical regulation, providing spaces for performances that sometimes contained content, such as \"paedophiliac tastes", "quote": "Unregulated expression, potentially transgressive content.", "page": "the booming unregulated private theatres of the 1820s with their disturbing ?paedophiliac tastes? (p. 252)", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Unteilbar", "aliases": ["Unteilbar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["anti-racism"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "An all-German alliance including anti-racist, human rights, anti-fascist, and feminist groups that organizes rallies and is part of broader activist networks, bringing content and discussions to platforms like Common Voices.", "quote": "This includes the Unteilbar rally in Halle, an all-German alliance that includes anti-racist groups, human rights organizations, anti-fascist groups, and the feminist movement.", "page": "177", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Upgrade Democracy", "aliases": ["Upgrade Democracy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation project; policy program"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes analyses and proposals, builds bridges to policymakers and international actors, and supports model projects to inform regulatory debates on platform governance and disinformation.", "quote": "Project focuses on platform governance and disinformation, develops proposals for nuanced regulation of digital spaces and explores alternative platform models (Fediverse, platform councils).", "page": "", "url": "https://upgradedemocracy.de/en/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Upwork Inc.", "aliases": ["Upwork Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["hate speech", "platform accountability"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rede social, remoção de conteúdo e censura: o exercício da autonomia privada na manutenção das normas internas do Instagram", "author": "MEB Correa", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Participated in the 'Stop Hate for Profit' boycott in July 2020 by pausing advertisements on Meta platforms, pressuring the company to take stronger action against hate speech and misinformation.", "quote": "Grandes empresas como The North Face229, REI, Patagonia, Coca-Cola, Ben & Jerrys e a plataforma de trabalho independente Upwork aderiram ao boicote230, principalmente após o assassinato de George Floyd", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/243621", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil and global social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube)", "when": "21st century platform era, with historical context from the 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Urantia Foundation", "aliases": ["Urantia Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Asserted copyright ownership over \"The Urantia Book", "quote": "using copyright to control access and distribution.\"", "page": "Control over religious text and its dissemination.", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Urban Dictionary", "aliases": ["Urban Dictionary"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": ["TikTok"], "norms": ["community values"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "B4b3l 4rch1v3: analisi e visualizzazione delle pratiche di resistenza agli algoritmi attraverso il design della comunicazione", "author": "M Visini", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "A crowdsourced online dictionary that collects and defines slang and informal words, often not found in traditional dictionaries, created to document and share evolving language.", "quote": "Un grande punto di riferimento teorico è stato il progetto Urban Dictionary, sito web storico creato nel 1999 che raccoglie attraverso il crowdsourcing, tutta una serie di parole e frasi gergali in lingua inglese spesso non presenti nei dizionari tradizionali.", "page": "173", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/223738", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "TikTok, Italy", "when": "early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Urban Patriciate (Dutch Republic)", "aliases": ["Urban Patriciate (Dutch Republic)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic autonomy", "political participation", "political power"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Governed the highly urbanized Dutch Republic, preserving provincial and civic autonomy while resisting centralization and tightening its grip on public office.", "quote": "The province of Holland was becoming the most highly urbanized society in Europe, with a powerful urban patriciate presiding over the world’s most commercialized economy.", "page": "111", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "URLhaus", "aliases": ["URLhaus"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": ["IPFS"], "norms": ["online security"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Guardians of the galaxy: Content moderation in the {InterPlanetary} file system", "author": "S Sokoto, L Balduf, D Trautwein, Y Wei…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Contributes to Web2 Anti-Phishing Services (APS) by compiling and sharing lists of malicious URLs, including those used for phishing, informing efforts to detect and filter malicious content on IPFS gateways.", "quote": "This platform compiles lists of phishing URLs by combining data from OpenPhish [17], PhishTank [18], URLhaus [21], and the AntiPhishing Working Group (APWG) [1].", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity24/presentation/sokoto", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)", "when": "21st century platform era (2021-2024)"}]}, {"name": "Ursal.zone", "aliases": ["Ursal.zone"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Germany", "Global North", "Global South", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Uruguay"], "media": ["Mastodon Fediverse"], "norms": ["anti-fascism", "civility", "community governance", "user safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Labour pains: Content moderation challenges in Mastodon growth", "author": "C Spencer-Smith, T Tomaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Increased its moderator team and actively communicated Mastodon's cultural norms (e.g., content warnings, federation) to new users through a public thread, specifically addressing tendencies for divisive discussions from former Twitter/X users.", "quote": "An Ursal admin “pub-lished a thread to explain politics, content warnings, federation, alternative image text and so on, but no further changes” (Interview, Ursal.zone).", "page": "13", "url": "https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/315588", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Mastodon Fediverse; Global North and South (e.g., Italy, Uruguay, Netherlands, Germany, Brazil)", "when": "Post-October 2022 platform era"}]}, {"name": "US African-American and Minority Feminists", "aliases": ["US African-American and Minority Feminists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Pornography and feminism: the case against censorship", "author": "FA Censorship", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Critiqued mainstream feminism for its exclusionary practices and advocated for a more inclusive understanding of 'woman' that accounts for race, class, culture, and religion, challenging the idea of a universal feminist subject.", "quote": "mujeres feministas afro-americanas y otras minorías presentes en EEUU tomarán la palabra para denunciar cómo el movimiento feminista había excluido o mostrado indiferencia por los problemas de mujeres de otras razas, culturas y religiones e incluso de distinta clase que la suya", "page": "9", "url": "https://philarchive.org/archive/RODPAF", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Western countries (USA, Canada, Europe)", "when": "19th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "US Army Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program", "aliases": ["US Army Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["Other"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["user well-being"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Program providing universal coverage for stress management and resilience for military personnel and their families.", "quote": "It may help to reference the US Army’s Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program (Army Reserve, n.d.), which is available to all military personnel and their families across combat, non-combat and administrative roles.", "page": "207", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "US Center for AI Standards and Innovation", "aliases": ["US Center for AI Standards and Innovation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["national security"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "c788cbc0a3da9135112f97cdf6dcd06f2c16cee2", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Assessed Claude Opus 4.6's cyber capabilities for autonomously solving cyber challenges and assisting cyber SMEs in national security contexts through a one-week red-teaming window.", "quote": "We worked with the US Center for AI Standards and Innovation to red-team Claude Opus 4.6 over a one-week window. In partnership with US Government partners, CAISI assessed the model’s capabilities...", "page": "179", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Frontier AI development and deployment landscape", "when": "2025-2026"}]}, {"name": "US Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI)", "aliases": ["US Center for AI Standards and Innovation (CAISI)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "bf10f64990cfda0ba858290be7b8cc6317685f47", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Red-teams AI models to assess their ability to suggest accurate biological protocols and propose novel, creative ideas for biological threats.", "quote": "We worked with the US Center for AI Standards and Innovation to red-team Claude Opus 4.5 over a one-week window, which included at least 2–3 days of red-teaming.", "page": "132", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI systems and their development/deployment", "when": "2025, contemporary AI development"}]}, {"name": "US Civil Society Organizations (led by parents)", "aliases": ["US Civil Society Organizations (led by parents)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["child safety", "data privacy"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas coprodutoras de conteúdo infantil: governança e moderação no YouTube", "author": "Tomaz, Renata Oliveira", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "They initiated legal action by lodging complaints with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regarding YouTube's unauthorized collection of children's data, which directly led to significant changes in YouTube's child safety policies.", "quote": "dezenas de entidades civis estadunidenses, muitas lideradas por pais e mães, acionaram a Federal Trade Commission (FTP) com a alegação de que o YouTube recolhia dados de crianças sem permissão.", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.revistas.usp.br/Rumores/article/view/217922", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "YouTube, global (with emphasis on USA and Brazil)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "US Day of Rage", "aliases": ["US Day of Rage"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-corporate power", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reassembling social movements through digital mediators", "author": "Beraldo, Davide", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "As an already established coalition, it proposed actions similar to Occupy Wall Street, contributing to a pre-existing repertoire of contention and norm-setting against 'corporatocracy' that later converged with Occupy's branding.", "quote": "The ‘US Day of Rage’, an already established coalition calling for ending ‘corporatocracy’, had been proposing similar actions since March 2011.", "page": "101", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital platforms (Twitter and Facebook), global", "when": "2011-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "US Open Data Toolkit", "aliases": ["US Open Data Toolkit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit research and advocacy organization (open data)"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Academic", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces toolkits, best practices, and convening roundtables with federal agencies and the White House to shape open data policy and standards; provides resources that inform AI and data policy discussions relevant to platforms.", "quote": "Primary mission is open government data and guidance for federal data providers, but it engages with AI and data policy issues that intersect with platform data practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.usopendatatoolkit.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "US tobacco lobby", "aliases": ["US tobacco lobby"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "France", "Germany", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["commercial interests", "individual autonomy", "public health"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["4th century BCE to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-truth: knowledge as a power game", "author": "Fuller, Steve", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Provided financial support to academics to frame anti-smoking campaigns as moral crusades, thereby influencing public perception and policy debates.", "quote": "Indeed, he portrayed the anti-smoking campaign as primarily a moral crusade in his contribution to the landmark pro-smoking volume, Smoking and Society (Tollison 1985).", "page": "74", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western societies (UK, USA, Germany, France, Ancient Greece)", "when": "4th Century BCE to Contemporary Post-Truth Era"}]}, {"name": "us.politics (Usenet newsgroup)", "aliases": ["us.politics (Usenet newsgroup)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["community governance", "open discourse", "political commentary"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This Usenet newsgroup falls under 'lower moderation,' meaning it operates without formal rules, registration censorship, or active moderators, relying instead on the informal norms and self-regulation of its community members.", "quote": "The four Google groups [...] scored zero on the moderation index, having no written rules or registration censorship. No moderators were listed.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "USA Boxing", "aliases": ["USA Boxing"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["safety", "sports integrity"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should reviewers and website moderators censor swearwords in reviews? An abstract", "author": "KC Lafreniere, SG Moore", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Sets standards, vets, and trains athletes, coaches, and referees in amateur boxing to manage risk and violence, thereby influencing participation and safety within the sport.", "quote": "Our model, and this focused guided journey experience, are based on a national survey published in association with USA Boxing, that reached over 600 athletes, followed by depth interviews with 18 athletes, 6 coaches and two referees.", "page": "79", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-24687-6_155", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Various, including Germany and USA", "when": "2010s-2020s (contemporary)"}]}, {"name": "USA Computing Olympiad, Inc.", "aliases": ["USA Computing Olympiad, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": [], "media": ["AI language models"], "norms": ["education", "skill development"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2021, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "DeepSeek-AI et al. - 2024 - DeepSeek-Coder-V2 Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Administers programming competitions for high school students, with problems that form the \"USACO benchmark\"\" used to assess the effectiveness of large language models in solving competitive programming tasks. This defines a standard for evaluating AI's problem-solving skills in this domain.\"", "quote": "USACO benchmark contains 307 problems from the USA Computing Olympiad, along with high-quality unit tests, reference code, and official analyses for each problem.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "AI language models, code intelligence, mathematical reasoning, software engineering benchmarks", "when": "post-2020 platform era"}]}, {"name": "USC McNeely Center for Cyber-Security and Society", "aliases": ["USC McNeely Center for Cyber-Security and Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research center/institute"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic auditing", "responsible ai", "trust and safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to Trust & Safety topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing, contributing to the field's knowledge base.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics...", "page": "262", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute for Visual History and Education", "aliases": ["USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute for Visual History and Education"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "France", "Germany", "Italy", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Web platforms"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "anti-hate speech", "historical memory"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "# Odio: manuale di resistenza alla violenza delle parole", "author": "F Faloppa", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Proposed the 'Pyramid of Hatred' model (in collaboration with the Anti-Defamation League) to classify hate speech, showing its potential escalation from negative expressions to systematic extermination.", "quote": "Per un ulteriore schema interpretativo utile a classificare i discorsi d'odio, Faloppa ci invita a guardare alla Pyramid of Hatred proposta dalla Anti-Defamation League e dallo Shoah Foundation Institute della California all'inizio del XXI secolo", "page": "3", "url": "Utet", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "Web platforms, USA, Europe (Italy, UK, Germany, France)", "when": "21st century, with historical context from the 19th century"}]}, {"name": "USC/ISI", "aliases": ["USC/ISI"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated research institute"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ISI produces peer-reviewed studies and technical reports on AI and platform-related topics, operates infrastructure services (MOSIS), and partners with government and industry bodies that shape standards and policy.", "quote": "ISI conducts AI and privacy research (e.g., studies of AI-generated election images, privacy-enhancing technologies) and participates in AI safety consortia, directly informing platform and AI governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.isi.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "USC’s McNeely Center", "aliases": ["USC’s McNeely Center"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Research organization / learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic auditing", "responsible ai", "trust", "user safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Hosts programs related to T&S topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing.", "quote": "Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics, RAI, and algorithmic auditing.", "page": "296", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Usenet", "aliases": ["Usenet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "democratic participation", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "System administrators and participants reinforced shared values, minimized risks, and offered technical support, contributing to community-led governance.", "quote": "Usenet, created in 1979, similarly flourished due to the cooperation and labour of system administrators (known as a ‘backbone cabal’); participants in the Unix community who worked with founders to reinforce shared values of collaboration and democratisation, minimise all types of risk, and offer technical support", "page": "72", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Usenet community", "aliases": ["Usenet community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["platform governance", "user control"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From Community Governance to Customer Service and Back Again: Re-Examining Pre-Web Models of Online Governance to Address Platforms’ Crisis of Legitimacy", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Users established and enforced strong community norms, such as \"netiquette", "quote": "Democratic participation, free speech, constructive discussion, preventing bad behavior", "page": "Ultimately, the power to create newsgroups rested in the hands of server administrators, but strong norms about democratic participation meant users were powerful in steering the evolution of Usenet discussions.", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231196864", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, early internet (global, with US focus)", "when": "1960s-present"}]}, {"name": "Usenet groups", "aliases": ["Usenet groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "content appropriateness"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["late 20th–early 21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Futures", "author": "Blackwell, Lindsay", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Utilized direct and visible moderation mechanisms such as demanding alterations, deleting posts, banning users by username or IP address, and employing text filters to disallow specific content types.", "quote": "mechanisms to enact moderation was often direct and visible to the user, and could include demanding that a user alter a contribution to eliminate offensive or insulting material, the deletion or removal of posts, the banning of users (by username or IP address), the use of text filters to disallow posting of specific types of words or content", "page": "2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-32010-6_44.pdf", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Internet, social media platforms (global)", "when": "early internet to post-2010 platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "User groups (fact-checking)", "aliases": ["User groups (fact-checking)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "community governance", "information quality"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Romain Badouard, Les nouvelles lois du web. Modération et censure", "author": "P Brouard", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Participating in fact-checking, either individually or collectively, to help regulate online content and combat disinformation.", "quote": "Les pratiques de fact-checking – soit performées directement par des individus ou des groupes d'usagers, soit confiées à des organismes spécialisés – interpellent sur les conditions concrètes de cette forme de régulation.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/quaderni/2049", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Online platforms, Europe (with global context)", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical legal context"}]}, {"name": "User Rights", "aliases": ["User Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dispute resolution body / civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Online harm", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "TSPA EMEA Summit 2025; TrustCon2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces legally reasoned, independent dispute decisions relied on by platforms; certified under the DSA and funded by platform fees, enabling it to compel platform cooperation and produce statistical analyses of moderation practices.", "quote": "Certified under Article 21 of the EU Digital Services Act as an independent dispute settlement body that reviews platform content-moderation decisions and issues reasoned decisions for users across Germany and Europe.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.user-rights.org/en", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Users of British government-run online discussion fora", "aliases": ["Users of British government-run online discussion fora"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Function as spaces where user moderation and citizen governance of public debate are analyzed, demonstrating collective participation in managing online discourse.", "quote": "This era also saw an increase in research on “citizen governance” from a political science perspective, with analyses of moderation of public debate forums like Cornell's RegulationRoom [25, 71], the McGill Online Design Studio [25], and British government-run online discussion fora [106].", "page": "8", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Usher2 Club", "aliases": ["Usher2 Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Russia"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital resistance", "digital rights", "internet freedom"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A market of black boxes: The political economy of Internet surveillance and censorship in Russia", "author": "Ermoshina, Ksenia; Loveluck, Benjamin; Musiani, Francesca", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "A project that monitors blocked IP addresses and analyzes the impact of RuNet regulation, serving as a crucial resource for 'DNS guerilla' activities and digital resistance.", "quote": "a project focused on monitoring blocked IPs and analysis of the conse-quences of regulation on the RuNet. Usher2 has become one of the crucial resources for the so-called \"DNS guerilla\"\".\"", "page": "17", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19331681.2021.1905972", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia", "when": "2010s-2021 (with historical context from 1995)"}]}, {"name": "Usuarios Digitales Ecuador", "aliases": ["Usuarios Digitales Ecuador"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America"], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "free speech", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Transparencia de la moderación privada de contenidos-una mirada de las propuestas de sociedad civil y legisladores de América Latina", "author": "M Pita", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Co-developed 'Estándares para una regulación democrática' and 'Declaración latinoamericana sobre transparencia de las plataformas de Internet'.", "quote": "Authorship: Observacom, Intervozes, CAinfo, TEDIC, Proledi, Usuarios Digitales, Desarrollo Digital, Ipandetec, Datos Protegidos", "page": "9", "url": "http://politicasyplanificacion.sociales.uba.ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/120/2025/08/MarinaPita-Moderacion-de-contenidos.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Latin America (digital platforms)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "UW Tech Policy Lab", "aliases": ["UW Tech Policy Lab"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university-affiliated policy research lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Produces interdisciplinary research and public-facing events to inform policymakers and the public, leverages university and industry relationships (e.g., Microsoft founding gift), and develops ethical and technical analyses shaping AI and platform policy debates.", "quote": "The Lab's core mission is technology policy research and education (including AI ethics, privacy, and platform issues) and it explicitly aims to bridge technologists and policymakers, engaging in debates and events relevant to platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://techpolicylab.uw.edu/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Uyghur Human Rights Project", "aliases": ["Uyghur Human Rights Project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The shifting landscape of global internet censorship", "author": "JL Zittrain, R Faris, H Noman, J Clark…", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Reports on human rights situations, particularly in East Turkestan, and is consequently targeted by Chinese government censorship.", "quote": "The website for the Uyghur Human Rights Project (UHRP) is also blocked in China. The site reports on the deteriorating human rights situation in East Turkestan.", "page": "12", "url": "https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2993485", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet (with focus on 45 countries)", "when": "Early 21st century to 2017"}]}, {"name": "V2Ray community", "aliases": ["V2Ray community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops anti-censorship tools and contributes to discussions for integrating circumvention features.", "quote": "the V2Ray developers... for their helpful discussions and/or for integrating TCP segmentation and/or TLS fragmentation features into their respective circumvention tools.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Vaccine Confidence Project", "aliases": ["Vaccine Confidence Project"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["health education", "public health", "vaccination"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Research note: Examining how various social media platforms have responded to COVID-19 misinformation", "author": "Krishnan, Nandita; Gu, Jiayan; Tromble, Rebekah; Abroms, Lorien C.", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Partners with social media platforms to conduct and support campaigns that promote vaccine confidence and encourage vaccination.", "quote": "In January, in partnership with Team Halo, UNICEF, NHS, and the Vaccine Confidence Project, we activated an emoji hashtag #vaccinated to show support for vaccination.", "page": "24", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/research-note-examining-how-various-social-media-platforms-have-responded-to-covid-19-misinformation", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media and messaging platforms, USA", "when": "2020-2021"}]}, {"name": "Valerian Gens", "aliases": ["Valerian Gens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ancient Rome"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "political equality"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La scelta del \"Princeps senatus\"\"\"", "author": "Mora, Fabio", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Occasionally held the position of *princeps senatus*, serving as a counterweight to the dominance of other major clans like the Cornelii, indicating their participation in the struggle for influence over Senate leadership and moderation.", "quote": "ed occasionalmente affidata, in funzione anti-cornelia, a Valerii e Claudii per un solo quinquennio a testa.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/4436707", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ancient Rome", "when": "Republican Rome (4th-1st century BCE)"}]}, {"name": "Valeurs Actuelles", "aliases": ["Valeurs Actuelles"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "far-right ideology", "free speech", "harm reduction"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "«La loi Avia muselle la liberté d'expression»: stratégies numériques discursives et médiatiques de l'extrême droite", "author": "V Lambert, C Bouzereau…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes weekly news and opinion articles as part of the far-right's media ecosystem, employing specific discursive strategies to reinforce collective identity, legitimize their political agenda, and challenge the application of 'hate speech' labels to their content, particularly regarding the Avia law.", "quote": "Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur trois médias : ... 3. Valeurs Actuelles (VA) magazine hebdomadaire d'actualité et d'opinion fondé en 1966.", "page": "4", "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05012460/", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France, online media", "when": "2019–2020"}]}, {"name": "Vanguard America", "aliases": ["Vanguard America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["far right ideology", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Participated in offline rallies (Charlottesville), with a member committing a violent act, demonstrating the link between online rhetoric and offline violence.", "quote": "Right rally in Charlottesville... attended by Richard Spencer, David Duke, the Klan, League of the South, Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights, Daily Stormer clubs, Traditionalist Worker Party, Vanguard America...", "page": "55", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Varieties of Democracy Institute", "aliases": ["Varieties of Democracy Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Gulf countries", "Lebanon", "Libya", "Morocco", "Syria", "Tunisia"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La primavera marroquí y la labor gubernamental del PJD: moderación ideológica y centralidad política", "author": "MD Merras", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Evaluates and ranks political regimes based on democracy indices, influencing public discourse and providing a reference for political leaders and academics on the state of political freedoms and rights. This contributes to norm-setting and evaluation of political moderation.", "quote": "El uso de índices de democracia, como los elaborados por instituciones como Freedom House (FH), The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS) o el instituto Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), está muy extendido por parte de académicos, así como por analistas y periodistas.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.comares.com/media/comares/files/book-attachment-7137.pdf#page=31", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, specifically Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Lebanon, Syria, and Gulf countries", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Arab Spring)"}]}, {"name": "Various Catholic Religious Orders (collectively as members of Roman Congregations)", "aliases": ["Various Catholic Religious Orders (collectively as members of Roman Congregations)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'INDEX AT-IL UN STYLE? REMARQUES SUR LA CENSURE ROMAINE COMME PRATIQUE PERFORMATIVE, XVIIE-XIXE SIÈCLES", "author": "MP Donato", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Members of these diverse religious orders served as 'qualificatores' (qualified censors) within the Roman Congregations, influencing censorship decisions through their distinct theological traditions, interpretations, and sometimes inter-order rivalries, thereby shaping doctrine.", "quote": "sous Innocent XI, le tribunal compte parmi ses qualificatores, outre les dominicains, des mineurs conventuels, théatins, jésuites, capucins, somasques, bénédictins, augustiniens (trois, pour être précis, signe tangible des nouveaux équilibres)", "page": "7", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/d7c8ba5cb4cfa3a4b0ead22f6be4cd07/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=41429", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Rome, Italy", "when": "17th-19th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Various human rights organizations and NGOs", "aliases": ["Various human rights organizations and NGOs"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["equality", "free speech", "freedom of association", "human rights", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Defining Online Hate and Its “Public Lives”: What is the Place for “Extreme Speech”?", "author": "Gagliardone, Iginio", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Wrote an open letter to the UN Human Rights Council, raising concerns that 'countering and preventing violent extremism' initiatives could undermine human rights, privacy, and freedom of expression.", "quote": "In March 2016, the NGO Article 19, along with 58 human rights organizations and NGOs, wrote an open letter to the UN Human Rights Council, urging them to consider serious concerns about certain initiatives around countering and preventing violent extremism.", "page": "9", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms with regional specificities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Various Portuguese Monastic Provinces (St. Mary of Arrábida, St. Francis of Algarve, St. Francis of Portugal, Discalced Augustinians)", "aliases": ["Various Portuguese Monastic Provinces (St. Mary of Arrábida, St. Francis of Algarve, St. Francis of Portugal, Discalced Augustinians)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Portugal"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious education", "religious observance"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-19th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reformismo Ilustrado, censura e prá ticas de leitura: usos do livro na Amé rica Portuguesa", "author": "LC Villalta", "year": "1999", "mechanism": "These various monastic provinces and congregations had their libraries granted licenses for prohibited books, reflecting their ongoing engagement with scholarly and theological pursuits.", "quote": "Entre 1772 e 1777, assim, foram beneficiadas com licenças de tipo 1, graças a requerimentos de reitores, priores, provinciais ou procuradores da mitra, as livrarias dos seguintes colégios, congregações, mosteiros ou dioceses: ... os mosteiros das províncias de S. Maria de Arrábida, de São Francisco dos Algarves e de São Francisco de Portugal e da Congregação dos Agostinhos Descalços de Portugal e Seus Dominios", "page": "260", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-14122009-115825/en.php", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Portuguese America and Portugal", "when": "16th-19th centuries, particularly 1750-1822"}]}, {"name": "Various Research Institutes (Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, USC’s McNeely Center)", "aliases": ["Various Research Institutes (Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, USC’s McNeely Center)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Research center"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic research", "ai safety", "algorithmic accountability", "responsible ai", "risk management"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Host programs related to T&S topics, Responsible AI, and algorithmic auditing; convene representatives across sectors; catalog knowledge; translate scholarship for practitioners; maintain a database of AI incidents.", "quote": "Research communities and universities also serve as useful spaces for convening representatives from across sectors, cataloging knowledge, and translating scholarship for practitioners. Research institutes like Data & Society, Stanford’s Internet Observatory, Columbia University T&S Tooling Consortium, and USC’s McNeely Center all host programs related to T&S topics, RAI, and algorithmic auditing.", "page": "268", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "Various Spanish Universities", "aliases": ["Various Spanish Universities"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic standards", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-18th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "<i>La Celestina</i> en el <i>Índice</i>: Argumentos de una censura", "author": "Gagliardi, Donatella", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provided expert opinions and advice to the Supreme Council of the Inquisition regarding the potential adoption of stricter censorship rules (Regula septima) for profane literature.", "quote": "El Consejo Supremo de la Inquisición consultó entonces a distintas universidades y letrados acerca de tal eventualidad.", "page": "2", "url": "https://turia.uv.es/index.php/celestinesca/article/view/20069", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Portugal", "when": "16th, 17th, and 18th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Vatican (Holy See)", "aliases": ["Vatican (Holy See)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious morality"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Geographies of global Internet censorship", "author": "Warf, Barney", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Called for restrictions on the Internet's \"radical libertarianism\"\" and contributed to the government shutdown of websites critical of Catholicism in Italy.\"", "quote": "In Italy, the Vatican called for restric-tions on the Internet's \"radical libertarianism", "page": "and the Italian government has shut down websites critical of Catholicism.\"", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10708-010-9393-3", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Worldwide", "when": "post-2000s"}]}, {"name": "VAUNET - Verband Privater Medien", "aliases": ["VAUNET - Verband Privater Medien"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / trade association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "1990", "mechanism": "VAUNET represents ~160 members, publishes policy positions and studies (EU Manifesto, market reports), co-initiates self-regulatory bodies and technical service providers to shape platform and regulatory practice.", "quote": "VAUNET represents private broadcasters on regulatory and policy issues (EU Manifesto, self-regulation co-initiatives) and frames its role in combating disinformation and shaping regulatory/technical frameworks for media distribution.", "page": "", "url": "https://vau.net/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Veganismo Popular", "aliases": ["Veganismo Popular"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["accessibility", "inclusion"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Práticas Vernaculares de Moderação Online em Grupos do Facebook", "author": "TR da Silva", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The group's administrators maintain 17 rules that ensure adherence to a specific definition of 'popular' and 'accessible' veganism, moderate discussions, and prohibit the mention or suggestion of certain ingredients deemed 'elitist' or economically inaccessible to the majority of the Brazilian population.", "quote": "o foco do grupo é postagem de refeições 100% vegetais e populares, seguindo a definição de popular como o que é de fácil acesso e possível de ser adquirido pela maior parte das pessoas”", "page": "11", "url": "https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/paradoxos/article/download/53624/29363", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook groups, Brazil", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Veille et Analyse TICE discussion list", "aliases": ["Veille et Analyse TICE discussion list"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property", "media control", "state control"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chapitre 16-Animation et modération des communautés virtuelles d'enseignants", "author": "A Daele", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "The 'creator-animator-moderator' is described as 'omnipotent,' controlling all tools, deciding which messages are transmitted, managing subscriptions, leading debates, and providing information.", "quote": "Le « créateur-animatcur-modérateur » de la liste Veille et Analyse TICE est « omnipotent », décidant des messages transmis, abonnements, menant les débats et apportant des informations, contrôlant seul tous les outils.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.torrossa.com/gs/resourceProxy?an=5091591&publisher=FZ2990#page=227", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "French-speaking academic and professional contexts, focusing on virtual communities of teachers", "when": "Late 20th century - early 21st century (up to 2004)"}]}, {"name": "Venerable-lineage societies", "aliases": ["Venerable-lineage societies"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "national identity", "tradition"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1962, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Attacking textbooks and library materials in schools, often aligning with other groups to promote a specific patriotic or traditional viewpoint.", "quote": "Most prominent in attacking textbooks and what Dr. Lewis Allbee called '20th Century library trash' have been veterans' groups and 'venerable-lineage societies,' plus such newer bodies as the White Citizens Councils, the John Birch Society, the National Indignation Convention, and Texans for America.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}]}, {"name": "Vera Institute of Justice", "aliases": ["Vera Institute of Justice"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["criminal justice reform", "economic efficiency", "human rights", "public safety"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Penal moderation in the United States? Yes we can", "author": "M Bosworth", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Develops comprehensive blueprints for reducing mass incarceration ('downsizing prisons'), critiques the economic burden of criminal justice systems, and conducts public hearings and prison visits to identify concerns and good practices.", "quote": "One model he might wish to emulate is that of the Vera Institute of Justice in New York City that conducted public hearings and prison visits over a 15-month period.", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/crpp10&section=39", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "United States, California (with comparative notes on Europe)", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century (post-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "Verantwortung von Plattformen bei Hass im Netz und Grenzen von ...", "aliases": ["Verantwortung von Plattformen bei Hass im Netz und Grenzen von ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["forum / civil society initiative"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes formal 'Forderungen' and position papers, organises CGF-Academy and delegation trips to bring demands to Berlin, and calls for enforcement of the DSA and state-supported alternatives to Big Tech.", "quote": "Publishes explicit platform governance positions (e.g. on hate online, Digital Services Act, alternatives to Big Tech) and runs advocacy and capacity-building activities targeting platform policies and public infrastructure.", "page": "", "url": "https://common-grounds-forum.org/forderungen-2024/verantwortung-von-plattformen-bei-hass-im-netz-und-grenzen-von-rede-und-meinungsfreiheit", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Verband der Deutschen Journalisten (VDJ)", "aliases": ["Verband der Deutschen Journalisten (VDJ)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["German Democratic Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional freedom", "professional standards"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1949, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship as a Vocation: The Institutions, Practices, and Cultural Logic of Media Control in the German Democratic Republic", "author": "Boyer, Dominic", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Initially sought to maintain professional freedom for journalists and autonomous professional standards in Weimar-era journalism, but was eventually broken by the SED party-state through pressure and attrition. It was integrated by 1960 into a subsidiary role within the state's media control system, with party-supervised training replacing its advocacy for autonomous standards.", "quote": "Although the union and its membership of professional journalists initially sought to win back the relative professional freedom of Weimar-era journalism, the SED finally broke the VDJ as an autonomous institution through pressure and attrition and integrated them by 1960 into a subsidiary role in the Lenkungssystem.", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417503000240/type/journal_article", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "German Democratic Republic (GDR)", "when": "19th-20th century (specifically 1949-1990)"}]}, {"name": "Verband Deutscher Komponisten", "aliases": ["Verband Deutscher Komponisten"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "content control", "socialism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A party-affiliated organization that represented composers in the GDR, using 'professional discussion' as a mechanism for control and later criticizing state-imposed working methods.", "quote": "These two musical enemies had been publicly identified shortly before Stakuko was founded, by Ernst Hermann Meyer, speaking at the founding congress of the Verband Deutscher Komponisten (VDK), the Party organisation formed to represent composers in the GDR, in April 1951.", "page": "91", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Verband Deutscher Komponisten (Association of German Composers)", "aliases": ["Verband Deutscher Komponisten (Association of German Composers)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "political orthodoxy", "professional well-being", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As a party organization for composers, it was involved in debates on controversial compositions, initially identifying musical 'enemies' and later criticizing the state's over-bureaucratic methods.", "quote": "Meyer’s view, which was adopted in its entirety by Stakuko, was that the music of the Second Viennese school and its followers presented only a deceptive outward appearance of being progressive and anti-bourgeois.", "page": "88", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband (vzbv)", "aliases": ["Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband (vzbv)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer protection federation / advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation; EU Trusted Flaggers", "year": "1953", "mechanism": "vzbv publishes studies and policy positions, litigates (Musterklagen) against companies, and participates in regulatory consultations to shape platform and AI rules.", "quote": "vzbv works on platform regulation, digital rights and AI (references to DSA, AI Act) and calls for platform accountability and marketplace responsibility.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.vzbv.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Verein Mimikama", "aliases": ["Verein Mimikama"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An Austrian non-profit association involved in fact-checking and clarifying fake news and disinformation, particularly in the German-speaking region.", "quote": "In particular the fact finders of the ARD [...], the non-profit research centre Correctiv [...] and the Austrian non-profit association Verein Mimikama [...] were or are concerned with clarification of fake news in Germany.", "page": "36", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Vereine des Auslandsdeutschtums (Associations of Germans Abroad)", "aliases": ["Vereine des Auslandsdeutschtums (Associations of Germans Abroad)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Aided the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV) in distributing propaganda to the foreign press, thereby promoting the German revisionist perspective abroad.", "quote": "It was aided in these endeavors not only by the Hamburg Board of Trade (Max Warburg, Wilhelm Cuno), but also by the World Council of Churches, and the Vereine des Auslandsdeutschtums.", "page": "22", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (Verdi, United Services Trade Union)", "aliases": ["Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (Verdi, United Services Trade Union)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": ["modérateur de débat"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'«animateur de communauté politique»: Faits, réflexions et hypothèses", "author": "LA Hübner", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Establishes collective agreements that define salaries for political party staff, thereby indirectly influencing the resources and professional conditions for community managers and their moderation practices.", "quote": "Carsten, les salaires concernent les employés de notre siège social. Ils sont rémunérés selon une convention collective du syndicat Verdi.", "page": "16", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/comprof/article/view/463", "topic": "modérateur de débat", "language": "French", "where": "Facebook pages of German political parties", "when": "2013 German federal election campaign (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Vereniging Community Management NL", "aliases": ["Vereniging Community Management NL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["professional development"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Indispensable Role of BPOs in Trust and Safety", "author": "RL Guevara, L Taylor, J Claffey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "A Dutch association for community management, officially incorporated to serve professionals in the field.", "quote": "Vereniging Community Management NL, the Dutch Association for Community Management, with the organisation officially incorporating as an association in 2012.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-13&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global online platforms and digital ecosystems", "when": "Late 20th century to present, with future outlook"}]}, {"name": "Vereniging Community Management NL (Dutch Association for Community Management)", "aliases": ["Vereniging Community Management NL (Dutch Association for Community Management)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Professional body"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community support"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Incorporated as an association to support community management professionals.", "quote": "That same year, community manager Kirsten Wagenaar spearheaded Vereniging Community Management NL, the Dutch Association for Community Management, with the organisation officially incorporating as an association in 2012.", "page": "77", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Vereniging vir die Vrye Boek (Association for the Free Book)", "aliases": ["Vereniging vir die Vrye Boek (Association for the Free Book)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Launched an initiative to 'free' Afrikaans books, implicitly advocating against state censorship and for literary freedom.", "quote": "Vereniging vir die Vrye Boek, wat Van Wyk Louw, J. du P. Scholtz en andere in die jare dertig geloods het om die Afrikaanse boek te bevry, slegs twee jaar bestaan het.", "page": "6", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Vertrauensmodell - TeleTrusT - Bundesverband IT-Sicherheit e.V. ...", "aliases": ["Vertrauensmodell - TeleTrusT - Bundesverband IT-Sicherheit e.V. ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / standards & trust services association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Infrastructural governance", "Prosocial content moderation", "Security", "Standard setting", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "TeleTrusT produces publications and Stellungnahmen, operates certification and training schemes, organizes conferences and working groups with industry partners (e.g., Microsoft, FIDO) to shape standards and practices for platform security and trustworthy AI.", "quote": "TeleTrusT publishes positions, runs working groups (e.g., 'Secure Platform', 'Sichere KI'), produces guidance and standards on trust services and security that shape platform security, AI safety, and trust infrastructure used by consumer-facing platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.teletrust.de/publikationen/broschueren/vertrauensmodell/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Veterans associations and patriotic groups", "aliases": ["Veterans associations and patriotic groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["historical narrative", "national identity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1985, "when_max": 1995, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'esprit de censure: nouvelles censures et nouveaux débats sur la liberté d'expression", "author": "M Angenot", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "Used judicial harassment to prevent the broadcast of a documentary film deemed to defame Canadian forces during WWII, influencing the 'official' historical narrative.", "quote": "judiciaire de la part des associations d'anciens combattants et groupements patriotiques en 1992 et 1993: ce feuilleton documentaire sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale... aurait diffamé celles-ci.", "page": "32", "url": "http://marcangenot.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Esprit-censure.pdf", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "USA, Canada, France", "when": "1985–1995"}]}, {"name": "Veterans' Associations", "aliases": ["Veterans' Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national identity"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["early modern to mid-20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censure et société", "author": "Burgelin, Olivier", "year": "1967", "mechanism": "As part of the 'censoring groups' (groupes censurants), they exert pressure on the State and its censorship commissions to ensure cultural production aligns with their perspectives, influencing the diffusion of messages.", "quote": "La Censure fondamentale est, dans les sociétés modernes, soutenue et parfois apparemment imposée par un certain nombre de groupes clairement identifiables (ligues familiales, églises, ligues de moralité...) que nous appellerons les groupes censurants.", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.persee.fr/doc/comm_0588-8018_1967_num_9_1_1134", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "Western democracies, France", "when": "Early modern to mid-20th century, with a focus on mid-20th century"}]}, {"name": "Veterans' groups", "aliases": ["Veterans' groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-communism", "national identity", "public morals"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1962, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Attacking textbooks in schools, often based on claims of 'un-Americanism' or perceived communist ties, to influence school curricula and library content.", "quote": "Most prominent in attacking textbooks and what Dr. Lewis Allbee called '20th Century library trash' have been veterans' groups and 'venerable-lineage societies,' plus such newer bodies as the White Citizens Councils, the John Birch Society, the National Indignation Convention, and Texans for America.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}]}, {"name": "Vi skal IKKE forbyde sociale medier til de unge - vi skal redesigne dem", "aliases": ["Vi skal IKKE forbyde sociale medier til de unge - vi skal redesigne dem"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / communications arm of a trade union"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Prosocial content moderation", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "DM Kommunikation publishes analysis and opinion pieces calling for regulatory and design changes to platforms, citing research and examples to shape public debate and policy preferences.", "quote": "DM Kommunikation (communication outlet of Danish union DM) publishes commentary advocating prosocial redesign of social media and policy demands, but platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://dm.dk/kom/alle-artikler/2025/vi-skal-ikke-forbyde-sociale-medier-til-de-unge-vi-skal-redesigne-dem/?ref=copenhagen-review-of-communication.com", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Vibrant Communities", "aliases": ["Vibrant Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO / network / social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "Haiti", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["poverty reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can the power of platforms be harnessed for governance?", "author": "Ansell, Christopher; Miura, Satoshi", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A network of urban collaboratives that supports local anti-poverty campaigns by providing coaching, training, expertise, financial support, and evaluation assistance, aiding in the co-creation of innovative anti-poverty interventions.", "quote": "A positive example of a co-creation platform is Vibrant Communities (VC), which has been described as 'a network of urban collaboratives committed to substantially reducing poverty through multisectoral and comprehensive local action'...", "page": "11", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/padm.12636", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from Europe, North America, Haiti)", "when": "Post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Vicaría Eclesiástica de Madrid", "aliases": ["Vicaría Eclesiástica de Madrid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Colonial Mexico", "Portugal", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["doctrinal orthodoxy", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1720, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Las redes de la censura: el Consejo de Castilla y la censura libraria en el siglo XVIII", "author": "V Pampliega Pedreira", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "A key institution used by the Council of Castile to evaluate all types of manuscripts, especially religious ones, functioning as a qualified censor and assuming responsibility for judgments.", "quote": "Al Vicario de Madrid acudía el Consejo de Castilla para la censura de todo tipo de obras, no solo las de contenido religioso como son, por ejemplo, las piezas teatrales. El Vicario comisionaba para la revisión a su Teniente, a clérigos de conventos, parroquias o capellanías de la capital, o a laicos de confianza, quienes realizaban el encargo sin ninguna remuneración.", "page": "312", "url": "https://docta.ucm.es/bitstreams/41e50c4b-bc0d-4a6d-aad3-6f0c4397d73e/download", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain, Portugal, Colonial Mexico", "when": "18th century (with focus on 1720-1749, 1756-1763, 1770-1799)"}]}, {"name": "Videazimut", "aliases": ["Videazimut"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["communication rights", "public deliberation"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized a virtual conference to facilitate and shape a public debate on the right to communicate, acting as a platform for collective reflection and norm-setting among independent video artists and community television representatives.", "quote": "Organisée par Videazimut, coalition transnationale de vidéastes indépendants et de représentants de télévisions communautaires, la Conférence virtuelle sur le droit à communiquer et la communication des droits est plus issue du deuxième mouvement que du premier, même si les promoteurs de celle-ci ont espéré rassembler ces mouvements et promouvoir le dialogue entre eux.", "page": "3", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}]}, {"name": "Video Standards Council", "aliases": ["Video Standards Council"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["ratings authority / standards body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Operates as a ratings and standards body producing age classifications and guidance to shape distribution, parental controls, and consumer awareness around game content and safety.", "quote": "Provides age ratings and guidance for video games and parental controls, which touches content classification and child-safety aspects of platformized content governance but is focused on games ratings rather than platform policy.", "page": "", "url": "https://gamesratingauthority.org.uk/RatingBoard/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Vidéomans (Malian content creators/citizen journalists)", "aliases": ["Vidéomans (Malian content creators/citizen journalists)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic opportunity", "entertainment", "free speech", "political dissent", "public discourse"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Produce and disseminate video content on social platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok), acting as informal media, influencing public opinion, mobilizing citizens, and sometimes spreading propaganda or disinformation, leading to ethical and regulatory challenges.", "quote": "Les 'vidéomans' au Mali... produisent et diffusent des contenus vidéo sur des plateformes sociales telles que Facebook, Instagram, YouTube et Tik Tok en direct... Leur contenu varie entre authenticité et propagande, soulevant des questions réglementaires importantes.", "page": "2", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Vienna Psychoanalytic Society", "aliases": ["Vienna Psychoanalytic Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Austria", "Germany", "Hungary"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The suppression and censorship of Ferenczi's confusion of Tongues paper", "author": "Rachman, Arnold Wm.", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Provided a forum where Ferenczi's ideas were presented, but also contributed to his marginalization by interpreting his deviations from classical therapeutic approaches as signs of physical and emotional deterioration.", "quote": "In these presentations Ferenczi was honestly outlining his emerging relaxation therapy. ... No one contradicted Ferenczi's 'amazing answer,' attributing his 'gross deviation from Freud's classical therapeutic approach' as a sign of his physical and emotional deterioration due to the disease...", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351699709534142", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "International psychoanalytic community, with focus on Vienna (Austria), Wiesbaden (Germany), and Hungary", "when": "Early to late 20th century (1900s-1990s), with primary focus on the 1930s."}]}, {"name": "Vietnam Fine Arts Association", "aliases": ["Vietnam Fine Arts Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural policy", "national identity", "political ideology", "state control"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE ART OF CENSORSHIP IN VIETNAM", "author": "Libby, Samantha", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "Acted as a state-managed gatekeeper, controlling the exhibition of art and thereby limiting artistic expression to state-approved styles, primarily socialist-realist and nationalistic art.", "quote": "This meant that an artist's only chance to show his or her work was through the state-managed Vietnam Fine Arts Association. Since the country was closed and the state was the only patron of the arts, exposure to the contemporary art world was minimal at best, and nationalistic art portraying courageous workers and Ho Chi Minh in various poses inundated the scene.", "page": "5", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Vietnam General Confederation of Labor", "aliases": ["Vietnam General Confederation of Labor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["political control", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Is the umbrella union organization for the Party and publishes the newspaper Lao Động (Labor), which contributes to the state-supervised media discourse.", "quote": "Lao Động (Labor) is the publication of the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor, the party's umbrella union organization, and does not publish its circulation numbers.", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "VietNamNet", "aliases": ["VietNamNet"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Vietnam"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "economic development", "journalistic standards", "public interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam", "author": "Cain, Geoffrey", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "As a liberal and partially state-owned online news site, it pushed the limits in uncovering government and business malaise and contributed to the professionalization of Vietnamese journalism, though sometimes facing direct reprisals like leadership removal and hacking attacks for its bold reporting.", "quote": "In 2007, the liberal and partially state-owned news site VietNamNet joined the list of the country's most popular online publications, claiming to attract 4 million viewers who generated one hundred million page views per day (Nguyen 2007).", "page": "11", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161213508814", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Vietnam", "when": "2010–2012"}]}, {"name": "Vigilante Activist Groups and Politically Active Citizens", "aliases": ["Vigilante Activist Groups and Politically Active Citizens"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Asia Pacific", "Nordic countries", "Singapore"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Tumblr", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent", "risk management"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From “Networked Publics” to “Refracted Publics”: A Companion Framework for Researching “Below the Radar” Studies", "author": "Abidin, Crystal", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These groups use memes to encode criticism toward politicians and the government, leveraging plausible deniability to avoid punitive sanctions while influencing public opinion.", "quote": "Among vigilante activist groups and politically active citizens in my research on politicians' adoption of Influencer techniques (...) memes are a popular way of encoding criticism toward politicians and the government with the allowance of plausible deniability to worm one's way of out punitive sanctions.", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305120984458", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore, Asia Pacific, Nordic countries, and beyond, across social media platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, YouTube)", "when": "2009–2020"}]}, {"name": "Vigilante user groups / 'boob police'", "aliases": ["Vigilante user groups / 'boob police'"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["platform standards", "public morals", "traditional gender norms"], "topics": ["community guidelines"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2018, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gender moderation and moderating gender: Sexual content policies in Twitch’s community guidelines", "author": "Zolides, Andrew", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Formed by groups of vigilante users who actively patrolled female streamers' channels on Twitch, identifying and reporting content they deemed to violate new sexual content policies (e.g., sexually suggestive attire, 'camgirls'). Their actions aimed to enforce platform norms and 'cleanse' the platform according to their interpretations of the rules.", "quote": "Within the first month following the 19 February update, groups of vigilante users began patrolling female streamers channels looking for violators of the new policy. These “boob police” (D’Anastasio, 2018) took it upon themselves to cleanse the channel of what they viewed as camgirls ruining the purity of the Twitch platform.", "page": "13", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444820942483", "topic": "community guidelines", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch (live-streaming platform)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, specifically 2018"}]}, {"name": "Vihara Karangjati", "aliases": ["Vihara Karangjati"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["altruism", "personal growth", "spiritual well-being"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Organizes interfaith meditation sessions to strengthen spirituality and curb egoism among young people from different religious affiliations.", "quote": "Vihara Karangjati routinely organizes interfaith meditation sessions that attract many young people, especially students. This meditation encourages young people from different religious affiliations to strengthen their spirituality through self-dialogue.", "page": "21", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Vilaweb", "aliases": ["Vilaweb"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Catalonia", "Spain"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Audiencias activas y modelos de participación en los medios de comunicación españoles", "author": "P Masip, J Suau", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Vilaweb encourages users to influence staff decisions, suggest topics for content, and host blogs on the medium's website without prior editorial control. This model allows for community-driven content shaping and a form of self-moderation for user-generated blogs.", "quote": "In Vilaweb, users might even influence staff decisions and the process of information production. Subscribed users receive a digest version of the contents the medium is planning to include for the next day, and might answer suggesting topics or ways of dealing with information.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/download/274308/364480", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain and Catalonia", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "Village Pacts / Pidou (Struggle Sessions during Cultural Revolution)", "aliases": ["Village Pacts / Pidou (Struggle Sessions during Cultural Revolution)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["social conformity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Functioned as pre-digital forms of public shaming and denunciation in China to enforce political and social norms, particularly during the Cultural Revolution.", "quote": "Vigilant audiences are an extension of public and pre-digital gatherings like ... China’s village pact or ‘pidou’ during the Cultural Revolution (Huang et al., 2020)", "page": "19", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Violence Prevention Network", "aliases": ["Violence Prevention Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["practitioner hub; civil society organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Counter-extremism", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Christchurch Call", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Produces toolkits and monitoring toolboxes, provides practitioner training and policy advice to international bodies, participates in GIFCT working groups and supports platforms with deplatforming and re-direction interventions.", "quote": "Works on preventing and countering violent extremism with explicit activities addressing online radicalisation, supporting platform and host service providers in deplatforming and re-direction, and membership in GIFCT Working Groups.", "page": "", "url": "https://violence-prevention-network.com/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Violence Prevention Network (Germany)", "aliases": ["Violence Prevention Network (Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Received EU funding to establish a 'European Platform of Deradicalising Narratives,' participating in counter-radicalisation efforts by promoting specific narratives.", "quote": "Germany's Violence Prevention Network received over €268,000 in 2011 to establish a ‘European Platform of Deradicalising Narratives'", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Violetas del Anáhuac (periodical)", "aliases": ["Violetas del Anáhuac (periodical)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "voting rights", "women's empowerment"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "A feminist periodical edited by Laureana Wright that supported women's suffrage and aimed to value women, contributing to the early feminist movement in Mexico.", "quote": "Otra editora de revistas femeninas fue Laureana Wright, quien apoyaba el sufragio femenino y fundó las revistas de Violetas del Anáhuac, La Abeja y La Mujer Mexicana, en las que se intentaba valorar a las mujeres.", "page": "283", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Virtual Educa", "aliases": ["Virtual Educa"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Mexico"], "media": ["online chat platforms"], "norms": ["educational development", "technological innovation"], "topics": ["moderación de debates"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación a través de chat y su relación con la participación y construcción del conocimiento. Aplicación y análisis en la región de Sonora, México", "author": "MM Martínez Preciado", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Participates in collaborations, such as the Horizon Report, to identify and analyze technological trends affecting higher education, thereby influencing discussions and strategies for integrating technology into educational processes.", "quote": "Perspectivas Tecnológicas > Educación Superior en América Latina 2013-2018, un análisis regional del Informe Horizon del NMC, producto de la colaboración entre New Media Consortium (NMC), Centro Superior para la Enseñanza Virtual (CSEV) y Virtual Educa...", "page": "174", "url": "https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/128224", "topic": "moderación de debates", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexican universities (specifically University of Sonora), online chat platforms, Sonora region, Mexico", "when": "2012–2015 (academic years 2012-13 and 2013-14)"}]}, {"name": "Virtual Racism, Real Consequences (campaign)", "aliases": ["Virtual Racism, Real Consequences (campaign)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-racism", "public shaming", "social accountability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Brazilian campaign that copied racist Facebook and Twitter comments and published them on billboards near perpetrators' homes to shame them and combat racism.", "quote": "A Brazilian campaign, “Virtual Racism, Real Consequences”, used a similar strategy as Zlovenija as it copied racist Facebook and Twitter comments from public profiles.", "page": "224", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Virtue AI", "aliases": ["Virtue AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": [], "media": ["GPT-4o"], "norms": ["safety"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "OpenAI et al. - 2024 - GPT-4o System Card", "author": "", "year": "", "mechanism": "Participated in external red-teaming efforts for GPT-4o, helping to test models at early stages of development and informing risk assessments and mitigation strategies.", "quote": "We are grateful to our expert testers and red teamers who helped test our models at early stages of development and informed our risk assessments as well as the System Card output. Participation in this red teaming process is not an endorsement of the deployment plans of OpenAI or OpenAI’s policies.", "page": "28", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "GPT-4o", "when": "2023-2024"}]}, {"name": "Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi)", "aliases": ["Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Moderation Theory Revisited: The Case of Islamic Political Actors", "author": "Tezcür, Günes Murat", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Adopted a pro-European Union (EU) stance and moderated its positions, hoping that the EU process would promote democracy in Turkey, primarily driven by the priority of organizational survival after its predecessor party was banned.", "quote": "As Michels might have predicted, organizational survival became the main priority of the Virtue Party (Fazilet Partisi-VP), which was established in 1997 instead of the WP. The VP adopted a pro-European Union (EU) stance, hoping that the EU process would make Turkey more democratic.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068809339536", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Iran and Turkey", "when": "early 1990s–2007"}]}, {"name": "Visa Inc.", "aliases": ["Visa Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["brand reputation"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Maintains its own Terminated Merchant List database, and along with Mastercard, sets rules that payment providers using their networks must abide by, regulating transactions for adult content and services.", "quote": "Visa has its own Terminated Merchant List database. Credit card companies typically require acquiring institutions to check the databases before granting applicants merchant accounts...", "page": "71", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Vista Pátria", "aliases": ["Vista Pátria"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["conservative ideology", "electoral skepticism"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fraude nas urnas e contestação eleitoral no Brasil: análise multiplataforma de atores políticos, viés conspiratório e moderação de conteúdo", "author": "Dourado, Tatiana; Almeida, Sabrina; Piaia, Victor", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serves as a YouTube channel disseminating ultraconservative political views and contributing to the discourse of electoral distrust.", "quote": "“Folha Política\" (cobertura política alinhada ao bolsonarismo); e “Vista Pátria\"\" (cobertura política de viés ultraconservador).\"", "page": "14", "url": "http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-62762024000100206&tlng=pt", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube", "when": "November 2020"}]}, {"name": "Visualization and Data Analytics Lab (ViDA)", "aliases": ["Visualization and Data Analytics Lab (ViDA)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["university research center / lab"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "VIDA produces academic research, develops methods and tools in visualization and data analysis, and collaborates with domain experts, enabling evidence and technical contributions relevant to platform and AI governance debates.", "quote": "VIDA is an NYU Tandon research center focused on visualization, imaging, and data analysis; its core mission is academic research though staff work on AI and responsible AI topics that can touch platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://engineering.nyu.edu/visualization-and-data-analytics-lab-vida", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "VNS Matrix", "aliases": ["VNS Matrix"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Protocol: how control exists after decentralization", "author": "Galloway, Alexander R.", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "A renegade group of Australian artists and activists who coined the \"Cyberfeminist Manifesto\"\" and use language", "quote": "irony", "page": "and humor to expose gendered biases in computer culture and develop 'guerrilla tactics' for cyberfeminist theory.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global networks and digital platforms", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist Party)", "aliases": ["Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Flanders"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interests", "political representation"], "topics": ["television modérateur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1953, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Politique, télévision et spectacle: le cas de la Flandre", "author": "D Biltereyst, L Desmet", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "As a new political formation, it engaged in direct protest actions and interventions, such as invading television studios during live broadcasts to brandish pamphlets, to gain media representation and public attention for its political agenda.", "quote": "Avant les années quatre- vingt, les nouvelles formations politiques menaient des actions de protestation pour obtenir une représentation... l'action lors de laquelle les membres de la Volksunie ont envahi les studios pendant la diffusion du jeu Wie weet wat pour brandir des pamphlets devant les caméras...", "page": "10", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/rec/article/download/49723/47923", "topic": "television modérateur", "language": "French", "where": "Flanders", "when": "1953-2006"}]}, {"name": "Voluntary Associations (England)", "aliases": ["Voluntary Associations (England)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["individual liberty", "privacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Operated in the private sphere, distinct from state organs, contributing to intellectual and social life outside direct state control.", "quote": "The ‘intermediate bodies’ that concern the French constitutionalists are not the ‘voluntary associations’ so important to English liberals, organizations in the private sphere as distinct from – and, at least potentially, against – organs of the state.", "page": "203", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Voluntary committee of Israeli newspaper editors", "aliases": ["Voluntary committee of Israeli newspaper editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body / community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["limited government", "national interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Formed a voluntary committee to self-impose guidelines for supervising the publication of sensitive issues, effectively acting as an institutionalized form of self-censorship to prevent formal government restrictions.", "quote": "For example, in Israel during its first decades, newspaper editors formed a voluntary committee to supervise publication of sensitive issues, to avoid formal government restrictions (Meyers, 2008).", "page": "142", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Voluntary Lawyers Network", "aliases": ["Voluntary Lawyers Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic freedom", "individual rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Social scientists under threat: Resistance and self-censorship in Turkish academia", "author": "Aktas, Vezir; Nilsson, Marco; Borell, Klas", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Collaborated with a union to create a network that provided legal support to scholars under investigation for signing the Peace Petition, helping them contest dismissals and resist state repression.", "quote": "the union and the voluntary lawyers have created a great network'. As a result of the union involvement, most scholars under investigation for having signed the Peace Petition gave the same written statement, arguing that there is no legal basis for such an investigation.", "page": "8", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00071005.2018.1502872", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Turkey", "when": "post-2016"}]}, {"name": "Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe", "aliases": ["Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["El Salvador", "Estonia", "Europe", "Guatemala", "Honduras", "Pakistan", "Turkey", "Uganda", "Zimbabwe"], "media": [], "norms": ["journalistic standards", "professional ethics"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship", "author": "", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Critiques partisan journalism and promotes professional ethics among journalists through public commentary and shaming unethical practices.", "quote": "Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe boss Lofty Dube tried to shame without naming the partisan journalists in another Facebook post", "page": "70", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000074734", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Estonia, Uganda, Europe", "when": "post-2010 platform era / contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Voluntary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry (FSK)", "aliases": ["Voluntary Self-Regulation of the Film Industry (FSK)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "platform autonomy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates a system of regulated self-control in the film industry, setting standards and potentially restricting content based on its guidelines, serving as a model for censorship indices.", "quote": "Desde 2003, o índice da BPjM é acompanhado - seguindo o modelo mais antigo da Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK) - por um \"sistema de autocontroles regulados pelo Estado\"\"\"", "page": "12", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Volunteer community moderators", "aliases": ["Volunteer community moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community development", "content moderation standards", "content quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A TOOL IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT MODERATION", "author": "Tiedekunta, Informaatioteknologian", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "These moderators act as community leaders, contributing to the growth of user numbers and the quality of contributions through thoughtful moderation. They manage day-to-day moderation on smaller scales.", "quote": "Volunteer community moderators act as community leaders and can create growth in user numbers as well as contribution quality through thoughtful moderation (Seering, 2020).", "page": "13", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms, global", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Volunteer Facebook Group Moderators", "aliases": ["Volunteer Facebook Group Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["community stability", "community well-being", "productive discourse"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Health and toxicity in content moderation: The discursive work of justification", "author": "AD Gibson, N Docherty, T Gillespie", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Perform content moderation on Facebook Groups, making decisions on deleting user content, steering discussions, and banning users to cultivate a 'productive and healthy' community environment.", "quote": "I'm a mod of this group and my job is to try to keep the conversation productive and healthy, as much as I can", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2291456", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Facebook Groups, Anglophone liberal democracies (US focus), social media platforms generally", "when": "late 20th century to present, focusing on the post-2010 social media era"}]}, {"name": "Volunteer moderation teams in online communities", "aliases": ["Volunteer moderation teams in online communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitch"], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "civility", "community development", "open discussion"], "topics": ["moderation philosophy"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderator engagement and community development in the age of algorithms", "author": "Seering, Joseph; Wang, Tony; Yoon, Jina; Kaufman, Geoff", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderator teams govern online communities by establishing and enforcing rules, responding to user misbehavior (with warnings, timeouts, or bans), mediating conflicts, educating users, and proactively monitoring content, often through collective discussion and according to a developed moderation philosophy.", "quote": "or creating safe spaces free from targeted attacks.\"", "page": "We present findings from semi-structured interviews with 56 volunteer moderators of online communities across three platforms (Twitch, Reddit, and Facebook), from which we derived a generalized model categorizing the ways moderators engage with their communities and explaining how these communities develop as a result.", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444818821316", "topic": "moderation philosophy", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch, Reddit, Facebook Groups, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Volunteer moderators (of Facebook Groups or subreddits)", "aliases": ["Volunteer moderators (of Facebook Groups or subreddits)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Fediverse", "Mastodon", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introduction to the special issue on content moderation on digital platforms", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Bellon, Anne", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Directly moderate content on platforms like Facebook Groups or subreddits by ordering posts, filtering words, and banning users, thereby enforcing community standards.", "quote": "volunteer moderation being the main rule on Facebook Groups or subreddits for example, where moderators can order posts, filter words and ban users.", "page": "8", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/introduction-content-moderation-digital-platforms", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online social platforms (Facebook, Twitter/X, YouTube, Mastodon, Fediverse) and global internet governance, particularly in European regulatory contexts.", "when": "Contemporary platform era (post-2010), with historical context."}]}, {"name": "Volunteer Moderators of Twitch Communities", "aliases": ["Volunteer Moderators of Twitch Communities"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["community values", "justice", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "After Violation But Before Sanction: Understanding Volunteer Moderators' Profiling Processes Toward Violators in Live Streaming Communities", "author": "Cai, Jie; Wohn, Donghee Yvette", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators collaboratively collect evidence and profile violators to decide appropriate punishment, aiming for integration into the community rather than excessive sanction. They act as gatekeepers and enforce community norms.", "quote": "mods engage in a complex process of collaborative evidence collection and profile violators into different categories to decide the type and extent of punishment.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3479554", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Twitch live streaming communities", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Volunteer Moderators on Twitch", "aliases": ["Volunteer Moderators on Twitch"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Twitch"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "anti-toxicity", "community values", "user conduct", "user experience"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderation visibility: Mapping the strategies of volunteer moderators in live streaming micro communities", "author": "J Cai, DY Wohn, M Almoqbel", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators actively manage online content by removing toxic messages and sanctioning anti-normative behaviors in user-governed live-streaming communities. They utilize a range of visible and invisible, communicative and technical strategies including rule echoing, setting examples, profiling viewers, and applying sanctions like timeouts or bans, often coordinating with other moderators or the streamer.", "quote": "Volunteer moderators actively engage in online content management, such as removing toxic content and sanctioning anti-normative behaviors in user-governed communities.", "page": "1", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3452918.3458796", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Twitch", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Volunteer Reddit Moderators", "aliases": ["Volunteer Reddit Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community building", "content quality", "transparency", "user education"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Does Transparency in Moderation Really Matter?: User Behavior After Content Removal Explanations on Reddit", "author": "Jhaver, Shagun; Bruckman, Amy; Gilbert, Eric", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer Reddit moderators regulate individual subreddits by setting community rules, removing content that violates these rules, and responding to user inquiries. They often use automated tools like AutoModerator to assist in these tasks and can choose to provide explanations for content removals.", "quote": "When a submission is removed on Reddit, moderators can choose to provide the submitter with an explanation for why this removal occurred.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359252", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Volunteers of America", "aliases": ["Volunteers of America"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Privatizzazione della censura e Internet platforms: la libertà d’espressione e i nuovi censori dell’agorà digitale", "author": "Monti, Matteo", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Was permitted by a private entity (Lloyd Center) to conduct activities and distribute materials, indicating the private entity's selective content policies.", "quote": "...permettendo le attività della American legion, della Salvation Army, dei Volunteers of America e dei candidati presidenziali di entrambi i principali partiti, dall'altra vietando le manifestazioni della March of Dimes e della Hadassah.", "page": "8", "url": "https://doi.org/10.32091/RIID0003", "topic": "", "language": "Italian", "where": "Internet platforms (US, Europe, Italy)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical US legal context"}]}, {"name": "Voqal Fund", "aliases": ["Voqal Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic nonprofit; grantmaker"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Voqal funds community organizers and social entrepreneurs, convenes allies, and publicly voices policy positions, using grantmaking and convening power to influence social and digital inclusion outcomes.", "quote": "Voqal conducts grantmaking, fellowships, and provides affordable mobile internet to nonprofits and voices support or opposition on policies, which can touch on platform-related access and policy debates though platform governance is not its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://voqal.org/our-work/making-grants/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "VOX (Osservatorio Italiano sui Diritti)", "aliases": ["VOX (Osservatorio Italiano sui Diritti)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["European Union", "Italy"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "free speech", "harm reduction", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "I rischi della datificazione per la libertà di espressione: un'analisi dell'hate speech sui social media", "author": "P ROMAGNOLI", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and publishes maps (e.g., 'Mappa dell'Intolleranza') that monitor the prevalence and targets of hate speech on social media in Italy.", "quote": "VOX (Osservatorio italiano sui diritti), Mappa dell'intolleranza 7.0, 2022. Disponibile al link: <https://www.retecontrolodio.org/cmswp/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Mappa-dellIntolleranza-7.pdf>", "page": "15", "url": "https://thesis.unipd.it/handle/20.500.12608/55683", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Twitter, TikTok), Europe, Italy", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Vox Diritti", "aliases": ["Vox Diritti"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "human rights"], "topics": ["moderazione dei media"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Ripensare il cyberbullismo tra social media e messaggi d'odio. Pratiche, ibridazioni e traiettorie di ricerca", "author": "R Rega, A Lovari", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "It engages in various initiatives to combat the spread of hate speech, emphasizing the critical role of the internet and social media in exacerbating these problems.", "quote": "Le numerose iniziative di contrasto messe in campo da organizzazioni non governative e gruppi della società civile (Amnesty International Italia, Lunaria, Vox Diritti, ecc.) hanno evidenziato il ruolo importante che Internet e i social media svolgono nell'amplificazione di queste problematiche.", "page": "3", "url": "https://iris.uniroma1.it/handle/11573/1336206", "topic": "moderazione dei media", "language": "Italian", "where": "online public debate, social media, Italy, Europe, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "VOX-Pol Network of Excellence", "aliases": ["VOX-Pol Network of Excellence"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["academic research network"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "scientific integrity"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The legal response of western democracies to online terrorism and extremism: and its impact on the right to privacy and freedom of expression", "author": "Ramati, Nery; !184152666!Dublin City University ; ID: gnd/2145435-8", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Funds and helps organize workshops focused on researching the prevalence, contours, functions, impacts, and responses to violent online political extremism, contributing to academic discourse and solutions.", "quote": "This report is an output from a workshop organised jointly by VOX-Pol and the Oxford Internet Institute in May 2018. The workshop was titled ‘Combating Online Extremism: State, Private Sector and Civil Society Responses’...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (social media, messaging apps, webforums), Europe and North America, globally", "when": "mid-2000s to 2019"}]}, {"name": "VPN Gate Academic Experiment Project", "aliases": ["VPN Gate Academic Experiment Project"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["community/collective / academic safety / evals organisation"], "countries": ["China", "Egypt", "Global", "Iran", "Libya", "Myanmar", "Sudan", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems", "author": "Khattak, Sheharbano; Elahi, Tariq; Simon, Laurent; Swanson, Colleen M.; Murdoch, Steven J.; Goldberg, Ian", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Operates a volunteer-organized public VPN relay system to provide censorship resistance, allowing users to bypass government firewalls and access blocked content.", "quote": "\"VPN Gate: A Volunteer-Organized Public VPN Relay System with Blocking Resistance for Bypassing Government Censorship Firewalls.\"\"\"", "page": "12", "url": "https://petsymposium.org/popets/2016/popets-2016-0028.php", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with specific examples from China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Myanmar, UK), Internet/Platform ecosystem", "when": "post-2000s platform era (up to 2016)"}]}, {"name": "Vyhonit Ďábla (podcast)", "aliases": ["Vyhonit Ďábla (podcast)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["free speech", "sex education"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates an Instagram profile and podcast to openly discuss sexuality and intimate topics, contributing to breaking down societal taboos through the dissemination of content and audience interaction.", "quote": "The Instagram profile called Vyhonit Ďábla (@vyhonit.dabla) belongs to a Czech podcast dedicated to the topics of love, pleasure and relationships without prejudice.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Vénérable Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève", "aliases": ["Vénérable Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["professional honour", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["il censore"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["16th-17th centuries"], "when_min": 1500, "when_max": 1699, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GLI ESSAIS DI MONTAIGNE E LA CENSURA CALVINISTA", "author": "Giacone, Franco", "year": "1986", "mechanism": "This organization, representing the pastors of Geneva, was granted the right in 1577 to control all books requiring a publication permit. It acted as the sole guarantor of orthodox interpretation of Sacred Scripture and Calvinist theology, and actively intervened with the city council to condemn publishers of objectionable works.", "quote": "La Vénérable Compagnie des Pasteurs che già era rappresentata nel consiglio dei tre dal Rettore, aveva ottenuto dal 1577 il diritto di esercitare «in corpore» un controllo su tutti i libri per i quali era necessario un permesso di pubblicazione'; tale privilegio ... era la sola garante di un'ortodossa interpretazione della Sacra Scrittura nonchè della teologia calvinista.", "page": "2", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/20677396", "topic": "il censore", "language": "Italian", "where": "Ginevra", "when": "16th-17th century"}]}, {"name": "W3 OpenGov group", "aliases": ["W3 OpenGov group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community group within standards consortium"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Digital inclusion", "Infrastructural governance", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Civic Tech Database", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "The group develops shared data and API specifications (standards work) and coordinates with implementers, vendors and partner organizations to promote interoperability of government data.", "quote": "Group focuses on data and API specifications for open government information and linked parliamentary data, which can touch platform data interoperability but is not primarily about platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.w3.org/community/opengov/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Wahid Institute", "aliases": ["Wahid Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-discrimination", "national security", "social cohesion"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE URGENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION", "author": "Riyawi, Mohd Rafi; Febriansyah, Denny", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Conducted surveys and released reports to monitor the increase of radicalism and intolerance in Indonesian society, providing empirical evidence to highlight the urgency of implementing religious moderation.", "quote": "This is based on the results of a survey released by the Wahid Institute (2020) that radicalism has increased in society. As many as 600 thousand out of a total of 150 million people surveyed were exposed to radicalism.", "page": "2", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Indonesia, Islamic education system", "when": "Early 20th century - contemporary"}]}, {"name": "WallBuilders", "aliases": ["WallBuilders"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious values"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Searching for Alternative Facts", "author": "Tripodi, Francesca", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Presents \"America's forgotten history and heroes\"\" with an emphasis on moral", "quote": "and constitutional heritage", "page": "thereby reaffirming conservative interpretations of church-state separation and national identity.\"", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Virginia, USA", "when": "2017–2018"}]}, {"name": "Warte (Observatorio)", "aliases": ["Warte (Observatorio)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Francoist Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Catalan"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1955, "when_max": 1992, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Narrativa alemanya de postguerra: autors traduïts i censura", "author": "Jané-Lligé, Jordi", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Publicly condemning literary works deemed heretical, contributing to norm-setting within Catholic circles and influencing broader public and official perceptions of such works.", "quote": "La revista católica \"Warte\"\" (Observatorio) consideró herético el libro.\"", "page": "24", "url": "raco.cat", "topic": "censura", "language": "Catalan", "where": "Francoist Spain, Catalonia", "when": "1955–1992"}]}, {"name": "Warum wir Meinungsfreiheit im digitalen Zeitalter neu denken müssen", "aliases": ["Warum wir Meinungsfreiheit im digitalen Zeitalter neu denken müssen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political education and extremism prevention organisation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FEX publishes analytical pieces and educational programming that critique platform practices, calls for algorithmic transparency and democratic regulatory models (e.g. a Rundfunkrat-like body), and advances public-facing recommendations for platform governance.", "quote": "The organisation publishes analysis and educational materials on freedom of speech, platform regulation, algorithmic transparency, and democratic governance of digital platforms, directly engaging platform governance debates.", "page": "", "url": "https://fexbw.de/meinungsfreiheit-digitales-zeitalter-neu-denken/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Was Social Media Plattformen (nicht) tun, um die Integrität von ...", "aliases": ["Was Social Media Plattformen (nicht) tun, um die Integrität von ..."], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["research institute / academic research centre"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2011, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2011", "mechanism": "HIIG coordinates the DSA Research Network to monitor and analyze DSA implementation and presents findings at public events (re:publica), informing policy debates on platform governance.", "quote": "HIIG coordinates the DSA Research Network and conducts scientific monitoring of the Digital Services Act implementation, directly engaging in platform governance research and public debate.", "page": "", "url": "https://re-publica.com/de/session/plattformregulierung-und-demokratie-was-social-media-plattformen-nicht-tun-um-die", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation", "aliases": ["Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["China", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Cancel Culture: A Critical Analysis", "author": "Ng, Eve", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Established by the owner of the Washington Redskins NFL football team, purportedly to advocate for Native American people, but was satirized as a superficial gesture amid criticism of the team's offensive name.", "quote": "Dan Snyder, owner of the Washington Redskins NFL football team, had established a non-profit foundation for Native American people called the “Washington Redskins Original Americans Foundation.”", "page": "35", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-97374-2", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Mainland China, social media platforms", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 19th-20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Washington Summit Publishers", "aliases": ["Washington Summit Publishers"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["eugenics", "racial determinism", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Publishes white nationalist literature specializing in eugenics, anthropology, and human biodiversity, thereby promoting Alt-Right ideology.", "quote": "Spencer also the Executive Director at Washington Summit Publishers, a white nationalist publisher specializing in eugenics, anthropology, and human biodiversity.", "page": "30", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "WatchRedditDie", "aliases": ["WatchRedditDie"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Evaluating and Recontextualizing the Social Impacts of Moderating Online Discussions", "author": "Shen, Qinlan", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Collects and highlights examples of removed threads and comments to advocate against what it perceives as Reddit's abandonment of free speech principles and increased censorship.", "quote": "WatchRedditDie: Described as “a place to track Reddit’s abandonment of free speech and decline into censorship”, r/WatchRedditDie collects examples of removed threads and comments across Reddit to argue that Reddit has abandoned its founding free speech principles.", "page": "56", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Online political discussion spaces on social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary online era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Water Protector Legal Collective", "aliases": ["Water Protector Legal Collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides legal defense for water protectors, compiles criminal case records, and pursues civil rights class action lawsuits to seek redress for human rights violations and challenge excessive force by law enforcement.", "quote": "According to records compiled by the Water Protector Legal Collective, 836 criminal cases were prosecuted in North Dakota state court.", "page": "8", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "We Are All Khaled Said page", "aliases": ["We Are All Khaled Said page"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Israel", "Middle East", "North Africa", "Palestine"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "WhatsApp", "YouTube"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "free speech", "freedom of assembly"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "#SaveSheikhJarrah and Arabic Content Moderation", "author": "Alimardani, Mahsa; Elswah, Mona", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Served as a key platform for organizing and mobilizing pro-democracy movements during the Arab Spring, but faced censorship (removal by Facebook for violating its 'real name policy'), demonstrating platform moderation challenges for social movements. It was later restored through high-level contacts.", "quote": "The most famous case is of Facebook's removal of the popular \"We Are All Khaled Saeed\"\" page for going against its \"\"real name policy\"\" prior to the start of the 25 January 2011 Egyptian Revolution.\"", "page": "2", "url": "papers.ssrn.com", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing on Arabic content moderation on social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube) in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, particularly the #SaveSheikhJarrah movement.", "when": "2011–2021 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "We Hunted the Mammoth", "aliases": ["We Hunted the Mammoth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political opposition", "racial equality", "women's rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operates an online platform (blog/network) that tracks and mocks 'white male rage' and far-right ideologies, serving as a counter-discourse.", "quote": "Notable examples include the anarchist, anti-fascist online community and network It’s Going Down, We Hunted the Mammoth, which ‘tracks and mocks the white male rage underlying the rise of Trump and Trumpism’.", "page": "57", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "We Need Diverse Books", "aliases": ["We Need Diverse Books"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "diversity", "equity", "inclusion"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Softer Side of Censorship", "author": "Cooke, Nicole A.; Harris, Cearra N.", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Advocates for the purchasing and promotion of inclusive children's literature and actively stands against book bans, moving beyond merely performative advocacy.", "quote": "For example, We Need Diverse Books, a grassroots organization, supports efforts to encourage the purchasing and promotion of inclusive chil-dren's literature.", "page": "5", "url": "https://journals.ala.org/index.php/jifp/article/view/7964", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, libraries and schools", "when": "21st century, post-2020 trends (with historical context)"}]}, {"name": "We Protect Global Alliance", "aliases": ["We Protect Global Alliance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["global coalition for online child protection"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "WeProtect convenes multi-stakeholder membership (governments, industry, civil society), issues frameworks and publications, and runs global summits to press platforms and policymakers to adopt child-safety practices.", "quote": "Core mission focuses on protecting children online and develops frameworks, convenes governments, industry and civil society to shape platform safety practices.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.weprotect.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "WeAreThe99Percent.tumblr.com", "aliases": ["WeAreThe99Percent.tumblr.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic equality", "free speech", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A prominent tumblog that curated posts from Occupy Wall Street sympathizers sharing personal messages, setting \"rules for remix\"\" for submissions and shaping the \"\"99 Percent\"\" aesthetic as a platform for public expression.\"", "quote": "The phrase owes much of its prominence to a tumblog that featured OWS sympathizers holding up photos with handwritten messages telling why they supported the movement (see figure 5.10).", "page": "183", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "Web Foundation", "aliases": ["Web Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["international digital rights and policy advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2009, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Keepiton coalition", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Produces research and policy playbooks, leads advocacy campaigns and public actions, participates in global policy fora and convenes networks (e.g., WRO) to push platform accountability and design reforms.", "quote": "Core mission uses research, advocacy and public action to shape policies and products for a safe, empowering web, including work on online gender-based violence, deceptive design, accountability and digital rights affecting platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://webfoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Web We Want (The Guardian initiative)", "aliases": ["Web We Want (The Guardian initiative)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "newspapers"], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "online abuse", "public discourse quality"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Mídia e ódio: como a agressividade da audiência no ambiente digital impacta a relação leitor-jornal", "author": "A Ogawa", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "An initiative launched by The Guardian to combat online abuse and promote more civil conversations on the internet through reports, documentaries, discussion forums, and audience research.", "quote": "Foi nesse universo conflagrado tanto aqui no Brasil como na Inglaterra que o Guardian lançou, em 2016, uma iniciativa digital batizada Web We Want... “a fim de combater uma cultura geral de abuso online e perguntar como nós, como instituição, podemos promover conversas melhores e mais civilizadas na internet”", "page": "84", "url": "https://repositorio.pucsp.br/handle/handle/22360", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Global, with a focus on Brazil (Folha de S.Paulo Facebook comments), USA, and Europe", "when": "17th century – 2019, with a focus on the digital era (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Webcitizen", "aliases": ["Webcitizen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public education", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Citizen participation: A diagnostic from the perspective of available tools", "author": "LS Fernandes, FBS Mota, BP Caetano…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Manages the 'Vote na web' platform, which simplifies legislative projects for public understanding and allows citizens to vote on these propositions, promoting informed participation in the legislative process.", "quote": "Empresa Webcitizen", "page": "4", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8399257/", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "global, digital platforms", "when": "post-2000 digital era"}]}, {"name": "Webgrrls", "aliases": ["Webgrrls"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["diversity and inclusion", "networking"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provides a non-competitive online environment for women in technology to connect, facilitating community and information sharing, though with a limited political scope.", "quote": "For example, the Webgrrls site (webgrrls.com), which aims to provide a non-competitive environment for women techno-heads to get together on the Internet...", "page": "170", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Webislam.com", "aliases": ["Webislam.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["academic excellence", "cultural understanding", "knowledge dissemination", "public education"], "topics": ["moderación"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Más allá del modelo de Salmon: puesta en práctica de estrategias de planificación y moderación de foros de debate", "author": "MDC de Larreta-Azelain, JCG Cabrero…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Provided a public portal for students to publish their scientific contributions from the course, acting as a dissemination channel for moderated academic content to the wider society, thereby influencing public discourse on Islamic culture.", "quote": "el equipo docente ofreció a los estudiantes la posibilidad de publicar voluntariamente sus aportaciones en el portal Webislam.com, fijando de esta forma un mecanismo de comunicación del espacio interior restringido al ámbito privado del curso con la sociedad en general (etapa 5 del 5-step model).", "page": "14", "url": "https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2010/201017334011.pdf", "topic": "moderación", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain (UNED online learning environment), focused on Islamic culture education", "when": "21st century (2005-2007)"}]}, {"name": "WebmasterHub", "aliases": ["WebmasterHub"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["community support", "factual accuracy", "knowledge sharing", "professional honour"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les communautés virtuelles sur internet: de l'apprentissage à la production collective de savoirs", "author": "C Ladage", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Operates as a public forum with a substantial number of registered and active members who discuss and contribute to knowledge related to webmastering and search engine referencing, facilitating collective learning and information exchange.", "quote": "Pour le site « WebmasterHub » le nombre de membres inscrits sur le forum est de 13 000, dont également environ 1 000 membres sont dit actifs...", "page": "6", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm29/LADAGE.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums (France, USA)", "when": "c. 2000-2007"}]}, {"name": "WebrankInfo", "aliases": ["WebrankInfo"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": ["Internet forums"], "norms": ["community support", "factual accuracy", "knowledge sharing", "professional honour", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les communautés virtuelles sur internet: de l'apprentissage à la production collective de savoirs", "author": "C Ladage", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Functions as a specialized public forum where moderators and active members exercise gatekeeping functions, allowing only those who have published articles on the site to initiate discussions on 'advanced referencing techniques', thereby contributing to content quality control and knowledge production.", "quote": "Notons que sur le forum Webrankinfo les sujets qualifiés « de techniques avancées de référencement » ne peuvent être initiés que par les modérateurs et les membres ayant publié un article sur le site.", "page": "7", "url": "https://isdm.univ-tln.fr/PDF/isdm29/LADAGE.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Internet forums (France, USA)", "when": "c. 2000-2007"}]}, {"name": "Weekly Mail", "aliases": ["Weekly Mail"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["South Africa"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1824, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "PETER D. MCDONALD. The Literature Police: Apartheid Censorship and Its Cultural Consequences.", "author": "Brittan, A.", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Co-organised a literary congress and actively advocated for Salman Rushdie's right to speak, opposing the decision of COSAW to withdraw his invitation and standing for freedom of expression.", "quote": "Op die laaste oomblik en ná heelwat debat het COSAW, téén die wil en wense van die Weekly Mail wat Rushie se reg om te praat verdedig het, egter besluit om die uitnodiging terug te trek", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WtgUDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=E2H2Sp9BrZ&sig=18DpwNLAAmLZTJCSRQucDmCFwhI", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "South Africa", "when": "1824–1990s (with a focus on the apartheid era, 1960s–1980s)"}]}, {"name": "Weibo Community Management Center expert committee", "aliases": ["Weibo Community Management Center expert committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "North America"], "media": ["Debian Project", "League of Legends", "Weibo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo", "author": "Kou, Yubo; Gui, Xinning; Zhang, Shaozeng; Nardi, Bonnie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Consists of about 2,000 judges selected for their judgment history, reviewing complex cases such as rumor, which demands specific knowledge and expertise for validation.", "quote": "The expert committee consists of around 2000 judges, selected from junior judges based on their judgment history... Expert judges review complex cases such as rumor, which requires knowledge and expertise in rumor validation.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134697", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "League of Legends (North America Server), Weibo (China), Wikipedia, Debian Project", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Weibo Community Management Center junior committee", "aliases": ["Weibo Community Management Center junior committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "North America"], "media": ["Debian Project", "League of Legends", "Weibo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["social norms"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo", "author": "Kou, Yubo; Gui, Xinning; Zhang, Shaozeng; Nardi, Bonnie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Composed of 20,000-60,000 judges, it reviews simple cases of disruptive behavior such as verbal harassment and personal attacks, basing decisions on social norms and etiquette.", "quote": "The junior committee is composed of 20,000- 60,000 judges... Junior judges review simple cases such as verbal harassment and personal attacks. Simple cases rely upon judges' understanding of social norms and etiquettes.", "page": "3", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134697", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "League of Legends (North America Server), Weibo (China), Wikipedia, Debian Project", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Weibo Supervisors (Sina Weibo Crowdsourced Moderators)", "aliases": ["Weibo Supervisors (Sina Weibo Crowdsourced Moderators)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["community moderation", "platform governance"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Limits of Commercialized Censorship in China", "author": "Miller, Blake", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Volunteer users who help Sina Weibo censor \"harmful content\"\" on its platform", "quote": "encouraged by incentives like iPads.\"", "page": "Helping \"clean up harmful content\"\" as defined by Sina Weibo and implicitly", "url": "https://osf.io/wn7pr", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2010s"}]}, {"name": "Weibo users (via User Credit Points System)", "aliases": ["Weibo users (via User Credit Points System)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": ["Weibo"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "government regulation", "platform rules"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2012, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The velocity of censorship:{High-Fidelity} detection of microblog post deletions", "author": "T Zhu, D Phipps, A Pridgen, JR Crandall…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Weibo implemented a 'user credit points system' that allows users to report sensitive or rumor-based posts to administrators. These reports are thought to contribute to the platform's content moderation by feeding into automated filters or direct censorship decisions.", "quote": "Sina Weibo announced a 'user credit' points system [22] through which users can report sensitive or rumor-based posts to the administrators.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity13/technical-sessions/paper/zhu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Weibo, China", "when": "post-2010 platform era (2012)"}]}, {"name": "Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy", "aliases": ["Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1954, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Keeping Your Mouth Shut: Spiraling Self-Censorship in the United States", "author": "Gibson, James L; Sutherland, Joseph L", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "The Weidenbaum Center funds academic research, specifically the \"Freedom and Tolerance Surveys", "quote": "", "page": "The Freedom and Tolerance Surveys on which this article partially relies were funded by the Weidenbaum Center at Washington University in St. Louis.", "url": "academic.oup.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States", "when": "mid-20th century to present (1954-2020)"}]}, {"name": "Weidenfeld & Nicolson", "aliases": ["Weidenfeld & Nicolson"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publishing house)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic merit", "public morals"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published \"Lolita\"\" in the UK after strategically waiting for the promulgation of the Obscene Publications Act of 1959", "quote": "Literary merit, artistic expression.", "page": "Cependant, ce n'est qu'en 1959 que Lolita parut au Royaume-Uni chez Weidenfield & Nicholson: en effet, les éditeurs attendaient la promulgation d'une loi, the Obscene Publications Act [...] Under the new bill not only will literary merit be taken into account in deciding the fate of the book", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Weimar federation of teachers", "aliases": ["Weimar federation of teachers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["education", "national identity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Agreed to collaborate with the Working Committee of German Associations (ADV) to disseminate its war-guilt revisionist materials for classroom instruction in German schools.", "quote": "In 1922, the Weimar federation of teachers agreed to serve the ADV, as did the federation of university professors.", "page": "24", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society", "aliases": ["Weizenbaum Institute for the Networked Society"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["accountability", "ai ethics", "fairness"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Lost in moderation: How commercial content moderation apis over-and under-moderate group-targeted hate speech and linguistic variations", "author": "D Hartmann, A Oueslati, D Staufer…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Provides research insights and support for studies on AI accountability, algorithmic systems, and ethics in the context of content moderation.", "quote": "We also extend our gratitude to...the entire research group Data, Algorithmic Systems, and Ethics at the Weizenbaum Institute...for their valuable insights and support.", "page": "16", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3706598.3713998", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms and commercial content moderation APIs", "when": "Contemporary platform era"}]}, {"name": "Welsh Womens Aid", "aliases": ["Welsh Womens Aid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national charity; membership federation of specialist organisations"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1978, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "Publishes briefings and a manifesto, provides helpline services funded by Welsh Government, delivers training and standards (NQSS) to shape policy and service provision for survivors.", "quote": "Welsh Women's Aid campaigns on policy, publishes briefings/manifestos for Senedd elections, and provides guidance (e.g., 'Cover your tracks online') relevant to platform-mediated safety and survivor protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://welshwomensaid.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "WER IST DIE ZIVILGESELLSCHAFT - Vielfalt Mediathek", "aliases": ["WER IST DIE ZIVILGESELLSCHAFT - Vielfalt Mediathek"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society / NGO (mobile counselling against extremism)"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces educational materials, convenes Fachtagungen and publishes documentation to shape public understanding and responses to hate online, extremism and conspiracy narratives.", "quote": "Publishes materials and convenes events addressing 'Hass im Netz' (hate speech), conspiracy theories and extremism prevention, but primary mission is mobile counselling and democratic education rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.vielfalt-mediathek.de/material/zusammenleben-in-der-migrationsgesellschaft/wer-ist-die-zivilgesellschaft", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Wer ist die Zivilgesellschaft? Migrant*innenorganisationen und ...", "aliases": ["Wer ist die Zivilgesellschaft? Migrant*innenorganisationen und ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political education and prevention NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Publishes resources and runs nationwide trainings for practitioners and acts as a recognized partner for schools and authorities, transferring research into practice to shape prevention and education around online hate and misinformation.", "quote": "ufuq.de's core mission is pedagogy, political education and prevention in the migration society; it publishes materials and runs trainings that address online issues (hate speech, misinformation, media competence) that touch platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.ufuq.de/online-bibliothek/wer-ist-die-zivilgesellschaft-migrantinnenorganisationen-und-mobile-beratung-im-dialog/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "WestChamber", "aliases": ["WestChamber"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Towards Illuminating a Censorship Monitor's Model to Facilitate Evasion", "author": "Folks, Lotta", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This community research effort by Chinese netizens develops and implements techniques to evade the Great Firewall of China's censorship, specifically by sending crafted RST packets to terminate connections and dropping injected DNS replies.", "quote": "WestChamber is a community research effort by a group of Chinese netizens. It uses two approaches to evade GFW injection: (a) each end host sends a RST packet to fool GFW and (b) the client drops DNS replies injected by GFW.", "page": "2", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2000s-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Western Australian Internet Association (WAIA)", "aliases": ["Western Australian Internet Association (WAIA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "anti-regulation", "business interests", "self-regulation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Opposed government regulation, produced inquiry submissions, and expressed skepticism about international non-governmental classification systems' compliance levels. Later took a strong stance against legislation, especially blacklists.", "quote": "groups like the WAIA are already casting doubt upon the level of compliance any non-governmental classifica-tion system would have internationally (Heit-man 1997:2).", "page": "14", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Western Guard", "aliases": ["Western Guard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["social division"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Canadian Human Rights Act", "author": "Moon, Richard", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Operated a telephone hate line to disseminate pre-recorded hate messages, which was the subject of the first Section 13 complaint under the Canadian Human Rights Act.", "quote": "More particularly the impetus for the inclusion of section 13 was a hate line operated in Toronto by the Western Guard and its leader, John Ross Taylor.", "page": "10", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Canada", "when": "Late 20th and early 21st century (up to 2008)"}]}, {"name": "Western Institutional Review Board", "aliases": ["Western Institutional Review Board"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["external red-team / auditor"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["ethical research", "human rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2005, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The New Censorship: Institutional Review Boards", "author": "Hamburger, Philip A", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "As an independent IRB, it directly licenses research protocols and investigators by approving, requiring modifications to, or disapproving proposed studies involving human subjects.", "quote": "Indeed, the oldest independent IRB in the country declares: 'IRBs have the authority to approve, require modifications to, or disapprove the proposed study protocols and consent forms for research which will involve human subjects. In addition, IRBs must review and approve or disapprove the investigator for the research.'", "page": "34", "url": "journals.uchicago.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "United States, focusing on universities and research institutions", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1950s-2005)"}]}, {"name": "What is content moderation? - Bureau of Investigative Journalism", "aliases": ["What is content moderation? - Bureau of Investigative Journalism"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["non-profit media organization"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Labour rights", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "TBIJ publishes in-depth investigations and explanatory articles on platform moderation and Big Tech, exposing harms and lobbying practices to inform public debate and hold powerful actors to account.", "quote": "Publishes investigative reporting and explainers on content moderation and Big Tech but its core mission is investigative journalism rather than platform governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2024-05-17/explainer-what-is-content-moderation", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "What the First Amendment means for government posts on social ...", "aliases": ["What the First Amendment means for government posts on social ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties advocacy organization; state chapter"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1920", "mechanism": "ACLU-PA publishes legal guidance on government social media, encourages and assists filing of complaints, and pursues litigation and public advocacy to enforce First Amendment protections for online speech.", "quote": "ACLU-PA publishes legal guidance on First Amendment limits for government social media, advises the public to file complaints, and pursues litigation/advocacy to enforce free speech rights online.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclupa.org/what-first-amendment-means-government-posts-social-media/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "What To Do if You're Censored by a Public Official on Social Media", "aliases": ["What To Do if You're Censored by a Public Official on Social Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties non-profit; state affiliate of national ACLU"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1935, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1935", "mechanism": "Publishes 'Know Your Rights' guides, provides template demand letters and legal assistance, and litigates and advocates to enforce First Amendment protections on public officials' social media accounts.", "quote": "Provides Know Your Rights guidance and legal assistance on public-official social media censorship, directly engaging in platformized content governance questions about moderation and free speech.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/en/know-your-rights/what-do-if-youre-censored-public-official-social-media", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "WhatsApp and Facebook groups of click farm workers", "aliases": ["WhatsApp and Facebook groups of click farm workers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic stability", "mutual support", "worker autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador de contéudos"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas de fazendas de cliques: condições de trabalho, materialidades e formas de organização", "author": "R Grohmann, MC Aquino, A Rodrigues, É Matos…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "These groups serve as informal communication channels and parallel markets, facilitating the exchange of tactics, sale/purchase of fake accounts and bots among workers, and organization of collective actions like strikes to protest working conditions and low pay, often by sharing ways to bypass official platform rules and moderation.", "quote": "Os grupos de WhatsApp são as infraestruturas facilitadoras desses mercados paralelos, como lugares para comércio, comunicação e organização entre trabalhadores. [...] Os protestos iniciaram-se nos grupos de WhatsApp", "page": "15", "url": "https://www.scielo.br/j/gal/a/kW4Xg4Y4jQBcfmYcQq34vmQ/?lang=pt", "topic": "moderador de contéudos", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil", "when": "early 2020s"}]}, {"name": "When Public Officials Censor You on Social Media | ACLU of New ...", "aliases": ["When Public Officials Censor You on Social Media | ACLU of New ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil liberties/state ACLU affiliate"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1960", "mechanism": "Publishes legal guides and complaint processes, collects records, and pursues litigation and public advocacy to enforce First Amendment limits on officials' moderation of social media, shaping practice and policy at the state level.", "quote": "Provides legal guidance, complaint mechanisms, and litigation resources addressing censorship by public officials on social media, directly engaging platform-related free-speech governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aclu-nj.org/en/know-your-rights/when-public-officials-censor-you-social-media", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Which social media app is safest for kids? - Center for Online Safety", "aliases": ["Which social media app is safest for kids? - Center for Online Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["child online safety nonprofit / advocacy and training organisation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Cyber security", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Information integrity", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "CFOS publishes research/guidance for parents and schools, runs events and media-facing content to shape public debate and pressure platforms/governments on child safety and platform accountability.", "quote": "CFOS's core mission is online safety for children and it publishes guidance, resources and advocacy concerning platform features (age verification, parental controls, data mining) and platform accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.centerforonlinesafety.com/blog/which-social-media-app-is-safest-for-kids", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Which?", "aliases": ["Which?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["consumer rights advocacy organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1957, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation; Online Safety Act Network", "year": "1957", "mechanism": "Which? publishes expert testing and reviews, uses petitions and campaigns to pressure regulators and platforms, and mobilises public support to demand legal reforms protecting consumers online.", "quote": "Which? is a consumer rights organisation whose core mission is product testing and consumer protection but it runs campaigns (e.g., 'Protect Online Shoppers') addressing online marketplaces and platform accountability.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.which.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Whig Aristocracy (England)", "aliases": ["Whig Aristocracy (England)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["aristocracy/nobility"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Italy", "Netherlands", "Spain", "United Kingdom", "Western Europe"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic interests", "limited government", "parliamentary sovereignty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberty and property: a social history of Western political thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment", "author": "Wood, Ellen Meiksins", "year": "2012", "mechanism": "Led parliamentary opposition against the king, forging alliances with radical forces and selectively adopting Leveller ideas to advance their interests in a constitutional monarchy.", "quote": "The most important leader of these radical Whigs, as they came to be called, was Anthony Ashley Cooper (1622–83), first Earl of Shaftesbury, a wealthy and ‘improving’ landowner...", "page": "256", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western Europe (England, France, Italy, Spain, Dutch Republic, German territories)", "when": "early modern period (approx. 1500-1800)"}]}, {"name": "Whig Party", "aliases": ["Whig Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Atlantic World", "England", "Europe", "France", "Italy", "Scandinavia", "Spain", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "moderation", "political stability", "truth"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1830, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "'La censura nel secolo dei Lumi. Una visione internazionale', a cura di Edoardo Tortarolo, saggi di Patrizia Delpiano, et al., Torino, UTET libreria, 2011", "author": "S Valeri", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Served as a historical model for defining the limits of intellectual and political discourse and establishing shared truths, influencing norms of moderation and self-censorship.", "quote": "club partigiani del moderatismo che, ad imitazione dei whig inglesi del secolo precedente, vorranno definire i confini entro i quali avrebbe dovuto svolgersi il confronto fra le idee e a definire altresì una piattaforma di verità condivise...", "page": "140", "url": "https://teca.unibo.it/article/download/14469/13951", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Europe (France, England, Italy, Scandinavia, Spain), Atlantic World, USA", "when": "18th to early 19th century"}]}, {"name": "Whig Party (opposition)", "aliases": ["Whig Party (opposition)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "liberty", "rule of law"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raynal à Liège: censure, vulgarisation, révolutions", "author": "D Droixhe", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "This political opposition group challenged the Crown's policies on America by invoking strong principles of liberty and self-governance, shaping public debate and indirectly endorsing themes found in Raynal's work.", "quote": "l'opposition Whig avec Pitt et Burke invoque contre les erreurs politiques de la couronne les principes les plus forts, en s'adressant au roi.", "page": "9", "url": "https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271654/3/DROIXHE-Daniel-Raynal-a-Liege.pdf", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "Liège", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "White Aryan Resistance", "aliases": ["White Aryan Resistance"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political extremism", "racial extremism", "white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Operated an early online bulletin board system (WAR Computer Terminal) and a printed newspaper (War '85) to disseminate racist material and tactical concepts.", "quote": "former Klansman Tom Metzger, who founded and led White Aryan Resistance (WAR), announced the WAR Computer Terminal, which ran on a Commodore 64 with a 300 bps modem in War ’85, his printed newspaper.", "page": "42", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "White Citizens Councils", "aliases": ["White Citizens Councils"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s"], "when_min": 1961, "when_max": 1962, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Current Trends in Censorship", "author": "Griffin, John Howard", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Attacking textbooks in schools and creating lists of objectionable books, based on ideological objections to perceived 'un-American' or communist content.", "quote": "Most prominent in attacking textbooks and what Dr. Lewis Allbee called '20th Century library trash' have been veterans' groups and 'venerable-lineage societies,' plus such newer bodies as the White Citizens Councils, the John Birch Society, the National Indignation Convention, and Texans for America.", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (primarily Texas)", "when": "1961–1962"}]}, {"name": "White Helmets (Syria Civil Defense)", "aliases": ["White Helmets (Syria Civil Defense)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Syria", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Disinformation as Collaborative Work: Surfacing the Participatory Nature of Strategic Information Operations", "author": "Starbird, Kate; Arif, Ahmer; Wilson, Tom", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "This volunteer humanitarian response group provides search and rescue and medical aid in rebel-held areas of Syria, documenting their work through published videos to garner international attention and sympathy. Their activities are targeted by a multi-party disinformation campaign aiming to delegitimize them.", "quote": "The White Helmets provide search and rescue assistance and medical aid to people affected by the conflict—primarily victims of air strikes perpetrated by the Syrian government and their Russian allies.", "page": "10", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359229", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) and alternative media ecosystems; global context with case studies primarily in the USA and Syria.", "when": "Early 20th century to present (focus on 2015-2019)."}]}, {"name": "White Lives Matter", "aliases": ["White Lives Matter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Gab", "Parler", "Telegram", "Truth Social", "Twitter"], "norms": ["free speech", "group survival", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2022, "when_max": 2022, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fake news propagates differently from real news even at early stages of spreading", "author": "Zhao, Zilong; Zhao, Jichang; Sano, Yukie; Levy, Orr; Takayasu, Hideki; Takayasu, Misako; Li, Daqing; Wu, Junjie; Havlin, Shlomo", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "The group uses social media platforms to spread its white supremacist propaganda and mobilize its followers, urging them to exert consistent pressure to promote their ideology, especially on platforms with loosened moderation policies.", "quote": "Go on twitter and let them know. Our time has come. Pressure & consistency. All roads lead to 14.", "page": "12", "url": "https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-020-00224-z", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, Telegram, Parler, Gab, Truth Social, and other Alt-Tech social media networks, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era (specifically late 2022)"}]}, {"name": "White Nationalists", "aliases": ["White Nationalists"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Global", "Middle East", "Myanmar", "South Asia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "GitHub", "Google", "Instagram", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia", "YouTube"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Liberdade de expressã o na internet eo Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos", "author": "TD Oliva", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engaged in disseminating highly discriminatory messages against minority groups, which were flagged by AI tools, indicating biased AI moderation that impacted their expression.", "quote": "Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que um número significativo de perfis de drag queens no Twitter foram considerados como potencialmente mais tóxicos que o perfil de nacionalistas brancos...", "page": "163", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21072022-105741/en.php", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Internet, digital platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, Google, Reddit, Wikipedia, GitHub), global scope with regional examples (USA, Europe, Brazil, Myanmar, South Asia, Middle East)", "when": "post-2010 platform era, early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "White Ribbon UK", "aliases": ["White Ribbon UK"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["charity; campaigning organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "White Ribbon UK publishes annual reports and runs high-profile campaigns (White Ribbon Day, ambassador programmes) to shape public opinion and press decision-makers to fund and prioritise prevention of gender-based violence.", "quote": "White Ribbon UK focuses on preventing men's violence against women via campaigns, training and policy advocacy; it engages with public discourse but does not have a core mission on platform content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.whiteribbon.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "White supremacists (collective)", "aliases": ["White supremacists (collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["anti-feminism", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Utilized Twitter's new flagging mechanism to coordinate and shut down accounts of feminists, demonstrating how moderation tools can be co-opted for political ends.", "quote": "Twitter's new flagging mechanism was being used by White supremacists to shut down accounts of feminists who were using the #solidarityisforwhitewomen hashtag.", "page": "14", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "White-dominated feminist organizations", "aliases": ["White-dominated feminist organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "racial supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "These organizations, part of the existing feminist public sphere, had internal norms (White-dominance) that influenced Black women to create their own separate publics and criticisms.", "quote": "Black women who oscil-lated between male-dominated black organizations and White-dominated feminist organizations created their own enclave and counterpublics to develop their own voices and criticisms of both groups.", "page": "21", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Who Targets Me", "aliases": ["Who Targets Me"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["research and advocacy organisation (civil society)"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "Transparency and accountability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Coalition for Independent Tech Research ; DSA-related public consultation", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Publishes datasets and reports, operates a crowd-sourced browser extension (100k+ installs) and tracking tools used by researchers and journalists to hold platforms and political actors to account; advocates policy changes to standardise ad transparency.", "quote": "Core mission is to make online political ads transparent and accountable through tools, datasets, research and policy advocacy directed at platforms and regulators.", "page": "", "url": "https://whotargets.me/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Whose Knowledge?", "aliases": ["Whose Knowledge?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community self-governance", "diversity", "knowledge equity"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Early Internet to Age of AI"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Trust, Safety, and the Internet We Share", "author": "BPO BPOs", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Highlights diversity-preserving and localized community solutions in online trust and safety research.", "quote": "Research from Center of Democracy and Technology, Whose Knowledge?, Oxford Internet Institute, and others are highlighting diversity-preserving and localized community solutions.", "page": "187", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/books/oa-mono/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072&type=webpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Internet", "when": "Early Internet to Age of AI"}]}, {"name": "Wie steht es um die Meinungsfreiheit in Deutschland und Europa?", "aliases": ["Wie steht es um die Meinungsfreiheit in Deutschland und Europa?"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank; policy network"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes policy papers and opinion columns, convenes events and debates, and frames public discourse on platform regulation and free speech (e.g., commentary on DSA, Trusted Flagger and platform power).", "quote": "Publishes analysis and policy commentary on freedom of expression, platform power, the EU Digital Services Act and related governance debates, directly engaging platformized-content governance topics.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.progressives-zentrum.org/reclaiming-meinungsfreiheit-wider-die-instrumentalisierung-eines-rechts/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Wiener Library (London)", "aliases": ["Wiener Library (London)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "cultural heritage", "historical research"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Holds correspondence among British Jewish representatives, the Minister of Information, and the BBC, and documents on anti-Semitism in Britain, offering insights into public discourse and censorship.", "quote": "Documents at the Wiener Library include correspondence between leading British Jewish representatives, the minister of information and the BBC, and analysis of the scope and scale of anti-Semitism in Britain.", "page": "29", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Wikia Moderators (Oligarchic leaders)", "aliases": ["Wikia Moderators (Oligarchic leaders)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["AOL", "Facebook", "Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikia", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community building", "political control"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–2010s century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The civic labor of online moderators", "author": "JN Matias", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Acquire and exercise moderation power, control formal authority positions within wikis, and contribute to community survival and growth through concentrated leadership.", "quote": "A third conversation draws from from the sociology of participation to consider the social structures of those who acquire and exercise moderation power, finding that common tendencies toward oligarchy on platforms like Wikia (40) may be necessary for the survival of online communities (43).", "page": "1", "url": "https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/ipp-conference/sites/ipp/files/documents/JNM-The_Civic_Labor_of_Online_Moderators__Internet_Politics_Policy_.pdf", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms (Reddit, AOL, Twitter, Wikipedia, Facebook, Wikia), USA", "when": "Late 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Wikia Wiki Leaders/Moderators", "aliases": ["Wikia Wiki Leaders/Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": ["community values", "social order"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online", "author": "Matias, J. Nathan", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Leaders within Wikia wikis exercise power and control the process for others to gain and maintain positions, showing tendencies toward oligarchy in online communities.", "quote": "Across 683 Wikia wikis, they find support for this \"iron law of oligarchy", "page": "showing that on average", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119836778", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Reddit, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era, with historical context from 1970s, focused on 2015-2016"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia community", "aliases": ["Wikimedia community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["community collaboration", "community governance", "information quality"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1998, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Content Moderation Remedies", "author": "Goldman, Eric", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Resolves copyright disputes and self-polices content through independent research, setting norms and expectations for contributors.", "quote": "For example, the Wikimedia community has repeatedly resolved copyright disputes through its own independent research without intervention by Wikimedia employees or the courts.", "page": "44", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Online platforms, global", "when": "Digital age (post-1998)"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia DE", "aliases": ["Wikimedia DE"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society non-profit; movement chapter"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "EDRi", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Wikimedia Deutschland produces policy positions and publications, convenes experts (Das ABC des Freien Wissens), builds and improves platform software (MediaWiki, Wikibase) and runs advocacy and partnership initiatives (Bündnis F5, GLAM) to shape digital policy and platform practices.", "quote": "Wikimedia Deutschland actively shapes digital policy debates (Offene digitale Infrastrukturen, Open Data, Offene KI) and supports Wikimedia platforms and technical projects influencing platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.wikimedia.de", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Deutschland", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Deutschland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2019, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Freedom of Expression and Intermediary Liability", "author": "Heller, B; van Hoboken, J; Tworek, H; Leerssen, P", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Criticized NetzDG due to concerns about its implications for freedom of expression and open discourse.", "quote": "Other critics included Wikimedia Deutschland, the Internet Society, and the German Startups Association.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "post-2018 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation (for Foundation), Wikipedia Editors Community (for editors)", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation (for Foundation), Wikipedia Editors Community (for editors)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "neutrality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Hate Speech and Radicalisation Online", "author": "Baldauf, Johannes; Ebner, Julia; Guhl, Jakob", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Editors, supported by the Foundation, maintain the accuracy of articles and resist attempts by conspiracy theorists to rewrite relevant content, requiring considerable volunteer work.", "quote": "Staff from the Wikipedia Foundation and Wikipedia editors were also sceptical, fearing that many conspiracy theorists would attempt to re-write the relevant Wikipedia articles, which would result in a considerable amount of work for Wikipedia's network of volunteers...", "page": "40", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, online social media platforms", "when": "Post-2015 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation (operates Wikipedia)", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation (operates Wikipedia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["collaboration", "community engagement", "knowledge sharing", "neutrality", "open source"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Shaping the Future of Social Media with Middleware", "author": "Hogg, Luke; Fukuyama, Francis; Reisman, Richard; Graves, Zach; O’Brien, Danny; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand; Stoltz, Mitch; Wang, Rose; Willner, Dave; Bellafiore, Robert; Bonneville, Rhonda; Cooper, Alissa; Levine, Joshua; Masnick, Mike; Whitt, Richard", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates a massive online encyclopedia built on volunteer labor, demonstrating a model for open-source information platforms and community content curation/moderation.", "quote": "Many online community services—particularly open-source projects such as Linux, Tor, Wikipedia, and Apache—rely heavily on volunteer labor.", "page": "33", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global social media platforms, with focus on US and EU policy discussions", "when": "Post-2010 platform era, with focus on 2020s and future"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation (or Wikipedia)", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation (or Wikipedia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Threads"], "norms": ["accuracy", "collaboration", "community cohesion", "harm reduction", "open access"], "topics": ["moderação"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Plataformas digitais, moderação de conteúdo e direitos humanos: uma análise de decisões do Comitê de Supervisão da Meta quanto à consideração do contexto do …", "author": "LM Schippers", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-run platform utilizing various content moderation mechanisms including synthesis of user contributions, annotation, filtering, and community-driven editing to address vandalism, often supported by human moderators and automated bots.", "quote": "A Wikipédia, por exemplo, trabalha com mecanismos de síntese de contribuições de diversos usuários para a elaboração de um verbete, mas também com formas de anotação (com hiperlinks que levam a outras páginas e verbetes); filtragem (tanto ex ante, pela organização em páginas, subpáginas, listas, categorias; quanto ex post, pela possibilidade de busca de palavras-chave pelo usuário); precificação (com o modelo de acesso e edição abertos).", "page": "36", "url": "https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-26052025-152842/en.php", "topic": "moderação", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online environment, focusing on Meta platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Threads)", "when": "2020s-present"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation (via Wikipedia community)", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation (via Wikipedia community)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Flickr", "Foursquare", "Instagram", "Twitter", "Vine", "YouTube", "blogs", "news sites"], "norms": ["collective knowledge", "content quality", "pluralism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint", "author": "Crawford, Kate; Gillespie, Tarleton", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Utilizes discussion pages where its community openly debates content quality and decisions to keep or remove content, ensuring transparency and preserving the history of these debates over time.", "quote": "In Wikipedia discussion pages, on the other hand, the quality of content is openly debated and the decisions to keep or remove content on that basis are visible and pre-served over time.", "page": "12", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444814543163", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Vine, Flickr, Instagram, Foursquare), blogs, and news sites; primarily USA and UK", "when": "Post-2007 platform era, focusing on the 2010s"}]}, {"name": "Wikimedia Foundation Inc.", "aliases": ["Wikimedia Foundation Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "freedom of information"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship from Plato to Social Media: The Complexity of Social Media’s Content Regulation and Moderation Practices", "author": "Gosztonyi, Gergely", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Engages in litigation against state bodies to challenge restrictions on internet access, thereby defending freedom of information and open knowledge platforms.", "quote": "Wikimedia Foundation Inc. and Others v Turkey (2019)", "page": "9", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-46529-1", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on Europe, United States, and China)", "when": "Ancient times to the contemporary social media era (c. 2023)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia (community of editors/moderators)", "aliases": ["Wikipedia (community of editors/moderators)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Colombia"], "media": [], "norms": ["editorial independence", "narrative control", "platform integrity"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura digital: debate público y silenciamiento en la sociedad digital. El caso de Carolina Sanín", "author": "JS Tuta DÍaz", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Its editorial community modified Carolina Sanín's page to omit certain information and highlight controversies, and rejected Sanín's attempts to correct or add information as 'vandalism,' effectively controlling her public digital narrative.", "quote": "Alguien 'rehizo' mi página de Wikipedia, omitiendo información, quitando relevancia a cierta información y dando relieve a información secundaria... y la página no me lo permite, pues mi aporte es calificado como 'vandálico'.", "page": "45", "url": "https://repository.udistrital.edu.co/items/fe2633ab-23e3-44c4-af2a-a906a8183907", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Colombia", "when": "post-2010 platform era, focusing on 2016-2023"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia (community/peer governance)", "aliases": ["Wikipedia (community/peer governance)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community norms", "self-governance", "social order"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Can you moderate an unreadable message?'Blind'content moderation via human computation", "author": "S Frey, MW Bos, RW Sumner", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Relies on peer governance, where user peers perform acts of moderation by reporting inappropriate content and collectively managing the platform's content.", "quote": "Systems that rely more heavily on peer governance include Wikipedia... Any site that lets users report each other's bleeps is implementing peer governance to some degree.", "page": "24", "url": "http://www.hcjournal.org/index.php/jhc/article/view/83", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online social media and UGC platforms, with a focus on child-focused and collective content", "when": "Contemporary (post-2000s platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)", "aliases": ["Wikipedia (Wikimedia Foundation)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["neutrality", "open access", "open collaboration"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Relying on donations for funding, contributing to the open access and collaborative moderation model of information.", "quote": "Donations for news are relatively new, though Wikipedia and National Public Radio have generated much of their income this way for many years.", "page": "23", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Arbitration Committee", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Arbitration Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "North America"], "media": ["Debian Project", "League of Legends", "Weibo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["free discussion"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo", "author": "Kou, Yubo; Gui, Xinning; Zhang, Shaozeng; Nardi, Bonnie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Functions as a decision-making body, whose members are elected by the community, forming a \"quasi-legal process\"\" for collecting evidence", "quote": "and issuing findings on disputes.\"", "page": "quasi-legal process, evidence-based decision making", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134697", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "League of Legends (North America Server), Weibo (China), Wikipedia, Debian Project", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia community / editors", "aliases": ["Wikipedia community / editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Germany", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community discourse", "information quality"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS AND CENSORSHIP: A FIRST AMENDMENT RIGHT OR AN OPPORTUNITY FOR THINLY VEILED GOVERNMENT MODERATION OF FREE SPEECH?", "author": "Smith, Cecelia", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Operates using a crowdsourced content moderation model where community editors and administrators modify pages, resolve disputes, and address 'vandalism' to maintain content integrity, even for politically charged topics.", "quote": "Wikipedia in particular is one site which might fall victim to competing interests, as it allows for anyone to modify and edit their pages (barring some entries the administrators believe to regularly subjected to 'vandalism,'—notably 'abusive language or falsehoods').", "page": "38", "url": "HeinOnline", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, Germany, social media platforms", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Community / Wikipedia Moderators", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Community / Wikipedia Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["ConsiderIt", "Kialo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["community engagement", "community standards", "intellectual freedom", "quality standards"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2017, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing conflict in online debate communities: Foregrounding moderators' beliefs and values on kialo", "author": "J Beck, B Neupane, JM Carroll", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Moderators in the Wikipedia community manage participants, help maintain quality standards, and act as 'gatekeepers' against vulgar or abusive content, resolving conflicts that arise between contributors.", "quote": "In these communities [Wikipedia and Linux], moderators can be responsible for managing participants... helping maintain quality standards... and 'gatekeeping' against vulgar or abusive participants.", "page": "3", "url": "https://files.osf.io/v1/resources/cdfq7_v1/providers/osfstorage/5bdcb8e1573649001a833455?action=download&direct&version=2", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Online debate communities (Kialo), Wikipedia, Linux, ConsiderIt", "when": "2017–2018 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia community of users/administrators", "aliases": ["Wikipedia community of users/administrators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Reddit", "Twitter", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "information integrity", "platform security"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2020s"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Future Challenges for Online, Crowdsourced Content Moderation: Evidence from Twitter’s Community Notes", "author": "Wirtschafter, Valerie; Majumder, Sharanya", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Wikipedia's large community of users, including dedicated 'administrators,' collaboratively moderate content, adjudicate disputes, and sanction users who violate guidelines to protect the platform from bad faith actors and disinformation.", "quote": "Wikipedia's self-governing body of 43 million registered users, in combination with machine learning tools, helps protect the internet's arguably 'most reliable source' from bad faith actors and coordinated disinformation campaigns.", "page": "3", "url": "https://www.tsjournal.org/index.php/jots/article/view/139", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Twitter, Reddit, Wikipedia)", "when": "2020s"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Detox project", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Detox project"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["YouTube"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "anti-hate speech", "online civility"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THREAT: A Large Annotated Corpus for Detection of Violent Threats", "author": "Hammer, Hugo L.; Riegler, Michael A.; Ovrelid, Lilja; Velldal, Erik", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "The project prepares datasets for moderating online discussions by collecting and annotating comments for personal attacks, aggression, and toxicity, contributing to the development of tools for a safer online environment.", "quote": "This comprises over 100K comments annotated for personal attacks, aggression, and toxicity (with 10 crowd-sourced judgments per comment)", "page": "2", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8877435/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "YouTube", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Editors", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Editors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Twitter"], "norms": ["accuracy", "content quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Birds of a feather don’t fact-check each other: Partisanship and the evaluation of news in Twitter’s Birdwatch crowdsourced fact-checking program", "author": "Allen, Jennifer; Martel, Cameron; Rand, David G", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Editing Wikipedia articles, which involves content moderation and quality control, though political homogeneity among editors can reduce quality.", "quote": "a study examining editing of Wikipedia articles found that politically homogeneous groups of editors produced worse-quality and less accurate articles than politically heterogeneous groups [59].", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491102.3502040", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Twitter, USA", "when": "Early 2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia editors' community", "aliases": ["Wikipedia editors' community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le débat public à l’épreuve des controverses", "author": "Badouard, Romain; Mabi, Clément", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Organizes its own self-management ('autogestion') within online communities, reflecting a 'culture du Web' where arguments are confronted. This self-management implicitly involves setting and enforcing norms for content.", "quote": "la manière dont les communautés en ligne organisent leur autogestion. Un bon exemple est celui de la communauté des rédacteurs de Wikipedia", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.cairn.info/revue-hermes-la-revue-2015-1-page-145.htm?ref=doi", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "France and online public debate", "when": "Second half of 20th century to mid-2010s"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia Volunteer Community", "aliases": ["Wikipedia Volunteer Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility", "democratic integrity", "public interest"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reconsidering Self-Moderation: the Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation", "author": "Seering, Joseph", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Relies on volunteer moderators (Wikipedians) to manage content, enforce rules, mentor new users through programs like 'Adopt-a-user', and engage in decision-making processes.", "quote": "Wikipedia maintains an “Adopt-a-user” mentoring program that pairs new users with more experienced Wikipedians [70].", "page": "11", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3415178", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "online social platforms and communities globally", "when": "late 20th century to present"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedia.org", "aliases": ["Wikipedia.org"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Web 2.0 platforms"], "norms": ["community collaboration", "information quality", "neutrality"], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Recop: Um modelo para reputaçao em comunidades de prática", "author": "CCP Cruz, CLR Motta…", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Operates as a community-edited encyclopedia where users collaborate to create and curate content. This involves extensive community-based moderation, conflict resolution, and norm enforcement to ensure accuracy, neutrality, and adherence to editorial standards, which is a strong form of self-regulation for information quality.", "quote": "alguns deles voltados para a aprendizagem, tais como: Edublogs.org¹, Wikipedia.org², Globaleducation³.\n²Enciclopédia virtual livre, editada pelos próprios usuários.", "page": "1", "url": "http://milanesa.ime.usp.br/rbie/index.php/sbie/article/viewFile/560/546", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Online Communities of Practice and Web 2.0 platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipedians community", "aliases": ["Wikipedians community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Reddit"], "norms": [], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Venire: A Machine Learning-Guided Panel Review System for Community Content Moderation", "author": "V Koshy, F Choi, YS Chiang, H Sundaram…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Members of the Wikipedia community contribute training data labels to assist in the development of machine learning models for content moderation, specifically through the \"Wiki Labels\"\" system.\"", "quote": "Halfaker and Geiger [13] adopt the most bespoke approach, creating a “Wiki Labels” system through which Wikipedians can contribute training data labels to specific model development requests.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3757699", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Reddit, USA (and general online communities)", "when": "Contemporary online moderation"}]}, {"name": "WikiProjects (on Wikipedia)", "aliases": ["WikiProjects (on Wikipedia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "North America"], "media": ["Debian Project", "League of Legends", "Weibo", "Wikipedia"], "norms": ["governance", "information quality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Managing Disruptive Behavior through Non-Hierarchical Governance: Crowdsourcing in League of Legends and Weibo", "author": "Kou, Yubo; Gui, Xinning; Zhang, Shaozeng; Nardi, Bonnie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "These are local organizational structures within Wikipedia that focus on specific subject matters, articulating norms as policies for governing content and tasks like creating audio versions of articles.", "quote": "WikiProjects are local organizational structures nested within Wikipedia, focused on subject matters such as military history as well as specific tasks such as creating audio versions of Wikipedia articles [10].", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3134697", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "League of Legends (North America Server), Weibo (China), Wikipedia, Debian Project", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Wikipédia (Wikipedia)", "aliases": ["Wikipédia (Wikipedia)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community standards", "knowledge sharing", "organizational effectiveness"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "As mídias sociais ea esfera pública: mudanças de paradigma na comunicação contemporânea", "author": "L Rabelo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Wikipedia is cited as an example of a knowledge system built through collaborative network structures, which inherently incorporate functions of 'moderação', 'meta-moderação', hierarchization, and various forms of control to maintain desired operational standards, executed socially by its community.", "quote": "Nos exemplos concretos dos espaços de debate na internet, tem-se, por exemplo, as funções de ‘moderação', ‘meta-moderação', hierarquização e diferentes formas de controle que zelam pela manutenção de padrões de funcionamento desejáveis. É importante notar que essas ferramentas de controle são executadas socialmente, mesmo quando se trata de estruturas cuja origem foi construída por indivíduos ou grupos particulares. (...) sistemas de conhecimento, tais como a Wikipédia, estão sendo construídos dessa forma.", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.intercom.org.br/papers/regionais/centrooeste2010/resumos/R21-0338-1.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social media platforms, USA (as an example of political campaigns)", "when": "early 21st century (post-2000)"}]}, {"name": "Wikirate International", "aliases": ["Wikirate International"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society open-data platform host / NGO"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Big Tech or corporate accountability", "Consumer protection", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "open data"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Wikirate publishes open datasets, methodologies and public-facing dashboards to support accountability campaigns; it operates a platform (technical infrastructure) used by NGOs and researchers and is listed in the Digital Public Goods Registry, enabling credibility and partnerships.", "quote": "Primary mission is corporate accountability using open data and an open-source platform; engagement with platform governance is indirect via providing tools/infrastructure and DPG status rather than direct moderation or content governance advocacy.", "page": "", "url": "https://wikirate-intl.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Wildlife and Countryside Link", "aliases": ["Wildlife and Countryside Link"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Other", "Sustainability"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Link convenes 90 organisations in England, issues policy briefings and campaigns (e.g., Blueprint for Water) to influence government and public opinion on environmental policy.", "quote": "Primary mission is nature conservation; site shows policy briefings and campaigning but no core focus on platform content or AI governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.wcl.org.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "William Crashaw (representing Puritan social movement)", "aliases": ["William Crashaw (representing Puritan social movement)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious orthodoxy", "social conformity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Attacked stage plays, specifically 'The Puritaine', in sermons and pamphlets, serving as a 'moral censurer of society' and advocating for punishment of perceived offenses.", "quote": "The Puritan preacher W. Crashaw about the anti-puritan satire The Puritaine in a sermon at Paul’s Cross in 1607. Crashaw charged the players and their master with slander and libel of the Puritans living in the parishes adjacent to St. Paul’s Cathedral.", "page": "34", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Wind Chill Factor", "aliases": ["Wind Chill Factor"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["economic justice", "information access"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A radical US journal that issued electronic 'Info-Bulletins' in between print issues due to high printing costs, adapting to technology for wider and more frequent information dissemination.", "quote": "Another US journal, Wind Chill Factor, based in Chicago, declared in 1993 that 'the cost of printing 5000+ copies per issue [per month] on newsprint is prohibitive' (10 December 1993, copy in author's possession).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "WITSA", "aliases": ["WITSA"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association / global alliance of national tech associations"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1978, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; NetMundial+10 High-Level Executive Committee (HLEC)", "year": "1978", "mechanism": "WITSA publishes position papers, convenes global summits and award programs, and engages multilaterals and governments to shape international tech and AI policy on behalf of member associations.", "quote": "WITSA advocates international public policies affecting the digital tech industry, publishes AI position papers, and runs the WITSA Global AI Ecosystem Network and Global AI Summit to shape AI and platform-related governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.witsa.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "WNCN Listeners Guild", "aliases": ["WNCN Listeners Guild"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content regulation", "media diversity", "state regulation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s–1980s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "IMPLEMENTATION OF A MARKETPLACE APPROACH BROADCAST REGULATION", "author": "Krasnow, Erwin G; Stern, Jill Abeshouse", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "This organization challenged the FCC's decision to discontinue reviewing radio program format changes during license renewal or transfer cases, advocating for government supervision over market forces to promote program diversity.", "quote": "The Supreme Court there upheld the Commission's decision to no longer review format changes in radio license renewal or transfer cases, but, instead, to rely upon market forces rather than government supervision to promote diversity in entertainment programming.", "page": "5", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "USA (telecommunications and broadcast industry)", "when": "1970s–1980s"}]}, {"name": "WNET (Public Broadcasting Service station)", "aliases": ["WNET (Public Broadcasting Service station)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["corporate accountability", "corporate interests"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "As a public television station, WNET experienced withdrawal of corporate funding from Gulf + Western after airing a documentary critical of multinational corporate activities, illustrating how corporate patrons exert control over programming decisions.", "quote": "Public-television station WNET lost its corporate funding from Gulf + Western in 1985 after the station showed the documentary “Hungry for Profit,” which contains material critical of multinational corporate activities in the Third World.", "page": "12", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "Wolność Równość Niepodległość (Freedom, Equality and Independence) (Polish Socialist Party)", "aliases": ["Wolność Równość Niepodległość (Freedom, Equality and Independence) (Polish Socialist Party)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Poland", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["informed public", "resistance to oppression"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1939, "when_max": 1945, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Auschwitz, the allies and censorship of the Holocaust", "author": "Fleming, Michael", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Published the pamphlet 'Obóz Śmierci' (Camp of Death) in Warsaw, presenting evidence on the situation at Oświęcim and serving as an important part of the Polish Underground.", "quote": "In December 1942, Natalia Zarembina’s pamphlet Obóz Śmierci (Camp of Death) was published in Warsaw (in Polish) by the WRN – the conspiratorial wing of the Polish Socialist Party...", "page": "194", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Britain, United States, and occupied Poland", "when": "Second World War (1939–1945)"}]}, {"name": "Wolves of Odin", "aliases": ["Wolves of Odin"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["France", "Germany", "Global", "Italy", "New Zealand", "United Kingdom", "United States", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["racial separatism", "white nationalism"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Replatforming Unreality", "author": "Ebner, Julia", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Spreads white nationalist and separatist content, leading to bans from mainstream platforms such as Facebook.", "quote": "Facebook banned white nationalist and separatist content, which resulted in the removal of groups like Generation Identity, Wolves of Odin, the British National Party (BNP), the English Defence League (EDL) and Britain First as well as far-right influencers...", "page": "4", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global alt-tech ecosystem, Western societies (US, New Zealand, Germany, UK, France, Italy)", "when": "Late 2010s (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Woman's Municipal League", "aliases": ["Woman's Municipal League"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["US Film and Radio Industries"], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["content moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Illusion of Inclusion: The False Promise of the New Governance Project for Content Moderation", "author": "Dvoskin, Brenda", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Challenged the effectiveness of the National Board of Review, believing it was insufficient to protect children's safety and likely advocating for stricter censorship or regulation.", "quote": "The Board also faced challenges from Board members and associations such as the Woman's Municipal League and the Society for the Prevention of Crime, who believed that the Board was not enough to protect children's safety.", "page": "41", "url": "https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4785833", "topic": "content moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social Media Platforms, US Film and Radio Industries", "when": "early 20th century to contemporary era"}]}, {"name": "Women Action", "aliases": ["Women Action"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Spain", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "online safety"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La moderación en Redes Sociales¿ Un nuevo tipo de censura no estatal?", "author": "MDEAA LA ABOGACÍA", "year": "", "mechanism": "Operates as a 'super-flagger' organization, a type of authorized alert group that identifies and reports offensive content to social media platforms for rapid resolution.", "quote": "Tal es el caso de Women Action, Heartmob, Trollbusters y Crash Override.", "page": "43", "url": "https://repositorio.uam.es/server/api/core/bitstreams/72f86427-9095-4384-9de2-ab0701fc4305/content", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Social Media Platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter), with a focus on Spain, the EU, and the USA.", "when": "Post-2000 platform era, with a focus on 2010s-2020s."}]}, {"name": "Women Against Violence Against Women", "aliases": ["Women Against Violence Against Women"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "user safety"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Established to combat violence against women, engaging in advocacy and activism, contributing to public discourse on violence which could intersect with debates on sexually explicit material.", "quote": "In 1976, she helped to establish Women Against Violence Against Women (WAVAW) and was active in that group until 1982.", "page": "26", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Women Against Violence Against Women, Boston Chapter", "aliases": ["Women Against Violence Against Women, Boston Chapter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "harm reduction", "social justice"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Opposed the Indianapolis-style antipornography ordinance, contributing to public opposition against censorship laws.", "quote": "A broad range of feminist organizations opposed the ordinance... Women Against Violence Against Women, Boston Chapter;", "page": "7", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Women in Exile", "aliases": ["Women in Exile"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["community radio stations"], "norms": ["gender equality", "human rights"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2023, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Invisible media labour: Participatory moderation at refugee radio stations in Germany", "author": "E Kaliberda", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "A refugee women's initiative that organizes demonstrations and conducts activities on community grounds in Brandenburg to facilitate participation of refugee women in deliberation, including political empowerment workshops, fighting against discrimination, injustice, and deportations.", "quote": "there was a reportage from the demonstration organized by Women in Exile on March 7th, 2020, at the Brandenburg federal state bordering Sachsen-Anhalt.", "page": "190", "url": "https://carleton.scholaris.ca/items/eb6da416-112c-46f4-82fe-aa6742594a4e", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Germany (Hamburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg), focusing on community radio stations and related spaces", "when": "2015-2023 (post-refugee crisis period, with historical context of organizations dating back to 1970s)"}]}, {"name": "Women in Tech Policy Network", "aliases": ["Women in Tech Policy Network"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional network; advocacy community"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2024, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Hosts parliamentary receptions and policy events, connects members with journalists and ministers, and submitted an organised consultation response to Ofcom, using member expertise to shape policy discussions.", "quote": "Organised and submitted a response to Ofcom's online safety consultation and hosts events on AI and online safety, but primary mission is to amplify women's voices across tech policy rather than direct platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://womenintechpolicy.co.uk/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Women of Zimbabwe Arise", "aliases": ["Women of Zimbabwe Arise"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["China", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic engagement"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Intermediary Censorship", "author": "Zuckerman, Ethan", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Was a target of intermediary censorship when its website was threatened with disablement by a U.S.-based hosting company due to a misinterpretation of U.S. Treasury Department restrictions.", "quote": "Kubatana's Web site, along with the Web sites of Women of Zimbabwe Arise and Island Hospice and Bereavement Service, would be disabled so that BlueHost would remain in compliance with U.S. Treasury Department restrictions.", "page": "5", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/1872/chapter/51592/Intermediary-Censorship", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Online service providers (global), China, USA", "when": "2000s"}]}, {"name": "Women's Aid", "aliases": ["Women's Aid"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "support for survivors", "women's safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an established organization working to end domestic violence, Women's Aid promotes women's safety and participation online by providing technology safety tips and resources on its website for survivors.", "quote": "Established organisations and networks that work to end DV, such as NNEDV, the Women's Services Network (WESNET), and organisations like Women's Aid, are including technology safety tips and resources in their websites", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Women's Associations (Iran)", "aliases": ["Women's Associations (Iran)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Social movement"], "countries": ["Egypt", "Iran", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["political participation", "women's rights"], "topics": ["moderazione censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Essere donna in Iran. La visione del cinema tra censura ed Islam", "author": "C Mendini", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Organizing politically and advocating for women's rights in the context of the Constitutional Revolution.", "quote": "Le elezioni stimolarono la creazione di ulteriori associazioni politiche (anjoman) e per la prima volta vi furono anjoman femminili.", "page": "356", "url": "https://www.politesi.polimi.it/handle/10589/18943", "topic": "moderazione censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "Iran (with comparative references to Egypt and Turkey)", "when": "Ancient Persia to 2011"}]}, {"name": "Women's Caucus for Art (WCA)", "aliases": ["Women's Caucus for Art (WCA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["content moderation", "cultural expression", "gender equality", "public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Redefining Censorship: A Feminist View", "author": "Jacobsen, Carol", "year": "1991", "mechanism": "Organized exhibitions for women artists but sometimes practiced self-censorship, for example, by stating in its 1991 national exhibition prospectus that 'Subjects inappropriate for children's viewing will be excluded.'", "quote": "In a deeply reactionary gesture of open censorship, the Women's Caucus for Art stated in its 1991 national exhibition prospectus: 'Subjects inappropriate for children's viewing will be excluded.'", "page": "11", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1991.10791478", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, art world", "when": "late 20th century (1970s-1990s)"}]}, {"name": "women's cooperative", "aliases": ["women's cooperative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres", "author": "Squires, Catherine R.", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Engages in public pressure by targeting national newsmagazines with letters to the editor to protest misogynistic representations of women, seeking to influence public norms.", "quote": "Perhaps a women's cooperative targets a national newsmagazine with letters to the editor protesting the misogynistic representation of women", "page": "3", "url": "https://academic.oup.com/ct/article/12/4/446-468/4110444", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "African American public sphere, United States", "when": "19th to 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Women's eNews", "aliases": ["Women's eNews"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "An online news service that covers women's issues, often overlooked by traditional media, and operates as an independent news source, winning journalism awards.", "quote": "En julio del 2003, ganó cuatro premios periodísticos de la National Federation of Press Women y continúa explorando temas con frecuencia pasados por alto por los medios tradicionales.", "page": "55", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Women's Legal Defense Fund, Inc.", "aliases": ["Women's Legal Defense Fund, Inc."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["gender equality", "women's rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Co-signed the amicus brief and works to challenge sex-based inequities through law, public education, counseling, and advocacy.", "quote": "THE WOMEN'S LEGAL DEFENSE FUND, Inc. (WLDF) is a non-profit tax-exempt organization of over 1500 members founded to further women's rights and to challenge sex-based inequities through the law, especially in the area of employment discrimination and domestic relations.", "page": "22", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Women's liberation movement", "aliases": ["Women's liberation movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Western societies"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["bodily autonomy", "sexual liberation"], "topics": ["moderazione dei contenuti"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sex-influencer. Liberare il sesso tra logiche di mercato e culture digitali", "author": "CM Scarcelli", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "The women's liberation movement actively challenged traditional biomedical notions of sexual health and normalized narratives prevalent in medicine, thereby working to reshape public discourse and establish new norms regarding sexuality.", "quote": "Il femminismo, infatti, in quegli anni si è posto in forte contrapposizione alle concezioni biomediche legate alla salute sessuale, contrastando le narrazioni normalizzanti provenienti dalla medicina [Wells 2008].", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.riviste.morlacchilibri.com/index.php/quaderniditeoriasociale/article/view/477", "topic": "moderazione dei contenuti", "language": "Italian", "where": "Digital cultures and social media platforms (TikTok, Instagram, YouTube), with historical context on Western societies.", "when": "Post-1960s, focusing on the post-2010 platform era."}]}, {"name": "Women's Online Interest Groups", "aliases": ["Women's Online Interest Groups"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "safe space", "women's empowerment"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The online public space and popular ethos in China", "author": "Li, Shubo", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "Created and maintained dedicated online venues focusing on female literature, photography, and other interests, forming distinct female discursive spaces as an alternative to male-dominated public discussions.", "quote": "There were women, on the other hand, who established their own online venues, which focus on female literature, or photo galleries, or evolve around other female interests, creating a female discursive space on the internet.", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443709350098", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forums, China", "when": "1991–2009"}]}, {"name": "Women's organizations and voices", "aliases": ["Women's organizations and voices"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Global", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom", "United Nations", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies", "author": "Kundnani, Arun; Hayes, Ben", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "CVE policies positioned these groups as especially effective in challenging extremist ideology, often reinforcing gender stereotypes by mobilizing them within a broader security agenda.", "quote": "On other occasions, they have positioned women's organisation and voices as especially effective in challenging extremist ideology... either assumption reinforces gender stereotypes.", "page": "16", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on EU, UN, US, UK, Netherlands)", "when": "2005-2018"}]}, {"name": "Women's Rights Organizations (general)", "aliases": ["Women's Rights Organizations (general)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "gender equality"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Participated in consultations to resolve conflicts between liberal constitutional rights and customary marriage practices, contributing to a legislative compromise that involved reforms to traditional practices while balancing different interests.", "quote": "These consultations produced a compromise, which was reflected in legislation, that was acceptable to both women's groups and traditional leaders.", "page": "19", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Women's Services Network (WESNET)", "aliases": ["Women's Services Network (WESNET)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Australia", "United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "support for survivors", "women's safety"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Technology facilitated coercive control: domestic violence and the competing roles of digital media platforms", "author": "Dragiewicz, Molly; Burgess, Jean; Matamoros-Fernández, Ariadna; Salter, Michael; Suzor, Nicolas P.; Woodlock, Delanie; Harris, Bridget", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "As an established organization working to end domestic violence, WESNET promotes women's safety and participation online by providing technology safety tips and resources on its website for survivors.", "quote": "Established organisations and networks that work to end DV, such as NNEDV, the Women's Services Network (WESNET), and organisations like Women's Aid, are including technology safety tips and resources in their websites", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447341", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Digital media platforms (Facebook, Twitter), USA, Australia", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action & the Media", "aliases": ["Women, Action & the Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": ["Amazon", "Facebook", "Google", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "user safety"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Moderating the public sphere", "author": "JC York, E Zuckerman", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Teammed up with Twitter to track and address incidents of online harassment, and documented instances of 'report trolling' used to interfere with moderation processes.", "quote": "Twitter has dealt with a number of complex regulation issues, most notably harassment, which saw the company team up with the nongovernmental organization (NGO) Women, Action, & the Media (WAM!) in an attempt to track inci dents of harassment and tackle the problem (Lapowsky 2015).", "page": "139", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xYy5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA137&dq=moderation+censorship&ots=YYB09o9NSf&sig=A165Fdwn_HhWLhXrpdbVCRIgHO0", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Internet platforms (Facebook, Google, Twitter, Amazon, etc.), with a primary focus on European and US contexts", "when": "early 21st century (2000s-2019)"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action and the Media", "aliases": ["Women, Action and the Media"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram"], "norms": ["free speech", "gender equality", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2017, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Raging Against the Machine: Network Gatekeeping and Collective Action on Social Media Platforms", "author": "West, Sarah Myers", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Led campaigns against gender-based violence and content moderation on social media, collected user data (tweets, emails) and leveraged advertiser pressure to influence platform policies.", "quote": "The campaign also found an intersection with simi-lar efforts by Women, Action and the Media, the Every-day Sexism Project, and author/activist Soraya Chemaly, who were already working on a campaign against gender-based violence on social media.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/989", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram), USA", "when": "2007-2017"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action and the Media (WAM!)", "aliases": ["Women, Action and the Media (WAM!)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["Advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "New Zealand", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "media accountability", "social responsibility"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Challenges in regulating online content", "author": "D Bromell", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Combats 'hate speech' online, launched a shared campaign that led to companies pulling advertisements from Facebook.", "quote": "In 2013, Women, Action and the Media (WAM!) and the Everyday Sexism Project in the United Kingdom launched a shared campaign that resulted in Nissan and the insurance company Nationwide pulling their advertisements from Facebook.", "page": "220", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95550-2_2", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (with focus on New Zealand, Europe, and USA)", "when": "post-2019 Digital Age"}]}, {"name": "Women, Action, & the Media (WAM!)", "aliases": ["Women, Action, & the Media (WAM!)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-harassment", "human rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Human Rights in the Age of Platforms", "author": "Jørgensen, Rikke Frank", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Partners with platforms to track and address online harassment, documenting 'report trolling' and advocating for solutions.", "quote": "Twitter has dealt with... harassment, which saw the company team up with the nongovernmental organization (NGO) Women, Action, & the Media (WAM!) in an attempt to track incidents of harassment and tackle the problem.", "page": "139", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and US social web platforms", "when": "21st century, particularly post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "WomenAction 2000", "aliases": ["WomenAction 2000"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Coordinated a WWW site to enable NGOs to participate in the UN review of the Beijing Platform for Action, facilitating online working groups and submissions to UN preparatory meetings.", "quote": "In preparation for Beijing +5, the APC coordinated the WomenAction 2000 WWW site that enabled NGOs to participate in the UN review of the 'Beijing Platform for Action' (WomenAction 2000).", "page": "236", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Womens Aid Federation Northern Ireland", "aliases": ["Womens Aid Federation Northern Ireland"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["domestic abuse service and advocacy charity"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "WAFNI provides survivor services, publishes research and resources, runs public campaigns and projects (e.g., 'Hear Her Voice') to shape social and legislative responses to domestic abuse and partners with funders and local groups to amplify impact.", "quote": "Primary mission is supporting survivors of domestic abuse and campaigning for social and legislative change; site includes 'Stay Safe Online' resources and online chat but platform governance is not a core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.womensaidni.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Womens Aid Federation of England", "aliases": ["Womens Aid Federation of England"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["national domestic violence charity / women's support organisation"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Minority rights", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1974, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "OSA-related public consultation", "year": "1974", "mechanism": "Publishes survivor guidance, operates national helplines and resources (handbook, videos) that shape public understanding and safety practices; engages publicly to advocate for survivor support services.", "quote": "Primary mission is supporting survivors of domestic abuse, but site includes guidance on online safety (‘cover your tracks online’), indicating engagement with platform-related safety and privacy issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/getting-help-for-domestic-violence/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Word of Mouth Marketing Association", "aliases": ["Word of Mouth Marketing Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["consumer information", "marketing ethics", "research integrity"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Insight 2.0: NOUVEAUX MÉDIAS, NOUVELLES RÈGLES, NOUVELLE VISION APPROFONDIE (1)", "author": "R Poynter, G Lawrence", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Maintains a website offering extensive information related to word-of-mouth marketing, blurring the lines between market research and marketing, and influencing practices in the field.", "quote": "L'une des principales ressources dans le monde du BAO reste Womma (World of Mouth Marketing Association). Womma entretient un site avec une gamme étendue d'informations mais, comme beaucoup de tentatives dans le domaine, elles brouillent la démarcation entre l'étude de marché et le marketing...", "page": "3", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/openview/ddf8a07df58b607f7eb98a15e19eea73/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=36039", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "Global (Internet / Web 2.0 context)", "when": "Early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Work Less Party", "aliases": ["Work Less Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Nigeria", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["freedom", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Authenticity and the cultural politics of work: new forms of informal control", "author": "Fleming, P.", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "As a prominent example within the Refusal of Work movement, this party advocates for reduced work time and challenges the traditional work ethic, aiming for a broader societal shift away from corporate hegemony.", "quote": "The Refusal of Work movement has been growing in popularity over the last few years, with the Krisis Group and Work Less party prominent examples.", "page": "164", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Western economies, particularly the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Nigeria, focusing on corporate environments and call centers.", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century (c. 1960s-2009)"}]}, {"name": "Workers Defense Committee (KOR)", "aliases": ["Workers Defense Committee (KOR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Global", "Indonesia", "Poland", "South Africa", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-repression", "human rights", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Counterpublics and the state", "author": "Asen, Robert; Brouwer, Daniel", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Provided information, advice, and support for disaffected workers, contributing to the broader dissident movement in Poland.", "quote": "The specific 'treasonous acts' consisted of forming an association that provided information, advice, and support for disaffected workers (KOR, or Workers' Defense Committee)...", "page": "63", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Various (US, South Africa, Poland, Indonesia, global Internet)", "when": "Early 20th century to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Workers of the Marcilla sugar factory", "aliases": ["Workers of the Marcilla sugar factory"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["labor standards", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 1917, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "La huelga general de 1917 en Navarra a través de la prensa", "author": "FS Escribano", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "Declared a strike to demand a wage increase of two reales in their daily wages, paralyzing the factory's operations.", "quote": "La medida de presión adoptada es la declara- ción de huelga, y unos sesenta o setenta obreros paralizaran con su actitud la molienda de la remolacha.", "page": "4", "url": "https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2604245.pdf", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Navarra, Spain", "when": "1917"}]}, {"name": "Workers Rights Consortium", "aliases": ["Workers Rights Consortium"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Europe", "Global", "North America"], "media": [], "norms": ["labour rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The platform governance triangle: conceptualising the informal regulation of online content", "author": "Gorwa, Robert", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Developed standards and best practices for labour rights in transnational corporations.", "quote": "dozens of efforts that have sought to create standards and outline best practices around sustainability (e.g., ISO14001, the Forest Stewardship Council), labour rights (e.g., the Fair Labour Association, the Workers Rights Consortium) and many other areas", "page": "4", "url": "https://policyreview.info/node/1407", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with a focus on Europe and North America", "when": "2000s-2010s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Workers' collective", "aliases": ["Workers' collective"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "THE DILEMMA OF CRITICISM: DISENTANGLING THE DETERMINANTS OF MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN CHINA", "author": "Shao, Li", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Gathers in protest over insufficient unemployment protection, representing a collective grievance and public demonstration that would draw censorship due to its collective action potential.", "quote": "A group of Private Sector/SOE workers gather in front of Social Security Bureau, protesting for the lack of protection of unemployment.", "page": "42", "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S159824081800019X/type/journal_article", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Workers' Defence Council (KOR)", "aliases": ["Workers' Defence Council (KOR)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["human rights", "information access", "political dissent"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Initiated underground publishing by disseminating information bulletins, challenging the state's monopoly on information.", "quote": "During its 'pioneering' phase, underground publishing took the form of information bulletins disseminated by the Workers' Defence Council (Komitet Obrony Robotników: KOR).", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Workers' Life", "aliases": ["Workers' Life"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mexico", "Solomon Islands", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic communication", "workers' rights"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Alternative media", "author": "Atton, Chris", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "A periodical that circulated a proposal for 'worker correspondents', encouraging working people to contribute directly to the press, aiming for democratic communication.", "quote": "In 1928 a proposal was circulated for 'worker correspondents' in a pamphlet published by the periodical Workers' Life (Workers' Life, 1928/1983).", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "UK and US (with references to Europe, Latin America, Africa, Mexico, and Solomon Islands)", "when": "1960s–2000s (with historical context from 17th–19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Workers' movements", "aliases": ["Workers' movements"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-coercion", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern to present"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Challenged liberal political thought by advocating for a broader interpretation of private coercion, leading to policies that limit property rights to address coercion by private actors, which has implications for speech regulation.", "quote": "Largely in response to the challenges of workers' movements and socialist politics, left-liberals in Europe and the United States adopted a broad reading of private coercion to support a host of policies that circumscribe property rights in order to address coercion exercised by private actors.", "page": "8", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Workers' unions", "aliases": ["Workers' unions"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Ancient Greece", "Ancient Rome", "France"], "media": [], "norms": ["dignity", "ideological alignment"], "topics": ["modérateur censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "De la vitupération. Le pamphlet et les régimes du «dire vrai» en politique", "author": "M Hastings", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "Similar to political parties, they transform into 'national banks of anger,' collecting and processing public anger to channel it towards new ideological imperatives, thereby administering and rationalizing collective grievances.", "quote": "Peter Sloterdijk montre en effet comment les partis politiques et les syndicats ouvriers vont progressivement se transformer en «banques» nationales de la colère, la collectant et la travaillant afin de la soumettre aux impératifs nouveaux de l'idéologie.", "page": "10", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/mots/19188", "topic": "modérateur censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, France, contemporary digital public sphere", "when": "Ancient times to contemporary era, with focus on 17th-20th century France"}]}, {"name": "Working Women's Institute", "aliases": ["Working Women's Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["user safety", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["136.0"], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["1980s"], "when_min": 1980, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Brief Amici Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce, et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut", "author": "ND Hunter, SA Law", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "A research, resource, and action center focusing on sexual harassment, contributing to the development of norms and legal remedies for workplace conduct, distinct from direct censorship but related to regulating sexualized environments.", "quote": "KAREN SAUVIGNE was a co-founder of Working Women's Institute, a national research, resource, and action center that focuses on sexual harassment.", "page": "29", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/umijlr21&section=11", "topic": "136.0", "language": "", "where": "Indianapolis, USA", "when": "1980s"}]}, {"name": "Working-class private theatres", "aliases": ["Working-class private theatres"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "working-class self-expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–19th century"], "when_min": 1773, "when_max": 1832, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Theatric Revolution: Drama, Censorship, and Romantic Period Subcultures 1773-1832", "author": "D Worrall", "year": "2006", "mechanism": "Functioned as participatory performance spaces where \"people paid to perform\"\" in a \"\"thespian karaoke\"\" style", "quote": "Participatory performance, working-class self-expression.", "page": "the working-class private theatres of the early-nineteenth century, a sort of thespian karaoke where people paid to perform.", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qhBREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=censorship&ots=vOqryDgyix&sig=5btZsYnd0rys2dVPAeM0ic56zbM", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "London, England", "when": "1773–1832"}]}, {"name": "Working-class reading societies/collectives", "aliases": ["Working-class reading societies/collectives"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "freedom of access to information", "literacy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th century"], "when_min": 1815, "when_max": 1881, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fighting French Censorship, 1815-1881", "author": "RJ Goldstein", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "Evaded state attempts to restrict newspaper circulation among the poor (e.g., through special taxes) by pooling resources to share newspapers or subscribe to public reading rooms, fostering access to information and a working-class culture.", "quote": "literate members of the French working class banded together to share newspapers or subscribed to public reading rooms where for a small fee citizens could obtain access to a wide variety of papers", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/398913", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France", "when": "1815–1881"}]}, {"name": "World Anti-Communist League (WACL)", "aliases": ["World Anti-Communist League (WACL)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "national security", "political freedom", "public morals", "state loyalty"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th century"], "when_min": 1800, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Propaganda Model (1988)", "author": "Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Interlocked with Freedom House and government bodies, this organization contributed to the 'virtual propaganda arm' of the government and international right wing, influencing the political and media environment by promoting anti-communist narratives.", "quote": "Freedom House... has had interlocks with AIM, the World Anticommunist League, Resistance International, and U.S. gov-ernment bodies... and has long served as a virtual propaganda arm of the government and international right wing.", "page": "21", "url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000712681/chapters/10.4324/9780367809195-5", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States, Great Britain", "when": "19th century to 1980s"}]}, {"name": "World Assembly of Muslim Youth", "aliases": ["World Assembly of Muslim Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association / religious association / foundation"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious authenticity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "A Saudi-sponsored institution that actively promotes salafi-wahhabi doctrine globally, contributing to norm enforcement and the spread of a specific religious viewpoint.", "quote": "Saudi sponsored institutions such as the Muslim World League and World Assembly of Muslim Youth have energetically promoted salafi-wahhabi doctrine globally.", "page": "190", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "World Association for Sexual Health", "aliases": ["World Association for Sexual Health"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["digital equity", "human rights", "public health", "sexual rights", "sexual well-being"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Facebook Doesn’t <i>Like</i> Sexual Health or Sexual Pleasure: Big Tech’s Ambiguous Content Moderation Policies and Their Impact on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Youth", "author": "Borrás Pérez, Pepe", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Spearheaded international declarations (Valencia Declaration, Declaration on Sexual Pleasure) defining sexual rights as human rights and advocating for the inclusion of sexual pleasure in health, thereby setting global norms. They also set themes for World Sexual Health Day to address digital challenges and call for 'reframing and reconceptualization' of sexual health online to counter Big Tech censorship.", "quote": "WAS' call for a \"reframing and reconceptualization\"\" of sexual health online", "page": "is another example of the broader movement for a deeper reflection on how tech- nology should be integrated into our mod- ern societies.\"", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2021.2005732", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet Platforms, USA", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters", "aliases": ["World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "public discourse", "user agency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "States that community-based media provide direct access for citizens to participate in mass communication, serving as a normative framework for participatory communication.", "quote": "AMARC, the World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters, states that community based media ‘provide direct access for citizens and associations to participate in the practice of mass communication’ (AMARC, 1998: 2).", "page": "126", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)", "aliases": ["World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters (AMARC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["virtual conferences"], "norms": ["community support", "free speech", "media diversity"], "topics": ["modération des débats"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Le droit à communiquer en débat: démarrage, interface, conclusions", "author": "B Abramson", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Organized a subsequent virtual conference dedicated to the right to communicate, further cultivating and directing international debate on communication policies and rights.", "quote": "Le texte de David Casacuberta a ensuite servi à relancer un débat à ce sujet dans une deuxième conférence virtuelle portant sur le droit à communiquer, organisée cette fois par l'Association mondiale des radiodiffuseurs communautaires (AMARC).", "page": "7", "url": "http://www.commposite.org/index.php/revue/article/view/18", "topic": "modération des débats", "language": "French", "where": "Global communication policy, early Internet, and virtual conferences on the right to communicate.", "when": "Late 20th century (1950s-1990s), with a focus on the 1990s."}]}, {"name": "World Association of News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)", "aliases": ["World Association of News Publishers (WAN-IFRA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": [], "media": ["digital news media"], "norms": ["ethical conduct", "journalistic quality", "media sustainability", "public service"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reputación, visibilidad y fidelización de audiencias de medios: una propuesta operativa desde la academia", "author": "L Castells-Fos, C Lopezosa…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "As a trade association for news publishers, WAN-IFRA publishes reports and guidelines that propose strategies for news media sustainability, focusing on journalistic quality, ethical conduct, and audience engagement, thereby influencing industry self-regulation and norm enforcement to maintain reputation.", "quote": "Asimismo, las propuestas centradas en el foco al usuario, la calidad del producto periodístico [...] son similares a las propuestas realizadas en diferentes informes publicados por estos think tanks (WAN-IFRA, 2021...", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/download/85655/4564456564566", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Digital news media environment", "when": "Contemporary digital era"}]}, {"name": "World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers", "aliases": ["World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook", "news websites", "political blogs"], "norms": ["commercial interest", "diversity of opinion", "public debate"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversação política, incivilidade e intolerância em ambientes digitais", "author": "PG da Conceição Rossini", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Conducts studies and reports on the practices of news organizations regarding comment sections, including their maintenance, perceived benefits, and issues like trolling, thus influencing industry norms for content moderation.", "quote": "Apesar desta tendência, o estudo da WAN, realizado com 78 empresas jornalísticas de 46 países, aponta que 82% das organizações ainda mantém a seção de comentários ativa e 53% destas acreditam que o recurso contribui para fomentar debates e a acreditam que os comentários de leitores são fontes de ideias para novas pautas.", "page": "136", "url": "https://repositorio.ufmg.br/items/622706ba-4a88-4841-b0cd-9afee60c4edf", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms (Facebook, news websites, political blogs)", "when": "2015"}]}, {"name": "World Bank", "aliases": ["World Bank"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["educational standards", "market interests"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th-21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Zacarias de Góes e Vasconcelos: o personagem do Brasil imperial numa perspectiva biográfica1", "author": "JS da Silva", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Establishes guidelines and parameters for educational quality, curriculum, skills, and competencies, thereby influencing the educational policies of member states.", "quote": "organismos multilaterais como OCDE, Banco Mundial e UNESCO estabelecem diretrizes para a educação, consideradas parâmetros referenciais para obtenção da qualidade do conhecimento escolar, de habilidades e competências.", "page": "87", "url": "https://ebookspedroejoaoeditores.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pesquisas-e-escritas-ebook.pdf#page=496", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Brazil", "when": "20th-21st century"}]}, {"name": "World Bank Group", "aliases": ["World Bank Group"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Myanmar"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["digital development", "socio-economic development"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2021, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "“Dangerous organizations: Facebook’s content moderation decisions and ethnic visibility in Myanmar”", "author": "Sablosky, Jeffrey", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Issuing conclusions that telecommunication privatization presented opportunities for socio-economic development in Myanmar, thereby contributing to the policy environment that fostered the growth of digital communication infrastructure and Facebook's eventual dominance.", "quote": "Likewise, the World Bank concluded that telecommunication privatization presented a “tremendous opportunity for Myanmar to leverage modern information and communication technology (ICT) as a platform for socioeconomic development” (Norbu, 2015).", "page": "9", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0163443720987751", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Myanmar, Facebook", "when": "2010s-2021"}]}, {"name": "World Church of the Creator", "aliases": ["World Church of the Creator"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["white supremacy"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Registered numerous online domains and established websites, including a webpage for children, to promote white supremacist ideology and gain media attention.", "quote": "World Church of the Creator (WCOTC)... registered numerous domains such as rahowa.com and wcotc.com... Hale established a website and a web page for children.", "page": "45", "url": "https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-12633-9", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "The Web, USA, UK", "when": "Post-2000s digital age, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "World Commission on Dams", "aliases": ["World Commission on Dams"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["consensus building", "governance standards", "responsible development", "sustainability"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance: putting a fiction into practice", "author": "Hofmann, Jeanette", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A temporary multi-stakeholder initiative that negotiated a consensual understanding and developed non-binding guidelines for controversial issues related to dam development, acting as a norm-setting body.", "quote": "Iconic examples are... the World Commission on Dams (1998–2000). In each case, the starting point was a complex controversial issue on an international scale.", "page": "4", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23738871.2016.1158303", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Transnational Internet governance", "when": "post-1990s, with focus on post-2005 Internet governance"}]}, {"name": "World Debate Institute", "aliases": ["World Debate Institute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["critical thinking", "education", "fairness"], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Offers courses and seminars for training debate judges, covering evaluation processes and communication, thereby influencing the professional standards and practices of debate moderation.", "quote": "alcune organizzazioni internazionali, come il World Debate Institute o l'International Debate Education Association, offrono corsi e seminari mirati alla formazione dei giudici, che coprono tutti gli aspetti del processo di valutazione e della comunicazione in un contesto di dibattito.", "page": "58", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "World Economic Forum Global Coalition for Digital Safety", "aliases": ["World Economic Forum Global Coalition for Digital Safety"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["harm reduction", "online safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dangerous Speech and Its Dilemmas", "author": "S Benesch", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Co-chaired by David Sullivan; works on typology of online harms and promotes digital safety effectively.", "quote": "Content, conduct, and contact have also been used to organize the World Economic Forum’s typology of online harms, which is not specific to risks for children (World Economic Forum, 2023).", "page": "276", "url": "https://api.taylorfrancis.com/content/chapters/edit/download?identifierName=doi&identifierValue=10.1201/9781003621072-11&type=chapterpdf", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Global internet, online platforms, digital ecosystems", "when": "1970s-current (and future outlook)"}]}, {"name": "World Editors Forum", "aliases": ["World Editors Forum"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": ["BBC"], "norms": ["journalistic standards"], "topics": ["debate moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "USER-GENERATED CONTENT AND GATEKEEPING AT THE BBC HUB", "author": "Harrison, Jackie", "year": "2010", "mechanism": "The World Editors Forum publishes reports and discusses trends regarding newsroom operations, including the integration and management of user-generated content, thereby influencing journalistic practices and gatekeeping norms globally.", "quote": "According to the Editor of the Guardian newspaper, Alan Rusbridger, \"the role of journalists in this multi-media age has not changed: User-generated content will only be a complement to their work\"\" (World Editors Forum", "page": "2008", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700903290593", "topic": "debate moderator", "language": "English", "where": "BBC (specifically the UGC hub), UK", "when": "2000s (post-2004)"}]}, {"name": "World Federation of Advertisers (WFA) & International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD)", "aliases": ["World Federation of Advertisers (WFA) & International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association; coalition"], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "They set voluntary global standards, publish frameworks and compliance metrics, train industry actors, and run coalition initiatives with major platforms to implement age-gating and other safeguards.", "quote": "The organisations develop and promote voluntary global marketing standards and digital safeguards for alcohol marketing, working directly with platforms (Google, Meta, TikTok) to implement age-gating and other measures.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.wfanet.org/knowledge/item/2025/09/01/the-success-of-alcohol-marketing-self-regulation", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "World Federation of Scientists", "aliases": ["World Federation of Scientists"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cybersecurity", "international security", "national security"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Drafting declarations on principles for cyber stability and peace.", "quote": "43. World Federation of Scientists. (2009). Erice Declaration on Principles for Cyber Stability and Cyber Peace. http://www.aps.org/units/fip/ newsletters/201109/barletta.cfm.", "page": "31", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)", "aliases": ["World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual property"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A responsabilidade civil dos provedores de internet: limites e desafios na moderação de conteúdos de terceiros-Civil liability of internet providers: limits and …", "author": "J Alves, VA Conte", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "The Permanent Committee on Copyright and Related Rights of WIPO influences intellectual property law and policy by recognizing and adopting predominant doctrines, specifically concerning human authorship for copyright protection of AI-generated works.", "quote": "o Comitê Permanente de Direito Autoral e Direitos Conexos da OMPI (Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual) reconhece e adota o entendimento predominante na doutrina, aplicando a proteção das obras à autoria humana.", "page": "6", "url": "https://remas.faculdadedofuturo.edu.br/remas/article/view/111", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Internet platforms, AI systems, Brazil, European Union, United States", "when": "post-2010 platform era, AI era"}]}, {"name": "World Internet Project", "aliases": ["World Internet Project"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2002, "when_max": 2006, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Flatter world and thicker walls? Blogs, censorship and civic discourse in China", "author": "MacKinnon, Rebecca", "year": "2007", "mechanism": "Conducts international comparative surveys on Internet use and its political impact, providing a broader context for evaluating the specific effects and political significance of the Internet in countries like China.", "quote": "The study points out that compared to survey results in other countries around the world under the auspices of the World Internet Project (WIP), the Internet has a more “significant” political impact in China than in other countries", "page": "14", "url": "http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-007-9199-0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "2002–2006"}]}, {"name": "World Press Freedom Committee", "aliases": ["World Press Freedom Committee"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Belgium", "Brazil", "Estonia", "Europe", "Finland", "Germany", "Global", "Korea", "Poland", "Uganda", "United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "media independence"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 2007, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sites web politiques et nouvelles formes de participation en ligne: Cas de «la France en commun»,«M l'avenir» et «Idées en commun»", "author": "N Andrianasolo, S Ngono…", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Publishes declarations and statements (like the Declaration of Talloires) that outline principles for independent news media, aiming to influence and protect press freedom.", "quote": "World Press Freedom Committee (1981) The Declaration of Talloires: A Constructive Approach To A Global Information Order. A Statement of Principles to Which an Independent News Media Subscribes, and On Which It Never Will Compromise.", "page": "68", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/15113", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Europe, with global case studies (e.g., North Belgium, Estonia, Germany, Poland, Finland, UK, Brazil, Uganda, Korea)", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (c.1990-2007)"}]}, {"name": "World Prison Brief (Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research)", "aliases": ["World Prison Brief (Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Italy"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "human rights", "transparency"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Concepts and conditions of penal moderation: Penal policy, public philosophy, and political ideologies. Theoretical reflections from Italy (2010–2018)", "author": "Z Gallo", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Collects and publishes international prison data, which serves as a factual basis for evaluating penal policies, supporting arguments for decarceration, and informing discussions on penal moderation.", "quote": "with a steady decline in Italian prison rates: from a high of 112 in 2010, to 110 in 2012, to 88 in 2014 (World Prison Brief (WPB) falling further to 86 in 2015 (Torrente, 2016).", "page": "8", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/13624806241302785", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Italy", "when": "2010–2018"}]}, {"name": "World Schools Debate Championship (WSDC)", "aliases": ["World Schools Debate Championship (WSDC)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Italy", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderatore del dibattito"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["Ancient to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Il dibattito regolamentato: una pratica formativa per lo sviluppo del pensiero critico nel sistema di istruzione italiano", "author": "N Russo", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Organizes an international competition for high school students that facilitated the development and adoption of a shared protocol for regulated debate, thereby establishing norms for structured public discourse globally.", "quote": "Il World Schools Debate (WSD), celebre format di dibattito, trae le sue radici dal World Schools Debate Championship, una competizione internazionale ideata nel 1988 e organizzata in Australia... si avvertì la necessità di creare un protocollo condiviso.", "page": "30", "url": "https://tesidottorato.depositolegale.it/handle/20.500.14242/79287", "topic": "moderatore del dibattito", "language": "Italian", "where": "Italian education system (primary to university), drawing on international debate traditions (Anglo-Saxon and American)", "when": "Ancient Greece to present-day, with a focus on 21st-century educational applications"}]}, {"name": "World Social Forum (implied)", "aliases": ["World Social Forum (implied)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-neoliberalism", "global justice", "political participation"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Network culture: politics for the information age", "author": "Terranova, Tiziana", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Assembles an international movement by bringing together diverse actors such as mayors, political parties, NGOs, indigenous groups, and media activists to challenge neoliberal economic policies and experiment with new forms of political organization.", "quote": "the Social Forum meetings assembling an international movement of mayors, political parties, NGOs, indigenous groups, media activists and others (from Porto Alegre, Brazil 2000 to Mumbai, India 2004);", "page": "154", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global communication networks, Internet, digital economy", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "World Values Survey", "aliases": ["World Values Survey"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["scientific integrity", "social progress", "universal values"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Conducts global surveys on values and their impact on social and political life, providing data for comparative analysis and influencing research directions.", "quote": "Para os interessados em pesquisas mais focadas em assuntos políticos, existem o Latinobarómetro, o World Values Survey (WVS) e o Latin American Public Opinion Project (Lapop), da Universidade de Vanderbilt.", "page": "204", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "World Vision", "aliases": ["World Vision"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Global", "Global South", "Western countries"], "media": [], "norms": ["poverty reduction", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1966, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Handbook of Digital Politics: Second Edition", "author": "", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Participated in coalition-launched campaigns (like Put People First) promoting public mobilization against economic and environmental harms, using digital media for personalized engagement.", "quote": "The largest of these demonstrations was sponsored by a number of prominent NGOs including Oxfam, Friends of the Earth, Save the Children and World Vision.", "page": "299", "url": "https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781800377585/9781800377585.xml", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global (various countries, with focus on Western, Global South, and authoritarian regimes)", "when": "Contemporary digital era (from late 20th century to present)"}]}, {"name": "World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Social Web Incubator Community Group", "aliases": ["World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Social Web Incubator Community Group"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["AI industry consortium / standards body"], "countries": ["Global North", "Russia"], "media": ["Mastodon", "Matrix.org"], "norms": ["interoperability", "moderation efficacy", "open standards"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Safer spaces by design? Federated socio-technical architectures in content moderation", "author": "K Ermoshina, F Musiani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "This group serves as an online forum where solutions for Fediverse governance and moderation challenges are proposed, such as limiting instance sizes to alleviate the load on administrators.", "quote": "A solution proposed on the online forum of the Social Web Incubator W39 was to limit the size of the instances on the level of all Fediverse, thus reducing the admin to user ratio and supposedly helping moderators to lower the load.", "page": "11", "url": "https://shs.hal.science/halshs-05042338/", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Federated social media platforms (Mastodon, Matrix.org) and secure messaging tools, with contextual focus on user migration in Russia and the Global North.", "when": "2010s-2020s (post-Snowden revelations, contemporary platform era)"}]}, {"name": "World Wildlife Fund", "aliases": ["World Wildlife Fund"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": [], "norms": ["environmental protection"], "topics": ["moderação censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Métodos em plataformas digitais", "author": "RCM Maia, M Orlandini…", "year": "2022", "mechanism": "Engages with media and political delegations to influence public discourse on climate change, contributing to common interpretations and advocacy for environmental policies.", "quote": "bem como com representantes de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) transnacionais – Climate Action Network, Friends of the Earth, Climate Analytics, Global Call for Climate Action, Greenpeace, One World, Oxfam e World Wildlife Fund (WWF).", "page": "284", "url": "https://books.scielo.org/id/25qkk/pdf/maia-9786556308883.pdf#page=208", "topic": "moderação censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, digital platforms, legislative debates", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Worldwide Church of God", "aliases": ["Worldwide Church of God"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["15th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Gutenberg's legacy: Copyright, censorship, and religious pluralism", "author": "TF Cotter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Used copyright to prevent a breakaway faction from distributing a religious work (\"Mystery of the Ages\"\") that the parent church had ceased distributing", "quote": "Control over religious doctrine, suppression of heresy, maintaining goodwill and membership.", "page": "WCG points out that those who respond to PCG's ads are the same people who would be interested in WCG's planned annotated version or any future republication of the original version. ... PCG's distribution of its unauthorized version of MOA thus harms WCG's goodwill by diverting potential members and contributions from WCG.", "url": "https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/calr91&section=17", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA, England", "when": "15th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors", "aliases": ["Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade association / guild"], "countries": ["Early Modern England"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic pride"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Licensing, censorship and authorship in early modern England: Buggeswords", "author": "R Dutton", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "As a sponsoring trade guild, they took plays like 'The Hector of Germanie' under their authority, potentially allowing them to escape the standard licensing regime of the Master of the Revels and operate under civic rather than courtly oversight.", "quote": "In this context the play might well have escaped the licensing regime of the Master of the Revels and, like the Lord Mayors' Shows, have come under the authority of the sponsoring trade guild (Dutton, 1995, pp. 9, 73–4).", "page": "15", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ki9-DAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=wTsRR21iCY&sig=wD2dsb5OOrV9m_uEO_9u8iGi2VQ", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Early Modern England", "when": "early modern"}]}, {"name": "Writers Guild of America East", "aliases": ["Writers Guild of America East"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "North America", "Sweden"], "media": [], "norms": ["worker autonomy", "workers' rights"], "topics": ["moderação de conteúdo"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A plataformização do trabalho jornalístico: dimensões, regime de publicação e agenda de pesquisa", "author": "JV Barros, AF Marques, JA Moliani…", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organizes digital media workers in the United States to advocate for their rights, improve working conditions, and gain more control over their labor in the context of platformization.", "quote": "Especificamente na área do jornalismo destacamos: a) Writers Guild of America East, nos Estados Unidos, que reúne trabalhadores de VICE, Vox, The Intercept, MTV, HuffPost, Gizmodo e Fast Company (Cohen & De Peuter, 2018);", "page": "16", "url": "https://scholar.archive.org/work/rvkhkylj6rfyhetocljqgw2w7i/access/wayback/https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/avatares/article/download/6320/pdf", "topic": "moderação de conteúdo", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Brazil, global platforms, North America, Sweden", "when": "21st century, focusing on post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Writers' Association (East Germany)", "aliases": ["Writers' Association (East Germany)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Brazil", "Europe", "Southeast Asia"], "media": [], "norms": ["content control", "state ideology"], "topics": ["moderador censor"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura e obsolescência", "author": "MR Gomes", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Expelled Heiner Müller from its ranks, effectively preventing him from working officially as a writer for two years, following his controversial play 'A Emigrante'. This was a form of institutional control over artistic freedom.", "quote": "Finalmente, a 28 de Novembro, decide-se expulsar Müller da Associação de Escritores (cf. Braun 1995: 74), o que efetivamente o impedia de trabalhar oficialmente como escritor durante os dois anos seguintes.", "page": "187", "url": "https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/68931/3/TEATRODOMUNDO8COMPLETO000206041.pdf#page=184", "topic": "moderador censor", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Europe, Southeast Asia, and Brazil", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Writers' International", "aliases": ["Writers' International"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["Learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["British India", "Canada", "Global", "Hungary", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["political ideology"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1920, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "GAFAM and hate content moderation: Deplatforming and deleting the alt-right", "author": "T Mirrlees", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "An organization connected to the Communist International, whose author's affiliations were a reason for books to remain banned in India, demonstrating its role in the ecosystem of prohibited literature.", "quote": "the author was associated with two bodies (the Left Book Club and the Writers’ International) which were connected to the Communist International", "page": "174", "url": "https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1521-613620210000026006/full/html", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with case studies in the United States, Canada, Hungary, and British India.", "when": "Early 20th century to contemporary (1920s-2020s)"}]}, {"name": "Writers' Union of Romania", "aliases": ["Writers' Union of Romania"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Romania"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech", "professional autonomy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Communist era"], "when_min": 1947, "when_max": 1990, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Romania", "author": "Vianu, Lidia", "year": "1998", "mechanism": "As a professional body for writers, the Writers' Union of Romania, despite being state-controlled, was invoked by its members (such as George Macovescu) to assert their perceived right to write and publish, challenging the unstated censorship and bureaucratic delays imposed by state-run publishing houses.", "quote": "I am an upstanding citizen of this country and a member of the Writers' Union. I also know my rights, which include the right to write and publish.", "page": "14", "url": "api.taylorfrancis.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Romania", "when": "1947–1990 (Communist era)"}]}, {"name": "Writers' Union of the GDR", "aliases": ["Writers' Union of the GDR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["East Germany", "France"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship, a Comparative View: France, 1789-East Germany, 1989", "author": "Darnton, Robert", "year": "1995", "mechanism": "This league participated as a representative body on a special committee involved in negotiating book proposals, influencing the planned literary output within the state-controlled publishing system.", "quote": "a long, complicated process that involved negotiating proposals for books with authors, editors, and a special committee of representatives from bookstores, libraries, the academic world, and the Authors' League.", "page": "15", "url": "http://rep.ucpress.edu/cgi/doi/10.1525/rep.1995.49.1.99p0261p", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "France (1789) and East Germany (1989)", "when": "late 18th century and late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Writers' Union of the USSR", "aliases": ["Writers' Union of the USSR"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic standards", "political orthodoxy", "socialism"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Cold War"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 1989, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union", "author": "Stelmakh, V. D", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Acted as gatekeepers and enforcers of recognized socialist culture, likely through self-censorship, peer pressure, and upholding ideological lines among its members, thereby contributing to the narrowing of permissible literature.", "quote": "The writers union and other creative unions such as the cultural groups acted as bearers of the recognized aspect of the socialist culture.", "page": "4", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/18888", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Soviet Union (USSR)", "when": "1960s-1980s (Cold War)"}]}, {"name": "X's Community Notes", "aliases": ["X's Community Notes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-misinformation", "harm reduction", "information quality"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The unappreciated role of intent in algorithmic moderation of abusive content on social media", "author": "X Wang, S Koneru, PN Venkit, B Frischmann…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Users collaboratively add contextual notes to potentially harmful or misleading content, serving as a crowd-sourced moderation layer alongside algorithmic systems.", "quote": "The potential effectiveness of crowd-based moderation is evident in several real-world implementations, such as Twitter's Birdwatch (now X's Community Notes), where users collaboratively add contextual notes to potentially harmful or misleading content;", "page": "5", "url": "https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1221&context=facpubs", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Social media platforms", "when": "Contemporary (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Xanga.com", "aliases": ["Xanga.com"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "South Korea", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": ["internet communities", "online media"], "norms": [], "topics": ["Moderador de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nosotros, el medio", "author": "S Bowman, C Willis", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Functions as one of the largest weblog community sites, allowing users to publish personal narratives and engage in discussions, contributing to eyewitness reporting and community building.", "quote": "John Hiler, cofundador de WebCrimson, una firma de consultoría de software con sede en Manhattan, y Xanga.com, uno de los sitios más grandes de comunidades weblog.", "page": "37", "url": "https://blogdelmedio.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/shayne-bowman-y-chris-willis-nosotros-el-medio-2007.pdf", "topic": "Moderador de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, focusing on online media and internet communities, with specific examples from the US, South Korea, and the UK", "when": "Mid-1990s to early 2000s"}]}, {"name": "Xinjiekou (Hip-hop group)", "aliases": ["Xinjiekou (Hip-hop group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["artistic merit", "intellectual property"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A hip-hop group that publicly denounced the hanmai community through a rap song ('Fuck Hanmai') for plagiarism and 'rustic tastes,' asserting aesthetic superiority.", "quote": "A hip-hop group, Xinjiekou, accused the whole hanmai community of plagiarising flows from Chinese hip-hop musicians. They created a rap song entiteld “Fuck Hanmai”", "page": "64", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Xray community", "aliases": ["Xray community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["China", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "freedom of information"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A Wall Behind A Wall: Emerging Regional Censorship in China", "author": "Wu, Mingshi; Zohaib, Ali; Durumeric, Zakir; Houmansadr, Amir; Wustrow, Eric", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Develops anti-censorship tools and provides an online space for censorship discussions.", "quote": "Xray community, V2Ray community, and sing-box community for providing online space for censorship discussions.", "page": "15", "url": "ieeexplore.ieee.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China (Henan Province, other provinces) and global internet", "when": "August 2023–March 2025"}]}, {"name": "Ya", "aliases": ["Ya"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (newspaper)"], "countries": ["Spain"], "media": [], "norms": ["national identity", "religious principles"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["1930s-1940s"], "when_min": 1937, "when_max": 1941, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fascismo o estado católico? Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco; 1937 - 1941", "author": "Andrés Gallego, José", "year": "1997", "mechanism": "A Catholic newspaper, considered a 'hermano menor' of El Debate, implying a similar mission and subject to the same political pressures and criticisms.", "quote": "Hacía falta un órgano político estricto y con la proclamación de la república en 1931 formó Herrera la Acción Nacional, posibilista y moderada, que cambió su nombre por Acción Popular (...) y con la dirección de El Debate, el diario confesional por antonomasia, que tuvo en Ya un hermano menor sólo desde 1935.", "page": "", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Spain", "when": "1937–1941"}]}, {"name": "Yahoo! Democrats_Won!", "aliases": ["Yahoo! Democrats_Won!"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "As a grassroots discussion space run by ordinary citizens, this group employs volunteer moderators who manage discussions, set rules, and censor subscriptions to promote group coherence and shared viewpoints.", "quote": "Online discussion groups in this paper refer to grassroots discussion spaces run by ordinary citizens, such as Yahoo! Democrats_Won!.... Moderators of Yahoo! Democrats_Won! and MSN The Republicans also censored subscriptions.", "page": "5", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "Yahoo! The Political Spinroom", "aliases": ["Yahoo! The Political Spinroom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["Google", "MSN", "Yahoo!"], "norms": ["civility", "open discourse", "rational discourse", "viewpoint diversity"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2004, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The structural features and the deliberative quality of online discussions", "author": "W Zhang, X Cao, MN Tran", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This group explicitly encourages diverse viewpoints and actively uses moderation to guide discussions toward reasonable arguments and issue debates, while discouraging personal attacks, though moderation can sometimes be perceived as biased.", "quote": "Yahoo! The political spin room witnessed hot debate; “varying points of view are encouraged and no political topic is off-limits”. Moderator encouraged reasonable arguments, not personal attacks.", "page": "10", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073658531200069X", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online discussion platforms (Google, Yahoo!, MSN) focused on US politics", "when": "October-November 2004"}]}, {"name": "Yale Program on Climate Change Communication (YPCCC)", "aliases": ["Yale Program on Climate Change Communication (YPCCC)"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": ["broadcast television"], "norms": ["public trust", "public understanding of science", "scientific integrity"], "topics": ["television moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2012, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "If they like you, they learn from you: How a brief weathercaster-delivered climate education segment is moderated by viewer evaluations of the weathercaster", "author": "AA Anderson, TA Myers, EW Maibach…", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Conducts research on public opinion and communication about climate change, providing data and insights used to understand public trust in communicators and evaluate the effectiveness of climate education efforts, thereby informing strategies for shaping public understanding.", "quote": "ANTHONY LEISEROWITZ Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut", "page": "1", "url": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/5/4/wcas-d-12-00051_1.xml", "topic": "television moderation", "language": "English", "where": "South Carolina, United States (local broadcast television)", "when": "2012–2013"}]}, {"name": "Yankton Sioux Tribe", "aliases": ["Yankton Sioux Tribe"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["indigenous nation"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders of Indigenous Peoples Resisting Extractive Industries in the United States", "author": "Howard, Seanna M - (showard)", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Resisted extractive industries and were impacted by the lack of meaningful consultation regarding the Dakota Access Pipeline permits.", "quote": "The permits were issued in the absence of meaningful consultation and without the free, prior and informed consent of the affected tribes: Standing Rock Sioux, Yankton Sioux, and Cheyenne River Sioux.", "page": "3", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "United States (North Dakota, Louisiana, South Dakota, Texas)", "when": "2016–2019 (post-2010 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Yayasan Dekat Bintang di Langit", "aliases": ["Yayasan Dekat Bintang di Langit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Harakatuna.com", "Instagram", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["counter-extremism", "social cohesion", "user empowerment"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["2010s-2020s"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Countering Radicalism in Social Media by Campaigning for Religious Moderation", "author": "Setia, Paelani; Haq, Mochamad Ziaul", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Contributes to deradicalization efforts by accommodating and empowering former terrorism prisoners, facilitating their reintegration into society as free individuals.", "quote": "The webinar highlighted one of the roles Yayasan Dekat Bintang di Langit (Debintal) played in accommodating former terrorism prisoners who were then empowered as free individuals and played a role in the deradicalization process in Indonesia.", "page": "7", "url": "https://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/focus/article/view/6571", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Harakatuna.com, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook)", "when": "2010s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Yeni Serbestî", "aliases": ["Yeni Serbestî"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "political opposition"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published from Cairo with a French national assuming responsibility, allowing it to circumvent Ottoman bans on its importation and continue its political opposition from abroad.", "quote": "Mevlanzâde then moved his paper to Cairo, and started publishing it under the name Yeni Serbestî (New Serbestî) on January 17, 1910. The Ottoman High Commissioner in Egypt promptly informed the Grand Vezir's office of this event, asserting that Mevlanzâde was not given permission by the local government. He had found, however, a French national to assume responsibility of his newspaper...", "page": "31", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Yerevan Press Club", "aliases": ["Yerevan Press Club"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Armenia", "Azerbaijan", "Belarus", "Estonia", "Georgia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Latvia", "Lithuania", "Moldova", "Russia", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Ukraine"], "media": [], "norms": ["access to information", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1991, "when_max": 2008, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media: An Overview", "author": "Richter, Andrei", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "Documented how licensing requirements for press distributors in Armenia restricted the independent media's access to printing and distribution services.", "quote": "The licensing and also the supervision of press distributors is carried out by AyPost (the Armenian postal service), which itself is involved in the distribution business (Ezhenedel'nyj byulleten' Erevanskogo press-kluba, 2006).", "page": "6", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1748048508094291", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Post-Soviet states (including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan)", "when": "1991–2008 (post-Soviet era)"}]}, {"name": "Yesh Din (Volunteers for Human Rights)", "aliases": ["Yesh Din (Volunteers for Human Rights)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1940, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship: The conceptual framework", "author": "D Bar-Tal", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Provides validated information that challenges the official narrative, facing sanctions and pressure to silence them from formal and informal institutions.", "quote": "formal and informal institutions and organizations use sanctions to silence them, as, for example, is done with NGOs such as Betzelem, Shovrim Shtika, or Yesh Din.", "page": "5", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7_1", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Various countries and social contexts of conflict", "when": "Mid-20th to early 21st century, with historical antecedents"}]}, {"name": "Yesh Din - Volunteers for Human Rights", "aliases": ["Yesh Din - Volunteers for Human Rights"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO, watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["France", "Global", "Greece", "Hungary", "Israel", "Japan", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Self-censorship in contexts of conflict", "author": "D Bar-Tal, R Nets-Zehngut, K Sharvit", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Exposes human rights information, but faces sanctions as formal and informal institutions use them to silence such NGOs for challenging official narratives.", "quote": "formal and informal institutions and organizations use sanctions to silence them, as, for example, is done with NGOs such as Betzelem, Shovrim Shtika, or Yesh Din.", "page": "6", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-63378-7.pdf", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with specific case studies in Israel, France, Spain, Turkey, Japan, Hungary, Greece, and other countries.", "when": "Early 20th century to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "YesYoureRacist (Twitter account/campaign)", "aliases": ["YesYoureRacist (Twitter account/campaign)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-racism", "social accountability", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Twitter account that initiated a social media campaign to identify and expose participants of white supremacist rallies to publicly shame them and deter future participation.", "quote": "“If you recognize any of the Nazis marching…send me their names/profiles and I’ll make them famous” (@YesYoureRacist). These words helped to propel an effective—if somewhat controversial—social media campaign", "page": "231", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "YM-YWCA (Young Men's/Women's Christian Association)", "aliases": ["YM-YWCA (Young Men's/Women's Christian Association)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1971"], "when_min": 1971, "when_max": 1971, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The effects of censorship and attractiveness of the censor on attitude change", "author": "S Worchel, SE Arnold", "year": "1973", "mechanism": "This group participated in censorship by opposing the use of a speech and formally requesting that it not be allowed in the study, acting as a 'positive censor' in the experimental design.", "quote": "Right before we were to run the study, we learned that the YM-YWCA group on campus had strongly opposed our use of the speech and asked that we not be allowed to use it in our study.", "page": "7", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022103173900723", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "University of North Carolina, USA", "when": "1971"}]}, {"name": "York Mosque", "aliases": ["York Mosque"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association, community/collective"], "countries": ["United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "public morals"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1960, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Sociologies of Moderation", "author": "Smith, Alexander Thomas T.; Holmwood, John", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Actively demonstrated moderation by inviting anti-Muslim protestors for tea and biscuits, transforming a confrontational situation into one of dialogue and shared activity, serving as an example of ethical principles and practices for engaging divided publics.", "quote": "But the story of a York mosque that served tea and biscuits to anti-Muslim protestors days after the killing is evocative and perhaps better constitutes a 'teachable' moment for those of us seeking insights about what moderation might mean in the twenty-first century.", "page": "4", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-954X.12097", "topic": "modération", "language": "English", "where": "UK, USA, Northern Ireland", "when": "late 20th century to early 21st century (1960s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Young Guard (Journal)", "aliases": ["Young Guard (Journal)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-foreign influence", "cultural preservation", "national identity"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Italian"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1964, "when_max": 1985, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS, 1964-1985", "author": "Zalambani, Maria", "year": "2009", "mechanism": "A magazine that promoted neo-Slavophile and nationalist positions, advocating for Russian spiritual culture against Western influences and challenging the official party line, which led to attacks and changes in its direction.", "quote": "Questa tendenza ha un risvolto pubblicistico come emerge dalle pagine di “Molodaja gvardija”, che si dichiara contro l’americanizzazione e il progresso tecnologico, a favore della cultura spirituale del popolo russo.", "page": "114", "url": "torrossa.com", "topic": "censura", "language": "Italian", "where": "USSR", "when": "1964–1985"}]}, {"name": "Young Hegelians", "aliases": ["Young Hegelians"], "type": "academic_specific", "types_all": ["academic_specific"], "subtypes": ["learned/scientific society"], "countries": ["Global", "Western societies"], "media": [], "norms": ["intellectual freedom", "philosophical inquiry"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["early modern to present"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "REIMAGINING REPRESSION: NEW CENSORSHIP THEORY AND AFTER", "author": "Bunn, Matthew", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As an intellectual group, their 'house organ' (Hallische Jahrbücher) was subject to Prussian censorship, and their intellectual output was shaped by and contested against these state controls.", "quote": "Some of Marx's first published work addresses this challenge through an examination of the censorship of the Hallische Jahrbücher, the house organ of the Young Hegelian movement.", "page": "10", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10739", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global (focus on Western societies)", "when": "Early Modern to Contemporary"}]}, {"name": "Young Interfaith Peacemaker Community", "aliases": ["Young Interfaith Peacemaker Community"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": [], "norms": ["inner peace", "interfaith dialogue", "mutual understanding"], "topics": ["debate moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reevaluating approaches to religious moderation at the grassroots level: The role of Muslim youth in advancing interfaith dialogue", "author": "WR Jati, GB Aji, I Yilmaz", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Regularly organizes \"Interfaith Peace Camp\"\" for young people", "quote": "peace, self-truth seeking, inner peace, self-healing, understanding of own religion and values of others", "page": "the Young Interfaith Peacemaker Community (YIPC) regularly organizes the Interfaith Peace Camp for young people, especially Muslim youths.", "url": "https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/Reevaluating_Approaches_to_Religious_Moderation_at_the_Grassroots_Level_The_Role_of_Muslim_Youth_in_Advancing_Interfaith_Dialogue/29538929", "topic": "debate moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Indonesia (Semarang and Yogyakarta)", "when": "1970s-2020s"}]}, {"name": "Young Lords Party", "aliases": ["Young Lords Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement, advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Global", "India", "Latin America", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community empowerment", "self-determination", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-WWII"], "when_min": 1945, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Routledge companion to art and politics", "author": "", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "As a political party acting as a social movement, it engaged in direct action and advocacy to challenge existing power structures and norms, striving to make alternative political voices heard and shape public discourse.", "quote": "Abramson, Michael. Palante: Young Lords Party.", "page": "38", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, with focus on US, UK, India, and Latin America", "when": "Post-WWII to present, with historical context"}]}, {"name": "Young Media Australia", "aliases": ["Young Media Australia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "community standards", "content moderation"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1987, "when_max": 2000, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Advocating Online Censorship", "author": "Chen, Peter", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Supported regulation based on concerns about threats to children from online content, re-engaging with the policy process to support government action during legislative conflict.", "quote": "a number of the pro-regulation groups re-engage with the policy process, throwing their support behind government action (the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association and Presbyterian Women's Associa-tion).", "page": "16", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-8497.00324", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Australia", "when": "1987–2000 (focusing on 1995–2000 for online content regulation policy)"}]}, {"name": "Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association", "aliases": ["Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["institutional order", "public safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1970s"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 1979, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Effects of Censorship on Attitude Change: The Influence of Censor and Communication Characteristics<sup>1</sup>", "author": "Worchel, Stephen; Arnold, Susan; Baker, Michael", "year": "1975", "mechanism": "The YM-YWCA group acted as a censor by expressing strong opposition to a communication and requesting that it not be allowed, thereby preventing its dissemination to the audience.", "quote": "Right before we were to run the study, we learned that the YM-YWCA group on campus had strongly opposed our use of the speech and asked that we not be allowed to use it in our study.", "page": "5", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1975.tb00678.x", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "University campuses, USA", "when": "1970s"}]}, {"name": "Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)", "aliases": ["Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Supported Anthony Comstock in forming a committee for the suppression of vice, indicating involvement in promoting censorship.", "quote": "Morris K. Jessup, president of the Young Men's Christian Association and founder of the American Museum of Natural History, Comstock formed the YMCA Committee for the Suppression of Vice.", "page": "7", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Young Ottomans", "aliases": ["Young Ottomans"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["democracy", "political reform"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Engaged in political opposition by publishing critical newspapers and journals, often from expatriate locations, to circumvent Ottoman state censorship.", "quote": "Ali Suâvi, an important figure among the \"Young Ottoman” political dissidents", "page": "is best remembered as the mastermind of the Çırağan Vakʼâsı... When Ali Suâvi fled the increasingly oppressive climate of the Ottoman Empire and started publishing Muhbir in London... he was also initiating a tradition in Ottoman political opposition", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "Young Parents Alert", "aliases": ["Young Parents Alert"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["parental rights", "religious values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["17th–19th century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dealing with Censorship.", "author": "JE Davis", "year": "1979", "mechanism": "Provides literature that critics of secular humanism use to support censorship efforts based on anti-secular humanist views.", "quote": "Yin.14 Parents :Vert P.O. Box 15 [Sake Eltn7j; Nlinrik`siita .1r0119", "page": "117", "url": "https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED168039", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA (primarily school context)", "when": "1970s (with historical overview from 17th-19th centuries)"}]}, {"name": "Young People / Gen Z / Digital Youth", "aliases": ["Young People / Gen Z / Digital Youth"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Indonesia"], "media": ["Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["anti-extremism", "digital literacy", "intergroup harmony", "peace"], "topics": ["modération des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Role of Social Media in Strengthening Religious Moderation Amidst Digital Politics in Indonesia", "author": "L Ramadhani", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Spreading messages of peace, religious moderation, and diversity through creative, educational, and contextual content; conducting peace campaigns and hoax literacy initiatives; acting as content creators.", "quote": "young people, digital religious figures, and online communities play a crucial role in spreading messages of peace through creative, educational, and contextual content.", "page": "1", "url": "http://journal.goresearch.id/index.php/sij/article/view/214", "topic": "modération des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Indonesia, social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok, Twitter)", "when": "contemporary digital era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Young People's Action Party (Singapore)", "aliases": ["Young People's Action Party (Singapore)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Singapore"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic integrity", "national security"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1990s"], "when_min": 1990, "when_max": 1999, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Internet: a Singapore perspective", "author": "Ang, Peng Hwa; Nadarajan, Berlinda", "year": "1996", "mechanism": "Established an online section to articulate and defend the ruling party's views and policies on the Internet, engaging in a form of online political narrative management.", "quote": "The youth wing of the ruling party, Young PAP, has also set up a section to state, explain, and defend the party's views and its rationale for certain policies [7].", "page": "7", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/228503.228520", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Singapore", "when": "1990s"}]}, {"name": "Young People's Association for the Propagation of the Gospel", "aliases": ["Young People's Association for the Propagation of the Gospel"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["neutrality", "political expression", "public interest", "religious expression"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1959, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Free Speech and Expertise: Administrative Censorship and the Birth of the Modern First Amendment", "author": "Schiller, Reuel E.", "year": "2000", "mechanism": "Owned a radio station whose controversial opinions were scrutinized by the FRC, influencing licensing decisions. The FRC aimed to ensure that programming represented the views of the entire community, implying content moderation.", "quote": "It was not only controversial opinions like those expressed by 'Fighting Bob' Schuler that aroused the ire of the FRC and the FCC. Any instance where a station's program departed from absolute neutrality on issues of public importance could draw a reprimand.", "page": "50", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073955?origin=crossref", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "USA", "when": "1900s-1950s"}]}, {"name": "Young Residents of Complexo do Alemão", "aliases": ["Young Residents of Complexo do Alemão"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversação política em páginas de juventudes partidárias no Facebook: testando ideais habermasianos", "author": "KV da Silva Vanzini, D Rothberg", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "This group created a Facebook page which helped in disseminating information and making denunciations during a police occupation, but it was not effective in establishing contextualized discussions among participants.", "quote": "Em pesquisa que avaliou o uso do Facebook durante a ocupação do Complexo do Alemão por Unidades de Polícia Pacificadora, no Rio de Janeiro, Silva e Gonzalez (2016) evidenciariam que a página criada pelos jovens moradores auxiliou a divulgação de informações e denúncias, mas não foi capaz de incentivar o estabelecimento de discussões contextualizadas.", "page": "8", "url": "https://revistas.metodista.br/index.php/comunicacaosociedade/article/view/386", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Brazil (with international comparisons)", "when": "2000s-2010s, focused on 2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Young Socialist Party", "aliases": ["Young Socialist Party"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political party"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "left-wing values", "socialist values"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["1960s–1980s"], "when_min": 1969, "when_max": 1988, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Storm in the mountains: A case study of censorship, conflict, and consciousness", "author": "J Moffett, J Marine, P Rogers, M Palmquist", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "Involved in the Kanawha County textbook protest alongside other left-wing groups.", "quote": "Other outside organizations that became involved in Kanawha County were, on the rightist side... and, on the left, the Young Socialist party and the International Workers party.", "page": "42", "url": "https://wac.colostate.edu/books/landmarks/moffett/storm/", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Kanawha County, West Virginia, and the United States", "when": "1969–1988"}]}, {"name": "Young Talent", "aliases": ["Young Talent"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["social order", "state legitimacy", "youth welfare"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An organization in Russia that received state funding to promote projects supporting state-aligned social order, some of which involved vigilante actions.", "quote": "The project proposal stated at that time that offenders would be reprimanded and handed over to the police.", "page": "120", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Young Turk journals", "aliases": ["Young Turk journals"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-authoritarianism", "political reform"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Operated from abroad (e.g., Geneva) to publish opposition papers that challenged the Hamidian regime, contributing to the circulation of 'harmful' publications.", "quote": "In fact, at least twenty more Young Turk journals had their headquarters in this city [Geneva] at one point or another during the reign of Abdülhamid II, which makes it more likely that every censor in the administration, however ignorant of geography, had learned exactly where it was.", "page": "8", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "YouPol (YouTube and TikTok Political Observatory and Longitudinal database)", "aliases": ["YouPol (YouTube and TikTok Political Observatory and Longitudinal database)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Canada", "France"], "media": ["TikTok", "YouTube"], "norms": ["academic integrity", "open access", "public discourse", "research transparency"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2006, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "YouPol: Une infrastructure collaborative de recherche et une base de données pour le contenu politique sur YouTube et TikTok", "author": "A Lemor", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "YouPol operates as a permanent observatory that continuously collects, transcribes, diarizes, and annotates political video content from YouTube and TikTok, specifically preserving content that platforms delete or deplatform. This acts as an archive to counter the effects of platform moderation and censorship for research purposes.", "quote": "YouPol préserve tout le contenu de manière préventive. Le corpus comprend actuellement 2 305 vidéos supprimées et trois chaînes entièrement effacées.", "page": "6", "url": "https://you-pol.com/static/assets/pdf/Lemor_Boursier_YouPol_FR.pdf", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Francophone YouTube and TikTok (France, Quebec)", "when": "2006-2026 (post-2006 platform era)"}]}, {"name": "Your child's internet safety and social media use", "aliases": ["Your child's internet safety and social media use"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United Kingdom"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "OPFS publishes guidance pages, undertakes Policy & Research and runs campaigns to influence Scottish government policy and provide information to single parents.", "quote": "Primary mission is single-parent support and policy advocacy; site includes guidance on internet safety and social media use, indicating some engagement with platform governance-adjacent issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://opfs.org.uk/support-and-advice/your-children/internet-safety-and-social-media-use/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United Kingdom", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Your Fave is Problematic (online platform)", "aliases": ["Your Fave is Problematic (online platform)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["accountability", "ethical conduct", "social justice"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A website identifying and sharing problematic behavior of celebrities, encouraging users to 'call them out' and promoting accountability for ethical conduct in public life.", "quote": "The website Your Fave is Problematic (yourfaveisproblematic.tumblr.com) is dedicated to pointing out and sharing problematic behaviour by a variety of popular individuals and celebrities, with the tagline “Problematic shit your favourite celebrities have done”", "page": "98", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Your Freedom", "aliases": ["Your Freedom"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Iran"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Internet Censorship in Iran: A First Look", "author": "Aryan, Simurgh; Aryan, Homa; Halderman, J Alex", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "Supplies censorship circumvention software that helps users bypass internet restrictions.", "quote": "Some of the widely used tools in Iran include Tor [41], Green Simurgh [15], FreeGate [13], Your Freedom [48], and Ultrasurf [43], as well as VPNs and SSH tunnels.", "page": "3", "url": "usenix.org", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Iran", "when": "2013"}]}, {"name": "YourView", "aliases": ["YourView"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Global", "Japan", "Taiwan", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["consensus building", "credibility", "reasoned discourse"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1950, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Community by Design", "author": "Weyl, E. Glen; Thorburn, Luke; Keulenaar, Emillie de; Mchangama, Jacob; Siddarth, Divya; Tang, Audrey", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "An online forum that incentivized good faith contributions and assigned higher credibility scores to arguments rated highly by those who disagreed, to facilitate deliberation.", "quote": "YourView—an Australian forum for policy discussions—incentivized good faith contributions by assigning higher credibility scores to those whose arguments were rated highly by people who disagreed with them.", "page": "11", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.10834", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "Global social media platforms, with specific examples from USA, Taiwan, and Japan", "when": "Mid-20th century to present, with a focus on the post-2010 platform era and emerging AI systems"}]}, {"name": "Youth Associations", "aliases": ["Youth Associations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Austria", "France", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Vatican"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety", "public morals"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Teorias da censura literária e abordagens para sua pesquisa", "author": "Bachleitner, Norbert", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Representatives participate in a commission (within a state body like BPjS/BzKJ) that proposes works for inclusion in an index of media harmful to youth, thus influencing regulated self-regulation.", "quote": "uma comissão composta por professores, representantes do setor editorial, de associações juvenis e da Igreja", "page": "12", "url": "seer.ufrgs.br", "topic": "censura", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "European contexts (Germany, Austria, France, Russia, Vatican) and USA for historical and contemporary examples of censorship and self-regulation.", "when": "16th to 21st centuries, with a strong focus on the 18th and 19th centuries."}]}, {"name": "Youth Climate Movement / Fridays for Future", "aliases": ["Youth Climate Movement / Fridays for Future"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Africa", "Americas", "Asia Pacific", "Europe", "Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["climate action", "environmental protection"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2020, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020", "author": "Newman, Nic", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Mobilizing public and political interest in climate change through demonstrations and strikes, thereby influencing the media agenda and public discourse.", "quote": "more people across the globe, particularly the young, joining demonstrations and strikes led by next generation leaders like Greta Thunberg.", "page": "52", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "40 global markets (Europe, Americas, Asia Pacific, Africa)", "when": "2020"}]}, {"name": "Youth Justice Coalition NSW", "aliases": ["Youth Justice Coalition NSW"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Australia", "Europe", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["algorithmic fairness", "social justice"], "topics": ["media moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The Online Identity Help Center: Designing and developing a content moderation policy resource for marginalized social media users", "author": "S Mayworm, S Li, H Thach, D Delmonaco…", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Published a study scrutinizing the suspect targeting management plan used by police in New South Wales, raising concerns about racial bias in algorithmic systems that disproportionately affected Aboriginal Australians.", "quote": "Policing young people in NSW: A study of the suspect targeting management plan. Youth Justice Coalition NSW.", "page": "22", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3637406", "topic": "media moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Europe (especially UK), Australia, U.S.", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Youth Movements Defending Territory (Gral. Cerri)", "aliases": ["Youth Movements Defending Territory (Gral. Cerri)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["collective identity", "environmental protection", "historical memory", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Engaged in artistic productions (murals, comics, songs) to re-signify historical events and defend their territory against industrial projects, thereby fostering collective identity and social justice.", "quote": "Es en esta búsqueda que hacen las juventudes por defender su territorio, por establecer una continuidad, un equilibrio que fue roto por la destrucción del sistema fabril en el pueblo, es que se resignifican los sucesos de cuatreros.", "page": "176", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "Youth Non-Governmental Organizations", "aliases": ["Youth Non-Governmental Organizations"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["NGO"], "countries": ["Bulgaria", "Portugal", "Spain", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": [], "topics": ["moderadore"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Dismode-Formación digital para animadores juveniles de ONG para que se conviertan en moderadores de apoyo a jóvenes con discapacidad", "author": "V Gonçalves, PMF Vaz, E Mesquita, A Lazarov", "year": "2023", "mechanism": "Staff from these NGOs are trained as 'disability support moderators' to assist young people with disabilities in navigating educational systems. They help with applications, negotiate adaptations for learning and assessment processes, and mediate communication with educational staff to ensure inclusive practices.", "quote": "El principal objetivo del proyecto es preparar a personas específicas en las ONG como moderadores de apoyo a la discapacidad. Estas personas recibirán una formación adecuada sobre sensibilización en materia de discapacidad, etiqueta de la discapacidad, directrices de comunicación, incluida la comunicación básica a través de tecnologías de apoyo y lenguaje de signos.", "page": "8", "url": "https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/entities/publication/4901c584-1681-4ff3-ab96-0ad5a445e277", "topic": "moderadore", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria, Turkey (educational systems and NGOs)", "when": "contemporary (2023-2025 project)"}]}, {"name": "Youth Party Groups (Brazil)", "aliases": ["Youth Party Groups (Brazil)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["political participation", "public image"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Conversação política em páginas de juventudes partidárias no Facebook: testando ideais habermasianos", "author": "KV da Silva Vanzini, D Rothberg", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "These groups manage official Facebook pages. The paper found their primary use of these pages was for publicizing services and institutional promotion, which deterred the development of dialogue. The characteristics of user comments on these pages (e.g., lack of justification and reciprocity) also hindered Habermasian deliberative conversation. The paper suggests they could foster better dialogue by creating appropriate content and moderating debates.", "quote": "Os dados indicam a prevalência de uso da rede pelos partidos para divulgação de serviços públicos e promoção institucional, em detrimento das formas de diálogo. Nos comentários, foram identificadas características que sugerem o efeito de filtros-bolha e câmaras de eco, que tendem a dificultar o surgimento de condições propícias à conversação política típica de esferas inspiradas nas qualidades da deliberação habermasiana.", "page": "29", "url": "https://revistas.metodista.br/index.php/comunicacaosociedade/article/view/386", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Brazil (with international comparisons)", "when": "2000s-2010s, focused on 2017-2018"}]}, {"name": "Youth Protection Association", "aliases": ["Youth Protection Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["China"], "media": [], "norms": ["child safety"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Digital Games Localisation in China", "author": "Zhang, Xiaochun", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "This association engaged in public advocacy by launching a petition to government authorities, requesting the establishment of an age-rating system for digital games to better manage content for young players.", "quote": "some individual gamers, industry insiders and other social groups, such as the Youth Protection Association (青少年保护协会), launched a petition to the authorities in 2004 asking for the setting up of an age-rating system", "page": "9", "url": "http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1013949ar", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "China", "when": "21st century"}]}, {"name": "Youth Service Association", "aliases": ["Youth Service Association"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["youth/student association"], "countries": ["Finland"], "media": [], "norms": ["online safety", "parental responsibility", "youth safety"], "topics": ["trust and safety"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Should we design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children's online safety", "author": "H Hartikainen, N Iivari, M Kinnula", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "Contributes to public discussions, encouraging adults to take responsibility for educating youth about online safety and advocating for a balanced approach to parental involvement.", "quote": "I try to encourage towards thinking that us adults have the responsibility, and above all the right to educate the youth. (W4, Youth Service Association)", "page": "5", "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/2930674.2930680", "topic": "trust and safety", "language": "English", "where": "Finland, Internet, social media platforms", "when": "2014–2015"}]}, {"name": "YouTomb (a project of the MIT Free Culture group)", "aliases": ["YouTomb (a project of the MIT Free Culture group)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["watchdog/transparency"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "YouTube"], "norms": ["free culture", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2009, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship 2.0", "author": "Faris, Robert; Wang, Stephanie; Palfrey, John", "year": "2008", "mechanism": "A project that investigates and uncovers technical mechanisms used for geolocational filtering on platforms like YouTube, specifically identifying code that restricts content access by country.", "quote": "Investigations by YouTomb, a project of the MIT Free Culture group, appear to have uncovered the code for a technical mechanism that YouTube uses to implement selective, geolocational filtering.", "page": "12", "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/itgg/article/3/2/165-187/15052", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global Internet, Social Media Platforms (Facebook, YouTube)", "when": "Late 20th to early 21st century, focusing on 2000s"}]}, {"name": "YouTube", "aliases": ["YouTube"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["community building", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": [], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2015, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "The world made meme: public conversations and participatory media", "author": "Milner, Ryan M.", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "A participatory media platform that allows users to create, circulate, and transform videos, facilitating diverse forms of expression from individual creators to collective social movements, and contributing to internet fame and memetic spread.", "quote": "Even if, as Henry Jenkins, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green (2013) contend, we need to recognize those who engage with popular media as active “publics” and not passive “audiences,” the conversations occurring across participatory media still exist within established media and social systems.", "page": "199", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "", "where": "United States and Western contexts, focusing on online platforms", "when": "2010–2015"}]}, {"name": "YouTube Heroes", "aliases": ["YouTube Heroes"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": ["Facebook", "X", "YouTube"], "norms": ["civility", "democratic integrity", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2005, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Representaciones del acoso sexual: análisis de un programa de televisión uruguayo en el 8M 2022", "author": "Achugar, Mariana; Ausserbauer, Gelsi", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Volunteer moderators designated by channel owners or the YouTube Heroes program help enforce platform rules and contribute to content moderation.", "quote": "...la asignación de moderadores independientes, designados por el propietario de cada canal o por el programa “YouTube Heroes” (moderadores voluntarios) (YouTube, Normas del programa Colaboradores).", "page": "15", "url": "https://revistes.ua.es/dissoc/article/view/29454", "topic": "", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), and YouTube platforms, with a focus on moderation policies for Spanish-speaking internet users", "when": "Post-2004 platform era, with data from 2023"}]}, {"name": "YouTube Trusted Flagger Program", "aliases": ["YouTube Trusted Flagger Program"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil", "European Union", "Germany", "Global"], "media": ["Facebook", "Twitter", "YouTube"], "norms": ["harm reduction", "online safety", "platform responsibility", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderação de mídia"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2018, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "A gestão do discurso de ódio nas plataformas de redes sociais digitais: um comparativo entre Facebook, Twitter e Youtube", "author": "LRL Silva, RE Botelho-Francisco, A Oliveira…", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Provides a mass flagging tool for users (including NGOs, government agencies, and individuals) to report multiple videos, offers private forum support, and prioritizes flagged content for quicker review and policy application.", "quote": "A plataforma de vídeos também dispõe do Programa de Revisor Confiável uma ferramenta de sinalização em massa para denunciar diversos vídeos ao mesmo tempo, além de oferecer suporte a um fórum privado para tirar dúvidas sobre o processo de aplicação de políticas, transparência em decisões sobre conteúdo sinalizado e análises prioritárias de sinalizações para ação mais rápida.", "page": "10", "url": "https://milobs.pt/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/44965.pdf", "topic": "moderação de mídia", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Facebook, Twitter, YouTube; global context with focus on Brazil, Germany, EU", "when": "2013-2018"}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed - debat - Nordisk Journalistcenter", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed - debat - Nordisk Journalistcenter"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["journalism training and advocacy center"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Hate", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "algorithmic or platform governance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Produces debate books and conferences for the Nordisk Ministerråd, runs training courses and public events that shape Nordic debates on press freedom, hate speech and the role of algorithms in media.", "quote": "Works on press freedom, hate speech, social media and the technological impact on media through debates, publications and conferences but its core mission is journalism training and media development rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://njc.dk/om-njc/ytringsfrihed-debat/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed Archives - Side 6 af 9", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed Archives - Side 6 af 9"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union confederation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Hate", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "Regulatory compliance", "incitement and other 'dangerous' speech"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "FH publishes analyses and news, runs courses on social media rules, issues public calls urging employers to act on online harassment, and supports whistleblower protections to shape workplace-related platform governance.", "quote": "FH's core mission is labour representation but it publishes analyses and guidance on employees' freedom of expression, online harassment and whistleblower protections that touch on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://fho.dk/blog/tag/ytringsfrihed/page/6/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed og digital usikkerhed - tryghed.dk", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed og digital usikkerhed - tryghed.dk"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["philanthropic foundation / corporate foundation"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "TrygFonden funds and publishes research and public reports on digital safety, uses publications and public communications to shape debate and leverages philanthropic funding and partnerships to support projects.", "quote": "Publishes research and reports on 'Ytringsfrihed og digital usikkerhed' addressing online behaviour, child exposure and digital trust, but core mission is broad social welfare rather than platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://tryghed.dk/viden/publikationer/trivsel/ytringsfrihed-og-digital-usikkerhed", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed: Bland dig i debatten - du må godt - BUPL", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed: Bland dig i debatten - du må godt - BUPL"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["trade union / professional association"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Media and journalism"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1972, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1972", "mechanism": "BUPL issues guidance and informational materials to members, encourages public debate, and can support members legally or through collective action to defend speech rights.", "quote": "BUPL's core mission is union representation for pedagogues, but it provides guidance on members' public speech and social media use, touching on platformized content governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://bupl.dk/loen-og-vilkaar/vilkaar-og-rettigheder/ytringsfrihed-bland-dig-i-debatten-du-maa-godt", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed: Fra tanke til handling - Dansk Socialrådgiverforening", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed: Fra tanke til handling - Dansk Socialrådgiverforening"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional association / trade union"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1938, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1938", "mechanism": "As a national trade union representing ~18,000 members, the association produces publications and guidance, runs working groups on ethics and free expression, participates in public debate and uses its bargaining/sectoral position to influence policy and practice.", "quote": "Publishes guidance and runs an ethics and freedom-of-expression working group; discusses members' use of Facebook and public expression, engaging with platform-related dilemmas without making platform governance its core mission.", "page": "", "url": "https://socialraadgiverne.dk/faglig-artikel/klumme-ytringsfrihed-tanke-handling/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Ytringsfrihed: Hvad skal det nytte - Justitia", "aliases": ["Ytringsfrihed: Hvad skal det nytte - Justitia"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["think tank / policy institute"], "countries": ["Denmark"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Counter-extremism", "Data governance", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2014", "mechanism": "Justitia publishes empirical policy analyses and commentary on freedom of expression which are cited in media and used to inform public debate and policy discussions in Denmark.", "quote": "Justitia produces policy analyses on freedom of expression, internet and press freedom and discusses online radicalization, social media and 'fake news', indicating direct engagement with platform-related governance issues.", "page": "", "url": "https://justitia-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Analyse_Ytringsfrihed-Hvad-skal-det-nytte.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Denmark", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Y’en a marre", "aliases": ["Y’en a marre"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Benin", "Burkina Faso", "Cameroon", "Côte d'Ivoire", "Gabon", "Togo"], "media": [], "norms": ["political resistance", "social change"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "LA PRODUCTION DES JOURNALISTES SUR FACEBOOK EN CONTEXTE INSURRECTIONNEL ET POST-INSURRECTIONNEL AU BURKINA FASO", "author": "K Lacina", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Mentioned as an example of a social movement that actively uses mobilization tactics to challenge political systems, influencing public opinion and political outcomes.", "quote": "à l’image du Mouvement « Y’en a marre » au Sénégal", "page": "115", "url": "https://www.revue-educom.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/EDUCOM_2017.pdf#page=119", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Togo, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Benin", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century"}]}, {"name": "Y’en marre movement", "aliases": ["Y’en marre movement"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global", "Mediterranean region"], "media": [], "norms": ["civic participation", "democratic process", "social justice"], "topics": ["censura"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["16th-21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censura/Censorship", "author": "M Leone", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Founded by rappers and journalists, this civic and social movement defended democratic rights, mobilized youth, and encouraged voter registration to influence political outcomes.", "quote": "the Keur–Gui rappers and others founded, together with the La Gazette journalist Fadel Barro, the Y’en marre movement. It was not to be a political, but, as Thiat put it, a civic and social movement to defend the democratic rights promised to them.", "page": "104", "url": "https://iris.unito.it/handle/2318/1559042", "topic": "censura", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Global, with focus on the Mediterranean region and Western societies", "when": "16th-21st centuries"}]}, {"name": "ZaGovor (Peace Institute / Mirovni inštitut)", "aliases": ["ZaGovor (Peace Institute / Mirovni inštitut)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["hate speech"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Engages in awareness-raising campaigns to combat hate speech online.", "quote": "When it comes to hate speech... civil society organizations are raising awareness.", "page": "5", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Zaina Foundation", "aliases": ["Zaina Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["Child safety", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2013, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "IGF 2025; Keepiton coalition", "year": "2013", "mechanism": "The foundation uses storytelling about beneficiaries and fundraising appeals to mobilize donors and public support, running a 501(c)(3) orphanage and outreach across the US and India.", "quote": "Core mission is child welfare and running an orphanage; no evidence of activity focused on platformized-content-governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.zainafoundation.org/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zamzam Initiative", "aliases": ["Zamzam Initiative"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement / advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Iran", "Jordan", "Malaysia", "Palestine", "Tunisia", "Turkey"], "media": [], "norms": ["democratic principles", "democratic process", "pluralism", "transparency"], "topics": ["moderation"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1979, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "From moderation to de-moderation: Democratic backsliding of the AKP in Turkey", "author": "M Çınar", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Emerged as an internal reformist movement within the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, advocating for democratic principles and challenging conservative leadership, which led to internal debates and ultimately a split from the main organization.", "quote": "Into this context, the Initiative was launched in November 2012 as a statement of principles at Amman’s Zamzam Hotel (Ammon News, 2012). While debates over the 2013 boycott decision acted as a catalyst for the emergence of internal reformist movements it is necessary to state that they were not the only factor, for the gestation of the Initiative within the Muslim Brotherhood occurred over several years and is intimately connected with the dynam ics of identity politics within the group.", "page": "242", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-62256-9_5", "topic": "moderation", "language": "English", "where": "Muslim-majority countries (Middle East and Southeast Asia), particularly Iran, Tunisia, Turkey, Jordan, Palestine/Gaza, and Malaysia", "when": "late 20th century – early 21st century (post-1979 and Arab Spring era)"}]}, {"name": "Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) (Internet-based network)", "aliases": ["Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) (Internet-based network)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Canada", "Fiji", "Global", "Northern Ireland", "Papua New Guinea", "Rwanda", "South Africa", "Turkey", "United States", "Yugoslavia"], "media": [], "norms": ["civility norms", "governmental repression response"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1970, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Deliberative Democracy in Divided Societies: Alternatives to Agonism and Analgesia", "author": "Dryzek, John S.", "year": "2005", "mechanism": "Developed an Internet-based network of sympathizers to garner transnational support and exert influence, engaging in advocacy and communication that adheres to emerging transnational norms of civility to address governmental repression.", "quote": "In Mexico, the Zapatistas in Chiapas have developed an Internet-based network of sympathizers. This sort of outreach comes with an obligation to behave according to emerging transnational norms of civility.", "page": "15", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0090591704268372", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Deeply divided societies globally, with specific examples from Northern Ireland, South Africa, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Canada, and the United States.", "when": "Late 20th century to early 21st century, particularly post-Cold War"}]}, {"name": "Zapatistas", "aliases": ["Zapatistas"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Latin America", "Mexico"], "media": [], "norms": ["community support", "indigenous rights", "social justice"], "topics": ["moderación de medios"], "languages": ["Spanish"], "when_periods": ["Colonial era to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Retrospectiva histórica y moderación romántica en El inquisidor de México de José Joaquín Pesado", "author": "LA MartÍnez", "year": "2001", "mechanism": "Groups of Zapatistas assisted indigenous communities in organizing support bases, creating a connection between their social movement and existing religious community structures.", "quote": "después llegaron grupos de zapatistas que les ayudaron a organizarse en bases de apoyo similares a las comunidades cristianas de base.", "page": "342", "url": "https://zaloamati.azc.uam.mx/bitstreams/6901f475-5023-4a71-a4bd-0145165bb38e/download#page=54", "topic": "moderación de medios", "language": "Spanish", "where": "Mexico and Latin America", "when": "Colonial era to present, with focus on 19th and 20th centuries"}]}, {"name": "Zapis", "aliases": ["Zapis"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Published works rejected by the official censorship office, providing an independent literary platform for writers outside state control.", "quote": "By early 1977, their activity had led to the publication of the first independent literary journal, Zapis (Recorded Work), which comprised almost exclusively works that the censorship office had rejected.", "page": "155", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Zapis (Recorded Work)", "aliases": ["Zapis (Recorded Work)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["dissident/samizdat network"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "An independent literary journal that published works rejected by official censorship, serving as a means to exert pressure on authorities for greater freedom of print.", "quote": "By early 1977, their activity had led to the publication of the first independent literary journal, Zapis (Recorded Work), which comprised almost exclusively works that the censorship office had rejected.", "page": "142", "url": "https://brill.com/view/title/28697", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), Poland, South Africa, Early Modern England", "when": "16th century – 1989"}]}, {"name": "Zazieweb", "aliases": ["Zazieweb"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": [], "media": [], "norms": ["community engagement", "content curation", "literary quality"], "topics": ["modérateur de contenus"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2000, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Editer et publier en ligne: la proximité entre amateurs et auteurs", "author": "B Evelyne", "year": "2026", "mechanism": "Zazieweb operates as an online literary review, relying on a community of 'e-readers' and a moderated forum, indicating active curation, content filtering, and moderation of user discussions to maintain quality.", "quote": "Une communauté d' « e-lecteurs » constituée pour partie de très petits éditeurs alimente le site par l'intermédiaire d'une cinquantaine de blogs et un forum modéré divisé en sept rubriques.", "page": "6", "url": "https://www.academia.edu/download/41839960/Editer_et_publier_en_ligne__la_proximit_20160201-15664-3mx7ti.pdf", "topic": "modérateur de contenus", "language": "French", "where": "The Web / Online platforms", "when": "post-2000 platform era"}]}, {"name": "ZDF heute", "aliases": ["ZDF heute"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["public broadcaster"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": ["Facebook"], "norms": ["civility", "deliberative discourse"], "topics": ["content moderator"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2016, "when_max": 2016, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Journalistic counter-voices in comment sections: Patterns, determinants, and potential consequences of interactive moderation of uncivil user comments", "author": "M Ziegele, P Jost, M Bormann…", "year": "2018", "mechanism": "Journalists from ZDF heute publicly respond to uncivil comments on their Facebook page, engaging in various moderation styles (discursive, regulative, sociable, confrontational) to guide discussions.", "quote": "The lowest shares of moderation comments were visible on the Face-book site of the public broadcaster ZDF (0.08%, 130 of 162,686 comments) and the radio channel Deutschlandfunk (0.08%, 51 of 60,972 comments).", "page": "18", "url": "https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/2192-4007-2018-4-525.pdf", "topic": "content moderator", "language": "English", "where": "Germany, Facebook", "when": "2016"}]}, {"name": "Združenje Za Naravni Razvoj Otrok (Association for Natural Child Development)", "aliases": ["Združenje Za Naravni Razvoj Otrok (Association for Natural Child Development)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Facebook", "Instagram", "TikTok", "Twitter"], "norms": ["child development", "public health"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Legal Aspects of Content Moderation on Social Networks in Slovenia", "author": "Čufar, Kristina", "year": "2021", "mechanism": "Organizes protests against obligatory vaccination and congregates on social media to spread anti-vaccination conspiracy theories.", "quote": "Supporters of anti-vaccination conspiracy theories... often congregate on social media. In real life, these pressure groups are organizing protests against obligatory vaccination.", "page": "12", "url": "https://books.ceapublishing.hu/index.php/ceaprofnet/catalog/book/9/chapter/85", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Slovenia, European Union, Social Networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok)", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Zeit Foundation", "aliases": ["Zeit Foundation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["ai safety", "human rights", "user agency"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1967, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Civil society’s role in constitutionalising global content governance", "author": "Palladino, Nicola; Redeker, Dennis; Celeste, Edoardo", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Convening intellectuals to draft a charter of digital fundamental rights, advocating for human review in automated decisions and addressing ethical implications.", "quote": "The group of intellectuals convened by the Zeit Foundation, in its Charter of Digital Fundamental Rights of the European Union, specifies that “everyone has the right not to be the subject of computerised decisions which have significant consequences for their lives”, and that “decisions which have ethical implications or which set a precedent may only be taken by a person” (2016, articles 7-8).", "page": "23", "url": "https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/constitutionalising-global-content-governance", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "global social media platforms", "when": "late 20th to early 21st century platform era"}]}, {"name": "Zentralstelle zur Erforschung der Kriegsursachen", "aliases": ["Zentralstelle zur Erforschung der Kriegsursachen"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["national interest"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1900, "when_max": 1991, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Clio Deceived: Patriotic Self-Censorship in Germany after the Great War", "author": "Herwig, Holger H", "year": "1987", "mechanism": "Established and funded by the Foreign Ministry, this bureau functioned as a pseudo-scholarly 'clearinghouse' for officially desirable views on the war's outbreak, published a journal, and engaged scholars to buttress the revisionist cause.", "quote": "Headed until August 1923 by a Swiss doctor, Ernst Sauerbeck, and thereafter until its dissolution in 1937 by Major Alfred von Wegerer, it became 'a clearinghouse for officially desirable views on the outbreak of the war.'", "page": "18", "url": "muse.jhu.edu", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Germany", "when": "early 20th century to post-WWII"}]}, {"name": "Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks", "aliases": ["Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["industry association"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Regulatory compliance", "Telecommunication policy"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "DSA-related public consultation", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "ZDH publishes position papers and reports, represents the craft sector in Brussels and national consultations, and uses its network of chambers and associations to channel policy influence on digital and regulatory matters.", "quote": "ZDH works on \"Digitalisierung\" and \"Datenschutz\" and represents craft sector positions at EU level, engaging in policy papers and consultations touching on platform-related regulatory topics rather than core platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.zdh.de/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zero Grissage campaign", "aliases": ["Zero Grissage campaign"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-violence", "public security", "social order"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "An online campaign by anonymous citizens in Morocco to end youth hostility (Tcharmil) and address public insecurity, leveraging social media for collective action against violence.", "quote": "Online, anonymous citizens launched a “Zero Grissage” campaign to end Tcharmil hostility.", "page": "172", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Zhurnalist", "aliases": ["Zhurnalist"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Russia", "Soviet Union"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "journalistic integrity", "transparency"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["20th century"], "when_min": 1917, "when_max": 2001, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship in Russia, 1991 and 2001", "author": "Dewhirst, Martin", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "As a monthly magazine for journalists, it publishes information and analysis on media freedom, including summaries of projects quantifying media freedom, contributing to professional discourse and transparency.", "quote": "In the December 2000 issue of the latter, Simonov... summarizes the results of a project to quantify the degree of media freedom in each of 87 of the 89 constituent parts of the Russian Federation.", "page": "9", "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13523270209696367", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Russia, USSR", "when": "1917–2001"}]}, {"name": "Zivilgesellschaft fordert digitale Brandmauer zum Schutz der ...", "aliases": ["Zivilgesellschaft fordert digitale Brandmauer zum Schutz der ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Challenging Big Tech", "Child safety", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Regulatory compliance", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Publishes coordinated public demands and a twelve-point policy agenda with over 20 civil-society signatories, mobilising public pressure and policy advocacy on encryption, surveillance bans, platform regulation and digital public infrastructure.", "quote": "Publishes and coordinates a multi-organization campaign ('digitale Brandmauer') with explicit platform- and tech-regulation demands (encryption, platform regulation, limits on surveillance).", "page": "", "url": "https://okfn.de/blog/2025/03/zivilgesellschaft-fordert-digitale-brandmauer-zum-schutz-der-demokratie/", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zivilgesellschaft gefragt: „Wir müssen uns jeden Tag Gehör ...", "aliases": ["Zivilgesellschaft gefragt: „Wir müssen uns jeden Tag Gehör ..."], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": [], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Convenes dialogue forums and develops policy recommendations to connect civil society proposals with political decision-makers; partners with government bodies and civic institutions to amplify influence.", "quote": "Primary mission is civic engagement and bridging civil society and policymakers; has convened dialogue forums on societal polarization but does not centrally focus on platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.tagesspiegel.de/themenspeziale/zivilgesellschaft-gefragt-wir-mussen-uns-jeden-tag-gehor-verschaffen-11517677.html", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zivilgesellschaft stärken und schützen - Projekte - Wir", "aliases": ["Zivilgesellschaft stärken und schützen - Projekte - Wir"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["civil society support / democracy education organization"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["Censorship and free speech", "Child safety", "Counter-extremism", "Democratic resilience", "Digital inclusion", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Minority rights"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "unknown", "mechanism": "Provides situational analyses, develops and pilots municipal protection concepts, delivers trainings and publications, and partners with local administrations and federal programme structures to scale practices.", "quote": "Project work focuses on protecting civic actors (including online threats) and develops local protection concepts, touching platform-related risks but its core mission is civic empowerment and local protection.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.aktion-zivilcourage.de/wir/projekte/zivilgesellschaft-staerken-und-schuetzen", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zlovenija (online platform/collective)", "aliases": ["Zlovenija (online platform/collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Anglo-American", "China", "Global", "Morocco", "Russia", "Slovenia"], "media": ["Digital Media"], "norms": ["anti-hate speech", "civility", "equality", "harm reduction"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Introducing Vigilant Audiences", "author": "Trottier, Daniel", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Tumblr page created by anonymous participants in Slovenia to expose hateful Facebook posts about migrants, publishing names and pictures to condemn intolerance and stimulate public debate.", "quote": "In a response to the hatred directed at migrants in public posts on Facebook, one anonymous participant used the platform offered by Tumblr to create a page called “Zlovenija”.", "page": "188", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global Digital Media, various countries and online platforms (e.g., Anglo-American, Russia, China, Morocco, Slovenia)", "when": "Contemporary Digital Era (post-2010)"}]}, {"name": "Zoo Town Administrators and Moderators", "aliases": ["Zoo Town Administrators and Moderators"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Canada", "Europe", "Global", "United States"], "media": ["Zoo Town"], "norms": ["civility", "commercial viability", "ethics", "legal compliance"], "topics": ["moderator censor"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2004, "when_max": 2013, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Identity, resistance and moderation in an online community of zoosexuals", "author": "PR Kavanaugh, RJ Maratea", "year": "2016", "mechanism": "These individuals, recruited from the community, enforce a strict set of 90 rules, ban users, censor content, and redirect discussions to manage the online space, avoid legal repercussions, and ensure the site's viability and continued traffic, thereby defining community boundaries and acceptable discourse.", "quote": "The authoritative moral system is constructed by Zoo Town administrators, and enforced by moderators recruited from the community itself, and it's aims are two-fold: 1) a clearly stated need to avoid legal recourse, and to ensure the site is not shut down by law enforcement, and 2) a less apparent, though tacitly articulated need to ensure continued traffic to the site to bolster membership, and by extension, revenue.", "page": "17", "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1363460715583585", "topic": "moderator censor", "language": "English", "where": "Online forum (Zoo Town), global, with focus on US/Canada/Europe", "when": "2004–2013"}]}, {"name": "Zuck Got Me For (website/user collective)", "aliases": ["Zuck Got Me For (website/user collective)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Brazil"], "media": ["Meta", "YouTube"], "norms": ["fair moderation", "transparency", "user rights"], "topics": ["moderação de debates"], "languages": ["Portuguese"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2014, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "QUALIDADE DA TRANSPARÊNCIA NA MODERAÇÃO DE CONTEÚDO:", "author": "Ferreira, Julia Lazarini; Coutinho, Diogo Rosenthal", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Serves as a platform for users to share and document instances of content removal on Instagram, fostering collective action and public pressure against perceived arbitrary moderation.", "quote": "Adicionalmente, destaca-se a existência de uma página na web chamada “Zuck got me for\"", "page": "criada em 2021 e ainda ativa", "url": "bdta.abcd.usp.br", "topic": "moderação de debates", "language": "Portuguese", "where": "Social networks (Meta, YouTube), Brazil", "when": "2014-2024"}]}, {"name": "Zukunft der Plattformregulierung - Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung", "aliases": ["Zukunft der Plattformregulierung - Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["political foundation / think tank"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "Sustainability", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1925, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1925", "mechanism": "FES convenes expert workshops, commissions academically guided research, and produces publications to shape public-policy debates on platform regulation, leveraging its political foundation status and governmental links.", "quote": "Runs a dedicated project and expert workshop/publication series on 'Zukunft der Plattformregulierung' directly addressing platform regulation, DSA/DMA, and generative AI impacts on platforms.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.fes.de/oas/portal/pls/portal/filefunctions.download/PLAKON/VERANSTALTUNG/276322/F2027880835/Projektskizze_Zukunft%20der%20Plattformregulierung.pdf", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Zwischen Fehlinformationen und Meinungsfreiheit", "aliases": ["Zwischen Fehlinformationen und Meinungsfreiheit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["network of peace organizations"], "countries": ["Germany"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Censorship and free speech", "Data governance", "Gender-based violence", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Minority rights", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 1989, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "1989", "mechanism": "The network produces analysis and campaigning materials (FriedensForum articles, campaigns, events) that critique platform practices, call for transparency, and mobilise civil-society alliances to influence public debate and policy on information governance.", "quote": "The organisation (Netzwerk Friedenskooperative) publishes analysis and campaigning material about fake news, platform transparency, and censorship, engaging with platform governance debates while its core mission is peace activism.", "page": "", "url": "https://www.friedenskooperative.de/friedensforum/artikel/zwischen-fehlinformationen-und-meinungsfreiheit", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "Germany", "when": ""}]}, {"name": "Związek Literatów Polskich (ZLP)", "aliases": ["Związek Literatów Polskich (ZLP)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["England", "German Democratic Republic", "Poland", "South Africa", "Uruguay", "Weimar Republic"], "media": [], "norms": ["artistic freedom", "free speech"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["16th-20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age", "author": "Müller, Beate", "year": "2004", "mechanism": "Organized protests against repressive censorship practices, forming a staple element of their congresses, and was later dissolved by authorities for its resistance.", "quote": "Protests against the repressive practices of censorship consequently formed a staple element of ZLP congresses up to 1980.", "page": "153", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Germany (Weimar Republic, GDR), England (Early Modern), Poland (communist rule), Uruguay (military dictatorship), South Africa (apartheid)", "when": "16th century, 1918–1945, 1951–1953, 1976–1989"}]}, {"name": "Çıngıraklı Tatar", "aliases": ["Çıngıraklı Tatar"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["advocacy/special-interest group"], "countries": ["Ottoman Empire"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "political dissent"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["19th–20th centuries"], "when_min": 1876, "when_max": 1913, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Chasing the Printed Word: Press Censorship in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1913", "author": "", "year": "2003", "mechanism": "Published satire that ridiculed government policies, contributing to public dissent during the Tanzimat era.", "quote": "Theodor Kasap, the founder of Diyojen (Diogenes), Hayâl (Dream-Ottoman Puppet Theater) and Çıngıraklı Tatar (Courier with Bells), major satire magazines of the Tanzimat era, ridiculed this \"guarantee\"\" quite effectively...\"", "page": "7", "url": "JSTOR", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Ottoman Empire", "when": "1876–1913"}]}, {"name": "École de Bibliothécaires de l’Université de Montréal (School of Librarianship)", "aliases": ["École de Bibliothécaires de l’Université de Montréal (School of Librarianship)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "national identity", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the limits of the literary: a global view", "author": "N Moore", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Trained Francophone librarians through mandatory courses on censorship and the Index of Prohibited Books to act as gatekeepers of 'dangerous or immoral' library materials, reflecting the Catholic Church's control over cultural discourse.", "quote": "Between 1937 and 1961, French Canadian librarians who received their education at École de Bibliothécaires, or School of Librarianship, at Université de Montréal, were trained through mandatory courses on censorship and the Index of Prohibited Books to act as censors and gatekeepers to dangerous or immoral library materials.", "page": "103", "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3ojxCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=censorship&ots=gbtwm8gftE&sig=zhy8RgpO19uWAmxG1Gis2wlvnA0", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global", "when": "mid-18th century–21st century"}]}, {"name": "École de Bibliothécaires, Université de Montréal", "aliases": ["École de Bibliothécaires, Université de Montréal"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["Australia", "China", "Dutch East Indies", "Egypt", "France", "Global", "Iran", "Quebec", "South Africa", "Soviet Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["18th–21st centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Censorship and the Limits of the Literary", "author": "Moore, Nicole", "year": "2015", "mechanism": "Provided mandatory courses on censorship and the 'Index of Prohibited Books', training French Canadian librarians to act as censors and gatekeepers of library materials, aligning with Catholic principles and national identity.", "quote": "French Canadian librarians who received their education at École de Bibliothécaires, or School of Librarianship, at Université de Montréal, were trained through mandatory courses on censorship and the Index of Prohibited Books to act as censors and gatekeepers to dangerous or immoral library materials.", "page": "93", "url": "books.google.com", "topic": "censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Global; encompassing France, UK, Dutch East Indies, Quebec, Australia, South Africa, Soviet Russia, Iran, Egypt, China, and United States", "when": "18th century – 21st century (specifically 1769–present)"}]}, {"name": "École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques", "aliases": ["École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["professional body"], "countries": ["France", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["anti-censorship", "intellectual freedom", "professional education", "public debate"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1995, "when_max": 2002, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Filtrage, censure, limitation à la circulation de la connaissance et de la culture", "author": "H Le Crosnier", "year": "2002", "mechanism": "Co-organized a debate on Internet filtering and censorship in libraries, contributing to professional education and discussion on critical issues related to intellectual freedom.", "quote": "Organisé par le BBF et l'Enssib, le 25 mars dernier, dans le cadre du Salon du livre de Paris et à l'occasion de la publication de l'article de Jack Kessler *, le débat « Vous devez filtrer Internet. Quoique. » a réuni une assistance nombreuse et passionnée.", "page": "1", "url": "https://bbf.enssib.fr/consulter/bbf-2002-04-0058-002", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "France and United States (libraries, Internet access, legal context)", "when": "1995–2002 (with post-9/11 context for US)"}]}, {"name": "Éditions Gallimard", "aliases": ["Éditions Gallimard"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["other (publishing house)"], "countries": ["Algeria", "Australia", "Belgium", "Canada", "France", "New Zealand", "Russia", "United Kingdom", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["information control"], "topics": ["censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["20th–21st century"], "when_min": 1930, "when_max": 2019, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Nabokov et la censure", "author": "Loison-Charles, Julie", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Published the French translation of \"Lolita\"\"", "quote": "indicating a role in navigating censorship regulations.\"", "page": "", "url": "https://journals.openedition.org/miranda/11223", "topic": "censure", "language": "French", "where": "International (France, Russia, UK, US, Belgium, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Algeria)", "when": "Mid-20th century to early 21st century (1930s-2010s)"}]}, {"name": "Égalité et Réconciliation", "aliases": ["Égalité et Réconciliation"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Europe", "United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["hate speech", "national interest"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["21st century"], "when_min": 2007, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US", "author": "", "year": "2019", "mechanism": "Contributes to far-right transnational discourse on Twitter, aligning with other extreme-right groups on issues of anti-immigration and economic nativism.", "quote": "Front National, as well as the less established extreme-right groups, like CasaPound Italia and Egalitè et Reconciliation.", "page": "101", "url": "https://www.transcript-open.de/isbn/4670", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Europe and the US, various online platforms", "when": "post-2007 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Église catholique", "aliases": ["Église catholique"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["cultural preservation", "public morals", "religious authority", "secularism"], "topics": ["modération"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Modération ou extrémisme?", "author": "Celis, Leila; Dabby, Dia; Leydet, Dominique; Romani, Vincent", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Exerted social and moral control over the Canadian-French population, leading to what some cultural Catholics now see as a need for state secularism.", "quote": "Il est intéressant de noter que ce sont surtout les catholiques culturels qui sont en faveur de la laïcité de l’État au Québec telle qu’elle est définie par PL21, l’Église ayant pris une position plus proche de celle d’un Gérard Bouchard.", "page": "33", "url": "pulaval.com", "topic": "modération", "language": "French", "where": "Contemporary Quebec, focusing on Law 21 debates", "when": "post-2010"}]}, {"name": "Église catholique (in France)", "aliases": ["Église catholique (in France)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["France"], "media": [], "norms": ["public morals", "religious conformity", "religious orthodoxy"], "topics": ["modération censure"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th century"], "when_min": 1700, "when_max": 1799, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les approbations des censeurs royaux : visibilité et affichage de la censure au XVIIIe siècle", "author": "Piedfort, Élise", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "Maintained the right to denounce books after publication, using public condemnations (sometimes with spectacular displays like book burnings) to assert its influence and challenge royal censorship, often acting as a rival authority.", "quote": "L’Église conserve en revanche pleinement son droit de dénoncer après publication, qu’elle exerce souvent en même temps que les parlements, parfois en tant qu’alliée face à la monarchie absolue, parfois en tant qu’opposante...", "page": "61", "url": "dune.univ-angers.fr", "topic": "modération censure", "language": "French", "where": "France", "when": "18th century"}]}, {"name": "Église catholique du Burkina Faso", "aliases": ["Église catholique du Burkina Faso"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["political influence", "public visibility", "religious messaging"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "Centralises communication through its website and via news outlets like lefaso.net, diffusing official news, positions on sociopolitical events, and religious information. It serves as a gatekeeper for authorized content, ensuring the church's public visibility and influence.", "quote": "La création du site web de l'Église du Burkina Faso en 2005 constitue une première pour une grande organisation religieuse dans ce pays. Ce site, revampé depuis³, centralise les actualités de l'Église nationale, les principales communications des prélats nationaux et du Pape, en plus de rassembler certains documents de l'Église.", "page": "4", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Église de l'Alliance Chrétienne de Ouagadougou", "aliases": ["Église de l'Alliance Chrétienne de Ouagadougou"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["religious association"], "countries": ["Burkina Faso"], "media": [], "norms": ["free speech", "religious freedom"], "topics": ["modérateur des médias"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Médias 2.0 et Églises chrétiennes au Burkina Faso: Évangélisation numérique et contrôle du message", "author": "LA Gosselin", "year": "2017", "mechanism": "This church maintains a Facebook page that mainly shares automated 'verse of the day' links from its website, along with announcements like deaths and evangelization campaigns. This reflects a highly curated and limited form of digital communication, prioritizing specific, pre-approved content.", "quote": "La page Facebook de l'Église de l'Alliance Chrétienne de Ouagadougou compte plus de 1000 abonnés. Cependant, outre les annonces du décès d'un jeune membre et d'une campagne d'évangélisation en mars 2017, elle ne contient pour l'essentiel que des liens vers les « versets du jour» générés automatiquement sur la page web de l'église.", "page": "10", "url": "https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/emulations/article/view/1513", "topic": "modérateur des médias", "language": "French", "where": "Burkina Faso", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "Équipe de riposte (Response team)", "aliases": ["Équipe de riposte (Response team)"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["community/collective"], "countries": ["Mali"], "media": [], "norms": ["narrative control", "reputation protection"], "topics": ["modération de contenu"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2015, "when_max": 2024, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "L'ÉCONOMIE DE LA «VIDÉOMANIA» AU MALI: Exploration d'un nouveau métier médiatique et son impact Sociétal", "author": "EF Sissoko, T Tangara", "year": "2024", "mechanism": "Conduct surveillance on social networks and systematically respond, sometimes virulently, to criticisms and attacks against individuals or organizations they represent, thereby engaging in counter-speech and narrative control.", "quote": "Une équipe de riposte est une équipe de de 4 à 5 personnes, qui assure une mission de veille sur les réseaux sociaux, répondant de façon systématique et parfois virulente, aux critiques et attaques contre les personnalités ou organismes qu'ils représentent sur la toile.", "page": "11", "url": "https://www.revuefreg.fr/index.php/home/article/view/1499", "topic": "modération de contenu", "language": "French", "where": "Mali", "when": "post-2010 platform era / 2015-2024"}]}, {"name": "Érudit", "aliases": ["Érudit"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["foundation"], "countries": ["Canada"], "media": [], "norms": ["copyright protection", "knowledge sharing", "responsible conduct"], "topics": ["censeur"], "languages": ["French"], "when_periods": ["18th–20th centuries"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Les «bons» livres: de Chapais le censeur et des bonnes soeurs de Sainte-Anne au courtier Kattan et à Pivot la nonne", "author": "F Hébert", "year": "1988", "mechanism": "As a non-profit inter-university consortium, Érudit disseminates and preserves research, acting as a gatekeeper for academic content, and defines usage policies that govern access and reproduction.", "quote": "Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium... Its mission is to promote and disseminate research.", "page": "1", "url": "https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/liberte/1988-v30-n3-liberte1461197/60472ac/abstract/", "topic": "censeur", "language": "French", "where": "Canada/Quebec", "when": "18th century–late 20th century"}]}, {"name": "Òmnium Cultural", "aliases": ["Òmnium Cultural"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["social movement"], "countries": ["Global"], "media": [], "norms": ["national independence"], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["Antiquity to 21st century"], "when_min": null, "when_max": null, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories", "author": "Butter, Michael; Knight, Peter", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "A Catalan independence organization that used propaganda and generated narratives of repression by the Spanish state to mobilize support for independence.", "quote": "The international propaganda campaign launched on 17 October used the slogan ‘Help Catalonia. Save Europe’ in a video made by Òmnium Cultural, a representative entity of the Catalan independence movement, which generated great controversy and polarisation on social networks.", "page": "142", "url": "", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Global, Historical", "when": "Antiquity to present"}]}, {"name": "Česká televize", "aliases": ["Česká televize"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["Czech Republic", "Global", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": ["educational function", "gender education", "lgbti+ advocacy", "reproduction education", "sexuality education"], "topics": ["moderation censorship"], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the algorithm: Self-censorship and tabooization of S€ K $ Ual education on social media", "author": "M Kabát, M Prostináková Hossová, M Švecová…", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Operates the ČT edu website, providing educational materials, videos, and programmes on human sexuality for teachers and parents, thereby fulfilling a public educational function and influencing public understanding.", "quote": "In the Czech Republic, the role of sex education in non-formal education is, for example, also played by the public broadcaster Česká televize (Czech Television, ČT).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1342137", "topic": "moderation censorship", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram (global, with a focus on Slovakia and Czech Republic)", "when": "2020s platform era"}]}, {"name": "Česká televize (Czech Television)", "aliases": ["Česká televize (Czech Television)"], "type": "Other", "types_all": ["Other"], "subtypes": ["other"], "countries": ["European Union", "Slovakia"], "media": ["Instagram"], "norms": [], "topics": [], "languages": ["English"], "when_periods": ["post-2010 platform era"], "when_min": 2010, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "Fooled by the Algorithm: Self-Censorship and Tabooization of S€K$Ual Education on Social Media", "author": "Kabát, Michal; Prostináková Hossová, Monika; Švecová, Magdaléna; Trnka, Andrej", "year": "2025", "mechanism": "Plays a role in non-formal education by producing and curating educational videos and programs for schools, teachers, and parents on human sexuality and related topics.", "quote": "In the Czech Republic, the role of sex education in non-formal education is, for example, also played by the public broadcaster Česká televize (Czech Television, ČT).", "page": "4", "url": "https://www.mlar.sk/fooled-by-the-algorithm-self-censorship-and-tabooization-of-sekual-education-on-social-media/", "topic": "", "language": "English", "where": "Instagram, Slovakia and the European Union", "when": "post-2010 platform era"}]}, {"name": "“Middleware” and Modalities for the International Governance of AI", "aliases": ["“Middleware” and Modalities for the International Governance of AI"], "type": "non-profit/non-state", "types_all": ["non-profit/non-state"], "subtypes": ["initiative / think tank community of practice"], "countries": ["United States"], "media": [], "norms": ["AI", "Challenging Big Tech", "Consumer protection", "Data governance", "Digital inclusion", "Human rights", "Information integrity", "Media and journalism", "Prosocial content moderation", "Regulatory compliance", "Standard setting", "algorithmic or platform governance"], "topics": ["NetGov directory"], "languages": [], "when_periods": [], "when_min": 2020, "when_max": 2025, "paper_count": 1, "papers": [{"title": "NetGov Sources", "author": "Google Search", "year": "2020", "mechanism": "AIEI produces policy proposals (middleware modalities, registries, standards), convenes cross-sector advisory boards, and partners with IEEE SA to shape international AI governance instruments and technical standards.", "quote": "AIEI’s core mission is to scrutinize AI impacts on equality and to propose international governance modalities (middleware, registries, red-teaming, certification) directly addressing AI/platform governance.", "page": "", "url": "https://carnegiecouncil.org/media/article/middleware-modalities-international-governance-ai", "topic": "NetGov directory", "language": "", "where": "United States", "when": ""}]}]